HEARINGS ON H.R. 12047, H.R. 14925, H.R. 16175,
H.R. 17140, AND H.R. 17194— BILLS TO MAKE
PUNISHABLE ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S.
IN TIME OF UNDECLARED WAR
Part 1
INVESTIGATIVE HEARINGS
BEFORE THE
COMMITTEE^ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
EIGHTY-NINTH CONGEESS
SECOND SESSION
AUGUST 16-19, 1966
(INCLUDING INDEX)
Printed for the use of the
Committee on Un-American Activities
HARVArtD colLcG: I'.z?.^:::
DEPOSITED BY THE
UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
OCT 18 1966
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON : 1966
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office
Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $1.00
COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES
United States House of Representatives
(EDWIN E. WILLIS, Louisiana, Chairman
WILLIAM M. TUCK, Virginia JOHN M. ASHBROOK, Ohio
JOB R. POOL, Texas DEL CLAWSON, California
RICHARD H. ICHORD, Missouri JOHN H. BUCHANAN, Jr., Alabama
GEORGE F. SENNER, JR., Arizona
CHARLES L. WELTNER, Georgia
jFRANCis J. McNamara. Director
William Hitz, General Counsel
Alfred M. Nittle, Counsel
W.viW
CONTENTS
August 16, 1966: Testimony of — Pagf
Phillip Abbott Luce 926
Afternoon session:
Phillip Abbott Luce (resumed) 948
Jeffrey Gordon 965
August 17, 1966: Testimony of —
Richard Mark Rhoads 1018
Philip Algie McCombs 1025
Afternoon session:
Philip Algie McCombs (resumed) 1043
Edwin Meese III 1074
August 18, 1966: Testimony of —
Edwin Meese III (resumed) 1088
Afternoon session:
Stanley Nadel (statement) 1160
Anatole Ben Anton (statement) 1163
Stuart A. McRae 1164
August 19, 1966: Testimony of—
Steven Charles Hamilton 1178
George Hamilton Ewart, Jr 1193
Steven Cherkoss 1202
Index i
lit
Public Law 601, 79th Congress
Tlie legislation under which the House Committee on Un-American
Activities operates is Public Law 601, 79th Congress [1946] ; 60 Stat.
812, which provides:
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States
of America in Congress assembled, * * *
PART 2— RULES OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Rule X
SEC. 121. STANDING COMMITTEES
17. Committee on Un-American Activities, to consist of nine Members.
RlTLB XI
POWERS AND DUTIES OF COMMITTEES
(q) (1) Committee on Un-American Activities.
(A) Un-American activities.
(2) The Gommittee on Un-American Activities, as a whole or by subcom-
mittee, is authorized to make from time to time investigations of (i) the extent,
character, and objects of un-American propaganda activities in the United States,
(ii) the diffusion witliin the United States of subversive and iin- American propa-
ganda that is instigated from foreign countries or of a domestic origin and at-
tacks the principle of the form of government as guaranteed by our Constitution,
and (iii) all other questions in relation thereto that would aid Congress in any
necessary remedial legislatiom
The Committee on Un-American Activities shall report to the House ( or to the
Clerk of the House if the House is not in session) the results of any such
investigation, together with such recommendations as it deems advisable.
For the purpose of any saich investigation, the Committee on Un-American
Activities, or any subcommittee thereof, is authorized to sit and act at such
times and places within the United States, whether or not the House is sitting,
has recessed, or has adjourned, to hold such hearings, to require the attendance
of such witnesses and the production of such books, papers, and documents, and
to take such testimony, as it deems necessary. Subpenas may be issued under
the signature of the chairman of the committee or any subcommittee, or by any
member designated by any such chairman, and may be served by any person
designated by any such chairman or member.
RlTLE XII
LEGISLATIVE OVEB8IGHT BY STANDING COMMITTEES
Sec. 136. To assist the Congress in appraising the administration of the laws
and in developing such amendments or related legislation as it may deem neces-
sary, each standing committee of the Senate and the House of Representatives
shall exercise continuous watchfulness of the execution by the administrative
agencies concerned of any laws, the subject matter of which is within the juris-
diction of such committee ; and, for that purpose, shall study all pertinent reports
and data i*ubmitted to the Congress by the agencies in the executive branch of
the Government.
RULES ADOPTED BY THE 89TH CONGRESS
House Resolution 8, January 4, 1965
*******
Rule X
STANDING COMMITTEES
1. There shall be elected by the House, at the commencement of each Congress,
*******
(r) Committee on Un-American Activities, to consist of nine Members.
*******
Rule XI
POWERS AND DUTIES OF COMMITTEES
18. Committee on Un-American Activities.
(a) Un-American activities.
(b) The Committee on Un-American Activities, as a whole or by subcommittee,
is authorized to make from time to time investigations of (1) the extent, char-
acter, and objects of un-American propaganda activities in the United States,
(2) the diffusion within the United States of subversive and un-American propa-
ganda that is instigated from foreign countries or of a domestic origin and
attacks the principle of the form of government as guaranteed by our Constitu-
tion, and (3) all other questions in relation thereto that would aid Congress
in any necessary remedial legislation.
The Committee on Un-American Activities shall report to the House ( or to the
Clerk of the House if the House is not in session) the results of any such investi-
gation, together with such recommendations as it deems advisable.
For the purpose of any such investigation, the Committee on Un-American
Activities, or any subcommittee thereof, is authorized to sit and act at such times
and places within the United States, whether or not the House is sitting, has
recessed, or has adjourned, to hold such hearings, to require the attendance
of such witnesses and the production of such books, papers, and documents, and
to take such testimony, as it deems necessary. Subpenas may be issued under
the signature of the chairman of the committee or any subcommittee, or by any
member designated by any such chairman, and may be served by any person
designated by any such chairman or member.
27. To assist the House in appraising the administration of the laws and in
developing such amendments or related legislation as it may deem necessary,
each standing committee of the House shall exercise continuous watchfulness
of the execution by the administrative agencies concerned of any laws, the subject
matter of which is within the jurisdiction of such committee ; and, for that
purpose, shall study all pertinent reports and data submitted to the House by
the agencies in the executive branch of the Government.
VI
HEARINGS ON H.R. 12047, H.R. 14925, H.R. 16175, H.R.
17140, AND H.R. 17194— BILLS TO MAKE PUNISHABLE
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN TIME OF UNDE-
CLARED WAR
Part 1
TUESDAY, AUGUST 16, 1968
United States House of Representatives,
Subcommittee of the
Committee on Un-American Activities,
Washington^ B.C.
PUBLIC HEARINGS
A subcommittee of the Committee on Un-American Activities met,
pursuant to call, at 10 :15 a.m., in the Caucus Room, Cannon House
Office Building, Washington, D.C., Hon. Joe R. Pool (chairman of
the subcommittee) presiding.
(Subcommittee members: Representatives Joe R. Pool, of Texas,
chairman; Richard H. Ichord, of Missouri; George F. Senner, Jr.,
of Arizona; John M. Ashbrook, of Ohio; and John H. Buchanan, Jr.,
of Alabama. Alternate member: Representative Del Clawson, of
California).
Subcommittee members present: Representatives Pool, Ichord,
Ashbrook, and Buchanan, and also Representative Clawson, alternate
member.
House members also present : Representatives James G. Fulton, of
Pennsylvania; Albert W. Watson, of South Carolina; Willard S.
Curtin, of Pennsylvania ; Chester L. Mize, of Kansas ; James R. Gro-
ver, Jr., of New York ; Earle Cabell, of Texas ; William L. Hungate,
of Missouri ; and Elf ord A. Cederberg, of Michigan.
Staff members present: Francis J. McNamara, director; William
Hitz, general counsel; Alfred M. Nittle, counsel; Donald T. Appell,
chief investigator ; and Ray McComion, Jr., Herbert Romerstein, and
Philip R. Manuel, investigators.
Mr. Pool. The subcommittee will come to order.
Some subpenaecl witnesses have received copies of the opening state-
ment; others have not. Will counsel call the names of those sub-
penaed witnesses who have not, and ask that they come forward and
receive copies, so that they will be able to follow it, as it is read, and
will be fully informed as to the nature and scope of the hearings.
Just do it in order here. He will call your name out, and you come
forward and you get copies of the opening statement.
911
912 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Mr. NiTTLE. Would Ricliard Mark Rhoads please come forward ?
Mr. Pool. Repeat his name.
Mr. NiTTLE. Richard Mark Rhoads.
Mr. Pool. Let the record show that he didn't respond to the call.
Mr. NiTTLE. May I call him a third time, Mr. Chaimian?
Mr. Pool. Call him a third time.
Mr. NiTTLE. Will Richard Mark Rhoads please come forward?
Would Jeffrey Gordon come forward, please?
Mr. Pool. Speak a little louder, please.
Mr. NiTTLE, Would Jeffrey Gordon come forward, please ? Would
Jeffrey Gordon come forward, please ?
Would Allen Krebs come forward ?
Mr. Pool. This is for the purpose of receiving copies of the open-
ing statement so that you can follow the statement as it is read to
you.
Mr. NiTTLE. Would Allen Krebs come forward, please ?
Mr. IvKEBS. Allen Krebs is here.
Mr. NiTTLE. Are you Allen Krebs ?
Mr. Krebs. I am.
Mr. Pool. Present him with the opening statement there and mark
the record there, showing that he receiA^ed the opening statement.
(Document handed to Mr. Krebs.)
Mr. Pool. Call the next one.
Mr. NiTTLE. Walter Dorwin Teague III.
Counsel. He is here.
Mr. NiTTLE. Walter Dorwin Teague III.
Mr. Teague. Right.
Mr. NiTTLE. Are you Walter Dorwin Teague ?
Mr. Teague. That is correct.
Mr. NiTTLE. Let the record show that the witness has received a
copy of the opening statement.
(Document handed to Mr. Teague.)
Mr. NiTTLE. Would Stanley Nadel come forward, please ?
Counsel. This is Mr. Nadel.
Mr. NiTTLE. You are Stanley Nadel ?
Mr. Nadel. That is correct.
Mr. NiTTLE. Let the record show that the witness has been handed
a copy of the chairman's opening statement.
(Document handed to Mr. Nadel.)
Mr. NiTTLE. Anatole Ben Anton ?
Mr. DoNNER. He is on his way here. He is trying to park his car.
I will take the statement for him. I am his counsel.
Mr. NiTTLE. What is your name, sir ?
Mr. DoNNER. My name is Frank J. Donner.
Mr. NiTTLE. Make a notation that his counsel received the opening
statement for the witness.
(Document handed to counsel.)
Mr. NiTTLE. Would Stuart McRae come forward please?
Mr. DoNNER. He is also on his way, and I am his counsel.
Mr. NiTTLE. Will you receive a copy of the opening statment on his
behalf?
Mr. DoNNER. Yes, I will
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 913
(Document handed to counsel.)
Mr. NiTTLE. Would Steven C. Hamilton come forward, please ?
Would Steven C. Hamilton come forward, please?
Would Steven C. Hamilton come forward, please?
There is no answer, Mr. Chairman.
Mr. Pool. Let the record show there is no answer. Go ahead.
Mr. NiTTLE. Would George Ewart, Jr., come forward, please?
Would George Ewart, Jr., come forward, please ?
Mr, Pool. Let the record show no response.
Mr. KuNSTi>ER. With reference to the last two witnesses, we know
their counsel is in town and that they are on their way over here. I
think that because of the court situation, we have had some problems.
Mr. Pool. All right.
Mr. NiTTLE. Would you state your name for the record, please?
Mr. KuxsTLER. William M. Kunstler. I am not counsel for them,
but their counsel is Ira Gollobin, who is on his way over.
Mr. NiTTLE. Do you have any knowledge of the whereabouts of,
expected attendance of Richard Mark Ehoads and Jeffrey Gordon?
Mr. Kunstler. I think they are in the same group. There should
be four of them. They were all at the courthouse this morning.
Mr. Pool. Did we call Windrim Smith a while ago?
Mr. NiTTLE. No, sir.
Would Steven Cherkoss come forward, please?
Mr. Kunstler. Same category, Mr. Chairman, as the other four
that were not present.
Mr. NiTTLE. And that is a statement by Mr. Kunstler, for the
record ?
Mr. Kunstler. That is correct.
Mr. NiTTLE. Would John Windrim Smith, Jr., come forward,
please ?
Mr. FoRER. He is here, Mr. Nittle. Mr. Smith? He is here.
I represent him.
Mr. Nittle. Would you state your name for the record, please?
Mr. FoRER. Joseph Forer,
Mr. Nittle. Mr. Forer, you are present with your client, John Win-
drim Smith, Jr. ?
Mr. Forer. Yes.
Mr. Nittle. And you have received a copy of the opening statement?
Mr. Forer. Just received it.
(Document handed to counsel.)
Mr. Nittle. Would Jerry Clyde Rubin come forward, please?
Mrs. AxELROD. I am counsel for Mr. Rubin. I will accept the state-
ment.
(Document handed to counsel.)
Mr. Nittle. Would you state your name for the record, please?
Mrs. Axelrod. Beverly Axelrod.
Mr. Nittle. And youhave just received a copy of the statement on
behalf of your client ?
Mrs. Axelrod. I have.
Mr. Nittle. Mr. Chairman, that concludes the calling of the names
of witnesses for the purposes of receiving a copy of the opening
statement.
914 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Mr. Pool, Call the four witnesses. I believe you have four there
that didn't receive it. Call their names one more time.
Mr. NiTTLE. Would Richard Mark Rhoads come forward, please?
Would Jeffrey Gordon come forward, please?
Would Steven C. Hamilton come forward, please?
Would George Ewart, Jr., come forward, please?
Mr. KuNSTLER. Mr. Pool, for the record, again, just to protect those
witnesses, I am not their counsel, but their counsel is in town and has
left for this room from the courthouse, and I would respectfully request
that another call be made as soon as their counsel gets here.
Mr. Pool. All right, if you see them come into the room, I would
appreciate your informing the committee.
Mr. KuNSTLER. I will, Mr. Chairman,
Mr. NiTTLE. And does that apply as well to Steven Cherkoss ?
Mr. KuNSTLER. That is all. I think there are five, are there not?
Mr. NiTTLE. That is right.
Mr. Pool. Witnesses and attorneys will take their places. Do you
have a place to sit down ? Counsel ?
From the Floor: Mr. Chairman, there are no seats provided for
counsel or witnesses.
Mr. Pool. All right, I instruct the staff to see that the witnesses
and counsel have chairs, if you have to go get some.
[Disturbance and demonstration.]
Mr. GuTMAN. Mr. Chairman, Mr. Rubin is not being allowed into
the room for some reason. I hear his counsel calling in protest.
Mrs. AxELROD. If the committee please, I am counsel for the witness
and I am not being allowed in.
Mr. Pool. Will the officer over there at the door allow the witness
to come into the room.
[Applause and disturbance.]
;^Ir. GuTiviAN. Mr. Chairman, the uniformed officers are attempting
to take out of the hands of counsel for Mr. Rubin certain documents
which are in her possession as an attorney.
Mr. Pool. Come up here.
From the Floor : She is ready to address the committee.
Mrs. AsELROD. ( Inaudible statement on the floor. )
Mr. Pool. The orders of this committee are that no packages will bo
allowed in here. Now I don't know what you are discussing there.
If the officer will come forward here with the witness, or the attorney,
I will talk to them up here at the desk.
Does that have to do with your case ?
Mrs. AxELROD. I am sorrj^, sir. I didn't hear you.
Mr. Pool. What are the papers for ?
Mrs. AxELROD. These are materials that may be needed in the
course of my client's testimony, depending upon what the questions
are. And I don't know whether or not I will need it, but I demand
the right to keep it, in the event that it is needed.
Mr. Pool. All right, you keep it.
Mrs. AxELROD. Thank you, sir.
Mr. Pool. Now, if the first row will give up their seats for these
witnesses and the lawyers. The front row.
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 915
The first row will give up their seats for the lawyers and the wit-
nesses. And from now on, I want the officers in here to reserve that
front row for witnesses and attorneys.
Mr. NiTTLE. Mr. Chairman, I have reason to believe that Richard
Mark Rhoads, Jeffrey Gordon, Steven C. Hamilton, George Ewart,
Jr., and Steven Cherkoss have arrived.
Mr. Pool. All right. Counsel will call the names of those wit>
nesses who have not received the opening statement.
Mr. NiTTLE. Would Richard Mark Rhoads come forward, please?
You are Richard Mark Rhoads ?
Mr. Rhoads. That is correct.
Mr. NiTTLE. We hand you a copy of the chairman's opening
statement.
(Document handed to Mr. Rhoads.)
Mr. NiTTLE. Would Jeffrey Gordon come forward, please?
You are Jeffrey Gordon ?
Mr. Gordon. I was blocked from entering this hearing by the
Mr. Pool. Come here.
Mr. Gordon. I was blocked from entering this hearing by a lieu-
tenant and other officers, who refused to allow me to come into this
hearing that I was subpenaed for.
Mr. Pool, You are here now.
Mr. Gordon. Well, I would like that to be known. Is this a hear-
ing, you don't let people, witnesses
Mr. Pool, You are in here now, so get your opening statement.
Mr. NiTTLE. I hand you a copy of the chairman's opening
statement.
( Document handed to Mr. Gordon. )
Mr. Gordon. I was subpenaed last week. "\^'Tiy didn't I receive
this then?
Mr. AsHBROOK. It is an opening statement for now.
Mr. Gordon. I am a witness. I would like to read the statement
before
Mr. Pool. Has he identified himself, Counsel ?
Mr. NiTTLE. Yes, sir; and he has received a copy of the opening
statement.
Mr. Pool. All right, have a seat out there. You have a seat on
the front row.
Mr. NiTTLE. Would Steven C. Hamilton come forward, please?
You are Steven C. Hamilton ?
Mr. Hamilton. That is right.
Mr. NiTTLE. I hand you a copy of the chairman's opening state-
ment.
(Document handed to Mr. Hamilton.)
^Ir. Hamilton. Am I supposed to be familiar with this before t"he
trial starts?
Mr. Pool. I am going to read it, and you can follow me in the
reading. That will make you familiar with it.
Mr. NiTTLE. Would George Ewart, Jr., come forward, please?
George Ewart, Jr., come forward, please?
You are Georsfe Ewart, Jr. ?
Mr. Ewart. That is rig-ht.
916 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Mr. NiTTLE. I hand you a copy of the chairman's opening state-
ment.
(Document handed to Mr. Ewart.)
Mr. Ewart. I Avould like it made clear, I would like to make it
clear that this statement is supposed to be handed to me
Mr. Pool, You are out of order.
Mr. Ewart. — 48 hours before the hearing, that it should have
been handed to me, it should have been noted on my subpena.
[Applause and demonstration.]
Mr. Ewart. I want it known.
[Demonstration and boos.]
Mr. Pool. Do you have further witnesses ?
Mr. Nittle. Would Steven Cherkoss come forward, please ?
Would Steven Cherkoss come forward, please ?
Are you Steven Cherkoss ?
Mr. Cherkoss. Yes, I am.
Mr. Kittle. I hand you a copy of the chairman's opening state-
ment.
(Document handed to Mr. Cherkoss.)
Mr. Cherkoss. We weren't even allowed to come in this place. The
cops barred the doors. There is people outside. Let's adjourn this
meeting to a bigger room. Let all the people in.
Mr. Pool. Take a seat.
[Applause and demonstration.]
Mr. Pool. All right, let's have order. I want to make this state-
ment, that the opening statement that we have presented these wit-
nesses is not required under our rules. We are doing that as a
courtesy to the witnesses.
[Disturbance and shouts, "That's a lie."]
Mr. Pool. All right. The meeting will proceed now. I want at
this time to recognize the following Congressmen, who are in attend-
ance here this morning, and welcome them to the House Committee
on Un-American Activities hearing : Albert Watson, South Carolina ;
James Fulton, of Pennsylvania; Chester Mize, of Kansas; James R.
Grover, from New York. Bill Hungate, of Missouri; Earle Cabell,
of Texas, Willard Curtin, of Pennsylvania.
Glad to have you with us here today.
At this time, also. Congressman Del Clawson, a member of the
House Committee on Un-American Activities, is sitting with the
subcommittee.
This subcommittee of the House Committee on Un-American Ac-
tivities is convened today to conduct hearings on the subjects of
inquiry, and for the legislative purposes set forth in a resolution of
the full committee adopted on July 14, 1966. That resolution reads
as follows :
BE IT RESOLVED, That hearings by the Committee on Un-American Ac-
tivities, or a subcommittee thereof to be designated by the Chairman, be held
in Washington, D.C., or at such other place or places and on such date or dates
as the Chairman may determine, relating to (a) the extent, character, and
objectives of organizations and groups within the United States which solicit
money, supplies, and material assistance for delivery to, or in aid of. Communist
powers or forces engaged in armed conflict with the United States; (b) the
extent, character, and objectives of organizations and groups within the United
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 917
States which advocate or employ force, physical impediments, or any unlawful
means to obstruct the movement of personnel and supplies of the armed forces
of the United States; (c) the extent, character, and objectives of organizations
and groups within the United States which engage in activities
Mr. IcHORD. Mr. Chairman, a point of order. Would the members
of the press please refrain from getting in front of the chairman
when he is reading the statement? Would the members please re-
frain from taking i^ictures while the chairman is reading the state-
ment ?
Mr. Pool. All right, the point is well taken. [Continues reading :]
designed to impair or interfere with the loyalty, morale, or discipline of the
armed forces of the United States and the recruitment of personnel for such
forces; (d) Communist propaganda activities in the United States conducted
in support of the Communist regime in North Vietnam, or for the purpose of
advancing the policies and objectives of the world Communist movement gen-
erally; (e) the activities of United States citizens acting on behalf of, or in the
interest of, foreign Communist principals, and foreign travel undertaken by
United States citizens in connection with such activities; and (f) all other
questions in relation thereto, for the following legislative purposes :
(1) To provide factual information to aid the Congress in the disposition
of presently x)ending legislation, including but not limited to H.R. 12047, H.R.
14925, and H.R. 16175, bills to amend the Internal Security Act of 1950, which
would make punishable the giving of certain assistance to foreign powers en-
gaging in armed hostilities with the United States and the obstructing of the
free movement of personnel and supplies of the armed forces of the United States.
(2) Consideration of the advisability of amending the Internal Security Act of
1950, with particular reference to section 6 of such Act to regulate travel abroad
by citizens of the United States, the registration of Communist organizations,
and making punishable the obtaining of money or property by fraud to benefit
a foreign government or alien.
(3) Consideration of the advisability of amending the Subversive Activities
Control Act of 1950 so as to impose certain disabilities in the manner and form
therein providetl upon those persons who are "affiliated with" Communist orga-
nizations, as well as upon persons who are members thereof.
(4) To provide factual information to aid the Congress in the proposal of any
necessary remedial legislation in fulfillment of the authority and directions con-
tained in the mandate to the committee by House Resolution 8 of January 4,
1965, and Public Law 601 of the 79th Congress.
A number of witnesses subpenaed to testify in these hearings re-
quested last week that they be informed of the subject of the hearings
and the "relevant legislation involved."
In answer to that request they were sent a copy of the committee
resolution of July 14, which I have just read, and a copy of one of the
three identical bills mentioned in paragraph (1) of the resolution.
It was not deemed necessary to send them copies of the statutes men-
tioned in paragraphs (2), (3), and (4) of the resolution — the Internal
Security Act of 1950, title I of which is cited as the Subversive Activi-
ties Control Act of 1950 — because they are enacted law. The texts
of House Resolution 8 of January 4, 1965, and Public Law 601 of the
79th Congress are contained in the committee's Rules of Procedure.
For the benefit of the witnesses who requested this information and
all the witnesses subpenaed to testify in these hearings, I wish to make
this statement :
This is an investigative hearing. The subjects of this hearing are
outlined in subsections (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), and (f) of the first
(unnumbered) paragraph of the committee resolution of July 14.
While the ultimate end of these hearings is legislative — to provide
the Congress with information relevant to the bills and laws mentioned
918 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
in paragraphs (1), (2), (3), and (4) of the resolution — this is not
a legislative hearing; that is, it is not a hearing to receive views or
opinions on the statutes within the committee's jurisdiction or the bills
pending before it which are mentioned in the resolution.
The Supreme Court lias held that, in the domain of national secu-
rity, this connnittee has "pervasive authority" to investigate Commu-
nist activities. When this country is engaged in open hostilities wath
a foreign Communist power, the sending of aid or assistance to that
power mvolves the national security; obstructing the movement of
military personnel or supplies affects our national security; impair-
ing or interfering with the loyalty, morale, discipline, and recruitment
of military personnel affects our security, and so do Communist
propaganda activities carried out in this country in behalf of the
Commmiist power with which we are engaged in hostilities, and travel
and any other activities undertaken in behalf of that power and the
world Communist movement.
Clearly, the committee has the authority to investigate the extent
of subversive or Communist influence in such activities.
The Congress cannot and does not legislate in a vacuum. If it is to
enact sound laws it must have accurate and thorough knowdedge of the
conditions pertinent to the legislation under consideration, so that it
may determine whether particular legislation is desirable and neces-
sary. The investigative process is one of the means by which it ac-
quires such information.
When it is dealing with subversive and conspiratorial activities it
must rely principally on the investigative process to obtain the knowl-
edge it needs because of the secrecy with which such activities are
normally carried out.
The committee is not sitting as a prosecutor or court. We are not
here to convict anyone. We do have the duty, ho^vever, to develop
information which will assist the Congress in performing its consti-
tutional legislative function. Witnesses subpenaed to testify in these
hearings have been summoned because committee investigation intli-
cates they have knowledge of the subject under investigation.
Communist publications and some of the witnesses subpenaed to
testify have already claimed that this hearing is an attack on the lii'st
amendment right of free speech and dissent, that it is an attempt to
stifle dissent and brand it as treason. Before these hearings are over —
and after they are — I am sure others will echo this refrain.
Nothing could be further from the truth.
This committee recognizes the right of every citizen to disagree wnth
and criticize both the domestic and foreign policies of the United
States Government. It does not believe, however, that the Constitu-
tion gives any citizen, in a time of actual, though undeclared, war,
the right to assist the enemies of this countr}^ — either by sending aid
to them in any form or in any way sabotaging the movement or supply
of its Aimed Forces.
Aiding an enemy of your country in time of war has always been
regarded as treason.
In endeavoring to protect our security we must deal wdth realities.
The Korean conflict was not a war in the legal or technical sense. It
was an actual war, however, and was — and is — commonly referred
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 919
to as "The Korean War," not only in everyday speech but in almanacs
and other standard reference works. Over 54,000 Americans died in
that war. Our casualties totaled over 157,000 men.
Today, we are fighting a similar undeclared, but actual, war in
Vietnam, Every branch of our Armed Forces is committed. Every
one of our weapons — except nuclear weapons — ^^is being used. No one
could convince any one of our 375,000 troops committed to the Vietnam
conflict that they are not involved in a war. Over 5,600 Americans
have died as a result of this war. Our overall casualties to date num-
ber over 31,000. Last week, reports stated that by the end of this
year, we may have as many men committed in South Vietnam as we
had in Korea at the peak of that conflict.
Thus, we are dealing with a war situation today, but under such
conditions that our wartime treason and certain other statutes are not
operable. Certain citizens and groups in this country have therefore
been able to engage in activities and to make declarations and state-
ments which, if there were a formal state of war, might subject them
to prosecution. The fact that they cannot be prosecuted under the
wartime statutes, however, does not mean that Congress cannot inquire
into their activities or make punishable certain activities which en-
danger the national security.
Over and above the fact that we are engaged in a war today, de
facto^ if not de jure, I would like to point out that the Constitution
declares that treaties made under the authority of the United States
"shall be the supreme law of the land." Citizens therefore have a
duty to observe treaties and to refrain from any activity which would
impede or obstruct the United States in the execution of its lawful
treaty commitments. U.S. Forces are committed to Vietnam under
a supreme law of this land, the Southeast Asia Collective Defense
Treaty, signed by this country in accordance with constitutional
process on September 8, 1954.
Because allegations have been made that this hearing is an attem.pt
to stifle dissent, I will make this further comment.
These hearings are concerned largely with overt acts, not mere ex-
pressions of opinion. Sending aid, or attempting to send aid, to an
enemy of the United States is an overt act ; it is not mere dissent. Ob-
structing the movement of Armed Forces personnel and supplies is
an overt act ; it is by no stretch of the imagination mere dissent. Im-
pairing the morale, discipline, and recruitment of military personnel
is not mere dissent. Organized propagandizing for, and acting in
behalf of, the Communist government of North Vietnam or the Viet
Cong are not mere dissent. All are overt acts.
The "dissent" charge is notliing but a "red herring" dragged into
these proceedings in an attempt to cover the trail of persons and
groups who have worked to aid forces with which the United States
is now engaged in large-scale, open hostilities.
Finally, I would emphasize this point. I and other members of the
committee have our own views of U.S. foreign policy as it applies to
Vietnam. This hearing, however, does not concern the foreign policy
of the United States. This committee has no jurisdiction in that
area. It is not the Foreign Affairs Committee. Debate or argu-
mentation on U.S. foreign policy as it applies to Vietnam is not per-
tinent to this hearing;.
920 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
I now offer for inclusion in the record the July 28, 1966, order of
appointment of the subcommittee to conduct these hearings.
Addressed to Mr. Francis J. McNamara, director of Committee on
Un-American Activities :
Pursuant to the provisions of the law and the Rules of this Committee, I
hereby appoint a subcommittee of the Committee on Un-American Activities,
consisting of Honorable Joe R. Pool, as Chairman, and Honorable Richard H.
Ichord, Honorable George F. Senner, Jr., Honorable John M. Ashbrook and
Honorable John H. Buchanan, Jr., as associate members, to conduct hearings in
Washington, D.C., commencing on or about Tuesday, August 16, 1966, and/or at
such other times thereafter and places as said subcommittee shall determine, as
contemplated by the resolution adopted by the Committee on the 14th day of
July, 1966, authorizing hearings relating to the extent, character, and objectives
of organizations and groups within the United States which solicit money,
supplies, and material assistance for delivery to, or in aid of. Communist powers
or forces engaged in armed conflict with the United States, and other matters
recited therein, and other matters under investigation by the Committee.
I also hereby designate Honorable Del Clawson to serve on this subcommittee
in place of any subcommittee member who may not be able to attend any hear-
ing or meeting conducted by the subcommittee.
Please make this action a matter of Committee record.
If any member indicates his inability to serve, please notify me.
Given under my hand this 28th day of July, 1966.
Signed "Edwin E. Willis, Chairman, Committee on Un-American
Activities."
The Chair wishes to welcome to the committee Congressman Curtin
of Pennsylvania, and Congressman Cederberg of Michigan. We are
glad to have you with us today.
Comisel will call the first witness.
Mr, NiTTLE. Will Phillip Abbott Luce come forward, please?
[Demonstration.]
Mr. Pool. Officers, I want you to maintain order in this room. If
anyone demonstrates any further, now, I want you to escort him
out of the hearing room.
Raise your right hand and be sworn. Do you solemnly swear that
the testimony you are about to give will be the truth, the whole truth,
and nothing but the truth, so help you God ?
Mr. Luce. I do.
Mr. Pemberton. Mr. Chairnifin, I request leave to make a motion.
Mr. Pool. Come up here, if you are an attorney, and want to ask
something. Come around here. You are not allowed to make a
speech, but if you are an attorney, you can act as counsel, as that
is all the rules provide for.
Mr. Pemberton". Mr. Chairman, I appear as attorney for six of the
witnesses subpenaed and I request leave to make a motion, if the com-
mittee would entertain it at this point.
Mr. NiTTLE. Would you state your name for the record, please ?
Mr. Pemberton. ISIy name, sir, is John Pemberton, Jr.
Mr. Pool. Wliat is this ?
Mr. Pemberton. My motion
Mr. Pool. You are here to advise your witness, not make a statement
or make speeches.
Mr. Pemberton. I am merely requesting leave to make this motion,
respectfully, JSIr. Chairman.
Mr. Pool. It will be in the form of a request, and not a motion.
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 921
Mr, Pemberton. The motion that I request leave to make is a motion
that the committee stay its proceedings and adjourn these hearings
while a case pending in the United States District Court for the Dis-
trict of Columbia concerning these hearings is still at issue ; or in the
alternative, while an application for an interlocutory injunction is
pending. Thank you.
Mr. Pool. Wliat is the will of the committee on the request ?
Mr. Pemberton. Mr. Chairman, I would like to inform the com-
mittee of the status of the proceedings.
Mr. Pool. Just a minute. You have made your request. If you
have a further one, state it.
Mr. Pemberton. Mr. Chairman, this proceeding which is brought
for a declaration of that portion of Kule XI which constitutes the
mandate of this committee is unconstitutional, for a permanent injunc-
tion against the conduct of the business of this committee under that
mandate and against the enforcement of these subpenas and for an
interlocutory injunction against the enforcement of these subpenas of
the element of criminal sanctions against the subpenaed witnesses is
presently under consideration by a tliree-judge United States District
Court, convened by Chief Judge Bazelon this morning.
And that court, I have just been informed, has agreed to meet at
2:30 tomorrow afternoon, to hear applications for interlocutory re-
lief on behalf of the subpenaed witnesses.
My proposition is very simply that the action of the court has been
premised on the court's finding that a substantial constitutional is-
sue is raised by these pleadings and by this case, and th^at the orderly
procedures of the law would best be served by allowing that court,
with due deliberation, but without any undue delay, to proceed to
hear the case before it. The case concerns the very proceedings that
are here today.
It is my motion, therefore, that the committee stay its proceedings,
in the alternative, either for the duration of the proceedings before
this three-judge-court or, at the very least, for the duration of the
proceedings applying for an interlocutory injunction.
Mr. Pool. Is that all you have to say ?
Mr. Pemberton. That is it.
Mr. Pool. That has covered everything you have to say.
Mr. Pemberton. That covers
Mr. Pool. I will poll the committee and see what they think.
Mr. Pemberton. Thank you.
Mr. Pool. What do you think ?
(Discussion off the record. )
Mr. Pool. You are unanimously rejected, your request is unani-
mously rejected.
Mr. Pemberton. I thank you, sir, for hearing me.
Mrs. Axelrod. Mr. Chairman.
Mr. Pool. I have this further statement to make. Since this has
been brought up, the Chair wishes to make this statement. I have
this statement concerning the reasons why the committee is proceeding
with hearings this morning.
The Committee on Un-American Activities is an instrumentality of
the House of Kepresentatives of the United States. In conformity
67-582— 66— pt. 1-
922 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
with the Constitution of the United States, it acts under the authority
of the House of Representatives and no other authority. It is acting
here today on the grounds of the Capitol of the United States in the
very buildings provided for the Members and committees of the Con-
gress who meet in the Capitol to carry out their constitutional duties.
Because I and the committee believe in the Constitution as it w^as
conceived by the Founding Fathers of this country and as it has been
interpreted by the courts for close to 200 years, it is my position and
the position of the committee that, while we respect the courts, recog-
nize their constitutional function, and have no desire to be defiant
of any court, we still cannot recognize the authority of any court to
interfere with the operations of the House of Representatives or any
one of its committees when they are carrying out their constitutional
duties.
If the House orders us to desist from performing the duties man-
dated to us by the House, we shall, of course, do so. Otherwise, we
conceive it our duty to proceed.
The Constitution clearly provides for three coequal and independent
branches of the Government. Our legislature is independent of the
courts just as the courts are independent of the legislature, with the
exception of such limitations as the Constitution provides. Neither I
nor the com.mittee will be a party to the erosion by the judiciary of the
constitutional powers delegated to the United States Congress by the
Constitution of the United States,
Mrs. AxELROD. Mr. Chairman.
jNIr. Pool. It is my view that the United States Supreme Court is in
agreement with the position that this committee is taking this morn-
ing that the courts do not have the power to enjoin a legislative func-
tion of a committee of the Congress. In the recent Yellin decision, in
an entirely comparable situation, the Chief Justice stated :
If the Committee ignores his request for an executive session, it is highly im-
probable that petitioner could obtain an injunction against the Committee that
would protect him from public exposure. * * *
All right, Mr. Counsel, go ahead with the witnesses.
Mrs. AxELROD. Mr. Chairman, I am Beverly Axelrod — —
Mr. Pool. Come up here.
Mrs. Axelrod. — representing Jerry Rubin, a witness subpenaed here
today. On August 4 of this year, an article appeared in the San Fran-
cisco Examiner with the byline of Ed Montgomery^, announcing that
among others, Jerry Rubin, Steven Cherkoss, Stephen Smale, George
Ewart, and Steve Hamilton had been subpenaed by this committee.
Jerry Rubin and the other witnesses, some of the other witnesses also
did not receive their subpenas until after this announcement was made
to the press.
Rule XVI of this committee's own rules provide that no statement
shall be released as to the witnesses subpenaed. I request and move
that this committee declare itself null and void on the basis that it has
violated its own rules ; that immediate hearing be held about the release
of this information; subpenas be issued to all members of the commit-
tee and the staff to determine the matter of the release of this informa-
tion to the press contraiy to the Rule XVI of the committee.
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 923
Mr. Pool. All right, you are a lawyer. Where is your evidence that
anybody on this committee or anybody on the staff revealed that
information ?
Mrs. AxELEOD. I ask for a hearing to determine that. Our informa-
tion is that the committee and its staff released that information. It
could have come from nowhere else. The witnesses did not even know
about it at the time the matter was released to the press.
Mr. Pool. Time after time, the witnesses themselves release this
thing to the press, and that is where it gets out, and they blame the
committee for letting it out.
Mrs. AsELROD. The witnesses did not even know that they were
going to be subpenaed until after it was in the press.
Mr. Pool. Your request is denied. Proceed with the witness.
Mr. DoNXER. I have a motion, Mr. Pool.
Mr. Pool. If there are any other lawyers that have motions, they
had better come up here right now, because we are going ahead.
Mr. DoNXER. ;^Ir. Chairman, my name is Frank Donner, and I
represent two of the witnesses subpenaed here today, and my motion
IS directed to the fact that on August 4 the committee moved and sub-
penaed the lists of six student organizations, the membership lists of
six student organizations at the University of Michigan and Univer-
sity of California. And the grounds of my motion is a Supreme Court
case of NAACP against Button.
This is an invasion of the right of association, and to me, Mr. Pool,
it is a scandalous violation of academic freedom. These young people
joined
[Demonstration and applause.]
Mr. Pool. I am instructing the police officers here to remove any
demonstrator from now on that demonstrates or in any way disturbs
this meeting.
Mr. DoNNER. The American university campus is a place where
relations of trust and confidence are supposed to repose.
Mr. AsiiBROOK. This is not a speech, Mr. Chairman ?
Mr. DoNNER. I am making my motion, Mr, Ashbrook.
Mr. Ashbrook. You are making a speech, Mr. Donner.
Mr. Pool. Just come up here to talk to us in a quiet manner. You
don't have to be so loud. This committee gives you a right to come
up here and make an objection. We don't give you a right to make
a speech under the rules of this committee.
Mr. DoxxER. I am not making a speech.
Mr. Pool. Otherwise, I am going to sit you down and go ahead with
the witness.
Mr. DoxxER. I am talking.
Mr. Pool. Talk like a lawyer should do.
Mr. DoxxER. I am talking like a lawyer.
Mr. Pool. Tell us what you want.
Mr. DoxxER. I move to suppress all of the lists that your committee
has subpenaed of young people who have joined these organizations
on the ground that it is a violation of the first amendment, a violation
of academic freedom, and unreasonable search and seizure.
Mr. Pool. All right.
Mr. IciiORD. Mr. Chairman, I believe these subpenas were discussed
very thoroughly in the committee, not only by the members, but also
924 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
by the legal advisers of the committee. There is no doubt in my mind
that these subpenas are valid, that they are not an invasion of con-
stitutional rights.
Therefore, I would be constrained to deny the request of the at-
torney. I vote no.
Mr. Pool. Mr. Ashbrook ?
Mr. Ashbrook. Same thing.
Mr. Pool. Mr. Buchanan.
Mr. Buchanan. Same.
Mr. Pool. I vote no, also, and the request is denied.
Mr. DoNNER. I except.
Mr. Pool. Go ahead. Mr. Clawson.
Mr. Clawson. No.
Mr. Pool. Mr. Clawson votes no also. Your request is denied. Go
ahead with the witness.
You want to make a request ?
Counsel. Yes.
Mr. NiTTLE. Would you state your name for the record, please?
Mr. GoLLOBiN. Ira Gollobin.
Mr. NiTTLE. Whom do you represent on the record ?
Mr. Gollobin. I represent George Ewart on the record. I request
that the committee assure counsel that their conversations at this pro-
ceeding will be private and that there are no devices that will in any
way interfere with the privacy of conferral between counsel and client.
Mr. IcHORD. Of course, Mr. Chairman, I don't quite understand
the request that Mr. Gollobin — "Gollobin" — is that the correct pro-
nounciation ?
Mr. Gollobin. Yes.
Mr. IcHORD. Of course, Mr. Gollobin has appeared before this
committee many times, representing his clients. I think he is familiar
with the rules of the committee, and that is that you are not sup-
posed to put words in the mouth of the witness ; that the witness does
have the right to ask you for any advice as to how he is to answer any
quest] ons. Is that the context ?
Mr. Gollobin. No; the context element is, Mr. Ichord, that in Buf-
falo, and at other times, the issue was raised that privacy did not exist
between the client and his counsel at these proceedings, that there had
been listening devices.
Mr. Ashbrook. Wait a second. Where has this been raised ?
Mr. Ichord. Just a minute, Mr. Chairman; point of order. Was
the attorney in Buffalo at that time ? Were you representing a client
in Buffalo?
Mr. Gollobin. I was. But there was — this was a news item in the
press.
Mr. Ashbrook. That is specious.
Mr. Ichord. I think, ]\Ir. Chairman, that at one time that point was
raised ; I happened to be presiding over the Buffalo hearings. And I
will inform Mr. Gollobin that at no time have there been any listening
devices, and I would be the first to severely reprimand any member
of the staff or any member of this committee if any listening devices
were installed to listen between attorney and his client.
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 925
I think the gentleman's request — we have always abided in keeping
confidential the communications between the attorney .and the client.
I don't see the pertinence of your request, Mr. Gollobin. I think, as
an individual, that I can assure you that I will do my best to watch
to see that notliing goes on. And I can assure you that nothing
will go on, sir.
Mr. AsHBROOK. Mr. Chairman, I feel that while it is a request made
on a specious statement or a specious allegation of something that is
supposed to have happened, from a newspaper clipping, and so forth,
and there is no basis in fact, that we certainly can, nevertheless, assure
him of his motion and agree to it, because there is no intention at any
time for listening devices and I think to base a request on an article
that might have appeared in the paper is ,a rather questionable thing
to do.
Mr. IcHORD. I don't think the request calls for any rulmg. I don't
think the request calls for any ruling by the Chair. The Chair can
assure the lawyer that there will be confidence kept between the at-
torney and the client. That has .always been the practice of this
committee and that will continue to be the practice of this committee.
The gentleman from — Mr. Buchanan ?
Mr. Buchanan. Yes, I would certainly join in this assurance that
this has been and shall be the case here, and I will join in a vigorous
effort to do .anything necessary to make certain that is the case.
May I inquire, was this press report in the Daily Worker, or else-
where ?
Mr. Gollobin. It was in the Buffalo press.
Mr. Buchanan. I see.
Mr. Gollobin. Buffalo, New York.
Mr. IcHORD. The gentleman has his assurance, Mr. Chairman.
Mr. AsHBROOK. He has his assurance.
Mr. Pool. All right, I want to make this statement. The TV and
photographers will please desist from taking any further pictures
during the hearing, and kind of spread out away from the front, here,
if you can.
Mr. GurMAN. Mr. Chairman, I have an additional request. My
name is Jeremiah Gutman. I represent Mr. Nadel. I request the
members of this committee to file with the records and minutes of
this committee copies of transcripts of all statements and interviews
which they have given to the press, .and articles which they have
written on the subject and released in other forms, on the subject
matter of the activities and related activities of the witnesses who
have been subpenaed and the subject matter of this hearing, in order
that there may be spread on the record, if there be any basis for it,
substanti.ation, if there be any, for any bias which any one or more
of you gentlemen may have towards any one of these people or the
organizations with which they may be associated.
Mr. Pool. You have got a copy of the opening statement. I think
that is sufficient to take care of your needs.
Mr. Gutman. If I may, I respectfully differ with you, Mr. Chair-
man. I have asked that the statements which you gentlemen as in-
dividuals, not in the name of the committee, which you have just read
926 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
now, but during the course of inte^vie^ys which you may have granted
to the various media, articles which you may have caused to be pub-
lished in one publication or another, be spread upon and made part
of this record, so that we may see what basis there is for allegations
that there is prejudice among some or all of you with respect to the
activities in each of the subject matters of the inquiries.
Mr. Pool. Your request is insulting to the committee, and we don't
appreciate it. It is denied.
Mr. KuNSTLER. Mr. Chairman, I have one more motion. My name
is William M. Kunstler. I am one of the attorneys for Dr. Allen
Krebs and Mr. Walter Teague, and I move now for the disqualifica-
tion of Mr. Buchanan from sitting on this committee, as being from an
electorate found by this Congress to have systematically excluded Ne-
groes from participation in the voting process. I ask this committee
to disqualify him from sitting, based on your own finding under the
Voting Rights Act of 1965.
Mr. Pool. We have had this up before, and that is also insulting to
the committee, and it is denied.
Mr. Kunstler. My objection.
Mr. Pool. All right, go ahead with the witness, now ; that is all the
lawyers we have up here.
TESTIMONY OF PHILLIP ABBOTT LUCE
Mr. Nittle. Would you state your full name for the record, please ?
Mr. Luce. My name is Phillip Abbott Luce.
Mr. Nittle. You have been subpenaed to appear here to testify?
]Mr. Luce. Yes, sir, I have been subpenaed to testify.
Mr. NiTTLE. You are not appearing with counsel.
Mr. Luce. No, sir, I am not.
ISIr, NiTiTJE. Do you desire counsel ?
Mr. Luce. No, sir.
Mr. Nittle. Mr. Luce, would you please state the date and place
of your birth?
Mr. Luce. 10-18-36 in Lancaster, Ohio.
Mr. NiTTLE. Would you relate the extent of your formal education ?
Mr. Luce. I have a bachelor's degree from Mississippi State Uni-
versity. I have a master's degree in political science from Ohio State
University. I have done some Ph. D. work.
Mr. NiTTLE. Would you state the period during which you attended
the various schools, and when you received your degrees?
Mr. Luce. I graduated from IMississippi State in 1958; I received
my master's degree in 1960 from Ohio State.
Mr. Nittle. What is your present occupation ?
Mr. Luce. I am presently a writer.
Mr. Nittle. Have you been a member of the Progressive Labor
Movement or Party ?
Mr. Luce. Yes, sir, I was a member of the Progressive Labor jMove-
ment.
Mr. Nittle. Would you tell us, please, the period during which you
maintained your membership ?
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 927
Mr. Luce. It is somewhat difficult to state in specific terms, because
I was a secret member for a period of time. However, it would bo
from approximately July of 1964 until January of 1965.
Mr. NiTTLE. Would you tell us, please, what is the Progressive Labor
Movement ?
Mr. Luce. The Progressive Labor Movement, now the Progressive
Labor Party, according to its own definition, is a IMarxist-Leninist
Communist organization. Progressive Labor was founded in 1961,
following the expulsions of Mortimer Scheer and Milton Kosen from
the Commimist Party of the United States for what was considered
to be left deviationism. They were considered to be the Chinese fac-
tion, the Albanian faction, of the Communist l*ar(y. They were ex-
pelled.
Following their expulsion, they set up another Commmiist party
in the United States, which they named the Progressive Labor Move-
ment.
Mr. NiTTLE. Would you briefly relate the circumstances under which
you came to be associated with this C/Ommunist organization?
Mr. Luce. I first became associated with it when I agreed to go on
a trip to Cuba in the summer of 1963. And following that, my asso-
ciations continued and increased until at a certain point, as I said be-
fore, I decided to join Progressive Labor.
Mr. NiTTLE. Now, you referred to a trip to Cuba in 1963. Was that
trip organized by the Progressive Labor Movement ?
Mr. Luce. Yes, sir, it was.
Mr. NiTTLE. Could you relate in more detail the circumstances un-
der which you came to associate with an organization of this type'^
What was the background which led you into this ?
Mr. Luce. I suppose that in part it began while I was in college,
when I decided to associate myself w^ith various leftwing causes and
ideologies, to begin a somewhat systematic reading of the material
available from the left. And at one point, I considered joining the
Communist Party of the United States, but then decided, as have a
number of younger people, that it was not, quote, "revolutionary," end
quote, enough. And following the trips to Cuba and other activities,
decided that the Progressive Labor Movement, wdiich espouses a line
similar, at least, to the revolutionary line of the Chinese Communists,
did have an ideology which I thought I could ascribe to.
Mr. NiTTLE. Could you tell us the means by which you were brought
in contact with the left, as you describe it, while at the university ?
Mr. Luce. Not specifically. There were a number of instances and
matters which came to my attention, and I became convinced at that
point — at least, if not convinced, at least interested in discovering
whether or not what I considered, at least, to be the social problems
of the country could be solved through a democratic process.
I decided that they could not. And that, instead, what was needed
was a socialist revolution in the country. And as I say, through a
period of reading and associating with people both in the Communist
Party and in other leftwing organizations, I came to the decision
that I should indeed align myself with these people and join a Com-
munist organization.
928 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Mr. NiTTLE. Did you become associated with Communists at the
university ?
Mr. Luce. Yes ; some.
Mr. NiTTLE. And what was the nature of the contacts with the Com-
munist movement while at the university ?
Mr. Luce. It was in discussions, in reading, in going to New York
and talking with various leaders of the Communist Party of the
United States.
Mr. NiTTLE. Was there any participation by the faculty or student
groups at the colleges you attended by which you were brought in con-
tact with the Communist movement ?
Mr. Luce. Some ; but it was not excessive.
Mr. NiTTLE. Now, you have described the Progressive Labor Move-
ment as a Marxist-Leninist organization. Would you elaborate upon
that point for the record ?
Mr. Luce. Yes, sir; Progressive Labor is a Communist organiza-
tion. It considers itself to be a Communist party. In many respects,
it considers itself to be the only true Communist party in the United
States. Its literature, its periodicals, its members admit to being
Communists. They have published a number of statements calling
for a revolution in the United States. They have called for a — or
have stated publicly that we need a Marxist-Leninist form of govern-
ment in this country. They have never denied the fact that they are
Communists or that they do advocate a revolutionary situation in this
country.
As further proof, I would give to the committee a pamphlet pub-
lished by the Progressive Labor Movement in November of 1964, called
Road to Revolution, and within this publication, it gives a number
of the programs and policies of the Progressive Labor Movement then,
now Party, and as its title would indicate, calls for a road leading to
a revolution in the United States in which Marxism-Leninism would
be the objective.
(Document marked "Luce Exhibit No. 1" and retained in committee
files.)
Mr. NiTTLE. When you talk about revolution, do you mean a forc-
ible overthrow of the Government of the United States ?
Mr. Luce. I would be amiss if I would say that the Progressive
Labor Part}^ intended or hoped to take power in this country through
any other means except an overthrow of the Government.
Mr. NiTTLE. Now quite obviously, under existing circumstances at
least, it doesn't appear as though any group of this sort could seize
control by force of the United States Government. How do they
expect to accomplish this revolution ?
Mr. Luce. Well, to begin with, I would certainly agree that there is
in the United States today none of these small ultraleft.wing organiza-
tions that has the power or the membership to overthrow the Govern-
ment in Washington, and certainly, at this point, it would be a kami-
kaze attack. It would be suicidal for them to attempt anything such
as that.
Their program is of a more long-range nature, in which you would
build a cadre of hard-core members, who would indeed intend in some
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNj:)ECLARED WAR 929
cases to incite riots, to incite uprisings within various parts of the
country, with the hope and in the hope that if enough anarchy was
created within the United States, that then perhaps either with assist-
ance from another foreign power or simply the total state of anarchy
within this country would bring down the Government.
Mr. NiTTLE. Now you have told about their desire to create a state
of anarchy, and to create a base for revolution, through that process.
Could you tell us by what means they expect to instill or to accomplish
the anarchy or the state of anarchy in this country ?
Mr. Luce. Through a number of means. In part, through attempt-
ing to spur and incite, and once they take place, to continue riots
within various ghettos in the cities; through the formation of radical,
so-called anti-imperialist student groups, which would attempt to get
students involved in organizations and attempts to disrupt the local
governments and to start this state of anarchy.
Mr. NiTTLE. What is the function of propaganda and agitation in
the overall attempt to create a revolution in the United States ?
Mr. Luce. The function of propaganda is certainly one of the high-
est, throughout the history of communism. The Communists have
always thought, and will continue to believe, which perhaps is correct,
that while they do not have a majority of the people, that through the
usage and promulgation of a tremendous amount of propaganda
within a country, you can begin to sow or to begin the seeds of distrust
and perhaps anarchy.
Therefore, Progressive Labor and all Communist organizations op-
erating within this country and abroad spend a tremendous amount of
time and money on the creation of a wide variety of propaganda aimed
at specific groups which they would like to incite.
Mr. NiTTLE. Did the Progressive Labor Party teach or advocate
any particular action to be taken by the Communist cadre, which they
were setting up, in the event of war between the United States and any
Communist power or powers ?
Mr. Luce. At one point, there was a plan within Progressive Labor
that if the United States went into a full-scale war with China, that
the members or various members of Progressive Labor would drop out
of sight for all intents and purposes and attempt to organize within
sections of the country an underground operation, which indeed would
attempt to impede any war effort that we had with China.
Mr. NiTTLE. Mr. Luce, you must have witnessed the demonstration
in this hearing room at the commencement of this hearing. Would
you comment upon the use of demonstrations as a technique of the
Progressive Labor Party ?
Mr. Luce. Well, it was an obvious technique which they would em-
ploy here or at most other hearings in an attempt to not only disrupt
the hearings, but to make speeches, to attempt to cast doubt and asper-
sion upon the members of the committee. More important than that,
of course, is, it holds a basic part of the ideologies of many of these
young groups to simply involve people in action. And how marvelous
it is if you can get up and scream a phrase, and it is not only good for
your digestive tract, but it is also a revolutionary form — or forum,
in this case — ^and so, as they sit there and, in many cases, shout, they
930 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
do it for two reasons. One is to ti-y to disrupt everything that is
going on and, secondly, of course, is simply to show that they are
more revolutionary than thou, and it becomes — it is not only a propa-
ganda trick, it is not only a tactic that the Communists use, but it is
also a physchological game which all Communists, especially the
younger variety, are involved in, in which they want to prove that
they are indeed not only more revolutionary than their elders, but in
many cases, more revolutionary than their other members, so I would
expect this type of action on their part, because it is something that
is ingrained within the organization.
Mr. NiTTi.E. What is the function of resistance to law and civil dis-
obedience in the Communist ideology ?
Mr. Luce. It varies at some parts from organization to organiza-
tion, but, in general, the concept w^ould be that there are laws which
we obey and laws which we won't obey, and w^e will decide what
laws we are going to obey. And civil disobedience, in their concept,
serves two functions : one, it disrupts, it creates this partial anarchy ;
and secondly, and perhaps more importantly, it then involves these
young people in actions with the police. And the hope is, of course,
"that if you are in an action with the police, and perhaps the police
arrest you, or you get in some kind of real fracas with them, and you
end up in jail, that then your revolutionary fervor will be increased.
So the civil disobedience plays a very important role, and in many
cases the Communists would like to have these young people arrested,
like to have them in jail, in the hopes that' this indeed will just
create more of a revolutionary consciousness on their part.
Mr. NiTTL.E. By what means does the Communist Party, "the secret
core of revolutionaries," as Lenin said, communicate with the mass of
people? How do they gain contact and access to the ear of the aver-
age loyal citizen ?
Mr. Luce. Well, in most cases, of course, they don't. They are ob-
viously mistaken if they think that coming before a group of elected
Congressmen and screaming at them and creating a scene is going to
impress the average citizen in Columbus, Ohio, or Birmingham, Ala-
bama. As a matter of fact, most American citizens are immediately
repulsed by these antics : but their hope, of course, is not to get to the
mass at this point. The point is to get other young people who may
be struggling against authority and angry with the Congress over a
variety of issues, or just simply young alienated people in this country,
to say, "Well, look, these kids have got it right, because they are here
and they are going to fight the cops and they are going to fight all
authority," and so forth and so on; so they are not really after the
great majority of Americans. Instead, they are trying to impress
other students and other young people that they think might follow
their cause.
INIr. NiTTLE. Did the Progressive Labor Party utilize the technique
of creating fronts ?
Mr. Luce. Yes, sir.
Mr. Nittle. In order to establish contact w^ith the public?
Mr. Luce. Yes, it has.
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 931
Mr. Kittle. What is the purpose of the utilization of a front?
Mr. Luce. Well, within the Communist ideology, it is advisable in
many cases to create what is known as a front, which is an organiza-
tion that operates under the control of Communists, but has other
people, either in a purported leadership position, or at least in a mem-
bership position, so that it will give the impression of not being con-
trolled by the Communists.
The point in this is to try to influence other people into contact with
communism, who perhaps after a period of time will actually join a
Communist organization.
Mr. NiTTLE. Did the Progressive Labor Movement establish a num-
ber of fronts!
Mr. Luce. Yes, sir ; it did. A number of them. It has not been in
existence long enough to have the record of the Communist Party of
the United States, but it has created fronts. Among those fronts
would be the May 2nd Movement, the Student Committee for Travel
to Cuba, the Harlem Defense Committee,^ and an organization ci-ypti-
cally known as Cerge, C-e-r-g-e, which somehow stands for the Com-
mittee to Defend Resistance to Ghetto Life.
And since the time that I have left Progressive Labor, they have
formed other fronts, but these are some of them.
Mr. NiTTLE, Now would you tell us, please, about the May 2nd
Movement front !
Mr. Luce. Yes, sir. The May 2nd Movement was an organization
which had its beginnings at a conference called at Yale University on
March the 14th, 1964, and this Yale LTniversity conference was called
the Yale Socialist Union Conference, and it was, I believe, a 3-day
meeting of young leftists from the West Coast, representing almost
all brands of what has come to be known as the New Left ideology.
Mr. IcHORD. Mr. Counsel, if you will excuse me, there, I would like
to ask the witness, were you a member of the May 2nd Movement ?
Mr. Luce. Yes, sir; I was.
Mr. IcHORD. Did you participate as a member in the demonstra-
tions— I believe they were out in Berkelev, or San Francisco, in August
of 1965?
Mr. Luce. No, sir ; I did not.
Mr. IcnoRD. There was a May the 2d demonstration or an attempt
to interfere with the movement of troop trains in Berkeley, was there
not, in August '65 ? Are you familiar with that activity.
Mr. Luce. I am familiar with the fact that there was a demonstra-
tion, but I am not familiar with the auspices of it.
Mr. IcHORD. Proceed, Mr. Counsel.
Mr. Pool. Proceed, Mr. Counsel.
Mr. NiTTLE. Would you continue to relate your experience in the
May 2d movement ?
Mr. Luce. Yes, sir; at this Yale Socialist Union Conference, there
were a number of people there interested in the war in Vietnam.
1 Correct name "Harlem Defense Council."
932 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Mr. NiTTLE. May I suggest that you advise us how this conference
took phice? Who' called it, what was the occasion for it, and your
purpose in being there ?
Mr. Luce. The conference was called, as I said earlier, by the Yale
Socialist Union, and it was called in order to hear a number of speakers
representing the left.
Mr, NiTTLE. Was that an organization at Yale ?
Mr. Luce. Yes, sir, I believe it was.
Mr. NiTTLE. It was in existence prior to the calling of this meeting ?
Mr. Luce. I believe so, sir.
Mr. NiTTLE. And did you attend it ?
Mr. Luce. Yes, sir, I did. I attended it as a representative of the
Student Committee for Travel to Cuba.
Mr. NiTTLE. Who issued the invitation for your attendance, or the
attendance of your group there ?
Mr. Luce. I don't know, sir. As I say, a number of people there
were interested in the war in Vietnam and attempting to find some
focal point with which to create objections to the war.
At that point, I had personally just drafted a declaration calling on
young Americans to refuse to fight in the war in Vietnam, which I took
to the Yale Socialist Union and passed out there. On Saturday after-
noon, which I assume was March the 15th, 1964, although I am not
certain of the date, Milton Rosen, the head of the Progressive Labor
Movement at that point, who is now, I imderstand, president of the
Progressive Labor Party, made a speech to the young people who were
gathered at Yale. And he called on the people there to form them-
selves into some type of an ad hoc organizaition, to call a protest, some
place on the East Coast, to oppose the war in Vietnam.
And as a result of his speech, it was decided to set up the May 2nd
Committee, and the May 2nd Committ.ee came about, as I say, as a
result of that, and the letter was sent out on May 2nd Committee
stationary almost immediately following that conference, which out-
lined as its purposes — and if I may, I would read a paragraph of it.
Mr. NiTTLE. Yes.
Mr. Luce. Quote :
The May 2nd Cktmmittee is a group of young people who oppose the use of
American troops in Vietnam. Our group was organized on March 14, 1964, in
New Haven, Ckvnnectlcut, as an ad hoc committee to plan and execute a demon-
stration in New York City on May 2, 1964, to demand the withdrawal of Ameri-
can troops from South Vietnam. The committee was formed by young people
participating in the Yale Socialist Union's conference "Socialism in America."
The conference agreed unanimously to support some demonstration on Viet-
nam. * * *
The demonstration that was held was held on May the 2d, 1964, in
New York City.
(Document marked "Luce Exhibit No. 2" follows :)
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 933
Luce Exhibit No. 2
STOP
McNAMARA 'S WAR in VIETNAM!
«^
.f %
ALLY:
SATURDAY: MAY %
110th St. and 8th Ave. 1:00p.m.
HEAR: Helen Lamb Lament, Russ Nixon, Conrad Lynn, Bill Scott,
Bill Epton, Benjamin Ortiz, Levi Laub and others.
SPONSORED BY The May 2nd Committee
934 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Luce Exhibit No. 2 — Continued
THE MAY 2nd COMMITTEE
ai5 Founders Hall Haverford College Haverford, Pa.
New York Office--- 140 West 69th Street - Room 39 B
Chairman
Russell Stetler
Coordinators
Levi Laub
Peter Camejo
Edith Black
Smith College
Harvey Blume
Columbia U.
Charles Buchanan
North Bergen, N.J.
Edward Campbell
Bridgeport, Conn.
Ira Feder
Sarah Lawrence College
Ellen Goldberg
Goucher College
Marc Graham
Wesleyan U.
Gus Horowitz
Boston, Mass.
Douglas Ireland
New York, N.Y.
Peter Irons
Washington, D.C.
Joseph Knowles
Harvard U.
Victor Lippit
Yale U.
Phillip Luce
New York, N.Y,
Robin Maisel
U. of Pennsylvania
Marjorie Mazel
Smith College
Janet Oldt
Antioch College
Catherine Prensky •
New Rocheile, N.Y.
David Raboy
Clark U.
Richard Rhoads
New York, N.Y.
Jeffrey Roven
New York U.
Gail Sanger
Bryn Mawr College
Joan Sekler
Citj' CoUege,N.Y.
Mark Stahl
Yale U.
The May 2nd Committee is a group of young people who
oppose the use of American troops in Vietnam. Our
group was organized on March 14, 1964, in New Haven,
Connecticut, as an ad hoc committee to plan and ex-
ecute a demonstration in New York City on May 2,
1964, to demand the withdrawl of American troops from
South Vietnam. The committee was formed by young
people participating in the Yale Socialist Union's con-
ference "Socialism in America." The conference agreed
unanimously to support some demonstration on Vietnam.
Many diverse and often opposed Socialist groups joined
together on the Committee. Other groups whose mem-
bers are represented include SPU and SDS. We have
campus representatives on some 20 campuses.
Many groups have spoken out against U.S. intervention
in South Vietnam. Still, more people are expressing
concern over the possible extension of the war to North
Vietnam and perhaps creating a nuclear war. Ihe May
2nd Committee takes Senator Wayne Morse's stand -
for complete withdrawl of U.S. troops from South Viet-
nam - as our demand. I'he May 2nd demonstration
offers an opportunity to all those who have spoken out
on Vietnam to translate their protest into concrete
action. We invite everyone to join vath us in our
opposition to McNamara's War in South Vietnam.
If the May 2nd demonstration is to be a success we
need the support of all Americans who are opposed to
the useless and senseless killing of American troops
in the jungles of Vietnam.. The May 2nd Committee
was formed initially for demonstrations on May 2nd
but as the civil war in Vietnam increases in intensity
and more and more Americans are murdered there
we may reorganize ourselves into a permanent commit-
tee to make Vietnam a political issue in this the year
of national political conventions. The war in Vietnam
must be stopped and stopped now. This is a major
question for American youth and we pledge ourselves
to doing everything possible to stop American in-
volvement in Vietnam,
(Schools listed for identification only)
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 935
Mr. NiTTLE. Before you tell us about that, did you say that this
statement had been prepared for presentation at the Yale Socialist
Union Conference?
Mr. Luce. No, sir; it was prepared immediately following the Yale
Socialist Union Conference.
Mr. Nfttle. And following the speech of Milton Rosen, advocating
protest action against United States involvement in Vietnam ?
Mr. Luce. Yes, sir.
Mr. AsHBROOK. Mr. Counsel, may I ask two questions ?
First, over whose signature did this letter go out, which you read?
Do you recall ?
Mr. Luce. I think I wrote it.
Mr. AsHBROOK. Did you participate in the demonstration in New
York City?
Mr. Luce. Yes, sir.
Mr. NrrTLE. At the time you appeared at the Yale Socialist Union,
you were not a member of the Progressive Labor Movement?
Mr. Luce. No, sir ; I was a fellow traveler.
Mr. NiTTLE. Were you invited to attend by Milton Rosen, the
head of the Progressive Labor Movement ?
Mr. Luce. No, sir, I believe that another member of Progressive
Labor just simply said, "Let's go up to the conference, and we may
have a chance to speak about Cuba up there," and so he and myself
went up, with some other members of Progressive Labor.
Mr. Nittle. Now, at the time you were merely involved in the Stu-
dent Committee for Travel to Cuba ?
Mr. Luce. Yes, sir.
Mr. Nittle. And was that a Progressive Labor activity ?
Mr. Luce. Yes, sir, it was. It was composed of the people that went
to Cuba in 1963. It was a closed club. You had to have gone to Cuba
in 1963 to be a member. However, there was an executive committee
of the Student Committee for Travel to Cuba, of which I was a part.
Mr. Nittle. And was the Student Committee for Travel to Cuba
a front of the Progressive Labor Movement?
Mr. Luce. Yes, sir, it was.
Mr. Nrm^E. Now, would you tell us what happened with regard to
the anti-Vietnam letter?
Mr. Luce. The May 2nd Committee initially had as chairman of it,
according to their letterhead on our stationery at the time, Russell
Stetler from Haverf ord College ; and two coordinators were appointed
at the Yale Socialist Union meeting : Levi Laub, of Progressive Labor,
and Peter Camejo, who at that time was an official of the Young So-
cialist Alliance, a Trotskyist organization.
Following the Yale Socialist Union Conference, however, upon our
return to New York, the basis for the May 2nd demonstration and, in
fact, the control of the May 2nd Committee became completely domi-
nated by people within Progressive Labor. Progressive Labor did all
of the printing, all of the writing of material, the distribution of mate-
rial, the actual organization of the meeting was carried on almost ex-
clusively by Progressive Labor people. The day of the May 2nd
Committee demonstration, I met and had lunch with two officials of
the Progressive Labor Movement, and we discussed at that point a
936 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
draft program which had been drawn ujd by Fred Jerome, who at that
point vv as editor of the Progressive Labor newspaper, called Challenge^
and Mr. Jerome, at that point, showed us, as I say, this prospectus or
this outline, this draft, that he had prepared, which he had hoped we
would introduce the night of the May 2nd demonstration, which would
call for a continuing group, an organization to be called the May 2nd
Movement. And following the May 2nd demonstration, Mr. Laub
presented to the people that had gathered that evening, many of whom
demonstrated that day, this proposal and this program, and it was
accepted; and from that point on, the May 2nd Committee became
permanent and became known as the May 2nd Movement.
Mr. NiTTLE. Did they establish a national executive cormnittee for
the conduct of the operation of this Progressive Labor front?
Mr. Luce. Yes, sir. Later, in the fall of 1964, or the late summer
of 1964 — I think it was the fall, however, 1964 — they did create a na-
tional executive committee of the May 2nd Movement ; and on this na-
tional executive committee, from then until the time I left, it is com-
posed of 12 people, and of the 12 people, the vast majority, if not — and,
in fact, I think, I believe, I think there are 9 of the 12 members from
Progressive Labor, so that it was controlled at all points by Progres-
sive Labor.
Mr. NiTTLE. Will you tell us the names of the persons who composed
the national executive committee of the May 2nd Movement^
Mr. Luce. The members of the national executive committee of the
May 2nd Movement that were members of Progressive Labor were Levi
Laub, Roger Taus, Marc Schleifer, Rick Rhoads, Jeff Gordon, Mike
Brown, Albert Maher, Judith Warden, and myself.
Mr. NiTTLE. And at that time who were the three members who were
not likewise members of the Progressive Labor Movement, to your
knowledge ?
Mr. Luce. I don't recall the names at the moment, sir. May I just
add to that, that within the national executive conunittee of the May
2nd Movement, that I said was composed of 12 people, there was a Pro-
gressive Labor Club. And the nine of us met almost weekly to decide
on what policies we would present at the next national executive com-
mittee meeting of the May 2nd Movement, and, of course, these poli-
cies were always carried, since we had the majority vote. At least
two of the other members of the national executive committee of the
May 2nd Movement did not Iviiow that some of the members of the na-
tional executive committee were members of PL and had no idea that
a club existed.
Mr. NiTTLE. So that the Progressive Labor members within llie
May 2nd Movement met separately, caucused, decided policy, and then
appeared to go through a meeting with the entire executive commit-
tee, the nonmembers of PLM, and establish policy ?
Mr. Luce. Yes, sir.
Mr. NiTTLE. Now, you mentioned Russell Stetler as being chairman
of the M2M group. Did you know him then as a non-PLM member?
Mr. Luce. Yes, sir, I knew him as a non-PLM member.
Mr. NiTTLE. At that time, was Rick Manderfeld a member of the
May 2nd Movement National Executive Committee?
Mr. Luce. I think he became a member at approximately the time
I was leavinof.
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 937
Mr. XiTixE, Was Frances Kissling at any time a member of the May
2nd Movement National Executive Committee '^
Mr. Luce. She was a member of May 2nd, but not of Progressive
Labor.
Mr. NiTTLE. At thase meetings, what were the principal policies
established for the conduct of the work of the May 2nd Movement?
Mr. Luce. At that time, it was hoped that the May 2nd Movement
could form organizations on a number of American college campuses
with the specific purpose of advocating mimediate withdrawal of
American troops from Vietnam and of attempting to instill some type
of a genuine and serious propaganda effort on these campuses, to sim-
ply create the illusion that most American students were opposed to
the war in Vietnam.
Mr. Xittle. So that there was then an agreement and a policy
that May 2nd Movement chapters in effect would be formed on various
college campuses. Is that right?
Mr. Luce, Yes, sir, is was.
Mr. Xittle. Was there discussed the means of accomplishing the
organization of May 2nd Movement chapters at various colleges ?
Mr. Luce. This would be carried on in a number of ways. At that
time, we had a film from the so-called National Liberation Front of
Vietnam, the Viet Cong, that the May 2nd people showed on the
campuses, and it was hoped that through this film it might be possible
to organize young people.
Mr. Nittle. Was that a Viet Cong film sometimes titled and shown
as "Heroic Vietnam, 1963"'?
Mr. Luce. I believe so; yes, sir.
Mr. Nittle. Where was that film obtained?
Mr. Luce. That film was obtained by us in Cuba, brought into the
United States in a diplomatic pouch through the Cuban mission, and
picked up at the Cuban mission to the United Nations by a representa-
tive of Progressive Labor.
Mr. Nittle. Who were the persons appointed to the task of display-
ing this film on various college campuses and seeking at the same time
to organize May 2nd chapters at various campuses ?
Mr, Luce. Almost all of the members of the national executive com-
mittee ; at one point or another, each person was assigned to a campus
or a series of campuses which he or she was supposed to visit and sup-
posed to speak against the war in Vietnam, about Cuba, about some
type of "'anti-imperialist" policies.
May I just acid, also, regarding the organization on the campuses,
that the May 2nd Movement also attempted to get young people to
sign a declaration similar to mine, although not the same as the one
1 initiated, calling on young Americans to refuse to fight in Vietnam,
And the May 2nd Movement, according to its own propaganda litera-
ture, stated — and if I may quote :
Some chapters of May 2 plan campaigns to donate blood and other medical aid
to the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam, to concretely show our sup-
port for national liberation struggles. Receiving blood from U.S. college stu-
dents will be a terrific morale boost to the Vietnamese people. Collecting pledges
for blood on campus can also show where the administration stands * * *. (See
Gordon Exhibit No. 2, p. — . )
From the Floor : Let's stop this fink testimony. You get out of hera.
[Disturbance, applause, and demonstration.]
67-852 — 66 — pt. 1 3
938 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Mr. Pool. Remove that man.
We will have order in here.
Mr. Luce. Mr. Counsel, if I might comment on that, it is a typical
example of what I had said earlier. You see, the young man who
jumped up and made his — not statement, he does not want to carry
on any kind of democratic dialogue. He wants to shout slogans.
[Demonstration.]
Mr. Pool. Wait a minute.
From the Floor : That's democratic dialogue ?
[Disturbance and demonstration.]
Mr. Pool. Go ahead. I want to make this statement to the
audience.
This is a legislative hearing, and we are going to have order in here.
Go ahead.
Mr. NiTTLE. Mr. Luce, I believe you were testifying, before the in-
terruption, about a statement that was circulated on various college
campuses.
Mr. Luce. Yes, sir; and if I may continue that, I have spoken about
blood and the institution of the policy in some May 2nd chapters to
attempt to collect blood. And again, quoting from documents of the
May 2nd Movement, it gives an idea of exactly the type and approach,
the program that we were attempting to institute on these campuses,
and again I quote two paragraphs, basically :
Out of this understanding of imperialism as responsible for the poverty of our
lives, and out of the void of inaction of the existing peace and left groups on
the campuses, the May 2nd Movement was formed. M2M is campus based,
attempting to organize students to fight the system and not docilely (or gripingly)
accept it.
They then go on to say that most people realize that the U.S. is not
fighting for freedom
Mr. Pool. Just a minute. Let us have order is here now.
Go ahead.
Mr. Luce. I will skip down:
We say to those who are being forced to kill and die for the interests of imper-
ialism— DON'T GO. The May 2nd Movement is launching an anti-induction
campaign on the campuses. This campaign will organize existing resistance to
the draft, based on the refusal to fight against the people of Vietnam. Each
campus and each community should say, "No one from this college (or com-
munity) should be drafted". Declarations and literature will be circulated,
forums and meetings held, demonstrations organized and acts of disobedience
engaged in. The theme will be "WE WON'T GO." ( See Gordon Exhibit No. 2,
p. 1002.)
Mr. AsHBROOK. On that point, Mr. Luce, what acts of disobedience
were contemplated? Do you have anything you could give the com-
mittee on that subject?
Mr. Luce. Well, in part, simple refusal to allow yourself to be in-
ducted into the Army. It was contemplated at one point, possible
attempt to have actual sitdowns or demonstrations within induction
centers, to pass out literature in front of induction centers, to get young
people to sign these declarations, refusing to go into the war in
Vietnam.
Mr. NiTTLE. In connection with the antidraft activities, was there
a petition circulated amongst the students at the various universities
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 939
where your May 2nd Movement people appeared, to declare the refusal
to fight and to oppose being drafted?
I believe a statement of that sort, appeared in an advertisement in
the National Guardian on April 25, 1964, a pro-Communist journal,
and in the New York Herald Tribune on May 28, 1964. I have copies
of those advertisements. Would you comment upon that?
(Documents handed to witness.)
Mr. Luce. Yes, sir. Neither of these advertisements were run by
the May 2nd Movement. Both advertisements were run by myself.
They were both — the one that was run in the Herald Tribune is a copy
of the one in the National Guardian^ with the inclusion of a number of
more names. The May 2nd Movement, however, at a certain point,
decided to take over the campaign to get young people to sign a declara-
tion refusing to fight in Vietnam, and at that point, I turned over my
lists of names to them, and they brought out a different declaration,
one which was much shorter, and one v/hich took out
Mr. NiTTLE. Well, now, would you please read the declaration that
you had prepared for the initial ad hoc committee and then tell us,
please, in what way the statement differed that was circulated later
by the May 2nd Movement?
Mr. Luce. Yes, sir, my declaration
Mr. NiTTLE. And why the change was made.
Mr. Luce. My declaration read as follows, and I quote :
WE THE UNDERSIGNED,
ARE YOUNG AMERICANS OF DRAFT AGE. We uuderstand our obligations
to defend our country and to serve in the armed forces but we object to being
asked to support the war in South Vietnam.
Believing that United States participation in that war is for the suppression
of the Vietnamese struggle for national independence, we see no justification for
our involvement. We agree with Senator Wayne Morse, who said on the floor of
the Senate on March 4, 1964, regarding South Vietnam, that "We should never
have gone in. We should never have stayed in. We should get out."
BELIEVING THAT WE SHOULD NOT BE ASKED TO FIGHT AGAINST
THE PEOPLE OF VIETNAM, WE HEREWITH STATE OUR REFUSAL TO
DO SO.
(Documents marked "Luce Exhibits Nos. 3-A and 3-B," respec-
tively, and retained in files.)
The declaration was modified by the May 2nd Movement, and there
were a number of various changes that came out at different^ times, but
the final draft that I have ever seen of it read as follows :
"WE WON'T GO. The war on Vietnam is not a war for freedom
or democracy. It is a war against the people of Vietnam.
"The government has no right to draft any citizen to participate in
such a war.
"We, the students of the United States, refuse to be drafted. We do
not recognize the right of the government to draft our fellow students.
We refuse to be turned into killers and corpses for a war that is not
ours."
The changes that were brought about, although they are numerous,
and there is really no relationship between the first and second, were
brought about in part because a number of the Communists within the
organization objected strenuously to the section of my statement which
said, in part, and I quote — "We understand our obligations to defend
940 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
our country and to serve in the armed forces * * *," Their conten-
tion being that being anti-imperialist meant that you would refuse to
serve in any war of imperialism or any action or any army created by
the United States Government.
(Document marked "Luce Exhibit No. 4" follows:)
Luce Exhibit No. 4
WB RON'T 00
Tfio var oh VlAtaam is nnt a TC»r for f7«9daa nr AaoocT^of, It. is-
o 79r against the p»opl9 of Vi«tDAss«
Tha eovemmeat Has no right to draft an/ eitizon to partioipate In
suoh a war.
We, th9 studants of ths Unltdd States, refU8» to be drafted.
We do not reoognlao the right of the goremmsat to draft our fellow
students. We refuse to be turned into killers and corpses for a var
that is not ours.
Name Address School
We authorlxa the publication of eur names with the above deolaratlon.
JOIN The MAY 2nd MOVEMENT
National jsemberahip cards cost $2 per year. Members receive
a n'«thly report of Ma y 2nd activities and plans, (let us Jaiow your
rnaillng addr»«s ohanses.)
Uembere who «u^ wor}^g togsther oo. a oampafl er olsewhere
organise in a Uay 2nd chapter. Often the national of floe is able to
provide new members with the names of other members in the same area,
GO thot a chapter may be formed. Chapters elect representatives to the
Itetional Coordinating Committee, which also includes national staff
workers. The NOG meets regularly to deoide national polloy.
LJAY . 2rd MOVEMENT, MO Broadway, .room 307, New York 10012 N.Y.
Ttel: (212) 982 5550
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 941
Mr. Pool. I want to ask the witness, how widespread was the May
2nd Movement ?
Mr. Luce. Before its demise earlier tliis year, it had gained some
strength on a number of campuses, but it was never what the founders
hoped for it to be, a mass movement of college students. The actual
membership of this, I would not know, having left prior to its dissolv-
ing, but I am confident that it never gained any r.iore certainly than
a thousand members, if that many.
Mr. Pool. I understand from the information that I have tliat it was
formed on 20 university campuses, does that figure sound about riglit ?
Mr. Luce. I have seen that figure publislied by the May 2nd Alove-
ment itself; yes, sir; and I believe that it is possible that that is true.
Mr. Pool. Go ahead.
Mr. NiTTLE. In setting up May 2nd ISIovement chapters at various
campuses, did the Progressive Labor ]\Iovement also utilize Progres-
sive Labor Club cells that they had previously organized at some of
these universities ?
Mr. Luce. To the best of my knowledge, some of these universities,
the direct contact between May 2nd and — the formation of May 2nd
came about as a result of the impetus of Progressive Labor members.
Mr. Nittle. Now, you talked about the adoption of a policy by
the May 2nd Movement to send blood and medical supplies to North
Vietnam, or the Viet Cong. Was that policy discussed at meetings
of the May 2nd Movement National Executive Committee?
Mr. Luce. It was indeed discussed there, on a number of occasions,
but no actual institution of that policy took place before I had left.
Mr. Nittle. You testified a moment ago that all members of the
national executive committee had some responsibility and that it was
desired they make some effort, to establisli the May 2nd Movement at
various college campuses.
From the Floor. This hearing is so
[Disturbance and demonstration.]
Mr. Pool. Let us have order. Please remain seated.
Let us have order here. Please sit down.
Go ahead. Counsel.
Mr. Nittle. Mr. Luce, would you tell us, please, what role Jeff
Gordon played in the May 2nd ISIovement during the period you were
in it?
Mr. Luce. Mr. Gordon was a member of the national executive com-
mittee of the May 2nd Movement and devoted the major part of his
free time to attempting to proselytize for the May 2nd Movement.
Mr. Nittle, Did IMr. Gordon visit various college campuses, to your
knowledge ?
Mr. Luce. I recall that he did, but I cannot recall at this moment
where.
Mr. Nittle. What role did Richard Ehoads play ?
Mr. Luce, Richard Rhoads was in part enrolled at City College of
New York in an attemjjt to form a May 2nd Movement chapter there.
Mr, Nittle. Was there a Progressive Labor Club or cell formed at
the City College of New York ?
Mr. Luce. Yes, sir, there was.
Mr. Nittle. Was Rhoads a member of that cell ?
942 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Mr, Luce. No, sir, he was not. He was a secret member of Progres-
sive Labor during the time that I was associated with it. He was not
a publicly loiown member.
Mr. NiTTLE. Did he have contact with the club or cell of the
Progressive Labor Party at CCNY, to your knowledge?
Mr. Luce. He may have cooperated with them, but to my knowledge
there was no direct relationship.
Mr. NiTTLE. Mr. Luce, could you tell us whether there were any
contacts made with or by the May 2nd Movement with the Chinese
Communists or anyone acting as their agent or representative or on
their behalf?
Mr. Luce. I do know that we received communications from Peking
and, specifically, I recall a letter sent to me from Anna Louise Strong,
an American Communist who now lives in Peking. And this letter
was read to the national executive committee of the May 2nd Move-
ment because it was considered that it gave the correct line on how we
should begin to propagandize for the VC's.
Mr. NiTTLE. Did you know her as a delegate to a conference of Com-
munist countries that was convened in Hanoi in 1964 ?
Mr. Luce. I know it through reading of the Chinese press; yes, sir.
Mr. NiTTLE. Now, I have a copy of that letter from Anna Louise
Strong, and would you identify it, please?
(Document handed to witness.)
Mr. Luce. Yes, sir. This is a letter sent from Anna Louise Strong
in Peking, China, to myself, on December 7, 1964.
Mr. IcHORD. Mr. Chairman, I think at this point, it would be ap-
propriate for me to interrupt the counsel as it is now 12 o'clock, and
I understand that the Chair will adjourn until 2 o'clock. Before we
adjourn, Mr. Luce, I have one or two questions I would like to ask
you now.
You have stated that you have been a member of the Progressive
Labor Movement. Over how long a period of time were you a mem-
ber of the PLM?
Mr. Luce. A relatively short period of time ; 6 or 7 months.
Mr. IciiORD. Six or seven months ?
Mr. Luce. Yes, sir.
Mr. IcHORD. Now, you defined the organization as a Marxist organi-
zation and, in your words, as an organization which has an ideology
similar to the Chinese Communists, By way of preface to my state-
ment, or to my question, Mr. Luce, I would state to you that last June,
as a member of the House Committee on Armed Services, I was desig-
nated as a member of a special subcommittee of the House Committee
on Armed Services to go to South Vietnam. The committee was
headed by the Honorable Otis Pike, of New York.
While in Vietnam, I was advised by intelligence sources and by —
and in the field, that often, when the anti-south Vietnam demonstra-
tions were staged here in the United States, and let me hasten to say
that I realize that many of the anti-involvement of the United States
in South Vietnam are not headed or staged, in my opinion, by sub-
versives—many of them, I am sure, are sincere pacifists who are op-
posed to South Vietnam, but we ascertained that often when these
demonstrations would occur, that they would be picked up by the Viet
Cong and publicized in South Vietnam, That is, the Viet Cong would
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 943
go to their own people and they would say, "Look, here is what is
going on back in the United States. The American people themselves
are against American involvement in South Vietnam. If we hold on,
we will eventually win out, because the American people will get tired
of South Vietnam."
And today, I have just had handed to me one of these leaflets which
purports to have been distributed on the battlefield in South Vietnam.
It has iDeen mailed to a Member of Congress. I will not reveal his
name at this time, until I check the authenticity, signed — I will read
the letter :
Dear Sir,
The enclosed leaflet is forwarded in that I thought that it might be of interest
if you had not previously seen one. It was acquired during participation in
Operation Hastings near Dong Ho Republic of Vietnam. * * * I am taldng the
liberty of sending this leaflet to you.
And the letter is signed "Sincerely, J. A. Frasier 3rd., Capt. of
Marines."
And the leaflet is a four-page affair. On the front of the leaflet is
a picture of an anti-South Vietnam war demonstration. On the back
side is another photograph showing a wooden cross, with a helmet of a
soldier draped over the top of the cross, and inside are two statements
of two very famous Americans opposing American action in South
Vietnam, and I will not reveal their names, again, until I check the
authenticity as to whether this leaflet was actually distributed as
propaganda leaflets by the Viet Cong on the battlefield.^
But the question I have for you, sir: Do you have any personal
knowledge of PLM ever staging any demonstration with the intent or
design of furnishing propaganda for the Viet Cong or any other hos-
tile power to the United States ?
Mr. Luce. Not specifically. I would say that any demonstration
against, for instance, the war in Vietnam that would be carried on by
a hard-core Communist organization would have a collateral purpose,
certainly, of attempting to create this image of the restless multitudes
of this country being opposed to the war in Vietnam. I don't
think
Mr. IcHORD. Was that discussed at any of the meetings, as to the
propaganda value of any of the demonstrations that might be staged
to the Viet Cong or the Chinese or some other Communist nation?
Mr. Luce. Not specifically ; no, sir.
Mr. IcHORD. Thank you very much.
Mr. AsHBROOK. What about generally? It is and has generally
been discussed that they would aid in every way possible, up to and in-
cluding blood, by some donors. When you say "specifically," do you
mean
Mr. Luce. I mean that it was not — to the best of my knowledge, I
have never sat in on a meeting where somebody said, "Well, let's go
have a demonstration against the war in Vietnam, because we know
that Peking will give it an eight-column head tomorrow and its value
1 Committee Investigation determined that this leaflet had actually been distributed in
the battle area of South Vietnam.
The letter of Marine Corps Captain J. A. Frasier III, in which the leaflet was enclosed
(see reproduction, p. 944) was addressed to Representative Mendel Rivers, chairman of
the House Armed Services Committee.
944 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Reproduction of outside of leallet introduced by Mir. Ichord.
Committee investigation determined that the lower picture was taken at
approximately 11 a.m., Saturday, November 20, 196.5, on Shattuck Avenue,
Berkeley, during the Vietnam Day Committee march of that day. ( See Edwin
Meese testimony, p. — . )
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 945
f^a^i
The above picture, published in the San Francisco Chronicle of November 21,
1965, was also taken during the Vietnam Day Committee march in Berkeley
and Oakland on Saturday, November 20, 1965.
946 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
will be that." That indeed — certainly, it is a — you understand that
Peldng may give it an eight-column head, but that's not the primary
reason that you are doing it.
Mr. IcHORD. Well, of course, you understand that as a natural re-
sult, from the demonstration.
Mr. Luce. Yes, sir.
Mr. AsHBRooK. What about the — promoting the idea that we do
something specifically to aid the Viet Cong, in a sense of distributing
leaflets, or some have advocated, in a sense of giving blood, supplies,
anytliing beyond what we might call, from their point of view, morale
assistance, or support of their goals of this country, anything specific
in a material sense ?
Mr. Luce. Well, as I said, it was a question at one point of trying
to send blood, and I have heard discussions of attempting to send
money to various international organizations to try to get medical sup-
plies sent to the Vietnamese.
Mr. AsHBROOK. To the best of your knowledge, you know of no
leaflets being produced to be sent there for that purpose?
Mr. Luce. I don't know of any being produced to be sent there,
but I do know that having left the Progressive Labor Movement, per-
haps a year before, I suddenly discovered in the New York papers, last
December, or December of 1965, suddenly, an article which said that
leaflets had been distributed in South Vietnam to our troops, which
carried the original statement that I had written, calling on young
people to refuse to fight in Vietnam, so that I have personal knowledge
that it certainly is being done.
Mr, Pool. Before we adjourn for lunch, I would like to make this
statement.
This is from the U.S. Code, and I will just read the provisions :
Whoever corruptly, or by threats of force, or by any threatening letter or'
communication, endeavors to influence, intimidate, or impede any witness in any
proceeding pending before any department or agency of the United States, or in
connection, with any inquiry or investigation being had by either House, or any
committee of either House, or any joint committee of the Congress ; or
Whoever injures any party or witness in his person or property on accoxmt oi!
his attending or having attended such proceeding, inquiry, or investigation, or(
on account of his testifying or having testified to any matter pending therein ; ort
I! 4! He * * * Id
Whoever corruptly, or by threats or force, or by any threatening letter or
communication influences, obstructs, or impedes or endeavors to influence, ob-
struct, or impede the due and proper administration of the law under which such
proceeding is being had before such department or agency of the United States,
or the due and proper exercise of the power of inquiry under which such inquiry
or investigation is being had by either House, or any committee of either House
or any joint committee of the Congress —
Shall be fined not more than $5,000 or imprisoned not more than five years, or
both.
I make this statement with the idea that you should be warned of
the protection that the witness before this committee has. And I
think that is all I have to say, and if any witness is threatened or
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 947
injured in any manner, it certainly should be reported to this com-
mittee, and proper action will be taken by tlie Justice Department.
Mr. loHORD. Mr. Chairman, Mr. Luce has not been threatened or
subjected to intimidations in any form in appearing before this com-
mittee— have you, Mr. Luce?
Mr. Luce. No, sir.
Mr. Pool. Well, in case you do, I make this statement, for every-
one to know.
With that in mind, the connnittee will adjourn until 2 o'oclock.
( Subcommittee members present at time of recess : Representatives
Pool, Ichord, Ashbrook, and Buchanan, and also Representative
Clawson.)
(Whereupon, at 12:20 p.m., Tuesday, August 16, 1966, the subcom-
mittee recessed, to reconvene at 2 p.m., the same day.)
AFTERNOON SESSION— TUESDAY, AUGUST 16, 1966
(The subcommittee reconvened at 2 :05 p.m., Hon. Joe R. Pool, chair-
man of the subcommittee, presiding. )
(Subcommittee members present: Representatives Pool, Ashbrook,
and Buchanan and also Representative Clawson.)
Mr. Pool. If the photographers will take their cameras outside —
and no tape recorders, also, will be allowed in the hearings.
Mrs. Axelrod. Mr. Chairman
Mr. Pool. Go ahead. Come on up here.
Mrs. Axelrod. Mr. Chairman, at this point, I would like to object
to the method of seating the audience in this room. There are many
witnesses here who have friends who have come to watch the hear-
ing, and I believe that it would be proper and dignified for this hearing
committee to admit people on a first-come, first-served basis. I under-
stand that not more than 10 or 20 people were admitted who were
standing in line, and the balance of the audience, virtually all of them,
were admitted by special cards, received from — I don't know where —
but I presume the cards were received from the committee.
Mr. Pool. If you will tell your folks to quit demonstrating in here
and trying to make fools out of themselves, maybe we will be able to
work something out.
[Applause.]
Mi's. Axelrod. I am not objecting, sir — Sir, I am not objecting to
the refusal to admit anyone who has caused a disturbance. I am object-
ing to the refusal to admit peaceable people, who were standing in
line and who should be admitted the same way as everyone else.
Mr. Pool. I thought they had in mind out there — who is in charge ?
(Off the record.)
Mrs. Axelrod. I would like to inquire as to how anyone gets these
cards, because virtually all of the audience has received special cards
to enter the room.
A Policeman. They are cards of staff members.
948 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Mr. AsHBROOK. There is always a tendency to admit staff members,
but I would like to know of anyone else who has a card. I would like
to see one.
Mr. Pool. Well, your objection is noted.
Let us go on with the hearing.
TESTIMONY OF PHILLIP ABBOTT LUCE— Resumed
Mr. NiTTLE. Mr. Luce, at the time we recessed, we were discussing the
question whether the May 2nd Moverment maintained Chinese con-
tacts, and you were telling us about a communication you had with
Anna Louise Strong. Would you tell us, please, what is the substance
and content of that letter ?
Mr. Luce. This is, as I indicated prior to the recess, a letter addressed
to me, from Anna Louise Strong, in Peking, China. It is on her own
personal stationery. And I would like to read just a section of the
letter, to give you an idea of why we considered it, at the time, an im-
portant communication from China.
It is dated December the 7th, 1964 :
"Dear Mr. Luce," — and the rest is a quote :
Having just returned from Hanoi I send you this special issue of tlie Vietnam
Courier on tlie tremendous conference just held. You will want it for your
files, because it contains, in brief, speeches from all 64 delegations, and espe-
cially contains in full, on the last four pages, the resolutions on Vietnam and on
the worldwide anti-imperialist struggle and the Appeal to the American people.
These are now authoritative formulations as unanimously adopted by a confer-
ence including all the Socialist nations plus other prominent delegates.
I call attention of my Western friends to the fact that a slogan we have
nearly all been using, and that I myself used two weeks ago, namely to call for
"negotiation", usually in a Geneva-type conference, is NOT the demand of Viet-
nam. Laos and Cambodia want such a conference and should have it. Vietnam
does not ask for it. * ♦ *
«**♦»*•
After much thought, I decided the Vietnamese are right. It is simpler, better
to state clear aims than methods that are not clear. "Take the US troops out;
let us settle our own affairs" is a clear, honest demand. "Negotiate" raises
questions. The 19.54 Geneva Conference cannot be reconstituted, if only because
in 19.54 the Vietminh came as victor and now it is not even a participant. The
US broke the Agreements and split Vietnam, and now it is the South Vietnam
National Front for Liberation that is victor. * * * Too many alleged friends
are dreaming up new strait-jackets for South Vietnam ; "Neutralization without
liberation". The Vietnamese are through with that. They want national sov-
ereignity * * *.
So better just say : "The U.S. must respect the Geneva Agreements * * *."
That means : "Get out." * * * But be clear that no Geneva nations brought it
about, but the long hard fight of the Vietnamese.
Think it over.
And it is signed, "Anna Louise Strong."
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 949
(Document marked "Luce Exhibit No. 5 follows :)
tX^ >^, ,21^^ TX^ ^p.^^ ^ i~ Q.n.^.v^ ^i^o^
r . J. dOX 8 33 ANNA LOUISE STRONG ■
Brooklyn 1, N.Y. 9 tai chi CHA^iG ,.^«-*T~V>Li>5»l^ /r> « ^--
PEKING. CHINA y^^^-^t^ /«-. "^L^^^r^A^
Dec. 7, 1964 '^.g^
Dear I'iT. Luce, '^^-'ZJl^S
Having just rGturnad from Hanoi I send you the special Issua of the
Vietnam Courier on tho tremendous conference just held# lou will
want it for your files, because it contains, in brief, speeches from
all 64 delegations, and ospacially contains in full, on the last four
pases, the resolutions on Vietnam and on the worldwide anti-imperialist
struggle and the Appeal to the American people. These are now autho-
ritative fonr-ulations as unaniiriously adopted by a conference including
all the Socialist nations plus other prominent delegates.
I call attention of my Western friends to the fact that a slogan we
have nearly all been using^ and that I myself used two weeks ago,
namely to call for "negotiation", usually in a Geneva-type conference,
ia NC/r the demand of Vietnam, i.aos and Cambodia want such a conferenca
and should have it. Vietnam does not ask for it. Her demands given
in full in the Vietnam resolution, and given briefly in the Appeal:
"1) The 'OS Government must respect tne Geneva Agreements of 1954;
Z) Must withdraw its troops, weapons and bases from South Vietnam,-
andilet the Vietnamese people settle their own affairs;
3) atop its acts of provocation and war against the Ueiiiocratic
Hepublic of Vietnam." (Worth Vietnam.)
I askad Vietnamese if they opposed the demand for a reconvened Geneva
Conference, as: made by their Western friends. They said they did not
oppose it if their friends found it a useful tulking-point , but they
thought their own formulation clearer, simpler, more likely to appeal
to the world's people. Every nation in the world wants independence
without foreign troops on its soil. Americans also want this; how
can they then refuse it to the Vietnamese? People everywhere can
understand that a nation that has fought 20 years for independence
wants it. To demand "negotiation" raises complexities* With whom?
For wnat? This can even confuse.
After much thought, I decide the Vietnamese are right. It is simpler,
better to state clear aims than methods that are hot clear, "Take •
the US troops out; let us settle our own affairs" is a clear, honest
demand, "fuegotiata" raises questions. The 1954 Geneva Conference
cannot be reconstituted, if only because in 1954 the Vietiainh c^me
as victor and now it is not even a participant. The US broke the
A.'^raements and split Vietnam, and now it is the South Vietnam National
iTront for Liberation that is victor. yVill the US negotiate with the
NfL? Neither Hanoi nor Peking can speak for the NFL and certainly
not those two co-chairmen of Geneva who in ten years never could make
the US behave. Too many alleged friends are dreaming up new strait-
Jackets for South Vietnam; "Neutralization without Liberation". The
Vietnamese are through with that. Thoy want national sovereignty,
not to be wards of any other nation or group of nations.
So better just says "The US must respect the Geneva Agreements of I954«''i
That means: "Get out." ^/hen the US is ready to get out, a technical
method is readily found, Geneva or another. But be clear that no Genevfi-
nations brought it about, but the long hard fight of the Vietnauase*
Think it over,
(A^fi /Uu^iz y^^^^yt^ 0
950 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
We considered this an important document, insofar as it was the first
clear and decisive statement that we had had from either the Viet
Cong, China, or the Vietnamese concerning their requests of us to
stop calling for any type of negotiations in Vietnam, instead, making
it a straight U.S. pull completely out, and this w^as decided — after I
read this to the executive committee of the May 2nd Movement, it was
decided that this, indeed, would be our policy : to simply call for an
immediate withdrawal, to get out, a strong statement, rather than
attempting to temper it, as many of the peace groups have, with a
call for negotiations.
Mr. Nfttle. Can you thinl? of any instance wherein the policies
advocated by the May 2nd Movement or the Progressive Labor Move-
ment departed in any way from the policies of the Chinese Communist
Party or the Government of China ?
Mr. Luce. That's a difficult question in part, because, well, the
ideology is similar. It is true that you don't export revolutions, and
the ideology and even the language used by the Chinese is so dis-
similar to that used in this country. The general Communist line and
understanding of creating revolutions of anti-imperialism, of anti-
Americanism, in fact, as practiced by May 2nd and Progressive Labor
is very similar to that of the Chinese, but I think I would be remiss
in trying to relate them too closely, as far as wording goes.
Mr. NiTTLE. Wliat I meant to ask you was whether the policies
adopted by the Progressive Labor Movement and the May 2nd Move-
ment were an endeavor to give support to the jDosition of the Chinese
Government.
Mr. Luce. Well, I think that certainly the ideology as practiced and
preached by Progressive Labor would give support to the Chinese
contention and position throughout the world.
Mr. Pool, Just a minute. The Chair wishes to recognize as being
with us here today, and we welcome to the committee, Congressman
Casey, and Congressman Ottinger, of New York. Congressman Casey
is from Texas.
Mr. NiTTLE. Did your organization have a means of determining the
position of the Chinese Communists on international issues ?
Mr. Luce. Progressive Labor received daily reports from London,
England, mimeographed press statements of the Chinese Government
to the China news service, which is called Hsin Hua. These were
mailed, airmail, to Progressive Labor daily, which gave us a fairly
complete picture of what the Chinese press thought daily. It was also
true that we did receive a number of communications from China, just
as our communications were shipped to China. We discussed in Cuba,
in 1963, the ideological position, certainly, of the Progressive Labor
and the Chinese with Chinese representatives in Cuba, so that I would
say that there was a very close understanding of the Chinese position
within Progressive Labor, and I am also certain that the Chinese,
through letters which they sent us, were totally in agreement with our
position.
Mr. NiTTLE. Had the Progressive Labor Movement maintained
other contacts abroad similar to that which you have just described
with China ?
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 951
Have members of the party been sent abroad to maintain contacts,
or to communicate, with the leadership of foreign Communist govern-
ments and parties ?
Mr. Luce. Certainly members of Progressive Labor have been
abroad and have communicated with leaders of other foreign Com-
munist comitries.
Mr. NiTTLE. Could you give further examples ?
Mr. Luce. When we were in Cuba in 1963, I had an extended con-
versation with B. N. Aidit, then head of the Indonesian Communist
Party, now deceased. I had extended conversations with the repre-
sentatives of the Viet Cong wliile in Cuba. We had extended con-
versations with Chinese while in Cuba.
In 1964, members of the group that went had similar conversations
with Chinese and the Vietnamese, and a member of Progressive Labor
attended the tri-continental conference, held in Havana, Cuba, earlier
this year.
Mr. NiTTLE. Now, was there a staff set up within Progressive Labor
to digest the foreign communications, foreign pronouncements, and
foreign newsletters, and to communicate them to the membership
as a whole ?
Mr. Luce. It was not so much a staff as there were a few people
who — I edited for a period of time the monthly publication of Progres-
sive Labor entitled Progressive Labor. And at that point, Khrushchev
was replaced, and we did an extended editorial relating very specifically
to the Chinese line on Khrushchev, and Progressive Labor does use, in
its weekly or every 2- week publication, semimonthly publication, Clial-
Jenge^ the pen name of Lisa Armand, who deals extensively in relating
news from China and news from Southeast Asia, based almost ex-
clusively on press releases from the Chinese.
(At this point, Mr. Ichord entered the hearing room.)
Mrs. Luce. Lisa Armand is in reality Sue Warren, who is a mem-
ber of Progressive Labor.
Mr. NiTTLE. Would you express a view upon the position of Pro-
gressive Labor and the jNIay 2nd Movement in this respect? Did you
ever find either group departing from, or taking a position that would
be contrary to, the interests or policies of the world Communist move-
ment ?
Mr. Luce. No, sir.
Mr. NiTTLE. While the Progressive Labor Movement was Peking-
oriented, as you have described, was this position at all inconsistent
with the general policies and efforts of the Soviet Union ?
Mr. Luce. I am sorry.
Mr. NiTTLE. I mean to say by that, did either group ever take a
position that would be harmful to the position of the Soviet Union in
international relations so far as the so-called "anti-imperialist" pro-
gram was concerned ?
Mr. Luce. Both Progressive Labor and May 2nd did not follow a
line of so-called peaceful coexistence. Progressive Labor was very
vehement in its attacks not only on the Soviet Union, but upon the
Communist Party of the United States. It followed very closely the
same ideological line as the Chinese did regarding epithets to be thrown
at the Soviet Union.
952 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Mr. Pool. Mr. Nittle
Mr. Nittle, Was a publication set up named Free Student during
the period of your membership in the Progressive Labor Movement
and JNlay 2nd Movement ?
Mr. Luce. Yes, sir, a publication was set up. It was to be entitled
the Free Student. It is still in existence and until the last issue that
I saw, at least, still had at the top, I think, ''Published by the May 2nd
Movement."
Mr. Nittle. Now, would you tell us what was the origin of the Free
Student'^ I mean to say, was it a creation of the May 2nd Movement,
or was it a creation in fact of the Progressive Labor Movement?
Mr. Luce. It was a creation of the May 2nd Movement in name. In
reality, it was a creation of the Progressive Labor Movement.
Mr. Nittle. When was that publication first established ?
Mr. Luce. I believe the first issue of the Free Student came out in
either late December or early January 196-i or '65. The exact date, I
cannot recall.
Mr. Nittle. Were there discussions within the Progressive Labor
Movement relating to this paper ?
Mr. Luce. Yes, sir, there were. It was discussed in Progressive
Labor that a student newspaper or a paper published for students
should be brought out and that the best place to bring it out would be
through the youth front, so to speak, of the Progressive Labor Move-
ment, which would be the May 2nd Movement, so it was not only dis-
cussed in the Progressive Labor circles, it was extensively discussed
in the Progressive Labor Club, within the May 2nd Movement. And
at a certain point, it was decided that this newspaper should come out,
should be based on a strong anti-imperialist, anti-American line, should
attempt to help enlist students into the May 2nd Movement.
Mr. Nittle. I don't recollect wliether you testified as to your mem-
bership on the national coordinating committee of the Progressive
Labor Movement. Were you a member of that body ?
Mr. Luce. Yes, sir, I was.
Mr. Nittle. Was the national coordinating committee the top gov-
erning body of the Progressive Labor Movement ?
Mr. Luce. Yes, sir, it was.
Mr. Nittle. Was the plan to create a newspaper known as the
Free Student a plan of the top leadership ?
Mr. Luce. I didn't — I did not hear it discussed in a national meet-
ing, but it was discussed among individual top leaders within New
York.
Mr. Nittle. Would you say that the top decisions of the parties
are made by a few top leaders ?
Mr. Luce. It was at that time ; yes, sir.
Mr. NiTi^LE. Who were the top leaders, in your judgment, at that
time?
Mr. Luce. At that time, it was JNIilt Kosen, Mort Scheer, Bill
Epton, Fred Jerome, Jake Rosen.
Mr. Nittle. What was the purpose and objective of the Free
Student ?
Mr. Luce. It was to attempt to get young people interested in a
radical political position and to try to get them interested in May
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 953
2nd. A policy satement published in the Free Student states — and I
quote :
FREE STUDENT, the national student newspaper of the May 2nd Move-
ment was designed to reflect and help develop the growing student revolt
against the mis-education we receive in our universities, as well as reflect and
develop student protest against the war in Vietnam * * *.'
Mr. NiTTLE. Now, that was one of several publications of the
Progressive Labor Movement ; is that right ?
Mr. Luce. This was the — yes, it was one of a number of the Progres-
sive Labor Movement, but it was the specific publication of the May
2nd Movement. It was printed, designed, laid out in the print shop
of Progressive Labor and used Progressive Labor staff and materials
to be published.
(Document marked "Luce Exhibit No. 6" and retained in com-
mittee files.)
Mr. NiTTLE. Would you, in a word or two, describe the pub-
lications of the Progressive Labor Movement, and what purpose each
publication was meant to serve ?
Mr. Luce. There was a weekly newspaper called Challenge^ and
this newspaper was meant to be used to propagandize and, in some
cases, inflame various segments of New York City. A West Coast
newspaper entitled Spark has been used for the same thing.
There was a monthly — now, I think, it comes out every 2 months —
publication entitled Progressive Labor. This is a much more the-
oretical publication. It includes longer articles; it deals in articles
of Marxism-Leninism, articles on China, on Vietnam. It is more
theoretically inclined.
For a period of time, there was a publication entitled Marxist-
Leninist Quarterly. That was the theoretical publication until it
was merged with the magazine, Frogressiwe Labor.
The Free Student would be the other publication.
Mr. NiTTLE. And that was established on or about January
1965; is that right?
Mr. Luce. January; yes, sir.
Mr. NiTTLE. During your period of membership in the Pro-
gressive Labor Movement, did you have occasion to hear discussions
relating to the founding of a facility known as the Free University ?
Mr. Luce. While a member of the national executive committee of
the May 2nd Movement, we had a number of discussions about the
formation of an institution, which later became Iviiown as the Free
University of New York.
Mr. NiTTLE. As a member of the national coordinating com-
mittee of the Progressive Labor Movement, did you have occasion to
discuss the formation of the Free University ?
Mr. Luce. Not within the national coordinating committee of
Progressive Labor.
Mr. NiTTLE. Did you discuss this with the Progressive Labor
caucus within the May 2nd Movement ?
Mr. Luce. Yes, sir.
Mr. NiTTLE. Prior to its formation ?
■ Free Student^ No. 3 [May 1966].
67-852 — 66— pt. 1 4
954 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Mr. Luce. Yes, sir, I believe so. I know I spoke with a number of
members of the Progressive Labor about the formation of tlie Free
University.
Mr. NiTTLE. Do you regard the Free University as a creation of
the Progressive Labor Movement? Would you tell us what you
know about that situation ?
Mr. Luce. No, sir, I would not call it a Progressive Labor-formed
institution. Progressive Labor wanted to form its own school,
which they intended to designate the John Brown School. This
school was not formed, and at about the same time discussions came
from at least two members of Progressive Labor about the founding
of another school, which they intended hopefully to call the Free
School of New York or the Free University of New York. The
concept of this would be much broader than the specific Progressive
Labor school.
In other words, a school set up by Progressive Labor, which was,
as I said, to be called the John Brown School, would teach only
issues of extreme interest to Progressive Labor members or other
people closely identified with the Communist cause.
In other words, they would teach courses in ideology, courses in
Marxism-Leninism or China or Cuba, or so on. The Free Univer-
sity was to be broader in its scope and was to appeal to Commu-
nists and non-Communists and was to offer a variety of courses,
which hopefully would appeal to young people who thought that
they could not find this kind of an education in their local colleges
or universities.
Mr. NiTTLE. You spoke of two founders of the Free University.
Who were they ?
Mr. Luce. I think I said I spoke of the two people in Progressive
Labor that were interested in the university. One of them was
Marc Sclileifer.
Mr. NiTTLE. And was he a member of the national coordinating
committee of the Progressive Labor Movement?
Mr. Luce. No, sir, he was not. He was a member of the national
executive committee of the May 2nd Movement and a secret member
of Progressive Labor.
Mr. NiTTLE. He was a secret member of Progressive Labor ?
Mr. Luce. Yes, sir.
Mr. NiTTLE. You might, in a word or two, tell us what you mean
by secret member of Progressive Labor.
Mr. Luce. A secret member of Progressive Labor at that time was
someone who attended closed, small Progressive Labor meetings,
thought of himself as a member of Progressive Labor, and followed
the orders of the leadership of Progressive Labor, but was not known
to the general public as a member of Progressive Labor.
The reason for this was — ^there were a number of reasons — one of
them being that it was assumed that a number of people who were
secret members couM function better outside of the pale of communism
than they could being known members of a Communist organization.
Mr. Pool. At this time, the Chair wishes to recognize Congressman
Long, of Maryland; Congressman Schweiker, of Pennsylvania; Con-
gressman Utt, of California; Congressman Lipscomb, of California;
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 955
Congressman Wlialley, of Pennsylvania ; and Congressman Dickinson,
of Alabama. We welcome you to the committee and thank you for
coming in to listen to this testimony.
Go ahead Counsel.
Mr. NiTTLE. Who was the other person that you described as inter-
ested in the Fx*ee University ?
Mr. Luce. Levi Laub, who was a member of the national coordinat-
ing committee of Progressive Labor and a member of the national
executive committee of the May 2nd Movement.
Mr. NiTTLE. And what role did he play in the founding of the Free
University ?
Mr. Luce. Again, this was in a discussion period, and his actual
role in the procedures of forming it, I would not know. I do know
that he helped to institute the idea at national executive meetings of
May 2nd, though.
Mr. Nittle. Now, the actual dire^itor of the Free University is
Professor Allen Krebs ; is that right ?
Mr. KuNSTLER. Objection.
May I state my objection ?
Mr. Chairman, my name is William M. Kunstler. I am an attor-
ney— one of the attorneys for Dr. Allen Krebs. This is the first time
that his name has appeared in these proceedings, and I object to any
testimony relating to him, unless it is either held in executive session or
1 am given the right to cross-examine him as I would have in a court
of law, when such testimony was evoked.
I would like to have that objection noted and have you rule on it.
Mr. Pool. Under the rules, you don't have the right to cross-examine.
This is not a courtroom. This is an investigative hearing of a commit-
tee of Congress. And what is your other point ?
Mr. Kunstler. I have stated them both. In all fairness, I think,
since his name has come out, I should be entitled to cross-examine.
1 am asking for that right.
Mr. Pool. You don't have the right to do that in this kind of
hearing.
Mr. Kunstler. All right, I would like the record to note my ob-
jection to this proceeding on that score.
Mr. Pool. Certainly.
Let us go oif the record.
(Discussion off the record.)
Mr. IcHORD. Mr. Chairman, I submit that the rules, rule 26 (m) and
the other rules of the committee. Rules of the House of Representa-
tives do not require an executive hearing under these circumstances,
and I would request that the Chair deny the request of the attorney.
Mr. Nittle. Mr. Chairman, before you rule, and with the permission
of Mr. Ichord, I would like to advise the chairman that the committee
sent a notice to Dr. Allen Krebs, addressed to 90 Bedford Street, New
York, New York, on August 12, 1966. He was then notified, pursuant
to Rule XI, 26 (m) of the House, that the Committee on Un-American
Activities had received certain evidence or testimony m executive
session pertaining to Dr. Allen Krebs, and he was advised that he had
been identified as having attended national executive meetings of the
May 2nd Movement, at which discussions regarding the Free Uni-
versity took place.
956 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Dr. Krebs was advised that if he desired to avail himself of the
opportunity to appear before the committee prior to these public
hearings, 1 may add, that he sliould contact the statf director not later
than 12 noon Monday, August 15. So far as I am aware, Dr. Krebs
has not either personally or through counsel established contact with
this committee within that time, and if he had established that contact,
the notice would have extended him the privilege of appearing in ex-
ecutive session, prior to being discussed at this hearing today.
He is also a subpenaed witness, Mr. Chairman, and will be given an
opportunity to reply to any of the statements that are made here today
concerning him.
JMr. Pool. Even though you are late in making jonr request, I will
poll the committee to see what they want to do on your request.
Mr. KuNSTLER. Mr. Chairman, I think my request is misunderstood
by Mr. Nittle. I am referring not to Dr. Krebs' testimony at this point.
I am referring to the testimony of the witness who is mentioning Dr.
Krebs. That is a different story than what Mr. Nittle is discussing.
Secondly, I would like
Mr. Nittle. At this point, Mr. Chairman, I would like to state
for the record, and for the benefit of the committee, that the testi-
mony that Mr. Luce is giving here today regarding Dr. Krebs
was initially received in executive session and, after this testimony
was received, we have notified, as I have just stated, Dr. Krebs to give
him the opportunity to come in in private session, prior to the hear-
ing toda}^, to state whatever he had to say.
Mr. Pool. Counsel, in other words, what you are telling us is that
you have complied with 26 (m) of the rules.
Mr. Nittle. The committee has complied, in my opinion with House
EuleXI, 26(m).
Mr. IciioRD. Mr. Chairman, the client of the attorney has received
a26(m) letter?
Mr. Nittle. Yes, sir; and the attorney is here today, and we might
ask him whether this is not so.
Mr. IcHORD. May I see the 26 (m) letter ?
Mr. Nittle. Yes, sir.
(The letter was handed to Mr, Ichord.)
Mr. IcTiORD. Well, Mr. Chairman, I renew my request that the
Chair rule on the request of the attorney, for the reason that his
client has received a rule 26 (m) letter and, in that 26 (m) letter,
tlie chairman of the full committee notified Dr. Krebs that he would
have the opportunity to appear in executive session to deny, refute,
or explain any of the testimony that might have been given against
him.
If the attorney is making a request for an executive hearing, it
certainly wouldn't be in order, but I understand the attorney is request-
ing to cross-examine this witness, Mr. Luce. That is the request,
isn't it?
Mr. KuNSTLER. That's the second part, Mr. Ichord.
Mr. IciiORD. That is the second part. The first part is the request
for the executive testimony?
Mr. KuNSTLER. For the executive testimony of this witness, not of
my client.
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 957
Mr. IcHORD. Well
Mr. Pool. "We have already had that.
Mr. IcpiORD. Tlie testimony has already been received in executive
session. Your client has had the opportunity to present himself in
executive session to answer, deny, refute any of the testimony given
before, or coming to the knowledge of, the committee. Therefore,
jNIr. Chairman, the request of the attorney should be denied.
Mr. Pool. The point is well taken. Your request is denied.
Mr. KuNSTLER, I also, then, make a request now for the transcript
of the executive testimony of Mr. Luce which was taken before this
committee, so that I may study that testimony prior to my client
Mr. Pool. That is within the discretion of the full committee, and
it is impossible to furnish that, because we are sitting in a subcom-
mittee hearing.
Mr. KuNSTLER. Is it possible, Mr. Chairman, to assemble the full
committee before the close of this session to have that request passed
upon ?
Mr. Pool. I see no reason at this time to do that. You are just
delaying the proceedings.
Mr. Kunstler. All right, I want my objection on the record.
Then lastly, as the Congressman pointed out, 1 have the further
request to be able to cross-examine Mr. Luce with relation to any
testimony pertaining to Dr. Krebs at the conclusion of his direct
testimony.
Mr. Pool. Well, for your information, you don't have the right to
cross-examine in any proceedings of this committee. If you will
read the rulebook, you will see it spelled out in black and white.
Mr. Kunstler. Mr. Chairman, I know what the rulebook says. I
am asking you, in fairness to a client of mine, that I be given this
right in an American forum to cross-examine Mr. Luce.
Mr. Pool. He will have his opportunity to testify, and we will be
glad to let him answer the questions. I hope he does.
Mr. Kunstler. I am renewing my request. I want the opportunity
to cross-examine.
Mr. Pool, Well, your request is denied, and you are here to advise
him.
Mr. Kunstler. I object to the ruling.
Mr. Pool. Go ahead.
Mr. GuTMAN. Mr. Chairman.
[Disturbance.]
Mr. Pool. Let's have order in here now. Everybody sit down so
I can hear the attorney here.
Go ahead.
Mr. GuTMAN. Mr. Chairman, gentlemen of the committee: I move
at this time that all of the testimony of this witness be stricken, that he
be asked no further questions at this session, on the ground that Mr.
Nittle has expressed quite clearly the statement that the testimony of
this witness has alreacly been taken in full in executive session, so that
whatever knowledge this witness has which this committee may need
in order to be able to report to Congress for any legislation which
may be properly brought before it, you already have it, and the con-
tinued questioning of this witness in public can perform no function
958 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
whatsoever, except to harass and embarrass those people who might be
mentioned in that testimony.
Mr. Pool, Let's confer a moment.
(Discussion off the record.)
Mr. Pool. Counsel, the issue you have raised in your objection has
been considered by the subcommittee prior to this hearing. In regard
to this issue, you have not raised any new point of consideration in
your objection. For this reason, your objection is overruled.
Mr. GuTMAN". As I understand what you said, Mr. Chairman, I
have not raised a point which is new to this committee, but has already
in the past considered it, passed upon it, and ruled against the motion,
Mr. Pool. We are complying with the rules of the House, which
provide for a public hearing, except when the subcommittee deter-
mines it should be an executive hearing.
The subcommittee has considered these matters, and we are now
holding a public hearing.
Mr. IcHORD. As a matter of explanation to the attorney, I would
point out that the subcommittee did contemplate such an objection
being raised, and we discussed it thoroughly at that time and we have
further taken it under consideration at this time, and the Chair has
ruled in accordance with the feeling, the unanimous opinion of the
committee.
Mr. GuTMAN. May I express my objection and reserve exceptions to
that, gentlemen.
Mr. Pool, Certainly,
Mr. GuTMAN. And may I request, I realize that you gentlemen are
not here to answer questions, but I think that in all fairness to the
people whose names may be mentioned and to all the people who are
interested in what the function of this committee is, that you may at
this time wish to make some statement of what function is served when
a witness who has already testified to everything before you
Mr. Pool. If you have an objection to make, make it. You don't
have the right to make a speech.
Mr. IcHORD. Mr, Chairman, the gentleman is here arguing with the
committee, but I would point out to the counsel that your client, and
the clients of the other attorneys in the room today, did have the op-
portunity, A rule 26 (m) letter was sent to them. They did have the
opportunity to come in and testify here in executive session, prior to
this witness' testimony, and deny, answer, refute any of the charges
that may have been made against them. So, certainly, your objection
would not be valid.
Mr, GuTMAN. I respectfully differ. You perhaps misapprehend
the thrust of my objection. My objection is not at this point the
objection that Mr. Kunstler previously made, that he hasn't had an
opportunity to examine the transcript of this witness' testimony,
but that there is no legislative function served by repeating in public
what you gentlemen have already heard in private.
Mr! Pool. You are arguing the ]ooint and you heard my opening
statement, and that stated the legislative purpose of the hearing.
Your objection is overruled.
Let's have order.
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 959
Mr. NiTTLE. Mr. Luce, I believe the last question related to Dr. Allen
Krebs as director of the Free University. Do you know Dr. Allen
Krebs ?
Mr. Luce. Yes, sir ; I do.
Mr. NiTTLE. Was he a member of the May 2nd Movement ?
Mr. Luce. I believe he was ; yes, sir.
Mr. NiTTLE. Did he attend any meetings of the May 2nd Move-
ment at which you were present ?
Mr. Luce. Yes, sir; he attended some meetings of the national
executive committee at the May 2nd Movement.
Mr. NiTTLE. And could you tell us approximately when he attended
these meetings ?
Mr. Luce. Approximately, to the best of my recollection, it was in
December of 1964, although he was not a member of the national
executive committee of the May 2nd Movement. He did attend some
meetings, the exact number I clon't recall, where the Free University
or the discussions concerning the formation of what later became the
Free University of New York took place.
Mr. NiTTLE. At the time these discussions took place, was he
teaching at any school or university ?
Mr. Luce. To the best of my recollection, he was finishing up a
term of teaching at Adelphi University, I believe it is, on Long
Island. He was either finishing up, or he had stopped teaching there.
I can't recall at this time whether school was over or not, but lie had
been a teacher at Adelphi.
Mr. NiTTLE. Did he participate in the discussion of the national
executive committee of the May 2nd Movement with regard to the
establishment of a Free University in New York City ?
Mr. Luce. Yes, sir; he did.
Mr. NiTTLE. What was his position with regard to that plan or
program ^
Mr. Luce. He favored it and thought that the concept and the
ideas of a Free University were valid and should be carried forth.
Mr. NiTTLE. Had a chapter of the May 2nd Movement been estab-
lished, as far as you know, at Adelphi College, where he taught ?
Mr. Luce. I believe that one was being set up. At this time, I
can't recall whether one was in existence or not.
Mr. NiTTLE. And do you know by whom that was set up there ?
Mr. Luce. No, sir ; I don't.
Mr. NiTTLE. Had Dr. Krebs participated in any of the activities
of the May 2nd Movement 'i
Mr. Luce. Yes, sir ; he had.
Mr. NiTTLE. Will you tell us what they were ?
Mr. Luce. He participated in a number of open meetings of the
May 2nd Movement, or was in attendance. He, as I said before, was
in attendance at some national executive committee meetings of the
May 2nd Movement. I believe he attended or was on picket lines
for the May 2nd Movement.
Mr. NiTTLE. And did he make any contributions to the publica-
tions of the May 2nd Movement ?
Mr. Luce. I believe he has written for the Free Student, but I don't
have it in front of me and I am not certain.
960 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Mr. NiTTLE. Mr. Luce, would you tell the committee, please, when
you left the Progressive Labor Movement and why ?
Mr. Luce. May I look up somethino;, first? I left the Progressive
Labor Movement in — not at a specific date, but the latter part of Jan-
uary of 1965. I left for a myriad of reasons. No one specific reason
could I give. It was a culmination and a combination of a number of
pressures and concepts in my own mind. It was a decision that took
time to think through.
In part, I left because I decided that the freedom that was being
talked about in Progressive Labor was not the freedom that I en-
visioned, either for this country or for the people I was involved with.
I left in part because I decided that through my own role in Progres-
sive Labor and other Progressive Labor organizations, the Student
Committee for Travel to Cuba and May 2nd, I had in some way influ-
enced some young people to join the Communist cause, and I found,
as I continued within Progressive Labor, that a tremendous amount
of policy was being decided that they had no concept of and that, in
fact, I didn't believe that they could countenance, if they did. It
seemed to me that the democracy practiced within Progressive Labor
was, in Karl Marx's phrase, the antithesis of real democracy.
That democratic centralism as practiced there was really totalitar-
ianism. And I left just because it seemed to me that there is a dif-
ference between being a rebel and a revolutionary, and Arthur Koest-
ler once wrote a book called Ar'roio in the Blue, in which he talked
about this difference: That in part, the rebel flails out against a num-
ber of things he considers abuses, but a revolutionary has one set goal,
and that is destruction, that he goes after constantly, and it also
seemed to me that the majority of the young people that I knew within
the so-called radical movements, the new radical movements, they
were almost all — all these organizations are pyramid-shaped, with
the majority of young people on the bottom who weren't members of
the organizations, aren't Communists, have very little concept of
what communism really is, and are simply impelled along because of a
number of perhaps very valid humanitarian reasons, but on the top of
each of these organizations, there are indeed a number of younger or
older people who have had considerable training in communism and
within the whole concepts of Marxism-Leninism, and that these peo-
ple on the top of the pyramid really control it.
And I left in part because I really began to think that not only
was I involved in revolutionary acts which my own being couldn't
countenance, but I could no longer involve these other young people
in activities which might cause them to either go to jail or lose their
livelihoods, or lose the possibilities of continuing school or end up in
some kind of irreparable physical damage to them.
And so at a certain point, I decided I wanted to stop and think, and
as a number of people have written — which I hadn't read then, but
have since — it is important for a — well, once the idea of leaving gets
in your mind, you are lost, first of all, to them.
It is a truism. But after a period of sitting and thinking and read-
ing some books, one book in particular, Wolfgang Leonhard's book,
called Child of the Revolution, which is a story of a young man who is
in the Russian Communist Party for a period of time and went back
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 961
to East German}- after the M-ar and served as one of Ulbricht's aides
and then left.
I decided that, indeed, I could no longer continue in the movement,
and so I left.
And then at that point, came two other decisions : One, that a cer-
tain point it is not enough to leave and just simply go into hiding and
sit in the woods and not do anything. But if you really believe that
not only were you wrong in what you did, but they are wrong in what
they are doing, that somehow you have got to light back. And at
that point, I went to the Federal authorities and spoke with them.
And within the same framework, and that same concept, I have con-
tinued to try to talk to other young people about Communists and
about Progressive Labor and about the pitfalls of the whole thing.
And I suppose at this point, the only thing I could say is that having
gone through it once, if I could in my way impart anything to any
young person, it is that you don't really have to learn by going through
it. It is possible to stand outside of it and see through it, and not have
to be arrested or be under indictment or fight the police or get so in-
volved in the Communist movement that it may be impossible, indeed,
to leave.
That it is possible to stand outside of it and look at it, and perhaps
never make the same mistake I did.
Mr. Pool. Any other questions ?
Mr. NiTTLE. I have no further questions, Mr. Chairman.
Mr. Pool. Do you have a question, Mr. Clawson ?
Mr. Clawson. Yes, Mr. Chairman, if I may.
Mr. Luce, earlier in response to a question of Mr. Ashbrook, you
indicated that there may have been no specihcs about plans for civil
disobedience and violence. In the May 2nd Movement and in the
Progressive Labor Movement were there any plans laid or efforts made
to influence other groups, organizations, or clubs, by joining tliem and
then attempting through that affiliation to use a larger front for these
activities than might be possible under these particular organizations
to which you have testified today ?
Mr. Luce. First of all, I am not certain that I did testify that there
were never any plans for any violence, because if I did, I was mistaken,
Mr. Clawson. I think you said there were no specific
Mr. Luce. Because both May 2nd and Progressive Labor have not
only planned violence, but have participated in violence. The May
2nd Movement is no longer in existence, and when it went out of exist-
ence, most of — many, according to the documents that I have seen,
from the May 2nd Movement at the time of its dissolution have been
told to infiltrate other young peoples' groups and to attempt to radi-
calize them.
It was decided that the May 2nd Movement was not growing fast
enough, large enough, and instead that the members that vfere in it
should drop out and join other organizations, such as the Students for
a Democratic Society and SNCC, and attempt to help to radicalize or
revolutionalize tliose organizations.
Mr. Clawson. Thank you.
Mr. Pool. Mr. Buchanan.
962 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Mr. Buchanan. Mr. Luce, I appreciate your very valuable testi-
mony. I believe you have written a book on this subject of the "New
Left," have you not, by that title ?
Mr. Luce. Yes, sir.
Mr. Buchanan. Mr. Luce, you made a statement just a moment ago
which I would like you, if you will, to magnify just a bit. You said
they had not only planned violence, but participated in violence.
Could you magnify on that just a bit, please, sir ?
Mr. Luce. Well, briefly I think a classic example^ — — ■
Mr. Pool. Officer, I have ordered all cameras kept on the outside.
Go ahead.
Mr. Luce. The briefest possible example I think I could give is what
happened here this morning.
Mr. Buchanan. Beg pardon ?
Mr. Luce. I think the briefest possible example I could give is what
happened here this morning.
Mr. Buchanan. That's a good answer.
Mr. Luce, you have testified as to young peoples' participation in
Progressive Labor and the May 2nd Movement organizations. From
your experience, and from your experience since you left this move-
ment, would you say that these young people are broadly representa-
tive of the young people of our country in their activities and point of
view ?
Mr. Luce. Absolutely not. They are a well-organized, verbal,
audacious minority, but at no time, if you took all of the Communist
groups in the United States, lumped them together, and put all of
their membership together, they would probably not equal 5,000.
They certainly are not representative of tlie young people of the
country.
Mr. Buchanan. Now this certainly would seem to be the case, and
of course while we are not moving here against anyone's point of view
or philosophy or what they make a speech about or have a rally about,
but only against overt acts, in the legislation under consideration, we
are moving just against overt acts to aid a force engaged in hostile
military actions against American troops, and not peoples' points of
view, but I think this is important, because, Mr. Chairman, I would
add to the record at this point that in February it was my privilege
to spend a week, as Mr. Ichord has, in Vietnam, with our troops
there. And I found as fine a group of soldiers as this Nation has pro-
duced and a group of young men whose dedication and courage made
clear that they believed very deeply in what they are doing there.
And may I say, among them, I met many Alabamians of two races
who are fighting with courage and distinction and who are a credit
to our State and to this country.
It seems clear to me that these young people are much more broadly
and clearly representative of the youth of this country, and dissenters
to the contrary notwithstanding, I would say that from my work with
young people through the years, this generation is probably as fine as
this Nation has yet produced.
I want to thank you for your testimony, Mr. Luce.
Mr. Pool. Mr. Ichord.
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 963
Mr. IcHORD. Mr. Chairman, before Mr. Luce leaves the stand, I,
too, want to commend Mr. Luce. He is a very articulate witness, and
his testimony has been a very valuable contribution to the record.
I recall back in 1964, when Mr. Luce was a witness before the com-
mittee, back before he had made the ideological break with the PLM
that he has courageously testified to here today. He at that time
was also very articulate, but a little on the recalcitrant side. But as I
recall, he didn't take the fifth amendment at that time. Is tliat not
right ?
Mr. Luce. That is correct. I did not.
Mr. IcHORD. That is my memory, which you have verified. I also
believe at that time you intended to testify fully before the committee,
without availing yourself of the right of the fifth, and you had made
it a point not to find out anything about the financing of PLM, be-
cause you did not want to inform upon any of the members of the
organization at that time.
Mr. Luce. That dealt with the trips to Cuba ; yes, sir. That is true.
Mr. IciiORD. Have you learned anything since then about the financ-
ing of Progressive Labor Movement? I have been very curious as to
where much of the money is coming from. I know that some of the
activities require no small sum of money, and certainly there is a lot
of travel involved. Are you familiar at this time with any of the fi-
nancing of the Progressive Labor Movement?
Mr. Luce. No, sir ; I am aware now how the second trip to Cuba was
financed, but I am not aware of where, and the committee has pretty
full knowledge on that, I think, anyway.
Mr. IcHORD. I remember that it was brought out in the hearings of
the unauthorized travel to Cuba of so-called students, that at least
$20,000 was traced through a bank in Texas to the Bank of Mexico,
in Mexico City, and some young lady turned up with $20,000 cold cash
to buy the tickets for the trip to Cuba. That money, as I stated, was
traced to the Bank of Mexico, in Mexico City. We only know that it
came out of the country of Mexico.
Do you have any further information at this time that would per-
haps connect that money up with Mr. Castro, who at least supported,
financially supported, a great part of the trip when they were in Cuba ?
Mr. Luce. Not about that specific money itself, that was from the
Mexican banks. I do know, however, that money for a portion of the
1964 trip to Cuba came directly from the Cuban mission in New York
City and was picked up by contacts — well, by people within the Stu-
dent Committee for Travel to Cuba from the Cuban mission, in New
York City.
Mr. IcHORD. Do you know what the sum of that money was ?
Mr. Luce. Not at this moment ; no, sir.
Mr. IcuoRD. And that was a part of the money that was used to
purchase the tickets ?
Mr, Luce. Yes, sir.
Mr. IcHORD. Do you know the parties involved who received the
money and the people in the Cuban mission who turned over the
money ?
Mr. Luce. I have the names of the people in the Cuban mission
written down, but I don't have them with me. A portion of the money
964 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
that was paid to the Student Committee for Travel to Cuba for a
specific trip of four people that went down in the summer of 1964
was given to Levi Laub, who brought the money to an office that I was
working in at that time, in a bag, a paper bag, marked "Alliance for
Progress."
They then took the money and counted it out, or gave the money
to somebody else to buy the airplane tickets with.
Mr. IcHORD. Thank you very much. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
Mr. Pool. At this time, the Chair wishes to welcome to the com-
mitte ihe following Congressmen : Congressman Hagen, of California ;
Congressman Clancy, of Ohio; Congressman Andrews, of North Da-
kota; Congressman Hansen, of Idaho; Congressman Skubitz, of
Kansas; and Congressman McDade, of Pennsylvania; and others who
have already been introduced.
We want to welcome you to the committee, and note the interest that
about 25 or 30 Congressmen have liad in these bills. I introduced one,
and Mr. Ashbrook and Mr. Buchanan introduced similar bills. It
is very wonderful that you took the time to come visit us.
All right, Mr. Ashbrook.
Mr. Ashbrook. One more point, Mr. Luce. Did you refer to the
Harlem Defense Committee at one time in your testimony ?
Mr, Luce. Yes, sir; I did.
Mr. Ashbrook. Was this the committee which a year or two ago got
involved in the matter of Sergeant Gilligan and had the posters
"Wanted for Murder, Gilligan, the Cop" ?
Mr. Luce. This is part of the committee. It was a combination of
Progressive Labor-Harlem Defense Council. I am afraid I said com-
mittee. I think it is "council."
Mr. Ashbrook. Aren't they also the ones that issued circulars which
we have in this committee wdiich tell the public how to make a Molotov
cocktail, and says, "Throw them and watch them run," or something
like that ?
Mr. Luce. I am not certain that they did the leaflets. I do know
that the "Wanted for Murder, Gilligan, the Cop" posters were printed
by Progressive Labor and distributed by the Harlem Defense Council's
Progressive Labor within Harlem.
The Molotov cocktail leaflets, I don't know about.
Mr. Ashbrook. It certainly would be fair to say that a group of
that type, which would take such a direct action against the policemen,
law and order, could be said to help incite tensions which from time to
time have erupted in riots in Harlem and elsewhere?
Mr. Luce. Well, it is a basic policy of various Communist organiza-
tions to attempt to incite people to riot, but if, in fact, they are not
the key reasons then it would be a gross mistake to simply say that
the Communists were behind, for instance, the riots in Harlem.
It is just not true. But the point is that once the frictions reached
the point where riots began, then the Communists did everything
within their power to keep them going, to incite further demonstra-
tions and more and more rioting.
Mr. Ashbrook. Thank you, and I want to, along with the others,
add my appreciation to the testimony of this valuable witness, and
that's all I have, Mr. Chairman.
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 965
Mr. Pool. Mr. Luce, the Chair wants to join with my colleagues on
the committee in commending you for appearing before the commit-
tee and giving us the beneht of your testimony. I particularly want
to point out that the reasons for the change in your philosophy and
the changing of heart is a real lesson to the youth of America. I
think that your testimony is very valuable in that regard, as well as
being informative to the committee in our legislative purpose.
I do want to ask you to step down, but not be released from your
subpena, as we may have reason to call you further.
Mr. Luce. Thank you.
Mr. Pool. And also point out to you that you have the protection
of the statutes against threats or anything like that, and that if you
should report to the committee of any threats or any intimidation or
anyhing like that, that causes or puts you in fear — ^and I am saying
this for the benefit of some of those in the audience who might have
some bright ideas.
Thank you.
[Laughter.]
(Witness excused, subject to further call.)
Mr. Pool. Call your next witness.
Mr. NiTTLE. Would Jeffrey Gordon come forward, please?
Mr. Pool. Do you solemnly swear that the testimony you are about
to give will be the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so
help you God?
Mr. Gordon. I affirm.
Mr. Pool. Do you affirm that the testimony you are about to give
will be the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth?
Mr. Gordon. I affirm that I have come here to give the whole truth.
Mr. Pool. Proceed, Counsel.
TESTIMONY OF JEFFREY QORDON, ACCOMPANIED BY COUNSEL.
lEA GOLLOBIN
Mr. NiTTLE. Would you state your full name for the record, please.
Mr. Gordon. What is the relevance of that question, please?
Mr. Pool. The Chair rules that it is relevant. Answer the question.
Mr. Gordon. I would like the reason for that, please.
Mr. Pool. I have just ruled it is relevant.
Mr. Gordon. You are not going to allow me to know the reason,
sir?
^Ir. Pool. State your reason.
Mr. XiTTLE. We must identify the witness, Mr. Chairman.
Mr. Gordon. I will identify the United States as the aggressor in
Vietnam.
Mr. Pool. We want to know if your name is the one that appears on
the subpena. That's what we are trying to get at.
Mr. Gordon. My name is Jeffrey Gordon. I identify with the Amer-
ican Revolution.
[Applause.]
Mr. Pool. If the Chair can comment, there was another fellow that
was identified with the American Revolution. I think his first name
was Benedict.
966 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
[Laugliter and applause.]
Mr. Gordon. Mr. Pool, in that same category is Lyndon Johnson
and McNaniara and other people.
Mr. Pool. You are here to answer questions.
Mr. Gordon. You don't conduct the questioning.
Mr. Pool. Ask questions.
Mr. NiTTLE. Are you represented by counsel ?
Mr. Gordon. Yes, I am.
Mr. NiTTLE. Would counsel kindly identify himself for the record,
stating his name and office address ?
Mr. GoLLOBiN. Ira Gollobin, New York City.
Mr. NiTTLB. Now Mr. Gordon, where do you live?
Mr. Gordon. I live in Brooklyn, New York.
Mr. NiTTLE. What is the date and place of your birth ?
Mr. Gordon. I was born in Brooklyn, New York. And I was bom
during the war against fascism, a war that was fought by Americans
against a real enemy. A war that was just. You are not interested
in hearing about wars against fascism ?
Mr. Pool. Answer the question. You don't have to go into a long
rigmarole. Answer the question asked.
Mr. Gordon. I am telling the date and the circumstances under
which I was born.
Mr. NiTTLE. I didn't ask you the circumstances.
Mr. Gordon. I was born during the war against fascism, a war that
was for the people of the world and not a war against the people, as
the war in Vietnam is. The year was 1942.
Mr. Pool. The date is all we are asking you.
Mr. Gordon. The exact date was October 30th.
Mr. Pool. Go ahead.
Mr. NiTTLE. Now would you relate for the record the extent of your
formal education, giving the dates and places you attended?
Mr. Pool. Please speak a little louder. Counsel.
Mr. NiTTLE. And any degrees you may have received.
Mr. Gordon. I would like at this point to make certain objections to
this hearing.
Mr. Pool. State your objections.
Mr. Gordon. Thank you.
I object to answering any questions of this committee on the ground
the Public Law 601, Y9th Congress, 60 Statutes 812, Part 2, Rule XI,
authorizing the Committee on Un-American Activities, quote "to
make * * * investigations of * * * extent, character, and objects of
un-American propaganda activities in the United States," violates the
Constitution in that the statute is ambiguous and vague, the term "un-
American propaganda activities" being nowhere defined, and being in
fact incapable of one precise definition, and obscuring the fact that
there are not one, but two kinds of un-American activities ; first, those
that the vast majority of the American people deem un-American,
such as the undemocratic activities, including those of this committee.
Mr. AsHBRooK. Mr. Chairman, he is making a statement.
Mr. Gordon. And, secondly, those deemed undemocratic by a small
minority of wealthy people, who are escalating the war in Vietnam.
Mr. Pool. Are you taking the fifth amendment ?
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 967
Mr. Gordon. I am objecting to the committee.
Mr. AsHBRooK. You are making a statement.
Mr. Gordon. I am objecting to the whole proceeding of the
committee.
Mr. Pool, This committee of Congress, and we are representing
the Congress, does not have to take that kind of insuh. We ask you to
make 3' our objection and make it now. Do you take the fifth amend-
ment on this question ?
Mr. Gordon. There is no question before me. You allowed me to
state my objections to this committee; I asked for it and you allowed
it. May I continue ?
Mr. Pool. Continue asking. Ask the question, Counsel.
Mr. Gordon, I may not make objections to this committee ?
Mr, Pool. Yes ; but you make them in a proper manner.
Mr, Gordon. Well, may I continue ?
Mr, Pool. No ; not in that kind of a manner.
Mr. Gordon, I further object to answering any questions of the
committee on the ground that the statute on its face, and as applied
by the House Un-American Activities during the past 20 years and
especially today in its harassment of those opposing the Vietnam
war, is repugnant to the freedom of speech, assembly, association, and
privacy guaranteed by the Bill of Rights and suppresses, inhibits
dissent, and thus infringes not only the rights of the dissenters, but,
above all, the right of the American people as a whole, to be informed
of the oj)inions of dissenters, as a basis of the American people cor-
rectly making decisions concerning their welfare and their survival.
And that the results of this suppression is leading this country down
to an American road of fascism,
I would also like to associate myself, Mr, Pool and the committee,
with the court injunction placed by a couple of the other defendants
that has been in the press the last few days. And that is going to
be brought before the press — before the court again tomorrow.
I would also like to make two further objections. One, I did not
receive the statement that I received at the beginning of this hearing
prior to the hearing, which did not give me a chance to fully under-
stand the nature of this hearing. And, secondly, I would like to
object to what I call this white-card hearing, at which people have
been admitted who only have white cards, and at which friends and
the first-come, first-served basis has not been applied, and that this
in fact is being turned into an executive session, because you are only
allowing those people in who you wish, now, and you are also not al-
lowing cameramen in, whom you wish. I don't mind cameramen
taking my picture or the picture of anything that happens at this
hearing. It is only you that object to that, because of the brutality
that was, that you carried out at the beginning of this hearing and
because you were only allowing certain people in, and that they
could have taken a picture of that door, of people handing white
cards to the guard, and no one else being allowed m.
Those are my objections.
[Applause.]
Mr, Pool, Now I want to warn you for the last time, those in the
audience who see fit to try to disrupt this hearing, that we are not
968 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
going to put up with demonstrations, and I am going to remove any-
one who does so. I am going to instruct the officers now to remove
anyone that you see, and you spot them, if they demonstrate in this
audience, we are going to remove them from this room.
Mr. Gordon. Why didn't you say that when they applauded the
statement against me that you made ?
Mr. Pool. It applies to all.
Mr. Gordon. Well, you did not make that statement at that time,
sir, and they applauded for a much longer time, because you stacked
the hearing room in your favor.
[Laughter.]
Mr. Gordon. There are hundreds of people outside waiting to get
in.
Mr. Pool. Have you had a chance to read the opening statement?
Mr. Gordon. I heard you read it.
Mr. Pool. Did you understand it ?
Mr, Gordon. I believe I did. I would like to comment on it.
Mr. Pool. All right, that's good enough. Your objection is over-
ruled, about the opening statement.
Mr. Gordon. Well, could I
(Witness conferred with counsel.)
Mr. Gordon. But
Mr. Pool. No; we will ask the questions.
Mr. Gordon. Sir, if 1 may continue my answer.
Mr. Pool. You are here to give testimony, not to ask.
Mr. Gordon. You didn't give me a chance to finish my answer. I
did not have a chance to really study that.
Mr. IcHORD. Point of order. The witness is not stating any ob-
jections. He is merely being argumentative with the committee. 1
would like the counsel again to state the question to the witness, and
I hope that he is responsive in the following statements.
Mr. Pool. State the question.
Mr. NiTTLE. Would you relate the extent of your formal education,
please ?
Mr. Gordon. Surely. I went to Public School 192, in Brooklyn,
New" York, from 9 — these are approximate dates — 9^8 to 6-54.
That was during the cold war and the redbaiting of this committee
started.
I went to junior high school in Brooklyn, also. It is called Mon-
tauk Junior High School. I went from 9-54 to 6-56. That was
when the Korean war began and McCarthyism began.
I then went to high school in Utrecht, Utrecht High School in
Brooklyn, from 9-56 to 6-59. That's when you called students a
silent generation.
I entered the University of California at Berkeley at 9-59. You
gentlemen at that point were out in San Francisco, also, a little
later, and that's when I first became involved with political activity.
It was called Black Friday, when people were beaten because there
was a white-card hearing held there in San Francisco.
Mr. NiTTLE. Would you just confine yourself to answering the
question ?
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 969
Mr. Gordon. I am answering the question. I attended from 9-59
to 6-60 at University of California. I then returned to Brooklyn
College, in Brooklyn, New York, which is a free school, because I
couldn't afford to continue to go to the University of California.
Mr. NiTTLE. We are not asking for comments, but for you to simply
identify the places at which you attended school and when.
Mr. Gordon. I am doing that. I went to Brooklyn College from
9-60 to 1-62. That was for a year and a half. I then left Brooklyn
College and got a job with Time magazine.
[Laughter.]
Mr. Gordon. After that
Mr. NiTTLE. In what capacity were you employed ?
Mr. Gordon. It was really Time, Incorporated, all the magazines.
[Laughter.]
Mr. NiTTLE. I say. In what capacity were you employed ?
Mr. Gordon. Fortune^ I worked in the editorial reference depart-
ment, where they have very extensive files on everyone.
[Laughter.]
Mr. NiTTLE. How long were you employed ?
Mr. Gordon. All agencies in the Government and friends of tho
Government have extensive files. That is fascism.
Mr. NiTTLE. How long were you employed there ?
Mr. Gordon. How long was I employed there ?
Mr. NiTTLE. Yes.
Mr. Gordon. These are approximate dates, because I jotted these
down, because I thought you would ask them. It was something like
March to July, '62, when I then left and spent several months in Mex-
ico, writing and doing some thinking and reading. After which I re-
turned to the University of California at Berkeley, 1-63. I was
majoring in philosophy, the theory of ideas. It was very sterile phil-
osophy that they teach you there. It wasn't Marxism. I then, as I
said, I left in 1-64. Then I did — I returned to school again, 1-66, at
Brooklyn College in New York, and I am attending that school
presently.
Mr. IcHORD. Counsel, the witness attended school over a long period
of time. This member is curious as to what degrees he received, if
any.
Mr. NiTTLE. Yes ; what degrees have you received, if any ?
Mr. Gordon. Well, I went to school for 3i/2 years before returning
to Brooklyn College. I didn't have a bachelor's degree. I am going
for that now, at Brooklyn.
Mr. NiTTLE. Wliat is your present occupation ?
(Witness conferred with counsel.)
Mr. Gordon. I am sorry. I didn't hear the question.
Mr. NiTTLE. What is your present occupation ?
Mr. Gordon. I am a student.
Mr. NiTTLE. Do you have any gainful employment ?
Mr, Gordon. I think learning is. I am learning a lot here today
about the operations of the United States Government. But my full
occupation is student.
Mr. NiTTLE. Do you have a source of income from any part-time
employment ?
67-852 — 66— pt. 1-
970 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Mr. Gordon. I would like to know what the relevance of that ques-
tion is.
Mr. NiTTLE. Do you receive any source of income from the Progres-
sive Labor Party ?
Mr. Gordon. Again, I would like to understand the relevance of
that question. I would like to know why, also, if I may, this commit-
tee is misusing the money the American people gave it, and the Gov-
ernment is misusing the money it gets to fight a war against people
of Vietnam.
[Demonstration.]
Mr. Gordon. To pass legislation, that's the money that we should
talk about, that is being used.
Mr. NiTTLE. Will you please answer ?
Mr. Gordon. That's the subject of this investigation, the war in
Vietnam, U.S. aggression in Vietnam.
Mr. NiTTLE. Do you receive any income from the Progressive Labor
Party?
Mr. Gordon. Once again, I would like to know the relevance of that
question. I believe witnesses are allowed to know the relevance of
questions, though you just seem to want to rule on them and not tell
the relevance.
Mr. NiTTLE. Because we have subpenaed you today to testify with
regard to matters set forth in the committee resolution. The committee
is making an inquiry into the extent, character, and objectives of
organizations and groups within the United States which solicit
money, supplies, and material assistance for delivery to, or in aid of,
Communist powers, and those organizations which advocate or em-
ploy force, physical impediments, or any unlawful means to obstruct
the movement of personnel and supplies of tlie Armed Forces.
Mr. Pool. I will rule that that is a sufScient relevance, and I order
you and direct you to answer the question.
Mr. Gordon. The subject of this hearing is U.S. aggression in Viet-
nam, not what you stated.
Mr. NiTPLE. We believe that you have information that pertains to
that subject matter.
Mr. Ashbrook. He did not answer the question.
Mr. Pool. I want you to answer the question. I am directing you
and ordering you to answer the question, and that is the last time I am
going to do this.
Mr. Gordon. I still don't understand the relevance of that question.
Mr. Pool. All right, ask the next question. Counsel.
Mr. Gordon. I am still
Mr. Pool. Are you going to answer the question ?
Mr. Gordon. I decline to answer the question on the ground that
this committee at present is illegally constituted, because members of
this committee, including the chairman, Mr. Pool, and other people,
are elected from States that deny the right of a considerable number
of Negro and poor white citizens of those States to vote, as required
under section 2 of the 14th amendment of the Constitution of the
United States, and that this committee as illegally constituted has no
right to ask any questions.
Mr. Pool. That is not an objection, and it is overruled.
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 971
Mr. Gordon. I further object that you have subpenaed us here to
subject our viewpoints and our persons to a harassment and public
condemnation, in which, by the way, you will not succeed, and this
is not a purpose
Mr. Pool. Overrule the objection.
Mr. Gordon. I further object that you already have in your files
what you consider satisfactory answers to all questions you are asking,
so that
Mr. Pool. These are no valid objections. If you have a valid ob-
jection, state it right now.
Mr. Gordon. I think these are valid objections. I would like a
ruling on them.
Mr. Pool. State it.
Mr. Gordon. I would like a ruling on these objections, as I state
them.
Mr. Pool. The objections you have stated are not valid objections
and, therefore, they are overruled.
Mr. Gordon. I decline to answer on the grounds that the question
inquires into my political beliefs and association in a violation of the
guarantee of freedom of speech and assembly provided by the first
amendment to the Constitution. This committee can't inquire into
tliese matters.
Mr. Pool. I don't think the question has anything to do with that,
and I overrule the objection.
Mr. Gordon. Okay.
[Laughter.]!
Mr. Gordon. Now, there is such a thing in this country called the
Constitution, and I object because I think that these questions and
these liearings are in violation to what is the true meaning of the
United States Constitution, not the meaning that unpatriotic forces
that are carrying on the war in Vietnam put it.
Mr. Pool. That's not a valid objection. I overrule it.
Mr. Gordon. The Constitution is not a valid objection.
Mr. Pool. No, the way you interpret it.
Mr. Gordon. I think it is, the Constitution, the way I interpret it.
Mr. Pool. Overruled.
Mr. Gordon. You are overruling the Constitution. That is what
we have been ss.ying you are doing all along.
Mr. Pool. I am overruling you, and the way you interpret it.
Mr. Gordon. Well, let's look at it.
[Laughter. ]f
Mr. Gordon. "In all criminal prosecutions" — I am reading an
amendment to the Constitution.
Mr. Pool. You call upon the immunities of the fifth amendment?
Mr. Gordon. I am reading an amendment to the Constitution, if I
rnay read it, please: "In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall
enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of
the State
Mr. Pool. That's criminal prosecution. This is not in a court of
law, and your objection is overruled.
Mr. Gordon. Will you please let me finish ?
(Witness conferred with counsel.)
972 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Mr. Gordon. This can result in criminal prosecution, if not — or
are you giving me immunity from that ? The ninth amendment to the
Coiistitution states, "The enumeration in the Constitution of certain
rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by
the people."
Mr. Pool. That does not apply.
Mr. Gordon. It does not apply?
Mr. Pool. Not to the question you have before you there.
Mr. Gordon. So you are overruling the ninth amendment to the
Constitution ?
Mr. Pool. I am overruling you.
Mr. Gordon. "The powers not delegated to the United States by the
Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved"
Mr. AsHBRooK. Mr. Chairman.
Mr. Gordon. I am reading the 10th amendment to the Constitution.
Mr. Asiibrook. Mr. Chairman, there are privileges and immunities
in the fifth amendment which this witness can take if he so desires.
(Witness conferred with counsel.)
Mr. Asiibrook. He has stated sections of the Constitution which
have not applied in the past. The courts have been unanimous on that.
This committee recognizes the fifth amendment, if he wants to apply it.
I suggest that he is in a state of trying to delay our proceedings, and I
suggest that he be directed to summon any immunities he may have
and cease the dilatory tactics that he is following.
Mr. IcHORD. "Well, Mr. Chairman, the witness might have the cour-
age of his convictions. He may want to answer the question.
Mr. Gordon. I think I have a right to state these things, because
each case is different, and you are not a court, as was proven today.
Mr. IcHORD. You have stated them, and the courts have held time
and time again
Mr. Gordon. Well, each court session is different, and each thing is
different.
Mr. IcHORD. They are not valid objections.
Mr. AsHBROOK. Until they change the rules.
Mr. IcHORD. You have refused to answer the questions. Mr. Chair-
man, I ask that you direct the witness to answer the questions.
Mr. Gordon. Questions that you are asking are an attempt to get me
to be what I call fink, like Phillip Goose, to talk on other people, and
that's what that question is leading into.
Mr. Pool. You are out of order now. And let the record show that
this man has been out of order and is not responsive to the questions.
Mr. Gordon. Since you are unwilling — I am stating an objection.
Mr. Pool. You are not allowed to, right at this second.
Mr. Gordon. You are not allowing me to state an objection ?
Mr. Pool. I have asked you to state a valid objection.
Mr. Gordon. I am stating an objection right now.
Mr. Pool. How many ob j ections do you have ?
Mr. Gordon. This is an objection I am stating.
Mr. Pool. How many do you have left ? ^
Mr. Gordon. This is a — if you want to give my objections for me.
I will give my objections, if you are not willing to hear it.
Mr. Pool. How many objections are you going to state ?
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 973
Mr. Gordon. Please let me state my objection. Since you are un-
willing, going against the Constitution, I am forced by this to protect
myself against this type of abuse. Therefore, I would like to state
something : "No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or other-
wise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand
Jury"
Mr. AsHBROOK. Mr. Chairman, again he is stating objections that
are based on a criminal prosecution.
Mr. Gordon. I am reading an amendment to the Constitution.
Mr. AsHBROOK. They are dilatory, and
Mr. Gordon. Will you please let me finish reading my amendments?
Mr. AsHBROOK. He is not stating anything responsive to the
questions.
Mr. Gordon. — "Except in cases of [sic] land or naval forces, or in
the militia, * * * nor shall any person be subject"
Mr. Pool. Mr. Nittle, ask the next question.
Mr. Gordon. I am reading an amendment to the Constitution.
Mr. Pool. I direct you for the last time to answer that question.
Mr. Gordon. I am reading an amendment to the Constitution.
Mr. Pool. All right, let the record show he refused to answer.
Mr. Gordon. I am answering the question.
Mr. Pool. Go on to the next question.
(Witness conferred with counsel.)
Mr. Nittle. Mr. Luce has identified you as a member of the Progres-
sive Labor Movement at the time he was a member of that organization.
Were you a member of the Progressive Labor Movement?
Mr. Gordon. In answer to the last question, I would like to state,
"nor shall [any person] be compelled in any Criminal Case to be a wit-
ness against himself."
Mr. Pool. Is this responsive to his last question ?
Mr. Gordon. You are not letting me answer that last question.
Mr. Pool. I am asking you. Are you trying to answer that last ques-
tion or the one before that ?
(Witness conferred with counsel.)
Mr. Gordon. Would you please repeat the question ?
Mr. Pool. Eead the last question. Not the previous one.
Mr. Nittle. To save the reporter
Mr. Pool. Let the reporter find it.
(The record was read by the reporter as follows :)
Mr. Nittle. Mr. Luce has identified you as a member of the Progressive Labor
Movement at the time he was a member of that organization. Were you a mem-
ber of the Progressive Labor Movement?
Mr. Gordon. I received a letter from you, from Mr. Willis, in the
mail which said a similar identity and said that a person had identi-
fied me as such in executive hearing. I would like the opportunity
to have any lawyer and myself cross-examine that person.
Mr. Nittle. You do not •
Mr. Pool. That isn't sufficient objection. Overruled. I direct you
to answer this question.
Mr. Gordon. Okay. I v, as bom to what is called a working-class
family. My father has worked all his life, in a factory.
974 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Mr. NiTTLE. Mr. Chainnan
Mr. Gordon-. I am answering this question in my own way, please.
(Witness conferred with counsel.)
Mr. NiTTLE, I submit the witness is not responsive to the question.
Mr. Gordon. I am answering this question in my own way.
Mr. NiTTLE. The question is specifically
Mr. Gordon. You are not interested in hearing about workers in
this countiy ?
Mr. Pool. Answer the question.
Mr. Gordon. I am answering his question in my own way.
Mr. Pool. Let him try to answer the question.
Mr. Gordon. Please. Thank you. My parents have worked all
their lives. My mother
Mr. AsHBROOK. Mr. Chairman, he is not responding to the question.
His continuing dilatory tactics are
Mr. Pool. I will let him continue. See what he says. We ought
to be as fair as we can with him.
Mr. Gordon. My parents have worked hard all their lives. My
mother works in an office, my father works in a factory. They are
about to retire, but yet, their retirement is not secure. Because they
will not necessarily get enough money from Social Securit}^
Mr. Pool. Now you explained all that. Now answer the question.
Mr. Gordon. It will just take me a few minutes.
Mr. Pool. It is not going to take a few minutes because I am not
going to let you take a few minutes. Answer the question.
Mr. Gordon. I am trying to talk about exploitation in this Nation.
Mr. Pool. I direct you to answer the question.
Mr. Gordon. You are not interested in hearing about exploitation
of the poor ?
Mr. Pool. I direct you for the last time to answer the question.
Ask the last question, Mr. Nittle.
Mr. Gordon. I am answering his question.
Mr. Pool. All right. You answer it, pronto, then, if you want to.
Don't take an hour.
Mr, Gordon. The Progressive Labor Party says, talks about this
exploitation.
Mr. Pool. We are not here to hear a speech. We want a response
to this question.
Mr. Gordon. There is a question which I will answer in my own
way.
Mr. Pool. That is the last time I am directing you to answer that
question.
Mr. Gordon. I am a member of the Progressive Labor Party.
Mr. Pool. Thank You.
Mr. Gordon. I am sorry that you are not interested in hearing
about exploitation in this country. Maybe that would be better, fit-
ting questions to ask about.
Mr. Pool. You are making a very pretty record here. I will say
that for you.
Mr. Gordon. You are making a very pretty record in front of the
American people in Vietnam, and in holding these hearings.
Mr. Pool. Next question.
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 975
Mr. NiTTLE. Mr. Gordon, do you hold any office in the Progressive
Labor Party i
Mr. Gordon. I am a student organizer of the Progressive Labor
Party.
Mr. NiTTLE. How long have you served in that capacity ?
Mr. Gordon. What is the purpose of asking dates'^ What does
that have to do with legislative purpose of this committee, the Pool-
Jolmson suppression of peace bill ?
JMr. XiTTLE. Did you serve in that capacity since on or about March
14, 196-i?
Mr. Gordon. As I said, I would like to know the relevance of that
question.
Mr. NiTTLE. The relevance is that the coimnittee has had testimony,
and has information, that you have been a leader in the May 2nd Move-
ment and that you are in fact, and were in fact, % member of the na-
tional executive committee of the May 2nd Movement. We have also
had testimony that the May 2nd Movement was an organization cre-
ated, dominated, and controlled by the Progressive Labor Party.
Mr. Gordon, The purpose of the May 2nd Movement, do you know
that? Is to get U.S. troops out of Vietnam. That is an American
purpose.
Mr. NiTTLE. Now will you answer the question, please ?
How long have you served as the student organizer of the Progres-
sive Labor Party ?
Mr. Gordon. Once again, I would like to know the relevance of that
question. I do not think you have adequately shown that. This whole
hearing is an attempt to cover up on the war in Vietnam, the murder
of American people over there.
Mr. Pool. The relevance is apparent. Answer the question.
Mr. Gordon. Once again, I think that questions like this are ques-
tions that are attempting to get me to talk about other people and
lead into questions that talk about other people.
Mr. Pool. I have ruled. I have ruled that the question is relevant.
Now I direct you to answer the question.
Mr. Gordon. I am saying why this, what the aim of this question
is.
Mr. Pool. All right, Mr. Nittle, ask the next question.
Mr. Gordon. I will then state objections to this question.
Mr. NiTTLE. Had you served as a member
Mr. Gordon. You are not going to let me state my objections ?
Mr. AsHBROOK. If you will state them
Mr. Gordon. That's what I have been trying to do all along, but the
gavel of the chairman is a very strong weapon, which he uses, I think,
all too frequently.
[Laughter.]
Mr. Gordon. It is when an American citizen criticizes his Congress-
men.
Mr. AsHBROOK. Mr. Chairman, the question remains unanswered. I
suggest that it be redirected and that the witness respond.
Mr. Pool. Answer the question.
Mr. Gordon. Repeat the question.
(Witness conferred with counsel.)
976 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Mr. AsHBROOK. How long have you been a student organizer? I be-
lieve is the pending question.
Mr. NiTTLE. That is correct. How long have you served as the stu-
dent organizer of the Progressive Labor Party or Movement ?
(Witness conferred with counsel.)
Mr. Gordon. The statement made that a student organizer since
1964 is an incorrect statement.
Mr. AsHBROOK. Mr. Chairman, could he give us the correct in-
formation ?
Mr. Gordon. I don't have the exact date, but it has been, I would say,
within the last couple of months that I have been student organizer.
Mr. AsiiBROOK. Thank you.
Mr. Pool. Next question.
Mr. NiTTLE. Now what position did you hold in the May 2nd Move-
ment?
Mr. AsHBROoK. Mr. Counsel, before that, I would like to interject
one question, Mr. Chairman.
Mr. Pool. All right.
Mr. AsHBROOK. In his capacity as student organizer for the past
several months, has he received any remuneration or any expense
money or any financial support whatsoever from the Progressive Labor
Movement ?
Mr. Gordon. The financial support that Congress gets, as Senator
Dodd is starting to show, is sometimes a little embarrassing. Shall
we go into that, to begin with ?
Mr. Pool. That's not responsive to the question.
Mr. AsHBROOK. Mr. Chairman, he is evading the question.
Mr. Pool. I direct you to answer the question.
Mr. Gordon. This question, I believe, is similar to the question asked,
a couple of questions ago, by the counsel, and my objections to that
question are the same.
Mr. AsHBROOK. You did not give valid objections. Is it your state-
ment you do not want to answer the question ?
Mr. Gordon. I gave valid objections.
Mr. Pool. I overruled you.
Mr. AsiiBRooK. You have given no valid objections; you have not
brought tlie fifth amendment up or any Constitutional grounds for
refusing to answer.
Mr. Gordon. As a matter of fact, I brought up a number of amend-
ments, in which that was included.
Mr. Pool. Well, they were overruled. I direct you to answer the
question.
Mr. AsHBRooK. Mr. Chairman, let's reiterate that. If he specifically
brought up the fifth amendment, that is one tiling. Do you bring up
the fifth amendment as a defense against answering this question at
this time?
(Witnass conferred with counsel.)
Mr. Gordon. I am proud to be a student organizer for the Progres-
sive Labor Party. I, however, do not answer questions about money
or names, because those are fink questions, and I am not a fink, like
Phillip Goose, and that amendment that you stated was included
within
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 977
]VIr. Pool. I direct you to answer the question.
Mr. Gordon. — was included within my objections. However, Mr.
Pool, in his energetic gaveling, gaveled it down, as I was reading it,
the 5th, the 6th, the 9th, the 14th, which is veiy
Mr. Pool. All right. Take the next question.
Mr. Gordon. I take ih& amendment to the Constitution that protects
people from committees such as this.
Mr. Pool. Including the fifth amendment. So go ahead with the
next question.
Let the record show he took the fifth amendment on that.
Mr. Gordon. Let the record show that I am proud to be m the Pro-
gressive Labor Party. I w^ould not be proud to sit in this Congress.
Mr. Pool. Go ahead.
Mr. Nii^TLE. Wlien did you first join the Progressive Labor Move-
ment, or Party ?
Mr. Gordon. Why don't we get down to the war in Vietnam, which
is what we are here for?
Mr. Pool. Answer the question.
Mr. Gordon. I came here to denounce U.S. aggression in Vietnam
and to demand that the United States get out. I don't see how this
is relevant to that.
Mr. Pool. State your question again.
Mr. NiTTLE. Wlien did you first join the Progressive Labor Move-
ment?
Mr. Gordon. Again, can you state the relevance of that question?
The next question is : Who recruited you ? The next question is •
Mr. Pool. The relevance is apparent, and I will overrule your ob-
jection. Now answer the question.
(Witness conferred with counsel.)
Mr. Gordon. Well, I object to that question on the following
grounds: "In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the
right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State
and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which dis-
trict shall have been previously ascertained by law"
Mr. AsHBROOK. Mr. Chairman, he has not been accused of any crime.
Mr. Gordon. — and "to be confronted with the witnesses" that are
being — you have not confronted me with the witnesses.
Mr. AsHBRooK. You are not accused of a crime.
Mr. Gordon. Under the sixth amendment. But you are now put-
ting questions about which, if I understand correctly, you state that
you have received testimony in executive session. Therefore, in fact,
you are turning this into a trial.
Mr. Pool. Objection is overruled. I will direct you to answer the
question.
Mr. Gordon. I further decline to answer this question on the
grounds that this committee as presently instituted is a racist com-
mittee. It is a committee that contains people who have been elected
to Congress where the black citizens of this country have not had a
chance to vote.
Mr. Pool. If you have a valid objection, state them now; otherwise,
proceed.
Mr. Gordon. Racism is not a valid objection to this committee, you
say. I disagree.
978 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Mr. Pool. I direct you to answer the question for the last time.
And if he doesn't, or take the fifth amendment, Counsel, go ahead and
ask the next question.
Mr. Gordon. I sense that this committee is only interested in one
objection. The judiciary and other bodies are interested in more.
Mr. Pool. Do you take the fifth amendment?
Mr. Gordon. I am answering this question in my own way.
Mr. Pool. Well, you have answered promptly, and get it over with,
because I want to go on to the next question.
Mr. Gordon. Well, I am still answering this question. One, this
question is an attempt, once again, to abridge my rights under the
Constitution and will lead into further questions that will attempt to
get me to tell, to fink, to give names, to do exactly what this committee
wants. However, that I will never do before this committee.
Mr. Pool. Do you take the fifth amendment?
Mr. Gordon. Therefore, to protect my rights, I say the following:
You have forced me to sa}^ the following, because you abridged the
Constitution. And you have abridged the decency that is left in this
democratic — the democratic decencies that are left, that you are trying
to impede, and that is, no person shall be held to answer for capital,
or other infamous crime, unless in the presentment or indictment of
the Grand Jury, except in cases in the land or naval forces or in the
militia, or in actual ser\ace in time of war, nor shall any person be
subject to the same offense to be twice in jeopardy of life or limb;
nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against
himself ; nor be deprived of life, liberty
Mr. Pool. He is taking the fifth amendment.
Go to the next question. That will be sufficient.
(Witness conferred with counsel.)
Mr. NiTTLE, Mr. Gordon, do you also serve-
Mr. Gordon. I am consulting with counsel, please.
Mr. Pool. Ask the next question.
Mr. NiTTLE. Do vou serve on the editorial board of the Free
Stwlent?
Mr. Gordon. The Free Student newspaper is a newspaper which
combines anti-imperialism, anti-imperialist activity with activity to
expose the stellar role of the university administration on students.
It talks about how students in this country are being drafted to fight in
the v.^ar in Vietnam, how students in this country are being forced
into majors that don't offer them any creative alternative, to offer
creative form of life. I am stating what the Free Student is.
Mr. NiTTLE. Mr. Chairman, the witness is
Mr. Gordon. The Free Student is a national newspaper. It is a
newspaper that is attempting to tell the truth about things like the
war in Vietnam.
Mr. Pool. You are not responsive to the (juestion.
Mr. Gordon. About which this committee is not interested. 1
am very proud to be on the editorial board of the Free Student.
Mr. Pool. That was not the question. I direct you to answer the
question.
Mr. Gordon. I just answered it.
[Laughter.]
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. EST UNDECLARED WAR 979
Mr. Gordon. You should listen to what I say.
Mr. Pool. Next question.
Mr. NiTTLE. Mr. Luce, a member of the Progressive Labor Move-
ment from July 1964 until about January 1965 and who served as a
member of the national executive committee of the May 2nd Move-
ment, testified that the activities of the May 2nd Movement were con-
trolled by an executive committee composed of 12 members, 9 of whom
were members of the Progressive Labor Movement. Is that also your
information ?
Mr. Gordon. The May 2nd Movement is an independent organiza-
tion. The only thing that is a front here is this committee, which is
fronting for Johnson in his aggression in Vietnam.
Mr. NiTTLE. Mr. Luce testified that the nine Progressive Labor
Movement members of the executive committee of the May 2nd Move-
ment caucused in separate sessions and made decisions that were then
adopted as the decisions of the May 2nd Movement. Is this true ?
Mr. Gordon. The chief caucus in this country is the big business
caucus that is attempting to force the war down the throats of the peo-
ple of America.
Mr. Pool. That is not responsive to the question. Answer the
question.
Mr. Gordon. I was talking about caucuses; the real caucuses are
the dangers to people.
Mr. Pool. State your question again.
Mr. NiTTLE. I will restate it in this fashion : Mr. Luce testified in
essence that the Progressive Labor Movement members set the policy
for the May 2nd Movement.
Mr. Gordon. Wliat does that mean ?
Mr. Pool. Let him finish the question.
Mr. NiTTLE. Do you agree ?
Mr. Gordon. What does that mean ?
Mr. NiTTLE. It means that the May 2nd Movement was under the
control, domination, and direction of the Progressive Labor Move-
ment. Do you agree?
Mr. Gordon. As I said. May 2nd Movement was an independent
organization that made its own decisions.
Mr. Pool. It has nothing to do with the Progressive Labor Move-
ment. Is that what you are trying to say ?
Mr. Gordon. There are members — and that has always been known
and always publicly stated — of the May 2nd Movement who were in
the Progressive Labor Party. That has never been denied and that
was something that was proudly stated by members of Progressive
Labor and proudly stated by members of the May 2nd Movement.
Mr. Pool. All right. Go to the next question.
Mr. NiTTLE. Now, Mr. Gordon, you do not regard the May 2nd
Movement as a peace movement ; do you ?
Mr. Gordon. Peace movement ?
Mr. NiTTLE. Yes.
Mr. Gordon. It is funny to hear those woi*ds out of your mouth
What do you mean by that ?
Mr. NiTTLE. Well
Mr. Gordon. It would seem that war movement-
Mr. NiTTLE. I am surprised that you ask me what I mean by it.
980 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Mr. Gordon. You are using the terms.
Mr. NiTTLE. I am going to ask you what you meant by it. I have
before me a publication of May 2nd Movement, dated October 15, 1965.
Mr. Gordon. May I see that ?
Mr. NiTTLE. And it appears
Mr. Gordon. May I see that document?
Mr. Pool. Just a moment, please.
Mr. NiiTLE. Just a moment, please, and it appears under the typed
signature of JetT Gordon, October 15, 1965, New York City, and
bears the address evidently of the issuing organization or the organi-
zation on whose behalf you acted, May 2nd Movement, 640 Broadway,
Room 307, New York 12, New York.
I am going to quote from this document, and
Mr. Gordon. May I see it ?
Mr. NiTTLE. And I will then hand it to you and ask you to identify
it, if you wdll.
There appears on the last page thereof the following statement :
ON NON-VIOLENCE—
To ask the people of Vietnam, of Dominicau Republic, of Batista Cuba, of the
Congo, of Selma, of Watts, of Harlem, of Apalachia [sic] to be nonviolent is not to
relate to the realities of our world. To ask the peasants of Vietnam not to
fight back against the U.S. but to rely upon the U.S.'s good offices by non-violently
not cooperating with them is criminal. We are not pacifists. * * *
Now what did you mean by that ?
(Document handed to witness.)
Mr. NiTTLE. And I hand you that statement, that you may identify
it. Is that a publication issued
Mr. Gordon. May I study this?
Mr. NiTTLE. — by the May 2nd Movement, and was it prepared in
whole or in part by you ?
(Witness conferred with counsel.)
Mr. NiTTLE. Now, Mr. Gordon, I think
Mr. Gordon. I am studying this, please.
Mr. NiTTLE. I am quite sure you have had sufficient time, at least to
identify the document, and as to whether or not that was issued under
your signature or with your knowledge.
Mr. Gordon. You ask many questions. I would like, you know,
if you would break up those questions and ask them one by one, and
then we will be all set.
Mr. NiTTLE. Did you participate in the preparation or dissemina-
tion of that document ? Now you can answer that yes or no.
Mr. Gordon. I most certainly did.
Mr. NiTTLE. Now will you tell us, please, whether or not the May
2nd Movement was a peace movement ?
Now, Mr. Chairman, I submit that the witness can respond to that
question.
Mr. GoLLOBiN. I object to the counsel's observation. He has the
right of conferral.
Mr. NiTTLE. Will you pass that back to me, that document, please?
Mr. GoLLOBiN. Gladly.
Mr. AsiiBEooK. Mr. Chairman, is there an outstanding question?
(Witness conferred with counsel.)
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 981
Mr. Gordon. In 1776, the United States fought for freedom. The
Marines' motto is, "Don't tread on me." That is what that document
says. That is a progressive document, you are reactionaries. That
is for peace.
Mr. Pool. That is not responsive to the question.
Mr. IcHORD. Mr. Chairman, is the counsel Differing the document as
a part of the record for the committee ?
Mr. NiTTLE. Yes, sir.
Mr. IcHORD. Then I would request, Mr. Chairman, that the docu-
ment be included as a part of this hearing record. It will speak for
itself. We are not mterested in the philosophy of the witness. We
are interested in his actions. He has chosen not to speak about those,
most of those actions.
Mr. Gordon. You read a part of that.
Mr. IcHORD. Eight.
Mr. Gordon. You were the one who opened up the questioning.
You retract when somebody mentions traditions of the United States
which you are ashamed of.
Mr. Pool. The questioner will go on and proceed to the next ques-
tion, and the document is accepted in evidence without objection.
(Document marked "Gordon Exhibit No. 1." See p. 998.)
Mr. NiTTLE. Did the national executive committee of the May 2nd
Movement, through its circulars, publications, and directives, set the
policy for May 2nd Movement chapters established in various parts of
the comitry, and particularly at colleges and universities ?
Mr. Gordon. The May 2nd Movement was set up in a democratic
basis. Individual chapters made their own decisions. There were
national conferences and other gatherings, at which consultations and
joint statements may or may not have been made. However, we did
not issue directives, as Johnson issued one for this hearing. We do
not send troops to Vietnam. We do not have that power that you
have. We were trying to build, and were successful in building, a
movement that students against the war, students who made from
their own minds. What you are attempting to do is to say the American
people are not smart enough to oppose the war on their own intelli-
gence.
Mr. Pool. You have answered the question.
Go to the next question.
Mr. Gordon. You are very arrogant to the American people by these
questions. They are not smart enough to know to resist you.
Mr. NiTTLE. Mr. Gordon, I hand you a copy of the publication
titled, "What Is May the 2nd Movement ?", a reprint from the national
newspaper of the May 2nd Movement, the Free Student^ issue Number
3, May 1965.
Is that a publication of the May 2nd Movement ?
Mr. Gordon. It looks like it.
Mr. NiTTLE. Would you hand it back to me, please ?
Mr. Pool. Go to the next question.
Mr. Gordon. A very good publication. You should read it.
Mr. NiTTLE. Was this circularized to the various M 2 M chapters?
Mr. Gordon. I believe some circulation was done of it. I don't
loiow the exact circulation of it, the numbers, and so forth. But it was
somewhat widelv circulated.
982 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Mr. NiTTLE. And do you, in this document, set forth certain policies
or objectives of the May 2nd Movement that can be followed by the
members of the May 2nd Movement ?
Mr. Gordon. Well, since you are holding the document
( Docmnent handed to the witness. )
Mr. Pool. I think that question can be withdrawn. I think the
document can be offered in evidence.
Mr. NiTTLE. Yes.
Mr. Pool. And let it speak for itself.
Mr. Gordon. All the questions so far can be withdrawn.
Mr. Pool. We will save time. We offer it in evidence now at this
time. Counselor. If there is no objection, it is accepted in evidence.
(Docimient marked "Gordon Exhibit No. 2." See p. 1002.)
Mr. NiTTLE. Now, Mr. Gordon
Mr. Gordon. Wliy can't I comment on it, if it is going to be put in
the record ? In the record without comment ?
Mr. Pool. Just be responsive to the questions.
Mr. NiTTLE. Was it an objective and purpose of the May 2nd Move-
ment to launch an anti-induction campaign on the campuses of the
United States?
(Witness conferred with counsel.)
Mr. Gordon. The students on the campuses in the United States, as
the working people in this country, do not want to fight in Vietnam.
Someone here, one of the Congressmen said he had been to Vietnam
and spoken to G.I.'s there. I have gotten many letters and seen many
letters from G.I.'s that don't want to be there, and I don't see masses
of people
Mr. Pool. You are not responsive to the question.
Mr. Gordon. I don't see masses of people being recruited to go to
Vietnam. You have to induct them. You have to force them into it.
That is not a draft, that is a slavery.
Mr. Pool. State your question again, Counsel.
Mr. Gordon. That is indentured service, forced labor, to fight these
people.
Mr. Pool. Wait until the question is asked. I am asking you to
reread the question.
Mr. NiTTLE. Let me restate the question in this form, Mr. Chairman :
The document which you have just identified states on pa^e 2, "The
May 2nd Movement is launching an anti-induction campaign on the
campuses." Would you tell us, please, whether the May 2nd Move-
ment launched such a campaign ?
(Witness conferred with counsel.)
Mr. Pool. At this time, the Chair wishes to welcome to the com-
mittee room Congressman Rumsfeld, Illinois ; Dole, of Kansas ; Fuqua,
of Florida ; and Downing, of Virginia. We appreciate you all being
here. Thank you.
Mr. Gordon. Could you please repeat that question ?
By the way, why are you only reading selected parts of this docu-
ment ? Why don't you read the whole document ?
Mr. AsHBROoK. Mr. Chairman, this witness
Mr. Gordon. You called me here.
Mr. Pool. State your question.
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 983
Mr. NiTTLE. I am seeking to inquire of you as a national leader, a
member of the national executive committee of the May 2nd. Movement,
whether it was a policy and whether, in fact, the May 2nd Movement
launched an anti-induction campaign in the United States, on college
campuses.
Mr, Gordon. The May 2nd Movement was produced on campuses
as part of what we considered our duty to what we consider the real
America — not the America you represent, but the real America — to
talk to students and all people who would listen about what our views
on the war in Vietnam are, and to talk to them about whether Ameri-
cans, whether America should be fighting in Vietnam. We did this
continuously and we continue to do this.
Mr. Pool. That's not responsive to the question.
Mr. Gordon. The people in May 2nd continued to do this, or who
used to be
Mr. Pool. That is not responsive to the question, and I direct you
to answer the question.
Mr. Gordon. The May 2nd Movement, as part of its program, and
it has always been stated as part of its program, on the campus, car-
ried out certain activities against the present draft system, against,
which is unequal, and mainly because the present draft system is for
the war in Vietnam and the wars in Dominican Republic, wars that
we don't like, we consider unjust and against the interests of the
American people, we were very happy and very proud, and we
thought it our duty, to cany out these campaigns.
Mr. Pool. All right. Ask the next question.
Mr. NiTTLE. Mr.
Mr. Gordon. The American people aren't going to stand idly by for
this.
Mr. Pool. Wait until the question is asked. I have already asked
the counsel to ask the next question.
Mr. NiTTLE. I also have before me the October 30, 1965, May 2nd
Movement repoi-t. The report is identified as being prepared by, or
forwarded under tlie authority of, J. G., May 2nd Movement, 64-0
Broadway, Room 307, New York 12, New York.
1 ask you to review that document and tell us whether that was
either prepared or disseminated by you on behalf of the national
executive committee of the May 2nd Movement.
(Document handed to witness.)
Mr. NiTTLE. I think you have had an opportunity to examine that.
Mr. Gordon. Just one moment, please.
This is a photostatic copy, so I have a right to study it.
Here is your document back. What was the question again ?
Mr. NiT'LLE. Do you identify this exhibit
Mr. Gordon. It is an exhibit, yes.
Mr. NiTTLE. - — as a publication of the May 2nd Movement and hav-
ing been prepared or disseminated under your signature?
Mr. Gordon. Yes, to both questions.
Have you read it carefully ?
(Document marked "Gordon Exhibit No. 3." See p. lOOY.)
Mr. AsHBRooK. Mr. Chairman, I wish you would instruct the wit-
ness that he is here pursuant to subpena. He is to respond to ques-
984 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
tions as they are proffered to him. The impudence he has shown with
the retorts, with the unnecessaiy statements, should be discouraged.
And I would hope that he could conduct himself properly as a witness
before a properly constituted authority.
Mr. Gordon. This is not a properly constituted authority.
Mr. Pool. I agree with you and the record itself will show the im-
pudence and the
Mr. Gordon. Even the court is beginning
Mr. Pool. — the impudence shown, and the American people,
through the press assembled here, will get your answers and the way
you handle them. And you are directed to be responsive to the ques-
tions so we can get on with this hearing.
Go ahead.
Mr. NiTTLE. I want to read in part from page 1 of this document,
under a heading "ANTI-DRAFT UNIONS."
I quote :
The October 24th meeting, announced and discussed in Report #1, was at-
tended by about 30 M2Mers— all from New York and New Jersey. The en-
closed press release dated October 26 outlines the decisions made at the meet-
ing and the general context within which it was decided it was best to discuss
the draft. The essential decisions were that anti-draft activity should be
carried out through the formation of independent Anti-Draft Unions, though
some chapters may decide that the situation on their campus calls for the work
to be done directly by M2M, and that a booklet should be written that discusses
the nature of Imperialist wars and why people don't want to fight in them. — ■ —
Mr. Gordon. You are right that people don't want to fight in them.
Mr. NiTTLE. [Continues reading:]
The booklet would also discuss militarism and the various alternatives around
the draft issue and the legal situation on them. * * *
Mr. Pool. What is your question now. Counsel ?
Mr. NiTTLE. Do you not, in that publication, communicate decisions
to M2M chapters, scattered on various college campuses?
Mr. Gordon. Wliat was the question ?
Mr. Pool. Restate the question, Counsel.
Mr. NiTTLE. Would the reporter read that question back to the
witness ?
Mr. Pool. All right.
(The question was read by the reporter.)
Mr. Gordon. Is the counsel now ready to hear my answer?
Mr. NiTTLE. Yes.
Mr. Gordon. That publication which you have not stated what it is,
but in any event, the part that you read seemed very obvious left deci-
sions to chapters to analyze the situations on their own campus, as
they see fit, and it disproves your prior insinuations of undemocracy
and orders from above. I am surprised you didn't bring it up earlier.
Mr. NiTTLE. Now, Mr. Gordon, was it also a policy of the national
leadership of the May 2nd Movement to stimulate interest on college
campuses, through the various organizations of the M2M that had
been set up, for the solicitation or collection of medical aid to the
National Liberation Front of South Vietnam ?
Mr. Gordon. The blood of American G.I.'s is on the liands of John-
son and on the hands of all those abetting and aiding him.
Mr. NiTTLE. It isn't on the hands of President Johnson. The respon-
sibility, you w^ell know, rests in Peking and in Moscow.
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 985
Mr. Gordon. Oh, that's — where is the Peking troops in South Viet-
nam? It is American troops that have gone in, forced to go there.
Why are you covering this up?
Mr. NiTTLE. Now will you tell us, please
Mr. Gordon. You talk about blood, you talk about aid. What
about, if your aid in Vietnam is American bombs ? They are killing
the people there.
Mr. NiTTLE. Will you tell us, please
Mr. Pool. Let's have order.
Mr. NiTTLE. Will you tell us, please, what the May 2nd Movement
is doing ?
Mr. Gordon. The May 2nd Movement it was stated before does not
exist.
Mr. NiTTLE. What it is doing or was doing, and vrhat the Progres-
sive Labor Party is doing and was doing ?
Mr. Gordon. That's a big question now. Why don't you break
it up?
Mr. Pool. Let the record show that the witness keeps interrupting
the counsel who tries to state his questions, repeatedly, throughout
this interrogation. Go ahead and state your question.
Mr. Gordon. Please try to break it up, though, if you want it an-
swered; maybe you don't.
Mr. NiTTLE. We will now return to the question. And perhaps you
will see fit to answer it.
Was it a policy of the May 2nd Movement to urge the ]\I2M chapters
established on various campuses to engage in a campaign to donate
blood and other
Mr. Gordon. Are you reading from that document ?
Mr. NiTTLE. Yes, I am reading from ■
Mr. Gordon. Will you please quote it, if you want
Mr. NiTTLE. I am reading from the document you have identified
as a publication of the May 2nd Movement [Gordon Exhibit No. 2] .
And let me, then, put it in the words of the document.
Mr. Gordon. Please do.
Mr. NiTTLE. [Reading :]
Some chapters of May 2nd plan campaigns to donate blood and other medical
aid to the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam, to concretely show our
support for national liberation struggles. Receiving blood from U.S. college
students will be a terrific morale boost to the Vietnamese people. Collecting
pledges for blood on campus can also show where the administration stands as
collecting for civil rights did at Berkeley.
Now will you tell us, please, whether it was a policy of the national
executive committee of the May 2nd JVIovement to urge M2M chapters
to engage in a campaign on the respective college campuses, to donate
blood and other medical aid to the National Liberation Front of South
Vietnam ?
(Witness conferred with counsel.)
Mr. Gordon. The best humanitarian traditions of this country is
to aid people who are being invaded. That is, we believe what some
chapters may have done in that case. First of all, you contradict
yourself. You say — —
Mr. NiTTLE. Now, just a minute.
Mr. Pool. You say that some of the chapters may have done that.
67-852— 66— pt. 1 6
986 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Mr. Gordon. I am trying to answer the contradiction in his ques-
tion, which was, one, a statement that some chapters may, and then a
statement that this was a directive, which is a constant misrepresenta-
tion.
Mr. Pool. Give the committee the benefit of what knowledge you
have about the matter.
Mr. Gordon. I would be happy to.
Mr. Pool. All right.
Mr. Gordon. We believe that as American citizens, as citizens of
the world, as people who believe that aggression is wrong-
Mr. NiTTLE. Now, Mr. Chairman, I don't think we should
Mr. Pool. Let him go ahead. I want to hear this.
Mr. Gordon. C'est la guerre. To pick up where I left off, or was
internipted, that the traditions that we believe, the traditions of the
CIO, the traditions that built in this comitiy 1898, there was an Anti-
Imi>erialist League that included Mark Twain, that included ex-
Presidents of the United States, that included Andrew Carnegie, who
had to leave it when the Morgan Bank bought him out.
Mr. Pool. Can you tiy to shorten it a little bit ?
Mr. Gordon. Yes, I am just trying to get a little American history.
Mr. Pool. I think I know a little bit about it.
Mr. Gordon. A different part of it, maybe. From a different as-
pect. A different angle. I was inside the Northlands (?) That we
believed that part of our humanity is that wlien a country is being
bombed, genocidally, as the United States is bombing North Vietnam,
when unbelievable amounts of bombs and napalm are dropped on
children — we see this in the press everyday — when that happens,
that our giving blood to those people is patriotism, that our demand-
ing that our soldiers not be forced to fight that war, not be forced to die
in that M'ar, as they are being now, that that is patriotism.
Mr. Pool. In other words, you believe that you ought to help the
Viet Cong, the Nortli Vietnamese, so they can go back into battle and
kill our boys. Is that what you are trying to tell me ?
Mr. Gordon. What I said
(Witness conferred with counsel.)
Mr. Gordon. — my interest in this country is tliat no more Ameri-
cans die in Vietnam. Your interest is to send them to Vietnam to
die. You are sending them there, Johnson is sendhig them there, the
corporation of profiteers of war are sending them to die
Mr. Pool. Let's be responsive to the question.
Mr. Gordon. I am, in the interest of the American soldiers. That's
what your question was. You are sending them there to die. And
Johnson is sending them there to die, and they all, all this Government
and the big business are sending tliem there to die and bleed, and then
you try to assume that I am against them ? Well, that is not true.
You are against them. But the American people, and let us say this,
and why don't you subpena some of their letters? Say this. The
American people do not want to bleed in Vietnam, and you are sending
them to bleed in Vietnam. You are sending them to die in Vietnam.
I am not, so don't try to cast aspersion on me, when it is on you and
on Johnson. That's where it belongs.
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 987
Mr. Pool. But the fact is that you are m favor of sending aid,
blood plasma, and things like that, money, to the Viet Cong, and to
the North A^ietnamese. Is that correct ?
Mr. Gordon, I believe that it is a humanitarian tradition to send
blood to people who are being murdered by murderers.
Mr. Pool. You say the American soldiers in Vietnam are murderers.
Is that what you are saying ?
Mr. Gordon. No; Johnson is a murderer, and he is forcing people
to go to Vietnam and forcing them. You go down to the draft center,
and you w^ill see how many people have smiles on their faces. I have
heard people tell me the difference- — I am not old enough to know, but
I have heard people tell me the difference of the way people joined up
to fight the Second World War and the way people are not joining up
to fight this war.
Mr. Pool. Do you think if the Communists took over the whole
world that everything would be peaceful and there would not be any
slavery ?
Mr. Gordon. Who are the people who are stopping the peace in the
world? Wliere are the aggressors? Where are the Communist ag-
gressors? It is the United States who is the aggressor. We went into
the Dominican Republic. We have 4,000 military bases overseas, and
you call somebody else an aggressor ? Wow !
[Applause and demonstration.]
Mr. Pool. Your testimony bears out the witness Luce's testimony
previously, and we appreciate you being so helpful.
Mr. Gordon. I am very honest to you.
Mr. Pool. Tliat is right.
Mr. Gordon. Because I am proud of my views.
Mr. Pool. I am not.
Mr. Gordon. Well, I am not proud of yours.
Mr. Pool. Go ahead.
Mr, NiTTLE. Now, were you aware that several groups had been
established at various colleges by members of the May 2nd Movement
for the purpose of collecting medical supplies for the National Libera-
tion Front?
(Witness conferred with counsel.)
Mr. Gordon. Would you repeat the question very slowly, because I
think it is wrong.
Mr. NiTTLE. Let me withdraw that question, and ask you whether
you participated in any efforts to establish campus groups for the
collection of blood or medical supplies or money for delivery to the
National Liberation front of South Vietnam or to the North Viet-
namese Government ?
Mr. Gordon. I will relate to you an experience. It has to do with
the trip I made to Stanford University, in Palo Alto, California —
(Witness conferred with counsel.)
Mr. Gordon. I don't remember the date of the trip — at which time
I spoke to a number of people, who I will not identify for you, about
the possibilities of setting up some form of organization to collect, or
to try to send through tlie International Red Cross, blood to the victims
of U.S. aggression in Vietnam. That, by the way, was a public meet-
ing on the university campus, a university room. That meeting dis-
cussed many things, but the major thing it discussed was twofold : One,
988 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
that the United States is systematically killin^*^ people in Vietnam and
attemptino; to move us towards a war with China, a world war ; that
the onus of the United State's action in Vietnam is not just for Vietnam,
but is to engulf the world in a world war. We opposed this. You
gentlemen
Mr. NiTTLE. Let me ask you the question.
Mr. Gordon. You gentlemen probably don't oppose it.
Mr. NiTTLE. Let me ask you the question whether you oppose it
because it is a purpose and program of the Progressive Labor
Movement
Mr. Gordon. To see that a third world war does not start.
Mr. NiTTLE. — to aid and assist the world Communist movement,
and that this program of opposition to the American effort is intended
in aid of the Communist movement.
Mr. Gordon. Our opposition to the American Government's efforts
in Vietnam — "efforts" is a very placid term for murder — the U.S. Gov-
ernment's effort in Vietnam, is to aid the American people and, also,
to aid people in other countries. You gentlemen, you know, pretty
much forget about that, but we consider that important. We also
consider it very important to aid the people in this country.
Mr. NiiTTLE. Well, now, Mr. Gordon, we want to know what you
did in the effort to raise medical supplies for the North Vietnamese
and for the Viet Cong.
Mr. Gordon. "Wliat do you mean, what did I do? I related to you
an experience. That is something of what I did. Beyond that, I
did not do anything more at Stanford, because I don't go to Stanford.
Mr. NiTTLE. Were you aware of the committee set up by Russell
Stetler, Jr., at Haverford College ?
Mr. Gordon. You have to expand upon that question.
Mr. NiTTLE. I say. Were you aware of the effort made by Russell
Stetler?
Mr. Gordon. I have read about it in the paper. I think it was a
fine effort.
Mr. NiTTLE. Well, you probably also heard it from him personally ;
didn't you ? Was not he a member, with you, of the national executive
committee of the May 2nd Movement ?
Mr. Gordon. You are not going to get me to talk about somebody
else.
Mr. Pool. I direct you to answer the question.
Mr. Gordon. I am not a fink. You got your fmks.
Mr. Pool. Do you want to take the fifth amendment ?
Mr. Gordon. I am not going to talk.
(Witness conferred with counsel.)
Mr. Pool. That's the last time I direct you to answer the question,
or state a valid objection.
Mr. Gordon. As I said
Mr. NiTTLE. Were you aware of ther-
Mr. Pool. No, let's let him answer that question.
Mr. Gordon. Repeat the question.
Mr. NiTTLE. Let me put it this way : Were you aware of the existence
of a group of the May 2nd Movement at Haverford, established by
Russell Stetler, Jr., for the collection of money for medical aid to the
National Liberation Front of South Vietnam ?
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 989
Mr, Gordon. That's not a good question. I mean, even from your
standpoint, because
Mr. Pool. Wei], ask the original question, and ask him if he knew
Stetler.
Mr. Gordon. Because May 2nd never collected medical aid as far as
I know at Plaverf ord College.
Mr. Pool. Withdraw the question, and ask him if he knew Stetler.
That's all you have to do.
Mr. NiTTLE. Did Russell Stetler, Jr., serve with you as a member
of the national executive committee of the ]\Iay 2nd Movement ?
Mr. Gordon. You are not going to get me to be a stool pigeon.
Mr. Pool. I direct you to answer the question.
Mr. Gordon. This is the great American tradition that you repre-
sent, stool pigeonism.
Mr. Pool. I direct you for the last time to answer the question.
Mr. Gordon. Well, I will object to answering that question, on the
following grounds : First ground, the major ground is that I am not a
fink. But since this committee seems to be set up in such a way as to
legally prosecute people who refuse to be finks, you force them,
then
Mr. Pool. Just a moment.
The committee will stand in recess for 10 minutes.
(Whereupon, at 4 :35 p.m. a brief recess was taken.)
Mr. Pool. Let's have order.
Everyone take a seat. Go ahead. Counsel.
Mr. NiTTLE. Mr. Gordon, were you aware of the existence of a Med-
ical Aid Committee for Vietnam established on the campus at Stanford
University on or about October 1965 ?
Mr. Gordon. As I stated before, I was aware of that.
Mr. NiTTLE. And
Mr. Gordon. By the way, I would like to ask one question : Is this
table bugged ?
Mr. Pool. Ask the next question.
Mr. Gordon. Is this table bugged ?
Mr. Pool. No, the table is not bugged.
Mr. Gordon. Well, I had conferences with my attorney and I want
to make sure that they are not being overheard, as they were in 1957,
which is an invasion
Mr. Pool. And I assured you the table is not bugged.
Mr. Gordon. Is there any way that this table can be searched to tell
that?
Mr. Pool. Go ahead, Counsel.
(Witness conferred with counsel.)
Mr. NiTTLE. And did you, as a national officer of the May 2nd Move-
ment, have any communication with the May 2nd Movement chapter
at Stanford University ?
Mr. Gordon. Communication ?
Mr. NiTTLE. Yes.
Mr. Gordon. What type do you mean ?
Mr. NiTTLE. With regard to the existence or creation of a medical
aid group there, under the name "Medical Aid Committee for Viet-
nam" ?
990 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. EST UNDECLARED WAR
Mr. Gordon. Well, as I stated before, I was present at a discussion
about formation at Stanford of the Medical Aid for the Victims of
U.S. Aggression in Vietnam Committee. Beyond that, you would
have to be more specific.
Mr. NiTTLE. Did you have discussions with Mr. Anatole Ben Anton
regarding the Stanford group ?
Mr. Gordon. As I stated before, I am not going to talk about other
people.
Mr. NiTTLE. Well, you asked for that information. I thought you
would respond to the inquiry, having got it.
Mr. Gordon. Well, that type of information that your response de-
sired from me is the type of information that my conscience does not
allow me to give to such a group as this.
Mr. Pool. State your question, Mr. Nittle.
Mr. Nittle. Now did you, as national coordinator of the May 2nd
Movement, have any contact with a group at the University of Cali-
fornia at Berkeley, known as the Medical Aid Committee for Viet-
nam, Box 1128, Berkeley, California?
(Witness conferred with comisel.)
Mr. Gordon. You seem to have that down very specifically. I
would like to see the paper you are reading from.
Mr. Nittle. Would you answer the question, please ?
(Witness conferred with counsel.)
Mr. Gordon. I didn't memorize the box number, so I mean, I don't
know — you know, that question was asked in such a specific way.
Mr. Pool. Restate the question.
Mr. AsHBROOK. Forgetting the box number.
Mr. Gordon. If you would state the question in a more general way,
or perhaps in another way, I could answer it.
Mr. Pool. All right.
Mr. Nittle. It is the organization founded by Steve Cherkoss, who
was the West Coast organizer for the Progressive Labor Party and
May 2nd Movement.
Mr. Gordon. Names again.
Mr. Nittle. Does that identify the organization sufficiently for you?
Mr. Gordon. No. Wliat was the name of the organization again?
Mr. NiiTLE. I identified it as the Medical Aid for Vietnam Com-
mittee.
Mr. Gordon. I am familiar with that organization.
Mr. Nittle. And that is at Box 1128.
Mr. Gordon. I don't know the box number, but I am familiar with
an organization of that name, or a very similar name, existmg in •
Mr. Pool. All right, ask the question.
Go ahead.
Mr. Nittle. Now were you aware that the solicitation and delivery
of medical supplies, money, or blood to the North Vietnamese or to the
Viet Cong was prohibited by the Treasury Department regulations?
(Witness conferred with counsel.)
Mr. Gordon. I am not a lawyer.
Mr. Pool. I direct you to answer the question.
Mr. GoLLOBiN. The witness has answered the question, Mr. Chair-
man.
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 991
Mr. Pool. I don't get your answer. Say it again.
Mr. Gordon. I am not a lawyer, but I disclaim any patriotism in-
compatible with justice. John Quincy Adams said that — former
President of the United States.
Mr. Pool. Mr, Nittle, ask the next question.
Mr. Nittle. ]Mr. Gordon
Mr. Gordon. American history.
Mr. Nittle. I have before me a copy of a letter dated August 10,
1966, from the Office of the General Counsel of the Treasury Depart-
ment in Washington. We are advised that — and I quote —
on October 29, 196.5, representatives of the Oflfice of Foreign Assets Con-
trol called at the office of the May Second Movement, Rooms 306 and 307, 640
Broadway, New York, New York. The Treasury representatives found Mr. Law-
rence Hecht on the premises, who indicated he was in charge of the office. He was
advised that the Treasury's Foreign Assets Control Regulations prohibit any
remittance of funds directly or indirectly to North Viet-Nam or nationals thereof,
including the Viet Cong, in the absence of a license from the Treasury Department.
He was further advised that these Regulations also prohibit the unlicensed send-
ing of any commodities whatever to North Viet-Nam or nationals thereof includ-
ing the Viet Cong. It was specifically stated that the prohibition extended to the
unlicensed sending of blood or medical supplies. During this conversation, Mr.
Jeffrey Gordon entered the office of the May Second Movement and gave that as
his address. He was likewise advised as to the applicability of the Regulations to
possible transactions with North Viet-Nam and the Viet Cong. Both persons were
requested to convey this information to all branches and members of the May
Second Movement.
Is that which is related by the General Counsel for the Treasury De-
partment a factual statement ?
(Witness conferred with counsel.)
Mr. Gordon. Could I see the document, first ?
(Letter and enclosures marked "Gordon Exhibits Nos. 4-A through
4-D," respectively. See pp. 1010-1014.)
Mr. Nittle. Would you advise us whether
Mr. Pool. Let him see the document.
Mr. Nittle — the facts as therein set forth are true?
(Tlie document was handed to witness.)
(Witness conferred with counsel.)
Mr. Nittle. Now are you prepared to answer the question ?
Mr. GoLLOBiN. At this time we are not. We are conferrmg.
Mr. Nittle. Mr. Chairman, I think the witness has had abundant
opportunity to examine the Treasury Department letter and to state
whether or not the letter correctly states what transpired in the office
of the May 2nd Movement with regard to this witness.
Mr. GoLLOBiN. In terms of the question, I submit that counsel knows
very well that the witness has a definite right at this time to adequate
conferral, and we are therefore continuing.
(Witness conferred further with counsel.)
Mr. Pool. All right, is the witness ready to answer the question?
Mr. Gordon. The question is what is known as a clink question.
Mr. Nittle. I can imagine
Mr. Gordon. It is an entrapment question.
Mr. Pool. Let him go ahead.
Mr. Gordon. It is an entrapment question. The whole series of
questions up to this have been aimed at not getting information for leg-
992 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
islative purposes, but to attempt to entrap the witness into statements
that may possibly lead to criminal prosecution; at the same time he
does not have the rights of cross-examination and other rights set up
for a person under criminal contempt.
Mr. Pool. What you are saying is that you
Mr. Gordon. xA-nd without adequate
Mr. Pool. — made a statement a while ago in which you told this
committee that you were not advised of these regulations, and now this
letter conies up, proving that you were advised. Is that what you
are trying to say ?
(Witness conferred with counsel.)
Mr. Gordon. I have not had adequate ability to reflect and consider.
I am not a lawyer. This question
Mr. NiTTLE. This is not a question of law. It is a question of fact.
Were you or were you not advised ?
Mr. Gordon. I am just answering the question of what I had said
before, that I am not a lawyer. I do not know all the legalities of
many things. That is not my profession.
Mr. NiTTLE. Is that your answer to the question ?
My question was. Does the Treasury letter correctly relate the
Mr. Pool. Just a moment. Counsel. Would you like to change your
previous answer to the question? Then if you think it was
Mr. Gordon. Which question and which answer are you talking
about ?
Mr. Pool. Previously, you made a statement and told this com-
mittee that you had not been advised as to the regulations regarding
these possible transaction with North Vietnam ?
Mr. Gordon. Would you read me that, out of the record, please?
Mr. Pool. It is back in the record there.
Mr. Gordon. Could you please read it out of the record then ?
Mr. Pool. I am just asking: Do you want to change any statement
that you made to this committee, then? I would like to have that
statement read from the record.
Mr. Gordon. I would like to have that statement read from the
record.
^Ir. Pool. All right, go back and read the report. Miss Reporter,
question and the answer, if you can find it.
(The record was read by the reporter as follows :)
Mr. NiTTLE. Now were you aware that the solicitation and delivery of medi-
cal supplies, money, or blood to the North Vietnamese or to the Viet Cong was
prohibited by the Treasury Department regulations?
(Witness conferred with counsel.)
Mr. Gordon. I am not a lawyer.
Mr. Pool. I direct you to answer the quef^tion.
Mr. GoLLOBiN. The witness has answered the question, Mr. Chairman.
Mr. Pool. I don't get your answer. Say it again.
Mr. Gordon. I am not a lawyer, but I disclaim any patriotism incompatible
with justice. John Quincy Adams said that — former President of the United
States.
Mr, Pool. Pie didn't answer the question, then.
Mr. AsHBROOK. What was the question again, Mr. Chairman?
I thought he said, "I am not aware."
Mr. Gordon. No, "I am not a lawyer," I said.
Mr. Pool. You said what?
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 993
Mr. Gordon. I said I was not a lawyer.
Mr. AspiBROOK. I thought he said, "I am not aware."
Mr. Pool. All right, let the record show what he said, then. I
couldn't hear him myself.
Mr. AsiiBROOK. Would you resubmit the question, Mr. Chairman?
Mr. Pool. Were you aware of these regulations regarding possible
transaction with North Vietnam and the Viet Cong?
Mr. Gordon. I decline to answer that question because that question
inquires into my political beliefs and associations in violation of the
guarantees of freedom of speech, assembly, as provided for by the
first amendment to the Constitution of the United States of America.
Mr, AsHBROOK. Mr. Chairman, he has not responded.
Mr. Pool. That is not responsive to the question.
( Witness conferred with counsel. )
Mr. Gordon. I think this one is the sixth amendment. "In all crim-
inal prosecutions,'' and this is an entrapment question.
Mr. Ashbrook. This is not a criminal prosecution.
Mr. Gordon. An entrapment-tyi:)e question — "the accused shall en-
joy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial"^ — impartial,
impartial — "jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall
have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascer-
tained by law, and to be informed of the nature
Mr. Ashbrook. Mr. Chairman, this is dilatory tactics.
Mr. Gordon. — "of the nature and [the] cause of the accusation;
to be confronted with the witness against him" — where I was not — "to
be confronted
Mr. Pool. That's not a sufficient objection, so-
Mr. Gordon. The sixth amendment to the Constitution.
Mr. Pool. I direct you to answer the question.
Mr. Gordon. The sixth amendment is not sufficient ?
Mr. Ashbrook. You are not charged with a crime.
Mr. Pool. I direct you to answer the question. Go ahead to the
next question, Counsel.
(Witness conferred with counsel.)
Mr. Gordon. I did not decline to answer the question. You inter-
rupted my answer.
Mr. Pool. All right, answer the question, then. I direct you for
the last time to answer the question.
Mr. Gordon. Well, then, allow me to answer it.
If you gentlemen are so against the Constitution, then you force
me to protect myself mider certain rights which are guaranteed to
me.
Mr. Ashbrook. He has not
Mr. Pool. Just a minute.
Mr. Gordon. "No person shall be held" — this is going to take about
a minute to read, so please don't interrupt me again:
No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or other infamous crime,
unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising
in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time
of war or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense
to be twice [put] in jeopardy of life and limb ; nor shall be compelled in any
criminal case to be a witness against himself * * *.
994 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Mr. Pool. All right, next question. He has taken the fifth amend-
ment. That is sufficient.
(Witness conferred with counsel.)
Mr. Pool. He takes the fifth amendment.
Go ahead with the next question.
Mr. Gordon. This is to protect me against false accusations, false.
It is to protect me.
Mr. Pool. I will recognize the fifth amendment as a valid objection.
Now go ahead with the next question.
Mr. Gordon. You distort.
Mr. Pool. Just be quiet and. Counsel, will you ask the next question.
Mr. Gordon. He is not asking.
Mr. Pool. You won't let him.
Mr. Nittle. Mr, Gordon, I have before me a copy of the Vietnam
Courier^ published in Hanoi, dated May 19, 1966. At page 6, in an
article entitled "American Youth Do Not Want To Die in Vietnam,"
they report
Mr. Ashbrook. Mr. Nittle, I can't hear you now.
Mr. Nittle. [Continues reading:] "The U.S. weekly Challenge^ on
April 19, published the following anti-war letter handed out by an
American youth, Brooklyn College student Jeff Gordon, at the White
Hall Army Induction Center, New York." And then they purport to
quote from a letter, purportedly written by you and published in
Challenge.
I will just read a paragraph from the letter, to see whether it will
refresh your recollection.
Mr. GrORDON. Why don't you read the whole thing ?
Mr. Pool. Mr. Nittle.
Mr. Nittle. Let me hand the article to you, without
Mr. Pool. Can you ask a question about this without having to read
it all?
Mr. Nittle. Are you correctly reported in that article ?
Mr. AsHBROOK. Mr. Chairman, while he is conferring, I would like
to have a moment.
Mr. Pool. Without objection, so ordered.
(Discussion off the record.)
(Witness conferred with counsel.)
Mr. Pool. All right, the witness is ready to answer?
State your answer. Witness.
Mr. Gordon. In this article which quotes President Eisenhower as
saying that if Ho Chi Minh and that if elections had been held in
Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh would have gotten at least 80 percent of the
vote, that is President Eisenhower in his Mandate for Change, his
memoirs, this article, which lists the violation of the Geneva agreement
that the United States has committed- — —
Mr. Nittle. That's not the question.
Mr. Gordon. I am identifying the article.
Mr. Nittle. Are you accurately quoted ?
Mr. Gordon. I am identifying the article. This was given out at
the Whitehall Army Induction Center.
(Document marked "Gordon Exhibit No. 5." See p. 1015.)
Mr. Nittle. All right, no further questions, Mr. Chairman.
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 995
Mr. AsHBRooK. That was not the answer. He said the article w^as
given out.
Mr. Gordon. At
Mr. GoLLOBiN. Just one moment, please.
(Witness conferred with counsel.)
Mr. Gordon. "At" means ''nearby." They say "at" here. The thing
should have been nearby.
Mr. AsHBRooK. But the question pertained to whether or not it was
your letter which appears in a Hanoi newspaper or not, which you
have avoided.
Mr. Gordon. I said, please be more specific. I didn't send that to
the Hanoi newspaper.
Mr. AsHBROOK. The original question of Mr. Nittle was whether
or not the letter, which is contained in a Hanoi newspaper and pur-
ports to be a letter given out by you, is, in fact, a letter which you
prepared. And you liave avoided that question.
(Witness conferred with counsel.)
Mr. Gordon. Yes; I prepared that letter, and it was given out to
the general public.
Mr. AsHBROOK. Thank you.
Mr. Pool. All right.
Mr. Nittle, May I ask one more question, Mr. Chairman ?
Mr. Pool. All right.
Mr. Nittle. You say here, "We are being drafted into the army."
Were you then being drafted, in the course of your appearance at the
Whitehall
Mr. Gordon. "\Yliat date ?
Mr. Niitle. — Army Induction Center ?
Mr. GoLLOBiN. ^Vliat date, Mr. Nittle ?
Mr. Nittle. April 19, the date here quoted.
Mr. Gordon. I am not sure if April 19 is the correct date, but — I
am not positive, it might be — but around that time, I did go to the in-
duction center for induction.
Mr. Nittle. At Whitehall, New York ?
Mr. Gordon. Yes. And by the way, the people I spoke to there did
not want to go into the Army to fight in Vietnam.
Mr, Pool. At this time, the Chair wishes to recognize Congressman
Nelsen and Congressman Keith, who have come here to visit with us,
and we appreciate their being here.
At this time, the Chair recognizes Congressman Ichord.
Mr. IcHORD. Mr. Chairman, there has been some variance between
the testimony of this witness and the preceding witness, Mr. Luce.
Mr. Luce testified that the Progressive Labor Movement was a Marxist
or Communist organization and that it controlled the May 2nd Move-
ment as a front organization.
Now Mr. Gordon has testified that the May 2nd Movement was in-
dependent in essence, is independent movement of the Progres-
sive Labor Movement, but that some of the members — and it was well
known — of the May 2nd Movement were members of the Progressive
Labor Movement.
I would like to ask the witness one question. He stated that he was
a member of the executive committee of the May 2nd Movement.
996 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Do you know how many members of the national executive commit-
tee of the May 2nd. Movement were members of the Progressive Labor
Movement ?
Mr. Gordon. ISIr. Nittle, I believe — the counsel brought up in some
of those documents, he read statements which I think prove the inde-
pendence of the May 2nd Movement, statements which ask chapters to
develop their own programs, based upon their own needs on campus
and the activities on campus.
Mr. IciioRD. Mr. Chairman, that is not responsive to the question. I
asked the witness a very simple question. Does he know, and he was
a member of the national executive committee of the May 2nd Move-
ment, how many members of the national committee of the May 2nd
Movement were members of Progressive Labor Movement, and I ask
that he be direct-ed to answer the question.
Mr. Gordon. Mr. Ichord, this once again is preparatory
Mr. Pool. I direct you to answer the question.
Mr. Gordon. — is a preparatoiy question to getting me to name
names, something which I have stated my ground for not going to do.
Mr. Ichord, I state to the witness that I am not asking you, in your
own language, to be a "fink," as you say.
Mr. Gordon. I got a letter from this committee asking me to be a
"fink."
Mr. Ichord. I am not asking you to identify the members of the
executive committee. I am asking you, Is it in your knowledge as to
how many of the members of the executive committee of the May 2nd
Movement were members of the Progressive Labor Movement ? I ask
once again, Mr. Chainnan, that the witness be instructed to answer.
Mr. Pool. I direct you to answer.
Mr. Ichord. That can be answered "yes" or "no."
Mr. Gordon. Once again, I say this a preparatory question, that is
preparing me to have to answer questions which I said I would not
answer before this committee, on the grounds stated.
Mr. Ichord. '^n what grounds stated ?
Mr. Gordon. Do you want me to repeat the grounds ? There were a
nmnber of grounds.
Mr. Pool. Does that include the fifth amendment?
Mr. Gordon. I will repeat the grounds, if the Chair wishes.
Mr. Pool. Does it include the fifth amendment ?
Mr. Gordon. You can check in tlie record of the grounds that I
gave in previously answering these questions.
Mr. Ichord. Mr. Chairman, let the record stand as made. That's
the only question I have.
Mr. Pool. Any other questions on this side ?
Do you have questions ? Mr. Buchanan ?
Mr. Buchanan. May I ask him just one question, Mr. Chairman?
Mr. Pool. All right.
Mr. Buchanan. Mr. Gordon, you referred to those responsible for
the effort in Vietnam, the American effort, as murderers, I believe,
and stated when asked if this included the troops, "No, because they
were f orcetl to fight there."
Now a certain num.ber of the men fighting there are volunteers. Are
these men murderers ?
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 997
Mr. Gordon. Are you from Alabama, sir ?
Mr. Buchanan. Would you answer the question ?
Yes, we are very proud to have men from Alabama fighting in this
effort, some of whom are volunteers.
Mv. Gordon. In Alabama do the black people have equal rights to
vote ?
Mr. Buchanan, Well
Mr. Gordon. Are the unions organized in Alabama, of the working
people ?
Mr. Pool. Let's have order.
Mr. Buchanan. Would you respond to the question, please?
Mr. Pool. Answer the question.
Mr. Buchanan. I wnll say, if they don't by now, it would be a mira-
cle, but will you answ^er my question ?
Mr. Gordon. It means you say they are, they do have the right to
vote.
Mr. Pool. Answer the question.
Mr. Buchanan. Answer my question, please.
Mr. Gordon. Would you repeat the question ?
Mr, Buchanan. I said, in Vietnam a certain number of the men who
are fighting there are volunteers. You have stated those responsible
for this action are murderers, but that those fighting there were not
because they are forced to do so.
Are the volunteers, the men, for example, from Alabama, some of
whom are Negro citizens, who are volunteers, are these men murderers ?
(Witness conferred with counsel.)
Mr. Gordon. If these men knew the truth, they would not go there.
Black people join the Army many times because that's the best chance
they have in this society. That's a sad fact, but to have a roof over
your head and a little food in the stomach and maybe the $50 or $90 a
month the Army gives is more than they can get in other parts of
this society.
And to use it in this way, it just repulses me
Mr. Pool. That is not responsive to the question.
Mr. Gordon. That was not a yes-or-no question. It was a response.
Mr. Ashbrook. That's a yes-or-no question.
Mr. Buchanan. I wanted an answer to my question, but that's all
right, Mr. Chairman, we will pass it.
You have stated also, I believe, that you represented real Americans,
that you represent the majority of the people, and that the Congress
represents a minority of the people? Is this your testimony?
(Witness conferred with counsel.)
Mr. Gordon, Carl Schurz said: "Our country, right or wrong.
When right, to be kept right; when wrong, to be put right,"
Mr. Buchanan. Well, I would say your rhetoric is impressive, but
may I suggest
Mr. Gordon. That was the rhetoric of an American 50 years ago, part
of the American tradition.
Mr. Buchanan. — that you brush up on your arithmetic, since the
Congress represents all the people of this country, and may I state
that from what we have seen
Mr. Gordon. That is a misrepresentation.
Mr. Buchanan. You represent a tiny minority.
998 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Mr. GoRDOK. Oh, WOW ! That's too much, coming from Ahibama
and saying that.
Mr. P<ioL. Any other questions?
The witness is excused.
Mr. GouDON. Get out of Vietnam !
[Applause.]
Mr. AsHBROOK. Mr. Chairman, I would move that all the documents
oil'ered in evidence by the committee be made a permament part of
the record.
Mr. Pool. No objection, so ordered.
(Gordon Exhibits ISTos. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 follow:)
Gordon Exhibit No. 1
MAY SECOND MOVEMENT REPORT NO. 1 (NEW STYLE)
TO WORKLIST
Oct. 15, 1965.
******
Last Spring we sent out 5 Bi-weekly reports to M2M chapters. These reports
came out about every third week. These reports averaged about 2 pages and
mainly discussed National Coordinating Conuuittee. There is now general
agreement that NCC meetings should be held less frequently, perhaps every
two months. There is also a need for greater internal communication, coordina-
tion, and discussion. Therefore this is the tirst of the NEW REPORT, which
will discuss a wide range of activity and thought of importance within M2M.
People should send in comments and notices for publication in the report.
The NEW REPORT will come out at least every two weeks, and is being sent
to an expanded worklist, which includes people on the left outside of M2M, in
addition to all chapters.
FREE STUDENT NO. 5
When FS first came out around the beginning of 1965 almost everyone outside
of I\t2M said that they liked the paper but that it would never see a second issue.
They argued that everyone has put out a paper or magazine at one time or
another, and that almost all fail. Further they said a newspai>er is the hardest
to publish, especially with the gradious circulation schemes we had.
The press run for FS #5 is 25,000 — 5.000 higher than the last regular run !
We hope to come out with FS #6 in five weeks. It's going to mean a great deal
of work to sell 25,000 newsjiapers, but we know that it's worth it. FS has
helped make thousands of students who are connected with the student movement
in no other way aware of what's happening. FS has given new activists a feeling
of national movement, a feeling of belonging to a grov.-ing force for justice and
freedom. And FS has provided all with a forum for new ideas and thoughts
relating to student activity. What is needi'd is an all-out-selling push for this
issue of FS in the next weeks ! ! They should be hawked every day these next
two M-eeks, on the literature table, and in all bookstores.
Two other points on FS : 1) There is a form enclosed to help people formu-
late their criticism of FS — this is vital for the improvement of the paper. Please
fill it out and send it in. 2) For FS No. 6 we need reports on chapter activity,
on events around October 15-16, we need analysis of college campuses similar
to FS No. 3's one on Columbia University, and we need letters to the editor to
publish (so far they've all been too good and we see no c(mstructive purpose being
filled by publishing them).
NOVEMBER IITH M2M ANTI-DRAFT RALLY
This mornings papers tell of the increased call (by 10,000!) by Selective Serv-
ice of young men to beef up the army, navy, and marines based on their fight-
ing in Vietnam. As more Americans are drafted, the issue of the Vietnam
war becomes more immediate to them and their families and friends. On No-
vember 11th — Veteran's Day, Thursday — M2M will hold a major GET OUT
OF VIETNAM— ANTI-DRAFT RALLY at or near Columbia University. On
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 999
this day of phony patriotism, speakers, all of whom are political activists or-
ganizing opposition to the war in Vietnam, will put forth concrete programs
for anti-draft and anti-war activity — where we go from here, hased on the fact
that as our numbers grow so does the war in Vietnam and the invasion of
Dominica.
The initial leaflet advertising the rally has been run off — 100,000 copies.
Five committees have been set up to work on the rally : Publicity, Rally Organ-
ization, Art, Political, and Funds. Those interested in working on the rally
(members of M2M and any one else who feels the importance of this event)
shall call Steve Newman at M2M HDQ (212-YU 2-5550) and come to the next
rally meeting: Thursday, October 21 at 7:30 PM at M2M HDQ (640 Broad-
way, Room 307, New York — that's Broadway at Bleecker). We need every-
one's help!
ANTI-DRAFT MEETING
A meeting at M2M HDQ for October 24 (Sunday) from 11 AM till probably
late in the evening has been called by M2M to work out an anti-draft pro-
gram.
Originally we set up a program using WE WON'T GO as the major slogan.
The slogan sounded militant (which it is) and w^e are militantly against Im-
perialist wars. So we were satisfied that we had a good thing going. We
also liked very much the idea of people applying for CO forms based on political
and Nuremburg ohjection to Vietnam war and all wars of aggi-ession. In
fact we liked the whole program so much that the 40 people at the Eastern
Regional Organizers' Conference we held at the beginning of September did
not do enough deep, hard thinking of what it meant. This meeting on October
24th should correct that.
Briefly the arguments on both sides of the issue (though there are in-be-
tween positions) so that we can all think about them even before the 24th.
we won't go : We must have a clear and consistent position about the war
in Vietnam and Imperialist wars in general. It is the height of inconsistency
and the ultimate contradiction to be out protesting the war in Vietnam one day
and fighting it on the U.S. side the next. Even private cop-outs (phony medi-
cal excuses, ad infinitum) are not good, because essentially they are playing
their game, they are working within the whole context of the system and of
the war. By taking a WE WON'T GO position we will be playing our role
as the vanguard, and not taking an opportunist and tail-gating position. We
will win the respect of even those who go into the army, and by our militancy
and refusal to back down we will strike a blow at the whole war machine.
multi approach : What we are interested is to defeat Imperialism. That is
the first consideration and not to make a moral stand simply for its own sake.
Our approach should be based on fighting Imperialism on all fronts. There are
three possibilities : 1 ) If drafted don't go and be willing to face jail for up to five
years (the lengths of the trails will probably be shorter as time goes on and ap-
peals denied based on previous appeals being defeated). 2) If drafted cop out by
taking off (being done in increasing numbers) or get out on one of the many
phony gimmicks known to potential draftees, 3) If drafted GO IN and organize
within the army (being cool about it) against the war (it is better, this position
says, to be in the army talking to people for two years then to be in jail for that
period). We recognize all three of these positions as opposition to fighting in
Vietnam and as patriotic. The second one is individualistic and, besides being
able to give some information, unorganizable. The first and the third we shall
try to organize. Let us organize a broad based anti-draft union made up of all
those opposed to fighting in Vietnam. Let us focus on the Universities coopera-
tion with the draft board. Let us raise the demands that the University cease
all cooperation with the draft boards and that, where it exi.sts, ROTC be thrown
off the campus. And we should think of the possibility of a strike next term
based on these demands. (We can issue petitions on these demands note, with
the ending that we will consider a strike if they are not met ! ! )
THBEE DIFFERENT CAMPUS REPORTS
Stanford M2M : Twenty people at a Stanford M2M meeting have formed
themselves into a Medical Aid for the Victims of U. S. Bombings in Vietnam
Committee. They plan to collect blood (hopefully through the Stanford Univ.
hospital) and what other Medical Aid a group of U. S. doctors decides is needed
by the people. They have written letters to the International Red Cross and the
Red Cross' of Britain, the U. S., and North Vietnam asking for assistance in the
1000 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
shipment and distribution of the supplies. Stanford's response to the project
should be very interesting, given its Hoover Institute and all.
CCNY M2M : They plan three anti-draft forums prior to and leading up to
the November 11th Rally. One forum discussing the pascifist and the M2M posi-
tion had to be delayed one day because the President of CCNY, along with
Mayorality candidates Beams and smiling John Lindsay are going to lead an
all-U rally against tuition (which evil Rockefeller wants). Last such rally the
school called saw phony-liberal Gallagher (you can't even hold a silent-vigil on
campus) sing WE SHALL OVERCOME. The M2M chapter is going to leaflet
the rally (illegal) saying that while they too are aginst [sic] tuition, the reason
the school calls such rallies is to co-opt student protest into safe channels and
away from things like Vietnam and campus tyranny.
Harvard M2M : Has leafleted a phony class saying what the teacher says and
why we disagree. The school got very upset saying that telling what a teacher
says in class is a violation of academic freedom. These jokers running Harvard
have weird ideas of what freedom is. Harvard M2M had to risk expulsion last
year by holding rallies in Harvard Yard (illegal, but after M2M did it, they
didn't do anything).
FREE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK
The second semester has begun and enrollment is up, nearing 300 students.
Like the FREE STUDENT, people said that FUNY wouldn't make it past
semester one — in fact, people didn't even think FUNY would get by its first
registration day. It now offers around 40 courses and is vital and living. It is
run completely by students and faculty. All meetings are open to students and
faculty. Its forum series is reaching large numbers of people and has been on
national TV. People in other areas of the country should look to the example
of FUNY and learn by its experience in the setting up of other Free U's.
MONEY
We do need money and lots of it. Our printing bill (outstanding) alone is
over $2,000 and we are putting out more literature, papers, going more places
and in all ways spending more money. We have figured out all the short cuts
we can. We get printing at very reasonable prices, we get films made at half
price. But things still cost money. The Novemeber [sic] 11th rally will cost
extra too. Here are some suggestions on ways to raise money :
1) Have regular parties (perhaps showing a Vietnam film at it) .
2) Have commercial fihn showings on campus and charge admission.
3) Sell subs to FS for $4, $8 or special $25 rate. Some people will give for a
sub easier than just give to the movement.
4) Blood for M2M. Blood banks pay for healthy blood (between $10 and $20) .
Organize groups of people to give blood and give the money in for the FREE
STUDENT. 20 people is between $200 and $400.
Contact Sue Jewel at M2M HDQ for more information about fund raising.
REGIONAL MEETINGS
A full report on the September Eastern Regional Organizers' Conference is in
preparation and long overdue. It will be out soon. The conference was very
successful and we plan to hold more such three day meetings in various areas.
New England, Philadelphia and West Coast and mid-wesit areas should consider
this too.
CUBA TRIALS
The trials are proceeding. The next section will meet on Tuesday, Oct. 19, at
10 AM in Brooklyn Federal Court (subway stop: Boro Hall). So far the gov-
ernment has been putting student finks on the stand. These are paid informers
for the FBI who pose as students and report to the FBI all that is happening,
even though it is open (like the discussion on a draft program in this document).
These worthless creatures even take the stand to send our fellow workers to
jail for 20 years. On [sic] of these idiots Dick Reimann was paid by the FBI (be-
wteen [sic] 1800 and 2000 dollars in all — they sell out cheap!) while he was a
student at SF State. Another called Obniosky (a graduate of plush Andover
Academy) is still a student at Columbia. M2M chapters at both these schools will
make these facts known to the schools, demanding Obniosky's expulsion as a paid
inormer [sic] on his teachers and on the students. The pamplet [sic] "Twenty
Yearsi in Jail for Traveling to Cuba !" is excellent and informative — we should
circulate it widely. Order additional copies from M2M HDQ.
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1001
WE NEED
The National Office needs the following equipement [sic] desperately : two type-
writers (especially desk models), two desks, a couch, and shelves. These are
needed because of the increased number of people working out of the national
office. We need these badly and can't afford to buy them right now. Also, a
hand mimeograph machine. If anyone knows of a cheap or free offset machine
let us know — especially something on the order of a Multilith 1250 or 1250W.
STUDY GROUPS
Enclosed is a sample outline for a M2M study group. They are an invaluable
activity. They educate members and help in the recruiting of new members (in
the best manner by convincing them that we are right). If study groups can
come out with papers on what they have learned it would be very helpful. Con-
tact • at M2M HDQ for additional information and help In
starting a study program.
POLITICAL DISCUSSION FOB INTERNAL DEBATE
(people should comment on this — comments will be printed in the next M2M
REPORT)
On the need for ideology —
There are four reasons why ideology — conscious, well thought out idoelogy
[sic] — is vital to us. 1) The dominant ideology in the U.S. right now is liberal-
ism. We get it in school, on the TV, in the papers — everywhere almost without
exception. This ideology is strong and to defeat it and the Imperialist system
that it apologizes for, we have to build an idoelogy [sic] that is stronger. This
means that we can't defeat liberalism uncousiously [sic] by just saying what
we think existentially and hoping people will understand the depth and honesty
of our commitment. 2) It is impossible in this .society to be active and not be
working based on some ideology. This is because of what was mentioned in point
1 about the strength of the ruling ideology — liberalism. If we do not ourselves
consciously change our ideology, the strength of one ruling ideology will make us
uncousciously [sic] work for it. This is better known as having all sorts of
bourgeious [sic] hangups. We start thinking that the state isn't really that bad
and that maybe if we have good lawyers we will get off. This means that we
haven't consciously built up a system of beliefs that tells us that in important
casses [sic] it doesn't matter how good our arguments are, we'll still be found
guilty on political grounds. 3) If we have a system of worked out beliefs (not
on everything, not rigid, but a contxt [sic] of generalizationts [sic] people can
more easily see where we stand and decide if they can agree. Basically this is
honesty. 4) We need an ideology so that we can make strategic and tactical
de-scions [sic] about what to do and how to do it. The student movement must
now analyze what to do about Vietnam, campus reform, community work work-
ing with workers, electorial [sic] work. It can eithor [sic] do it on instinct and
good will or based on an analysis of the situation in the world, in the U.S., and
in the student movement and on drawing from its own experience. The latter
means developing an ideology, not being "non-ideological."
Ideology means to me a systematic analysis of the situation the way it
actually is and has been and drawing generalizations from it. To have an
ideology means that we have certain beliefs (not dogmas) based on a studied
understanding and analysis of the world situation. It means that we put these
beliefs foward for debate and for testing and if they are proven, and only if
they remain proven, we will base our actions upon them and we not be groping
in the dark on instinct alone (as with so-called non-ideological radicalism).
May 2nd has been developing an ideology since it began over a year ago. We
call ourselves an anti-Imperialist student movement. The editorials and .some
of the articles in past issues of FS have been aimed at furthering our ideology.
ON NON-VIOLENCE—
To ask the people of Vietnam, of Dominican Republic, of Batista Cuba of the
Congo, of Selma, of Watts, of Harlem, of Apalachia [sic] to be nonviolent is not
to relate to the realities of our world. To ask the peasants of Vietnam not to fight
back against the U. S. but to rely upon the U. S.'s good offices by non-violently
not cooperating with them is criminal. We are not pacifists. We do not advo-
67-852 — 66^ — pt. 1 7
1002 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
cate violence, but we supix)rt the right of, in fact, the necessity for self-defense
by individuals and peoples. No major social change has occured through non-
violence. India, where more people practised non-violence than anywhere else
is now an aggressor nation, with a starving population.
The U. S. civil rights movement used non-violence very creatively. But even
here, we hear it said that Harlem and the threat of Malcolm X had more to do
with whatever bills (no matter how phony they may prove to the poor people)
being passed.
Let us not make some idealistic, unreal world of non-violent revolution as
many are now talking about. This outlook can only lead to defeat — i.e. non-
violence is NOT going to stop Imperialism. And, even worse, the making of sit-
downs (where you ask to be arrested, thereby turning off people's sysmpathy
[sic]. At least the civil rights sit-ins had a right to be sitting where they were.)
a major tactic gives our movement a purest, individaul [sic] satisfying his own
needs outlook. Let us talk about the real world — not a world of the few but of
the many — a world where people by the thousands are starving to death or being
shot to death every day. In that world humanitarianism calls for the quickest
defeat of Imperialism. Non-violence will never do it.
Jeff Gordon
october 15, 19c5
new york city
May 2nd Movement
6 40 broadway, room 307
new york 12, new york
(212) YU-2-5550
Gordon Exhibit No. 2
What Is The May 2nd Movement?
We^ as students in the richest but most brutally confused country in QiH
vorld, cannot understand tliat world and our part in it with the a-his-
orical education we receive in our universities. In order to make ourselves
nto effective social beings, and in order to discover, sharpen, and use the
jvower of our knowledge, we sho'dd organize ourselves in the broadest
possible way to tombat that lack of e«lucation. For it is a lack, a vacuum,
.lat leads to political degeneration imd default The May 2nd Movement
•fSLH formed to fight against a politics of defaiult, specifically by organizing
tudent protest and revolt against oux government's savage war on the
■^eople of Vietnam.
May 2, 19G4, saw the first major student demonstrations against the
..'ar in Vietnam. In New York City, 1000 stvidents mardied thi-ough Times
^uare to the United Nations to protest what was then C£illed "U.S.
attrvention" on behalf of the legitimate government of soutli Vietncma,
AoT^.' than 700 students and young people marched through San
^rai>cisoo In Boston; Madison, Wisconsin; Seattle; there were slmul-
anx>u& bmailei demonstrations. A start, but nowhere near enough.
"^Jowhcr^^ nesr eiiough because very few students even knew about the
var, or U they tl'u, knew what it means, or what they coulddo about it
-Froa tne national nowap^jT of the May 2nd ^toiWBb^t, ygEl 3TtJDWT* T«»us oij»b«»
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1003
Gordon Exhibit No. 2 — Continued
No« thwuMiiW B09 th» sftturd of tba var ia flrteaa aid Its eorollry
d«oelt la th» pross oad Sa ou? uai');Q«^tlM, «iid it* oopxiarBltant r«pr»sMa
•t haa», TbA Mhjr 2to^ tto'9»£d^ o«ll« 'Oat «atr and tlw raaultlag lias about
it at hoM tha psro^uots of aa lepariaHat&o ajpvtca.
Tbo ohlaf iisperialjlptid fomr £a tl» vcrSd today ia tbs United Ststaa,
ohieh bas a bualaaia empire ttet pawwatu tt» aofr^aoelaliet oorld, ez-
traotiog tb» aup&s>ixH>fiia oada poaalbla by aoiMrpol^ oosrtrol. U.S. eoonoaio
straagtOation of atiwr oouctriaa «ausa« borrlblo Xlvlse oondltioos, iniollurting
mass starvation, to paravsil. TUm fiaoplc «bo live la thssa oountries have
tried evopy "lagsl", aon>vlol$ct raooopaa to hrsak eut of their misery,
only to be violently supfjresKsd or grantad pfeooy iadapesdanae, t7ithout
politioal freedco or eooaosio loproveiDent. Ibay are driven to revolution
as the only lasana of liberation fron Imi^rlallatio dcoloetioD. To keep
them dona the U.S. business eapire requirvs the largsst military empire la
vorld history. Basidee 3600 bases abroad, the O.S, military empire in«
olutes the'^oatlve troops," the U.S. tralaad, equipped and paid armies of
the puppet military dictators | Ky, Tsbonba, Braeoo). Ruling their oouo-tries
for tha benefit of foreign buslaess, getting personal oealtb end pocer as
their out, theaa traitors sorva to o«ioeal the foreigo nature of their
oountry*8 oppression .
The Uay 2ad yov«n»nt opposes this 1965 versioa of Imperialiao^-
ths ecrporations that ezaot superprofits, the military machine that ea-
foroes tha system by violence, and the cultural efitabUshotent that
maintains the system, abroad and at hoae, by racism, igaoranoe, lies
and the suppraaslon of tha soolally creative forees aithln man himself.
National liberation movements ar« emerging in country after
oountry around the oorld. Some have already been victorious: Cuba,
north Vietnam, lodooesla, China. Otbars are oarrying on pitched
artaed struggle asalnst imperialism or are building tosard it: Doolni-
oan Republic, VeneBuala, Panause, Puerto Rico, British Ouiana, Colombia,
Guatemala, Brazil, Con^, South Africa, Rhodesia, Angola, Uosambique,
Iran, Vietnam, laos, Thailand, Fhllllplaes. This is the aamy-f rented
third vapid v&r. The Uay 2nd yovecient, recognising that there oan be
no peaoe without freedom, supports and Joins the etriigglss for natiooal
liberation. VJe defect politioally from the corruption of culture,
oind and body that is the pric*^ the privileged oust pay in our country
for a share In the booty of exploitation.
The university offers no ezplamtion of «hat*8 orong, of that's
happening in e world principally marked by revolution. Instead, it
srooma us for places as teohnioiana, managers and olerks clthln the
Clant oorporations, or to be professional apologists for the status quo
within tho eiant amltiversitias, or to fit soma other cog-apaoe that
needs the special "aensitivity" tl»t only the polish of factory edu-
cation oan bring. University oourses on Chins js^t forward the same for-
Qiula as the vqt comic books— a ooomuniSt oonspiraoy resulting in a
blue-ant hill. Usually there is no ocurae at all on revolutlcoary Cuba,
one of tho ma^or developmento of our lifetime, only 90 miles aoay.
PhUxieophy La not IxrtAx-^flte^ 5j) hov '#« vaaAar^kmni^ I li&t-aAone ohacge)
1004 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Gordon Exhibit No. 2 — Continued
tbo QorU, obljT In hoo to «vmd0 It. Utsrator* is ocoMnwd ulth form a3o2W.
Students JuQp frco mjor to najor ia ssajroh of relsvaiwy, tbon, findlne
it nouhesv, rithsr qolt or settle for bAoality. Ths unlvvralty Is doiag
Its Job, supplying the system with los»J, w©H-trained, Inteincent ser-
vants— uho are aioral, oultural and sooial OMras. Lest this Job prove
too ouoh of « burden f^ overstrained ooU«fi adodnistrations , it is
shared with other Institutions, from 1Si» bovIm to the Peaoe Corps.
Out of this uoderstaading of Ims^'S^Xism as reepensible for the
poverty of our lives, and out of tlw void of laaotion of the existing peaoe
and left groups cm the oonpuses, the Uay SDd Usvsaent oas formed, liaj
la oanpus based, atteoptlns to orfanise etuAants to fii^t the system and
not dooilely (or ©ciplntflyy aoeept It.
The amjor iss\ie faolng U.S. studeAts at this time is the uar against
the paople of Vietnam. This ver is also against the interests of the sti>
dents and almost' the* entire population of the Oaited States. Nine biUion
dollars has already been out from tba ever^deereaslng "peaoe" portion of
the federal budget. The war has been ueed aeninst steel corkers, who
were told that they nere not penaltted to strUce beoause of the "national
eraercenoy. " Hie Administration will deoand that blaok Amerioans stop
protesting in an attempt to oover aagry faoes with a mask of "national
unity",
liost people realize that the U.S. is not fighting for freedom and
deoooraoy In Vietnam, that the Vietnamese people eant nothing more than
the U.S. get out, no say to those who are being forosd to kill and die
for the Interests of imperialism— DON'T GO, The l&y 2nd Movement is
launohlng an anti^induotion campaign on the campuses. This oampal(7i
will orcanlze ezlatlng resiateaoe to the draft, based on ths refusal
to fight against the people of Vietnam, Elaoh campus and eeeh eoaiminity
should say, "No one fran this college ( or ooommlty) should be drafted".
Doolflratlona and literature will be oiroulated, fonans and meetings held,
demonstrations organized and acts of disobedience engaged in. The theme
will be "le 17CN'T GO."
i7e are beginning a program of approaching workers at the factory
gate to talk to them about the war in Vietnam 4Bid why it is agaiast the
interests of workers. This project comes out of the uiiderstanding that
whilo students make up an Important section of the population, industrial
workers taake, load and transport the goods, and are therefore the key for
stopplriij the vrar In Vietnam-- for stopping the whole system. JThile-
workers' qilltanoy has become more apparent in recent years, we realize
that orGanlzlng a radical workers' movement in this eountry is a long
range goal, and one that essentially must be done by workers. All the
more roason to bfgla projects now to Involve workers in the peace move-
memt and as aUlas of the student movement.
Some chapters of Say 2 plan campaigns to donate blood and other
medical old to the National Liberation FStont of South Vietnam, to oon-
orotoly ohow our support for national liberation struggles. Receiving
blood from U.S. college students will be a terrifio morale boost to the
Vlotriacsoso people. Collootlng pledges for blocd on oampus oan also show
whore thn A<Imlni.ntratlea st«n<lR, aq ool1*otlD({ for- elvll right* did at
Borkoley.
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1005
Gordon Exhibit No. 2— Continued
Vietnam Is not the mly slap in ^ha ftt09 Adinl&lAtored t« students
by U.S. foralgn poli&y. 5k>ring th» ■gasners ©f 1963 and 1964, 150 U.S.
students travell«d to Cuba to so* th» tt»«ai3S of a R»volutlon. Thay
went In splt« of a state department '^n" on tr«v«l to Cul». Evan worae,
they oame baok and tald saudents thrca^out the oovtotry, with their ex-
periences and with slides, that Cub* vae buUding a Just society. The
organizers of the trips ( including oeabers of U2U) faoo between five and
twenty years In Jail, We are now orgsinsiag defense for them on the cam-
puses. Wo must fight for our right to ty«vel anywhere and see for otirsel^s
what is happening — we dont find out in our o3Asaes and newspapers. The
ban on travel to Cuba (and China. North Korea, NorthVietnam, liberated
parts of south Vietnam , Albania; Is not an isolated Civil LlbiBrties issue.
It is part of the US goverEmont's policy of suppressing. people around
the w»rld, yighting against thsban is pert of our struggle for liberation.
This struggle is also being waged in the universities. Whatever
the immediate cause — libraries open 24 hours a day, free tuition, reali
teaching and learning — it oomes down to this; In whos« interest is the .
university run? Theirs or Ours? May 2nd chapters put forward the idea i^ik
that students must fight for control of their schools, and that by working
together we oan "jin fundamental changes in our day-to-<toy life,
A creative response to university mls-eduoation is the Rree Univer-
sity of New York. May 2nd supports the Free University and Mag 2nd members
in and around New York City participate in it as students and teachers.
We will work toward spreading the idea of P.U.N.Y, And h«lp in the initia-
tion of Free Universities in other areas.
Those aotlvitioo are the focus of our dally work of educating
and organizing; Talking to each person on oAmpus, going door to door,
literature tables- street rallies, speaking up in class about pertinent
issues.
Two special vehicles of education and agitation are the Free
Student and U2M study groups. Four issues of FS have already been pub-
lished so far and have sold over 70,000 aopies. It has become an impor-
tant voice of the student movement on many campuses, reaching hot only
activists, but thousands of students not in oontaot with thd movemnt in
any other way, FS has reported and analyzed the major student events:
Eerkoley, the ifaroh on Wastiington, "It has included long features on
Vietnam, C«ngo, Malays la -Indonesia, Columbia University (including a
coB-.iilote njndown on who the trustees are) and the right of travel to
Cuba, A regular feature has been the International Student column. The
editorials have analyzed tb student movement, the university, the war on
VlBtnam, the need &r a long term outlook in building a movement, and have
helped develop a oonsoiousnesa within the student movement^ FREE STUDENT
la sold by all U2M chapters and members, in addition to many friends and
o-lhor givAipe^ It 1b used In. -or^anizlng^^suppor^ ^nd r^orultdng new members.
1006 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Gordon Exhibit No. 2— Continued
Study aroupe, suoh &a an VlatEam, are ussaot for ledrning ohat la
vltftl but not tau^t uithia ths eehool. ?boy aro unlllte most olassoa,
^hero alleced exports provide descriptions cf thiagn for us to foed book
in tests. The menbers cf a study group ooss togetfcar to h»lp ©ooh other
Incroeso their understand Sng of areas tbey f«el aeossaary in order to be
bettor able to fight for sooiol change. The study growp develops an analysis
of events uhioh is not right or arong beoauea a professor says so, but is
Judged by ohother it aids in projeoting tJse a-^&tegy and tactics of political
struggle.
Our ideas Ijave to correspond to raality if ve are to orgoniss. largo
nunbors of pooplo to fight against a brutal system, Oe ore in the process
of doveloping an-".ftdeology baaod on anti-Imperialism end support for the
atruRglos of national liberation. To have an Ideology moans that no have
bollofs besod on studied understanding and analyeis of the uorld situatloi,
IVe p&t these beliefs foroard for dob&te and for tastliig, and if thoy ore
proven, oo base our actions upon them. Owr ideology enstlaa us to see
through events that oonfuso end mislead. I3sny people uho are against the
for in Vietnam, but uho ^ro "non-ideolcgical", are deceived by Johns oifs
peace offensive. They believe, beouaso ft would be nice If it uoro true,
that the administration's oalls for negotiations represent a real desire
to end the car. This, in spite of the tno years of pretense at negotiations
the U,S. enoagod in during the hardest fighting of the Korasn oar, and the
hypocrisy of calling for a rot\irn to the Geneva agreemeots, ohioh the U.S.
has— literally— violated in every possible oay,
ne reboot non-idoologpioal redioaliem, Thero is no such thing as
ncn-ldeology. Those uho have "no-ideology" cannot counter the prevailing
ideology — decaying liberalism. Only if the eembers of an orcanlzation
shore a consoious understanding of thdlr task, oaa they oork together
over a long period of tliae olthcut suspicion, distraoticn and oBnipulatlai,
Of oouras, organizations \3ith differing ideologlos can oork together for
oocmon goals.
rJhen the student protest movement refers to "the establish-
aent", ve are ant kidding. That which we are out te change— be it a
wol-roral+.j or- «. goy^rnaent— Is built on a tremendously powerful struc-
ture of rcaterlel and organization. The mcney and resources available
to it art iiLmonse. We will change nothing unless we organize oursalvfis ,
forg»» ourselves Into a united"" and disciplined force and iratoh the strength
1 ki'^ "ctabllshmont in confrontations.' We can, do so because cur strength
In based on people, not cash. U2M Is building an orgenlzatifin of students
tnat roTCPT.izes, and wrrks t« satisfy, our needs as students and as m<i\
and wrmiin. Those needs are inseparable from the worldwide struggle for
liberatlrn. One can choose to oppose this struggle, or to Join it.
To oppiipe it is to be a murderer. To Join together and fight to change
this itur-lorous society is the only way for any of us to live with de-
noricy and dignity. We will succeed when large numbers cf students haw
the Insight, the dedication and the will to organize theasolves, to J«in
th* str-if.^^iH wi+h otliar n^ot.lomu of th«». populAtlon, «nd to see it through.
September 1965
Moy TT.d Movement 640 Broadway New York City
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1007
Gordon Exhibit No. 3
May 2nd Movement Report #2 (New Style)
november 13tii rally
Oct. 30, 1965.
On October 16th 100,000 people marched (2.5,000 in New York; 15,000 in
Berlveley-Oakland) demanding an end to the Vietnam war NOW! This was a
great success for the anti-war movement. Following this the government and
the press, personally led by President Johnson, attack the movement, first SDS
then M2M. Because of this New York M2M decided to open the November 11th
rally to broader sponsorship and to change the date to Nov. 13, a Saturday, to
allow for a rally of several thousands of people. This has worked very well, as
the enclosed leaflet attests to, and the rally is now being entirely run by the broad
group of sponsorship.
Tills rally will be different from other rallies. Speakers will be part of a whole
presentation aimed at "programs for the further grov\i;h and organization of the
Vietnam war opposition, and to respond with unity to the attacks." A printed
leaflet, with a press run of 100,000 is planned in the next few days. People from
the New I'ork area and nearby cities interested in working on this important
rally should contact M2M at 212-982-5582 or SDS at 212-889-5793. Help is
needed especially on the publicity committee. People are needed for the defense
committee and for fund raising. LET'S KEEP GOING ! !
ANTI-DRAFT UNIONS
The October 24th meeting, announced and discussed in Report #1, was at-
tended by about 30 M2Mers — ^all from New York and New Jersey. The enclosed
press release dated October 26 outlines the decisions made at the meeting and
the general context within which it was decided it was best to discuss the draft.
The essential decisions were that anti-draft activity should be carried out
through the formation of independent Anti-Draft Unions, though some chap-
ters may decide that the situation on their campus calls for the work to be
done directly by M2M, and that a booklet should be written that discusses the
nature of Imperialist wars and why people don't want to fight in them. The
booklet would also discuss militarism and the various alternatives around the
draft issue and the legal situation on them. It would not advocate illegal acts
nor discuss the various ways of how "to cool the draft board."
"These Unions," the press release states, "will be independent and will decide
on their own programs. Ideas for such program include : demonstrations at
draft boards when a member of the Union is being forced to go into the army ;
.similar demonstrations in support of members who refuse to go into the army ;
demands on campus that the University cease all cooperation with the draft
board — that they hand over no grades or other information to the draft board
and that professors refuse to give in grades for this purpose — and that ROTO
Get Off the Campus ; if these campus demands are not met the Unions might
consider the organization of student strikes to support the demands ; that the
Unions approach High School students and tell them about the war in Vietnam
and about the different alternatives open to them on the draft." These should
not be conceived to mean that students should have special exemptions over any
other section of the population, but that all sections have to oppose the draft both
seperately [sic] and united.
It was thought that the basic thing is that anti-draft activity always be ex-
plained by our oi>position to the U.S. aggression in Vietnam, and that the main
issue is U.S. Get Out of Vietnam Now. "These Unions," the release continues,
"will not be able to get large numbers of young people out of the army. The
only way this will occur is when the whole system of U.S. economic and political
exploration, upon which the war in Vietnam is founded, is defeated."
WHY THE ATTACK?
The reason and timing of the attack is clear. Senator Stennis, Chairman of
the Armed Services Committee, has stated that the war in Vietnam will last 10
to 15 years. On October 15-16 the anti-war movement in this country showed
itself to be growing. Putting these two facts together the government, it would
seem, felt that it could no longer afford the democratic luxurary [sic] of a rela-
tively unhampered anti-war movement. This movement could be expected to
grow as the American people became increasingly weary of the Vietnam war in
the months and years to come. So the government acted.
1008 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
THE PRESS AND M2M
On Tuesday, October 26 the New York World-Telegram and Sun came out with
an 8 column banner headline — "Leflist [sic] Group Here Ships Supplies to Viet
Cong." The article by Jeremy Heymsfeld began : "A group of extreme left-wing
youths called the May Second Movement today is quietly shipping supplies to the
Communist Viet Cong. These remarkably ordinary looking young men and
women have become so alienate [sic] from the main stream of American and
Western life that they have turned to the hard-line communism of Peking for
their ideological inspiration. For them, anti-draft demonstrations or protests
against American policy in Vietnam are only means to an end. The end is violent
revolution and the recasting of American society in the image of Mao Tse-tung.
This is what I found during a week's service as a volunteer worker in the May
Second Movement headquarters here."
Tlie article went on to say that we are selling blood and sending the profits to
the Viet Cong, that we are training guerillas in Michigan and that we like the
C.P.U.S.A. because they keep the F.B.I, busy.
The truth is: as was reported in Report #1 the Stanford M2M chapter has
helped in the initiation of a Medical Aid for the Victims of U.S. Bombing in
Vietnam Committee, which has contacted the American, British and North Viet-
namese Red Crosses and the International Red Cross (which has given them the
go ahead). That no aid has been shipped of as yet and that it is not being
collected by M2M. The medical aid was to show the Vietnamese people that
not all Americans want to kill them, and to show our opposition to the U.S. gov-
ernment's war on Vietnam. Report #1 suggested that M2Mers might want to
sell their blood and send in the money for M2M for our outstanding printing bill ;
the original story in the New York Daily News on the training camp in Michigan
had it that it was run by SDS with M2M and Progressive Labor people
as advisors ; we support all groups, including the C.P.U.S.A. in the face of gov-
ernment attack — the U.S. government is the main enemy of peace in the world
and the F.B.I, is a police state organization.
The guy who wrote the story came into the office for two days (about an hour
and a half in all) .saying that he was against the war in Vietnam and wanted
to work with us. Most of the material — in fact all of the material — he used
were from public documents (the Stanford group had sent out a Press Prelease
[sic] when it began the project) .
Since that time we have been in the press and on either radio or TV every day
in the major metropolitan centers. At first they were mainly interested in Medi-
cal Aid, but now they are also interested in our total program. This is very
important — in speaking to the press we have tried to relate all our projects —
anti-draft, etc. — to why we are against the U.S. aggression in Vietnam. We
have attempted to turn all questions into our expousing our beliefs on the war
and on what Americans should do in opposing it. Support has been coming in
from other groups and from many people and our chapters are more active now
than they have ever been. More people are interested in M2M than ever, and
we have as much work for as many people as can work. Speaking engagements
have tripled (at least) .
Five reporters descended on Brian Keleher of the MSU chapter wanting to
know where the training camp was. The fuses in the national office were blown
and battery floodlights had to be used by the TV cameras that were here on
the 26th.
HOWARD U. M2M
As soon as the papers hit the stand Howard University temporarily suspended
the M2M chapter for "investigation." The chapter was reinstated the same day
after Prof. Bernard Fall and five other Howard profs protested to the Adminis-
tration. Viva Howard M2M.
MUHLENBERG COLLEGE, ALLENTOWN, PENNA.
This past week Russ Stetler showed an NLF film and spoke for an hour and a
half. Muhlenberg has a student body of 1,400. Russ spoke to 1,200 !
FREE STUDENT
No one has yet sent in the evaluation of FS (except Haverford). They are
badly needed to improve the paper for i.ssue #6. It is exceedingly important
that FS #5 be sold at all times. This is the main educational publication of
M2M and the more people it reaches the more we are heard !
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1009
Articles are needed for issue #6, including campus chapter activity and evalu-
ations of different Universities as was done with Columbia.
A special four-page issue of FS with statements by various student groups —
and paid for by the various groups — as an answer to the government attacks
and a declaration of opposition to the government war in Vietnam is being
considered.
FUNDS
We are in a desi>erate situation ! We owe over 2,000 dollars and have to come
up with it or we can't continue to publish FS or any offset work ! What is needed
now is :
1) Hold a party this week and send in some of the money for FS (as
well as the 5^ from sale
2) Ask people who are sympthetic to M2M to donate money either in a
lump sum or a set amount every week or month so that we can continue op-
posing the war in Vietnam even in the face of government attack.
3) If possible donate some money yourself either in a lump sum or even
better a set amount every week or month.
CUBA TRIPS TRIAL
The trial is over. Briefs are now being presented. Then there will be a reply
to the briefs and in the beginning of December oral arguments vi-ill be made.
The judge will decide and give his opinion probably by the beginning of January.
A special kit is being made up on the Trips and the Trials and Cuba and will be
sent out to the worklist this week under seperate [sic] cover.
NCCEWVN CONVENTION
The National Coordinating Committee to End the War in Vietnam, 341 West
Miflin, Madison, Wisconsin. The NCC will hold a convention in Washington on
November 25-28 and all campus and community groups can send two delegates
and as many observers as they want. An agenda will be sent out to the worklist
shortly.
All chapters that have not yet joined the NCC chould do so by writing to the
above address. For housing in AVashington — try to find your own (and if you
can find more space then needed contact : Wash. Comm to End War in VN, P.O.
Box 1924!), Washington, D.C., 20036. If you can't find housing also contact the
Washington Comm
WE NEED
Two desks and one typewriter were the answer to our call of what the National
Office needs. We still need at least one, preferably, two typewriters badly. If
you have a spare typewriter or know someone who does please contact Larry
Hecht in New York.
New Phone Number
The Nat. Office has a new phone number— (212) YU 2-55S2.
The enclosed WE WON'T GO button is still available at 25fi each or 150 each
in quantity. A new U.S. GET OUT OF VIETNAM button is being prepared.
Send orders in now.
SANE RALLY
The National Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy has called for a rally in
Washington, D.C. on November 27, during the NCC Convention. Many people
have expressed doubts as how to relate to this call. On the one hand they feel
that now more than ever is the time for unity on the left and in the anti-war
movement. They feel that v^^e must have all our rallies and demonstrations turn
out the most people possible. That split rallies and small turnouts will only
strengthen the hand of the government in its attacks on us and in its expansion of
the war. On the other hand they realize that it is SANE through its statement
that Communists would not be welcome at the rally that is splitting the move-
ment. Also they feel that the essence of SANE'S call is a misrepresentation of
the facts of the war — that the U.S. is not clearly labeled the only aggressor in
Vietnam and that negotiations are not labeled a part of Johnson phony "peace
offensive" that is a smokescreen fo?* his expansion of the war.
1010 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
A solution to this dilemma would be for us to go to the rally and the whole
NOG meeting in Washington under the slogans of November 13th— U.S. GET
OUT OF VIETNAM NOW, RESIST GOVERNMENT ATTACK ON PEACE
MOVEMENT, RESIST RED-BAITING, ORGANIZE AGAINST THE DRAFT.
In this way we do not split the movement by not attending and we make the
points that it is vital to make, that we put the blame for the war right where it
belongs, in the U.S.'s lap.
J.G.
May 2nd Movemnt [sic]
640 broadway, room 307
new york 12, new york
(212) YU 2-5582
No defense committees ! Let us continue the offensive against U.S. gov't's wars
of aggression. Right now the gov't attacks only expose their hypocracy — we
will grow on account of them (both in numbers and in understanding).
Gordon Exhibit No. 4-A
D«ar Mr. Chairman:
Thla la In reply to your letters of August I and August 2, 1966.
Your letter of August 1 requested copies of correepondenee with
the Medical Aid Cossnlttee and with the Comnlttee to Aid the Vlet-
Maiaese. The following letters are enclosed:
Letter dated December 23, 1965 from the Office of
foreign Assets Control to the Medical Aid CooKclttee,
Box 1128, Berkeley, California.
Letter dated Novemb&r 22, 196S from the Office of
Foreign Assets Control to Mr. Stanley Kedel, Chalr-
Bian, Cosamittee to Aid the Viet-Hamese, afz
University of Michigan, Ann Arbox, Michigan.
In addition, on October 29, 1965, raprasentatlvea of the Office
of foreign Assets Control called at the office of the May Second
Movement, Rooraa 305 and 307, &A0 Broadway, Hew York, New York. The
treasury representatives found Mr. Lawrence Hscht on the premises,
who indicated he was in charge of the office. He was advised that
the Treasury's Foreign Assets Control aagulatlona prohibit any remit-
tance of funde directly or indirectly to Horth Viat-Nam or nationals
thereof, Including the Viet Cong, in the absence of a license from
the Treasury Department. He wee further advised that these Regulations
also prohibit the ualicenaed sending of any eommodltlea whatever to
North Vlet-Nam or natioaelo thereof Including the Viet Cong. It was
specifically stated that the prohibition extended to the unlicensed
sending of blood or laedical supplies. During this conversation,
Mr. Jeffrey Gordon entered the office of the May Second Movement and
gave that as his address. He was likewise advised as to the appli-
cability of the Regulations to possible transactions with Morth Vtet-
Nam and the Viet Cong. Both persons were requested to convey this
Information to all branches and members of the May Second Movement.
You also ask for copies of correspondence with banks in the
Vnlted States concerning the blocking of $1,500 in the U. S. accounts
of the Ceskovslovenska Obehodni Bank. There are enclosed copies of
letters from the Treasury dated June 14, June 17 and June 23, 1966
to a West Coaat Sank and copies of their repliea dated June 16,
June 20, another letter dated June 20, and letters dated June 21 and
July 1, 1966.
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1011
Gordon Exhibit No. 4-A — Continued
Finally, you ask vhaChor the provisloQa of ch« Foreign Aaoeta
Control Ragulatlona apply to all financial and coasMrcial t^anaac-
tions between Indivlduala or groups in the United Stataa and the
International Red Croaa and/or the Aaerican Red Croat. The Foreign
Aasets Control Regulations do not apply to any transaction with
those agencies unless there is or has been a direct or indirect
Interest in the transaction of CoDBunlat China, North Korea, Rorth
Viet-Nam, or nationala thereof, on or since December 17, 1950 in the
case of Coomunist China and North Korea, aa^d on or since May 5, 196A
in the case of North Viet-Nam. The Regulations do prohibit persons
subject to the jurisdiction of the United Statea froa the unlicensed
sending of funds or supplies to either the An^rlcsn Red Cross or the
International Coaaittee of the Red Cross If th« funds or supplies are
ultimately destined to North Viet-Naia or nationals thereof. Including
the Viet Cong.
The Department's report on H. R. 12047 is being sent under sepa-
rate cover, and will no doubt reach you before the Coanittee's hear-
ings on the bill take place. Secretary Fowler has asked na to
represent the Treasury in this matter, and if you will notify me of
the dace you wish bm to appear and testify, I shall be happy to do so.
I trust this is the information you desire. If we. can be of
further assistance, please feel free to call on us*
Sincerely,
Fred B. Sisiith
General Counsel
Honorable Kdwin E. Willis
Chairman, Comnittec on
Un-American Activities
House of Representatives
Washington, D. C, 20515
Enclosures
1012 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAB
GoEDON Exhibit No. 4-B
NO. 53830
jRcslfetered Mail
Betum Receipt Requeat^d
DEC 15 )3t5
Medical Aid Coanltte*
P.O. Box 1128
Berkelay, California
Doar |Sl7«>
The Americs^ National Bed Cross has 'brought to our attention
your letter to than of November 23^ 19<35> signed by Vtr, Stephen Fox
as oo-chaliman. iour letter relates to the direct or IMirsct
sending of supplies nnd/or funds for the jwrohaae of eupplies
ultimately deotlned for delivery to North Vlet-Ilea or the so-called
National lAberation Fro^it of Smith Vlet-Mam.
Your attention is directed to the provisions of tha Treaeisry
Department's Poreien Aseeta Control Regulations, a copy of -whica
Is enclosed. Thesa Regulations prohi'bit 2>arson8 subject to the
Jurisdiction cf the United States fi-'jm engaging in any unlicensed
transaction directly or indirectly vith North Viet-Nnm> its people,
or its agents, vheravor located. This would include transcettcns
with the 80"callad National Libaretion Front. Theee Resulatlona,
which are Issued under the authority of the Trodlna with the Eneay
Act, have the effect of prohibiting Americans from the unlicensed
sending of any inoaay or supplies directly or indirectly to Eorth
Vldt-Nem or to tba Viet Cong.
5?h6 penalties for vlllful vlolatlcna of these Reguletlons include
us> to ten years Isprlaoiscent end/or ;^10,000 fine for each offense.
Vary truly yours.
(Mr«.) Margaret V, Schvartz
Director
£aclo8ur9
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1013
Gordon Exhibit No. ^C
fteeX&tav^ J'Sall
{^. 8t&nl«ry Badalj Chalraea
Cc^E£itt69 to Aid the Vl«t gaaMMk
c/o Uaireralty of HicMsaik
tear &lri
Sh«r« has eosa to i^e Bttmtloa of iltls offica ft raeent naetspeper
eriield vltlj ea ccoac^paaylfls 3E»I»tc^rr8s>lj aS ycsara^lT iiaaic&tlns that ym ara
lo poeseseloo cf ti t^usatlty of |«at9,'se BUapg (!lAacrli(e4 tut Vict Cosja «t«Bpa»
It is cur ^aAitvsiwT^ixi^ tb&t oo-eaUc^ Vict Cocq. ete::pa ear** in f«ct» otecps
Isi^iM by aorta Vlet-i'a-a bc«jK>rla<5 tho Vle^ Coi^. #'« ;?om tsay kQOv# there hatr»
blisa beea ?eciMit »t&t6?^7tta in tb« ttcv^pspt^s tttat ytfu. iitnr* ea4« or propoea
to Bt&b» BORdtery eoatri-butieos to tba Viot Coag*
&• trwuwry Bepartsisat*© tos^-ir-A Assets CoaU«l tt«galEtteaa, a. copy of
vhleh 1« «aclc3sat prchiblt persjoaa raUJfiot to tba ^arlsdlctloa of tUo Uolted
Statoe froB ea^^ina In Kvy uftliceascd trpnsactloa filrostly or inaircctly
vlth tiarth Vlet-iJas, Ita p«c?jilo» or il» pc*?et?«» v^revw lo«»tca, T^ils umilA
iiiftluda tranfiactlojw vlt!j tDe eK>»eall^i JJfttloa-\l lifcoratlea J-'ront. Ybsso
Beauliitioaa, vhlch ere ioittj^ undor tSa taitharity of titS Tr&Hnjt vlth tim
TBoBoy &c%t itwt& tlio effsct of prolilbitiag /■jssrlQoaa fnxt tb» uolietftriei^
eoodltis OS any corny or 6U|ipiUes directly or ios^tractly to Sortb Ti«t»aK
or to tbo ?iet Cas^t
TtMt Per«lgQ Aaseto Control f^alctlon* slflo i-rcMblt jwrfioas eu&^eet tft
tSj9 Jvuriadictioa of tiio UaltM Stetes frca RaHi?3e ualicsased jurciMneao ftlnro«4
or iEportatioas Iftto tUo United Btntea of Skoy Kerchtw^ioa cf ll^'th Vtot«lfea«e»
crlijln, lacludlAS p03tec« 6t«tj!8» toreavcr, porocws Miso iRjiy or e«ll ta tJ»
tJttltod £tste» St«E!p» of Korth Viet-Efmass cfi^s sjaj- wail t«cQ»e tn«>l«d la
violatlontj of tho J!3ii\ilit1,oos or tlua reli>Yuat Custosas law« tarou^Ji tbair
ftcrtUlEitioa or mf^ of ainreiasaaii^a vlilcii Jieo tjC'SJi Jag^Mted lato tio yait^
Statoo contrtsiry to ^v^* {
Vaa jp-ssaltled for vlUful vlol&tloos of tt^so Ite^alAtlonA loolvtis «9 to
i^A^irs i^i:isoaaan% ea&/&r ilD,<XQ tias for each offorioe.
V«ry truly yosurt^
t!argarp{V/.Sca>y3rt»
(yirs*} i^iHi&ret V. Sclwarts
IDiroctor
Sitoloatr^
1014 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Gordon Exhibit No. 4-D
No. 5389Q
Reslnterad Itoil 1fBC'Jl$ l<^tS
KetuTO "Rooalpt Requested *^
Steaford Coraaittfte for Kedioal
Aid to Vlatnem
c/o Stanford Unlveroitjr
Palo Alto, California
l>esn' Bin
There hoe cotne to ths attention of this offioa a recent rsporb
that ths StEuiford Coraiaitteo for liadicai Aid to Vietnaa propoees 1»
Bend money or blood eupplies to llorth Viet-Hara or tha Viet Cong,
.The Treasiiry DdportEient^s Foreign Ass^ats Contsrol BegulCvtiOna, a
copy Of irtiich is enclooed, prohibit poraor.s sutject to tha Juriadiction
of the United States frai eiieagina in ejiy \mUcenced tranoExotion directly
or indirectly vith I/orth Vlet-riam, its people, or its acentSj vherever
located. This would includo transactlomi vd.th the sjO"called HationEl
Liberation Front. These Resulatioos, vliich are issvied under ths
authority of tho Trading with the Uneasy Act, have the effect of pro-
hibiting /juericans frrai tha vmlicensed eendin^ of aiiy money or exippllea
dis-cctly or indirectly to IJorth Viot-IIaas or to the Viet Cong.
The peioaltiea for villfal violations of these ReiTulatlono induda
up to ten years linprieonment ead/'or $10,000 fliso for each offense.
Veary truly yours,
(lira.) Margaret W. Sclwartz
Director
Enclosure
/
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1015
Gordon Exhibit No. 5
[Vietnam Courier, May 19, 1966, No. 59]
Do N
To
VIefi
THE U.S. weekly Challenge
on April iq published
the. following anti-war letter
handed out by an American
youth. Brooklyn College
student Jeff Gordon, at the
White Hall Army Induction
Center, New York :
WE are being drafted into the
army. Many of us are to
fight in the jungles of Vietnam.
This war is very unpopular in
the United States and around the
world. Many people think it's
an unjust war, not like World
War II, when we were fighting
the nazis. Let's look at the
facts !
The Geneva Agreements of
T954, which the United States
agreed not to violate, calls for
two main things :
I. Free elections throughout
Vietnam by 1956 and,
1. No foreign troops, planes,
or bases to be introduced into
Vietnam after 1954.
What's happened to these two
points ?
On point one — no free elec-
tions were held in 1956. The
South Vietnam govermnent...
refused to hold the elections.
President Eisenhower said in
his memoirs... that if the elec-
tions had been held he thought
and all his advisors thought
that the North Vietnam leader
Ho Chi Minh... would have
gotten at least 80 per cent of the
the vote.
On point two — there are over
200,000 U.S. troops * illegally
stationed in Vietnam today .Even
the State Department says there
are no Chinese or Russian combat
troops in Vietnam. Our troops
are in Vieinatn in violation of
international law. Few of our
allies art willing to support us.
We^^are being sent 9,000 miles
away to fight for a '"govern-
ment " (whichever one it is
now) that you can see from,
the nevjspapers and TV hardly
has any support from the
Vietnamese people — religious
leaders, peasants, or unionists.
GI's that come back from Viet-
nam tell us that we are fighJing
against the people of .Vietnam.
To say that we are fighting to
support a free an^ popular,
government in Vietnam has
become a tragic joke.
And as we fight, kill, and
die in Vietnam, the big owners
of major defense industries in
the United States make more
and more money — for each
helicopter shot down, they build
another one. Secretary of Defense
McNamara , one of the big
pushers of this war, recently
was pTf-sident of Ford Motors,
which has tens of millions of
dollars in government defense
contracts.
Recently, when there was talk
of peace in Vietnam, the stocck
market went down ! Peace
means less profits, war means
more. That is why they send
us over to destroy and be
destroyed.
(*) At present 250,000 troops
1016 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Mr. Pool. The subpenaed witnesses will be here, report to the com-
mittee tomorrow morning at 10 o'clock. The meeting is adjourned
until 10 o'clock tomorrow morning.
(Whereupon, at 5 :30 p.m., Tuesday, August 16, 1966, the subcom-
mittee recessed to reconvene at 10 a.m., Wednesday, August 17, 1966.)
HEARINGS ON H.R. 12047, H.R. 14925, H.R. 16175, H.R.
17140, AND H.R. 17194— BILLS TO MAKE PUNISHABLE
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN TIME OF UNDE-
CLARED WAR
Part 1
WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 17, 1966
United States House of Representatives,
Subcommittee of the
Committee on Un-American Activities,
Washington, D.G.
PUBLIC hearings
The subcommittee of the Committee on Un-American Activities
met, pursuant to recess, at 10 a.m., in the Caucus Room, Cannon House
Office Building, Washington, D.C., Hon. Joe R. Pool (chairman of
the subcommittee) presiding.
(Subcommittee members: Representatives Joe R. Pool, of Texas,
chairman ; Richard H. Ichord, of Missouri ; George F. Senner, Jr., of
Arizona ; John M. Ashbrook, of Ohio ; and John H. Buchanan, Jr., of
Alabama. Alternate member: Representative Del Clawson, of
California.)
Subcommittee members present: Representatives Pool, Ashbrook,
and Buchanan, and also Representative Clawson, alternate member.
House Members also present: Representatives Wayne L. Hays, of
Ohio; Robert C. McEwen, of New York; Seymour Halpem, of New
York; Fred B. Rooney, of Pennsylvania; Paul J. Krebs, of New
Jersey ; Horace R. Koniegay, of North Carolina ; Delbert L. Latta, of
Ohio ; Jolin C. Culver, of Iowa ; John W. Wydler, of New York ; and
Elf ord A. Cederberg, of Michigan.
Staff members present: Francis J. McNamara, director; William
Hitz, general comisel; Alfred M. Nittle, counsel; Donald T. Appell,
chief investigator ; and Ray McComion, Jr., Herbert Romerstein, and
Philip R. Manuel, investigators.
Mr. Pool. The meeting is called to order.
The cameramen will please take their equipment outside and the tape
recorder also. I want to first instiiict the officers that if there is any
defacing of Government property on the outside of this hearing room
or inside, especially out in the halls, that I have talked to the Speaker
of the House and he agrees with me that these people who deface the
walls in any manner should be arrested and charged with defacing
public property. I expect you to make arrests when you see that
going on even though it is not inside the hearing room.
Call the first witness, Comisel.
1017
67-852—66 — pt. 1 8
1018 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Mr. NriTLE. Would Richard Mark Rhoads please come forward?
Mr. Pool. The Chair wishes to welcome Congressmen Wayne Hays,
Robert McEwen, Sy Halpern, Fred Rooney, and Paul Krebs. We are
glad to have you here with us this morning.
The witness will stand and be sworn.
Raise your right hand. Do you solemaily swear that the testimony
you are about to give wdll be the truth, the w^hole truth, and nothing
but the truth, so help you God?
Mr. RiioADS. I came to the committee to tell as much of the truth
as I can before being interrupted by this committee.
Mr. Pool. Do you solemnly swear that the testimony you are about
to give will be the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth,
so •
Mr. RiiOADS. I so affirm.
Mr. Pool. Do you affirm that the testimony you are about to give
will be the trutli, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth ?
Mr. RiiOADS. I affirm.
Mr. Pool. Proceed.
TESTIMONY OF RICHAED MARK RHOADS, ACCOMPANIED BY
COUNSEL, IRA GOLLOBIN
Mr. NiTixE. Mr. Rhoads, would you state your full name for the
purposes of the record:
Mr. Rhoads. Before answering the first question, I would like to
register some objections to this entire proceeding. May I do so at
this time?
Mr. NiTTLE. You will address your request to the chairman, please.
Mr. Pool. Go ahead.
Mr. Rhoads. Mr. Chairman, may I make some objections to the
entire proceedings?
]Mr. Pool. Identify yourself.
Mr. Rhoads. Will I then be allowed to object to the proceeding?
I^Ir. Pool. Yes.
Mr. Rhoads. My name is Richard M. Rhoads.
Mr. NiTixE. Are you represented by coimsel ?
Mr. Rhoads. Yes.
Mr. NiTTLE. Would counsel identify himself for the record?
Mr. GoLLOBiN. Ira Gollobin from New York City.
Mr. NiTTLE. Where do you live, Mr. Rhoads ?
Mr. Rhoads. I live at 307 Eastern Parkw^ay, Brooklyn, New York.
Mr. Pool. All right, you can state 5' our objections now.
Mr. Rhoads. Opposition in our country to the Johnson adminis-
tration war of genocide in Vietnam is enormous and still growing
in Vietnam.
Mr. N1TT1.E. Now, Mr. Chairman, I must object.
Mr. Pool. I don't mind you making objections, but I don't want
you making speeches. Just state your objections, and we will con-
sider them.
Mr. Rhoads. I am stating my objection. I will continue.
In the face of militant opposition at home and revolutionary action
in Vietnam, Johnson resorts to escalation
Mr. NiTTLE. Now, Mr. Chairman, I must object again.
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1019
Mr. Pool. You are not responding. I told you to state your ob-
jection.
Mr. Rhoads. I am stating my objection.
Mr. Pool. You are making a speech.
Mr. Rhoads. I am stating my objection.
In our country
Mr. NiTTLE. These are not legal objections, Mr. Rhoads.
Mr. Pool. Ask the next question, Mr. Nittle.
Mr. Rhoads. I am stating my objection.
Mr. Nittle. Stat-e the time and place of your birth.
Mr. Rhoads. I msist on the right to state my objection.
Mr. Pool. What is the question, Mr. Nittle ?
Mr. NriTLE. State the time and place of your birth.
Mr. Rhoads. If the coimnittee will not allow me to state the politi-
cal basis for my objections, I will go on to the legal ones.
Mr. Nittle. State the time and place of your birth, please.
Mr. Rhoads. I am continuing my objection.
Mr. Pool. I direct you to answer the question.
Mr. Rhoads. I am perfectly willing to answer this question, but I
want to make my legal objections to this hearing.
Mr. Pool. Go ahead. If you will make your objections in a short
form, I will listen to them ; I am not going to listen to a speech.
Mr. Rhoads. I object to answering any questions of this committee
on the ground that Public Law 601, 79th Congress, 60 Statutes 812,
Rule XI, authorizing the Committee on Un-American Activities "to
make * * * investigations of the extent, character, and objects of mi-
American propaganda activities in the United States" violates the
Constitution in that the statute is ambiguous and vague, the term "un-
American propaganda activities" being nowhere defined and being in
fact incapable of precise definition and obscuring the fact that there
are not one, but two kinds of mi-American activities : first, those that
the vast majority of the American people deem un-American, such as
midemocratic
Mr. Pool. State your objection.
Go on and state your objections and answer the question.
Mr. Rhoads. - — and, secondly, those deemed un-American by a small
minority of the wealthy privileged, who condone escalating the Viet-
nam war
Mr. Pool. This is argumentative also. State your objection.
Mr. Rhoads. — by their political position and that of the Johnson
admmistration and members of this committee.
I further object to answering any questions of this committee on
the ground that the statute on its face, and as applied by the House
Un-American Activities Committee during the past 20 years, and
especially today its harassment of those opposing the Vietnam
war
Mr. Nittle. Mr. Chairman, this is not a legal argument; it is a
diatribe.
Mr. Pool. State your objections.
Mr. Rhoads. If I continue, it will be very clear that it is a legal
argument.
Mr. Pool. Do you take the fifth amendment?
1020 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Mr. Rhoads. I am not answering a question; I am making an
objection.
Mr. PooT-.. I am going to direct yon for the last time.
Mr. EiiOADS. There is no question on the floor,
Mr. Pool. He just asked you a question.
Mr. GoLLOBiN. Mr. Chairman, you did give him permission to make
a legal objection.
Mr. AsiiBROOK. He is not doing it.
Mr. GoLLOBiN. In terms of the amendments.
Mr. Pool. All right, you can make your objection.
Mr. Rhoads. Its harassment of Vietnam is repugnant to freedom
of speech.
Mr. AsHBRooK. Mr. Chairman— —
Mr. Pool. If you have objections, this is the last time I am going to
give you a chance to make them, and the record will show this. Now
make your objection right now and if you have a fifth amendment
objection, state it right now, because I am going on to the next question.
Mr. RiiOADS. Is repugnant to the freedom of speech, assembly,
association.
Mr. AsHBRooK, Mr. Chairman
Mr. Rhoads. I am quoting from the Bill of Rights ; this is part of
my legal objection. Am I not entitled to do so ?
Mr. Pool. Make your objection.
Mr. RpiOADS. Guaranteed to the people by the Bill of Rights and
Mr. AsHBROOK. Mr. Chairman, this witness is here subject to
Mr. Pool. For the last time, I direct you to answer the question.
Mr. AsHBROOK. I submit this witness is recalcitrant and we dismiss
him and call him back when he wants to contain himself.
Mr. Pool. I am giving him an opportunity to answer the question
for the last time.
Mr. Ajshbrook. He is not quoting from any amendment that is
applicable.
Mr. Rhoads. I have further grounds for objection.
Mr. Pool. It better come forth pretty quick.
Mr. Rhoads. I decline to answer on the ground that this committee
is at present illegally constituted and that at least one of its members,
the Congressman from Alabama
Mr. Pool. That has been ruled on before, time and again, and it is
invalid, so go on to the next objection.
Mr. Rhoads. I have further objection to this committee's entire
hearing and answering any questions before this committee. I object
to the fact that the statement of purpose that this committee handed
to me yesterday morning, the fact that thej'' handed it to me only
yesterday morning; that this is not a serious legislative committee,
but a circus intended to harass
Mr. Pool. All right. Now, Mr. Nittle, ask the next question. I
have given him plenty of chance.
Mr. Rhoads. I have further grounds.
Mr. NiTTi.E. Would you relate the extent of your formal education?
Mr. Rhoads. Will you repeat the question ?
Mr. NrrTLE. Would you relate the extent of your formal education ?
Mr. Pool. I want to direct to the witness' attention that failure to
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1021
answer questions of this committee could possibly, in my opinion,
properly subject you to contempt.
[Laughter.]
Mr, Rhoads. Is that a threat?
Mr. Pool. No ; I am just pohiting it out to you.
Mr. Rhoads, I see,
Mr. Pool. Go ahead, Mr. Nittle, ask the question again,
Mr. Nittle. What schools did you attend and when and what
degrees have you received, if any ?
Mr. RiioADS, My greatest education has been provided
Mr, Nittle, I asked you what schools you attended; I didn't ask
you for a speech.
Mr. RiiOADs. I am going to tell you.
In the last few years I have been attending what you might call a
school of life known as the (?) in the United States, For
instance, in Times Square in New York City
Mr. Nittle, If the chairman pleases, I think the witness is being
in contempt here,
Mr, Pool. Answer the question,
I direct you to answer the question.
Mr. RiiOADS. I am answering the question in my own way and
Mr. AsHBROOK. The question was formal education, Mr. Chairman.
I believe you would know that means an institution of higher leaiTiing
or a secondary school.
Mr. RiioADS. I am presently a full-time student at City College in
New York. At City College last June the students of the whole
school were miable to
Mr, Pool. Answer the question. You are not entitled to make a
speech. Just answer the questions.
Mr. Nittle. Wliat is your present occupation ?
Mr. RiioADs. I am a student.
[Laughter.]
Mr. Pool. Next question.
Mr. Nittle. Do you have any other occupation ?
Mr. Rhoads. I have answered that question.
Mr. NiTi'LE. Mr. Rhoads, do you receive a source of income from
any employment or source?
Mr. Rhoads. ^Yhy dicbi't you ask that question of the fink that
testified yesterday, what was his source of mcome ?
[Applause.]
Mr. Pool. Answer the question.
Officers, if there are any more demonstrations, remove the people
who are demonstrating and they will not be allowed back in the room.
If necessary, we will clear the whole room if we can't have orderly
proceedings in this hearing,
Mr, NnTLE, Mr. Rhoads, in a passport application filed by you on
April 21, 1965, for travel to Algeria, you set forth your occupation as
that of editor. Do you still have that occupation either part or full
time ?
Mr, Rhoads. May we see the document, please ?
(Document handed to witness and counsel.)
Mr. NiTTivE. Ai'e you the
1022 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Mr. RiiOADS. I am still conferring with my attorney.
Mr. NiTTLE. Mr. Chairman, I suggest that the witness has had ade-
quate time to confer with his counsel.
Mr. Pool. Is the witness ready ?
Mr. RiioADS. Would you repeat the question, please ?
Mr. NiTTLE. I stated that in a passport application filed by you with
the Department of State on April 21, 1965, by which you sought a
passport for travel to Algeria, you set forth your occupation as that
of editor.
Mr. Rhoads. Wliat is the question ?
Mr. NiTTLE. Are you presently the editor of any publication of the
Progressive Labor Party ?
Mr. RiioADS. No.
(Document marked "Rhoads Exhibit No. 1" and retained in com-
mittee files.)
Mr. NiTTL-E. Are you presently the editor of Free Student^.
Mr. Rhoads. Free Student is an anti-imperialist newspaper.
Mr. NiTTLE. I say are you presently— — ■
Mr. Rhoads. Of which I am on the editorial board.
]Mr. NiTTLE. You are. Do you receive any remuneration for your
services to the Free Student ?
Mr. Rhoads. You are getting back onto this dangerous area of
Mr. Pool. I direct you to answer the question.
Mr. Rhoads. Unlike some people who are paid agents of various
Government agencies and would only do it for the fact they get paid,
I am a vohmteer worker for the Free Student.
Mr. Pool. Ask the next question.
Mr. NiTTLE. Mr. Luce testified yesterday that during his period of
membership in the Progressive Labor Movement and the May 2nd
Movement, that you were then both a member of the Progressive
Labor Movement and a member of the national executive committee
of the May 2nd Movement. Was his testimony truthful ?
Mr. Rhoads. It seems to me there are several questions in that ques-
tion. Could you break it down to one question at a time?
Mr. NiTTLE. Were you a member of the Progressive Labor Move-
ment between the period July 1961 and January 1965?
Mr. Rhoads. I am very proud to state that right now as I sit here
before this committee I am a member of the Progressive Labor Party.
Mr. Pool. Next question. That is sufficient.
Mr. NiTTLE. Were you a member
Mr. Pool. Mr. Nittle, what is the objective of the Progressive Labor
Party?
I am addressing that to the witness.
Mr. NiTrLE. Mr. Rhoads, the chaimian is addressing a question to
you.
Mr. Rhoads. Oh, is that to me? What is the objective of the Pro-
gressive Labor Party ?
Mr. Pool. That is right.
Mr. Rhoads. Let me read to you from the preamble of the constitu-
tion of the Progressive Labor Party in an attempt to answer that
question from a document of our party :
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1023
The great American dream of "life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness"
has been turned by a ruthless regime into a nightmare of death, destruction
and the pursuit of dollars. On behalf of the tens of millions of our fellow citizens
who have seen their dream betrayed —
This is from our founding convention.
In the midst of the corruption and terror of the past — and the present — we
have come together to plant the flag of the future.
Even as we meet, the rulers of our nation are sending off more planes, bombs,
guns and gases in a desperate effort to paralyze the progress of history, to
terrorize and destroy those around the world who hold freedom more dear
even than life when life means slavery. At home, these same rulers enforce a
society of fear with police dogs, cattle prods and prisons.
The most hated government in the world today is the government of our
country. In the remotest corner of the earth, the initials U.S.A., which once
stood for hoije, have replaced the crooked cross of nazi Germany as the symbol
of tyranny and death.
Yet there is another U.S.A. : the U.S.A. which once declared to the world "that
whenever any form of government becomes destructive ... it is the right of
the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new government laying
its foundations on such principles, and organizing its powers in such forms, as
to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness." (Declara-
tion of Independence) ; the U.S.A. of the men and women who sweat in factories
to produce goods, of the housewives who struggle to keep the homes and raise
the children, of the students, artists and honest intellectuals who want desper-
ately to create new beauty for life and not bombs and billboards for death.
It is for this U.S.A., often fooled, sometimes silenced, but still seeking a better
life, that we meet today. This U.S.A., in the ghetto streets and tenements will
not go along with the gas chamber plans of this country's ruling class. This
U.S.A., beaten down time and again, deceived and denied, is still ready to organ-
ize and to resist. And it is to build that organization and that resistance that
we launch our Party today.
*******
With the birth of our new Party, we dedicate ourselves to end those fears
and those troubles. We resolve to build a revolutionary movement with the
participation and support of millions of working men and women as well as
those students, artists, and intellectuals who will join with the working class
to end the profit system which breeds those fears and those troubles. With
such a movement, we will build a socialist U.S.A., with all power in the hands
of the working people and their allies.
We recognize that the fight wil be long and hard. The kings, queens and
bishops of modern finance capital and their political pawns have made it clear
they will use every form of force and violence in their desperation to hold onto
their stolen billions. We will be prepared to continue the struggle on whatever
level and with whatever forms are necessary. Surrender is a word we will
not know.
To win, we will have to work closely together, disciplined by the urgency
of the goal before us ; we will have to study and learn to utilize our communist
principles and the science of Marxism-Leninism to evaluate honestly our own
sti-engths and weaknesses and those of the enemy at each new stage of the
campaign.
Regardless of personal sacrifice, we resolve to demonstrate through constant
organized action that the struggle can be carried — and won — to defeat the pres-
ent system of war and oppression ; that the working class can — and will — control
its own destiny.
We know full well that with this resolve we fix our fates in a future of fire.
Yet we know, too, that from the very flames of our fight — the fight of all honest
working people, students, housewives and intellectuals of our country and the
world — a new society shall be built — in which our children, our children's chil-
dren, and the billion, billion children to come will never be forced to hunger for
food or shelter or love — a new society without exploitation of man by man, a
society, a nation, a world of revolutionary socialism.
To this end, we here resolve to give our every energy, our resources, and
our lives.
1024 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
[Applause.]
Mr. Pool. Then it is the objective of the Progressive Labor Party
to bring a Communist government to the United States; is that
correct ?
Mr. Rhoads. We intend to figlit by every democratic means possible
that the allegedly and correctly called democratic government of this
country will allow us to fight to make this a socialist country, because
that is what the people of the United States need. In a socialist
United States there will be no need to pursue wars of aggression like
the present genocide against the peoj^le of Vietnam and the American
people.
Mr. AsHBROoK. He did not respond to the question, Mr. Chairman.
Mr. Pool. I know, but he did not deny the purpose of the party
was to bring a Communist government to the United States.
Mr. EiioADs. The objective of the Progressive Labor Party is to
fight in the best interests of the people of the United States.
Mr. AsHBRooK. Mr. Chairm.an, in his own words he referred to "our
Communist philosophy" or something of that sort. It was "our Com-
munist." Is that what you meant to say, or are you denying it now?
Mr. RiTOADS. Are you trying to ask me whether I am a Communist
or not ?
Mr. AsHBROOK. You are asking the question. Answer mine.
Mr. Pool. You can answer that if you want to.
Mr. Rhoads. I certainly am.
Mr. Pool. I don't have to ask you the next question, then.
[Laughter.]
Mr. Pool. Do you advocate the overtlirow of the United States Gov-
ernment by force and violence ?
Mr. Rhoads. You gentlemen have some nerve to use "violence" when
you are talking about wdiat we advocate, because the United States
Government is the prime user of violence against the people of the
United States.
Mr. Pool. You are not responsive to my question.
Mr. Rhoads. I am completely responsive to your question.
Mr. Pool. Do you advocate the overthrow of tlie LTnited States Gov-
ernment by use of force and violence ?
Mr. Rhoads. We believe in the American people taking power in
their own country by the use of every democratic means possible.
You gentlemen and the much more powerful gentlemen that you repre-
sent are the ones that consistently stand in the way of tliat, and always
have in the liistory of our country, that violate the Constitution every-
day of the week, that show your true beliefs about violence by using
the most hideous genocidal violence against the people of Vietnam and
by sacrificing the blood of the American people to carry that out and by
using hideous violence against Negro people in Washington, D.C.,
and all over the United States.
Mr. AsiiBRooK. Mr. Chairman, I wonder if the witness would re-
spond to two questions without making a speech. If he is against
overthrow by force and violence, what would be his position on the.
ruthless manner in which the Russians overcame the Hungarian re-
bellion ? It appears that force and violence seems to
Mr. Rhoads. We are employed by force and violence and we are
fighting to keep a society that will never again see force and violence.
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1025
However, when the forces of mjustice and racism and coming fascism
use force and violence against the American people and we
Mr. AsuBRooK. We are talking about Hungary.
Mr. RiioADS. We are undivided in North even though the North
found it necessary to use force and violence against slavery.
Mr. Pool. I think that the American people are sufficiently informed
now as to the forces behind these movements, and your testimony is
very helpful in letting the American people know how serious this
movement is to our security. The witness is now excused permanently.
Mr. Rhoads. Get out of Vietnam now.
[Applause.]
Mr. Pool. Call the next witness.
The committee will take a 5 -minute recess.
(A^liereupon, a brief recess was taken.)
Mr. Pool. The committee will come to order.
The Chair wishes to acknowledge the presence of, and welcome to
the committee room, Congressmen Kornegay, Latta, Culver, Wydler,
and Cederberg. We appreciate your being here and laiow that you
are enjoying the proceedings.
Counsel, call the next witness.
Mr. NiTTLE. Would Mr. Philip McCombs come forward ?
Would Philip A. McCombs come forward ?
Mr. Pool. Stand and be sworn.
Do you solemnly swear that the testimony you are about to give will
be the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you
God?
Mr. McCoMBS. Yes.
Mr. Pool. Go ahead, counsel.
TESTIMONY OF PHILIP ALGIE McCOMBS
Mr. Nittle. Would you state your full name for the record, please ?
Mr. McCombs. Philip Algie McCombs.
Mr. Nittle. Would you state the date and place of your birth ?
3.1r. McCombs. The place was Ogdensburg, New York, July 20,
1944.
Mr. Nittle. Would you relate the extent of your formal education?
Mr. McCombs. I just graduated from Yale 'University. Next year
I will be a student at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced Interna-
tional Studies in Washington.
Mr. NiTPLE. What is your occupation in addition to your attendance
at that school ?
Mr. McCoMBS. I am a journalist employed by National Review
magazine.
Mr. Nittle. Did you have occasion to attend what was known as
the Assembly of Unrepresented People in Washington in August of
1965 ?
Mr. McCoMBS. Yes, sir. I covered that at the assignment of the
editors of the magazine and wrote an article about it.
Mr. Nittle. Would you briefly state what that assembly was ?
Mr. McCombs. The Assembly of Unrepresented People was a gath-
ering of leftists in Washington to protest United States involvement
1026 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
in Vietnam. They were here on the aimiversary of Hiroshima and
demonstrated in front of the White House, in front of the Pentagon,
and ai'oimd the Washington Monument.
Mr. NrrrLE. Did they come liere with the further purpose to issue a
so-called Declaration of Conscience i
Mr. McCoMBS. Yes, sir, they did.
Mr. NiTrLEi. Do you recall in substance what the Declaration of
Conscience urged or provide for ''i
Mr. McCoMBS. I believe the Declaration of Conscience urged that
young men of draft age refuse to serve in the armed services. I may
be incorrect in some of the fine points, but I think that was the main
tlirust.
Mr- NiTTLE. Did you attend any of the meetings, rallies, or seminars
conducted by the assembly ^
Mr. McCoMBS. Yes; 1 attended tlie seminars that took place over
the weekend and participated in the rallies, and so forth. I became,
for the purposes of learning the psychology and activities of these
groups, a member of the groups, thinking that was the only way that
I could come to a true understanding of what they were about.
Mr. NiTTLE. How many days did this assembly take place '^
Mr. McCoMBS. I believe from August 6 to 9 ; that would be 3 or
4 days.
Mr. NiiT^xE. Now, did you attend the assembly during that })eriod ?
Mr. McCoMBS. Yes, sir ; for the entire period.
Mr. NirrLE, Now, in the course of your attendance, did you come
in contact with a person named Walter Dorwin Teague III?
Mr. McCoMBs. Yes, sir, I believe I did.
Mr. KiNoy. I object, Mr. Chairman. As one of tlie attorneys for
Walter Teague, wdio is present in the hearing room, I object to any
testimony about him in open session. I also object if I am not given
the American right to cross-examine this witness in reference to any
statement about Mr. Teague, and I ask for a ruling on both of my
requests.
Mr. Pool. I believe you made the same objection yesterday; is that
correct ?
Mr. KiNOY. I made the same objection with reference to Mr. Krebs
yesterday and Stanley Nadel.
Mr. AsHBROOK. Mr. Chairman, I move that the objection be over-
ruled.
Mr. KuNSTLER. My name is William M. Kunstler.
Mr. KiNOY. Mr. Chairman, I would like to be heard on that motion,
and I also am an attorney for Mr. Teague. Do I understand that it
is the ruling of this committee that the fimdamental right of cross-
examination is not to be afforded to witnesses who are called before
this committee when the conmrittee is attempting to defame?
Mr. Pool. You are arguing the question.
Mr. KiNOY. Of course ; lawyers always argue questions, Mr. Chair-
man.
Mr. AsHBROOK. You didn't argue the question; you made a mis-
interpretation of fact when you said we are endeavoring to defame
something.
He is totally out of order, Mr. Chairman. Such is not the case.
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1027
Mr. KiNOY. Mr. Chairman, that question will be settled in Federal
court, whether you are attempting to defame witnesses.
Mr. AsHBRooK. You made it as a statement of fact and, as a lawyer,
you know you are absolutely wrong. You are out of place.
Mr. Pool. The objection is overruled.
Mr. KiNOY. May the record show we take a strenuous objection to
your ruling.
Mr. Pool. Now sit down. Go over there and sit down. You have
made your objection. You are not going to disiaipt this hearing any
further,
Mr. KuNSTLER. Mr. Chairman, you don't have to deal discourteously
to an attorney in front of you. That is wholly im-Aanerican.
Mr, Pool. I will deal any way I want under the rules in this liear-
ing, I have just told him to be quiet and I ask you to sit down now.
Mr. KiNOY. ^Ir. Chairman, let the record show — don't touch a
lawyer. Mr. Chairman — —
Mr. Pool. Remove the lawyer.
Mr. KiNOY. Mr. Chairman, I will not be taken from this courtroom.
I am an attorney at law and I have the right to be heard.
Mr. KuNsn:.ER. Now it is time we heard this. Throw out all the
attorneys you want.
My name is Kunstler.
Mrs. AxELROD. I am Beverly Axelrod.
Mr. Ctutman. I am an attorney, and my name is Jeremiah Gutman.
I take Mr. Kinoy's place, associated with Mr, Kunstler.
Mr. Pool. State your objections.
Mr, Gtjtivian, I join in the objections on which you have already
ruled. Furthermore, I wish the record to show that Mr. Kinoy was
removed for obviously no reason whatsoever because if there was any
discourtesy it was certainly not on the part of Mr. Kinoy ; he was re-
moved with brutal force ; his arm was twisted. I wish the record to
show
Mr. Pool. State your objection.
Mr. GuTMAN. I am objecting, sir, to the violence which was per-
petrated upon my colleague; he was being choked and he was being
removed from this room.
Mr. Pool, The lawyer was not following my instructions to sit
down. And after continuing to argue with the Cliair, I instructed
him to sit down and then I had him removed. That is the record.
Mr. GuTMAN. I have an objection, sir.
Mr. Pool. State it.
Mr. GuTMAN. I wish to state on the record at this point that I move
that this witness be dismissed, that no further testimony be taken
from him. This court — this committee has gone on record before
and it has proved itself again and again to have two types of witnesses,
a friendly witness and an unfriendly witness.
Mr. AsHBROOK. What is new about that ?
Mr. Gutman, It has established rules and procedures by which it
treats — I beg your pardon, sir ; courts don't call witnesses,
Mr. Pool, State your objection,
Mr, Gtjtman. I am stating my objection as to the presence of this
witness before this committee in open session. Tliis witness has ob-
viously testified to you gentlemen before ; you know eveiy thing he has
1028 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
to say. If this were a legislative hearing in order to determine facts
for legislators to make rulings and recommendations upon legisla-
tion, you don't need to expose whatever this man has to say.
Mr. Pool. You are argumentative now. Do you have any further
objections?
Mr. GuTMAN. I certainly do.
Mr. Pool. All right.
Mr. GuTMAN. The testimony you have already heard, in order for
you to bring it forth now in public, whether it is defamatory of any
individual or not, we do not know, because we have not had an oppor-
tunity to inspect the minutes of the previous testimony of this wit-
ness, and I now move that we be granted the opportunity right now
to examine that testimony and that this hearing be adjourned until
we have had such opportunity. Will you rule upon that motion,
sir?
Mr. AsHBROOK. Mr. Chairman, it is very obvious that the attorney,
while being very zealous of his client, does not understand the rules
of Congress. In legislating, we clearly have the right to delve into
all aspects of the matters before us, whether they be friendly wit-
nesses or unfriendly witnesses.
I respect the zeal that he has for his client, but he should be over-
ruled. He should be reminded once more that the role of the attorney
before a legislative committee is not to make tirades, not to make
speeches, but to advise his client, and for that purpose only. For
that purpose I suggest that he be overruled.
Mr. Pool. Further comment ?
You are overruled.
Mr. KuNSTLER. Mr. Chairman, I ha^^e a motion at this time. I
want the chairman to order my colleague, Mr. Kinoy, returned to
this committee room. He is an attorney for a w^itness, two witnesses,
before this committee. By your action, you have deprived those wit-
nesses of an essential member of their defense team. I think it is in
order for you to order the marshals to return him to this room.
Mr. Kinoy and I would suggest that it is in order for you to
apologize to Mr. Kinoy, a member of the bar of the United States
Supreme Court and a member of the bar of the State of New York
and a professor of law at Rutgers University.
I ask that you do both things that I have requested; if not, the
record will indicate that a witness is without counsel before this com-
mittee, and that violates your own rules.
Mr. Pool. I will tell you this.
Mr. AsHBROOK. What witness ?
Mr. Pool. Let me answer this. I am not g;oing to have any lawyer,
witness, or anyone else disrupt the proceedmgs in this room, and if
they see fit to do so, they are going to be removed from the room, and
that is exactly what happened a few minutes ago.
Mr. KuNSTi>ER. He was talking with Mr. Ashbrook, and he was
courteous and Mr. Kinoy was courteous.
Mr. Pool. He disobeyed my instructions to sit down, and I had
him thrown out of the room.
You are overruled.
Mr. Ashbrook. Mr. Chairman, the attorney does make one point
that is not correct and that is that there is a witness before the com-
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1029
mittee at the preseait time that needs a lawyer, so he was not correct
in saying that.
Mr. Pool. That is right.
Mr. AsHBROOK. There is a witness in this room without an attorney.
Mr. Pool. If the attorneys have no further objection, please sit
down.
Mrs. AxELROD. I have an objection.
Mr. GuTMAN. Mr. Teague is without a counsel of his choice.
Mr. Pool. We have heard that. Please sit down.
Mr. GuTMAN. I have another objection.
Mr. AsHBROOK. I think the attorney should be readmitted to the
room if he behaves in a courteous and noncontemptuous manner.
Mr. Pool. I have no objection to that if he is going to maintam
order and decency in the hearing and act like a lawyer should.
Mr. GuTMAN. I think it is an insult to the bar to require a state-
ment that he will be a good boy. Of course he has been and will be.
Mr. Pool. I think he has already done a pretty good job of dis-
crediting the bar in the way he acted in here.
Mr. GuTiviAN. Our opinions differ, sir.
Mr. Pool. All right.
Mr. GuTMAN. Mr. Chairman, may I be heard ?
Mr. Pool. Let's take one at a time. Do you have any further ob-
jection ?
Mr. KuNSTLER. I don't know what you are going to say about my
client.
Mr. GuTMAN. Mr. Ashbrook indicated I was imfamiliar with the
rules of this committee and the rules of a legislative hearing. I dis-
agree entirely. Whatever rules you may pass, sir, whatever rules
you may have and enforce, each of them is subject to the provisions
of the Constitution of the United States. It is perfectly obvious
Mr. Pool. Why don't you argue that in court ? We are not going
to argue it before the committee. We are operating under the rules
of the House.
Mr. Ashbrook. I merely say when you referred to what you feel is
a general right of cross-examination, you certainly know this does
not pertain to legislative hearings.
Mr. GuTMAN. I beg your pardon, sir ; I was not referring to cross-
examination at that point. I was referring to the obvious fact that
this witness is here not to give information to this committee, but to
make statements of exposure for the sake of exposure, an instance of
unconstitutional procedure beyond the power of this committee.
Mr. Pool. I think the American people are going to be interested
in what this witness has to say, especially in view of what the pre-
vious witness admitted. I think that the American people and the
people in this room and the Congress are very interested in what he
is going to say, and we are going to hear what he is going to say.
Mr. Ahsbrook. If it is clearly related to the legislative matter be-
for the committee, it will be developed.
Mr. Pool. Are you through ?
Mr. GunviAN. For the moment.
Mr. Pool. Will you please remove yourself ?
Mr. Kunstler. You have not ruled.
1030 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Mr. Pool. Overruled. If he will come in here and make a state-
ment
Mr. GuTMAN. Why don't you ask him and present it to him ?
Mr. KuNSTLER. You are not going to humble my colleague, Mr.
Pool. I want him in the hearing room.
Mr. Pool. We will bring him back in the hearing room but he knows
what is going to happen if he creates another disturbance.
Mr. KuNSTLER. Have the marshals bring him back, and I will sit
down.
Mr. AsHBKOOK. I know this is not a courtroom.
Mr. KuNSTLER. Perfectly clear.
Mr. FoRER. My request is relevant to what you are saying now, I
do not represent the client that Mr. Kinoy represents ; I represent an
entirely different client, but I have been an attorney before the com-
mittee for many years. I want to point out to the committee that the
treatment of Mr. Kinoy raises more than the question of depriving a
witness of his attorney; it also has, in my opinion, an intimidatory
effect upon lawyers for other witnesses, and I don't think that that
would be removed by calling him in and saying if you promise to do
such .and such
Mr. AsiiBROOK. Nobody is saying any such thing as that.
Mr. Pool. As an attorney he should know how to act, and I will
take a chance on that. I want to warn all of you that I am going to
maintain decoiiim in this room.
Mr. FoRER. Mr. Chairman, I need no warnings, I assure you.
Mr. Pool. Bring the gentleman back in.
Mrs. AxELROD. I am one of the counsel in tlie Krebs case scheduled
for the court this afternoon. I would demand that tliere be a recess
for the purpose of preparing an immediate transcript of the testi-
mony of this committee, from the time this witness took the stand
until the present time. I believe it is essential for the proper con-
duct of the case this afternoon and I hereby demand that the court
order a recess in order that the stenographer prepare the transcript
for that purpose.
Mr. AsHBROOK. Again I remind Mrs. Axelrod that this is not a
court.
Mr. GuTMAisr. This is before the court, as we will all be this after-
noon.
Mr. AsHBROOK. When you say "we," I will not be there. I don't
know about you.
Mrs. Axelrod. Contrary to statements made here, Mr. Kinoy was
choked and violently choked, his face was red and bloated, there was
a marshal's arm around his neck, he could hardly talk. I want the
record to show the violence with which he was removed was unneces-
sary to remove a man under any circumstances.
Mr. GuTMAN. I think the record should show Mr. Kinoy is 5 feet
2 inches tall.
Mr. Pool. You had your say here.
Mrs. Axelrod. I have not had a ruling, sir, on my motion for a
recess for the purpose of preparing a transcript.
Mr. Pool. You are overruled.
Mr. DoNNER. I have practiced before this committee almost for a
generation and I have never seen the brutal treatment afforded the
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1031
counsel or any physical interference of counsel that has occurred here ;
and, frankly, Mr. Pool, I am frightened. I regard this hearing as a
sort of an armed camp. I never saw anything like this before.
Mr. Pool. I think the American people don't really know what is
going on and they are finding out in this hearing. I think it is a won-
derful thing that these things are coming out. I am glad some of these
witnesses are talking like they are and admitting some of these things.
I think it is wonderful that these things are coming out. I am fright-
ened from another reason than you are. I am trying to be as fair as I
can. I am going to conduct this hearing, and you are not going to
interrupt and no other lawyer is.
Mr. DoNNER. Let me conclude.
Number two, I saw Mr, Kinoy choked, strangled. Now, that was
not necessary.
Mr. Pool. Well, Mr. Kinoy was resisting an officer and he should
not have done that.
Mr. NiTTLE. I state for the record, Mr. Chairman, it did not appear
to me that the counsel was being strangled by any police officer at all.
Mr. GuTMAN. Perhaps you didn't see it ; I saw it.
Mr. Pool. The officer was leading him out.
Mr. AsHBROOK. Inasmuch as there is no pending motion before the
committee, we will proceed.
Mr. GuTMAN, I move the chairman apologize to the entire bar of
the United States of America.
Mr. Pool. You sit down or you will be removed from the room.
Mr. GuTMAN. I request permission to staj^ here, sir.
Mr. Pool. We are going ahead with the questions now.
Mrs. AxELROD. Has Mr. Kinoy been brought back?
Mr. GuTMAN. I want to stay here until my colleague is here and in
good health.
Mrs. AxELROD. Mr. Kinoy cannot properly represent his client unless
he hears this testimony.
Mr. Pemberton. I have not been heard. I ask permission to observe
that I do not yet see Mr. Kinoy return as per the committee's order
and I do solemnly ask the committee to recess until Mr. Kinoy is here
and until whatever the outcome of the argTiment is.
Mr. Pool. The committee cannot be responsible for the whereabouts
of Mr. Kinoy.
Mr. GuTMAN. You certainly can. That man was obviously in phj^si-
cal distress and he was an ill man and if he requires medical attention,
this committee had better get it to him fast.
Mr. Pemberton. I have not completed my motion.
Mr. Pool. You will ask your colleague not to interrupt you.
Mr. Pemberton. I think the chairman interrupted me, sir.
The motion is that the recess continue until Mr. Kinoy is here, until
we are able to observe that he is able to represent his client during
the time testimony concerning his client is taken, and that there be no
further proceedings until we are sure that that is the case.
Mr. AsHBROOK. The chairman can determine if Mr. Kinoy is out-
side the door.
Mr, GunviAN. Would they do it, please ?
Mrs. AxELROD. I request that the marshal report to the Chair as
to where he took him.
1032 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Mr. Pool. Officer at the door, is Mr, Kinoy outside the door?
The committee will recess for 5 minutes.
Mr. KuxSTLER. We have heard the man is under arrest.
Mr. GuTMAN. Where is he '? Tliis committee cannot recess in these
circumstances.
Mr. Pool. The committee is in recess.
Mr. GuTMAN. The committee cannot be in recess, sir.
Mr. Pool. We are in recess.
(Whereupon, a brief recess was taken.)
Mr. Pool. Everyone take his seat. I have a statement to make.
Mr. KuNSTi.ER. We will take our seats
Mr. Pool. Take your seats. I want you to take your seats.
Mr. KuNSiT.ER. We will return after your statement.
Mr. Pool. I have a statement to make to correct allegations which
now stand on the record.
First, that counsel who was removed for disrupting the hearings,
he was not merely stating objections but w^as disorderly. I had
warned him to desist, and he refused repeatedly. I have every rea-
son to believe that he is familiar with the rules of the committee
as they apply to counsel. I will now read that rule at this time :
Rule VIII — Conduct of Counsel : Counsel for a witness shall conduct him-
self in a professional, ethical, and proper manner. His failure to do so shall,
upon a finding to that effect by a majority of the Committee or Subcommittee
before which the witness is appearing, subject such counsel to disciplinary
action which may include warning, censure, removal of counsel from the
hearing room, or a recommendation of contempt proceedings.
In case of such removal of counsel, the witness shall have a reasonable
time to o!)tain other counsel, said time to be determined by the Committee
or Subcommittee. Should the witness deliberately or capriciously fail or re-
fuse to obtain the services of other counsel within such reasonable time, the
hearing shall continue and the testimony of such witness shall be heard with-
out benefit of counsel.
I want to point out the witness before the committee today is not
represented by the lawyer who was thrown out of the hearing room.
I also wish to state that lawyers are not privileged people; they, as
lawyers, have a greater responsibility to conduct themselves in an
orderly and decorous man.ner than others do, and I would ask that
the lawyers do so who are here today.
I want to further state that wdien you have objections to make that
you come one at a time up to the chairman and I will listen to your
objections, but don't come up here and parade around because I can
handle only one lawyer's objections at a time.
All right. Do any of the lawyers have any objections?
One at a time.
Mr. KuNSTLER. Mr. Chairman, my name is William M. Kunstler.
I am representing, with Mr. Kinoy and others, Mr. Teague and Mr.
Krebs. Mr. Kinoy is both my partner in life and my partner in this
case. I feel that Mr. Krebs and Mr. Teague cannot be adequately rep-
resented here before you without the physical presence and guidance
of Mr, Kinoy. Mr. Kinoy is not in the room, as I look around and
see. It is my understanding he was taken to the first precinct, that
he is under arrest, that he is charged with disorderly conduct.
I am asking that there be no further proceedings of this commit-
tee when a witness is before the committee who is without counsel. I
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1033
submit to you, Mr. Chairman, that the fact that his client is not on
the stand is completely immaterial. This ^Yitness has mentioned one
of our clients and, in mentioning one of our clients, he brings our
client in front of this committee and in front of the American public.
I feel, and I say for myself, that I cannot adequately represent Mr.
Teague or Mr. Krebs without my cocounsel, that we have prepared this
matter together, and that the clients are entitled to the benefit of our
mutual guidance as they have had throughout.
I also would like to just address myself to your remarks, Mr. Pool.
Mr. Kinoy was not obstreperous. He was pressing vigorously a point
with Mr. Ashbrook which did not even involve you at the moment. I
thought, as I said before, tliat Mr. Ashbrook treated him courteously
and that Mr. Kinoy was arguing vigorously just as he did in Federal
court, just as he does here.
I don't think lawyers are to be condemned, vilified, or physically at-
tacked because they are vigorous. This committee surely does not
expect all lawyers to be molly coddlers in front of it.
Therefore, I request, and I think I am speaking for all the attorneys
representing witnesses before this committee, and state that we can-
not proceed until Mr. Kinoy is in this room. Unless he is here, I
am personally going to recommend to my clients that they walk out
of the hearing room, they are not represented by counsel.
Mr. Ashbrook. Mr. Kunstler
Mr. Kunstler. Pardon me, Mr. Ashbrook. Could I just finish and
then I will be through.
I think that in all decency, Mr. Chairman, you should order imme-
diately Mr. Kinoy returned to the room and that you personally
should see to it that all criminal charges are dropped against him.
They are only brought against him because of your actions in order-
ing the marshals to remove him from the room for making a legal
objection. If there was a difference of opinion between you and him
as to whether it was argumentative or an objection, that is for gentle-
men to settle between themselves.
I don't know if you are a lawyer, but I know there are lawyers on
this platform.
I personally might say for the record that I have never anywhere
in my some 18 years' experience at the bar before committee hearings
ever seen a lawyer treated this way. The fact that he is my close friend
and partner and has been with me for many years in many similar
struggles in civil rights makes me feel doubly apprehensive as to what
this committee is all about.
I think, in all decency, you should order him returned to this room
and that you personally should apologize to him and every lawyer
in the room for the treatment afforded to a member of the bar.
Now, I would make that statement for my clients and I am going
to recommend that they leave this committee room unless they are
represented by counsel. Your rules provide that they could be repre-
sented by counsel, and you cannot deprive them of that counsel by
reaching some conclusion in your own mind, without even consulting
the committee or the subcommittee, that a lawyer is what you said, I
think, "obstreperous." You cannot do that. That puts all the power
in you to deprive witnesses of counsel, which you have now done.
67-852— 616 — pt. 1 9
1034 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Therefore, I make the recommendations to my client.
Now, Mr. Ashbrook, I am through. I would like a rulmg and I
think in all fairness there ought to be a hearing before this committee
right now as to what Mr. Kinoy's actions were and what the situation
was concerning him. There are newspaper reporters outside this room
prepared to testify as to how Mr. Kinoy was treated, and I think you
ought to have a hearing, at the very least, of the reason for the charges
against Mr. Kinoy, what happened, what he said.
We have this stenographer here. She can read her notes back, and
we can see exactly what happened so that Mr. Kinoy's name can be
vindicated and his clients can have what they are entitled to in every
American forum, the right to have counsel of their choice present, un-
intimidated, and unassaulted.
Mr. Ashbrook. Mr. Chairman, I suggest we confer on the motion.
Mr. Pool. All right.
(The committee conferred.)
Mr. Pool. The subcommittee will be in recess for 5 minutes.
(T\n;iereupon, a brief recess was taken.)
Mr. Pool. Everyone take your seat. Let us have order.
The committee has met and overruled your objection.
Mr. KuNSTLER. Then, Mr. Chairman, I just want to announce to the
committee and
Mr. Pool. If you have any objection, state your objection.
Mr. KuNSTLER. I have an objection. My clients, Mr. Teague and Mr.
Krebs, stand here at this moment unrepresented by counsel of their
choice.
Mr. Pool. This is not your witness in the chair.
Mr. KuNSTLER. Let me finish my statement. You asked me for an
objection. I am going to give you one. I have consulted my own con-
science in this matter and I feel that I can no longer participate in this
proceeding as their attorney without the advice and guidance of my
partner and cocounsel, Mr. Kinoy.
I am not going to put the onus on my clients to walk out of this
hearing. That is not going to be my recommendation to them. I am
making no recommendation to them. I have spoken to the other
attorneys representing the other witnesses before this committee, and
they all will ask to address the court in a moment.
I am now withdrawing from this proceeding as an attorney until my
partner, Mr. Kinoy, is before this committee under the terms which I
have specified prior to the recess.
Mr. Ashbrook. Mr. Chairman
Mr. KuNSTLER. Just let me finish, and I will be very courteous.
I am not instructing my clients, I told you. I am going to walk out
of this hearing room. They are not represented by coimsel under the
committee's ruling. The other attorneys, I understand, are prepared
to make similar statements and will do so individually. I speak only
now for myself, vis-a-vis Mr. Krebs and Mr. Teague.
Mr. Ashbrook.
Mr. Ashbrook. Mr. Kunstler, not to be argumentative, but as a point
of information and not questioning your assessment of the necessity of
representing your client or what is needed, it is my recollection that you
made the motions without the benefit of Mr. Kinoy yesterday, and I am
wondering if he was in the room yesterday.
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1035
Mr. KuNSTLER, Mr. Kinoy was in and out of the room yesterday be-
cause of the exigencies of the Federal court proceeding. But Mr. Ash-
brook, as you well know, Mr. Kinoy does not have to be here every
minute of the time for the benefit of his counsel, and I feel that my
clients are unrepresented at this moment.
Mr. Kinoy, I understand, is in the precinct house in a cell. I don't
know. He is not in this building, I understand. He was ordered
arrested, and that is what has happened to one attorney in this case.
I am now going to stand over there and wait for other counsel who
may wish to address the court, or, pardon me, Mr. Ashbrook, address
the hearing, and then we will, as I understand, all leave this committee
hearing.
We feel that if we do so, you are without jurisdiction to proceed with
any clients who, according to your own rules, are entitled to repre-
sentation by counsel, which they no longer have.
I will now step down and wait for my other colleagues to make their
presentations.
Mr. Pool. State your objection.
Mrs. AxELROD. Beverly Axelrod, State bar of California.
I am at this proceeding representing Jerry Rubin of Berkeley,
California.
I have an objection on two grounds: First of all, I feel that my
client's representation is intimately connected with the representation
of every other witness called before this committee and I feel that I
cannot properly represent him as long as the other witnesses who are
represented by Mr. Kinoy have no proper representation.
My second objection is based on the fact I feel I cannot properly
represent my client as long as I am under fear of personal violence
upon myself. I listened, and because I feel that my client's proper
representation depends to a great extent on the representation of some
of the other witnesses here, I was paying particular attention and
listening very carefully to the entire dialogue that took place when
Mr. Kinoy was before you.
There was not anything that he said that was anything other than
a proper representation of his client and a zealous attempt to do what
he thought was legally correct. There was no kind of contemptuous
attitude, nothing at all that warranted anything near the kind of
treatment that he received. He should not even have been ordered
out of this room.
Because of that, I feel that I have no way of knowing what I can
or cannot do to protect my client and that should I for some reason
incur the unreasonable wrath of any member of this committee, that
I might be assaulted violently.
I do not wish to risk that kind of assault. I am not prepared to
take physical violence. Therefore, I cannot represent my client prop-
erly until there can be assurance that no attorney will be treated
that way by any member of this committee. Therefore, I am also
leaving.
Mr. Pool. Your objections are overruled.
Mr. Pemberton. Mr. Chairman, I am John Pemberton of the
American Civil Liberties Union and a member of the bars of Minne-
sota and North Carolina. I will be very brief.
1036 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
I rise simply to associate myself with the statements that have been
made to the committee, to protest as vigorously as I can the treatment
that the committee has afforded Mr. Kinoy, and to remind the com-
mittee that Mr. Kinoy has not merely been one of the counsel repre-
senting witnesses, his participation has been as chief counsel in argu-
ing motions in court on behalf of these witnesses and it is not possible
for them to have the same representation in his absence as with his
presence.
I can see no justification for the treatment that the committee has
afforded him, still less for proceeding to hear a witness whose testi-
mony will be damaging to the clients we represent in the absence of
Mr. Kinoy.
I withdraw from the representation of those witnesses.
Mr. Pool. Your objections are overruled.
Mr. FoRER. Mr. Chairman, my name is Joseph Forer, F-o-r-e-r, and
I represent Mr. John Windrim Smith, who has been subpenaed as a
witness before the committee.
I wish to inform the committee that I feel obliged at this time to
withdraw as counsel for Mr. Smith, at this time, because I do not feel
that I can adequately represent him because I feel intimidated by the
treatment that has been given to Mr. Kinoy. I most regret having
to do this. I have never withdrawn my appearance on behalf of a
client in the middle of a proceeding when he needs me, as a client.
I may say that I have practiced before this committee longer than
any of your people have been on the committee. I think Mr. Nittle
can attest to that, since 1947.
Frankly, this has been an experience which has shaken me a great
deal and which I simply cannot condone. So I wish to inform the
committee now that I am withdrawing as counsel for Mr. Smith and
I wish also to inform the committee that Mr. Smith has no other counsel
since I was the only attorney representing him.
Thank you, very much.
Mr. DoNNER. May I be heard ?
My name is Frank J. Donner. I am a member of the bar of the
United States Supreme Court, of the State of New York, and half a
dozen Federal circuit court bars over the country.
I represent Mr. Anatole Anton and Stuart McRae, two witnesses
that have been subpenaed from California. I have no desire to frus-
trate or obstruct these hearings but, speaking as a lawyer, I cannot
continue to participate in the hearings because the committee, in my
view, has destroyed the right of counsel by the treatment of Mr. Kinoy.
I have notified my clients that I am withdrawing and I, too, want to
tell you that they are now without counsel.
Mr, GuTMAisr. May I be heard, Mr. Chairman?
My name is Jeremiah S. Gutman. I appear on behalf of subpenaed
v>^itness, Stanley Nadel, as you know. I join in all the statements just
made by previous counsel. It seems perfectly clear to me that it is
absolutely essential for the proper representation of a witness sub-
penaed before this committee that he be represented by counsel not only
at the time that he is on the stand, but during the entire course of the
proceedings here, so that he can be advised and may receive the benefit
of consultation upon all questions which may arise at the time when
he is being questioned by this committee.
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1037
I am a member of the bar of the United States Supreme Court,
several circuit courts of appeals, numerous other courts, including the
highest court in the State of New York. I have been in practice for
15, 16, 17 years and I must say that I have appeared before numerous
courts, administrative bodies, deliberative bodies of many kinds.
Never have I ever seen such an exhibition of impropriety in the
administration of a proceeding as this committee demonstrated today.
I feel that what you have done, in effect, is an effective deprivation of
the right of counsel. No attorney, no matter how courageous he may
feel himself to be, can ever evaluate himself so objectively as to be able
to say to his client, "No matter what, I will stand up there and speak
for your rights'' when that attorney is aware that if one of the state-
ments he makes in defending those rights, because it is based upon the
Bill of Rights of the Constitution of the United States, offends some
member of this committee, the lawyer may find himself physically as-
saulted and ejected from the courtroom.
Now, before I make my formal statement of withdrawal, I wish
to make one other motion and that is this : The United States assistant
chief deputy marshal, immediately after you purportedly adjourned
this hearing, came to me and asked me to accompany him down the
hall to get Mr. Kinoy. I did so.
He asked me to wait at the designated place. I did so. He told me
that Mr. Kinoy would be back in a moment. Mr. Kinoy has not come
back. I have eyewitness reports that Mr. Kinoy was taken brutally,
put into a vehicle, and driven to the first precinct station house, 300
Indiana. He was last seen going into that building.
He was obviously in physical distress at the time. He has not been
seen since.
The jMetropolitan Police have advised me that he is in their cus-
tody. The United States chief deputy marshal has advised me that
he is returning him forthwith. I heard you, Mr. Chairman, direct the
officers, all of whom, regardless of their organizations, are subject to
your command in everything they do, and you, sir, are responsible for
what they do.
I heard you direct them to return Mr. Kinoy to this room.
I make several motions now. Number one, and most important
Mr. Pool. If you remember, I asked if he was outside the door and,
if he was, to return him to the room. But evidently they took him
on down and booked him for disturbing tlie peace. " I cannot be re-
sponsible for what he did to the officer. That would be up to them
to make whatever charge they want.
Mr. GuTMAN. You, sir, may not be responsible for anyone else who
is not subject to your orders, but ^^ou, sir, are responsil)le your own
acts.
Mr. Pool. That is right, and I am responsible for maintaining order
in this hearing room and I am ready to do so and I am taking all the
abuse possible. Your clients are not before this hearing at this moment.
This man is not represented by any of you lawyers. I will stand here
and conduct a fair and square hearing,' if you will allow me to. I am
not going to stand here and let a bunch of "lawyers take over this hear-
ing, which you are trying to do.
Mr. GuTMAN. No, sir; we are trying to withdraw in an orderly
fashion.
1038 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Mr. Pool. I cannot be responsible for what that lawyer did. If he
committed a disturbance of the peace and didn't follow my instruc-
tions to sit down and the marshals had to take him out of here, I can't
help that. That is all I have to say to you.
Mr. GuTMAN. May I make several motions ?
Mr. Pool. You made your objection. I overruled it. Do you have
any other objection before you withdraw?
Mr. GuTMAN. I do, sir. I move that the Chair consult the record
as to what orders he gave the marshals and if any other marshals or
peace officers are in contempt of your orders that appropriate action
be taken. I also move that the Chair report to the people assembled
in this room now where Mr. Kinoy is, how he is.
(At this point, Representative Ichord entered the hearing room.)
Mr. Pool. I am not concerned with Mr. Kinoy. I am concerned
with trying to protect the American people. And that is what we are
trying to do in this hearing, enter into this legislative phase and try-
ing to find out the facts involved.
I overruled your objections. Do you have any further objections?
Mr. GuTMAN. I have one more thing to say.
Mr. Pool. All right.
Mr. GuTMAN. In view of your express lack of concern for the physi-
cal safety of the lawyers appearing before the committee, I have no
choice but to advise my client, Mr. Nadel, that he is now without an
attorney before this hearing, and I withdraw.
Mr. Pool. All right.
Mr. GoLLOBiN. May I be heard, Mr. Chairman ?
Mr. Pool. All right.
Mr. GoLLOBiN. I represent several other clients; Steve Hamilton,
George Ewart, and Steven Cherkoss.
I am sorry. My name is Ira Gollobin and I am a member of the
bar of the State of New York.
I think, Mr. Chairman, that I must in all respect to the Congress
and people of this country, as well as my client, and in respect to the
canons of the American Bar Association, as well as legal traditions,
which go back as far as James Otis, Abraham Lincoln, and many
other notable members of the bar who, when they were confronted
with what they considered an assertion of absolute power by an agency
of the Government, had to take an action appropriate to such circum-
stances and they took it not simply as individuals, but as persons con-
cerned with their country and its institutions.
In that spirit, Mr. Chairman, I at this time am withdrawing from
representing my clients, because if I were now to continue to repre-
sent them under these circumstances, I think I would do them an in-
justice as well, in the last analysis, the American people.
Mr. Pool. All right.
Now, go ahead with your questions.
Mr. Krebs. Mr. Chairman, I am a witness, sir, and I request per-
mission to speak because I want to leave these hearings.
Mr. Pool. You will be heard at the proper time. Your name has
not been called yet.
Mr. Krebs. I ask nonetheless that you take a statement from me,
sir.
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1039
Mr. AsHBROOK. He has not been called, Mr. Chairman.
Mr. Krebs. I am representing myself.
Mr. NiTTLE. Would you state your name for the record, please?
Mr. Krebs. My name is Allen, A-1-l-e-n, Krebs, K-r-e-b-s.
Mr. NiTTLE. And you have been subpenaed to appear here today.
Mr. Krebs. I have been subpenaed to appear before this committee.
May I make that statement now, sir ?
Mr. Pool. Come forward.
Mr. Krebs. I had observed in the course of testimony yesterday the
general nature of this proceeding
Mr. Pool. Do you have an objection to state ?
Mr. Krebs. I just want to state why I must leave at this time.
Mr. AsHBROOK. Mr. Chairman, if lie wants to leave, our duty is to
rule upon his absence from the room when he is called subject to
subpena. He may leave the room, if he desires. It is his choice to
make. If he does not have an attorney, if he appears subject to the
subpena, gives his name, gives his address, and does not have an at-
torney, we always allow them to obtain an attorney in sufficient time.
He is making a statement which I think has no bearing whatsoever
on his subpena before this committee.
Mr. Pool. Are you trying to tell the committee why you won't be
here at a certain time ?
Mr. Krebs. No, I want to tell the committee why I won't be here
at all.
Mr. Pool. Your name will be called at the proper time, and you
have been subpenaed.
Voice. Mr. Pool, as a witness that is now
Mr. NiTTLE. Just a moment. Will you state your name ?
Mr. Pool. You are interrui)ting the proceedings.
Go aliead with the questions.
Mr. Krebs. I am leaving the hearing.
Voice. I am a witness. May I make a motion ?
Mr. Ashbrook. You have not been called.
Mr. Pool. Your name has not been called.
Voice. Sir, I am now acting as my own counsel.
Mr. Pool. Will you be in order ?
Voice. I am being in order, sir, as my own counsel.
Mr. Ashbrook. He is out of order.
Voice. I want to make a legal motion.
Mr. Pool. Your name will be called at the proper time. Sit down.
Voice. I am leaving at this time.
Mr. NiTTLE. Would you, Mr. McCombs, resume your testimony,
please ? We were discussing your attendance at the Assembly of Un-
represented People in Washington in the month of August 1965. You
had last been asked to state whether you had, at that assembly, met
Walter Dorwin Teague III.
Now, would you please relate the time and place and circumstances
of meeting him, if you did ?
Mr. McCoMBS. I believe I did meet Mr. Teague, sir. I went up to
one of the tables that was distributing
Mr. NiTTLE. Let me put it this way. When you say you believe
you did, what do you mean by that?
1040 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Mr. McCoMBs. I meant that I addressed him as Walter and he
acted as if that was his name. He was standing
Mr. NiTTLE. Did you later determine whether that was
[Demonstration on the floor.]
Mr. Pool. Let us have order.
Voice. Stop this farce.
Voice. Stop the war in Vietnam.
Voice. End the war in Vietnam.
Mr. Pool. Let's have order.
Do not allow any of those that left the room to reenter the room
durmg these hearings.
Let the record show that there was a disturbance and the people
were removed from the room by the officers.
Mr. Nittle. Now, Mr. McCombs, would you proceed to relate the
circumstances under which you met Walter Dorwin Teague III ?
Mr. McCoMBs. Yes, sir.
I went up to one of the tables by the Washington Monument where
the literature was being distributed. There was a Viet Cong flag in
front of the table. It was designated as the table of the U.b. Com-
mittee to Aid the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam.
Walter Teague was standing behind the table and I talked to him.
I am sure it was Teague because I met him again this year and it is
the same guy.
We talked for a few minutes. He handed me some literature. I
bought some literature from him. At that table it was possible to
make a monetary contribution to aid the Viet Cong. I don't know
what the money was used for, but that is the way it was put. I think
there w^as a tin can there or something.
Secondly, in my role as a journalist, I asked Mr. Teague if I wanted
to fight personally in the ranks of the Viet Cong against the United
States soldiers in Vietnam, could he help me out. Mr. Teague said
that he would put me in contact with underground agents who would
arrange for me to do that. I also met several other people and did
several other things at the Assembly of Unrepresented People, but that
was my contact with Walter Teague at that time. It lasted about 5 or
10 minutes.
Mr. Nittle. May I ask whether there was a PLM or Progressive
Labor Movement or Party representation at the assembly ?
Mr. McCoiviBS. Yes, sir. The Progressive Labor Party was repre-
sented at the assembly. Their newspaper, ChuUenge^ called the revo-
lutionary newspaper, was distributed. And there were members there,
I read in subsequent newspapers although I don't remember meeting
any of them myself.
Mr. NiTTT.E. Was the Progressive Labor Party table identified in
any way as that of the Progi-essive Labor Party ?
Mr. McCoMBS. I don't remember exactly. There v^ere many dif-
ferent groups and I suppose they could have had a table.
Mr. Nittle. Was there a group of the May 2nd Movement there?
Mr. McCoMBS. Yes. May 2nd Movement is the youth group of
the Progressive Labor Party. There were many members there.
They were distributing their newspaper, the Free Sfitdent. Also rep-
resented at the assembly were International Workers of the World,
Youth Against War and Fascism, members of the Spartacist Move-
ment, members of the Communist Party, the W. E. B. Du Bois Club,
and other organizations.
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1041
Mr. NiTTLE. Now, Mr. McCombs, did you have occasion later to meet
Walter Dorwin Teague and, if so, where and under what circum-
stances ?
Mr. McCoMBS. I met Mr, Teague again this summer. Again I was
assigned by the editors of National Revieio to write a story on the
psychology and actions of the leftist movement in New York City.
1 went over to Walter Teague's on the afternoon of July 29, 1966, at
46 West 22d Street, in New York City. The place was called the
Artist Eesearch Group. I had been told that that was the place to go
to obtain North Vietnamese literature for a class that I was attending
at the Free University of New York.
I met Mr. Teague there,
Mr. NiTTLE. Mr, McCombs, before you proceed, was there any indi-
cation on tlie premises as to who was the owner, operator, or interested
party of this Artist Research Group ?
Mr. McCoMBS. No, sir. But as I said, I had indications that it was
Teague's operation.
I met liim there. I perused the literature on their shelves. There
were probably 100 different publications, pamphlets, books, and so
forth, printed in Hanoi and Peking for sale, I bought several of
them.
There was also some literature there. The literature was for many
different things. One of the things that the literature asked was for
"Betsy Rosses" to sew Viet Cong flags for the August 6 demonstration
in New York City. I believe those flags were indeed sewed and I
believe some of them appeared in the demonstration,
Mr. NiTTLE. What were the colors of that flag, if you recall, and
can you describe it ?
Mr. McCoMBS. Red, yellow, and blue. I may be mistaken. White,
maybe ; I don't remember exactly.
Mr. AsHBROOK. But it was not an American flag, is that right ?
Mr. McCoMBS. No, it was not an American flag.
One of the pieces of literature here, I will see if I can find it. Oh,
yas. Here it is.
Mr. AsHBKOOK. Does the witness happen to know whether it was the
national flag of another country ?
Mr. McCoMBS. Here we go. It was the National Liberation Front
of South Vietnam's flag.
Mr. AsHBRooK. South Vietnam or North Vietnam ?
Mr. McCoMBS. South Vietnam.
Mr. AsHBRooK. Would that be what is popularly known as the Viet
Cong flag?
Mr. McCoMBS. Yes, sir.
Well, I cannot find it at this moment, but there was a piece of litera-
ture distributed that I picked up there that described in detail the
flag of the National Liberation Front, the tradition behind it, the
colors, and so on and so forth.
I think it had a. yellow star in the middle, a red splotch along the
top, and a light blue splotch along the bottom.
Mr. NiTTLE. I hand you a paper facsimile of the Viet Cong flag.
Can you identify this as similar to what you saw on the premises?
(Flag marked ''McCombs Exhibit No. 1" and retained in the com-
mittee files.)
1042 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Mr. McCoMBS, Yes, sir; except that these flags were much more
elaborate. I will tell you what I saw there, I didn't see the flag. I
saw the material from which these flags were to be made, cloth of those
V' arious colors that you have there, yellow and orange.
Now, at the meeting at the place there, there was a woman who was
talking with Mr. Teague and to whom he was handing these materials,
presumably to sew some of these flags. We had a talk about various
activities that she was engaged in, and I took it that she was just one
of many people who have helped Mr. Teague to prepare these flags.
Mr. NiTTLE. Did you observe any other equipment on the premises,
or clothing or material ?
Mr. McCoMBS. Yes, sir ; hanging along a long bookshelf there were
probably 100 T-shirts. They were painted with black paint and done
up to look something like American military uniforms. These subse-
quently appeared, according to press reports, in the August 6 demon-
stration in New York City.
Mr. NiTTLE. That was the Hiroshima Day demonstration this year.
Mr. McCoMBS. Yes, sir.
Mr. Pool. Mr. Nittle, at this time, the Chair recognizes the gentle-
man from Missouri, and he has a statement to make here.
Mr. IcHORD. Mr. Chairman, I was necessarily absent earlier during
the liearing this morning due to the fact that as a member of another
committee I was required to chair a hearing of that committee and I
arrived in the room when the attorneys for some of the witnesses in-
volved were withdrawing as attorneys for their clients.
I observed that immediately after Dr. Krebs left the room a few
minutes ago — I will point out that Dr. Krebs was identified by Mr.
Luce yesterday as one of those who sat in on the meetings of the May
2nd Movement — immediately after he left the room, a statement was
handed to me which purports to be a statement by Dr. Allen M. Krebs
and in the last paragraph he states :
As I leave this room, to my brothers who stand here after me today, this week,
next month — ^and there are signs that the Inquisition of the Sixties has now
begun — you have my respect and my compassion.
Mr. Krebs' attorney had just withdrawn from the case, but obviously
Mr. Krebs decided to withdraw from the case earlier or he does have
some very, very rapid mimeographic service available to him.
That is all I have to say, Mr. Chairman.
Mr. Pool. Thank you.
The committee will stand adjourned until 2:30 this afternoon.
(Subcommittee members present at time of recess: Representatives
Pool, Ichord, Ashbrook, and Buchanan and also Representative Claw-
son, alternate member.)
(Whereupon, at 12:20 p.m., Wednesday, August 17, 1966, the sub-
committee recessed, to reconvene at 2:30 p.m., the same day.)
AFTERNOON SESSION— WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 17, 1966
(The subcommittee reconvened at 3 p.m., Hon. Joe R. Pool, chair-
man of the subcommittee, presiding.
(Subcommittee members present: Representatives Pool, Ashbrook,
and Ichord. )
Mr. Pool. The chair wishes to make this statement before we start.
The committee is called to order.
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1043
It has been brought to my attention that questions have been raised
as to whether the marshals and police are using more force than is
necessary to eject demonstrators.
It is my considered view that they are not doing so. If these
deliberate troublemakers would walk out of the room as soon as I
have indicated that they should leave or be evicted, it would not be
necessary for marshals or the police to do more than guide them by
the arm. Wlien they resist, as they do, however, using physical force,
it is my belief that the men who feel that force are in a better position
than some onlooker to judge just how much counterforce they must
use to evict the demonstrators from the hearing room.
There are members of the Capitol Police Force who still bear scars,
and they are permanent scars and large ones, from the violence in-
flicted on them 2 or 3 years ago by demonstrators who represented
the same groups today's demonstrators are representing.
The cry of "police brutality" is an old Communist cry. When
there is no evidence to substantiate it, as is so often the case, I am
not at all impressed by it. I have far more faith in the judgment and
the word of United States marshals and the police than I have in
those of professional agitators.
Go ahead with the questioning.
TESTIMONY OF PHILIP ALGIE McCOMBS— .Resumed
Mr. NiTTLE. Mr. McCombs, at the time of recess, you were telling
us of your visit to Artist Research Group, where you met with
Walter Dorwin Teague III on July 29, 1966. Would you proceed?
Mr. McCoMBS. Yes, sir. I don't know that I have too much more
to say about it. As I say, I met there a woman who was sewing,
receiving materials to sew Viet Cong flags and talked with her and
with Mr. Teague. Teague described to me the preparations for the
August 6th demonstration in New York City, among other things,
the flags. He was gathering flag poles that would be made out of
paper or cardboard, so that if there was violence, people would not
get hurt. But he noted that these things could easily stun someone if
they were attacked.
He said that in the march in New York City the flag carriers would
be accompanied by "guards" — in quotes. He said the guards would
not hurt, anyone, but would fend off attacks.
He and I got along fairly well, laughed a bit, and talked things
over, and that was about it. Besides what I said before,
Mr. NiTTLE. Did you visit with Teague at any other place or time ?
(At this point, Mr. Buchanan entered the hearing room.)
Mr. McCoMBS. No, these two times that I met him here in Wash-
ington and in New York were the only two times that I met him.
Mr. NiTTLE. Now, you have testified that you were referred to the
Artist Research Group by someone at the Free University. Did you
attend the Free University and, if so, when ?
Mr. McCoMBS. Yes, sir; I attended the Free University this sum-
mer, again on assignment by the editors of National Review, to write
a story on the psychology and techniques and activities of these people.
I took two courses there, one taught by Calvin Hicks. The name of
that course was "Community Organization, Who, What, and Why."
1044 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
The second course I took was taught by Charlotte Polin, and it was
called "Vietnam National Liberation Fronts."
Mr. NiTTLE. Would you briefly relate what was the substance
•of the course which you took with Calvin Hicks on Community
Organization ?
Mr. McCoMBS. We discussed in this course, which consisted of about
12 to 15 participants, the methods that could be used to organize in
the Negro ghetto areas or the Negro communities. Hicks himself —
there were many discussions that went on, some of them centered
around violence and the extent to which violence was justified. This
was one of our main topics of discussion.
Also, Hicks himself stated that he would be interested in instilling
in us his ideology, which I took to be Marxist ideology, and in orga-
nizing in the ghetto people not only to improve the quality of their
lives, with which I think most of us are in agreement, but also to
bring about socialist and Communist revolution, economic, political,
and social, in the United States, so that this went beyond the bounds of
ordinary concern.
That was the substance of those two courses.
Mr. NiTTLE. Would you describe the couree offered by Charlotte
Polin?
Mr. McCoMBS. Charlotte Polin's course dealt with the National
Liberation Front in iSouth Vietnam and with the Democratic Republic
of Vietnam, as she called it, or North Vietnam. The course was
taught in such a way as to contradict everything that one reads in our
newspapers 'and everything that — and to contradict American policy.
Miss Polin was thoroughly and wholeheartedly beliind the cause of the
North Vietnamese and the Viet Cong. She showed to me and to the
class, there were not too many m that class, three or four or five,
showed to me documents that had been sent to her from Ho Chi Minh,
congratulating her for her efforts in his behalf. She was — at one point,
came out in favor of military methods that would kill more American
troops in Vietnam and, just in general, was entirely in favor of the
North Vietnamese. She had read all the North Vietnamese literature
that I have ever seen and was quite knowledgeable from their stand-
point.
Mr. NiTTLE. Would you describe the location of the Free University
and the premises ?
Mr. McCoMBS. The Free LTniversity of New York is located in the
second floor loft at 20 East 14th Street in New York. It consists of
about five rooms, I think, something like that. Not too cle'an. Walls
are covered with posters and newspaper clippings. There are pictures
in the classrooms where I attended classes of Che Guevara and Castro,
Marx, maps of the Soviet Union, and this sort of thing.
Mr. NiTTLE. You saw no pictures of Lincoln or Washington, I take
it?
Mr. McCoMBS. No, sir.
Now, that describes the premises. I might describe to you a little bit
more al30ut the Free University, if you are interested.
Mr. NiTTLE. Yes.
Mr. McCoMBS. The Free University is — I think the general idea
is — it is not much more than a group of professors who are loosely
organized and who teach weekly seminars. Tliese seminars are all
left-oriented, extremely left-orient^, to my knowledge. The one re-
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1045
quirement, for example, of attending the Free University is you could
not be a Fascist. That is why I sort of suppressed my beliefs [laugh-
ter] since I am sure they would be considered Fascist by the people
there, and I would be thrown out, you see.
The Free University also serves ■
Mr. NiTTLE. Of course, you are saying that with a sense of humor.
Mr. McCoMBS. I am saying it facetiously.
The Free University was also used as an organizational center for
leftwing activities. For example, a lot of the organization of the
August 6 demonstration was done there. Meetings were held there,
and so forth and so on. For example, I received a letter from the Free
University, a mimeographed sheet, urging me to attend these HUAC
meetings ; and so, you see, it serves as a general organizational center.
Now, at the Free University, as I observed, as I did last
Mr. AsHBRooK. Mr. McCombs, could I interject at this point?
Mr. McCoMBs. Yes.
Mr. AsHBRooK. We keep referring to this as a Free University. It
is my understanding under the New York law, this cannot be deemed
a university and cannot legally use the word "university" in its title.
Mr. McCoMBS. Yes, sir, that is true.
Mr. AsHBROOK. But just so the record shows that the Free Univer-
sity is not the Free University and that it illegally uses the word
"university" under New York law.
Mr. McCoMBS. 1 think they now use the words "Free School," sir.
Mr. AsHBRooK. Yes.
Mr. NiTTLE. Yes; they have changed the name because of their
legal problems.
Mr. McCoMBS. But in their private communications, it is known
as the Free U, among themselves.
I observed there, as I did last summer, at the Assembly of Unrepre-
sented People, two elements, two distinct elements, the operation of
the old left, and the operation of what is known as the New Left.
Members of the New Left are idealistic, romantic, and existentialist
in their orientation and are activists and tend toward violence, rather
than nonviolence, although I suppose they vacillate betw^een the two.
They don't think ideologically in terms of a revolution several years
in the future.
The old left, on the other hand, are the hard-core Communists, who
are focused in on that idea of revolution with pretty much a 20-20
vision.
Now, what I see down at the Free University are a lot of New
Leftists and a lot of innocent and well-meaning and idealistic people,
mostly young people, students, workers in various Government agen-
cies, and so forth, who in my opinion are being subverted by the hard-
core members of the old left, and very successfully so. I found that
while there is talk of Communist infiltration of the civil rights and
peace movements, which implies deceit, there is no deceit in this, be-
cause I observed Communists openly welcomed by the non-Commu-
nists of the movement, simply because they professed to be idealistic,
and so forth, and are willing to associate with these people knowingly.
Mr. NiTTLE. Who was the director of the Free University ?
Mr. McCoMBS Mr. Allen Krebs, I believe.
Mr. NiTTLE. Did you have occasion to meet with him there?
Mr. McCoMBS. Yes, sir. Mr. Krebs taught a class called Marxism
and American Decadence, and while I did not take that course, I met
67-852 O— 66— pt. 1 10
1046 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
with him a couple of times and discussed it, and so on. He described
to me the contents,
Mr. IcHORD. Mr. Counsel, could I interrupt at that point?
Go ahead with the finishing of your answer there.
Mr. McCoMBs. Well, I will just say he described to me very briefly
the contents of his course, and that was all the association I had with
him.
Mr. IcHORD. Did you meet Dr. Allen Krebs at the so-called Free
University ?
Mr, McCoMBS. Yes, sir.
Mr. IcHORD. Did you have an opportunity to observe the gentleman.
Dr. Allen Krebs, who left the room this morning? Was that the
same Dr. Allen Krebs?
Mr, McCoMBS. Yes ; these two people are the same.
Mr, IcHORD, Thank you, Counsel,
Mr. AsHBROOK. Counsel, could I interrupt at that point ?
Mr, NiTTLE, Certainly.
Mr, AsHBROOK, I have had occasion to study the prospectus of the
Free School of New York and I noticed under the course that you
mention, it contains a general examination, to use their words, "A
general examination of American society and its decadence from
a Marxist perspective." And then it goes on, evidently, to say there
is a Marxist perspective on the following subjects, "American im-
perialism, militarism, alienation, isolation, homosexuality, drug cults,
and intellectual emasculation."
Did you have occasion to sit in on any of the course in this particular
subject?
(At this point, Mr. Clawson entered the hearing room.)
Mr. McCoMBS, No, I did not, sir, I was attending other courses.
Mr, AsHBRooK, That is too bad. It would certainly be interesting
to know what the Marxist perspective is on some of those subjects.
Mr. McCoMBS. Yes, I think it would.
Mr, Pool, Go ahead, Counsel,
Mr, NiTTLE, Were you aware of the type of employment held by
some of the persons who attended the Free University ?
Mr, McCoMBS, Yes, sir. Many of them were students who were
doing various jobs during the summer. Some of them were house-
wives; some of them were, it seemed to me, didn't have anything to do.
You know, they were professional agitators, spent their days planning
these affairs. But most of them, and then some of them worked in
welfare, city welfare departments, and things like that. They were
spread around, though, in odd locations.
Mr, NiiTLE, Was there a great deal of literature, imported literature,
available on the premises at the Free University ?
Mr. McCoMBS, Yes, sir; there was also a table there that contained
a great deal of very interesting literature, most of it pro- Communist,
Mr, NiTTLE, Do you happen to have with you some of the items that
were disseminated on the premises ?
Mr. McCoMBS. Sure,
Mr, NiTTLE, Would you describe them to the committee, and then
we will offer them in evidence.
Mr, McCoMBS, Well, I have here a price list for Vietnamese litera-
ture, for example, put out by the U.S, Committee to Aid the National
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1047
Liberation Front [of South Vietnam]. Several pages of literature
printed in Nortli Vietnam.
Mr. NiTTLE. That organization you first mentioned there, is that
Mr. McCoMBS. Walter Teague's organization. Let me just go
through.
Here is a YAWF [Youth Against War & Fascism] newsletter that
I picked up at Free University. That is the newsletter of the Youth
Against War & Fascism — fairly interesting.
Here is a letter that Charlotte Polin gave me, a copy of Uncle Ho's
letter to her. She always referred to him affectionately as Uncle Ho.
Mr. NiTTLE. And how did LTncle Ho address her? [Laughter.]
Mr. McCoMBS. He addressed her as "My dear niece."
Here is a pamphlet called Why North Viet-Nam Is Being Bombed,
rabidly against United States policy in Vietnam, by Charlotte Polin.
Here is some other literature of the Committee to Aid the National
Liberation Front. These are a few of the examples. There were many
other things.
(Documents marked "McCombs Exhibits Nos. 2-A thru 2-E" re-
spectively. Exhibit No. 2-B retained in committee files. See pp.
1049-1063 for 2-A, C, D, and E.)
Mr. NiTTiE. Mr. McCombs, I have here two exhibits I would ask
you to identify. The first bears the caption "Coming Events at
FUNY.''
(Document handed to witness.)
Mr. McCombs. Yes; this was also distributed at the Free Uni-
versity. Every week they have a different list of these things. Some
of the items on this list of coming events are, for example, a film on
Vietnam, made by the National Liberation Front, followed by a dis-
cussion. It notes here that it was free to university members, but $1
to outsiders.
It notes also here a chapter meeting of the Free University chapter
of the American Liberation League. Another very interesting orga-
nization. These things were distributed every week.
(Document marked "McCombs Exhibit No. 3" and retained in com-
mittee files.)
Mr. NiTTi.E. Now, let me ask you about the Free University chapter
of the American Liberation League. Do you know what that is?
Mr. McCombs. Yes, I think. The American Liberation League
exactly replaces the old May 2nd Movement, which was dissolved by
Progressive Labor.
Mr. NiTTLE. Who heads the American Liberation League chapter
at the Free Uni vereity ?
Mr. McCombs. I heard his name several times, and could not
guarantee that it is exactly correct, but I can give it to you, if you
would like.
Mr. NiTTLE. When you say there was a Free University chapter of
the American Liberation League, what do you mean by that ?
Mr. McCombs. Well, there w^ere several people attending Free
University that got together a chapter of this organization. In addi-
tion to this, there was a New York City chapter, w^hich was supposedly
a little larger. Now, this organization participated heavily in the
planning, for example, of the August 6th demonstrations. They
gathered together — I attended only one meeting at the Free University
1048 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
of this group, and the meeting dissolved with everybody angry at
everyone else and nothing getting accomplished.
The second meeting I attended was of the New York chapter. Some
of the people, several of the people who were at the Free University
chapter meeting were at the larger meeting, and at that meeting, sev-
eral things were discussed. Let me consult my notes here.
It was decided at this meeting that the group would conduct ideo-
logical discussions, and this was debated somewhat. The idea was to
eliminate "bourgeois failings." The group was identified by one of
the members as Marxist, and it was decided that we would read the
works of Marx and Lenin and try to wipe out some of these bourgeois
failings. I was very interested in that.
Another decision was made to conduct what are called self-criticism
sessions. This struck me particularly, because you see, self-criticism
sessions are something that have been used by the Chinese Communists,
both in their thought- reform programs in China and in the treatment
of their prisoners of war, as described in Robert J. Lifton's book, for
example. Thought Reform, and the Psychology of Totalism. But the
point about this is that these are particularly Maoist kind of sessions,
not related with the Soviet brand of communism, so that these people
are more to be identified with the Chinese brand.
Now we also discussed in this meeting the banners that would be
made for the demonstration and the slogans that would be used. Some
of the ones that were decided upon were as follows : "Victory For The
National Liberation Front," "Support People's Wars," which happens
to be Lin Piao's phrase, I think, and other such slogans.
Mr. NiTTLE. Now, Mr. McCombs, I hand you another exhibit and
ask whether you would identify it and describe it for the record,
please.
Mr. McCoMBS. This is "^^Hiere to write to NLF and DRV repre-
sentatives." It was given to me by Charlotte Polin in my class at
Free University and contains a description of several places to write
the North Vietnamese. Czechoslovakia — it gives a name here, Pham
Van Chuong; Algeria, it gives a couple of other addresses here.
It says that "any money you can send to those addresses will also be
much appreciated, as the NLF and DRV request money for medical
supplies, of which they are in very short supply. Their need for medi-
cal supplies, food and clothing is DESPERATE." And it advises
that we send letters registered airmail, with airmail return receipt, "if
you can afford it, as you'll be sure your letter gets through."
Mr. NiTTLE. Mr. Chairman, I ask that the document to which the
witness has referred and which he has identified be received in evidence.
Mr. Pool. If there is no objection, it is so ordered.
(Document marked "McCombs Exhibit No. 4" and retained in com-
mittee files.)
Mr. NiTTLE. I have no further questions of this witness, Mr. Chair-
man.
Mr. Pool. The Chair recognizes Mr. Ichord at this time.
Mr. Ichord. Mr. Chairman, I have no questions of the witness at this
time.
However, I do want to thank the witness for appearing before the
committee this morning and giving the committee his very valuable
testimony. Thank you very much, sir.
(McCombs Exhibits Nos. 2-A, 2-C, 2-D, and 2-E follow:)
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1049
McCoMBs Exhibit No. 2-A
^CE /q
7u8ER«|OH -^
U.S. COMMITTEE TO AID THE
NATIONAL LIBERATION FRONT
OF SOUTH VIETNAM
103 Macdougal St NY 10012
Room 5 Tel 212 YU 2-7162
PRICE LIST FOR VIETNAMESE LITERATUR-E
NO.
TITLE
AUTHOR or NOTE
NO. IN BIBLIO. PRICE
1. A HEROIC PEOPLE (Memoirs from the revolution) 81.75
2. ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE VIETNAMESE PEOPLE'S WAR OF RESISTANCE 50
3. AGAINST U.S. AGGRESSION (Main documents of DRV Nat. Assembly) .. .50
4. AMERICAN IMPERIALISM'S INTERVENTION IN VIETNAf^ (59) .25
5. AN ANECDOTE OF THE LIFE OF PRESIDENT HO CHI MINH
## by Tran Dan Tien (Esperanto only) 1.00
6. AS HE WAS by Mrs. Nguyen Van Troi 1.00
7. AUGUST REVOLUTION, THE (2nd Edition) by Troung Chinh (17) .75
8. BEACON BANNER, THE (Short stories) (22) 1.00
9. BREAKING OUR CHAINS (Documents of Viet. Rev. of Aug. '45)... (35) .75
10. BUFFALO BOYS OF VIETNAM by Rewi Alley 1.25
11, BUILDING AN INDEP. NAT. ECONOMY IN THE DRV by Truyen & Vinh 1.00
.i;2. CANTON CHIEF BA LOSES HIS SLIPPERS by Nguyen Cong Hoan 1.25
Xi. CASH AND VIOLENCE IN LAOS AND VIETNAM by Anna Louise Strong .... 2.00
i<l, CATHOLICS IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM, THE ., 75
i;- CHI PHEO AND OTHER STORIES by Nam Cao 1. 25
li).. COME TO THE FIELDS, BUFFALO (Vietnamese Folk Songs) 75
17. . COMMUNIQUE ON THE 9TH PLENARY SESSION OF THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE
OF THE VIETNAMESE WORKERS' PARTY, THE (French) 25
V- . 'CONSTITUTION OF THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM ( 34 ) .50
iV COUP AFTER COUP IN SAIGON by Hai Thu & Binh Thanh ( 3) .75
:;••:. COUPLE. 01' AFU AND OTHER STORIES, THE by To Hoai (Esperanto) 1.25
;;'.. DAUGHTEI-ro OF VIETNAM (Stories and Poems) by Mona Brand (55) 1.25
2;; . DAYS WITH' HO CHI MINH ( 51 ) 1.75
2;'', DAYS OF BOYHOOD AND OTHER STORIES, THE by Nguyen Hong (French).. 1^00
24. DEATH OF A YANKEE, THE (Stories of SV) by Van Ngoc (French) 75
:-.■■;. 'A'CLARATION OF THE 1ST CONGRESS OF SV NFL ( 2) .25
/O. D2M. REP. OF VIETNAM, 1945-1960 (Impressions of foreigners) (37) .75
2''\ DEM. REP. OF VIETNAM, THE (A Handbook) (Esperanto) 1.50
20. DEM. REP. OF VIETNAM ON THE ROAD OF SOC. INDUSTRIALIZATION .(29) 1.00
29 . DIARY OF A CRICKET by To Hoai 1.00
30. DIEN BIEN PHU by Vo Nguyen Giap 2.00
31. ECONOMY IN THE DRV by Vo Nham Tri (In preparation )
32. ERADICATION OF THE TRACHOMA IN THE DRV (In preparation )
33 . ESCALATION WAR AND SONGS ABOUT PEACE ( 7 )
34 . FACING THE SKYHAV;KS by Nguyen Nghe ( 58 )
35. FASCIST TERROR IN SOUTH VIETNAM, LAW 10-59 (50)
36. 15TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE DRV, 1945-1960 (33)
37 . FIGHT AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS IN THE DRV
38. 1ST DOCUMENTS ON THE PHO LOI MASS MURDER IN SOUTH VIETNAM ..(49)
39 . FIRST MOSQUITO AND OTHER STORIES, THE ( 56 )
40. FOCUS ON INDO-CHINA by Malcolm Salmon (History of Indo-China)(9)
ii-'A£ BAG - Major Battles in S. Vietnam 1963-64
1.00
1.00
,50
.50
.75
.75
1.00
.50
1.25
2.00
, .75
1050 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
McCoMBS Exhibit No. 2- A — Continued
41.. FRIENDLY VIETNAM by Len Fox ( 20 ) 1.25
42. FROM MAINLAND HELL TO ISLAND HELL by Nguyen Xuan Tram 1.00
43. FRONT'S POLICY, THE 1.75
44. GREAT EVENTS IN SV SINCE THE 1954 GENEVA AGREEMENTS 1.00
45. SREAT WAVE (Emulation movement among the workers) by Song Ky . . . 1.50
46o GROWING OPPRESSION, GROWING STRUGGLE by Quang Loi 1. 75
47 „ ^GEMONY OF THE WORKING CLASS IN LEADING THE VIETNAMESE
REVOLUTION by Nguyen Kanh Toan (In Preparation ) 1.75
4a;^ JiEROES & HEROINES OF SOUTH VIETNAM (Drawings and Paintings) 1.50
49. HO CHI MINH, SELECTED WORKS, Volume I (23) 2.00
5(U " " " II (24) 2.00
61^:' " " " III (25) 2.00
52. " " " rv (26) 2.00
5§^ HOLD HIGH THE REV. BANNER, ETC. (Included in No. 72) (15)
54. ilUSBAND EXPECTING HILL (Folk Stories) (Esperanto only) 75
55*' IMPASSE by Nguyen Cong Hoan (A Novel) 1.50
fSfc' IN THE ENEMY'S NET (memoirs from the revolution) (32) 1.00
l^JNDOMITABLE SOUTH VIETNAM (With photographs) (57) .50
■^QfeJTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE FOR SOLIDARITY WITH THE PEOPLE OF
VIETNAM AGAINST US IMPERIALIST AGGRESSION AND FOR PEACE 1.50
)INT STATEMENT OF CHMN. LUI SHAO-CHI AND PRES. HO CHI MINH (38) .50
iMENT OF A SOLDIER'S WIFE by Dang Tran Con & Doan Thi Diem (31) .50
TasT stronghold, the (Novel of Dien Bien Phu) by Huu Mai 2.00
' lETTER FROM SOUTH VIETNAM 75
i^ ' lETTERS FROM SOUTH VIETNAM, Volume I (11) .75
ll"^ " " " II (12) .75
Rs' MARCH AI-IEAD UNDER THE PARTY'S BANNER ( 19 ) .75
Rfi iffiETING OF THE INTERNATIONAL TRADE UNION COMICLTTEE OF SOLIDARITY
WITH THE WORKERS AND PEOPLE OF SV (Oct. 20-30, 1963) 1.25
-7' lEMOIRS FROM THE REVOLUTION OF OFFICERS IN THE V. PEOPLES ARMY 1.00
Ro" toOIRS OF DIEN BIEN PHU FIGHTERS 1.00
fq^'mY VISIT TO THE LIBERATED ZONES OF S.V. by W. Burchett ( 8) 1.95
7n" OFFENSIVE AGAINST POVERTY & BACKWARDNESS (On Agriculture) 1.25
71 ON ACCOUNT OF AN OX (Stories of Viet. Resist. War) (Esperanto) .. 2.00
7^ CSJ SOME PRESENT INTERNAT'L. PROBLEMS (Inc. Nos. 53 & 95 ) . . . ( 14 ) .75
?^*' flN THE PROBLEMS OF WAR AND PEACE ( 13 ) .75
4r^ALERT) ON THE SEVENTEENTH PARALLEL by Huu Thai 50
ir An THE SOCIALIST REVOLUTION IN VIETNAM, Vol. I by Le Duan ..(63) 1.00
'^^-'^-"^ n " " II " (64) 1.25
T7* nNE EYED ELEPHANT AND THE ELEPHANT GENIE, THE ( 39 ) 1 ! 25
^♦ORDERS, SPEECHES AND CORRES. by Vo Nguyen Giap (Vietnamese) 1.75
v^q'^-PEACE or VIOLENCE" reprinted from Hoc Tat, Sept. 1963 25
in PEASANT. THE BUFFALO, AND THE TIGER, THE by Hoa Mai 50
fll '_PE0PLE OF VIETNAM WILL TRIUMPH, U.S. AGGRESSORS WILL BE
DEFEATED, THE (Photographs with captions) 50
Ro TTEOPLE'S WAR, PEOPLE'S ARMY (36) .75
fto^ pIG FOLLOWS DOG by Lorraine Salmon 1.25
p^ POEMS by To Huu (French and Esperanto - 72^) (54) .75
0^" PRACTICE OF HEPATIC RESECTION (French only) 1.00
«K PRESIDENT HO CHI MINH by Pham Van Dong & Others ( 21 ) .75
flT PRISON DIARY by Ho Chi Minh .■ 1.00
CO PROBLEMS FACING THE DRV IN 1961, THE by Nguyen Trinh & Pham Dong .50
fto^'^TURN TO DIEN BIEN PHU AND OTHER STORIES 1.00
on "SsiSTANCE WILL WIN, THE by Troung Chinh (18) 1.00
oi ^AD TO HAPPINESS AND PROSPERITY, THE 1.50
^t^Te YEARS DEVEL. OF NAT. EDUCATION IN THE DRV by Nguyen Van Huyen .50
|r^LEMN PLEDGE OF THE THIRTY MILLION VIETNAMESE PEOPLE ( 5) .25
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1051
McCoMBS Exhibit No. 2-A — Continued
94. SOME DOCUMENTS OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY OF THE DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM, JUNE-JULY 1964 (42) .75
95. SOME QUESTIONS CONCERNING THE INTERNATIONAL TASKS OF OUR
PARTY (Included in No. 72) (16) .25
95. SONG ON BOTH SIDES OF THE RIVER, THE (Poems) (10) 1.50
97. SOUTH OF THE 17th PARALLEL by Quang Loi 1.00
r.^ SOUTH VIETNAM LIBERATION FRONT, THE by Le Van Chat 1.25
■'■\ SOUTH VIETNAMESE PEOPLE WILL WIN, THE by Vo Nguyen Giap (6) .75
iC-'. SPECIAL WAR - AN OUTGROWTH OF NEO-COLONIALISM ( 4) .25
ICi. SPRING IN THE MOUNTAIN by Nguyen Ngoc And Others (French only).. 1.25
102. STORIES OF DIEN BIEN PHU (2nd Edition) by Tran Do (52) .75
103 . STORIES OF THE NORTH-WEST by To Hoai 1.00
lfi4. STORK AND THE SHRIMP, THE by Do Vang Lu 1. 25
105 . STRONG WI.'.'D by Mai Hang Quan And Others 1.25
106. STRONGER V/lilLE FIGHTING (Photo Album) (In Preparation)
107. STRUGGLE AGAINST ILLITERACY IN VIETNAM 75
108. SUPPORT THE PEOPLE OF VIETNAM, DEFEAT U.S. AGGRESSORS
(Volumes I, II, III, IV) (Each Volume) .25
irg. TEN YEARS OF FIGHTING AND BUILDING OF THE VIETNAMESE
PEOPLE 'S ARMY ( 61 ) .25
110. THIRD NATIONAL CONGRESS OF THE VIETNAM WORKER'S PARTY (Vol. ID 1.50
(Vol. I, III each) 2.00
IJ 1. THIRTY YEARS STRUGGLE OF THE PARTY, Vol. I (30 ) .75
1.12. UNDECLARED WAR IN SOUTH VIETNAM, THE by Le Van Chat (46) 1.50
1J3. U.S. MILITARY /.VENTURE IN SOUTH VIETNAM 50
114. VIETNAM (Flag, Anthem and Emblem of the DRV) 75
115. VIETNM (A Sketch) (53) .50
J.-G. VIETNAM (Seven Vietnamese Songs) 75
117. VIETNAM FATHERLA1!D FRONT AND STRUGGLE FOR NATIONAL UNITY 75
118. VIETNAM FOLK SONGS 75
119. VIETNAM: INSIDE STORY OF THE GUERILLA WAR by W. Burchett ...(65) 4.95
JiO. VIETNAM IS A PEOPLE'S DEMOCRACY by Pham Van Dong 2b
l;;l. VIETNAM MEDICAL (1963) (French with summaries) 7.00
1:^2. " (1964) (Fr., English, Russian)(In Preparation)
1 23 . VIETNAM - MY NATIVE LAND (62) .75
124 . VIETNAM TODAY 95
125. VIETNAI^IESE FOLK TALES (Chinese & French) (In Preparation) 1.00
125 . VIETNAMESE HANDICRAFTS 75
127. VIETNAMESE LITERATURE by Nguyen Vinh Thi 25
128. VIETNAMESE SONGS (Vietnamese & French) 75
129. VIETNAMESE THEATRE, THE by Song Ban (47) .75
130. VILLAGE THAT WOULDN'T DIE, THE by Nguyen Ngoc (40) 1.50
ira. VOICE OF justice, the (NLF Documents) ( 1) 1.25
l"-2. WALLS ARE DOWN, THE by Dick Diamond 1-50
133. WAR AND ATROCITY IN VIETNAM by R. Stetler & B. Russell (66) .7S
■34. WE WILL WIN (Statements and Appeals of the DRV, 1965) 50
..35. WHITE BUFFALO, THE (Short Stories) l.SC
.1. i'o . YOUNG WOMAN OF SAO BEACH, THE by Bui Due Ai ( 48 ) 1.25
PERIODICALS
1. SOLIDARITY WITH VIETNAM 25
2. VIETNAM 5C
3 . VIETNAM COURIER 25
4. VIETNAM PICTORIAL (Pres. Ho Chi Minh's Friendly Visits) 7f
5 . VIETNAM YOTITH 5C
6. VIETNAMESE STUDIES- (See March 1965 issue - contribution to
Dien Bien Phu) .9C
1052 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
McCoMBS Exhibit No. 2-A — Continued
COMMITTEE TO AID THE NATIONAL LI3ERATI0H FRONT OF SOUIH VIETNAM
LITERATURE PACKET*
SELECTED INTRODUCTION TO VIETNAM (Ideal for yoiir study group) Contains selections
of Vietnamese literature as well as reprints from U, S. sources. Excellent for study
groups, teach-ins and seminars, Itetns can be purchased separately at the listed price,
or the packet for $6.00 complete. Postage is included.
* NOTE: Because of the difficulty in obtaining the literature below, we reserve the
right to make substitutions \iien necessai-y
1. AGAKSTU. S. AGGRESSION, Documents of the D. R. V. S .50 $6.00 ®
2. "Agreanent on the Cessation of hostilities in Vietnam IC/U2/Rev,2,
20th July 19Sli" (GEIffiVA ACCORDS) ... MIMORITY OF Oi.F. .50
3. "BRING PEACE TO VIETl^iAM, Support the National Liberation Front"
button in red, white and blue (Illustrated on the cover.) .25
h. HANDBOOK FOR CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTORS by Central Coran, for C. 0, - .50
5. "HOW THE UNITED STATES GOT INVOLVED IN VIETNAI^I" by Robert Scheer- .75
6. Literature Index — contains a bibliography and price list 1.00
7. m VISIT TO THE LIBERATED ZONES OF S. VIETNAM bj^ V/iiri'ed Burdi ett 1.95
8. POLICY STATEMENT CF THE U. S. COMI'IITTEE TO AID THE NLF OF SV. — "
9. ROAD TO RUBI a reprint from the MONTHLY REVIEW .15
10. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AGAINST DAVID HENRY MITCHEL, 3rd Dof. — .75
1 1 . THE VOICE OF JUSTICE (Contains documents of the IffiJ, their appeal,
manifesto, programme and statement.) — 1.25
12. WE WILL WIN (Contains statements and appeals of 1965 DRV & NLF — .50
13. **)H» OTHER DOCUMENTS AS AVAILABLE 1 .00
TOTAL IF PURCHASED SEFARATELY= ^ 9.10'
HOW TO ORDER: Please address you order to the U. S. Committee to Aid the National
Liberation Front df South Vietnam, Room S, 103 Macdougal Street,
New York, N. Y. 10012.
Make out your check or money order to V/. Teague care of the above.
Include 250 for each itan if the bill is under §20.00 for postage.
Allow three weeks fear deliveiy. i
Because of problems of supply, please incLude several alternates for
each itan if possible. If you want us to back-order items irtien
necessary please let us loiow in your order, othenrise we will substitute.
We can also give advise on special needs etc. V/rite to the above conmitLee.
•'/■-S NEW ITEMS BECOffi AVAILABLE WE WILL ADD TO THIS LIST V/ITH ADDITIONAL PAGES.)
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1053
McCoMBS Exhibit No. 2-C
Hajaoi, November ■<;': , J965
My dear uiece,
I have received yo'.^x letter. I sincerely thank you
for year thor.5htful words with rogard to the Vietnainese
people who oxe fighting ;"or afi.tiorial freedom end
xxidependence. You end ou- Aiur-vic-^^n progressiva people,
specially the youth feel iuciignaiit at the hflxbaxous crimes
[ ; rpetrated in Viet Nam ^y the U.S. . imy <jialists who have
thus ■besoeexed the hon&ij^- of the American people and the
noble traditions of tne taited States, These arw aincore
feelings of all honest Americans when they see the
U.S. aggressors daily sowing ruins and death in a, country
soiie ten thousand miles away from the United States, and
v/hich hajs no other desire than to live in independence,
freedom, p3a.ce, and friendship with the American people.
I BLi glad to leer.n 'hat you and nany o"cher young
Americans axe actively enciavouxdng under varied forma to
help push forwexd the movement against the wax of aggression
in Viet Nem end in support of the Vietnajnese people.
I highly appreciate these efforts of yours and of the
American youth, students and other friends who axe, valiantly
fighting for freedom, Jus^iice and for friendship between our
two peoples.
The U.S. imperialist a^ggressors will cextainly be
defeated.
The Vietnamese people will be victorious. ;
I wish you good heelth and good success.
With sffectj.nna.te greetings
■ ^ /•
/ ^ • Uncle Ko
1054 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
McCoMBS Exhibit No. 2-D
WHY NORTH VIET-NAM IS BEING BOIffiED
by
Charlotte Polin
IT IS ELEVEN YEARS SINCE THE GENEVA AGREEMENTS WERE SIGNED
GUARANTEEING RS-UNIPICATION ELECTIONS AND THE INDEPENDENCE, UNITY,
SOVEREIGNTY AND TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY OP THE WHOLE OF VIET-NAM. IT
IS ELEVEN YEARS SINCE THE BLOODY VIOLATION OP THESE AGREEMENTS BY
THE U.S. GOVERNMENT BEGAN. FOR THE PEOPLE OP VIET-NAM AND FOR US,
THIS IS THE ELEVENTH HOUR.
On February 7, 19^5 the U.S. began its systematic air massacre
of the Democratic Republic of Viet-Nam (North Viet-Nam) . Now the
U.S. government is planning shortly to order the bombing of HAIPHONG,
an industrial city of half a million people, which is Hanoi's seaport,
and of HANOI itself — a beautiful capital with a population of over
a million, with its precious industries, and cultural treasures dating
back cdnturles. The U.S. also plans to bomb the system of dikes in
the Democratic Republic of Viet-Nam (DRV) which keeps the North Viet-
Namese from drowning and starving.
IN THE NAIffi OF HUI.IANITY, LET US ACT BEFORE IT IS TOO LATE I
SAVE HAIPHONG I
SAVE HANOI I
PREVENT THE BOIffiING OP THE DIKES AND DAMS WHICH WOULD KILL
THREE MILLION NORTH VIET-NAMESE THROUGH DROWNING AND STARVATIONl
WHY IS THE U.S. BOI/IBING NORTH VIET-NAM?
Because, for a small and poor Asian country (population l8
million), the Democratic Republic of V^et-Nam has achieved economic
miracles; During over eighty years of French colonialism, the
Viet^-Namese lived like serfs, working 12 to 17 hour a day, seven
days 'b. week, rummaging in gar'gage heaps for food, never knowing
what it was like to have either national Independence or Industry,
In 19l^^ as a result of the anti-fascist victory and of the Vjet-Namese
people's August Revolution, led by the Viet-Mlnh the Viet-Namese
forced out the French and Japanese oppressors and established the
Democratic Republic of Viet-Nam. On January 6, 19\\h, nation-wide
elections were held. In both the North and the South, which democrat-
ically elected the Ho Chi Mlnh government. That the elections were
entirely free and fair was attested to by American observers, and
many foreign experts on Viet-Nam such as the French historians
Philippe Devillers and Jean Chesneaux.
!I^e government of the Democratic Republic of Viet-^am was
recognized internationally even by the French, but in March 19l).6 the
latter decided to re-conquer their former prize colony, and the
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1055
McCoMBS Exhibit No. 2-D — Continued
Vlet-Namese were forced to fight the First Resistance War rrhich
ended only with the signing of the Geneva Accords in July of 1951j-o
They are now fighting the Second Resistance War — against the U.S.
aggressors who come from eight thousand miles away to bomb, blast
and burn them.
North Viet-Nam is being bombed because it is the only industrial-
ized economy in all of Southeast Asia. The economic miracles achieved
by the. Democratic Republic of Viet-Nam, the first former colonial
country to take the Socialist path, were a most inspiring example
to the peoples of South-East Asia (TnclTidins South Viet-Nam, where
the U.S. had never built any industry and where at least 80 per cent
of U.S. aid money at all times went for openly-avowed military purposes)
to all of Asia (particularly India) and to Africa and Latin America
as well..
UJider Socialism, North Vjet-Nam solved every problem that its
giant neighbor, India, had been unable to solve under Capitalism.
In North Viet-Nam, famine and draught were omnipresent, and in l^kS
two million North Vjet-Naraese starved to death. Though the Red River
Delta of Ngrth Viet-Nam is the most densely-populated region in the
world, and though the DRV has a per capita land-holding of only a
fifth of an acre (one third that of an Indian peasant) the DRV not
only solved the famine problem but even began exporting rice I
Two other problems that plague India, housing and Illiteracy,
long ago were solved by the DRV. under the French, tens of thousands
of Vlet-Namese slept in the streets, as in Calcutta and Bombay now.
Over 95 per cent of the people of the DRV are literate, l^ereas
when Viet-Nam was ruled by the French there were only 500 university
students for the whole of Indo-Chlna (i.e. North & South Viet-Nam,
Laos & Cambodia) today Hanoi gradtiates over 27,000 a yearl
Just as the U.S. is attempting to drown in blood the Liberation
struggle of the South Vlet-Namese people because it is the model for
liberation struggles everywhere, so North Viet-Nam is being bombed
to bits because it shows all colonial and former colonial countries.
It shows the so-called Third World of Asia, Africa and Latin i'merica
by living example that Socialism can solve their problems. According
to the October ll|., I965 "Viet-Nam News Agency Bulletin" (Issued dally
in Rangoon, Burma) between February and October 19^5 the U.S. bombed
no less than 121^. educational establishments in the DRV, killing a
large number of teachers and students. This is done not only to
terrorize the 1,'orth Viet-Namese people, but also because the U.S.
did and does not want Socialist North Viet-Nam' 3 Impressive educational
system to remain an example to the poor folk of the world.
In the medical field, the Democratic Republic of Viet-Nam
Is the only nation in Southeast Asia to have completely wiped out
cholera, plague, and small -pox. Between February 1965 and July 11,
1965 alone, the U.S. bombed no less than fifteen hospitals and
medical establishments, some of them, like the Quynh Lap Leper
Sanatorium (where U.S. pilots killed I80 patients in ll\. bombing
raids) and the Tuberculosis Hospital No. 71 (over lj.0 patients and
five doctors killed) the finest treatment centers of their kind in
all of Asia.
built
The Democratic Republic of Viet-Nam is being bombed because it
t "an independent national econorr.y" with economic and technical aid
1056 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
McCoMBS Exhibit No. 2-D — Continued
from the Socialist Camp, but largely by its own labor — and hand
labor at thatl On the ruins of a debilitating nar, and \jith bare
and bleeding hands, the North Viet-Hamese built an impressive infant
Industry that became the Showplace for Socialism in Southeast Asia.
North Viet-Nara has been called "the Ruhr of Southeast Asia." Experts
on South-East Asia have highly praised the DRV's accomplishments, such
as Alex Josey, South-east Asian correspondent for "Reynolds Kevrs" and
a member of the British Labor Party for over twenty-five years. Josey
says that North Viet-Nam is the most advanced country In south-East
Asia and has already solved many of the problems that remain unsolved
in the rest of this area. "North Vjet-Nam is making material progress
unequalled by any country in Soutfi^asT; Asia," he also v7rote. "WhlTs
living standards in Malaya, Ihailand, Geyion and elsev/here in the
region remain static or get worse. North Viet-Nam is marching fortrard,"
By bombing the DRV, the U.S. seeks to dissuade ell countries from
taking the Socialist path by showing that through Its preponderant
military power It can negate every benefit a Socialist State can bring
to its people. One of the main appeals that Socialism has for the
masses of the world is its promise of security, and the U.S. power
structure seeks to make a mockery of Socialism by subjecting the
North Viet-^amese to Insecurity — fear of the bombings, which would
cause inseciority on the job; insecurity over food, due to the bombings
hampering transportation and supply; fear of illness, injury and death,
and of their dwelling places being destroyed. Thus, by bombing the
DRV, the U.S. seeks to prove that even though a country may adopt
Socialism, it will not be able to give its people the benefits of
Socialism: economic, political, social and psychological security.
For always, over it will hang the sword of Damocles— destruction by
the U.S.
This Is the "message" the U.S. is transmitting to all of Asia,
Africa, and Latin America: Even though Socialism brings about much
more rapid industrialization than capitalism, better stick with
Capitalism. Because if you adopt Socialism, your economic develop-
ment will still be set back decades — by bombings I This is the real
reason for the clamor in Washington, led by General Curtis LeMay,
to "bomb North Viet-Nam back into the Stone Age" I
FOR THE SAKE OP THE MARTYRED AND SUFFERING PEOPLE OF THE DRV,
WHO TILL THE WINNING OF INDEPENDENCE FROM THE FRENCH NEVER HAD A
GOOD DAY IN THEIH LIVES, AND FOR THE SAKE OF ALL OPPRESSED PEOPLES
EVERYWHERE WHO HAVE STRUGGLED AGAINST POVERTY, OR WHO WOULD LIKE TO,
LET US VOCIFEROUSLY CONDEI.OT GENERAL CURTIS LEJJliys SUBHUMAN SLOGAN
"BOMB NORTH VIST-NAM BACK INTO THE STOKE AGE" I DEMAND THAT THE U.S.
GOVERNMENT CEASE TO IMPLEMENT THIS BARBARIC POLICY. DEMAND AN END
TO ALL BOMBINGS OF NORTH VIET-NAMl
According to the "Nev/ York Times" of December 3, 1965, the
bombing of North Viet-Nam is "so v/idespread that Hanoi and its
port, Haiphong — the major population and industrial centers — are
left as mere '"islands.'" The industrial center of Nam Dinh, third
largest city in the DRVVjhas already been bombed, and its textile
factories destroyed or badly damaged. According to "Newsweek" magazine
of October 11, 1965 (p. 44) and Bernard Fall writing In the December
issue of "Ramparts," the U.S. has almost completely
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1057
McCoMBS Exhibit No. 2-D — Continued
leveled the new and important industrial city of Vioh, capital of
til's ProviiaoQ of Nghe An, svirrouiided by glorious tradition, uhere
President H© Chi Minh was born.
Senator Stenis, Cj^alrjian of the Armed Service Preparedness
Sub-Coramlttee, Richard Nixon, Mendel Hivers, Sen. Richard Russell
and others making speeches calling for the'boabing of Haiphong and
Hanoi are ordered by the Vihite House to put out these "trial balloons"
to test American public opinion regarding the bombing of Haiphong
and Hanoi. WE MUST PmiCTUfiE THESE TRIAL BALLOONS BY LETTING LYNDON
JOHNSON AND THE STATS DEPARTMENT KNOW THAT WE ARE VEHE!«IENTLY OPPOSED
TO THE BOMBING OF HAIPHONGl Before it is too late, we must do all
we can to prevent further escalation in the air war of destruction
against North Viet- Nam.
Haiphong Is not only Hanoi's seaport, but the life-line of the
whole DRV. The DRV cannot live -without foreign tradel It buys
its industrial base (I. el. purchase of heavy industrial equipment)
through the exporting of its agricultural surplus I If Haiphong
Harbor is dynamited and its port facilities destroyed, it will cause
severe food and material shortages, and tjreck the economy of the
DRV. Now, the Republican Party has passed a Resolution calling for
the blocading of North Viet-Nam. By imposing a complete "Cordon
Sanitaire" and "Cordon Militaire," the U.S. hopes to completely
strangle the DRV,
The precious Industries and factories in the Hanoi -Haiphong
area mean the world to the North Viet-Namese, who since the winning
of national independence lovingly and laboriously built them up.
The hypocritical Lyndon Johnson defended the bombing of North
Viet-Nam at one of his press conferences by saying, "There is no
blood in a steel bridge," V/e must let him know that we know very
well that there is blood in every bridge, road, highway, dam, power
plant, etc. that the U.S. is destroying — the blood, sweat and tears
of the North Viet-Namese who sacrificed everything to work day in,
day out, to build them. Haiphong is a city of strong working-ciass
tradition, proud of the industries it has built. That city has led
the whole country in emulation drives I And attacks on Haiphong and
Hanoi would massacre the civilians of these densely-populated
metropolitan cities I
Not only are the U.S. aggressors planning to bomb Haiphong and
Hanoi, and the whole economic-industrial complex of the DRV. Splashed
all over the U.S. and world press are their monstrous plans to bomb
North Viet-Nam's system of dikes and dams I This genocidal act would
drown and starve three million North-Viet-Namese--at least one million
of them would die outright, and the other several millions from
starvation and disease — including horrible plagues — over a period
of a year. "U.S. News & World Report" in its December 6, I965 issue
contains a horrifying admission: "U.S. bonbers have already crippled
part of the irrigation system in NprtH" Viei^^^aST In the months ahe a d ,
the U.S. may strike at the high dikes protecting the Red River Delta —
North Viet-Nam' 3 "rice bowl" — from flooding. Breaching the dikes
would knock out agricultural production for at least a year."
The French press has demanded that the U.S. government openly
renounce any intention to bomb the dikes. Of course, the U.S. refusedo
1058 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
McCoMBS Exhibit No. 2-D — Continued
I BUT IT IS OUR DUTY AS CITIZENS OP THE NATION WHICH IS CARRYING OUT
AND PLANNING THESE DIABOLICAL ACTS, TO DO ALL IN OUR POWER TO MAKE
LYNDON JOHNSON REVERSE HIS POLICY, AND PUBLICLY DECLARE THAT HE TOLL
NOT BOMB THE DIKES. We must make it clear that, negotiations or
no negotiations, we demand that the U.S. stop all bombings against
North Viet-Nam because it is a Hitlerian crime against humanity to
bomb and destroy the precious accomplishments and economic livelihood
of a poor, helpless little co\intry which has nothing to fight back
with and is defenceless under U.S. air attack.
Right now, the bombing of ^aiphong has first priority on the
Pentagon's list. In addition, the Washington strategists have other
"projects" high on the priority list which vrould strike at the life
and welfare of millions of civilians in North Vlet-Nam. As "U.S.
News & World Report" puts it in its December 6, I965 issue:
"There are other important targets in North Viet-Nam that have
not been touched by American bombs. Public utilities are one. Also
on the list are cement and fertilizer factories, and tvra Chlnese-
bullt blast furnaces."
On December l5 and again on December 21, the U.S. did indeed
attack the DRV's public utilities — by destroying the Uong Bi Thermal
Power Plantl That power station was one of the Viet-^^amese people's
brightest and most beloved achievements, ^t supplied most of the
electricity to the Hanoi -Haiphong area, and by knocking it out, the
U.S. caused a massive power blackout, and brought industry to a
virtual standstill. 550 workers were employed at Uong Bi. The U.S.
dropped 3,000-pound bombs--th6 biggest used in any war — to destroy
then and their economic achievements. Nearby coal mines, textile
factories and other economic establishments v/ere also heavily bombed,
£3 well as heavily-populated civilian areas in the suburbs of
Haiphongt
LET US EXERT OUR ENERGIES TO PREVENT A REPETITION OP SUCH
HEARTLESS AND HORRENDOUS ACTS OP AGGRESSION I LET US MOVE HEAVEN
AND EARTH TO PREVENT THE BOI^BING OP HAIPHONG'. LET US MAKE A
HERCULEAN EFFORT, WHILE THERE IS STILL TIME, TO PREVENT THE BOMBING
OF HANOI, AND THE DIKES, AND THE WHOLE ECONOMIC -INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX
OF THE DRVl
LET US DEMAND AN END TO THE MASSACRE AND MUTILATION OF A POOR
DEFENCELESS LITTLE NATIQHI A NATION WHOSE ONLY "CRIME" IS THAT IT
7TBi:Rl6kES ITS NATIONAL INDEPENDENCE AND ITS OV/N FORM OF GOVERNJ.ISNT .
LET US DEMAND AND ACT NOW FOR AN END TO THE BOIiBING OP THE DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLIC OP VIET-NAM I
This panphlet has been endorsed by» among others:
T 40 V. -.5 Robert A. Hollis. Post #15 „„, , t5„^„„v„
Jacqui Broucharde American Legion CoEnander ^^^J S^^fS
Joe Ben-David r^ Jaffe ^^^^ Shapiro •
Joanna S -s-isenberg lonriv Trnvmpn Austin Straus
Roland Hirsch Wu OV^ Armand Storace
Robert Hirschfield John Phelps • Trudith Storace
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1059
McGoMBs Exhibit No. 2-E
U,S. COMMITTEE TO AID THE
NATIONAL LIBEI^ATI ON FRONT
Of SOUTH VIETNAM
103 flacdoueal St iloom $ NY 10012 Itel W 2-7l62
You,
■ 0 the Anerlcan Cltlzon, have the ebllnatdon t{|,try to repair the
danage being done to the Vletnameac people by your government.
WE THEREFORE urge you to send medical equipment or money for medical aid, not to
the military puppet regime In Saigon, but directly to the National Liberation Front
of South Vietnam, Ihls is the only government which truly represents the people and
can see that your aid gets to those vho really need it.
t
SETO medical supplies (list of suggested items supplied on request) tot
THE LIBEBAnON RED CROSS, C/O MR. TROK XUAN PHO, CO^DERCIAL ATTACHE,
ROOM 608, 2A DES VOEUX ROAD, CEWEtAL, HONO KOWG.
MAIL contributions by International Banlc Draft via Rerristercd Hail to:
THE NAnONAL LIBERATION FRONT OF SOUTH VI3INAI: MISSION, 100-60972,
CESKOSLOVENSKA OBCHODNI BAl.'KA, A.S., PRAGUE, CZSCHOSLOVAKU.
tr to the National Liberation Front Mission In Paris, Algiers, or Moscow.
CABLE money to: "VINACOR", HONO KONO.
(Receipts for medical purchases will be forwarded on request.)
DO NOT send money for medical aid to our committee - we will gladly accept separate
contributions to help us to further publicize the need for medical aid in Vietn*».
In addition to our button (pictured above, in red and blue & 2$t each), we have for
sale a large selection of Vietnamese literature. Send ^^1.00 to cover costs for a
bibliography and price list. Speakers on the National Liberation Front available.
SUPPORT THE COHHITTSE TO AID THE NATIONAL LIBEiUl'iaJ FRONT
1. I would like to« WORK WITH US-CA>iLF Be on mailing list
Cone to a meeting for more information
2. Skills (typing, lettering, spealting, etc.)»
3. Resources I Car Office oouiproent Spaea Ohher_
If Languages! Viet Kandarjn^^ ^ Cantonese Other
Name Age Phone_
AddreBB(e8) _ School
1060 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
McGoMBS Exhibit No. 2-E— Continued
STAIl!;^ENT m POLICY
20 November 1965
THE U.S. COMMITTEE TO AID- THE IIATIONAL LIBERATION raONT OF SOUTH VIETNAM (CAiO)
supports tho aims •€ the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam (I'fLF) for
"Independence,, Democracy, Peace, and Neutrality," We support tho right of the peopla
of Vietnam for self-determination - without tho presence of U.S. troops - and we •
agree with the important iJLF statement of March 22, 1965;
"1, The U.S. is the sgcrcssor and has violated the Geneva Agreements,
2, The NLF ie determined to achieve an Independent, Democratic, Peaceful
ard Neutral Sruth Vietnam, witn a view to national reunification,
■ 3. The KI.F will liberate South Vietnam and defend North Vietnam,
4. The NLF is ready to receive all assistance, including weapons,
5, Tl^ie whole United People will defeat the U.S, aggressors and the
Vietnamese traitors," ;_
Tho CANLF. supports tho NLF position on negotiations as contained in Article 2 of
their March 22 statement, and as further explained in their September 25, 1965
statement - that in wder for negotiations to begin, the U.S. must agree to tho
following principles: 1) Withdrawal of all U.S. troops, 2) A return to the 195^1
Geneva Agreements, 3) Respect for the right.T of the K.f es ''tho only genvdne repro-
sentative of the lA million South Vietnamese people," which must hcvo itP decisive •
voice In-the f jpnnation of or^ now governaent ii) Soutl^'ViietJiani,
The CANLF calls for an immediate ceasefire and an end to the bombinga of both North •
and South Vietnam, and tho immediate withdrawal of all U.S, troops from Vietnam,
It is the purpose of the CANLF to bring to the U.3, public an uuareneEB of the Just
and moral alms of the Vietnamese people in their resietarce to efforts by the U.S.
government to "pacify" 'their- cwintry. In doing this, we hope to arouse public indig-
nation at the unjust nature of the U.S. posi+.ian and actions, an^ thus bring about
a call for peace - a peace which will allow the Viotnemene to (ietnrmlne thoir own
affairs, ,
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1061
McCoMBS Exhibit No. 2-E — Continued
The resistance of tho people of South Vietnom ia an indigenous movement of political-
ly and religiously diverse Groups (and individuals) vhich was organized in response
to years of oppression and illegal action try the U.S. government and its various
"puppet" regimes in Saigon* In order to counteract the U.S. government's propaganda
•• >Aiich falsely teaches the publio that the "enemy" is an outside, "communist" ag-
gressor - we will continue to make use of various educatiaial means* Ihese ares To
riake available to the U.S. public literature from North and South Vietnam; to dis-
seminate analyses and reprints of the structure and politio.il nature of the NU and
the IRV (Democratic Republic of Vietnam - North Vietnam); to provide expert speakers
on the^ history of the ND? and iHV for formjl discussions, street meetings, teach-
ins, etc,; and to work with all groups for recognition of the legitimacy of the NLF
in its struggle for victory and liberation, 3h addition. Wo urge all people to send
medicines or monoy for medical supplies to the JltF through their foreign missiwis.
The U.S. government is trying to stiflo, at tremendous cost and risk, a liberation
struggle which is setting the example for all oppressed people. Those in this coun-
try who are for "Peace", but refuse to concern themselves with >ftio the people "on
the other side" are, what is motivati^ig them to figl^it, and why the U.S. is really
involved in Vietnam, are by default supporting the policies and efforts of the U.S.
government to stop the liberation struggles of people everywhere,
THEREFCRE it is not enough to be for peace - a "peace" tliat would keep the Vietna-
mese from completing their struggle for liberation, Ratlier, if this war is to be
stopped, if escalation is to be prevented, if the "brutAlization" of our own countiT-
is to be reversed, if, the rights of the Vietnamese, the Americans, and all peoples
are tf> be protected, it is the position of CANLF that THE PEOPLE CF fflE UNITED
STATES MUST SUPPCRT THE NATIONAL LIHERATIOII FROOT OF SCUm VIETOAM AND ITS VICTCRY.
The U,S. Committee to aid the national Liberation Front of South Vietnam
la «n aH hoo orgaiii?,Atdon -vith 4f^ Iieadquai'ters at 1Q3 Maodougal Street,
New York, N,Y, 10012, Room $, Telephone (212) YU 2-7162,
67^852 O— 66— pt. 1^ 11
1062 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
ot^^^ ^0
McCoMBS Exhibit No. 2-E— Continued
-IL-S^-CflgUTOTSS TO AID_rHE
' ^''thcL ^ JWJIQMLJ.ICEaAIIQiO:B0WT
'^hmmM. ^ ^ ''03 Macdougal St/^-rnTTDOTg"
/LiaCflftno«"^r Koom J Tel, 212 iU 2^62 —
FRONT '
6 Januar y 1 966
Dear Friend,
Because \ie have received- so many requests for information on the structure
of tlie National Liberation Front of South Vietnam, its history and literatir e,,
we are informing our friends of a course to be given at the Free University
this coming semester. Tliis course titled; Literature of thg Victn-^'ii Liberation
Fronts — 1936-66, will bo conducted by Miss, Charlotte Polin and vj.ix cover
much more tlian the course title indicates. It will include, for example, the
fonnation of the NLF And also "tJie mutual influence and relation of North Vietnart
and tlie NLF and the development of the United Front in North and South Vietnam
as a model for iinderdeveloped and developed worlds,,," It will provide an
malysis of the basic political assumptions of the NIF — as well as a review
of Vietnamese literature, '
lilf^s. Polin has recently completed a book on the DRV and is currently
wriivlng one on the NLF, She has for the past four years, made an exaustive
study of Vietnamese literature and has contributed both her time and loiowledge
ncj a research staffer for this committee. We believe her to bo one of tie few
gcr.uinely qualified speaJcers on the NLF and consider her course to be an
jnvaiaable aid for effective wcrk with this commit ee and certainly an aid to
any thorough understanding of the present circumstances in Vietnam,
Jn addition to Miss, Polin 's course, v;e recommend a second one dealing
specifically with the "Ideological Question in Vietnam" * ich will be presented
by Leonard Liggio and Rus-^el Stetler, Jr. and is scheduled so as not to confliCjL
with the first course,
( POLIN MON, 8t30 PM )
( LIGGIO + SIETLER \IZ6. 8:00 PIl ')
Ihe necessary books and pamphlets for Iliss.\J2llio's classes will be provided
at a discount by our^ommittee. Course schedules and other infoimation is
available from th<)?Tree University, 20 east lUth Stre^t^ New Yorkj I'fY 10003,
TEL: OR $ - 7U2U,'^
We hope to see you soon and you may feel free to call us anytijna we nay be
of service.
Your s for 1^ eration ,
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1063
McCoMBS Exhibit No. 2-E — Continued
C0i''ii-IITI£i3 TO AID THE NATIOKAL Lii3uiiA'i'xUtt^l?'UUWT-or bULTifi vir,ir<iin
A public' IONSTRATION DiZ/iiUrDING THAT THE SOVIET
UNION PZ^OTiiST THi; SLAUGHTSi 0/ THE L£.kDinS OF THE
'• NATIONAL LIBERATION FRONT OF SOUTH VliiTNA/i
; rr^r— : ///
*>!<>!<* THE SOVIET UNION HAS' A MOluAL OBLIGATION AS CO -CHAIR^^IAI^I OF
// i t I I I I I II I ( 1/ I / / ' I I /
THE GEIvIEVA AG.JiEi''lENTS AIjD -AS A SOCIALIST BliOTHE.C OF THE NATIONAL
// ' I J / I / I I I \l i / I / / J // f / /
LIBE^'UiTION F.tONT OF SOUTH VIETNAin ToADiiMAND THaT THE UNITED
// J-^-d-U. f ' 4-^-c^-'\l-ir=:^ I J J- '—^ '-/
STATES i;rJRAlN F.-lOM ITS CONTINUxiiD'yiLLi^Gia/'AlND li^MOKAL ATTEi^IPTS
// y "^^ zsr /
TO KILL THiJ LEADriRS OF THE DE FACWi(GO,VE:ilMi^JJT OF SOUTH VliiTNAM.
//^
/
*♦'!'* WE, -AS AME^ilCAK CITIZiii-iS ASHAMED OF THi, CRIi£NAL ACTIONS
OF THEIR GOVERkSBnI , ' DEl"tAI-iD THATTHE SOVIiiT UNION FINALLY DRAW
THE LINE. WITH TH^IR BEST i-IEN DESTROYED, TKiJ SOUTH Vli-TNAiiESji;
PEOPLE WOULD HA\B NO HOPE OF GENUINE PEACE. WE DEi-iaND TI-AT
THE SOVIET UNION BREAK ITS SILiJviCE, SEND AK ULTIMATUM, DRAW
//
THE LINE NOWl U
^
ft'** TELL OUR GOVEIJJMEMT TO STOP THE VJAIi OF AGG...-SSION, TO STOP
THE SLAUGHTER OF CIVILIALS, TO STOP THE BOiiBING OF- HOSPITALS
Al^D SCHOOLS, TO ABOVE ALL TO STOP TRYING TO WIPE OUT THiJ
POPULAR AIvD IRREPLACEABLE LEADERSHIP OF THE NATIONAL LIBERATION
FRONT, THE GOViTJSii'iENT SUPPORTED BY 80^1. OF THE PEOPLE.
****LET US HEAi; THE USSR SPEAK I **** ■„,
JOIN US AT THE SOVIiiT MISSION OK SAT. 2 OCT. 1 36 '^. (ilth St.
TO PICKET FOR ACTION FROM THE USSR AT 12;00 NOON
CANLF-SV;;: APT. 5,^103 i>iACDOUGAL . ST . , NY NY TiiL: YU 2-7162
1064 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Mr. IcHORD. And, Mr. Chairman, I have at this time a privileged
motion to make. I do have communications which I deem to be con-
fidential that I think should be taken up in executive session. There-
fore, I respectfully make the privileged motion that the committee go
into executive session. And because of the number of peoj)le in the
hearing room today, I would suggest that the committee retire to
another room for the holding of this executive session.
Mr. AsHBROOK. Mr. Chairman, before that motion is made^ — would
you withhold that a moment ?
I would like to state for the record that after the attorneys left the
hearing room this morning, two of them, Mr. Joseph Forer and Mr.
Ira Gollobin, reentered the hearing room a few minutes later. I am
not saying this with the idea in mind of any imputation of motives or
questioning their right to do so, but merely the fact that the record
should reflect this, so if any eventual case or contest should come out
of it, it would be known that they reentered.
I would also like to note for the record that another of the attorneys
who reentered the room shortly after 3 o'clock was Mr. Pemberton,
who is now here, and also Mr. Kinoy, the attorney who was ejected this
morning. Again with no reflection — just merely to show for the rec-
ord that they have reentered the room.
Mr. Pemberton. Mr. Chairaian
Mr. Pool. The witness is excused temporarily. He is still under
subpena and, also, he has the protection of the statute I mentioned
before.
Mr. Pemberton. Mr. Chairman
Mr. Pool. And with that in mind, the committee will stand in recess.
Mr. Pemberton. Mr. Chairman, before you rule, I request the com-
mittee to hear me for a brief special statement concerning the present
status.
Mr. Pool. We have a motion before the Chair right now
Mr. Pemberton. I know, sir.
Mr. Pool. And that is for recess. I understood that you had with-
drawn from the case.
Mr. Pemberton. That is correct.
Mr. Pool. You can come back and talk to us. We are going in
recess right now, because a member of the committee has made a
privileged motion.
The Chair is going at this time to take a vote on it.
All in favor, say "aye." Opposed, "no."
We are in recess now for 1 hour.
(Whereupon, at 3 :30 p.m., the subcommittee recessed.)
(The subcommittee reconvened at 4:30 p.m., Hon. Joe R. Pool,
chairman of the subcommittee, presiding.)
(Subcommittee members present: Representatives Pool, Ichord,
Ashbrook, and Buchanan, and also Representative Clawson, alternate
member.)
Mr. Pool. The committee will come to order.
Mr. Pemberton.
Mr. Pemberton. Mr. Chairman.
Mr. Pool. Yes.
Mr. Pemberton. I request of the committee an opportunity to be
heard for a special statement concerning the present status of the
subpenaed witnesses. It is a very brief statement.
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1065
Mr. AsHBROOK. Just a second. These witnesses that you repre-
sent ? I thought you had removed yourself as an attorney.
Mr. Pemberton. This is for the status of the unrepresented wit-
nesses.
Mr. AsHBROOK. That wasn't my question, Mr. Pemberton. Are
you representing any witnesses? Your last statement was you had
removed yourself as an attorney for all witnesses before this hearing.
Is that not correct ?
Mr. Pemberton. Your statement is correct, and that is why I refer
to them as unrepresented witnesses.
Mr. AsHBROOK. But now your status : Are you representing them ?
Mr. Pemberton. I am not representing them, or they would be
represented.
Mr. IcHORD. Mr. Chairman
Mr. Ashbrook. Then I would make the point that — all right. Go
ahead.
Mr. IcHORD. Mr. Chairman, of course Mr. Pemberton can have no
standing to make any statement before this committee at this time, but
I am rather curious as to what Mr. Pemberton has to say and I would
suggest that we relax the rules of the committee and let us hear Mr.
Pemberton, even though he is not entitled to any standing before the
committee.
Mr. Ashbrook. Mr. Pemberton's statements have always been or-
derly and to the point, and I think we can relax the rules.
Mr. Pool. Go ahead.
Mr. Pemberton. Mr. Chairman, I thank you for the opportunity to
make the statement. Because counsel for all of these witnesses have
been forced to withdraw for the reasons stated by each of them this
morning and because of the utter disregard by this committee of these
witnesses' right to counsel, they are presently unrepresented before it.
I want to state the opinion of all of these attorneys who have signed
this statement with me as to the present rights of these witnesses.
First, although we have been able to bail Mr. Kinoy out of jail, and
he stood beside me an hour ago, the brutal treatment offered him has
all but destroyed any chance we may ever have to represent our clients
adequately. Attorneys cannot function in an atmosphere of terror and
intimidation. The fundamental constitutional right to be represented
by counsel means counsel free from brutalization and terrorization.
Second, the rights of these witnesses have been utterly disregarded
by the committee in these proceedings, as the rights of other witnesses
have been similarly disregarded in the past. Now, as before, the rules
of this committee prohibiting the disclosure of the identity of sub-
penaed witnesses before a scheduled hearing have been violated by the
public release of the names. Moreover
Mr. Pool. Are you accusing this committee of publicly releasing the
names?
Mr. Pemberton. I am stating that the names have been publicly re-
leased.
Mr. Pool. Are you saying the committee did it ? Or the committee
staff did it?
Mr. Pemberton. I am saying that the rules have been violated.
Mr. IcHORD. Do you have any evidence of that, Mr. Pemberton ?
1066 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Mr. Pemberton. I think the evidence was offered in Mrs. Axelrod's
motion.
Mr. AsHBROOK. Mrs. Axelrod did not answer the question.
Mr. IcHORD. That was merely a motion.
Mr. Pemberton. Mrs. Axelrod offered the statement of the reporter,
Ed Montgomery.
Mr. Pool. All right, you are making a statement. Do you have
proof of that?
Mr. Pemberton. Mrs. Axelrod was here with the proof of it at the
time.
Mr. Pool. You do not have proof of that.
Mr. Pemberton. I do not have it here with me.
Mr. Pool. I just wanted to point out, you are not offering any
proof.
Mr. Pemberton. The proof was offered yesterday, and I don't have
any with me.
Mr. AsHBROOK. Purported proof.
Mr. IcHORD. I think the record will show that there was no proof.
Mr. Pool. I can assure you that that has not happened from the
committee or the staff.
Mr. Nittle. And, Mr. Chairman, may I suggest that it does not
seem proper for this counselor to make unfounded accusations against
this committee.
Mr. Pool. The record will show that. Go ahead.
Mr. Pemberton. Moreover, the denial to witnesses of an opportunity
to confront and cross-examine witnesses who presented defamatory
evidence against them reflects a disregard of the most elementary
principles of fair procedure.
Under these circumstances, we believe that whatever command the
subpenas may have had for these witnesses to respond when called to
testify is necessarily destroyed.
Finally, our clients themselves have been adversely affected by the
unrelenting efforts of the committee to intimidate their attorneys, as
well as by the unnecessary force continually applied to other persons
summarily ejected from the hearing room. They are now, in fact and
in law, unrepresented and unable to be represented by lawyers of their
choice.
The statement is signed by John J. Pemberton, Arthur Kinoy, Wil-
liam M. Kunstler, Jeremiah S. Gutman, Frank Donner, Joseph Forer,
Ira Gollobin, and Beverly Axelrod.
Mr. Pool. And all of these lawyers have disassociated themselves
with representing witnesses before this committee. Is that correct?
Mr. Pemberton. I speak for myself and I think the statement speaks
for itself. I have disassociated myself and I think the committee
heard the other lawyers.
Mr. Pool. Are you saying the other lawyers have disassociated them-
selves from the witnesses that are appearing before this committee ?
Mr. Pemberton. I am saying that I have done so and that I believe
this statement speaks for itself.
Mr. Pool. But you are not speaking for the other lawyers in that
regard ?
Mr. Pemberton. I am speaking for the other lawyers only in the
words that I read.
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1067
Mr. Pool. All right, I just wanted to get it right.
Mr. IcHORD. Mr. Chairman, I have no desire to argue the point with
Mr. Pemberton. The Chair has given him an opportunity to make his
statement. I think the Chair has been lenient in that regard. I would
point out to Mr. Pemberton, and he is an attorney — president of
ACLU is my understanding — I am sure that Mr. Pemberton, as an
attorney, is familiar with the rules of this committee. I am sure that
he consulted those rules before he undertook to represent his client.
I am certain that he is familiar with rule VII of the committee, which
reads :
A — At every hearing, public or executive, every witness shall be accorded the
privilege of having counsel of his own choosing.
"B" — and this is the important part :
B — The participation of counsel during the course of any hearing and while
the witness is testifying shall be limited to advising said witness as to his legal
rights. Counsel shall not be permitted to engage in oral argument with the Com-
mittee, but shall confine his activity to the area of legal advice to his client.
Now that is the rule of the House Committee on Un-American Ac-
tivities, and there is a similar rule which exists, having application to
all of the committees of Congress.
Mr. Chairman, I personally was not present when the incident oc-
curred this morning, but it is my understanding, and I am sure that
the record will show, that the attorney who was ejected from the hear-
ing was not representing any client at that time. His client was not
called, but he was engaging in oral argument with the committee.
And I would further point out, as I pointed out when I did return to
the committee, as the counsel were objecting, that this whole matter of
counsel withdrawing is put in serious question by the statement hand !cl
out by Dr. Allen M. Krebs.
The committee will recall that the attorneys withdrew, one by one,
and then the order of procedure was that the attorney of Mr. Krebs,
Dr. Allen M. Krebs, withdrew. And immediately, thereafter, Dr.
Allen M. Krebs stood up in the audience and announced that he wished
to make a statement, and the Chair advised him that he would be per-
mitted to, that he would be called at a later time. He then announced
that he was leaving the room, and as he left the room, he handed out a
mimeographed statement, which reads, and I again read the last para-
graph :
As I leave this room, to my brothers who stand here after me today, this week,
next month — and there are signs that the Inquisition of the Sixties has now be-
gun— you have my respect and my compassion.
Now at least, Mr. Chairman, this is conclusive evidence, conclusive
evidence that Dr. Krebs did not intend to testify here today. And in
view of the action that was taken, the order or procedure, and in view
of the fact that he is a part of it, I think it is pertinent evidence that
this whole matter was preconceived by the attorneys and that they
withdrew, one by one, in order to harass and embarrass this committee.
That, Mr. Chairman, of course, was handed out by Dr. Krebs, and
I do not believe that his statement has been made a part of the record,
and I would ask that this be made a part of the record now.
Mr. AsHBROoK. Mr. Chairman.
Mr. Pool. Without objection, so ordered.
1068 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
(Dr. Krebs' statement follows :)
Dr. Allen M. Krebs Statement to HUAC, WEn>NESDAY, August 17, 1966
Gentlemen : I have spent my life as a student, a scholar, a teacher and an
observer of world social and political history.
If there is a word to describe the events in this Congressional Hearing Room
that word is grotesque. It is grotesque that the twelve individuals subpoenaed
here should be accused of plots, conspiracies and of possessing Peking gold. It
is grotesque that they should be barked at, gavelled at and carried bodily from
the room. It is grotesque that their inquisitors should be a group of politicians
whose mentalities seem to be locked in another time — an America of the small
town a hundred years ago. And this is happening in midsummer 1966 in the most
powerful industrial nation in history : a troubled nation, true — a white-domi-
nated island, a country threatened by the revolutionary storms in Asia, Africa
and Latin America, and increasing racial ferment at home. But still, after all. a
nation based upon the thoughts and traditions of the West.
I submit that it is necessary, imperatively necessary for us to understand what
this sort of grotesque circus means in the history of peoples. In our culture of
business deals and Batman, Metreeal and TV and with the highest standard of
living in the world, this is admittedly a steep expectation. Better to explain
reverses in Vietnam as treason in America — not Vietnamese courage. Better to
explain social concern and a sense of history as "alien Marxism-Leninism" —
not a desire to understand our collective life in this society, our collective
humanity.
That we exist, those who are witnesses in this room, and that there are thou-
sands of others outside — this is really the only source of hope. The alternative
lies available for inspection still in most college libraries — check Auschwitz or
Goeb,bels or Goering or Roehm or Streicher or SS or Zyklon B.
It is impossible for me, knowing what I know, having been exposed to the
books I have read, to the things that I have seen, to participate in or contribute
to forces which would hasten our descent into a racist, super-chauvinist America.
The only position I can now take is one of resolute opposition to the work
of this committee. Its built-in assumption of guilt termed un-American activi-
ties, its rules, its procedures, its use of witnesses— can be characterized in
2 words — a cruel farce. Insofar as there are courts that can be appealed to I
shall appeal to them. I have asked the federal courts to strike down this com-
mittee as unconstitutional. The reasons I have for believing this are contained
in the documents of that case. Insofar as a Constitution still exi.sts. I shall
request what protection it affords. There is the risk of fine, of imprisonment,
but it is a risk I must in good conscience accept.
As I leave this room, to my brothers who stand here after me today, this
week, next month — and there are signs that the Inquisition of the Sixties has
now begun — you have my respect and my compassion.
Mr. AsHBROOK. Mr. Chairman, I was present when the unfortunate
incident happened. I was sitting beside the chairman. I did hear
the colloquy, and Mr. Pemberton has used the words "utterly disre-
garded" in connection with the committee conduct, "utterly dis-
regarded" certain rights, and so fortli.
Nothing could be any further from the case.
Orderly procedure is the heart of the judicial system. It certainly
is the heart of sound legislative procedure. It is the chairman's duty,
it is his obligation, it certainly is his right, to maintain order. I know
of no court in the land where six attorneys could besiege the chairman,
three or four of them endeavoring to speak at the same time, not
responding to the order of the chairman wlien lie told them to sit
down or when he told them to be silent, when he endeavored to operate
in orderly procedure. As much as I, as a member of the bar, a mem-
ber of this committee, would regret the action that was taken, I would
certainly say to my chairman that I completely ratify the action that
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1069
was taken, that we are going to maintain orderly procedure, and that
I congratulate you for endeavoring to do it.
Although the conduct, or although the action you took might seem,
to some, to be arbitrary, we can't possibly allow mob rule. This com-
mittee gets it both ways. If we allowed you to besiege this Chair,
to speak out of order, to have disorderly procedure, we would be
accused then of iimning a circus.
When we have orderly procedure, when we make you cease and
desist these actions, then we are accused of being dictatorial. Well,
this happens on everything. We get the same arguments, on execu-
tive hearings, on open hearings. Aiid I, for one, am glad the chair-
man did require the attorneys, who, after all, are officers of the court,
and while this isn't a court, they certainly should constrain themselves
to a type of conduct which would be conducive to proper proceding on
legislative business which is pertinent and which we have a right to
investigate.
So I, as one who was present, would certauily ratify the action of
the chairman, although I would be the first to admit that I have some
regrets that it w^as necessary to have it. But it was foisted upon the
chairman, with four, five, and six, Mr. Donner, Mr. Kinoy, Mr. Pem-
berton, Mr. Kunstler, Mr. Gutman and Mrs. Axelrod, all at the same
time, besieging the Chair. We can't possibly tolerate this, and I think
the chairman's action is correct.
Mr. Pemberton. Mr. Chairman, I accept Congressman Ichord's
suggestion that this is not the place for an argmnent as to what
occurred. I shall not engage in any such argument.
As to the inference that the attorneys planned something in ad-
vance, I can only speak from my personal experience. I have never,
in many years of the practice of law, in which I was engaged before
I became executive director of the American Civil Liberties Union,
felt the personal shock that I felt at the experience that occurred this
morning. My statement came from the heart. The action that I took
occurred because of what I saw in this committee's presence. I am
grateful to the committee for hearing my statement.
Mr. GoLLOBiN. Mr. Chairman, may I be heard on just one point?
I know I withdrew, but there is something that occurred.
Mr. AsHBROOK. Can Mr. Gollobin please approach, Mr. Chairman ?
Mr. Pool. Proceed.
Mr. Gollobin. I wish to explain the absence of one of my clients as
it occurred while the proceedings were in recess. He has been coming
here several days, but in accordance with the discussion with the Chair,
as the Chair will recall, they were not present earlier today.
Since I withdrew, I instructed my clients to be here for the after-
noon session. In endeavoring to enter the room, he was wearing a
button which he had worn all throughout these proceedings, in ap-
proaching the Chair before and in entering the room repeatedly.
Now it happens he has a crippled arm; and when he was told to
remove this, which he can't do with that arm, where it was in his
lapel, the police thereafter arrested him, construing his action as
resistance ; and for this reason, he is not present here today. His name
is George Ewart.
Mr. Pool. Thank you.
1070 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Mr. IcHORD. Mr. Chairman, I don't intend to belabor this point, but
I would like to have the indulgence of the committee to make one more
suggestion to the committee as to how to proceed from here on.
I personally have heard enough from this investigative hearing to
come to the conclusion that the bills which are now pending before the
committee are very desirable pieces of legislation, and I speak of H.R.
12047, H.R. 14925, and the bill also introduced by Congressman Ash-
brook.
I submit that the testimony of Mr. Luce, the testimony of Mr.
McCombs, and the testimony of Mr. Gordon does indicate that there
is enough going on in this country that the Congress needs to pass
H.R. 12047, and I would suggest to the Chair — and the Chair will
remember that when he asked me if I would support such legislation,
I did state that I would support it if he could frame such a bill to
satisfy constitutional objections, that I personally had — I will state
that I believe that the Chair has done a very commendable job in
drafting this bill.
It is very narrow of purpose, but it does establish criminal punish-
ment, criminal penalties for assistance to hostile forces and, also,
punishment for obstructing military personnel or transportation. And
I would suggest, Mr. Chairman, that you proceed as quickly as you
can to conclude this part of the investigative hearing, and I would
suggest this to the counsel, too — let's get as quickly as we can to the
legislative hearings, hear the pros and cons on these bills and report
them to the House in proper form, and I predict that the House will
take immediate and very decisive action on such legislation. *
Enough has been shown to me already that there is a need, a very
serious need, for such legislation.
Mr. Pool. Well, thank you, Mr. Ichord. I think that your point is
well taken.
Any other comment ?
Mr. Buchanan?
Mr. Buchanan. I would certainly associate myself with Mr.
Ichord's remarks, Mr. Chairman.
Mr. Pool. Counsel, call the next witness.
Mr. NiTTLE. Would Allen Krebs come forward, please ?
Mr. Pool. Call his name again.
Mr. NiTTLE. Would Allen Krebs come forward, please ?
Mr. Pool. Call his name a third time, and let the record show that
his name was called three times.
Mr. NiTTLE. Would Allen Krebs come forward, please ?
Mr. Pool. Call the next witness.
Mr. NiTTLB. I note for the record there is no response, Mr. Chair-
man.
Mr. Pool. Let the record show that Allen Krebs failed to respond
when his name was called three times — a subpenaed witness.
Now call the next witness.
Mr. NiTTLE. Would Walter Dorwin Teague III come forward,
please ?
Would Walter Dorwin Teague III come forward, please?
Mr. Pool. Call his name again.
Mr. NiTTLE. Would Walter Dorwin Teague III come forward,
please?
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1071
Mr. Pool. Call it one more time.
Mr. NiTTLE. Would Walter Dorwin Teague III come forward,
please ?
Mr. Pool. Let the record show that Walter Teague III failed to
respond when his name was called.
Call the next witness.
Mr. NiTTLE. Would Stanley Nadel come forward, please?
Would Stanley Nadel come forward, please ?
Mr. Pool. Wait just a minute.
Do you have an attorney present to represent you ?
Identify yourself.
Mr. Nadel. My name is Stanley Nadel.
Mr. Pool, Do you have an attorney present to represent you ?
Mr. Nadel. My attorney has been forced by this committee to with-
draw.
Mr. Pool. Do you desire other counsel ?
Mr. Nadel. I would desire counsel of my attorney. It is impossible,
under the rules of this committee, apparently. No attorney can be
expected to submit to threats of violence when he objects to the proce-
dures of this committee.
Mr. Ichord. Mr. Chairman, would the witness be in order for just a
minute ?
This is one of the witnesses whose attorney has withdrawn from the
case, and I would suggest, Mr. Chairman, that the witness be given
the opportunity, mitil tomorrow at noon, to obtain an attorney, and
if it is not possible for him, if he thinks it is not possible for him to
obtain an attorney, I would suggest that the staff confer with him, in
order that he might obtain an attorney, one that can be furnished to
him, because he does have the right to be represented by counsel for
the purpose of giving him advice. Of course, many of the attorneys
who practice before this committee do not confine themselves to that,
so I would suggest, Mr. Chairman, that he be excused, with that
understanding.
Mr. Pool. You have heard the statement of a member of the com-
mittee, and I agree with it. If there is no objection, I so instruct you,
that you will have until noon tomorrow to either employ an attorney
of your choice or if you can't do that, then you can confer with the
staff, and they will discuss it with the lawyers downtown and see if
legal counsel can be furnished to you, if you wish that.
Mr. AsHBRooK. Incidentally, we might point out the attorneys come
from the bar association or the American Civil Liberties Union, they
are not our attorneys, so don't feel that bad about it.
Mr. Pool. So you are passed until tomorrow at noon and you will
have that time to do that.
Mr. Nadel. I would like to
Mr. Pool. Oh, you are still speaking.
Mr. Nadel. I would like to state at this time that I would not be
inclined to trust any attorney who would be willing to appear under
the conditions that we witnessed with Mr. Kinoy.
Mr. Pool. Well, you will have your chance tomorrow.
We will call your name again tomorrow at noon.
Mr. Nadel. As you wish.
Mr. Pool. And see what you wish to do.
1072 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
All right, now, Mr. Nittle, do you have a next witness ? Call your
next witness.
Mr. Nittle. Would Anatole Ben Anton come forward, please?
Would Anatole Ben Anton come forward ?
You are Anatole Ben Anton ?
Mr. Anton. Yes.
Mr. Pool. Are you represented by counsel ?
Mr. Anton. No ; I was deprived of counsel.
Mr. Pool. Do you desire a counsel ?
Mr. Anton. I certainly do.
Mr. Pool. I will give you the same instructions that I gave the wit-
ness a moment ago, and that is, you will have until tomorrow at noon to
either employ counsel of your choice or, if you can't find counsel, dis-
cuss it with the staff, and they will attempt to get counsel for you down-
town.
Mr. Anton. I would just like to repeat, Joe, that, as Mr. Nadel said,
I would never trust an attorney that would
Mr. Pool. You will have until tomorrow, and you can make your
statement then.
Mr. Anton. Thank you.
Mr, Pool. Next witness.
Mr. Nittle. Would Stuart McRae come forward, please ?
You are Stuart McRae ?
Mr.McRAE. Yes, I am.
Mr. Pool. Are you represented by counsel ?
Mr. McRae. Not at present.
Mr. Pool. Do you desire counsel ?
Mr. MoRae. Yes, I do.
Mr. Pool. You will have until noon tomorrow to employ counsel
of your choice. If you do not avail yourself of that, you can discuss
it with the staff. If they can help you in any way, we will be glad
to help you out.
Next witness.
Mr. Nittle. Would Steven C. Hamilton come forward, please?
You are Steven C. Hamilton ?
Mr. Hamilton. That is right.
Mr. Pool. Do you have counsel ?
Mr. Hamilton. I would like to make a word of explanation about
that, and that's that the question of force and violence has been brought
up before this committee, and you know who initiates force and vio-
lence, and I think the Fascist manner in which this lawyer was carried
forcefully from the courtroom today, the way this lawyer was carried
out of this courtroom
Mr. AsHBROOK. Mr. Chairman, the witness can't have it both ways.
If he wants to testify without the benefit of attorney, he should respond
to questions. We are not going to let him have it both ways.
Mr. Pool. Do you have a counsel ?
Mr. Hamilton. I wouldn't ask a counsel to represent me here and
be subject to the same kind of procedures.
Mr. Pool. Well, I will give you that instruction, then, and let the
record show that I have instructed the witness to be here tomorrow
with counsel of his choice. If he can't obtain counsel, that the staff will
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1073
try to attempt to get him counsel downtown. They will confer with
you.
Next witness.
Mr. NiTTLE. Would Steven Cherkoss come forward, please?
You are Steven Cherkoss ?
Mr. Cherkoss. That is right.
Mr. Pool. Are you represented by counsel ?
Mr. Cherkoss. No, this racist, reactionary committee prevented me
from obtaining counsel, by expelling the counsel from this room.
[Demonstration.]
Mr. Pool. I will give you the same instruction. You have until
noon tomorrow to get counsel of your choice. If you want to confer
with the staff, you can.
[Demonstration.]
Mr. Cherkoss. The blood of the American soldiers is on your
hands !
[Disturbance and demonstration.]
Mr. Pool. Let's have order.
Counsel, call the next w^itness.
Mr. NiTTLE. Would John Windrim Smith, Jr., come forward,
please ?
You are John Windrim Smith, Jr. ?
Mr. Smith. That is correct.
Mr. Pool. Do you have counsel ?
Mr. Smith. No, I do not.
Mr. Pool. Do you desire counsel ?
Mr. Smith. Yes, I do. My counsel was forced to withdraw because
of the actions of this committee.
Mr. Pool. You will have until noon tomorrow to get counsel of your
choice, or you can confer with the staff, as I have instructed the others.
You are passed until tomorrow at noon.
Call your next witness.
Mr. NiTTLE. Would Jerry Clyde Kubin come forward, please?
You are Jerry Clyde Rubin ?
Mr. Rubin. My name is Jerry Clyde Rubin, and I am wearing this
uniform of the American Revolution of 1776
Mr. Pool. Let me ask you a question : Are your represented by
counsel ?
Mr. Rubin. — because I want to make the point
Mr. Pool. Are you represented by counsel ?
Mr. Rubin. I want to be represented by counsel of my choice, but I
was deprived of that right this morning, by the way you treated my
attorney here,
Mr. Pool. You will have until noon tomorrow.
Mr. Ashbrook. Mr. Chairman, he is out of order.
Mr. Rubin. I would rather be my own attorney than to accept a law-
yer you would offer.
Mr. Pool. Please be silent. The reporter can't get all this down.
You are out of order. You will have until noon tomorrow. You may
get counsel, or confer with the staff.
Next witness.
1074 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Mr. NiTTLE. Mr. Chairman, I believe the witness, George Ewart,
is unavailable at this time, but perhaps there should be a statement of
record by his counsel, who I believe is present.
Mr. AsHBROOK. Is that Mr. Gollobin ?
Mr. Pool. Call his name.
Mr. NiTTLE. George Ewart, Jr.
You are George Ewart, Jr. ?
Mr. Ewart. No. I am George Hamilton Ewart, Jr.
Mr. NiTTLE. You have been subpenaed to appear to testify before
this committee ?
Mr. Ewart. That is right.
Mr. Pool. Are you represented by counsel ?
Mr. Ewart. The committee has shown no guarantee of respect and
securitv for counsel.
Mr. Pool. I asked you a question and I expect a civil answer.
Mr, Ewart. I was answering the question.
Mr. AsHBROOK. It can be answered "yes" or "no," Mr. Chairman.
Mr. Ewart. It is not the kind of question that I would like to an-
swer "yes" or "no." This committee has shown no guarantee for re-
spect and for the security of any counsel.
Mr. AsHBRooK. Mr. Chairman, the witness is out of order.
Mr. Ewart. That's on the record.
Mr. Pool. Do you desire counsel ?
Mr. Ewart. Yes, I do.
Mr. Pool. You will have until noon tomorrow to obtain counsel
and, if you can't obtain counsel that way, come to the staff, and they
will try to help you get somebody to act for you as counsel.
Next witness.
Mr. NiiTLE. Would Edwin Meese come forward, please ?
Mr. Pool. The committee will stand in recess for 5 minutes.
(Whereupon a short recess was taken.)
(The subcommittee reconvened at 5 :10 p.m. with the following
members present : Representatives Pool, Ichord, Ashbrook, Buchanan,
andClawson.)
Mr. Pool. The hearing will come to order.
Gall your next witness.
Mr. NiTTLE. Would Edwin Meese come forward, please ?
Mr. Pool. Do you solemnly swear that thd testimony you are about
to give will be the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth,
so help you God ?
Mr. Meese. I do.
TESTIMONY OF EDWIN MEESE HI
Mr. NiTTLE. Will you please state your name and business address?
Mr. Meese. Edwin Meese III, business address is 900 Courthouse,
Oakland, California.
Mr. NiTTLB. What is your occupation ?
Mr. Meese. I am a deputy district attorney in the office of J. Frank
Coakley, the district attomev of Alameda Comity.
Mr. NiTTLE. Are you testifying here in response to a subpena served
upon you by this committee ?
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1075
Mr. Meese. Yes, I am. I was assigned by Mr. Coakley upon
receipt of the subpena, and I might add, if I may, that Mr. Coakley
wishes me to mention to the committee that he was sorry he could not
personally attend, but he is in Denver with the National Association
of District Attorneys this week.
Mr. NiTTLE. Has the district attorney examined into the activities
of an organization known as the Vietnam Day Committee?
Mr. Meese. Yes, it has.
Mr. NiTTLE. Have you personally participated in such investi-
gations ?
Mr. Meese. Yes, the office of the district attorney became involved
with the Vietnam Day Committee for three basic reasons: first,
the committee's activities in Alameda County involved a number of
illegal actions, which resulted in the arrest, prosecution, and ultimate
conviction of various members and, therefore, the district attorney's
office was involved in this.
Secondly, at the request of the Alameda County grand jury, the
district attorney's office conducted an investigation of some of the
Vietnam Day Committee's operations in regard to the cost to the tax-
payers for increased law enforcement effort that was made necessary
by their actions. And also, the district attorney's office gives policy
and legal guidance to the law enforcement agencies of Alameda
County, and there have been a number of situations in which large
groups of police officers were made necessary to control the Vietnam
Day Committee's activities.
So in all of these areas, the district attorney's office was involved.
My particular involvement, as a legal adviser to the grand jury and
also as a participant in the coordination and handling of special in-
vestigations, was to become involved both in personal observation of
these activities and also in the analysis of the various documents and
records accumulated by law enforcement agencies in the county.
Mr. NiTTLE. Now, Mr. Meese, would you tell us, please, when and
why your office became interested in the activities of the Vietnam Day
Committee ?
Mr. Meese. One of the distinctive features of Alameda County is
that Berkeley, California, is in our county, and located at that partic-
ular site is the University of California and also the headquarters
of the Vietnam Day Committee. We, therefore, became acquainted
with them because they are in our county and much of their operations
take place there, and this first began in the summer of 1965, partic-
ularly when the troop train incidents, about which I am prepared to
testify, took place in our county.
Mr. NiTTLE. Wliat has been the basic policy of the Alameda County
law enforcement in relation to the Vietnam Day Committee ?
Mr. Meese. All of the police departments of the county and the
sheriff's office, upon advice from our office as legal adviser to these
people, have been very careful not to interfere with any lawful protest
activity of the Vietnam Day Committee. However, there have been a
number of situations in which they have had to take police action,
either because of outright criminal offenses committed, or because the
actions of the Vietnam Day Committee were dangerous to the public
safety and to the lives and property of themselves and of other people.
1076 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Mr. NiTTLE. When did the Vietnam D^y Committee begin, and how
was it initially established ?
Mr. Meese. The Vietnam Day Committee as an entity really began
shortly after the 20th and 21st of May 1965. Prior to that time, there
were a number of anti-Vietnam war efforts in the Bay area, princi-
pally organized by the Committee for Nonviolent Action — West and
other groups, many o^ which do not have a formal organization.
On the 20th and 21st of May 1965, a group of people organized a
massive teach-in at the University of California. The cochairman of
this and the leaders of this then subsequently organized what they
called the Vietnam Day Committee, taking the name for their commit-
tee from this teach-in on the 21st of May.
I might state that the organization of the Vietnam Day Committee
then progressed from that point on.
Among the documents that I have is a notice that they put out.
"The Vietnam Day Committee is holding an important organizational
kick-off Meeting ! Tuesday night, July 6." This would be the 6th of
July 1965. And this was among the first organizational announce-
ments of this organization when it formally became this type of
activity.
I would like to offer this, if you wish, for the record, and it also has
on the back a description of what they call "Wliere Is The Peace Move-
ment In The Bay Area Headed?" which gives some of their plans and
some of their objectives.
Mr. NiTTLE. Would the reporter mark that as Exhibit 1, please?
Mr. AsHBROOK. Mr. Chairman, I make the motion that all exhibits
offered be accepted into the permanent record, henceforth offered by
the witness.
Mr. IcHORD. I would object to that, Mr. Chairman. I would like
to know what the witness is going to submit for the record. I w^ould
hesitate to have the committee accept them before they are ever
offered.
Mr. AsHBROOK. I will withdraw that. I will make the motion this
document be accepted into evidence.
Mr. Pool. All right. No objection, it is so ordered.
(Document marked "Meese Exhibit No. 1.-' See p. 1110.)
Mr. Meese. I miglit state, Mr. Chairman and members of the com-
mittee, that the initial people who were involved in the Vietnam Day
Committee, or the VDC, as we often refer to it, and as they refer to it
themselves, were not exactly strangers to the district attorney's office,
many of them having previously participated in the Sproul Hall sit-
in at the University of California and having been prosecuted by the
district attorney's office following that event.
Mr. NiTTLE. Following this organization, was the committee active
in the San Francisco-Okland area ?
Mr. Meese. Yes, they were active and they engaged, as I mentioned,
in the troop train demonstrations. They engaged in some marches
headed towards, but not reaching, the Oakland Army Terminal and
a number of other activities, which I can testify to in detail.
Mr. NiTTLE. Would you describe the general characteristics of overt
acts engaged in by the Vietnam Day Committee?
Mr. Meese. Yes. During the period from their troop train demon-
strations in August of 1965 up through the present, as late as the recent
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1077
weeks, there were certain characteristics which were common to al-
most all of the Vietnam Day Committee activities.
First of all, they were characterized by detailed and careful or-
ganization and extremely detailed planning. The Vietnam Day Com-
mittee was not a sporadic or hit-and-miss organization; it was a
continuous operation. They had at various times paid persomiel;
many of their leaders received pay for their living expenses. They
had a permanent headquarters for a long period of time at 2407 Fulton
Street, in Berkeley, and they had, as their leadership, steering com-
mittees which, while the membership changed from time to time, there
was generally a permanent cadre which carried on their activities on
a day-to-day basis.
Another characteristic was the logistical support and the detailed
preparations of logistical support for their activities. For example,
when they would have a demonstration, they would have an elaborate
communications system, often with wallrie-talkie radios to direct
various portions of the demonstration. They had citizen band radios
which were tuned in to monitor police frequencies, so they could tell
what the police were doing. They had vehicles available for their
demonstrations, trucks, sound trucks that were used, both during the
demonstration and prior to demonstrations, to drum up the crowds.
They had elaborate signs, and perhaps the most common feature is
the elaborate and large number of publications that they put out,
leaflets which were distributed on college campuses, sometimes on
high school campuses, and even, on occasion, on a door-to-door basis
in the community.
Another characteristic of the activities was the fact that they utilized
criminal violations, criminal law violations, which they characterized
by the euphemistic term "civil disobedience," as a tactic in their ac-
tivities. They had many discussions, for example, of whether civil
disobedience, as they called it, would be a good tactic or a bad tactic.
And if they concluded that in a particular event or incident, it would
be a good tactic, then they engaged in this knowingly.
They did this for a couple of reasons : because they felt that whatever
happened after some criminal law violation, they would stand to gain
by it. If they were not arrested, then they would gloat over this fact,
and if there had been a confrontation with police present, then they
would make it a point, in their subsequent rallies and publications to
say, "We were there and the police did not do anything to us." If there
was no — if there were arrests, then they would carry on their protests
when they were arrested in the jail
Mr. Pool. Would you go just a little more slowly ?
Mr.MEESE. All right.
In the jails, they would make a big point of making bail, getting peo-
ple to raise bail, getting a defense fund. They would try and arouse
sympathy from jail.
In the courts, if they were arrested, they would attempt to use this
as a means of propaganda. This, by the way, these tactics, had previ-
ously been used to considerable extent in the so-called Free Speech
Movement. If they were sentenced, then they would make the point
of this and, on the day of sentencing, often would try and rally sup-
port by having many members of the Vietnam Day Committee in
the courtroom.
67-852 0 — 66 — pt. 1 12
1078 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
In other words, whether they got arrested or whether they did not
get arrested, if they had these confrontations with the police follow-
ing law violations, they would then use this as a part of their overall
scheme to attain their objectives.
Now, there was a subtle change, however, in their tactics from the
troop train incidents on. Originally, they would announce in advance,
and as we talk about some of their marches, you will see this technique
used. They would announce in advance that there would b© civil dis-
obedience. When this brought considerable protest from some of the
faculty members and others on the campus, then they changed, and
at their rallies they would not annomice civil disobedience, but they
would more or less leave the implication that there might be civil
disobedience, because the suspense of the possibility of arrest, clash
with police, was utilized by them as a tactic to draw a crowd.
I think one other and final characteristic is the amount of legal as-
sistance and legal advice that they had for all their operations. They
had some attorneys who were with them and advising them in almost
every aspect of their activities. And in their marches, they had a
large group of attorneys, which included such people as Robert Treu-
haft, who had previously been arrested in the Sproul Hall deal with
the FSM, and other attorneys who took part in their marches and
were sort of, they called themselves "attorney observers," so there was
a great deal of legal support among certain elements of the bar in the
county for their activities.
Mr. NiTTLE. Mr. Meese, would you describe the incident or incidents
concerning the troop trains ?
Mr. Meese. The troop train demonstrations, which is probably the
best known of the activities, took place on the 5th of August 1965,
the 6th of August 1965, and the 12th of August. On the 5th of
August, the demonstrations were led by Stephen Smale, who is one of
the witnesses that I believe the committee is familiar with. I believe
he was to be subpenaed as a witness, but was not able to be served, if
I understand correctly.
And a man by the name of Paul Ivory. Stephen Smale is a mem-
ber of the faculty in mathematics at the University of California, and
Paul Ivory, who is an assistant professor, Jerry Rubin
Mr. Rubin. I object. I would like to make a statement. I am
without counsel because of the way my lawyer was treated. I want
to represent myself.
Mr. NiTTLE. I ask that this witness be seated until the end of the
presentation of this witness.
Mr. Rubin. I want to make a statement. I want to represent
myself.
Mr. NiTTLE. I ask that this man be removed.
Mr. AsHBROOK. Mr. Chairman, he cannot be removed.
Mr. Rubin. My name is Jerry Rubin. It has just been introduced
in the record without any notice, and I want to make a statement
about it. I am now representing myself, apparently.
Mr. IcHORD. Mr. Chairman, I would suggest that the gentleman be
seated. He will be called tomorrow and have the opportunity to
deny
Mr. Rubin. I am representing myself.
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1079
Mr. IcHORD. — to refute in any way any allegations made against
him.
Mr. KuBiN. I am sorry. My name was just introduced into the
record. I have the right of cross-examination.
Mr. Pool. Now, come here.
Mr. KuBiN. Thank you. I mean, my name was just introduced by
this gentleman into the record without my knowing about it, and I
would like to make a statement.
Mr. Pool. What do you want to say ?
Mr. Rubin. First, I want to introduce myself. My name is Jerry
Rubin. I would like to make an explanation as to why I am wearing
the miif orm of the American Revolution of 1776.
Mr. Pool. I don't care to hear that.
Mr. Rubin. I am wearing it because America is degrading its 1776
ideals.
Mr. Pool. I am giving you the opportunity to make an objection
and I am trying to be fair with you, so state your objection.
Mr. Rubin. I am making this objection.
Mr. Pool. What is your objection ?
Mr. Rubin. I am making it right now.
Mr. Pool. What is your objection ?
Mr. Rubin. Would you wait one second and let me say it ?
Mr. Pool. Real fast.
Mr. Rubin. I want to do it
Mr. Pool. Your way.
Mr. Rubin. This gentleman has just mentioned my name and intro-
duced it into evidence.
Mr. Pool. What is your objection ?
Mr. Rubin. And I have not been informed previously that he was
going to make statements about myself that may defame my character ;
previously, so far, what he said about the Vietnam Day Committee has
been, I think, complimentary, but he may be going to make statements,
and has not yet, and I have not been informed that my name was to
be introduced. Tliat's my first objection.
My second objection is that I do not — that I want the right to cross-
examine Mr. District Attorney Meese.
Mr. Pool. You have been named in the newspapers on many occa-
sions, and I don't think you are being surprised by this statement.
Mr. Rubin. This is a little different than a newspaper.
Mr. Pool. And your second objection
Mr. Rubin. I want the right to cross-examine.
Mr. Pool. — that you want the right to cross-examination ; that is
overruled also.
Mr. Rubin. This gentleman is making statements about me.
Mr. Pool. I will overrule both objections. You have no others, so
just be seated.
Mr. Rubin. This is quite a courtroom.
Mr. Pool. Go ahead, Mr. Counsel,
Mr. Meese. For the record, Mr. Chairman
Mr. Pool. Let me ask you this : Wliile we have got a moment there,
did the Vietnam Day Committee use police brutality slogans out there?
Mr. Meese. Yes, sir, they did; on a number of occasions. As a
matter of fact, they did immediately following the troop train episode
1080 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
on the 12th of August of 1965 in the Berkeley Gazette of the city of
Berkeley and the San Francisco Examiner. Mr. Rubin and Mr.
Smale were quoted as having charged the police with biiitality and
threatened further demonstrations after the police officers, many of
them, had risked their lives to remove people from the tracks in front
of the oncoming train.
Mr. Pool. All right, go ahead.
Mr. Meese. As far as what happened in the troop train demonstra-
tions, on the 5th of August, approximately 100 pickets and about a
hundred more observers watched and picketed at the train station, the
Santa Fe station on University Avenue in Berkeley. There were some
pickets who jumped in front of the train as it was coming and then
jumped away when it became obvious that the train would not halt.
While no one was hurt, there were some narrow escapes. And at
that time, Stephen Smale announced that future demonstrations would
be planned in an effort to get the trains to stop, and no arrests were
made on this particular date.
The following day, I might add, that a setup, a network of observers
had been set up by the VDC, along the tracks of the Santa Fe system
in southern California and in Northern California ; and they had tele-
phone communications so that they could advise each other w^hen the
trains were coming, because as you know, troop train movements are
unscheduled. And so they had this spotter system set up, so that they
would be able to advise their colleagues in Berkeley. They knew the
approximate date, and then they would advise them as to the exact
time and gather the people there, in the vicinity of the Santa Fe
station.
The 6th of August, they picketed twice and demonstrated twice,
once at the Emeryville station of the Santa Fe and once at the Berkeley
station, and were stopped from massing themselves in front of the
track only by flying wedges of police officers and sheriff's deputies,
who removed the demonstrators from the tracks.
In each case, they had signs ; many of them threw leaflets at the train
and utilized their sign as the troop trains were passing.
Perhaps the most massive demonstration against the troop trains
was planned for and took place on the 12th of August. On that day
and prior to that day, they distributed leaflets which said, "STOP the
Troop Train !" and then gave some more information about the com-
mittee and about the Vietnam Day Committee's efforts to stop the troop
trains. And on the back of this leaflet, it says, "Troop Train Picket
No. 4— this Thursday, 8 :45 a.m. WHAT WILL HAPPEN THIS
TIME?" and then a picture which had been taken on the previous
troop train demonstrations of some demonstrators running in front
of the oncoming train.
I would offer this, if you wish, as an exhibit.
Mr. Pool. Without objection, the document is accepted.
(Document marked "Meese Exhibit No. 2." See p. 1112.)
Mr. Meese. Along with this particular leaflet was passed out a
leaflet at about the same time. It was prepared to be passed out on
the troop train, if they could get it to stop, and that was a leaflet that
was titled "Mississippi Negroes Say : 'Don't Fight in Vietnam' " and
was a reprint by the Vietnam Day Committee of a leaflet that had
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1081
been posted in McComb, Mississippi, in July of 1965 and has informa-
tion addressed to soldiers as to why there should not be participation
in the fighting.
Mr. Pool. With no objection, the document is accepted into evidence.
(Document marked "Meese Exhibit No. 3." See p. 1114.)
Mr. Meese. Prior to this particular day, the Vietnam Day Com-
mittee sent a telegram to the Santa Fe Railroad superintendent, which
stated as follows :
The Viet Nam Day Committee is a group of students, faculty members, and other
members of the Bay area community outraged by the use of Berkeley railways
for the pursuit of the immoral war in Viet Nam. We will not remain silent.
We will not close our eyes while the war machine rolls on. The brutality of the
war in Viet Nam was extended to home last week when railroad trains moving
without regard to human life nearly crushed to death a number of young
protestors. Let this not happen again.
And it goes on with more of the same advice to the Santa Fe Railroad,
and was signed by Stephen Smale, Paul Ivory, Jerry Rubin, and Larry
Laughlin.
In return, the railroad sent a telegram to the Vietnam Day Commit-
tee which said in part :
These trains carrying Armed Forces of the United States Government are
moving under military orders and no stop at Berkeley or Emeryville is scheduled
or will be made. Your illegal demand that these troop trains stop in Berkeley
so that you may hand out literature to the soldiers and also talk with them in
an effort to dissuade them from obeying the lawful orders of their commanding
officers and of the United States Government is flatly rejected. You and your
followers are warned not to obstruct these trains in any manner. Stay off the
tracks, right-of-way, and other Santa Fe property * * *.
And then the railroad quotes certain legal matters which they felt
the committee ought to know.
I would offer this, if the committee wishes it, the copy of the two
telegrams.
Mr. Pool. With no objection, the document is accepted into evi-
dence.
(Document marked "Meese Exhibit No. 4." See p. 1115.)
Mr. Meese. On this particular occasion, approximately 300 demon-
strators gathered at the Santa Fe station on University Avenue in
Berkeley, and then again this was coordinated by the use of walkie-
talkies. They all had their picket signs, and so on.
And they, on signal from their leaders, suddenly, because there were
a number of police officers tliere who were prepared to prevent them
from stopping the train at that location, on a given signal from their
leaders, they suddenly broke, and walked and ran up the tracks,
approximately a mile or a mile and a half, towards where the train
was coming in, so that they would be spread out, and would be harder
to stop by the police.
And so you had over 300 people spread out along the tracks for a
mile, many of them lying down on the tracks, sitting on the tracks.
And again, it was only by the good sense of some of them and the
efforts of police officers in other cases that there were not some lives
lost as the train went through.
However, the train did get through without stopping, or with stop-
ping only briefly. While the train did stop, a number of the demon-
1082 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
strators leaped on to the train, on top of the train, into the cars, and
attempted — one person attempted to move or use the braking mecha-
nism of the train to stop the train itself.
Mr. AsHBROOK. If the gentleman would yield, it is very interesting
at this point to note their tactics and, also, the fact that they still, with
all of this, want to blame the railroads for the plight in which they
put themselves. The telegram reads in part :
The brutality of the war in Viet Nam was extended to home last week when
railroad trains moving without regard to human life nearly crushed to death
a nuijaber of young protesters.
They placed themselves in front of a moving train, w^hich takes an
awfully lot of brains, and then they are saying that the railroad train
was moving without regard to human life. It is a typical example of
the way this group operates, and I think it is a very fine piece of
evidence you bring before this committee.
Mr. Meese. This was then played up a great deal in their press con-
ferences and in their subsequent activities, and at this time, then, they
attempted to go to the Federal court and get a Federal court injunction
to stop the troop trains from moving through the city of Berkeley.
The Santa Fe Railroad was never served with this petition for an
injunction, and the Federal judge ultimately dismissed the case with-
out any order.
I would say that this basically summarizes the activities of the
Vietnam Day Committee in relation to the troop trains. However, it
might be of note — or of interest to the committee to note that it was
about this time that the elaborate arrangements and organization ^f
the committee were actually de^'eloped, and they obtained a head-
quarters building. They had typing committees, they had publicity
committees, and they really got into full operation. They described
this in one of their letters, in which they say :
In order to carry on the opposition to the war, the Committee has a paid staff
of eight persons and many volunteers who work day and night. They are work-
ing to organize community meetings, neighborhood groups, students, and peace
demonstrations. * * *
And then they go on to describe some of their other activities that
they plan. I would offer this to the committee.
Mr. Pool. Without objection, it is accepted as evidence.
(Document marked "Meese Exhibit No. 5." See p. 1119.)
Mr. IcHORD. Mr. Chairman, I have no objection to the introduction
of the exhibit into the record. I am wondering if the gentleman is
familiar with the reaction of the troops who were on the train of which
he spoke.
Mr. Meese. The reaction of the troops as observed by the people
there — I happened to be present at the demonstration on the 12th of
August — many of the troops were laughing at the demonstrators.
Many of them were disturbed, to some extent, by these people, in the
sense that they were on their way to Vietnam and were fighting and
possibly were going to be killed in Vietnam, and here these people at
home, many of them looking like they would never make the Army if
they had the opportunity, were putting up signs, attempting to dis-
suade them from doing their duty. This was the apparent reaction,
learned both from observing the troops at the time and also from
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1083
conversations with personnel, military personnel at the Oakland
Army Terminal subsequently.
I don't have as much direct information on this, because this didn't
specifically fall within the purview of the work of the district at-
torney's office.
Mr. Clawson. Would the gentleman yield ?
Mr. Rubin. Mr. Chairman, I would like to correct the statement.
Mr. Pool. You are out of order.
Mr. Clawson. Do you find any sympathetic feeling from the boys
on the train to these people ?
Mr. Meese. Not having talked to them, I could not gauge that, sir.
Mr. Clawson. You didn't see any evidence ?
Mr. Meese. No. As I say, there was laughing, there appeared to be
some consternation among the troops, particularly among their leaders,
the officers and the noncommissioned officers. I think, on occasion,
there were a number that might be described as obscene gestures from
the troops to the demonstrators.
Mr. Nittle. What was the next major activity which brought the
Vietnam Day Committee to the attention of law enforcement?
Mr. Meese. This was the announcement that there would be a march
on the 15th of October, the 15th and 16th of October, the so-called
International Days of Protest, which were proclaimed by the Vietnam
Day Committee. And it was on the 10th of September that a press con-
ference was called by the Vietnam Day Committee to announce that
there would be a protest march to Oakland. Rather, there were state-
ments made on the 10th. Actually, it was even earlier than that.
They had called this press conference and they announced at that
time, as quoted in the San Francisco Chronicle of the 10th of Septem-
ber, that :
A protest march of 10,000 persons to culminate in civil disobedience at the
Oakland Army Terminal on October 16 was promised by the Vietnam Day Com-
mittee yesterday.
So the press conference was actually on the 9th. This announce-
ment was made by Stephen Smale, a University of California mathe-
matics professor, along with other representatives of the Vietnam
Day Committee.
He said the protest march would begin towards the terminal, one
of the major shipping points of military supplies, and would be the
biggest peace march the Bay area has seen. He stated that some of
the marchers would take part in acts of civil disobedience, but the
exact types of law breaking had not been decided upon. These, he
continued, could include dropping peace leaflets on the base from
the air and an amphibious landing by small boats, a march into the
terminal, or simply blocking the entrances to the terminal.
I have a copy of that article in the newspaper, which I offer as
an exhibit.
Mr. AsHBROOK. Mr. Meese, this was distinguished from the other
project, which was the labor teach-in directed at longshoremen; is
that not correct ?
Mr. Meese Yes; this was a specific project, althougli there was
some talk about attempting to get longshoremen not to load ships.
Mr. Pool. No objection. The document is accepted into evidence.
1084 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
(Document marked "Meese Exhibit No. 6." See p. 1121.)
Mr. IcHORD. Mr. Chairman, it mi^ht be of interest to Mr. Meese
to romid out liis investigation that it is the information of the com-
mittee that Professor Smale is on his way to Moscow to accept a
mathematics award there now.
Mr. Meese. This is what was announced when your subpena was
received in the Bay area. This was announced in the press there at
that time.
Mr. Clawson. Mr. Chairman, may I ask just one quick question?
Mr. Pool. Yes.
Mr. Clawson. Did the movement have any success among the
members of the Lono;shoremen ?
Mr. Mebse. I don't know myself, because this was an activity—I
don't know even to what extent this activity was actually carried
on. There was talk of it. It didn't involve any illegal conduct per
se, and so I have no knowledge of that.
Mr. Clawson. Thank you.
Mr. Meese. The planning for the march of the 15th and 16th of
October involved such things at one of the meetings of the Vietnam
Day Committee membership as a proposal to block all the entrances
and exits to the Oakland Army Terminal with human bodies of
the demonstrators, and thus close down all the terminal operations.
This was one of the plans that was submitted.
The committee issued the Vietnam Day Committee Neios, volume 1,
number 2, July and August edition, and in that, in discussing what was
going to happen on the 15th and 16th of October, they state this :
Highly-coordinated, highly-publicized action will make people feel that they are
not alone in speaking out. An active minority of 1,000,000 people marching on
Washington or 100,000 in coordinated civil disobedience would likely be suflScient
to stop that war.
I offer this as an exhibit.
Mr. Pool. No objection. It is so ordered.
(Document marked "Meese Exhibit No. 7" and retained in committee
files.)
Mr. Meese. And if I may, I have a series of three documents which
I would offer as a group exhibit, which were put out during the period
of time prior to the 1st of October. One says : "FUTURE COM-
MUNITY PROTEST i^IEETING AND MASSIVE CIVIL DIS-
OBEDIENCE PLANNED BY THE VIETNAM DAY COMMIT-
TEE," relating to this march, and "THE VIETNAM DAY COM-
MITTEE announces the formation of the VDC DEFENDANTS
COMMITTEE," and the first paragraph of this reads:
In preparation for our civil disobedience of October 15 and 16, we, who expect to
be arrested, are now organizing into a group whose basic purpose is the commit-
ment to a political defense.
And a statement concerning the VDC Defendant^ Committee carry-
ing the same general information, but with a note on the bottom,
"meetings every Sunday, 8 pm, 2407 Fulton Street," which is the head-
quarters building — "to plan civil disobedience," was appended. I
would offer these three documents as a group exhibit.
Mr. Pool. No objection, and it is so ordered.
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1085
(Documents marked "Meese Exhibits Nos. 8- A, B, and C," re-
spectively, Exhibit 8-B retained in Committee files. See pp. 1122-
1 128 for Exhibits 8-A and C. )
Mr. Meese. At the meeting of the committee — this was the defend-
ants' committee, the VDC Defendants Committee, referred to in those
exhibits — on the 19th of September, a committee spokesman outlined
the types of things in which they might engage at the Army terminal
on the 15th and 16th.
One plan was the demonstrators would climb over the fence at the
Oakland Army Terminal, trespass, and sit and hang on the tanks and
trucks at the base until they were dragged off.
Another plan, less drastic, was that there would be numerous loud-
speakers and sound trucks, which would be taken to the Oakland Army
Terminal entrance, and if refused entrance — which, as one spokesman
said, which surely they would be — they would set up the equipment
outside the gate and fences and hold the teach-in there.
Mr. Pool. Wait just a minute, please.
We have an important vote on the floor of the House. The committee
will stand adjourned until 10 o'clock tomorrow morning.
(Whereupon, at 5:50 p.m., Wednesday, Augiist 17, 1966, the sub-
committee recessed, to reconvene at 10 a.m., Thursday, August 18,
1966.
HEARINGS ON H.R. 12047, H.R. 14925, H.R. 16175, H.R.
17140, AND H.R. 17194— BILLS TO MAKE PUNISHABLE
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN TIME OF UN-
DECLARED WAR
Part 1
THURSDAY, AUGUST 18, 1966
United States House of Representatives,
Subcommittee of the
Committee on Un-American Activities,
Washington^ D.G.
puBuc hearings
The subcommittee of the Committee on Un-American Activities met,
pursuant to recess, at 10 :20 a.m., in the Caucus Room, Cannon House
Office Building, Washington, D.C., Hon. Richard H. Ichord, presiding.
(Subcommittee members: Representatives Joe R. Pool, of Texas,
chairman ; Richard H. Ichord, of Missouri ; George F, Senner, Jr., of
Arizona ; John M. Ashbrook, of Ohio ; and John H. Buchanan, Jr., of
Alabama. Alternate member: Representative Del Clawson, of
California.)
Subcommittee members present : Representatives Ichord, Ashbrook,
and Buchanan.
Committee member also present : Representative Edwin E. Willis,
of Louisiana, chairman of the full committee.
Staff members present: Francis J. McNamara, director; William
Hitz, general counsel; Alfred M. Nittle, counsel; Donald T. Appell,
chief investigator ; and Ray McConnon, Jr., Herbert Romerstein, and
Philip R. Manuel, investigators.
Mr. Ichord. The committee will come to order, a quorum being
present.
The chairman of this subcommittee. Congressman Pool, has been
necessarily delayed this morning; and as ranking majority member of
this subcommittee, it is my responsibility to perform the duties of the
Chair until Mr. Pool returns.
(At this point Representative Clawson entered the hearing room.)
Mr. Ichord. The chairman, at this time, is very happy to welcome
back to Washington the chairman of the full committee, the Honorable
Ed Willis of the State of Louisiana. It is nice to have you back
with us, Ed.
The Chairman. Glad to be back.
1087
1088 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Mr. IcHORD. At the conclusion of the hearings yesterday when the
committee adjourned, the witness in the chair was Mr. Meese. Counsel
will continue questioning of Mr. Meese at the point he left off.
Mr. Meese, you have been sworn. You may be seated.
The Chair will admonish the members of the audience, and of course,
I am not admonishing all of you. I will appeal to your sense of pro-
priety, your sense of decorum, to maintain order in this hearing room.
This committee is an arm of Congress. We are charged with the
business of Congress. The business of Congress is the people's busi-
ness. We are very happy to have you here with us today, but the
Chair does insist that order be maintained and the Chair will take
steps to maintain that order.
With that admonition, Mr. Counsel, you will resume your question-
ing of Mr. Meese.
TESTIMONY OF EDWIN MEESE HI— Resumed
Mr. NiTTLE. Mr. Meese, at the time of recess, yesterday, I believe
you were discussing the October 1965 demonstrations of the Vietnam
Day Committee?
Mr. Meese. Yes, sir.
Mr. NiTTLE. Will you continue, Mr. Meese ?
Mr. Meese. All right, Mr, Nittle. I believe I had just described the
preparations for the October 15th and 16th march to the Oakland
Army Terminal, and we had just introduced into the record certain
documents w^hich pertain to the planned civil disobedience which had
been distributed by the Vietnam Day Committee prior to the end of
September.
At the end of September, the committee held another press confer-
ence and announced that this time, that they had changed the plans
and that they did not plan to engage in wdiat they called civil disobedi-
ence. And this was the public announcement at that time, although
it is noted that the meetings of the Vietnam Day Committee did not
indicate that they w^ould necessarily go through with this change of
plans, but the possibility of different plans of civil disobedience still
existed, even after the public announcement.
For example. Professor Smale, one of the cochairmen of the VDC
at that time, took the position that they should not decide in advance
that they will be arrested, but they should let the issues on the 15th
and 16th of Octo'ber decide.
And at a meeting on the 26th of September, it was decided that
anticipation of arrest would not be announced in advance and more
concentration would be put on organizing the masses, but that they
would state that the possibility of arrest still exists.
Likewise, at what they described as an emergency meeting of the
VDC to discuss whether to break the McCarran Espionage Act of
1917, there was a discussion as to whether or not they should engage
in civil disobedience, and that possibility was still left open.
The Chairman. Pardon me. What is the time of this occurrence ?
Mr. Meese. Yes, sir, the emergency meeting of the Vietnam Day
was on October 4, which was some approximately 6 days after they
had claimed that there would be no disobedience. And at that time.
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1089
they discussed in their meeting the fact that "we must urge American
soldiers to demand access to the truth about Vietnam and finally to
take individual and joint action to refuse to fight in Vietnam."
This was the objective of their march. And they also discussed the
issue of whether "we will violate the 1917 Espionage Act, in order to
tell soldiers the Government would not dare a political trial."
There was further discussion at that meeting by a person who later
became a candidate, unsuccessfully, for this Congress, who stated at
the meeting, "It is time to risk treason. We must totally disassociate
ourselves with the United States Government."
So this was the tenor of the discussions at that particular meeing,
which belied the public announcements that there would be no civil
disobedience; and, in fact, this was an example of the tactic, whereby
the way for civil disobedience is still left open, but that the organiza-
tion officially does not come out, saying we will commit criminal viola-
tions, so that they can then take the position, if people do get arrested
later on, that while they did not officially sanction the civil dis-
obedience, individual members just got carried away.
The Chairman. And the discussions about civil disobedience even
centered around an espionage act of Congress ?
Mr. Meese, This is what took place at the meeting; yes, sir.
Also at this particular meeting, or rather at a membership meeting
of the VDC the next evening, on the 5th of October, there was a con-
siderable discussion about the writing of and distribution of what they
called the soldier leaflet.
The soldier leaflet ["Attention All Military Personnel." See Meese
Exhibit No. 16, p. 1138.] was a leaflet draw^n up by a committee of the
Vietnam Day Committee called the Strategic Research Committee,
and this was adopted by the Steering Committee — I have a copy which
will be available to introduce later — but at this time, they are just
discussing the content of this leaflet, and it had to do with various at-
tempts to influence soldiers of the United States Army, including such
statements as you may have to fight, but don't fight too hard, and if
you should refuse to obey orders, you should know that there are
plenty of people who will back you up.
Later on, this leaflet was, in fact, printed, and I will at a later point
in testimony descrioe how this leaflet was used if the committee wishes
me to, Mr. Nittle.
Mr. Nittle. Yes, please.
Mr. Meese. Now at the time of this meeting on the 5th of October,
the discussion at the Vietnam Day Committee general membership
meeting, which is generally open to the public so that anyone may
attend, it said, "it is believed by members of both the Strategic Re-
search Committee and the Steering Committee" — and this was the sub-
stance of the discussion — that the soldier leaflet, as well as the VDC
declaration against the war in Vietnam, will be a direct confronta-
tion with Federal authorities, and it was their feeling, and the Vietnam
Committee discussed this, that it was in violation of section 2387 of
the U.S. Federal Code, and there was considerable discussion on their
part as to the fact that this was a violation of the law.
Mr. NittivE. Would you state in substance what provisions of law
are contained in the section of the code to which you referred?
1090 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Mr. Meese, Section 2387, and these and the following sections are
generally the Sedition Act, which provide that it is a Federal offense
for anyone to pereuade or dissuade soldiers or military personnel of
the United States from doing their duty.
The Chairman. Well, let me say that the legistlation we are consid-
ering has nothing to do — although there has been made a general
statement that this committee is engaged in legislating against protest
rights which are given to any individual under the Constitution — that
this legislation we are considering has nothing to do with expressions
of protest in the type of meetings that you have described.
What this bill has to do with is making unlawful overt acts against
our Government and giving aid and comfort to the enemy during war.
For instance, specifically, making it a crime to interfere with the
transport of soldiers to the field of battle and trying to stop shipping
arms and ammunition to fighting soldiers on our battlefield.
That is what this bill has to do with, and it is time to be perfectly
frank on what this bill is all about. We all have opinions, it is agreed,
but in my humble opinion, people who would do those things that I
have just mentioned fall short of loyalty to this Government.
Let's call them what they should be called. They are yellow-bellied
cowards, in my opinion.
Mr. IcHORD. The Chair thanks the chairman of the full committee
for his contribution, and the Chair would point out to the chairman of
the full committee that Mr. Meese, who is deputy district attorney in
Alameda County, at the beginning of his testimony yesterday stated
that, in making his investigation, it was necessary to distinguish from
lawful assembly and assemblies which were not lawful. I pointed
out, Mr. Chairman, that at the beginning of these hearings, Mr. Pool
asked me to support his bill.
I was concerned that he might not be able to draft the legislation in
order to protect freedom of assembly, because freedom of assembly
is one of the firet amendment rights, but certainly freedom of as-
sembly does not extend a guarantee to interference with the movement
of troop trains, nor does freedom of speech extend to the soliciting
of aid to a hostile force such as the Viet Cong.
Mr. Pool has limited his legislation to overt acts. I personally
have no doubt about the constitutionality, and as the chairman indi-
cates, that is also his considered opinion.
Mr. Counsel, you will proceed with the questioning.
Mr. Meese. I wonder if I might respond to only one question or
comment of Mr. Willis', and that is that I believe that the Vietnam Day
Committee march of the 15th and 16th of October is particularly rele-
vant to the dangers that you posed, agaiinst which this bill is designed
to provide criminal sanction, and that is that the ultimate objective of
the Vietnam Day Committee's march on the 15th and 16th of October
was to get to the Oakland Army Terminal, which is the major ship-
ping point for the Vietnam war on the West Coast. And as I dis-
cussed yesterday in answering questions, when you were not present,
Mr. Willis, some of the things they were discussmg was blocking with
a row of human bodies all the exits and entrances to that particular
Army tenninal, so that they could cut off its operations for as long as
they wanted to and, in effect, have the Oakland Army Base under their
control, rather than the control of the Federal Government.
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1091
This was the reason — that is why the marches and the fact that they
left open the possibility of ci^dl disobedience in their own discussions,
even though publicly saying they would not, that their whole conduct
prior to the 15th and 16th of October was particularly important; and
also important, I think, was the extensive logistical arrangements
which had been made, so that they could stay in the area of the Oak-
land Army Tei-minal as long as they wanted to.
Tliey set up committees, for example, with detailed planning for
lighting, for flood lights, for food to be brought down to the demon-
strators who were there. They even made plans to rent 10 flat bed
trucks, which they were going to wire with sound equipment, which
would be used both for their demonstrators and also to project this
sound into the Oakland Army Terminal, against the soldiers. And,
also, they made such detailed arrangements as planning to rent 40 port-
able bathrooms, or latrines, to take care of other comforts of the dem-
onstrators, which indicated a long-term occupation, you might say,
of the area at or near the Army terminal.
As discussed yesterday, the banners, the propaganda leaflets, and
this sort of thing, were all discussed and preparations were made, as
were the walkie-talkie communications for controlling the demon-
strators.
They also had such plans as to drop balloons.
The Chairman. Well, let me ask you this question : Taking all of
your testimony as a whole, wouldn't you say that some of the acts
that they committed and the policies that they advocated went beyond
overt acts against the Federal Government, and included aid and com-
fort to the enemy ?
Mr. Meese. I would say that the objectives of the committee cer-
tainly would afford aid and comfort to the enemy. What we have dis-
cussed up until this time, of course, is the fact that these were what
they were planning.
Now what happened actually was that the committee, which at-
tempted and wished to get to the Oakland Army Terminal, was denied
a parade permit by the city of Oakland and the city of Berkeley. In
Berkeley, however, they did leave the campus on the evening of the 15th
of October and were able to walk through the streets of Berkeley.
Berkeley has a smaller police department and it would have been vir-
tually impossible for them to stop this group of some, well, in excess
of 3,000 people, who were marching from the University of California
campus, after a half-day teach-in on the 15th of October.
This was a Friday. However, the Oakland jwlice, at the direction
of the city council and following the denial of the parade permit, were
concerned with two things : Number one, that they should not be al-
lowed to reach the Oakland Army Terminal, because the chance of do-
ing the things which I have described were very real and it had been
requested by General Conroy, the commanding officer of the Oakland
Army Terminal, that tliey not be allowed to reach the Oakland Army
Terminal.
There were a number of conferences during this period between the
military, the local police, the district attorney's offices. Mr. Coakley,
the district attorney of Alameda County, at the personal request of
Governor Brown, served to coordinate the law enforcement personnel
1092 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
in cooperation with Sheriff Madigan and the chiefs of police of Oak-
land and Berkeley, and so the other danger to the community, which is
not particularly related to the bill, but nevertheless was a very great
danger, was that the march would have gone through one of the most
inflammable population areas of the city, and the chance of a com-
munity disorder, particularly when this was advertised as a torchlight
parade, which would have extended, actually cutting the city of Oak-
land in two, because it would have stopped traffic from crossing the city,
right through the middle of town ; this was also a concern of the law en-
forcement agencies.
In any event, the Oakland police on Telegraph Avenue, at the cit^;
line, the border of Oakland and Berkeley, formed a line of ofRcei-s two
or three deep, with additional sqiiads of motorcycle officers available to
cut off, if the march should try and proceed down any other streets,
and they were stopped at that point.
They then — the committee then turned around, turned down a side
street there in Berkeley and marched to the Berkeley Civic Center,
where they camped out overnight in one of the parks there.
The next day, the 16th of October, the committee made another at-
tempt to reach the Oakland Army Terminal, marching down the
streets of Berkeley, and again, they were stopped at the Oakland line
by the Oakland Police Department, reinforced by deputy sheriffs from
the Alameda County Sheriff's Office.
It was at this point, I might mention parentheically, that the fears
of possible community disorder were realized and at this point, when
they reached the Oakland line, the Vietnam Day Committee marchers
sat down and held the teach-in in the streets of Berkeley. And it was
while they reached this point, or after they had reached this point,
that some members of a motorcycle gang crashed through the line
of Berkeley police officers and attacked the marchers, and there was a
battle at that point, in which one Berkeley police officer was felled and
suffered a broken leg.
As a matter of fact, had it not been for the quick action of the Oak-
land police in moving forward and restoring order, you might have
had a full-scale disorder at that point.
Mr. IcHORD. Mr. Chairman, Mr. Meese intends to appear before the
committee later to testify on the legislative aspects of the hearing.
The acting chairman has expressed the desire to expedite the investiga-
tive aspects of the hearing, in order that we can get promj)tly to the
legislative hearings.
Mr. Meese will testify on the bill. I have several questions which I
intend to ask Mr. Meese, as to the legislative effect of the legislation
pending in the committee.
Mr. Meeese, is Port Chicago, California, within the jurisdiction of
Alameda, California?
Mr. Meese. No, sir, it is not. This is one demonstration that our
county law enforcement agency has been spared, somehow, but I am
prepared to discuss that, masmuch as this grew out of activities on
the 6th and 7th of August, in which the Vietnam Day Committee was
one of the
Mr. IcHORD. Port Chicago is in the general area, though?
Mr. Meese. Yes, it is Concord, north of us, in Contra Costa County.
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1093
Mr. IcHORD. Well, apparently there are some organizers in opera-
tion while you are out here testifying in Washington. Someone yes-
terday handed to me the ticker tape of a Port Cliicago incident, and
I think it would be appropriate to read that into the record at this
time :
U.S. Marines dragged, pulled, and shoved demonstrators off a county road in
front of a Concord Naval Weapons Station today, when the pickets tried to
prevent trucks loaded with napalm from entering the base. Marines threw
one of the demonstrators, a girl, into a water filled ditch adjacent to the
roadway, after she squatted in the road as a napalm loaded truck approached the
main gate to the base from which munitions are sent to Vietnam.
Marines arrested nine persons, seven men, the girl and a juvenile, for allegedly
trepassing on Government property. The adults were turned over to the United
States Marshal's office. Contra Costa County Sheriff's Deputies were on hand
during the melee, but they made no arrests. Two American Broadcasting Com-
pany newsmen, from K GO-TV in San Francisco were roughed up during the
wild demonstration. They said Marines shoved them from the gate, when they
attempted to take pictures, and they said one of their cameras was broken and
a microphone cord cut in two.
An estimated 200 demonstrators were at the scene when the melee broke out
about two dozen hecklers also were on hand, throwing rocks and bottles at the
pickets. None of the hecklers was arrested. Each time a truck approached the
gate, one of the demonstrators ran to the roadway and lay down. The Marines
then dragged or shoved the demonstrator off the roadway to let the truck pass.
The weapons station is the primary munitions shipping point for the war in Viet-
nam. The picketing started on August 6th and has continued since then on a
24 hour basis. Several organizations have been involved in the picketing,
including members of the Vietnam Day Committee, a militant anti-war group.
Now does the witness have personal knowledge of the organization
of this demonstration ?
Mr. Meese. Yes, Mr, Chairman. This demonstration was organized,
as the clipping states, on the 6th and 7th of August, And was to
be another international day of protest, the 6th of August being
the anniversary of the Hiroshima atom blast. And so these demon-
strations liave existed there on a 24-hour basis continuously since that
date, with varying numbers of people being present at any one time.
The Vietnam Day Committee distributed a leaflet prior to the 6th
of August, in which it advertised the August 6th protest. And on
the back of this leaflet, among the actions that are listed, one of the
actions having been a mass march on Market Street in San Francisco,
they indicate other actions siipported by this group, and they have
here a list of all the organizations which were supporting these various
demonstrations, which include the Berkeley VDC, Berkeley Friends
of SNCC, Communist Party, U,S,A., Community for New Politics,
and a number of other organizations which are listed here, they indi-
cate here "other actions" quote :
"Port Chicago .supplies over 90% of all munitions & explosives for the War in
VietNam."
Rally — 1 p.m. Sunday, Aug. 7, Concord City Plaza. * * *
Walk — 2 p.m. to dock gate at Port Chicago. * * *
Action — 5 p.m. Individuals will stop munitions trucks. * * *
So this is what has been happening on that date, and since that time,
and I would offer this pamphlet for the record.
Mr. IcHORD, There being no objection, the Chair wnll accept the
pamphlet to be incorporated in the record.
(Document marked "Meese Exhibit No, 9," See p. 1124,)
Mr, AsHBROOK, Mr. Chairman,
67-852 O— 66— pt. 1 13
1094 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Mr. IcHORD. The gentleman from Ohio,
Mr. AsHBRooK. I think the witness has pointed out in this case, in
this same circumstance, as yesterday, when there was an effort to block
a troop train, g^onps such as this not only have the purpose of trying
to impede the flow of troops or the orderly conduct of the Military
Establishment, but they are always endeavoring to create incidents, so
they can charge police brutality or, in this case, Marine brutality or, in
some cases, military police brutality.
I note from the PeojjWs World, Saturday, August 13, the People's
World, of course, being one of the Communist organs on the West
Coast, the following quotation : "Six women jumped across the road to
stop it."
It, of course, being one of the troop trucks you referred to. Note that
"jumped across the road to stop it." Think of the plight of the soldiers,
the military men, who must contend with groups such as this who are
actually endeavoring to cause incidents.
I don't doubt a bit but what some of them would like to have some
bodily injury inflicted so they could hold themselves up at future
rallies as an example of what happened as a part of our war effort, and
so forth. And I think it more than ever indicates the necessity for
legislation of this type.
There is continually an effort to cause incidents, so you then can
protest police or military force brutality, and this, of course, is a side-
light that the gentleman has very properly brought out.
Mr. IcHORD. Thank you, the gentleman from Ohio.
The witness may proceed.
Mr. Meese. I would offer for the record, as sort of a conclusion to
the information about this march of October 15 and 16, a list of elected
members of the VDC Steering Committee for that particular march,
which include the names, among others, of Windy Smith, who I believe
has been subpenaed as a witness by this committee, Steve Cherkoss,
Jerry Eubin, and Steve Smale. I offer this list, and would offer these
other documents as a group exhibit, being the documents prepared by
the Vietnam Day Committee and announcing their plans for the
October 15th and 16th march.
A series of four documents, headed "Proposed Strategy for October
15-16," "The following plan for October 15-16 has been proposed by
the Strategic Research Organization," "Calendar of Scheduled Plans,"
and "International Days of Protest against the War in Vietnam."
Mr. IcHORD. Now, Mr. Meese in regard to this document which
purports to be a list of the elected members of the VDC's Steering
Committee of the October 15th and 16th demonstration, what is the
derivation of this list ?
Mr. Meese. The election of these persons was held at an open gen-
eral membership meeting of the VDC and that is a list that was pre-
pared by a person who was actually in attendance ,at that meeting.
Mr. IcHORD, A member of your staff ?
Mr. Meese. He was a member of a police department in the county,
Mr. IcHORD. Is there any objection to the admission of these docu-
ments into the record? If not, the documents will be admitted.
(Membership list marked "Meese Exhibit No. 10"; other docu-
ments marked "Meese Exhibits Nos. 11-A through 11-D." Exhibit
11-C retained in committee files. For other exhibits see pp. 1126-
1132.)
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1095
Mr. Meese. I might mention, Mr. Ichord, that inasmuch as these
general membership meetings were open to the public, it is not un-
usual for occasionally a young looking police officer to attend.
Mr. IcHORD. Counsel will proceed with the questioning,
Mr. NiTTLE. Mr. Meese, I believe you have touched on the subject,
but would you more fully describe the preparatory planning for these
marches ?
Mr. Meese. The detailed planning involved all of the matters that
I indicated. Particularly distinctive, I think, was the logistical plan-
ning and the fact that they went to all these elaborate plans, in effect,
to camp out and stay there in the area around the Army base, plus the
widespread use of loudspeakers and floodlights and this sort of thing,
so that they could carry this thing on day and night.
Mr. Nittle. During the period prior to the march, did the Vietnam
Day Committee engage in any other activities ?
Mr. Meese. Yes, there was another activity that was directly re-
lated to the .activities of military operations, and that was, at this
time, the Vietnam Day Committee found out that the Army was train-
ing war dogs in Til den Regional Park, which is an area near Berkeley,
and in the Daily Calif omian^ the campus newspaper, on the 21st of
September 1965, John Windrim Smith, along with other members of
the VDC, announced that there would be personal harassment of the
Army at that location if the dogs were not removed from Tilden Park.
On the same day there was a noon rally — on the 20th of September,
there was a noon rally on the steps of Sproul Hall, the administration
building of the campus, and during the first 15 minutes of this rally,
there was a discussion of the weekend activities by VDC at Tilden
Park.
They took pictures of Army guards who were at the park. Due
to the possibility of the VDC holding a demonstration there, it was
necessary for the Army to provide additional guards for this dog-
training site because of the possibility of a demonstration, similar in
nature to what we discussed might have happened at the Oakland
Army Terminal, and also the VDC members, as a part of their con-
tinuing harassment, were posting signs all over the park that read,
"Beware of Army War Dogs in the Area. Don't leave any raw meat
uncovered or children playing. If dog attacks, wait until handler
arrives."
The objective of this kind of thing was to arouse the public generally
against the Army training program there, at that site. Ajid as a
matter of fact, within a short time after that, for reasons which may
or may not have been connected with this activity, the war dog-train-
ing site was removed by the Army from that location.
Mr. NiTTLE. Wliat happened after the marches of the 15th and
] 6th of October 1965 ?
Mr. Meese. Well, after being blocked by the Oakland police and
kept from getting to the Oakland Army Terminal, the committee
scheduled another march for the 20th of November 1965, during which
march they again, prior to the march, announced that they wanted
to go to the Oakland Army Terminal.
They were prevented from this, however, by an order of the Fed-
eral court. The city of Oakland again denied them a parade permit
because of their objective to get to the Oakland Army Terminal.
1096 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
The city did offer them another park, which was closer to the city
line and which would not have entailed the traffic problems that a
long march all the way through the city would have caused.
The VDC applied for a Federal court injunction to force the city
of Oakland to allow them to proceed through the city. The Federal
court after consultaiton with a number of parties, both the VDC on
the one hand and the city of Oakland on the other, and having asked
the district attorney of Alameda County to appear as a friend of the
court, after a series of discussions, the court finally ruled that they
could proceed to a park in Oakland, called DeFremery Park, but
that they could not proceed to the Oakland Army Terminal, so they
were prevented from reaching the Oakland Army Terminal by the
Federal court order, which the Oakland police were prepared to
enforce.
Again, this situation on the 20th of November posed a great threat
to the community itself, inasmuch as in meetings with the Vietnam
Day Committee during the end of October, there was an attempt to
enlist support from some of the dissident elements in the Oakland com-
munity, and at one time, one of the leaders of the dissident elements
there said that his group would support the VDC march, if the VDC
would agree to charge the Oakland police line and combat the police
officers, providing that they were stopped, and would attempt to mix
it up or have a confrontation, a physical confrontation, with the
police.
This the VDC declined to do, and the march itself, under the court
order, was orderly, although because of the jjotential community dis-
order, it required literally hmidreds of police officers to be present at
or near tlie scene.
Mr. NiTFLE. Was the November 20th march directed at the Oakland
Army Terminal ?
Mr. Meese. That was the initial objective of the VDC, which would
have been attained, had it not been for the Federal court order.
Mr. NiTTLE. During the fall of 1965, was there any activity by the
Vietnam Day Committee in relationship to the draft ?
Mr. Meese. Yes ; the activities of the Vietnam Day Committee then
centered upon the draft itself. As a matter of fact, Jerry Rubin was
quoted in the San Francisco Chronicle on the 24th of November 1965, in
which he held a press conference, at which John Windrim Smith was
also present, that the next goal of the VDC was the embarking upon
a serious and intensive campaign against the draft.
And this was done through a variety of things, but mostly, picket-
ing and demonstrations at the Armed Forces Induction C/enter in Oak-
land, at 15th and Clay, as well as demonstrations and handing out of
leaflets at the high schools and junior high schools in the Berkeley
area.
At this time, the committee handed out, among other things, a
pamphlet, here, which was headed "BRIEF NOTES ON THE
WAYS AND MEANS OF 'BEATING' AND DEFEATING THE
DRAFT." And this was authored by a member of the VDC and was
distributed by them.
The subtitle on the bottom is "HOW TO BEAT THE DRAFT,"
and it has a variety of methods, which are all listed here. "Be a CO.
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1097
[conscientious objector]." "Have a 'demonstration' during your pre-
induction physical," "Refuse to sign the loyalty oath." "Be an
epileptic." "Arrive drunk." One is particularly interesting: "Be an
undesirable. Go for a couple of weeks without a shower. Really look
dirty. Stink. Long hair helps. Go in barefoot with your sandals
tied around your neck. Give a wino a bottle for his clothes and wear
them," and so on. [Laughter.] If all else fails, the panel advises
finally that bed-wetting will probably do the trick. I would offer this
as an exhibit.
From the Floor. Mr. Chairman, that was a
Mr. IcHORD. There being no objection — let there be order in the
hearing room. The Chair will again admonish members of the audience
that you are guests of the committee. Let there be order in this hear-
ing room.
If there be no objection the document submitted by the gentleman
will be incorporated into the record.
(Document marked "Meese Exhibit No. 12." See p. 1133.)
From the Floor, I have an objection.
Mr, IcHORD, Your objection is definit^ily out of order. You will be
given the opportunity to be heard at a proper time, if you are a witness.
The plan of the committee is to call the witnesses at 12 o'clock. You
will be given the opportunity to testify, and if you are a witness, sir,
I hope that you will testify.
From the Floor. The system is
Mr. IcHORD. Let there be order. Let there be order in the hearing
room. I admonish the gentleman again. The Chair has indeed been
very patient with you. I ask, I appeal to your sense of decorum and
propriety. You will be ^ven the opportunity to testify.
Proceed with the hearing, Mr, Counsel.
Mr. Nittle. What other activities took place in relation to the draft
board ?
Mr. Meese. The picketing of the Oakland Army Induction Center
continued for a considerable period of time. Steven Cherkoss, in a
newspaper reference in the OaldaTid Tribune on the 25th of October
1965, was quoted as saying that the May 2nd Movement would send
someone to the center, the Army Induction Center, every day to pass
out the leaflets, in conjunction with these activities which various
movements were joining with the VDC, in these operations; and sim-
ilar activities took place, as I mentioned, at some of the schools in the
area, among people who would subsequently become of draft age.
Likewise, on the steps of Sproul Hall, a rally by the Anti-Draft
Committee of the VDC was held, at which time Mr, Cherkoss told the
crowd that they should stop giving information to the Selective Serv-
ice Board and that ROTC should be kicked off the campus,
A description of the activities of the Anti-Draft Committee is con-
tained in a pamphlet headed "ANTI-DRAFT COMMITTEE" which
was distributed by the VDC during this period, and I would offer this
piece of paper for the record.
One other activity
Mr. IcHORD. Just a minute, Mr, Witness, Is there an objection on
the part of the members of the committee, to admission of this docu-
ment into the record ? If not, the document will be admitted.
1098 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
(Document marked "Meese Exhibit No. 13." See p. 1185.)
Mr. Meese. Well one other activity in relation to the Armed Forces
Induction Center, and specifically the draft., was the Women's March
Against the War, held on February 23, 1966.
And at this time leaflets were passed out which said, "WOMEN :
March Against the War." "March with us to the Oakland Induction
Center where we will present our demands and voic« our opposition
to the war."
And they actually did march through Berkeley and through Oak-
land to the induction center. But, unfortunately, the timing was not
too good, and by the time they arrived there, the induction center was
closed for the day, so they had a demonstration outside for a period of
about an hour, in which they sang and had speeches.
The leaflet that was used in this particular event is described here,
and I would offer this for the record.
Also during the
Mr. IcHORD. There being no objection, the document w^ill be ad-
mitted.
(Document marked "Meese Exhibit No. 14." See p. 1136.)
Mr. Meese. Also during this period of time, there was still dis-
cussion about possible civil disobedience at these various demonstra-
tions, such as the draft board; and the VDC published a document
entitled "ADVICE TO DEMONSTRATORS" in which they state,
"Any participant and in fact, any observer of this or any demonstration
in Oakland is subject to some risk," and it gives them advice on how
the committee will go ahead to raise bail money as quickly as pos-
sible, where to send bail donations, "Do not waive any of your con-
stitutional rights." "A defendant's meeting will be called at the first
convenience to discuss legal strategy," and so on. And this was done
particularly in relation to activities that took place during the earl}'
part of 1966, in relationship to the picketing of a Congressman in the
Oakland-Berkeley area, at which time they passed out various pam-
phlets, and actually some of them had a sit-in in the Congressman's
office, until a point where they had to be arrested and, ultimately,
prosecuted and convicted.
But this advice to demonstrators indicates what we were discussing
during the hearings yesterday and what Mr. Ashbrook has brought out
this morning about the antipolice activity, which seemed to go along
with all of the demonstrations. And I would offer this particular
document for the record, also.
Mr. IcHORD. There being no objection, the document marked Ex-
liibit 15 will be admitted into the record.
(Document marked "Meese Exhibit No. 15.'" See p. 1137.)
Mr. NiTTLE. Was an attempt made by the Vietnam Day Commit-
tee to distribute literature in military installations on the West Coast?
Mr. Meese. Yes ; this was one of the activities that went on. John
Windrim Smith was quoted in the San Francisco Examiner of the 27th
of October 1965 as saying that in addition to, or rather that a leaflet
which was headed "ATTENTION ALL MILITARY PERSON-
NEL" that this leaflet was described by the lawyers for the VDC to be
seditious, but Smith led the majority of the VDC in a vote at a gen-
eral membership meeting that the VDC would continue printing and
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1099
handing out the leaflets ; and the particular leaflet involved was this
one here.
It is headed "ATTENTION ALL MILITAKY PERSONNEL,"
and it is printed in a format very similar to official Army documents.
For instance it has in small print up in the corner, "Approved For
Posting." Down at the bottom it has, as a Department of Defense
or Army form number, in the same style of type, it has "VDC Form
2017-J, 16 Oct. 1965" and the notation, "All previous Editions Ob-
solete."
[Laughter.]
Mr. IcHORD. Let there be order.
Mr. Meese. It is addressed to military personnel, and it says, "You
may soon be sent to Vietnam," and then has a description of why we
are fighting in Vietnam, who is the enemy, and so on, and winds
up w^ith this suggestion :
OPPOSE THE WAR
We hope that you too find yourself, as a hiunan being, unable to tolerate this
nightmare war, and we hope that you will oppose it. We don't know what kind
of risks we are taking in giving you this leaflet ; you won't know what risk you
will be taking in opposing the war. A growing number of GIs have already
refused to fight in Vietnam and have been court-martialed. They have shown
great courage. We believe that they, together with other courageous men who
will join them, will have influence far out of proportion to their numbers.
And then they go on to say :
You may feel the war is wrong, and still decide not to face a court-martial.
You may then find yourself in Vietnam under orders. You might be forced to
do some fighting — but don't do any more than you have to. Good luck. Vietnam
Day Conunmittee.
I would offer this for the record.
Mr. IcHORD, Mr. Meese, do you have any information as to whether
or not this particular document ended up in Vietnam ?
Mr. Meese. There were newspaj>er reports that it wound up in
Vietnam. The VDC itself denied that they had mailed them to Viet-
nam. As a matter of fact, John Windrim Smith was quoted in the
San Francisco Examiner, the student newspaper at the University of
California, and the San Francisco Chronicle on the 29th of November
1965, in which he acknowledged that the VDC had printed the pam-
phlet which has just been received into the record and which he
described, at that time, as being a leaflet that was sent to Vietnam,
but he denied that the VDC mailed the leaflets.
He said that the VDC had sent these leaflets to "peace" organiza-
tions and various individuals in the United States, but not to service-
men. He stated that the 30,000 copies of the leaflet were printed, but
most were distributed on or near the UCLA campus.
However, in a meeting of the VDC wiiich was held on the 20th of
October, there was a discussion about this particular pamphlet, and
at that time it was discussed that the majority of the VDC recom-
mends that they approve and distribute this soldier leaflet, which
was the one described here, but mainly to U.S. soldiers who are pre-
paring to go to Vietnam. And at that time, it was stated in the
meeting that the leaflet had already been widely distributed and
reprinted by many groups; 6,000 were taken into Fort Ord and dis-
tributed; about 200 at another military installation; and many at the
1100 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Army Intellig-ence School in Monterey. It was stated that they had
distributed all but about 5,0<)0 of the 30,000 leaflets which had been
printed. These leaflets were also distributed at Travis Air Force
Base and Hamilton Field, which are military installations in the vicin-
ity of the Bay area there.
Mr. IcHORD. There being no objection, Exhibit 16 will be admitted
in the record.
(Document marked "Meese Exhibit No. 16." See p. 1138.)
Mr. NiTTLE. Have there been any recent activities on this subject ?
Mr. Meese. The recent activities, primarily, have been those which
took place at the Naval Weapons Station at Port Chicago, which have
already been described in relation to the committee. I think that this
has been the primary incident of very recent date.
However, during the period of time after the women's march and
after the marches in the end of 1965, the YT>C turned to other ways
of gaining publicity for their activities, including the draft board
activity and the distribution of the leaflet which has just been received.
One of the incidents that happened in the Bay area was the bomb-
ing, so to speak, by a light aircraft, of certain military installations in
the city of Oakland, distributing a leaflet.
Now this activity was not specifically traceable to the VDC and may
have been handled by other anti-Vietnam war organizations. The
leaflet which was distributed, however, was similar to leaflets which
were also distributed by some members of the Vietnam Day Com-
mittee, but there is — the persons who were actually arrested for flying
over Oakland and the Alameda Naval Air Station and other installa-
tions and dropping these leaflets from the plane, the ones arrested were
not members of the Vietnam Day Committee.
The leaflet that was dropped from the light plane — and this hap-
pened coincidentally during about a week period in southern Cali-
fornia over several military installations, and also in northern Cali-
fornia, in the Oakland area, the area of the Oakland Naval Supply
Depot and the Alameda Naval Air Station — the leaflet that was
dropped is this one that I have in my hand, which shows a picture of
two burned bodies on one side and some writing material on the
other, and I would offer this leaflet into the record at this time.
The Chairman. May I see that ?
Mr, NiTTLE. Yes, sir.
Mr. Meese. I might state parenthetically to the committee, Mr.
Ichord, that there seems to be some necessity, which you may, or some
other committee of Congress may, wish to consider at some other time,
for more strenuous control of dropping things from planes.
Ultimately, the people who dropped these things were convicted
under State law, but the only offense that they were able to be con-
victed for was littering the streets, inasmuch as some of their leaflets
were dropped on the streets of Oakland.
From the Floor. How about dropping
Mr. Ichord. I^et there be order in the hearing room.
The Chair will advise the witness that when we go into legislative
aspects of the hearing, this member does desire to question you at
length on the effectiveness of existing laws, whether they be State
or Federal, to control this type of activity, and I hope — I know that
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1101
the gentleman has done some research in that regard, and your testi-
mony will be very beneficial to the committee.
If there be no objection, the document will be admitted as a part of
the record.
(Document marked "Meese Exhibit No. 17" and retained in commit-
tee files.)
Mr. NiTTLE. What has been the etTect of these activities on law en-
forcement in Alameda County ?
Mr. Meese. Well, the entire sequence of events which I have de-
scribed here, has, of course, had a number of effects on law enforce-
ment. At one time, most of the activity of the police agencies and the
district attorney's office has been directed at the more conventional
type of crime.
In the last several years, an increasing amount of our time and man-
power and resources has had to be put into the type of activities that
have been conducted 'by the Vietnam Day Committee.
Because any time you have a demonstration, it takes a tremendous
number of police officers just to control the traffic situation and to be
available in the case of disorder or possibility of extensive civil diffi-
culties— civil disobedience or criminal violations, which are also very
possible at these demonstrations.
(At this point Representative Pool entered the hearing room.)
Mr. Meese. There has been a great cost to the county of Alameda,
which is described in the report of the grand jury of Alameda County,
which deals with in part the Vietnam Day Committee.
I have a copy of that grand jury report, which I would offer to you
for the record at this time.
Mr. Pool. (Presiding) If there is no objection, the document is
admitted in evidence.
(Document marked "Meese Exhibit No. 18." See p. 1140.)
Mr. IcHORD. Mr. Chairman, at this point, I have a question which I
would like to direct to the witness.
Mr. Meese, I have always been very curious as to how the fines are
raised to support the type of activities which you have been testifying
about. Do you have any evidence to give to the committee concerning
the cost of the activity you have been testifying about and, also, as to
the way or ways the money is raised ?
Mr. Meese. Now by this, Mr. Ichord, you are referring to the ex-
penses on behalf of the Vietnam Day Committee ?
Mr. IciroRD. Of the Vietnam Day Committee and the activities which
you have been talking about.
Mr. Meese. I don't have any absolute figures on the total cost of
their operations, other than to say that the total operation during the
period of time from May of 1963 to the present has been costly, inas-
much as during this time, they were renting a permanent headquarters ;
at the demonstrations, there was the rental involved of walkie-talkies,
and there was the providing of loudspeaker equipment.
Mr. Ichord. Do you know what the rental on the headquarters was ?
Mr. Meese. No, I do not. The printing of the leaflets, just the
printing costs, and what has been introduced into the record here of the
leaflets is just a small sampling, actually, of the total number of leaflets
that were printed and distributed during this period of time.
1102 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
So the only thing I can tell you, inasmuch as the costs were not
directly related to any of the criminal violations that our office had
cognizance of, is
The Chairman. You say some of these leaflets were distributed by
plane ?
Mr. Meese. Yes.
Tlie Chairman. That is costly.
Mr. Meese. So that I have no concrete evidence, other than to say
that there was considerable cost. Now as to how the money was raised,
among the sources were solicitations, a continuous solicitation of
funds at tables set up on the campus of the University of California
and also in various other locations in the county where they solicited
funds. And at rallies and demonstrations, of course, there would be
an appeal for funds, so this was at least one source of income.
Beyond that, I have no immediate information.
Mr. Nittle. Mr. Chairman and Mr. Ichord, may I state that the
committee, that is, this committee, will produce evidence of the sums
of money that have passed through tlie accounts of the Vietnam Day
Committee, and I would say it appears that in excess of $80,000 has
been received, according to bank statements.
Mr. IcHORD. Do you have a witness that you will produce in that
regard, Mr. Counsel?
Mr. NiTixE. We have subpenaed, Mr. Ichord, the ledger sheets of
a Berkeley bank at which funds of the Vietnam Day Committee
were deposited.^
Mr. IcHORD. T thank the counsel for that contribution.
Mr. Nittle. Mr. Meese, 1ms there been any effect on the military
installations involved ?
Mr. Meese. Yes; there was a definite effect, particularly of the
marches on the 15th and 16th of October and the 20th of November,
inasmuch as, particularly in October, the objectives of the Vietnam
Day Committer were in effect to go to the Oakland Army Tenninal
and to demonstrate there. It was necessary, since the Army could not
afford to have their operations at the base stopped, it was necessary
for them to mass large numbers of the military's own Armed Forces
police and to have in readiness other people to support the police, in
the event that the disorders got out of hand or that actual criminal of-
fenses were perpetrated against the Army terminal, in the manner that
I described had been discussed in Vietnam Day Committee circles.
I mentioned that in my testimony yesterday.
In addition, because of the possible civil disorder within the city of
Oakland which would be generated by the activity, the march, the
torchlight parade, the Governor of California felt it necessary to have
the National Guard, a great number of National Guardsmen, on duty
on stand by duty and available in the event that there was a riot or
other disorder within the city, so the effect on military personnel and
military operations was felt in these two demonstrations.
Mr. IcHORD. Well, Mr. Chairman, the gentleman has testified re-
peatedly that the police, the National Guard, have been directed to
control these activities continuously.
1 The ledger sheets of the Bank of America, University Branch, Berkeley, California,
for the account of the Vietnam Day Committee for the period May 7, IftS'S, to July 19.
1966, indicate deposits to that account in the sum of $37,.77i5.5lO. However, it is to be
noted that the amounts deposited to this account would not necessarily reflect all sums
collected or received by the Vietnam Day Committee or its agents.
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1103
I wonder if lie has any statement of the cost to law enforcement
officials in the State of California in regard to this type of activity ?
Mr. Meese. Well, the cost it is very hard to estimate, because the
costs were not only involved in the overtime pay that was involved
on these particular days, and I might add that during these days, it
was necessary to put the police department of all the cities, the sheriff's
department in the city of Berkeley, city of Oakland, city of Emery-
ville, on a 12-hour shift.
The officers, so you could have the officers, instead of having three
platoons working 8 hours a piece, all the officers were called back
from duty, and the police department worked 12-hour shifts, so that
you could have half the department carrying on the normal police
functions of patrolling the street, and the other half were made
necessary to be at these demonstrations.
Now one estimate of the cost of the 20th of November parade was
that it cost at least $10,000 an hour to protect the Vietnam Day Com-
mitte on Saturday the 20th of November.
And they described the situation as being — the California Highway
Patrol, w^hich were brought in, had 400 officers and 40 sergeants. The
entire police department of the city of Oakland was on duty during
that day.
The Alameda County Sheriff's Department had their entire patrol
force on duty and likewise the city of Berkeley, and so these were
just the immediate costs of the thing.
I would have no w^ay, other than adding up the cost of this parade,
and the cost of a similar parade. We don't have the figures on the
National Guard, but I am sure you could say that, during the fall of
1965, in excess of a hundred thousand dollars of public money, and
possibly much more than that, went into handling, on a law enforce-
ment basis, the activities of the Vietnam Day Committee.
Mr. IcHORD. I would say, Mr. Meese, that democracy is indeed very
generous to go to this expense in providing any protection at all for
Vietnam Day marchers.
Mr. NiTTLE. Has there been any recent direct activity by this ele-
ment in regard to soldier morale ?
Mr. Meese. Yes; the Vietnam Day Committee fairly recently, dur-
ing the summer, was prepared to support the three soldiers who were
formerly stationed at Fort Hood, Texas, in their activities of opposing
the war and refusing to fight in Vietnam, and as the committee, i
am sure, knows, these soldiers were en route for the Oakland Army
Terminal, for shipment overseas, and it was the plan of the Vietnam
Day Committee to demonstrate at or near the Oakland Army Terminal
in support of these soldiers.
They passed out leaflets describing the situation and describing theii'
demonstration, which would have been set for Friday the 15th of
July, and I offer these two exhibits, the leaflets that they passed out.
However, their demonstrations actually did not take place in the
vicinity of the Oakland Army Teraninal, and what was ultimately
planned did not happen, inasmuch as the soldiers themselves were
shifted by the Army to another location, and so they did not arrive
at the Oakland Army Terminal.
The picketing, the demonstrations were planned for the Armed
Forces Induction Center and, undoubtedly, would have continued at
t he Oakland Army Terminal, had the soldiers arrived there.
1104 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
This is one of the concerns which the military personnel at Oak-
land Army Terminal were very coo;nizant of.
Mr. Pool. Without objection these are admitted into evidence.
(Documents marked "Meese Exhibits Nos. 19-A and 19-B," respec-
tively. See pp. 1149-1150.)
Mr. NiTTLE. Mr. Meese, would you please tell us how the Vietnam
Day Committee was led, and who were its principal officers ?
Mr. Meese. The leadership of the Vietnam Day Committee was
usually by way of a steering committee, and the committee composition
changed from time to time. However, it was interesting the way they
functioned. Very often, they would have different people who would
lead particular events, such as they would have parade chairmen and
Ihey would have other people who would apply for the parade
permits.
Other people would apply for the facilities where they held their
meetings on the campus of the University of California.
This was done, in part, as a way of evading individual responsibility
for many of the activities, if there was some disorder or some other
misconduct. However, generally there was a steering committee, and
there were also, during the early stages of the Vietnam Day Commit-
tee, they had a chairman or a cochairman.
The slieet of paper previously introduced into the record lists the
Steering Committee for the march on the 15th and 16th of October.
I have documents here which give the names of some of the lead-
ers. One of the early leaflets had to do with picketing President
Johnson when he appeared at the commemoration of the 20th an-
niversary of the United Nations, and on here, it lists "If you wish
to help or want further information, phone Jerry Rubin" at a phone
number which is listed, and send contributions in care of Professor
S. Smale. So these were some of the early names that came out.
A document entitled "Press Release from the Vietnam Day Com-
mittee, For Release 10 a.m., June 10," and which describes the picket-
ing of President Johnson, is — has the names at the bottom. Morris
Hirsch, professor of mathematics. University of California Steering
Committee, VDC; Paul E. Ivory, acting assistant professor of eco-
nomics, UCLA, acting cochairman, VDC ; and Jerry Rubin, cochair-
man, VDC; and then a document which was distributed in June of
1965, entitled, "Reply to Professor Scalapino," having to do w^ith dif-
fering opinions over the conduct of the war in Vietnam, or of the
conduct of the Vietnam Day Committee in opposition to the war in
Vietnam, and this is signed by Professor Morris Hirsch, Professor
Stephen Smale, and Jerry Rubin.
I would offer these documents, which are from the VDC into the
record, and would also be prepared if the committee wished, to go into
the activities of specific leaders.
Mr. Pool. If there is no objection, the documents are admitted into
evidence.
(Documents marked "Meese Exhibits Nos. 20-A, B, and C," respec-
tively. See pp. 1152-1154.)
(At this point Mr. Buchanan left from the hearing room.)
Mr. Meese. I would be prepared to go into the activities of specific
leaders who have been subpenaed here before the committee, if this
is what is wished, Mr. Nittle.
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1105
Mr. NiTTLE. Yes, we would be pleased. Do so.
Mr. Meese. Mr. Rubin has already been described as a leader of the
VDC. He M-as an organizer and one of the cochairmen of the teach-
in on May the 21st, which was really the founding of the VDC as a
formal organization.
He was a leader of the troop train activities in Berkeley, in August.
He stated in a quote in the Examiner on the 23rd of August 1965, in
reply to questions about the general setup of the VDC, he said that all
national VDC groups took the lead from the Berkeley VDC.
Mr. Rubin, along with others, was arrested on the 24th of August
1965, at the Fairmont Hotel, for trespassing and interfering with a
})olice officer in the performance of his duty, while picketing General
Maxwell Taylor, who w^as staying there.
He pleaded in court nolo contendere, which is a form of — which is
equivalent, legally, to a plea of guilty, and was convicted and sen-
tenced in December of 1965.
He was present at the noon rally.
Mr. AsHBRooK. Now on that point, what was the sentence?
Mr. Meese. He was sentenced to 30 days in jail, and 18 months pro-
bation. Mr. Rubin was a speaker at a noon rally at the University
of California, at which the discussion about war dogs was discussed,
among other subjects, and he was one of those who annoimced the new
plan for the October 15-16 demonstration, in which statement he stated
that there would be no civil disobedience.
He was quoted in opposition to statements of Attorney General
Lynch of California, in October of 1965, prior to the 15th and 16th of
October.
The attorney general of California had indicated that if there were
any criminal violations by the VDC in their march, that it would be
necessary for State and local officials to take criminal action against
them.
Mr. Rubin was quoted in the paper as stating what the purpose of
the march was and also stating that the VDC would march anyway,
whether or not the cities involved granted a parade permit.
And he was quoted in the daily Tribune^ the Oakland Tribune of
the 14th of October, after being questioned about Oakland's denial of
the parade permit for the march, he said that the parade would start as
scheduled.
He also, in the article, encouraged arrests and predicted a civil
rights fight w^ould result from the VDC activities if anyone attempted
to stop the march.
(At this point Mr. Buchanan returned to the hearing room.)
Mr. Meese. Mr. Rubin was quoted in the San Jose News, or the
Mercury-Neivs of the l7th of October, as on the 16th of October,
Saturday, announcing the plans for the second attempt at getting to
the Oakland Army Terminal.
And he said in that statement that instead of a fight at the line if
they were stopped, the marcher would sit down and participate in a
teach-in on the street. He also vowed that there would be another
attempt, too, in November, if the march should be stopped at the
Oakland City line.
1106 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Mr, NiTTLE. Would you hold a moment, Mr. Meese ?
Would you kindly proceed, Mr. Meese ?
Mr. Meese. In relation to Mr. Rubin, there is one other note and that
is a quote in the Daily Calif ornian^ the student newspaper at the
University of California, on the 20th of October 1965, in which they
quote Mr. Rubin, in speaking about the pamphlet which you have in
evidence here, "BRIEF NOTES ON THE WAYS OF 'BEATING'
AND DEFEATING THE DRAFT." Mr. Rubin stated at that time
that the VDC as an organization did not writ-e the article, or the pam-
phlet, but an individual member of the VDC did write it, and he said,
"We don't take credit for something we did not do, but we support its
position."
In summary, Mr. Chairman and members of the committee, during
the period from May of 1965 through 1966, Mr. Rubin was one of the
leaders and principal spokesmen for the VDC.
I believe his other activities have already been related for the record
in regard to these individual specific instances.
Mr. John Windrim Smith, Jr., was a spokesman on several occa-
sions for the Vietnam Day Committee. He was quoted in relation
to the Tilden Park war dog episode, as I mentioned.
He was quoted in the Tribune on the 14th of October 1965, after the
city manager had refused to issue a parade permit, in saying that "We
will march anyway." As discussed earlier, he was active in being a
spokesman for the distribution, and advocating the distribution, of the
"Attentional All Military Personnel" leaflet, and which is here in
evidence, and was quoted in the Exam'mer on the 30th of October 1965,
in relation to the antidraft campaign, in which he said that the goal
was to reach high school students, and described the pamphlets that
were being printed.
He also took part in rallies for medical aid for the Viet Cong, and
continued in various other picketing and demonstration activities of
the Vietnam Day Committee. On the 5th of January 1966, in the
Daily Calif ornian^ Mr. Smith was quoted as announcing the future
plans of the VDC.
He stated that the VDC did not plan to march to the Oakland Army
Terminal any more, unless there was a major escalation of the war in
Vietnam. He said that at that time their policy Avas that they had
used up the effectiveness of mass demonstrations, and that they would
engage in other types of activities, some of which I have described for
you.
Mr. Steven Cherkoss was among the persons who picketed the Oak-
land Army Induction Center. He is listed, as is Mr. Smith, as mem-
bers of the Steering Committee, with members of the 15th and 16th of
October march.
Mr. Cherkoss was one of the leaders of the picketing and demon-
strations at the Oakland Army Induction Center, and the antidraft
campaign. He spoke at a rally of Sproul Hall, on the antidraft cam-
paign, as I previously testified, and set up a table near the Garfield
Junior High School, in Berkeley, to pass out VDC leaflets there.
He was described in articles in the Berkeley Gazette as the VDC high
school coordinator, and also was active in the campaign to gain medical
supplies and money for the Viet Cong.
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1107
Mr. Cherkoss was arrested, or had a prior arrest for non-VDC dem-
onstrations activity, in the city of Oakland. He was arrested in De-
cember of 1964 for resisting and interfering with the police officer in
the performance of his duty, disturbing the peace, failure to leave the
scene of an unlawful disturbance, and public nuisance, and ultimately
received a sentence to the county jail, some 35 days in the county jail,
for that offense.
I believe those are the leaders, the principal spokesmen who were
subpenaed here before the committee. The other leader. Professor
Smale, I have already described him, many of his activities in relation
to the incidents that were mentioned.
Mr. NiTTLE. Were there any efforts made to encourage Americ^xn
citizens to aid the Viet Cong ?
Mr. Meese. Yes; on the 10th of November 1965, the /San Francisco
fhronwle had a story that on the 9th of November of that year, Mr.
Smith, John Smith, had spoken at a rally on the University of Cali-
fornia campus, at which blood and money were being solicited for the
Viet Cong.
The group was called the Medical Aid Committee. He said that 43
]:)ersons had volunteered to donate one pint of blood to victims of what
he called United States aggression in Vietnam. Likewise, Mr. Cher-
koss announced on the 27th of October 1965, in articles in — that were
carried by tlie San Francisco Chronicle., the Oakland Trihime, and
other papers, announced that the May 2nd Movement would solicit and
send medical supplies to the Viet Cong, and he hoped that the VDC
would join the movement.
He also led, was present at the rally and spoke at the rally held on
the 9th of November, which I described in relation to Mr. Smith.
The Medical Aid Committee, as they called themselves, published a
brochure, describing provision purchases and soliciting donations of
money to a post office box in Berkeley, and I have here photostatic
copies of that brochure, headed "Medical Aid Committee."
Mr. Pool. Do you offer that in evidence at this time ?
Mr. Meese. Yes, sir.
Mr. Pool. With no objections, it is so ordered.
(Document marked "Meese Exhibit No. 21.'' See. p. 1155.)
Mr. Nittle. Have you completed your testimony on that point, Mr.
Meese ?
What other activities did Mr. Smith engage in on behalf of the
Vietnam Day Committee?
Mr. Meese. I think the principal activities were those that I have
already outlined in relation to the pamphlet distribution in which he
was very active.
Mr. Nittle. Were there any other organizations which participated
in the work of and supported the Vietnam Day Committee ?
Mr. Meese. Yes ; there were a number of other organizations. Cer-
tainly the marches brought out every description of person who be-
longed to a variety of organizations, many of which the police de-
partments and law enforcement agencies of our area had had prior
concern about.
Perhaps the best list of the other types of organizations which sup-
ported and participated with the Vietnam Day Committee are those
1108 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
contained in the leaflet you already have in evidence, in suj^ijort of
the August 6 demonstrations in San Francisco, and particularly then
at Port Chicago Naval Weapons Station. That is one of the most
complete lists of organizations supporting this movement.
Other leaflets that I have here give other types of organizations.
One is the picketing of President — or rather the picketing and demon-
strations in San Francisco and a rally in Union Square on the 7th of
August of 1965, which contains a list of the sponsors, among them the
Stanford Committee for Peace [in Vietnam], the San Francisco and
Berkeley DuBois Clubs, Students for a Democratic Society [SDS],
West Oakland Project, and others.
This leaflet, I would offer into evidence, with a list of the groups
supporting it there.
Mr. Pool. With no objection, the exhibit is admitted into evidence.
(Document marked "Meese Exhibit No. 22" and retained in com-
mittee files.)
Mr. Meese. Another pamphlet which I have here indicates the close
correlation between the students who are involved in the Sproul Hall
sit-in in the winter of 1964 and the Vietnam Day Committee, during the
course of the trial of the sitters-in.
The day came for sentencing on Thursday, July 29, and at that
time, there was distributed a leaflet advertising a rally at noon of that
day on the Sproul Hall steps, a march to the court, a rally, and a sit-in,
in the courtroom.
They say a sit-in in the courtroom. Not a sit-in in the classical
sense, "Sit in the courtroom & hear sentencing — 2 P.M." And this
is in support of the students who had been arrested and at that time
convicted, and they list the sponsors of this rally, Vietnam Day Com-
mitteej Free Student Union, SLATE, Campus CORE, Independent
Socialist Club, Richmond CORE, [SDS] Students for a Democratic
Society, Campus SNCC, Berkeley DuBois Club, Young Socialist Al-
liance, and Berkeley CORE.
Mr. Pool. With no objection, the document is admitted into evi-
dence.
(Document marked "Meese Exhibit No. 23" and retained in com-
mittee files.)
Mr. Meese. And then as a group exhibit I have a variety of other
documents, pamphlets which indicate other organizations, some of
which have already been mentioned, which support the Vietnam Day
Committee, and particularly the activities of the Vietnam Day Com-
mittee.
Various DuBois Clubs, the Students for a Democratic Society, and
an article from the Progressive Labor Party magazine, authored by
Steven Cherkoss, about the war in Vietnam.
I would offer these into evidence.
Mr. Pool. With no objection the documents are admitted into evi-
dence.
(Documents marked "Meese Exhibits Nos. 2-1-A, B, C, and D," re-
spectively. Exhibits 24-A, B, and D retained in committee files. See
p. 1159 for Exhibit 24^C.)
Mr. Meese. I believe that is a fairly complete rundown of the infor-
mation we have available, Mr. Counsel, concerning the organizations
supporting the Vietnam Day Committee.
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1109
Mr. NiTTLE. I have no further questions, Mr. Chairman.
Mr. AsHBROOK. Mr. Chairman ?
Mr. Pool. Yes.
Mr. AsHBROOK. I would merely like to state for the record I have
liad occasion for the best part of 6 years now to hear witnesses before
\arious committees, and I don't believe I have ever heard a witness who
knew his subject any better and was able to make any greater con-
tribution to the legishitive elfort before a committee than Mr. Meese,
and I certainly would like to go on record as saying we thank you.
We thank your office, we thank your boss, we thank all of you who
have made this contribution. It certainly has been most enlightening,
and I, for one, have received a great amount of information from it.
I thank you.
Mr. Meese. Thank you very much.
Mr. Pool. Mr, Ichord.
Mr. IcHORD. Mr. Chairman, I join in the commendation of Mr.
Meese. He obviously had made a very thorough investigation, and he
is also extremely articulate in presenting the results of that investiga-
tion.
Your testimony, sir, is a very valuable contribution to this committee
and the Congress, and will be a very vaulable, very valuable testimony
in support of any legislation that we might present to the Congress.
Mr. Meese. Thank you, Mr. Ichord.
Mr. Clawson. Mr. Chairman.
Mr. Pool. Yes, sir.
Mr. Clawson. May I compliment Mr. Meese? As a fellow Cali-
fornian, one from down at the other end of the State, it is nice to feel
a fresh breeze from Berkeley.
Mr. Meese. Thank you.
Mr. Buchanan. Mr. Chairman, I would like to join the general
chorus and thank Mr. Meese for his outstanding contribution to these
hearings.
Mr. Meese. Thank you.
Mr. Pool. Mr. Chairman, we are certainly glad to have you here.
Would you care to make any comnient to this witness ?
The Chairman. Well, I join in all that has been said and I stress
that, in my opinion, you have made out a case for the passage of the
Pool bill.
Mr. Pool. Thank you, and the Chair wishes to also join with his
colleagues in complimenting you on a job well done. At the same time,
I want to make mention of the good work of Inspector Don Lynn,
who is here with you and has worked closely with you, and I think
that his work should be complimented, too.
It is a real privilege, and we salute you as a great American for
coming here and giving us the benefit of this testimony.
Thank you.
Mr. Meese. Thank you, sir.
Mr. Pool. The witness is excused.
(All Meese exhibits referred to in the testimony and not marked
"retained in committee files" follow :)
67^852 O— 66 — pt. 1 14
1110 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Meese Exhibit No. 1
' Are You Interested In Working Fof
Withdrawal Of USA Troops From Vietnam?
THE ViETNAM DAY COMMITT
oruamzQ fioinal kick -o:
Ti eFi
/J¥
[7?^^
p.m.
LD PEACE!
We are planning activities in education- research,
direct action, and community work. We need you
to help plan and carry out these activities. If you
have any questions call 845-6637.
SEE OTHER SIDE FOR DETAILS.
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1111
Meese Exhibit No. 1 — Continued
Where Is The Peace Movement In The Bay Area Headed?
The goal is a nationwide peace movement which can coordinate nationwide protest
demonstrations.
The goal is mobilization and organization of grassroots anxieties about the war into
vigorous opposition, and to work toward participatory democracy.
The goal is to spread the truth about the war--by nneans of speakers, newspapers,
pamphlets, research projects, classes and connmunity nneetings--to offset the con-
trol of the mass media and the universities by the liberal Establishment's cold war
ideology.
In order to build such a three-phased movement of direct action, connmunity organ-
ization and education-research we must begin. The Vietnam Day Committee, which
organized the Teach-in on campus in May and the picket against Johnson, has under-
taken this task. We need you to join us.
Conne this Tuesday night to our kickoff summer meeting where we will organize some
of the following projects:
* A mass drive throughout Berkeley and Oakland on Saturday, July 10 for signatures
on a petition asking the President to with draw the troops from Vietnam immediately.
* Door-to-door canvassing of Oakland to discuss the war.
* A "peace vote" in Oakland at the end of the summer.
* Setting up a speakers' bureau to send speakers to PTA's, labor unions, churches,
fraternities and sororities
* A labor teach-in at the Oakland Army Terminal, ei.couraging the longshoremen who
load the munitions there to take off fronn work to hear the facts about our role in the
war in Vietnam, then to be followed by mass picketing of the base.
■*■ A teach-in during the lunch hour for the employees of IBM.
* Mass leafleting of the soldiers at Fort Ord, The Presidio, and other installations.
* A second "Vietnam Day" to be followed by civil disobedience, on Oct. 15 and 16.
* A Congress of Unrepresented Peoples on Sunday August 8 to pass resolutions den^and-
ing that the USA withdraw from Vietnam, and then a march to the office of Congress -
nnan Jeffrey Cohelan presenting the resolutions to him and asking him questions
about his stand on the war.
* A bi-weekly newspaper.
* A research project on the involvement of the University of California in the war in
Vietnam.
Theses ideas scratch only the surface of the possibilities of work to end the war in
Vietnam. We will organize as many projects as there are people to work. Please come
Tuesday night to help make the above projects successfxil, or to add new ones.
THE VIETNAM DAY COMMITTEE (Campus Chapter)
1112 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED
WAR
Meese Exhibit No. 2
■ill II 1 J
f]
,
w
9 a >
Another troop train is coming through Berkeley taking American
boys to Vietnam to kill and be killed in a country where the U.S. does
not belong.
We must demonstrate against the war machine; we must stop the
train and give our anti-war literature tothe soldiers. To oppose the
immoral war in Vietnam and to block the war machine is C^moral; to
take orders from an immoral state is immoral. The police will be on
hand to try to help the war machine go through- -without a second's stop.
We will be there too.
We are not demonstrating against the soldiers. We consider the
soldiers to be our brothers- -brothers who have been conscripted against
their will and forced to kill by a government which has forgotten how to tell
the truth. We want to stop the war machine and tell the soldiers what is
really going on in Vietnam'.
thursday, august 1 2
SANTA FE STATION, BERKELEY 1300 University Ave:
TENTATIVE TIME! 8:45a.m.
For the exact arrival time call the Vietnam Day Committee Wednesday night,
or come over to the office for further infornaation.
2407 Fulton St., Berkeley 549-0811 or 845-6637
o/yJ/^^ Car pools will be leaving for the Santa Fe Station at
approximately 8 a.m. from the corner of Bancroft and Dana.
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1113
Meese Exhibit No. 2 — Continued
TroopTrain Picket No.4 - thisThursday, 8:45a,in.
WHIT fill HAPPEI THIS TIME 2
-; '■!<,' gi'V'T-"^^*-iJ/.'ycrPWw.'wyi,<ljA'^J.w.-y-"i "«;'■'','.■
"^
•i*.^:-*.-^ii^!^^Si^i^^ZL ifeii/'Tf^
1114 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Meese Exhibit No. 3
T If TIE
(This leaflet was passed out and posted in McCombk Mississippi in July 1965.
It was written by a group of Negroes in the community who met together
after learning a classmate of theirs, John D. Shaw, had been killed in action
in Vietnam. Shaw, who was 23 years old, has participated in the 1961 dem-
onstrations in McComb.)
Here are five reasons why Negroes should not be in any War fighting for
America:
1. No Mississippi Negroes should be fighting in Vietnam for the White
mans freedom, until all the Negro People are free in Mississippi.
2. Negro boys should not honor the draft here in Mississippi Mothers
should encourage their sons not to go.
3. We will gain respect and dignity as a race only by forcing the United
States Government and the Missippi, Government to come with guns,
dogs and trucks to take our sons away to fight and be killed protecting
Miss. Ala, Ga, and La.
4. No one has a right to ask us to risk our lives and kill other Colored
People in Santo Domingo and Vietnam, so that the White American
can get richer. We wUl be looked upon as traitors by all the Colored
People of the World if the Negro people continue to fight and die with-
out a cause.
Last week a white soldier from New Jersey was discharged from the
Army because he refused to fight in Vietnam he went on a hunger
strike. Negro boys can do the same thing. We can write and ask our
sons if they know what they are fighting for. If he answers Freedom,
tell him thats what we are fighting for here in Mississippi. And if he
says Democracy tell him the truth we don't know anything about Conrx-
munism. Socialism, and all that, but we do know that Negroes have
caught hell here under this American Democracy.
This was reprinted by the:
Vj<>tnam Hay Committee
2407 Fulton
Berkeley, California
Phone: 549-0811 or 845-6637
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1115
Meese Exhibit No. 4
^c...
.Of
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Th..- Ii
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WESTERN UNION
c,:.:.."orrr.„ TELEGRAM " r..r.r
df ■ ■. . .
I domestic tekgrims b LOCAL TIME ■
136A POT AUG 12 65 0A027
0 SFC305 LLZ7 LLZ7 NL PD TDSR PWS SAN FRANCISCO CALIF 11
J FRANK COAKLEY, DISTRICT ATTORNEY
COl)NTY OF AUNEDA 1225 FALLON ST OAKUND CALIF
SANTA FE SUPERINTENDENT GROUNDWATER TODAY SENT THE FOLLOWING
TELEGRAM IN , RESPONSE TO ONE RECEIVED
BY LEADERS OF DEMONSTRATION AGAINST MOVEMENT OF TROOP TRAINS
BY SANTA FE THROUGH BERKELEYI QUOTE WE HAVE JUST RECEIVED A
TELEGRAM FROM YOU READING AS FOLLOWS* QUOTE. THE VIET NAM DAY
COMMITTEE IS A GROUP OF STUDENTS, FACULTY MEMBERS, AND OTHER
MEMBERS OF THE BAY AREA COMMUNITY OUTRAGED BY THE USE OF BERKELEY
RAILWAYS FOR THE PURSUIT OF THE IMMORAL WAR IN VIET NAM. WE
WILL NOT REMAIN SILENT. WE WILL NOT CLOSE OUR EYES WHILE THE
WAR MACHINE ROLLS ON. THE BRUTALITY OF THE WAR IN VIET NAM
WAS EXTENDED TO HOME UST WEEK WHEN RAILROAD TRAINS MOVING
WITHOUT REGARD TO HUMAN LIFE NEARLY CRUSHED TO DEATH A NUMBER
OF YOUNG PROTESTORS. LET THIS NOT HAPPEN AGAIN. WE DEMAND
THAT THE TRAIN STOP IN BERKELEY SO THAT THOSE OF US WHO OPPOSE
AMERICAN INTERVENTION IN VIET NAM CAN HAVE .THE OPPORTUNITY
TO HAND OUT LITERATURE TO THE SOLDIERS, TELLING THEM THE REASON
THEY ARE BEING MADE TO KILL AND DIE. THIS IS OUR DEMAND. STOP
TOE TRAIN AND LET US TALK WITH THE SOLDIERS. THEY HAVE A RIGHT'
TO KNOV WHAT THEY ARE FIGHTING FOR. AND WE AS CITIZENS HAVE
A MORAL RESPONSIBILITY TO TELL THEM. WE WILL BE AWAITING YOUR
REPLY. SIGNED STEPHEN SMALE, PAUL IVORY, GERRY RUBIN, LARRY
UUGHLIN. END QUOTE.
THESE TRAINS CARRYING ARMED FORCES OF THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
ARE MOVING UNDER MILITARY ORDERS AND NO STOP AT BERKELEY OR
EMERYVILLE IS SCHEDULED OR WILL BE MADE. YOUR ILLEGAL PEMAND
THAT THESE TROOP TRAINS STOH IN BERKELEY SO THAT YOU HAY HAND
X
1116 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Class op Sfbvice
Meese Exhibit No. 4— Continued
liblliKN UNION
zz:ti. telegram "-.r^r
; line on domtiiic tcks'tms il LOCAL TIME « poinl of origin. Time ofi.
! LOCAL TIME •
c
c
c
^
c
c
c
c
OUT LITERATURE TO THE SOLDIERS AND ALSO TALK WITH THEM
IN AN EFFORT TO DISSUADE THEM FROM OBEYING THE LAWFUL ORDERS
OF THEIR COMMANDING OFFICERS AND OF THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
IS FLATLY REJECTED. YOU AND YOUR FOLLOWERS ARE WARNED NOT TO
OBSTRUCT THESE TRAINS IN ANY MANNER. STAY OFF THE TRACKS, RIGHT-OF-WAY
, AND OTHER SANTA FE PROPERTY, YOUR THREE PAST ATTEMPTS TO
OBSTRUCT THESE TRAINS AND THE THREAT NOW CONTAINED IN YOUR
TELEGRAM SERIOUSLY ENDANGER THE PERSONAL SAFETY OF THE SOLDIERS,
OTHER CITI2ENS, THE TRAIN CREWS, POLICE, YOURSELVES, AND YOUR
FOLLOWERS, AND INVOKE, AMONG OTHERS, THE FOLLOWING FEDERAL
AND STATE CRIMINAL UWS AND REUTED CONSPIRACY STATUTES:
SECTION 2387 OF THE UNITED STATES CRIMINAL CODE, A FEDERAL
LAW, DECLARES IT TO BE A CRIMINAL ACT FOR ANYONE WITH THE INTENT
TO INTERFERE WITH, IMPAIR OR INFLUENCE THE LOYALTY, MORALE,
OR DISCIPLINE OF THE MILITARY OR NAVAL FORCES OF THE UNITED
STATES, TO DISTRIBUTE OR ATTEMPT TO DISTRIBUTE ANY WRITTEN
OR PRINTED MATTER WHICH ADMISES, COUNSELS, OR URGES INSUBORDINATION,
DISLOYALTY, MUTINY, OR REFUSAL OF DUTY BY ANY MEMBER OF THE
MILITARY OR NAVAL FORCES OF THE UNITED STATES, OR WHO ADVISES,
COUNSELS, URGES, OR IN ANY MANNER CAUSES OR ATTEMPTS TO CAUSE
INSUBORDINATION, DISLOYALTY, MUTINY, OR REFUSAL OF DUTY BY
ANY MEMBER OF THE MILITARY OR NAVAL FORCES OF THE UNITED STATES.
ANYONE VIOLATING THIS STATUTE SHALL BE FINED UP TO $10,000
OR IMPRISONED UP TO TEN YEARS OR BOTH AND SHALL BE INELIGIBLE
FOR EMPLOYMENT BY THE UNITED STATES OR ANY DEPARTMENT OR AGENCY
. THEREOF FOR THE FIVE YEARS FOLLOWING SAID CONVICTION.
SECTION 398 OF THE CALIFORNIA MILITARY AND VETERANS CODE DECLARES
IT TO BE A CRIMINAL ACT FOR ANY PERSON WHO IN ANY WAY OR MANNER
SF120UR2-C:.) ■ , ' . ,. ' •
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1117
/ V
Class or Scnvur
Th., i> . f..i mc.^Bt
unit,, (t, JclerrtJ ch^r-
nc<*r i* loJlcnfcJ hy the
Meese Exhibit No. 4 — Continued
WESTERN UNION
c.,:.:.:or.rr.„ telegram " r.„r.r^
The filinR lime shown in ihc daic line on domestic telegrimi is LOCAL TIME at point of ongm. Time of r<
SY
^noLS
"V
OL
-D.
Y Letitt
NL
-N.jht Lt.itr
LT
Ini
irTcl^'r
y
< LOCAL TIME it point of dot
INTERRUPTS OR MOLESTS THE ORDERLY DISCHARGE OF MILITARY
DUTY OR WHO DISTURBS OR PREVENTS THE PASSAGE OF TROOPS GOING
TO OR RETURNING FROM ANY DUTY. SAID PERSON OR PERSONS IS GUILTY
OF A MISDEMEANOR CRIME AND IS SUBJECT TO ARREST AND PUNISHMENT.
SECTION 587 OF THE CALIFORNIA PENAL CODE DECLARES IT TO BE
A FELONY CRIME FOR ANY PERSON TO MALICIOUSLY OBSTRUCT THE RAILS
OR TRACK OF ANY RAILROAD. A VIOLATION OF THIS CRIMINAL STATUTE
IS PUNISHABLE BY IMPRISONMENT IN THE STATE PRISON UP TO FIVE
YEARS,
SECTION 407 OF THE CALIFORNIA PENAL CODE DECLARES IT TO BE
UNLAWFUL FOR ANY PERSONS TO ASSEMBLE TOGETHER TO DO AN UNLAWFUL
ACT AND PROHIBITS UNLAWFUL ASSEMBLY. ANYONE VIOLATING THIS
STATUTE IS GUILTY OF A MISDEMEANOR AND SUBJECT TO A FINE AND
IMPRISONMENT UP TO SIX MONTHS.
SECTION 602 J OF THE CALIFORNIA PENAL CODE DECLARES IT
TO BE A MISDEMEANOR CRIME PUNISHABLE BY FINE OR IMPRISONMENT
TO ENTER UPON ANY PROPERTY WITH THE INTENTION OF INTERFERING
WITH OR OBSTRUCTING ANY LAWFUL BUSINESS OR OCCUPATION CONDUCTED
THEREON.
SECTION 1992 OF THE UNITED STATES CRIMINAL CODE MAKES IT A
FEDERAL CRIME TO DERAIL, DISABLE, OR WRECK ANY TRAIN OR ATTEMPT
TO DO SO AND MAKES SUCH OFFENSE PUNISHABLE BY A FINE OF NOT
MORE THAN $10,000 OR IMPRISONMENT OF NOT MORE THAN TWENTY YEARS
OR BOTH, AND IF SUCH CR ME RESULTS IN THE DEATH OF ANY PERSON
EXPOSES THE OFFENDER TO THE DEATH PENALTY OR IMPRISONMENT FOR
LIFE.
SECTIONS 218 AND 229 OF THE CALIFORNIA PENAL CODE DECLARE IT
TO BE A FELONY CRIME FOR ANYONE TO OBSTRUCT ANY RAILROAD TRAIN
1118 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Meese Exhibit No. 4 — Continued
WESTERN UNION
c.:.:.r"r.tL TELEGRAM " r.„r.r
NL-NI|hl LeIK
'-^"Lt.'trT.'lwi
hown in the Jite line on domciiic lelei
1 LOC/L TIME 11 poim of oii«in. Time of receipt ij LOCAL TIME at point of del
BY ANY MEANS ULTH
THE INTENTION OF DERAILING IT AND PROVIDES FOR PUNISHMENT
INCLUDING LIFE IMPRISONMENT WITHOUT PAROLE AND THE DEATH PENALTY
WHERE ANY PERSON SUFFERS BODILY HARM BECAUSE OF SUCH ATTEMPTED
DERAILMENT.
A COPY OF YOUR WIRE AND THIS REPLY ARE BEING SENT TO THE APPROPRIATE
UW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES. SIGNED J. T. GROUNDWATER, SUPERINTENDENT
- SANTA FE RAILWAY COMPANY. UNQUOTE.
R W WALKER VICE PRESIDENT AND EXECUTIVE REPRESENTATIVE SANTA
FE RAILWAY COMPANY
2387 $10,000 398 587 407 602 J 1992 $10,000 218 219
3 SF120I(R2-6S)
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1119
Meese Exhibit No. 5
2407 Fulton Street
Berkeley, California 94704
Telephone: 549-0811
Dear Friend,
The Friends of the Vietnam Day Committee are writing to you about
the activities of the Vietnam Day Committee. We are asking your support
for the Committee's functions.
The Vietnam Day Committee began by organizing the May 21-22 teach-
in at the Berkeley campus of the University of California. Since then, the
Committee has acted with great success to protest against the war in Viet-
nam. These actions captured the headlines of national newspapers, thereby
bringing the fact of opposition to the Gtovernment's war policy to the attention
of every American. In the Bay Area, the Committee obtained two and one-
half hours prime radio time on KCBS, and there has been extensive radio,
TV, and newspaper coverage of its protest demonstrations.
This publicity is a reaction to the Committee's bold confrontations with
the Government's war machine. The Committee (and other groups) have
found that the news media will not carry "peace news" without dramatic acts
involving the risk of arrest; and, without risk, there has been no drama ai;d
no confrontation. The Committee's boldness in action has enabled it to grow
very rapidly and to be in the forefront of the peace movement. For example,
the Vietnam Day Committee proclaimed October 15-16 as International Days of
Protest, and this call has been answered by peace groups all over the United
States, Japan, Argentina, France, and other countries. The call for Days of
Protest will result in significant international protest against the war on Octo-
ber 15-16.
In order to carry on the opposition to the war, the Committee has a paid
staff of eight persons and many volunteers who work day and night. They are
working to organize community meetings, neighborhood groups, students, and
peace demonstrations. They have produced a film; they are publishing a book;
they are in daily contact with peace groups all over the world by maU and tele-
phone; and they plan projects to carry the peace message to the public. The
present and future activites (e.g. , Oct. 15-16) of the Committee require a great
deal of money to keep them going and to bring them about.
Every day you may read in your daily newspaper that the Government is
expanding the war in Vietnam. ^ the same token, the Vietnam Day Committee
urgently needs to expand its efforts and the peace movement. Progress has
been made with a small budget, but the Committee's effectiveness wiU be in-
creased more than proportionately with an increasing budget. An annual bud-
get of, say, $100,000 could pay for an intensive peace campaign in the Bay Area
1120 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Meese Exhibit No. 5 — Continued
and such a campaign could have national effects. The Friends of the Vietnam
Day Committee are those persons engaged in raising the money to meet such
a budget and who contribute to this cause in a special way.
If each of 1,000 persons in the Bay Area (approx. pop. 3,000,000) gave
$100 or more to the Vietnam Day Committee annually, the $100,000 budget
would be a reality; and there are surely 1,000 Bay Area citizens who can sup-
port the peace movement to this extent. In order to reach those people, the
Friends of the Vietnam Day Committee are creating a fund of $10, 000 for a
publicity campaign designed to bring the Vietnam Day Committee to the at-
tention of aU those who can contribute to it.
Since it is the conviction of the Friends that far more than 1,000 people
will support the Vietnam Day Committee with $100 or more, the Friends make
this guarantee: if the first $10,000 is not raised by October 31, 1965, each
person who contributes to the Friend's $10,000 fund will be refunded his con-
tribution. If the first $10,000 is raised by October 31, the proceeds will be
forwarded to the Vietnam Day Committee for the purposes we have indicated.
If you can support the Vietnam Day Committee through the Friends, please
send your check for $100 or more to the Friends of the Vietnam Day Commit-
tee, 2407 Fulton Street, Berkeley, California, 94704.
Checks should be made payable to the "Friends of the Vietnam Day Com-
mittee, " Please indicate in your return whether you do not wish your name to
be used in connection with this project.
Thank you for support,
WiUiam L. Beach /Zx An^^^ZZ^-/
Morris W. Hirsch ' INNti A^ AV- | vKx^vyty.
Walter L. Battaglia Ulllw /
THE TRUSTEES OF THE FRIENDS OF THE VIETNAM DAY COMMITTEE
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1121
Meese Exhibit No. 6
[San Francisco Chronicle, September 10, 1965]
,[San Francisco Chronicle, September 10, I965J
s,,., LARRY LOUGHLIN, SUZANNE POLLARD, STEPHEN SMALE
Committee leaders pledge civil disobedience
Big Peace Msrch
!n the East Bay
A protest march of 10,-
000 persons to culminate
in civil disobedience at
the Oakland Anny Termi-
nal on October 16
promised by the Vigtrtam
Day Committee
Stephen Smal^a Hniversi-
ty of California mathematics
professor, told a press con-
ference that this would be the
principal local conU'ibution of
an international protest
against the war.
H e said that plans are
being made to hold a campus
protest meeting at UC on Oc-
tober 15, and a second meet-
ing on the following morning.
Then at noon on that day,
he said, the protest march
would begin towards the ter-
minal, one of the major ship-
ping points of military sup-
plies.
He said it will be "by far
the biggest peace march the
Bay Area has seen."
Some of the marchers
would take part in acts of
civil disobedience, he contin-
ued, but the exact types of
law breaking ' had not been
decided upon.
These, Professor Smale
continued, could include
dropping peace leaflets on
the base from the air, an ap»^
phibious landing by small
boats, a march into^ifte ter-
minal, or simply hkicking the
entrances to tha,«rmlnal.
Suzanne Pollard, a gradu-
ate student in romance lan-
guages at the university, said
the group had been communi-
cating with peace groups in
many lands.
A number of favorable re-
sponses had come in with
agreement to participate in
the "International Days of
Protest" on October 15-16.
She said groups in Latin
America, England, Jsjian
and Canada have prom)«^d to
stage demonstratimjg'of their
own, i<<\
Larry Lougnlin, a staff
member of the Berkeley Viet-
n a m Day Committee said
that 50 to 60 groups in this
country will stage protest
meetings.
Their activities are being
co-ordinated out of head-
quarters in Madison, Wiscon-
sin, he added.
1122 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Meese Exhibit No. 8-A
FUTURE COMMUNITY PROTEST MEETING AND
MASSIVE CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE PLANNED BY
THE VIETNAM DAY COMMITTEE
The Vietnam Days of May 21 and 22 on the Berkeley campus were very
successful in bringing vast numbers of people in the Bay Area into involve*
ment with protest over Johnson's foreign policy. We estimate th&t peak
crowds at the campus protest meeting reached 10,000 to 15,000, while the
total number of people who came was at least 50,000. Besides this, we
estimate that the peak radio audience of KPFA was one quarter of a
million, with at least half a million listening to part of the program broad-
cast from the campus.
Inspired by this success, the Vietnam Day Committee has decided to
hold on October 15 another community protest meeting against American
military interventioji and to follow this on October 16 with massive civil
disobedience. Already speakers are being invited, and this program is
being developed with the aid of the large number of workers who made
Vietnam Day such a success.
Now the Vietnam Day Committee is beginning to coordinate its activi-
ties more and more with local and national political groups. Thus, it is
expected that October 15 and 16 wiil have a heavy impact on the American
political scene. "We hope that in ^he process of development of these
events, the uniting of the activist peace and other political groups will
lead to a new force in America, cind that this force will effect the end of
Johnson's interventionist policies.
Jerry Rubin^
Steve Sr
Co-chairmen of
Vietnam Day Committee
If you want to help on this and other projects, call: Jerry Rubin 848-3158
Enclosed is my contribution to help further the work of the Vietnam Day Committee
Nanne ____^ $
Address
Make checks payable to: Vietnam Day Committee. Send to Prof. Smale,
Box 2201, Berkeley, Ceilifornia
,:^^^-f^
^p.jy^^
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1123
Meese Exhibit No. 8-C
^7^
'^^'
In preparation for our civil disobedience ol October 16 and lb, we, who expect to be
arrested, are now organizing into a group whose basic purpose is the commitment to
a political defense.
On the 16th of October, civil disobedience will occur against United States intervention
in Vietnam. We, the defendants of October 16, are now organizing ourselves for
political defense, which will begin now and continue through and after the trial.
The aim of our defense is to put Johnson on trial. To do this, we must be prepared
to refuse bail and remain in jail, discipline ourselves while in prison, reject the
domination of lawyers, and continue as. a political unit with political leadership through-
out. We, the Defendants Committee, must discuss this strategy from now until October
16th.
We have just witnessed the court's attempt to suppress the student movement by exorbi-
tant bail and unreasonable terms of probation, after a successful civil disobedience
action in December. The mistake nnade by the student movement here was that politics
ended with the arrest. I^egal considerations then dominated. We must learn fronr\
these mistakes, and from those made in San Francisco a year earlier. Let the battle
not end with the arrest. Let us who plan to be arrested on October 16 now begin our
defense -- collective political action.
Yesterday Johnson doubled the draft. The day before the United States bombed a Soviet
missile site in North Vietnam. Tomorrow it may be Hanoi, or even China. The
American people must not rennain silent. We must mobilize, and mobilize dramatically,
to oppose this madness. Let us not be like those Germans who did not oppose Hitler
in the thirties.
Civil disobedience in October will not end this war. However, if done effectively, it
can raise opposition to the Administration's policies to a new level. Large-scale political
civil disobedience will cause debate and discussion where there was none, and commit-
ment where there was only opposition.
We ask all those who agree with us to join us as members of the VDC Defendants Com-
mittee. Discussions of tactics and their political implications for the Defendants, and
others who are interested, will be held every Sunday at 3 p.m. at the Vietnam Day
Committee office, 2407 Fulton Street, Berkeley. This, series of discussions will continue
weekly and culminate on October 2nd, "The Anniversary of the Police Car, " with a full
day of workshops sponsored by the VDC on the subject of October 15 and 16.
On the 15th and 16th of October, actions will occur throughout the world to make these
dates International Days of Protest Against American Military Intervention. Students
for a Democratic Society is cooperating with the Vietnam Day Committee in organizing
nationwide demonstrations. The VDC is also engaging in intensive community work in
Oakland, among many other activities. Please come by the office -- 2407 Fulton Street
(at Channing Way), Berkeley -- or telephone 549-0811.
eeVmgs every sunday^Spm
407 Fulfon Street ^^
on civil disobedience
1124
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Meese Exhibit No. 9
'En
JOIN MORE THAN 40 GROUPS TO PROTEST THE WAR IN VIETNAM
Every year on August 6th concerned people around the world com-
memorate and mourn the devastation of Hiroshima. Today, 21 years
later, as the bombs continue to drop on Asia, the New York 5th Ave.
Peace Parade Committee has called on Americans to join people
throughout the world in protesting the Vietnam war. Deeply disturbed
by our government's actions in Vietnam, hundreds of thousands have
responded to this call. We are not in favor of this war, and we shall
raise our voices and march through our streets to show President
Johnson and the world how we feel. WHEN SILENCE MEANS CON-
SENT, NO ONE CAN AFFORD TO BE SILENT I
MASS MARCH ON MARKET ST.
lla.m.
THE MARCH WILL BEGIN AT DRUMM AND MARKET STS. , S. F.
BRING YOUR OWN SIGNS
RALLY AT CIVIC CENTER
1 p.m.
SET UP YOUR OWN TABLE
SPEAKERS
'^'-
MRS. ANN SAMAS/(Mother of a soldier
who recently r^ftfsed><J fight in VietNam)
ROBERT SCHEER^j/^
VINCENT HAJ^i^AN
PETE CAMEJO,^^^^
SIDNEY ROGEir
SPECIAL EVENTS
PUPPET PLAY - Knives in the Drawers
ANTI-WAR PAGEANT
THE COMMITTEE
PUBLIC DISCUSSIONS
SNAKE DANCING
MUSIC - The Five Year Plan
NO MORE HIROSHIMAS !
GET OUT OF VIETNAM!
OVER -
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1125
Meese Exhibit No. 9 — Continued
THE FOLLOWING IS A PARTIAL LIST
AUGUST 6th MARCH:
OF GROUPS SUPPORTING THE
Jay Area Peace Coordinating Comm,
Berkeley Friends of SNCC
^^erkeley VDC
i^Bring the Troops Home Now
Newsletter
''bullets in the Bay Comm,
^Citizens for Kennedy-Fulbright
(Berkeley)
/College of San Mateo Liberal Caucus
/Committee for Independent Political
Action
Communist Party USA
/Community for New Politics (Scheer
^^ampaign)
^/Concerned Citizens of Palo Alto
Contra Costa Citizens Against the
War in VietNam
■■^ureka-Noe Valley Concerned
Citizens
Godzilla Comm. to End the War in
VietNam Before it Ends Everything
Else
/Condor Committee
'Haight Ashbury VietNam Comm.
/High School Si udents- Against the War
in VietNam(San Francisco)
-^dependent Socialist Club
'Independent Truth Center
'^Iranian Students Association
^Moslem Student Association
^^North Br.ich VietNam Committee
/Northern California Guardian
Committees
/Potrero Hill Peace Committee
'^J'rogressive Labor Party
^^an Francisco Peace Center
^San Francisco State VDC
^^an Jose State College VDC
/Socialist Workers Party
/Spartacist
/Stanford Committee for Peace
in VietNam
'Students for a Democratic
Society
/Jnited World Federalists(student
division)
'United Youth for Peace(Berkeley)
"Vets for Peace(Berkeley)
'Villagers Opposed to the War in
Vie tNam( Albany)
^-Women for Peace(Berkeley)
^-Women's International League for
Peace and Freedom(San Francisco)
,^^oung Socialist Alliance
OTHER ACTIONS
Anti-Napalm Vigil, UTC, Redwood City "Port Chicago supplies over 90% of all
(Bayshore East to Harbor Blvd. exit), munitions & explosives for the War in
Mondays-Fridays, IZnoon to Ip. nn. and VietNam."
7p. m, to 8p. m. RALLY- -Ip. m. Sunday, Aug. 7, Concord
August 6- 9th. Friends{Quakers).Con- "^"V Plaza. Willow Pass & Grant STs.
tinuing Vigil at Oakland Army Terminal. WALK- -2p. m. . o dock gate at Port Chi-
For info: TH3-7557. "^^g"-
A, ,„.,„» -7 atu c t J /~ iiru-.. ACTION- -5p. m. Information:
August 7-9th. Stanford Campus, White
Plaza, 3 Day Vigil. For info: 325-3405. .r-TTr^M . r j -j i n ^
' ° ACTION--!-]), m. individuals will stop
August 5-13th. Peace Boothat San Mateo munitions ti ucks. For info: 934-3323 or
County Fair. 10a.m. to lOp. m. 841-891V.
Dance on 2400 Telegraph Av^ lierk. ,
Fri, Aug. 5th, 9 to lip. m. B'l -ley &
San Francisco State VDC. (!• ilative).
ssSki-
67-852 O— 66— pt. 1-
-15
1126 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Meese Exhibit No. 10
The clGcted members of tlic VDC Steering Committee for
the October 15 and 16 demonstration are:
. /
1. Jack Weinberg/,
. — -2. V;indy Smith
— 3. Steve Cherkoss
U, L.irry Laughlin
5. Jerry Emmerick
/
6. Paul Montabk
7. Mike G'Haml'^i
8 . Joann Peyt<m
9. Bart Abbott ,
10. Suzanne Pollard
11. Marilyn Hilligdn
12. Hov;ard Jeter
"13, Jerry Rubi-n
m. Steve Wcissinan
15. John Sclt/
■16. Steve Smale
17. Phil Whiter
18. Phil Suga
19.- Walter Batta^l
20. Anya Allist
21. Pete Cohe
22. Manya Co
23. Mike Dela<io'ur
24. Jon Read
25. Annalesia Zat
26. Frank Smitha
27. Marion Stcijikfjller
28. Janet Puff^
29. Barton Stofie
30. Sid Staple-ton
///V^^
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1127
Meese Exhibit No. 1 1-A
«" I
HtLTOSUJ SlAkXm^ FOR OCTOBEH 15-16 (Heport of the SRO and Defendants Conanitte-i) 9/26
The SRO and ths Dofendante Coimlttea aet Jointly Sunday afternoon to dascusa
plana for October 15-16. The strategy passed by last Tuesday's membership meeting
■was elaborated, and some decisions were mads about the "tone" of the demonstration,
ind hou we should respond to various contlngeacies (particularly the threat of
arrest, or the possibility of a police oordon stopping our maroh). The following
elen<ents of the strategy were agreed upon by conaensust
Our planned program will include a Teach-in on campus bojlnnins I^iday morn-
ing (Oct. 15) and ending at some time between 5poi and 'iya. Friday ovenih^* AH
participants in the Teaob-ln will be urged to join a march through Borl-oloy and
Oakland to the Oakland irmy Terminal. The March shall begin as the campus Teach-
in ends, and shall be turned into a "Teach-Out" at the 04T. io^unia^ r,> police
interference, the Teach-Out shall be held at one of several uau^ricl. r'-" ''^- ',;''. of^.t
areas on the army base, near the troop barracks. We will remain all p;lcht,Frlclny,
and most of eZ5» C? «« Saturday. In addition to the Teach-Out spasdna, tharo
may be workshops and other activities. Sign-ups will be taken for foturtt Aatl->/>^'n«<n
war work.
The Teach-Out will have several themes, most strikingly tho fact t^'■'. .'ri. eaopus- .
based movement against th* war in Vietnam intends to carry out largo-ocalcf |>olltical
activities, such as the"prolonged-maBs-informational-rally" in vital areas off tha
campus, k theme most appropriate to the military setting will be the ooncept of
individual responsibility for war-crimes, as defined in the London Treaty and at
the Nurenbofg Trials. Finally, we will emphasize that soldier.^ hfivs both tha right
and the obligation to engage in^pqlitical opposition to the war. Saoh opposition
can take many forms, from sigfi£Sg'jajelaSlons,to refusing to fight, t36 Oar right to
address the soldiers and their rignt to listen to ^usy^KtSS^-^-teSa
"A^^
;i:3> the political and
C3 legal Justifioatioisfor thet/Teaob-Out.
We shall emphasize in all our literature and press statements prior to the Ma^b
that we do not regard our plaonod actions as "civil disobedience", and that vo do
not intend to engage in road-blocking or fence-climbing. The V.D.C, shall J3«bjicjj;
oppose individual acts of civil disobedience performed during o'lr llaroh an(2 Toach-
Out. Because of all our past announcements about civil diaobadianoe, vo oust be
absolutely unambiguous in aonoanoing our change of plans. On the other hand, we
must make it clear that we regard the planned Teach-Out on the Oakland Army Terminal
as a lawful and reasonable activity, and ue will not back down even if tfJ ftre threat-
ened with mass arrests. There was some dispute in the SfiO as to the "tone" of the
Teach-Out. The final consensus' was that we should not aot in a "belligerent" manner,
or through our prior publicity make it appear that we are tryioc' to provoke arrest,
or that we intend to "take over" the army base.
If the police interfere with our program, they will force us to make crucial
on-the-spot decisions. These contingencies must be planned in advance. Some of
the "branch-points"^ and the decisions recommended by the SRO are illustrated in the
following chart. The considerations ^«.f i went into these decisions are dlsoussed
briefly-and-ln-part in the paragraphs which follow.
«»« An<c<Ts|
•n r»»tt
.,it OAT.
AntrtS
SY
(^<u<l. sUrrti <t
Cotokw* »i OAT
i]
or "taUt-irttiTS
<2£»aT ofrtcir Sftacket
Tt«cg-o.r »,.«.l«1tjj
w%
1128 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Meese Exhibit No. 1 1-A — Continued
(2)
Before we begin our analysis of the decision points, let us consider two
possibilities. 4 judge nay issue an injunction prohioitins our torch or Te^ch-
Out. The SRO recommends that such an injunction be ignored. Ignoring a court
injunction would probably lead to mass arrests at some point of the I'larch, thus
placing us at one of the branch points described below, inother unpleasant pos-
oility is that there may be no soldiers at our Teach-Out, either because of
. j"f loial orders or because of fear of reprisal. In order to avoid the appearance
that the Teach-Out was a flop because no soldiers were there, we must be careful,
in our publicity, to stress the symbolic algniflcaaoe of the location, rather than
tho physical preseaoe of troops. In fact, there are relatively few soldiers at
the O^T, and these ere not usually destined for Vietnam.
The numbered branch points on the chart indioate decisions that will be made
by the police or by the V.D.C. Ue aatlclpate no serious problems while on campus.
1) Polloo officials may decide to atop the March onroute to the OiT, probably
sosoiibsre ia Oakland, £:2 s;^ i±^. Since we will not respond to injunctions, they
will have to cordon off the marchers. At this point, the SRO reconmends that we
elt down oa tbo spot end bo^in the leach-Qut. Ue will ir^ra attempt to conduct the
Toacb-Out <—— -^"'7 as originally planned. If we aro ordered to disperse, we will
refusa to do so, and will urgo all marchers (except minors, aliens, etc.) to stay.
Thus, there will be either mass arrests, or • Teach-Out on the city street, this
decision (2} boiu^ la the hands of the police.
5) X^ tha Iloroh is allowed to roaob the road leading Into the Oakland Irmy Ter-
i^i^-1, tut is stopped at this road, the SRO recommonds that we proceed as at branch
polat (1). Thus wa will force police to make decision (J*), either mass arrests or
a 2aaoh-0ntiintJih« street. City officials will probably be reluctant to mass large
au:uber3 ot police or national foardsmen at the edfo of the West Oakland ghetto on
a Erlday night.
$) For etrate£io reasons of their own, the authorities may dedide to cordon off
the Msirch j^ust after it enters the federally-owned property of the OiT. Clearly,
thay would not do this if they intended to allow any Teaoh-Out at the OiT, so we
would bo given the choice of dispersing or being arrested. Again, the SRO re«-
eo2Biiends that V3 submit to arrest rather than disperse.
6) TbiS police nay prefer to allow the March to reach the Tea'cli-Cat area, and then
order lii to cliaporsa. If they intend to make arrests, this would be the best time,
for covoral reasons. The arrests would occur In a relatively private area, with
fow opootatora, oiud no one ooold claim In court that he was arrested "by mistake".
Any one of several oharses oould be used, ranging from petty offenses to treason.
Attornoyo have advised the V.D.C. Legal Committee that wo would have a fairly
good chance of beinj found "not-guilty", at least on appeal. Of course, this must
bo balanced acainat the high probability of severe harassneht (high ball, compulsoty
court attendcncQ, «tc.) and conviction during the original trial, because of its
. political nature, We^vould, however, have a fZJJ^ better case than that "of the FSM,
or most civil-rights eit-lns. ■ •crr-~i^,rrr;;,^. rr::^:;^22izr:'^^r^T^:^r^^^^^:^sss^
Bocausa we do not intend to actually conmilt civil disobedience, the authorities
mcy decide not to arrest us. They may use harassing tactics, such as arresting a
few leafloters or tabla-oitters. Or they may arrest some of the speakers at the
Teaoh-Out for violation of various "treason acts" involving "lowering the morale of
soldiers". In these events (7)5^(8), we must prepare a "political defense".
9) Finally, there is the possibility that they may just leave ua alone. Then, ue
will have held a very significant antl-Vletnaa war demonstration without paying the
very high price of mass civil dlsobedienoe. - - - ^ ^
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1129
Meese Exhibit No. 1 1-B
The following plan for Octobar 15-16 has been proposed by the Strategic
Research Orgard7.atiori;
1. Teach-in on canipus Friday, break for night
2. Teach-in on campus Saturday, 9-11 a . ir. .
3. a) Continue teach-in on n.arch to Oakland Army Terminal. Talks should
be ainied at bystanders as v/ell as marchers. 2v. usic v/ould also be appropriate
(e.g. "Eva of Destruction", ).
b) V e can expect 10-15,000 to start out frorr the campus. Thft coluriiH should
stretch out for over 1 mile ;ind should not break at intersections. To rua^f.e th«
talks audible we will need 1 transmitter and 4-6 receivers liiiked to amplifiers.
Son-je busses could be chartered for older people and kidds but should be part
of the n.arch.
i) a) If there is no prior police interference, the march should end at the
intersection of J- aritir/.e St, and the two other entrances to the base. 10,000
people in thfei area would effectively immobilize the base without any overt
attempt to block the gates, etc.
b) The teach-in should continue on Maritime St. and be ainied et soldiers
and civilian base employees.
c) Other actions are possible at this point: a draft-card boniBre, a call on
soldiers to refuse to fight in Vietnan ; an attempt to enter tns harbour area; etc.
If the march is stopped before getting close to the base tbeve are two options:
a) Sit there and clock 1 mile of a main thoroughfare incluaing intersec-
tions (Seln:a scene);
b) Break the column and have back three-quarters detour and continue
toward the base.
6, If the march is stopped at the 7th St. entrance half the coluirn should
remain there and the other half should piodeed to the Y ake Ave. entrance
where it will presumably be stopped. Thus 2 of the 3 entrances would be
blocked. A third group roii.ing in off the Bay Bridge by car could easily block
the last entrance.
The point of all this is to stage a drarr.atic action whi::h will rr.obilize
people against the war in Victnarri and begin to take decision -inaking about
this war out of the hands of irresponsible elites. Arrests are not necessary
but the risk of arrest can hardly be "avoided. This risk can be miniinized
for most people who participate, they can choose to obey pblice orders to stop,
disperse, shut up, or whatever.
The Oakland Army Base is a particularly good place at which to stage a
protest because itis the main West Coast supplier to the American forces
in Vietnami.
1130 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Meese Exhibit No. 11-B — Continued
University Ave
i= ,R O P O S E D OCT. 16 By- A R C H
iv arch begins at Sathar Gate, proceeds ..iii-ough
campus to University Ave.; goes down University
then left on Shattuck; n south on Shattuck; at Adeline
veers right; down Adeline to 7th where it turns
ri^ht; straight down 7th to the Terminal.
Code :
Arrviy Ternunal boundary :
Naval Supply Center boundary : — .-,.
Gate area : /\
/
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1131
Meese Exhibit No. \l-D
a-' '
OCTOBER 15-16
International Days of Protest against the War in Vietnam
On October 15-16 people in Europe, Asia, Latin America, Africa, and 80
cities in the United States will be denaonstrating against American intervention
in Vietnani. In New York 30 groups are organizing a niarch of 15, 000 people down
Fifth Avenue; demonstrations are also planned in Atlanta, Boston, Ann Arbor,
Chicago, Milwaukee, Portland, and Detroit. In London there will be a vigil
outside the American Embassy; in Argentina students and professors have pledged
to protest in the streets; peace groups in Scotland will nrxarch through town; and
people in Paris, Mexico City, Senegal, British Cdumbia, and Uruguay will
dennonstrate in some way against United States policy.
The initiating body for these International Days of Protest is the Vietnam
Day Committee, a student-faculty-comnmnity group in Berkeley, California,
which has become known internationally for its anti-war activities, particularly
the attempts to stop trains carrying troops bound for Vietnam. The Berkeley-
San Francisco Bay Area aspect of the international protest will center around
the "pacification" of the Oakland Army Terminal.
Friday evening at 7:30 we will leave the campus, taking the teach-in into the
community in a seven-mile torchlight peace march through the heart of Oakland
to the army terminal. The route of the march is: Telegraph to Broadway, to
14th Street, to Peralta, to 7th Street and then to Maritime. Maritime Street, our
destination, is a street which runs through the army terminal. On one side of this
street are the ships taking munitions to Vietnam; on the other are the army
barracks. We intend to continue our teach-in in an empty lot opposite the barracks
and to beam it at the soldiers, asking them to consider seriously the implications
of their participating in an immoral war.
We will tell soldiers that under the 1945 London Treaty and The Nuremburg
Codes they bear individual responsibility for commiting war crimes, even if they are
following orders from a superior or obeying national law. We will ask them to
refuse to fight in Vietnam.
This will be the nation's first teach-in in the midst of an army terminal. We
will stay there throughout the night and Saturday with sleep-out, teach-in and
workshop discussions on the future of the peace movement.
If the police try to interfere with the march or try to disperse the teach-in,
we will be arrested rather than submit to this infringement on our civil liberties.
We have decided on these plans rather than on "massive civil disobedience, " such
as blocking roads, to make visible our sense of the horrendous war which our
government is waging in Vietnam. This way, if there should be arrests, we would
be in a good position to raise the issue of the Vietnam war in the courts and even
have some chance of acquittal. Of course even in this case there will be an oppor-
tunity to avoid arrest for those who wish to.
Vietnam Day Committee
2407 Fulton Street
Berkeley, California
Telephone: 549-0811
1132 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Meese Exhibit No. 1 1-D — Continued
}/iofnsm Patf Committee
tentative program for OCTOBER 15th & l6th
ifif^riisfionai Pays o/ Profesf
at Berkeley Campus & Oakland Army Terminal
Activities
FRIDAY - OCT. 15th
BERKELEY CAMPUS
9-12 am : Folksingers in upper Sproul
Plaza. Discussion with speakers.
12-3 pm : Paul Goodman and others.
3-6 pm: Discussions on Vietnam and
other workshop activities with speakers.
Movies, folksinging, picnic supper.
6 - 7:30 pm: Pre-march Rally
7:30 - 11 pm:
Torchlight Peace March
with Loud-Speakers - Music - Banners I
11-12 pm: Rally at Army Base.
SATURDAY - OCT. 1 6th
OAKLAND ARMY TERMINAL
1 2:30 - 9 am: Army Base Sleep-out.
Movies all night, folksingers, campfires,
discussions and more discussions.
9-12 am ; Workshops on:
After Oct 15 & 16 - next steps -
Should VDC and other groups oppose
Cohelan with a candidate?
Another International Day of Protest?
WHAT IF HANOI IS BOMBED?
12-5 pm : Final Speakers.
: ART & PHOTOGRAPH SHOW :
; Hiroshima Mon Amour
• movies I Live in Fear
; include Night and Fog
; Hitler's Executioners
Speakers
INCLUDE
Fanny Lou Hamer - Mississippi Freedom
Democratic Party
Paul Krassner - Editor of The Realist
Allen Ginsberg
Dave Dellinger - Editor of Liberation ;
Co-chairman of NYC Oct. 16 march
Paul Goodman - Author of Growing Up
Absurd, The Empire City, etc.
Staughton Lynd
Marcus Raskin - Ex-aide to J. F. K.
"The Committee" - S. F. satirical group
Robert Scheer - Associate editor of
Ramparts; just back from Saigon
Mike Myerson - Just back from Hanoi
A. .T. Muste - C. N. V. A.
Hugh Hester - Brig. General, retired
Lawrence Ferlinghetti
Franz Schurmann - Faculty Peace Comm.
Donna Allen - Women for Peace
Bill Stanton - State Assemblyman
M. S. Arnoni - Editor of Minority of One
Stanley Sheinbuam - Ex- advisor to Diem
Paul Jacobs - Labor leader
Prof. Robert Browne - Ex-State Dept.
official; just back from Saigon
Prof. Marshall Windmiller
y' Mark Spoelstra
• ■' Fugs - Joe McDonald '•._
FOLKSINGERS
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1133
Meese Exhibit No. 12
BRXET NOTEo CM THE WAYS AIID MMl'S 01 ■'BE/.TC:0" Ai\T OEFE/.TOIG THE DRIFT
\f Pe : C.'j. Vftritc your local draft board rsquosting the special con-
scientTons "o^i'ectcr forrc sss 150» Now if you don't have religious or phil^
Qpoohicr.l reasons that cause yoii to be agair.at viar "in any fornix" don^'t let
it bother you. Maj'k j'-cc or fnat qwostion anyv.'ay, or nark cut t;ie "in any
fuTu''' if you wanb to bo more howeso abcat it. It's fairly certain that
yeur local board v.dll turn you ao'vn. However, you can then appeal their
iccioion^ be investigated. aup3f,]. again and so on^ The vhole proceijs takes
abcat a ye^r, &jnd b:'- that tine we'll ha.'n stopped the vcar ^ji Viet,nam {vg
hcpc;. I'^or further infomation on the C^O. procecs, i-rritc: Central Ccn-
mittce for Conscientious Objectors, 2G06 Walnut So. » Philacielphia, Fa-*
19103. or. War Poi>istora Lea.gue, 5 Beekman St., New York 38, N,Y. Havo'
fun,
2/ Hr."e r- 'domormtration^ during yo-.-.r pre-iaduction physical. This is a-
vjcy for polificsr objector's to get a L-F and cause the irilitary b let of
ti-ouble. Arrive at the oxamiriing center wearing signs: END THE DR^^ MOT.t
or GliT OUT OF VIET»^;>M or the like^ Wear bittons- Leaa.et your fellon
prcspectiv3 indactcosj Tell tliem what amy life r.nd the uar in Vietnam ire
really all about, P e detemined and the officers ^-dll bo only too glad to
be j"id of you-
J> RoTuseto 3i;r,ri the loyal tv oath and don't m^l■k the RED list. If you
dc, iTfoy •■.'ilL a^rcjt you, They'll investigate you and if you've b'len iaiily
active in an/ o^ the 'subversive' ca:.Tpuj novoments, they jon't .lant yjn»
hi B c ^V-''"/' • riay the homo-sexual bit. Mark 'yesf or don't mark the "H o-
rr.osexunl Tc'n^cncics'' line on forms^ Ps^'^chiatrist may give you the lun-
'iroiind but stic]: vrLth it. If you're really game, be obviously one of the
'.gay'boys., Bosidos flicking your vnrist, nove your body like chlckj do --
'ncld cigarette delicately, talk nelodically, act embcresscd in front of the
othc- f;..ys i.-hi.n ;>ou undress. Ask >cur girl-friend to give you lessons or
".rat.'^h the Fricco Worth Eeach crovid r.ny 'Jeck-end niglit, 'Gay' birs 'nxri al-
30 ■roiJi::ia do";ii in i>he Tenderloin — T\irk Street area»
^/ i-fii' Isll '^S^ySl*. ■'•■'• y^ ^'^"""^ ^ 'friendly' family doctor or can buy
one, you'Vi. Jind hcT's extremely hcndy. Got a signed note from hin attcsc-
'.;,{-; to Cii •, ll-^r,;^-, ■•. trj.ck knee or clbov; or shoulaer or back trouble, or
apth^a Don't foi'^cit to nark .-'.ppropriate nlar:es on induction forms and
/'.a'vc t'o'; io r.:.de. Without a Di-. 's note, you'll have to do a pretty good
job of iorjn^' these tirinj^s, Certain cheir.j.crls vd.ll temporarily incuco ai.-
Icrgicj — i:cv ycur chcmxDt.
6/ Be an. £^'i''-''T't;-C^ Borrov; the standard epilepti.c medal from a fri'^nd
?.nd ;.'0.".r ii., --'ark the form properly^ tell the Dr. aid you're in good
shap'?, ir you "jrnt to ha^'o rone fun, verd about and fake a ceizurj. If?
Tun c-r-d 7''V. ''/I -v-ally .rivn thc"'- a hoad-i.chi-.-
''/ .fail :\:i"ord, Kost of ns aren't larky enough to have a felony record,
'rjt ir'yrr-'f" jp^ ore — use it. I.^.ey :'.ns?" st on it: you'll see sijni; all
:ver 'he place trllir.g you -.rhat a cri"o y ou'll'bo committing if you don'+.
I'Oll "'.'.c';. Ii?. 3^^ lOLiors - • if you'vo ^ot enough of them — are a good dorlo
-ufiT. -■ ic-.\ c." l-ui 'I'.ry >• : i ^bbci-^' or nuracr T.re also nice bets<.
1134 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
e
N
M
H
r
r\
Meese Exhibit No. 12 — Ckjntinued
once— tsr all ttbtea ts^kit'ifC '«n '-ti|CTi^^*^»g4»*!ww».m» 'and a iHaIa:
bit of acting -irith thl» idlX go a Icnig m^'^ CMir tout fingernails*
Talk about the Viet Ccnf t|f»i?ig (Jttt to g«t ywt. Tell them you're a
secret ageqt for QocJ Johnsbft^' Or J» sijsciti iitf tbU the Br » how
much you enjoy iralldng on^th© ^l4ph Oatfr^tyidfee.H'se^yoTa" ln»-
giaatlon,have a ball, and ytjitt'll blow thsit^'feims "liithoot. liavii^
yours bloim up.
9/Ar rive drunk. Being late here realily helps. They may send you
away to come back aiiother day, but it'll look good to have it on your
record. If you do this bit enough times, they'll probably run you back
to the headshilnkar to find out -^y. Then pl^ it cool(the booze iilll
help) and you've got it made..
1&/ Arilve hi/^h. IHey'll smell it, and you won't have to ax±iiit it. If
you want to go about the addiction scene in a really big way, use a
^ comon pin oa your ate for a few weoke in advaqpe. Check tath your
■friends rrtio •shoot' to see if the marks lo<A good; then you'll have
no trouble convincing the Drs.
13./Be sn undesirable. Go for a couple of weeks without a ^ower.
IfeaTly lock dirty. Stink. Long hair helps. Go in bareljoot with your
~P sandals tied around your neck. Give a wino a bottle for his clothee
' and Mmar them. For extra kicks, talk far-out (some pot will help
here)- One doctor is probably all you'll have to see, and he'll be
only too happy to get you out of the place.
^ 12/ Be 3'fucque-upl Don' t do iNTTWIKO right. Forget Instmctions,
^ don't follow orders, and generally do just about eveiything wrong.
Apologize profusely for your mistakes, and they'll probably tell
Dyou how sorry they are for having to give you a U-F.
13/ Ee a trouble-maker. RBfuse to follow orders. (You don't have to,
you ' re not in the amy) . Let them know exactiy what y-ou think of
^ them. Rs antogonisticj smoke where the signs s^ NO SMOKING. Pick a
fight with a fellow inductee, or better y9t*-one of the officers
cr doctors c
llj/ Bed-wettingoTell them you wet the bed when you're awiy from hone.
If they dor'~t dofer you, prove it when you're inducted.
Extra Special Service for those tAio really care. Join the anny cr a^y
of the other military branches and really screw up the works. Tell
your buddies the truth about the scene in Vietnan. They'll listen^
youj you're one of them. Use the base bulletin boards for posting
official^ looking leaflets about the whole military mess. Pleaso be
r.zrv.fu\\ If ^e-ou T^nt to be effective at this, you can't be caug.it.
i For the nm. 'Tibh real guts. (Petailed pamfAaet on thi'- i3 currently
j in p^epar^tion.)
<* > A:)iic V** 't-it '
/
' "i. deluxe booklet onntaining rll the raary waj'S and menns and whys of
'beating' ^id defeating thtdraft is nearir-g thn^letioii and will soon
be i,j&-aed at noriinal oost. If you have an,v su^estions or personal
aro,' otes on a rait evasion and amy infiltration, please forward then
/I to: Lr.p-;,, 20x7- J. 2L07 Fulton 3troet, Borkaley, Calif onxia, Attsn:
• fcidr.iy. A?.po cortact aboTie rt ?lj?~08?J.. f or 4|^i -cotuVMllng atti
additional infoniation. • , /
o
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1135
Meese Exhibit No. 13
'^>JTT- DRAFT C QUIA ITT UK
An Anti-Draft 'Committee h£.8 been formed by members of the Vietna.m Day
Committee, Stmlents for a Democratic Society, and other interested irxdividuals.
Vve are a bro?.dly-baseri group with various points of view, and encourpge
everyone who opposes the draft for any reason to join ue.
The Anti-Driift Committee has several major perspectives:
1. Applying for "conscientious objection" on political and moral grounds.
2. Total non- cooperation with Se)ective Service.
3. Pubiiriz'ng the many methods of beating the draft.
4. Attenipting to clog up the machinery of the draft system.
5. Undermining the war effort frorri 'vithin the army.
Activities wc are planning include:
1. Campus-- noon rallies, wide distribution of anti-draft literature, and
informal discussions.
2. High Schools-- encouraging and assisting area high school students to
vca-^anize anti-draft activities within their schools.
3. Induction Centers-- leafletting and talking to draftee.s about the war in
Vietnam.
4. Community --petitions and community meetings in support of cur activities.
The Anti-Draft Comnnittee has planned two workshops during the VDC protest^
on the 15th and l6th. The first workshop will be held following Dave Delnnger's
speech on Friday Jiiternoon around 3:00 Ph' . The exact time and place will be
announced from the podium. The workshop will discuss the various perspectives
for anti-draft activity. On Saturday at the Oakland Army Terminal wc will
sponsor an action workshop, where we will form several committees to inake
specific plans for future activities.
A meeting to make final plans for the workshops will be held on Tue pday
at 6:00 PV in 145 Dwindle Hall. For further information about the
Anti-Draft Committee contact Mark Stahl or Steve Cherkose at Vietnam
Day headquarters, 2407 Fulton, 54^-0811.
1136 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
ss
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ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1137
Meese Exhibit No. 15
ADVICE TO DEMONSTRATORS
The Oakland Police are irrational and unpredictable. Any participant and
in fact, any observer of this or any denicistration in Oakland is subject to snrre
riok. Prouont pla.ip CiiU for a lonj^tl)'/ ait-in wliich niight ".veil result In arroct.o and
convictions. Because of the issue, sontencea coiild l>e utiffer than any wa have
experienced. For those who are not prepared to risk arrest we will hold a support-
ing picket line outside the sit-in. Those who paiticipE-te in the sit-in should be
prepared for the possible consequences and should follow the instructions of the
monitors. We urge the follow* ing procedures if you are atrested:
1) We will try to raise bail money as quickly es possible. Unless you have
a specific hardship, wc urge you to stay in jail until enough .Tioncy is raised to
bail out cvory one. If money come.s in at the r^^.io wc expect, v/e hope to have every-
one ovit within froni 24 hours to over a week. There ij a srr.all possibility of eventu
ial bail reduction and even release on OR (Own Recogniscense). We urge coopera-
tion in filling OR Forms, etc.
2) Insist on your right to a phone call, and either call 845-4123 or have the
person you call phone that number, (write the number on your hand). We will need
to get a list of the names of those arrested.
3) Anyone who wishes general information about the arrests or the people
arrested should call Th8-4754.
4) Bail donation checks should bo made out to CFJ Anti-war Bail Fund.
Phone 549-0690 for bail information. If you know someone who wishes to but up
your bail, urge tliem to put the money in the fund ear -marked for you.
5) The VDC has secured the Council For Justice (CFJ) to co-ordinate
legal defense. Any lawyer who wishes to involve himself in this case should first
call Peter Franck, legal co-ordinator for the CFJ at 845-4123.
6) Do not waive any of your constitutional rights.
7) A defendant's jnccting will be called at the first convenience to discuss
log.-il Blrafogy.
8) We urge minora (unH<?r 18) -ind aUana to avoid arrest.
9) Good hick.
1138 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
NfeESE Exhibit No. 16
Approved For (H»llng
ATTENTION ALL AA5LITARY PERSONNEL
You may soon be sent to Vietnam. You have heard about the war in the news;
your officers will give you pep talk$ about it. But you probably feel as cimfused and
uncertain as most Americans do. Many people will tell you to Just follow orders
and leave the thinking to others. But you have the right to know as much about this
war as anyone. After all, it's you — not your congressman — who might gel 'cilled.
WHY ARE WE FIGHTING IN VIETNAM ?
We are supposed to be fighting to protect
democracy in Vietnam, and yet our own gov-
ernment admits that South Vietnam is run by
a dictatorship. General Ky, the latest mili-
tary dictator, is as bad as they come. In a
recent interview he said: "People ask me
who my heroes are. I have only one — Hit-
ler. I admire Hitler because he pulled his
country together when it was in a terrible
state." (London Sunday Mirror, July 4, 1965).
General Ky doesn't mean much to us; we're
not even sure how to pronounce his name, but
the South Vietnamese have lived under men
like him for years. As far as the Vietnamese
are concerned, we are fighting on the side of
Hltlerism; and they hope we lose.
WHO IS THE ENEMY?
U. S. military spokesmen have often said
that their greatest problem is finding llif- ene-
my. The enemy, they say, is eveiywhere.
The old woman feeding her chickens may have
a stock of hand grenades in her hut. The lit-
tle boy who trails after the American sol-
diers during the day slips out to give informa-
tion to the guerillas at night. The washer-
woman at the American air base brings a bomb
to work one day. It is Impossible, say the
military, to tell which are the Viet Cong and
which are the civilians.
And so, because the whole Vietnamese peo-
ple seem to be the enemy, the military is
taking no chances. They use tear gas -- a
weapon designed for use against civilians.
They order American troops to fire at women
and children — because women and children,
after all, are firing at American troops. Am-
erican fighter planes destroy civilian villages
with napalm; American B-52's are flattening
whole regions. That is why the war in Viet-
nam is so often caUed a "dirty war. "
Whenthe South Vietnamese people see you
in your foreign uniform, they will think of
you as their enemy. You ar,e the ones bomb-
ing their towns. They doh't know whether
you're a draftee or a volunteer, whether
you're for the war or against it; but they're
not taking any chances either.
FREE ELECTIONS
The Vietnamese would like to vote the for-
eigners out of their country, but they have
been denied the chance. According to the
Geneva Agreement of 1954, there were sup-
posed to be elections throughout Vietnam in
1956. But the U. S, government was certain
that our man in Vietnam, Premier Diem,
would lose. So we decided not to allow any
election until we were sure we could win.
Diem set up a political police force and put
all political opposition — Communist and
anti- Communist -- in jail. By 1959, it was
clear there weren't going to be any elections,
and the guerillas known as the Viet Cong be-
gan to fight back. By 1963 oiu- government
wasfedup with Diem, but' still wasn't willing
to risk elections. Our CIA helped a group of
Vietnamese generals to overthrow Diem and
kill him. Since then there have been a series
of "better" military dictators. General Ky —
the man who admires Hitler — is the latest
FIGHTING FOR DEMOCRACY
Your job as a soldier is supposed to be "to
win the people of South Vietnam. " Win them
to what — democracy? No, we keep military
dictators in power. What then? The Ameri-
can way of life ? But why should they care
any more about our way of life than we care
about theirs? We can't speak their language
or even pronounce their names. We don't
know anything about their religion or even
what it is. We never even heard of Vietnam
until Washington decided to run it.
You are supposed to be fighting "to save
the Vietnamese people from Communism."
Certainly Communist influence is very strong
Ui.
,2m
EN'CLOSURC( ( )
All PrvTloos E
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1139
Meese Exhibit No. 16 — Continued
in the National Liberation Front, the rebel
government. Yet most of the people support
theNLF. Why? Many of the same people who
now lead the NLF led the Vietnamese inde-
pendence movement against the Japanese dur-
ing World War n, and then went on to fight
against French colonial rule. Most Vietnam-
ese think of the NLF leaders as their coun-
try's outstanding patriots. In fact, many anti-
Communists have joined the guerrilla forces
in the belief that the most important thing is
to get rid of foreign domination and military
dictators. On the other hand, very few Viet-
namese support the official government of
General Ky. His army has low morale and a
high desertion rate.
THE GUERRILLAS
The newspapers and television have told
us again and again what a tough fighter the
Vietnamese guerrilla is. Short of ammuni-
tion and without any air cover, he can beat
forces that outnumber him five or ten to one.
Why do they have such high morale ? They
are not draftees; no draftees ever fight like
that. They are not high-paid, professional
soldiers . Most of them are peasants who work
their fields; they can't even spare the ammu-
nition for target practice.
Their secret is that they know why they
are fighting. They didn't hear about Vietnam
in the newspapers; they've livedthereall their
lives. While we were in high school, they
were living under the Diem regime and hating
it. Now American planes are bombing their
towns and strafing their fields; American
troops have occupied their country; and if
they complain out loud, an American- sup-
ported dictator sentences them to jail or the
firing squad. Is it any wonder that they fight
so fiercely ?
CRUSHING THE RESISTANCE
The war in Vietnam is not being fought ac-
cording to the rules. Prisoners are tortured.
Our planes drop incendiary bombs on civilian
villages. Our soldiers shoot at women and
children. Your officers will tell you that it is
all necessary, that we couldn't win the war
any other way. And they are right. Ameri-
cans are no more cruel than any other peo-
ple; American soldiers don't enjoy this kind
of war. But if you are going to wage war
against an entire people, you have to become
cruel.
The ordinary German soldier in occupied
Europe wasn't especially cruel, either. But
as the resistance movements grew, he be-
came cruel. He shot at women and children
because they were shooting at him; he never
asked himself why they were shooting at him.
When a certain town became a center of re-
sistance activity, he followed his orders and
destroyed the whole town. He knew that SS
menwere torturing captured resistance fight-
ers, but it wasn't his business to interfere.
FOLLOWING ORDERS
As a soldier you have been trained to obey
orders, Lut as a lium.in being you mual. lake
responsibility for your own acts. Interna-
tional and American law recognize that an in-
dividual soldier, even if acting under orders,
must bear final legal and moral responsibility
for what he does. This principle became a
part of law after World War n, when the Al-
lied nations, meeting in London, decided that
German war criminals must be punished even
if they committed war crimes under orders.
This principle was the basis of the Nurem-
berg trials. We believe that the entire war
in Vietnam is criminal and immoral. We be-
lieve that the atrocities which are necessary
to wage this war against the people of Vietnam
are inexcusable.
OPPOSE THE WAR
We hope that you too find yourself, as a
human being, unable to tolerate this night-
mare war, and we hope that you will oppose
it. We don't know what kind of risks we are
taking in giving you this leaflet; you won't
know what risk you will be taking in opposing
the war. A growing number of GIs have al-
ready refused to fight in Vietnam and have
been court-martialed. They have shown great
courage. We beUeve that they, together with
other courageous men who will join them, will
have influence far out of proportion to their
numbers.
There may be many other things you can
do; since you are in the service, you know
better than civilians what sorts of opposition
are possible. But whatever you do, keep your
eyes open. Draw your own conclusions from
the things you see, read and hear. At orien-
tation sessions, don't be afraid to ask ques-
tions, and if you're not satisfied with the
answers, keep asking. Take every chance
you get to talk to your fellow soldiers about
the war.
You may feel the war is wrong, and still
decide not to face a court-martial. You may
then find yourself in Vietnam under orders.
You might be forced to do some fighting —
but don't do any more than you have to. Good
luck.
1140 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Meese Exhibit No. 18
GRAND JURY
COUNTY OF ALAMEDA
Court House, Oakland 7, California
January 27, 1966
TO THE HONORABLE, TH5 SUPERIOR COURT
OF THE STATE OP CALIFORNIA
IN AND FOR THE COUNTY OF ALAMEDA
Under the applicable aections of the California Penal Code
and under the instructions given by the Presiding Judge of
the Superior Court, it is the duty of the Grand Jury to in-
quire into and report on the needs and operations of County
government, and to submit such recommendations as it may
deem appropriate.
During the term of this Grand Ju/'y, there have been a large
number of criminal prosecutions, a series of arrests, and
many demonstrations requiring police supervision, which have
been directly related to activities on the Berkeley Campus
of the University of California and which have had a pro-
found impact upon Alameda County government. This Impact
has been reflected in added court costs and congestion, ex-
tensive costs to County and local police agencies, and numerous
police operations whlc h have resulted in the dilution of the
services otherwise available for local community protection.
Because of this burden upon local government, the 196^' Grand
Jury feels an obligation, in fully carrying out its responsi-
bility to the Superior Court and to the community, to
objectively analyze this situation and to offer constructive
conclusions and suggestions.
The Berkeley Campus has increasingly become the primary base
for activities throughout the Bay Area which have involved
law violations and disorder. This fact, coupled with the
central University function of educating young people,
points up the obligation of the University to share with
the community its responsibility for keeping this burden
within reason and within the rule of law.
The Grand Jury is concerned with the fact that facilities of
the Berkeley Campus of the University of California have been
made available to organizations such as the "Vietnam Day
Committee", whose leaders and membership are composed largely
of persons who are not students or otherwise associated
with the University. The "Vietnam Day Committee" has its
headquarters off the Campus and its objectives and activities
are unrelated to the educational purposes of the University.
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1141
Meese Exhibit No. 18 — Continued
Yet it has been able to use Campus facilities on numerous
occasions during the past several months to organize and
implement actions which have detrimentally affected the
surrounding community (see Appendix "A"). Particularly
serious is the use by this group of the Berkeley Campus
as a staging area for unlawful off -campus activities, such
as the attempts to Interfere with the passage of troop
trains through Berkeley and Emeryville in August 19^5 , and
the open advocacy and planning of "civil disobedience",
which in reality involves the deliberate violation of
criminal laws.
These and other incidents, occurring on the Berkeley Campus
or resulting from activities which took place there, have
created an extraordinary burden on governmental services,
which has been borne by the County of Alameda and the cities
surrounding the Campus. When law and order broke down on
the Campus, such as during the so-called "Free Speech Move-
ment" demonstrations of October and December 196^, the
agencies of local government were required to step in and
regain control of the situation. Likewise, where Campus
activity was directed at creating incidents in the community-
at-large, such as the marches and troop train demonstrations
of the "Vietnam D^y Committee", local authorities were re-
quired to enforce the law and preserve order. Hundreds of
police officers, months of court time, and the services of
numerous other public officials and agencies have been
necessary to handle the problems emanating from the Berkeley
Campus. The total cost of these services has amounted to
thousands of dollars over the past two years (see Appendix
"B"). In addition, the Berkeley situation has repeatedly
required the diversion of manpower and resources, and has
involved difficulties in operation, which has deprived the
citizens of our community of essential governmental services
which could otherwise be made available for their benefit.
It is naturally more costly when the full machinery of our
law enforcement and legal system must be invoked to handle
Campus situations, which could be better, more easily, and
less expensively controlled by the disciplinary powers available
to the Regents and Administration of the University. Never-
theless, when this disciplinary authority is not fully
utilized, or when Campus officials are unwilling or unable
to handle the situation, local government has a responsibility
to preserve order. It is for this reason that the University
must fully carry out its responsibilities, so that the extra-
ordinary burden on local government and the taxpayers, which
has been experienced by this County during the past two years,
can be eliminated.
Recommendations
1. The University Administration should consistently and
'67-852 O— &6— pt. 1 16
1142 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Meese Exhibit No. 18 — Ckintinued
firmly enforce all University regulations, should
take appropriate disciplinary measures whenever rules
are violated, and should fully carry out its respon-
sibility for the maintenance of law and order on the
Campus,
2. The University Administration should promulgate and
enforce clear directives forbidding the use of Univer-
sity facilities for unlawful off -campus action.
3. The University Administration should diligently enforce
its own regulations which limit the use of Campus
facilities to students, faculty and staff for purposes
which are related to the educational function of the
University.
4. The University should extend full cooperation to local
authorities in the investigation and/or prosecution of
criminal cases which originate on the Campus.
5. The State Legislature and the Regents of the University
should provide for the reimbursement of county and city
government when conditions on or related to the Univer-
sity Campus require extraordinary law enforcement or
other local governmental services.
6. The State Legislature, with the cooperation of the Regents,
should enact new legislation to improve University control
over outsiders coming on and/or using University property
and facilities for purposes unrelated to the educational
goals and functions of the University.
In order that the taxpayers of Alameda County may be pro-
tected, that the facilities of the University may be preser-
ved for the fulfillment of its educational objectives, and
that these recommendations may be evaluated for implementation,
copies of this doctiment are being forwarded to the Governor
of California; the President, the Chancellor at Berkeley, and
the members of the Board of Regents of the University of
California; the Board of Supervisors of Alameda County; and
the members of the Alameda County delegation to the California
State Legislature.
Respectfully submitted,
1965 GRAND JURY OF ALAMEDA COUNTY
Henry A. Bruno, Foreman
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1143
Meese Exhibit No. 18 — Continued
APPENDIX "A'*
UNIVERSITY FACILITIES GRANTED TO VIETNAM DAY COMMITTEE
Permission was granted to the "Vietnam Day Committee" to use
the following facilities of the Berkeley Campus of the Univer-
sity of California during the months of September, October,
and November, I965.
Date
Sept.
. 15
Sept.
, 16
Sept.
, 18
Sept.
, 20
Sept .
, 21
Sept.
, 22
Sept .
. 23
Sept,
, 28
Sept.
. 29
Sept,
. 30
Oct.
2
Oct.
3
Oct.
5
Oct.
6
Oct.
7
Oct.
8
Oct.
9
Oct.
11
Time
12-1 p.m.
7: 30 p.m. on
7-10 p.m.
12-1 p.m.
4-6 p.m.
7:30-10:30 p.m.
7:30 p.m. on
7:30-10 p.m.
12-1 p.m.
9:30-10 p.m.
7:30-10:30 p.m.
7:30 p.m. on
4-12 p.m.
12-4 p.m.
7:30-10:30 p.m.
7 p.m. on
7:30-10:30 p.m.
7: 30 p.m. on
4-6 p.m.
12-3 p.m.
4-6 p.m.
Facilities
Sproul Steps
30 Wheeler
155 Dwindle
Sproul Steps
2000 Life Sciences Eldg,
(LSB)
4093 LSB
30 Wheeler
204 Engineering
Sproul Steps
15 Dwindle
4093 LSB
30 Wheeler
Wheeler Auditorium
Wheeler Auditorium
155 Dwinelle
145 Dwinelle
204 Engineering
4093 LSB
30 Wheeler
155 Dwinelle
11 Wheeler
2000 LSB
1144 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Meese Exhibit No. 18 — Continued
Date Time Facilities
Oct, 12 k-6 p.m. 2000 LSB
7-11 p.m. 204 Engineering
Oct. 13 12-1 p.m. Sproul Steps
3-6 p.m. Wheeler Auditorium
3:15-5 p.m. 2003 LSB
4-6 p.m. 2000 LSB
7:30-10:30 p.m. 4093 LSB
7:30-11:00 p.m. 204 Engineering
Oct. 14 4-6 p.m. 2000 LSB
7-10 p.m. 11 Wheeler
7:30 p.m. on 30 Wheeler
Oct. 15 8 a.m. to 8 p.m. Lower Student Union
Plaza
2-8 p.m. Wheeler Auditorium
2-8 p.m. 145 Dwindle
5-7 p.m. Sproul Steps
6-7 p.m. 126 Barrows
110 Wheeler
104 Cal Hall
106 Cal Hall
4093 LSB
4505 LSB
308 LeConte
Oct. 16 11-3 p.m. Wheeler, Rooms
30, 100, 110, 120,
200, 210
Oct. 20 No time listed Sproul Steps
Oct. 21 7:30 p.m. on 30 Wheeler
Oct. 19 7-10 p.m. 204 Engineering
Oct. 26 3-5:30 p.m. IO6 Calif. Hall
Nov. 4 2:30-5 p.m. 120 Wheeler
7:30-10 p.m. 101 Wheeler
Nov. 11 2:30-5 p.m. 120 Wheeler
7:30-10 p.m. 101 Wheeler
Nov. 16 12-1 p.m. Sproul Steps
Nov. 18 2:30-5 p.m. 120 Wheeler
7:30-10 p.m. 101 Wheeler
Nov. 19 6 p.m. -12 145 Dwlnelle
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1145
Date
Nov. 20
Meese Exhibit No. 18 — Continued
Time Facilities
9-10 a.m.
Sproul Steps
NOTE: In addition to the above facilities, the Vietnam Day-
Committee was granted the use of the following facilities on
November 21, all day from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. for the "West
Coast Regional Conference of the Committees Against the War
in Vietnam": Wheeler Auditorium, Rooms 20, 24, 102, 103,
104, 121, 122, and 123 Wheeler Hall.
1146 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Meese Exhibit No. 18 — Continued
APPENDIX " B"
COST TO LOCAL GOVERNMENT
The following reports from governmental agencies in Alameda County
reflect a partial summai?y of the extraordinary expenses which have
been required of city and County government as a result of activi-
ties related to the Berkeley Campus of the University of
California.
Alameda County Sheriff's Department
The followdng are the man hours and cost for the Sheriff's Depart-
ment in connection with the "Free Speech Movement" (FSM) and the
Vietnam Day Committee (VDC) demonstrations:
October, 1964 (FSM) 9l4 hours $ 3, 623.60
December, 1964 (FSM) 3673 14, 405.31
October 15-16, 1965 (VDC) 3675 16,235.17
November 20, I965 (VDC) 2126 3,905.12
$ 43,m.i^0
The above figures do not include two groups of fifty men each,
which were dispatched during August I965 to support and assist
the police departments of Berkeley and Emeryville during VDC
demonstrations against troop trains. In addition to the costs
set forth above, numerous key personnel of the Sheriff's
Department were forced to devote their working time to matters
related to the above events before and after the actual incidents,
and a great number of personnel were Involved for over two months
In the court trials of the FSM defendants. During the Incidents
enumerated herein, the entire Sheriff's Department was placed on
a twelve-hour shift basis in order to handle the regular crime-
suppression, patrol and custodial functions, as well as to police
the emergency Incidents discussed above.
Berkeley 1-ollce Department
During the period October 1964-January I965, expenses involved
in the handling of "Free Speech Movement" demonstrations on the
Berkeley Campus amounted to $9,722.54. This includes only
direct costs and does not cover the expense of officers appear-
ing in court as witnesses, trial preparation, or other miscel-
laneous or indirect costs incurred by the City of Berkeley.
During the period from May to December I965, protest activities
of the VDC required the mobilization of off duty police officers
on thirteen separate occasions at considerable overtime cost to
the City, as the chart shown below Indicates:
Hrs. of Misc.
Date Incident Overtime Cost Cost
May 21,22
Vietnam Protest Teach-
in and March
202
$ 950.00
August
Troop Train Demon-
strations
596
2,755.00
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1147
Meese Exhibit No. 18 — Ckjntinued
Berkeley Police Department (Cont'd)
Date
Oct. 15,16
Kov. 20
Incident
Vietnam Protest
Marches (2)
Vietnam Protest March
Hrs. of
Overtime
1035
719
Cost
Mlsc,
Cost
$ 5,093.00 $452.00
-^EUT
3,441.00
$12,239.00
997.00
$1449.00
Total cost of policing VDC activities: $13,6od.OO.
This does not include the loss incurred because of the injury and
5-month period of recuperation of a Sergeant injured during the
October I6 demonstration.
Oaiclancl police department
The follov;ing salary costs are reported by the Oakland Police
Department. These figures do not include logistical or miscellan-
eous expenses.
Man Salary
Date Location Hours Cost
2 Oct 64
3 Dec 64
12 Aug 65
15 Oct 65
16 Oct 65
20 Nov 65
University of California (FSM)
University of California (FSM)
34th t Wood (Troop Tralns-VDC)
Oakland Army Eiase, etc. (VDC J
Oakland Army Base, etc. (VDC)
DeFremery Park, etc. (VDC)
1125 $ 4927.50
1999 ^755. 26
90 406.49
5104 23,325.00
4d51 22,04o.94
4779i 2l,24.J.50
$ dO,711.B7
NOTE: The City of Oakland was partially reimbursed by the Univer-
sity of California, in the amount of $4580. 7B, for expenses
incurred on 2 Oct 64.
Municipal Court
The Municipal Court for the Berkeley-Albany Judicial District
reports that extraordinary costs directly chargeable to the trial
of FSM defendants amounted to $28,096.75 for the twelve-month
period ending December, I965 . This does not include the salaries
of regular personnel of the Court, including the Judge, whose
efforts were redirected to the handling of this case, nor does
it include overtime for regular employees or the cost of utilizing
an additional court room, additional cost for marshals, or other
expenses which were provided out of the regular Court budget or
the budfjets of other County departments.
Other Expenses
The expense summaries set forth above do not Include a number of
additional costs to County government. Personnel and miscellaneous
costs incurred by the District Attorney's Office and the Alameda
County Probation Department, as well as the costs of other Courts
in the County, are not reflected above.
1148 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Meese Exhibit No. 18 — Continued
Other Expenses (Cont'd)
Considerable expense was also Incurred by the State of California
and the Federal Government because of the mobilization of large
numbers of California Highway Patrolmen, National Guardsmen, and
military personnel required by various incidents described in this
report .
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1149
T
y.
Meese Exhibit No. 19- A
ri3
y
"r'^.!*.'!*',!!!! .. HJi^ulti^PiJ|lli" ' ■■"! I'MimimwJ
'%
The three soldiers who refused to fight in Vietnam were jailed
and held incommunicado, on their way to speak at an anti-war dem-
onstration. The three privates , Mora, Samas, and Johnson re-
fused to fight in Vietnam on the grounds that it is illegal, immoral,
and unjust. They hope that their action, as well as the suit that
they have instituted against McNannara will free others who feel
the san-ie way about the war from being forced to commit murder
in Vietnam,
Stokely Carmichel for S NCC, Floyd McKissick for CORE, A. J.
Muste, Staughton Lynd and Dave Bellinger of the Fifth Avenue Com-
mittee, have pledged their support. Pledge your support to these
brave soldiers who may be the first of many to take a stand against
the war.
[g)[ifi^@Ki§'0'K/?\iri
OAKLAND INDUCTION CENTER
S^\ Ellp^ yViSVl^ Clayptflstl^*' '
WE NEED YOUR HELP
To continue our efforts against the
war in Vietnam and to aid th^-^ree soldiers
in their couragouS struggj^ we need your
financial support. Plg<fse*send contribu-
tions to Steve Meisenbach, c/o August 6-
9 Committee, 2001 Milvia, Berkeley, Cal-
fornia. Thank you.
AUG.6-9 COMM.MEETING
A general meeting of the August 6-9th
Committee for the International Days of
Protest will take place at 8:00 PM on
Thursday July 14 at LeConte School Audi-
torium,, Ellsworth and Russell. Commit-
tee meetings will start at 7:00 PM. All
are welcome. Further info, at 845-9159.
1/D^ lS'j<iO'^^ jlflrL AUGUs'TT^9rh^OMMITTEE:
1150 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Meese Exhibit No. 19-B
G.l.'s ARRESTED
o FOR OPPOSING THE WAR
Three G.I. 's, formerly stationed at Fort Hood, Texas, and on leave in New York City
were arrested July 7 just one half hour before they were to speak tQ a public meeting to
explain legal proceedings which they have instituted against the Vietnam war, which they
consider "illegal, immoral and unjust". They were taken, two of them in handcuffs, to
Fort Dix, New Jersey, whero they are being held under tight restriction!.
The three arc PFC James Johnson, 20, Pvt. Dennis Mora, 25, and Pvt. David Samas, 20.
They were drafted into the Army last December, took basic training at Fort Hood and
signal training at Fort Gordon, Georgia, They became friends in training and found that
they all felt the war in Vietnam was wrong.
ORDERED TO VIETNAM
They completed the signal school and were assigned to the 142nd Signal Battalion, 2nd
Armored Division, Fort Hood, Texas. There they found they were under orders to go to
Vietnam.
"Now all we had discussed and thought about was real. It was time for us to quit talking and
decide. Go to Vietnam and ignore the truth or stand and fight for what we know is right,"
They were given 30-day leaves before reporting to Oakland Army Terminal in California
for shipment to Vietnam. They decided not to go to Vietnam and to nnake a legal case of it.
They went to New York and contacted an Attorney to seek an injunction in Federal Court
based on the illegality of the war. They contacted the Fifth Avenue Vietnam Peace Parade
Committee and asked for help.
On June 30 they held a news conference and announced that they were filing the injunction,
that they would report to the Oakland Army Terminal as ordered when their leave was up
July 13, but that they would not go to Vietnam,
THEY SAID:
"We have been told that many times. we may face a Vietnamese woman or child and that we
will have to kill them. We will never go there --to do that- -for Ky!... We have made our
decision. We will not be a part of this unjust, immoral and illegal war. We want no part of
a war of extermination. We oppose the criminal waste of American lives and resources. We
refuse to go to Vietnam!"
WIDESPREAD SUPPORT
They have been supported in their stand by leaders of the civil rights groups and by the
entire anti-war movement. Stokely Carmichael, Chairman of the Student Nonviolent Co-
ordinating Committee (SNCC) and Lincoln Lynch, associate national director of Congress
on Racial Equality (CORE) appeared with them at the press conference to give the support
of their organizations.
Master Sergeant Don Duncan, who spent 18 months in the Special Forces in Vietnam,
then refused a commission and quit the army because he had become convinced the war was
wrong, sent a messafje of support saying: "Your actions, if properly motivated, take a
strength greater than that required to go to Vietnam. To perservere will be an act of
personal bravery far buyond the capabilities of most of us, certainly far beyond anything
I have ever done. ' , /
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1151
Meese Exhibit No. 19-B — Continued
- Page 2-
A committee to aid the three soldiers in their case was formed called the Fort Hood
Three Defense Committee, with prominent people across the country as sponsors.
After their announcement, though they were still on leave, attempts were made to in-
timidate them and even to bribe them to drop the case. Pvt. Samas's parents were con-
tacted by police and told that if their son would drop the case, he would be given an Army
discharge. Then, only 30 minutes before they were to speak on their case before a public
meeting they were arrested,
Floyd B, McKissick, national director of CORE, declared that the arrests "were made
explicitly to prevent these young men from exercising their First Amendment right to
freedom of speech and were reminiscent of 'police state tactics. ' Recently in Baltimore
at its National Convention, CORE went on record as being opposed to the Vietnam war
and pledged to aid and support those who would not serve in Vietnam, "
TELEGRAM
The Fifth Avenue Vietnam Peace Parade Committee sent a telegram to the U. S. At-
torney General and the Secretary of Defense saying: "The peace movement will continue
to aid in every possible lawful way anyone, civilian, soldier, sailor or Marine, who op-
poses this illegal, immoral war. The young men in the armed services are entitled to
know the truth about the war and to engage in discussions about it. Citizens are likewise
entitled to communicate the truth about the war which they consider immoral and unjust.
The anti-war movement, with hundreds of thousands of active participants across the
country is backing the three soldiers now being held at Fort Dix. We defend their right
to free speech, their right to their day in court, and their right not to participate in a
war which they consider immoral and unjust.
THE THREE SOLDIERS INVOLVED ARE:
PFC James Johnson, 20, Born in East Harlem. Graduated from Rice Parochial High
school. Attended Bronx Community College for a year before being drafted. He is Negro.
Pvt. Dennis Mora, 25. Born in Spanish Harlem. Attended Bronx High School of Science.
Graduated from CCNY with a B, A. in History. A case worker for the New York City
Department of Welfare until being drafted. He is Puerto Rican.
Pvt. David Samas, 20. Born in Chicago. Was attending Modesto Junior College in
California when drafted. Married this June. Of Italian, Lithuanian background.
For further information contact The August 6-9 Committee, 2001 Milvia, Berkeley
telephone 845-9159
Send contributions, with checks payable to A. J. Muste, to Soldiers Defense Fund,
the above address.
1152 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Meese Exhibit No. 20-A
President Johnson is coming to San Francisco on
June 25 and 26 to speak at a commemoration of the 20th
anniversary of the United Nations. Yet our government's
actions in Vietnam and the Donninican Republic have
served to undermine the United Nations.
The mandate for peace that President Johnson
received from the American people has been betrayed.
He is following Goldwater's policies of escalation,
brinksmanship and gunboat diplomacy.
WE DEMAND :
END THE WAR IN VIET
THE VIETNAM DAY COMMITTEE IS ORGANIZING
DEMONSTRATIONS TO TAKE PLACE ON JUNE 2 5 and 26:
* Come at 7:00 p. m. Friday, June 25th to picket Johnson Directly in front of
the Fairmont Hotel, San Francisco.
* Come at 8:00 a. m. Saturday, June 26th to picket Johnson at the S. F. War
Memorial Opera House on Van Ness between Grove and McAllister, S.F.
* At 1:00 p.m. we will hold our own commenno ration of the United Nations
in the Civic Center across the street from City Hall. We are inviting
representatives from various countries to address our meeting.
If you wish to help or want further information, phone
Jerry Rubin at 845-6637.
Send contributions to: Vietnam Day Con-innittee
c/o Proi. 5. Swale '
Box 2201
Berkeley, California
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1153
Meese Exhibit No. 20-B
For Release 10 a.m. June 10
PRESS RELEASE FROM THE VIETNAM DAY COMITTEE
The Vietnam Day Committee, which sponsored the recent 36-hour pro-
test teach-in on the University of California campus, a meeting which
drew upwards of 35,000 people, is sponsoring protest demonstrations
against the appearance of Pres. Lyndon Johnson at the 20th commemor-
ation of the UN in San Francisco June 26.
The Committee believes that it is sheer hypocrisy for Johnson to
commemorate the UN when his administration is doing so much to des-
troy that organization in Vietnam and the landing of U.S. troops in
the Dominican Republic — acts of aggression in violation of the UN
charter. In Vietnam the Johnson administration acta in violation
of the Geneva treaty. In addition to all this, it is the US which
is largely responsible for keeping China out of the UN in spite of
the fact that many of the outstanding political problems of the world
require the participation of China in a settlement. In view of all
these actions, how can Lyndon Baines Johnson commemorate the UN?
We urge the people of the Bay Area to protest hypocrisy and ag-
fression. We urge Lyndon Johnson to refrain from coming to San Fran-
cisco for the 20th commemoration of the U.N.
If Johnson comes, let the American people who protest war and big-
bullyism turn out to demonstrate that LBJ does not represent us. Let
the world's press see how deeply we protest Johnson's war policies.
We knew that the city of San Francisco is investing a lot of money
and effort in this 20th commemoration and that city officials hope
that the meeting will be held v;ithout any disruption from dissenters.
But the Vietnam Day Committee believes that LBJ's appearance in the
U.N. on the commemoration meeting is an insult to those of us who
believe in the U.N. as a force for peace.
The Vietnam Day Committee has written to Chief of Police Thomas
Cahill informing him that we plan to picket LBJ Friday night, June 25
at the Fairmont Hotel and Sat. morning, June 26, at the War Memorial
Opera House. In view of the growing opposition to the war in Viet-
nam, we expect 3000 to 5000 people marching on our lines. We expect
to be able to exercise our rights as citizens and to peacefully pick-
et the President. We plan to picket directly in front of the Fair-
mont Hotel on Friday night and directly in front of the Opera House
on Sat. morning. We will probably be meeting with Chief Cahill soon.
In addition, after LBJ- speaks on Sat. we will hold our own commem-
oration of the UN in the Civic Center directly opposite City Hall.
We have invited representatives from more that 1+5 countries, ranging
from France to Tanzania. .. in addition to other noted speakers. From
Johnson we can expect homilies and pieties. Perhaps his advisiers
will caution him against repeating his schoolboy's orations about his
country's flag in foreign soil. Our meeting will truly commemorate
the U.N.. We hope that representatives in the U.N, will take advan-
tage of this opportunity to speak directly to the American people.
On the question of civil disobedience, the Vietnam Day Comm. an-
nounces that it has no plans at this time for civil disobedience but-
that it is considering all forms of nonviolent action.
The peace movement is growing in the U.S. as more and more people
become disenchanted with the fact that while they msy have voted for
Johnson, the policy they receive is Goldwater's. The Vietnam Day
Committee is receiving support from many groups for its June 25-26
demonstrations. We invite the citizens of the Bay Area to attend
our commemoration of the U.y. at noon on June 26 in Civic Center.
Lyndon Baines Johnson has fojjfeitod any right to speak or act for
us; nor can he reppjsentuiSat the U.N. On Jui.e 25 and 26 we will
demonstrate how^Ara^fep-i^
Morris HirscJ>'Tru>i^'ssore of 'lathematics UC Steering Corrm. VDC
Paul E Ivorv^-Amng Assnt Prof, of Economis UC Acting Go-Chairman VDC
Jerry Rubin Co-Chairman, VDC
1154 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Meese Exhibit No. 20-C
RSPLY TO PROFESSOR SCALaPIiTO
Professor Scalapino, in slandering the organizers and speakers of Vietnam Day,
to be held Friday and Saturday on the Berkeley Campus, has confused the purpose of
the meeting to such an extent that one must consider it deliberate.
The purpose of Vietnam Day is to present to the Bay Area Community alternatives to
current U. S. policy. The information and ideas thrt will be related on these days
cannot be found in the mass media, the State Department white paper, or even in
university classrooms. ^Ve are contributing to democratic dialogue by expressing the
views which, although widespread in Asia and Europe, are rarely presented to American
people. Professor Scalapino calls such objective "propaganda".
Professor Scalapino has implied that the only people' who are qualified to disouss
Vietnam In public are academic or Stat*? Department experts on Vietnam, l.e do have
such technical experts on the program; Professor Stanley Sheinbaum, who designed the
strategic hamlet program for the Government, but now regrets it, is one exanple.
But to restrict public discussion to "exp«?rts" leads to a dangerous elitism because
in the end decisions on foreirjn policy are based on value j.udjpnents, not on just simple
recording of facts. The issues in Vietnajn are too important to be settled by cold
v/ar gamesmansliip or academic hairsplitting. One of the purposes of Vietnam Day is to
transfer the discussion from the Rand Corporation to the streets.
But more important than this, the- problem, of 'Vietnam is-the problem of the soul of
America. What the State Department is. doing in our name in Vietnam is tied directly
to Alabama, the Dominican- Republic, the state of freedom of the press of America,, and
the scope -of our literature, .le think that people like Bob Parris of the Student
Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, Norman Mailer and Dr. Benjamin Spook have much
to say that is relevant to Vietnam.
Professor Scalapino makes much of the fact that v/e have included entertainers in
the program. Had he bothered, h^? vrould have counted less than thrr-e hours of entertain-
ment scattered throughout the main proj^ram. He conveniently juxtaposes speakers and
entertainrtrs and calls them all "performers". ..hich o.^ our speakers does Professor
Scalapino consider entertainers or performers? Senator Gruening? Isaac Deutacher,
world-renowned writer on the Soviet Union? Bertrand Russell? Ruben Brache, the
representative of the Dominican rebels in the United States? Professor iiarvin. Chair-
man of the International Relations Department, San Francisco State College? Bui Van
Anh, Counselor of the Vietnamese Jilnbassy in /ashin(^ton?
';e offered Professor Scalapiiio and Professor 3ur<lick, rho attacked us yesterday,
as much time as they wanted at any hour. If they fear the public will be misinformed,
they do the public a great disservice by a'tackinfr the meeting instead of participating
in it as others vrho support the State Department are doing.
They refuse to take part because they fear four aspects of the meeting:
1. Vietnam Day is giving a platform to intellectuals who are not favored by the
State Department as Professor Scalapino is, but v/ho, nevertheless, have much
to say about Vietnam: people like Robert Scheer, Professor Staughton i^rnd,
Dave Dellinger, K. S. Arnoni, Edward Keating, and Felix Greene.
2. The meeting goes beyond the narrow definition of academic expert and challenges
the authority of Professors Scalapino and Burdick.
3. The meeting will spread some dangerous ideas to masses of people.
h. The protest movement against the war is successful and is spreading.
One week the State Department, well aware of the nature of the program, prOTiises ^^
to send speakers. The next week they back out, giving as an excuse, "lack of balance ,
thereby helpinp to create the very imbalance they say they oppose. 'Jhy are
Professors Scalapino and Burdick and the State Department afraid to take the best
time in our program and face an audience which has just heard fresh and unconventional
ideas on Vietnam? Are they afraid that in this atmosphere their cliches, apologies,
and academic excuses for injustice will be exposed? y
. I y Professor Niorpis Hir^ph^""^
/ lull L Professor i^^hen Smale
0>\n\^-i> Jerry RuAl^
5^^ (^— -^^ ^
^5-^r^
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1155
Meese Exhibit No. 21
1 Mid tmimlt
Everyday the people of
their homes devastated
sive attacks using ste
toxic chemicals
sprayed from the ai r
have been used, of-
ten indiscriminately
on the c i v i I ian pop-
ulation. While this
unjust, cruel war
continues, it is the
peop I e of Vietnam
who suffer most.
Si nee 1957, wel I ov-
er 300,000 have been
ki I led and 400,000
i njured or tortured .
It is these i nnocent
peop I e living in the
villages who need
you r help.
Vietnam are being killed, wounded,
by the weapons of modern war. Inten-
el fragmentation bombs, napalm and
- Jj!*fflW^^^f?^'
. x. .■■■ ?</. :■•■ ■&■'* *-.
''^^ ,^^.
,:; n!-^.> ,rVi>dAk!\
1156 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Meese Exhibit No. 21— Continued
On November 6, the San Francisco Chronicle reported that
Pope Paul donated $50,000 to the victims of the war in both
North and South Vietnam. He made an appeal for others to
fol low sui t.
'There is a desperate need to send medical supplies which
will help to save lives. Medical equipment and drugs of all
kinds are needed, especially antibiotics and antiseptics.
Even the simplest equipment for first aid posts such as for-
ceps, scissors, needles and sutures are desperately needed
in addition to amputation saws and blood plasma. Money can
buy these supplies. The people of Vietnam need your help!
The Med I cal Aid Commi ttee wi I I send all contr ibutions to the
International Red Cross in Geneva, Switzerland, which has
already agreed to d^ei-ia^r the a i. d to victims of the war in
North Vietnam and qli vi I i an control \e^ areas of South Vietnam.
This guarantees the greatest possiBJe efficiency.
t/M^ C^n^ .
In North Vietnam our help takes the form of
medical supplies handed over to North Vietnamese
Red Cross in Hanoi.
The National Liberation Front of South Vietnam
is supplied with medical and surgical supplies
through its representatives.
Money handed over to us will be used for the
purchase of relief goods and medical supplies
according to the wishes of tlie donors.
This is an excerpt from a letter received by the Medical Aid
Committee from the International Red Cross in Geneva, dated Oct-
ober 15, 1965.
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1157
Meese Exhibit No. 21 — Continued
This is the "enemy."
By contributing to the Committee the American people will be
able to render immediate relief to those who are innocently
suffering as a consequence of the U..S . Government interven-
tion and military actions.
Medical aid being collected and sent to the victims of our
government's foreign policy is a dramatic protest that has a
concrete effect ... they need the bandages and blood!
Need it be added that when men, women and children lie hurt
and bleeding, the political views of the victims are as
irrelevant as those of the Good Samaritan.
67-852 O — 66' — pt. 1-
-17
1158 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Meese Exhibit No. 21 — Continued
-Senator Robert F. Kennedy
S.F. Chronicle, Nov. 6.
"If it's a blanket question, yes, I would give my blood to
North Vietnam. I think that would be in the oldest tradition
of thi s country. "
I am end os i ng
Vi etnam .
as a donation for the Medical Aid Committee for
NAME
ADDRESS
Medical Aid Committee }/ O^
P.O. Box 1128 ■"
Berkel ey Cal i forn ia
If you wish to be on our mailing list, please enclose this form.
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
1159
Meese Exhibit No. 24-C
f>i [£.-irii (yj
— TO MAICE THE DECISIONS V/HICH AFFECT YOUR OVm LIFE
— TO DESIRE THAT DECISIONS ABOUT LIFE AND DEATH
BE MADE DEMOCRATICALLY
— TO REFUSE TO SUPPORT A GOVERNMENT VJHICH ORGANIZES
ITSELF FOR THE PURSUIT OF VJAR
— TO REFUSE TO COOPERATE WITH THE DRAFT
Tho majority of pooplo in thio coxmtry nolthor
QCtivoiy oupport nor undorstond tho v/or in Viotncua,
yot tho vjar gooa on. Mon servo in tho armod forcoa
bocauae thoy feol thoy cannot avoid oorvins. Tho
pov7or of tho United Statoo Government to carry on
-ijar rosta on coercion from abovo rather than
patriotiom from below, on acquioaenco rather than
cooperation. V/ar io carried on by govornmontfls
not by pooplo. Pooplo muat no loncei* t>o treated
QQ tho objocta of tliia or any govornmonto ddairo .
•■iCor power <>
Pooplo ore nov; comming tocothor, in Dorkoloy and
acroaa tho nation, to formulate programa of action
againot tho draft. Some uiah to rogistor Consciontioua
Objoctora, to clog up the machinery of conacriptiono
Othera v;iah to in no v/ay cooperato v;ith a Governnont
whoro docisiona ore raado vxithout tho consent of tho
governed. Somo'propoao alternativeo to cooperation
with tho draft,
Somo propoood actlvitioa include,
opoalcing to high school studenta vrho oro atrout
to regiator, proposing aD.ternativoo
organizing community meetinga to talk about
tho v:ar, the draft, democracy
organizing inductees and their familieo to
creatively distrupt tho draft centers
urging soldiers not to fight
COMB, HELP PLAN THE FIRST ACTIVITIES FOR THE BAY AREA
J
atudenta for a democrutio socoity
V/EDNESDAY, OCTOBFJt 6
109 Dv/inollo Hall,
7:00 PM
/ePjd^l^^
1160 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Mr. Pool. The committee will stand in recess until 2 o'clock.
(Members present at time of recess: Representative Willis, chair-
man of the full committee; Representatives Pool, Ichord, Ashbrook,
and Buchanan, of the subcommittee; and Representative Clawson,
alternate subcommittee member.)
(Whereupon, at 11:4:5 a.m., Thursday, August 18, 1966, the
subcommittee recessed, to reconvene at 2 p.m., the same day.)
AFTERNOON SESSION— THURSDAY, AUGUST 18, 1966
(The subcommittee reconvened at 2 p.m. Hon. Joe R. Pool, chair-
man of the subcommittee, presiding.)
(Subcommittee members present : Representatives Pool, Ichord, and
Buchanan.)
Mr. Pool. The committee is called to order.
The House has called for a record vote, so the committee will now
stand in recess for 15 minutes so the members can go to the floor and
vote.
(Whereupon, at 2:11 p.m. the subcommittee recessed and recom-
vened at 2 :45 p.m. with the following members present : Representa-
tives Pool, Ichord, Ashbrook, and Buchanan.)
Mr. Pool. The committee will come to order.
Counsel, call the next witness.
Mr. NiTTLB. Would Allen Krebs come forward, please?
Mr. Pool. Call his name again.
Mr. NiTTLE. Would Allen Krebs come forward, please ?
Mr. Pool. The third time.
Mr. NiTTLE. Would Allen Krebs come forward, please?
Mr. Pool. Let the record note that the witness failed to respond
after the third call of his name.
Call the next witness.
Mr. NiTTLE. Would Walter Dorwin Teague III come forward,
please ?
Would Walter Dorwin Teague III come forward, please ?
Would Walter Dorwin Teague III come forward, please ?
Mr. Pool. Let the record show that the witness failed to respond
after his name was called three times.
Mr. NiTTLE. Would Stanley Nadel please come forward ?
STATEMENT OF STANLEY NADEL
Mr. NiTTLE. Are you appearing as a witness to testify ?
Mr. Nadel. I have a subpena to testify.
Mr. Pool. Ask his name.
Mr, NiTTLE. Would you state your name for the record, please ?
Mr. Nadel. Stanley Nadel.
Mr. NiTTLE. And your residence ?
Mr. Nadel. I - -
Mr. Pool. That is not necessary.
Mr. Nadel. I will not give my address. My house was bombed
once. I do not intend to have that happen again.
Mr. NiTTLE. Would you be sworn to testify ?
Mr. Nadel. Do I have a choice ?
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1161
Mr. NiTTLE. Are you represented by counsel ?
Mr. Nadel. I wish to have counsel. You forced the counsel of my
choice to withdraw from this case by your actions yesterday. It is
clearly unsafe for him to vigorously represent me.
Mr. IcHORD. Mr. Chairman, let me ask the witness a few questions.
Do you wish, sir, to testify before this committee without the
benefit of counsel ?
Mr. Nadel. I do not wish to do so. I will do so if I am compelled
to by the committee.
Mr. IcHORD. Then, Mr. Chairman, the witness does not wish to
testify. It is my understanding that the counsel for this witness with-
drew from the case. He does not wish to testify. I think perhaps this
witness should be continued over under subpena and given additional
time to obtain an attorney.
I would make that suggestion to the Chair.
Mr. Nadel. If I may
Mr. IcHORD. If he wishes to testify, if he wishes to be sworn as a
witness and testify without the benefit of an attorney, that wish will
be granted him.
Mr. Nadel. If I may, I do wish to have counsel. However, I could
not trust any counsel to appear with me under the conditions of this
hearing.
Mr. IcHORD. That will suffice, Mr. Nadel.
Then, Mr. Chairman, I renew my suggestion, and I will put that in
the form of a motion. I move that the subpena of this witness be con-
tinued over and he be given additional time, to November 15, to ap-
pear before this committee at that time.
Mr. Pool. Are there any objections ?
The Chair hears no objections. The witness is excused until Nov-
ember 15, at which time he would have had plenty of time to obtain
counsel of his choice.
Mr. Nadel. I state again that I could not trust any counsel
Mr. IcHORD. The witness is out of order. Would you please be
seated, sir?
Mr. Nadel. As you wish.
Mr. Pool. Call the next witness.
Mr. NiTTLE. Would Anatole Ben Anton come forward, please ?
Mr. Nadel. Could I reconsider?
Mr. Pool. Yes.
Mr. Nadel. This is expensive and tli^t could be finals' time at school,
so I will under protest testify without counsel.
Mr. Pool. You have not yet reconsidered.
Mr. IcHORD. Let him be seated. Call the next witness.
Mr, Nadel. I will testify. I am willing to testify.
Mr. Pool. The way you have put it to the committee, we are going
to be fair with you and give you a chance to get a lawyer.
Mr. Nadel. I am telling you now I cannot get a lawyer under these
conditions. Therefore, I am willing to testify without one.
Mr. Pool. Does the committee wish to reconsider ?
Mr. AsTiBROOK. He, in effect, is saying that he can't.
Mr. IcHORD. Let me ask the witness a question again.
1162 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Do you at this time, Mr, Nadel, wish to voluntarily testify before
this committee without the benefit of counsel ?
If you desire, the committee will grant you that wish because we do
feel you have evidence that you could present if you desired to testify,
if you will be sworn, testimony that will be of benefit to this com-
mittee.
With that understanding, sir, have you reconsidered and do you
desire to testify before this committee voluntarily without the benefit
of counsel ?
Mr. Nadel. I am not sure of the meaning of the term
Mr. IcHORD. Then, Mr. Chairman
Mr. Nadel. Wait. I am not arguing. I am not sure what you
mean by "'voluntarily.'' I mean I am testifying willingly, but with
the understanding that then it is willingly under the conditions of
the subpena. If I were not subpenaed, I would not be here.
Mr. IcHORD. We are willing to continue the subpena and give you
time to obtain counsel.
Mr. Nadex. I am saying I am willing to testify under subpena
without counsel.
Mr. IcHORD. Do you wish to testify at this time without the benefit
of counsel ?
Mr. Nadel. Yes.
Mr. IcHORD. You do.
Then I would suggest, Mr. Chairman, I withdraw my motion, or
I move to reconsider the motion that I made. I would suggest to
the Chair that if that motion carries that the witness be sworn, put
under oath, for his testimony.
Mr. AsTiBROOK. Mr. Chairman, there is no question in my mind
but what this witness will leave this room and say he was literally
forced to testify under duress, under the supposed threat of future
testimony, that it was a financial aggravation to himself, and so
forth. He has already indicated this. Under the circumstances, I
think it would be wrong to reconsider that motion at this time.
Mr. IcHORD. I would point out to the witness that you will not
come back after you have had the opportunity to obtain counsel, you
will not come back at your own expense. That will be at the ex-
pense of the Government, as you have been subpenaed here today.
But I want to make it clearly understood that you wish to be heard
by this committee without the benefit of counsel.
Mr. Nadel. I have said that I would rather do this now than do it
in November, seeing as it will be under the same conditions.
Mr. AsHBRooK. But you did say it would be under protest. Do you
still feel that you are doina: this under protest, or are you willingly
doing it and voluntarily doing it at this time ?
Mr. Nadel. I feel the counsel of my choice has been forced to
withdraw. I would like to have him here, but he has been forced
to withdraw.
Mr. AsHBRooK. Under these conditions, I do not thinlc he should
be permitted to testify.
Mr. Pool. Mr. Ichord, from what he said, I would ask you to with-
draw your motion.
Mr. IcHORD. I agree with the chairman. I think the witness should
be seated. Call the next witness.
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1163
Mr. Pool. You have your instructions. Have a seat. Call the next
witness.
Mr. NiTTLE. Anatole Ben Anton.
STATEMENT OF ANATOLE BEN ANTON
Mr. NiTTLE. Will you state your name for the purposes of the
record, please ?
Mr. Anton. I would rather do that after I have been sworn in, if
you don't mind.
Mr. Pool. Counsel asked you to state your name.
Mr. NiTTLE. Would you state your name?
Mr. Anton. Since I am not under oath, I can say '"James Bond."
Mr. Pool. All right, Counsel.
Mr. NirrLE. Are you represented by counsel, Mr. Anton?
Mr. Anton. Well, the fact is — what is your name? I forget it.
Mr. NiTTLE. It does not matter. Proceed.
Mr. Anton. The fact is, Lackie
Mr. NiTTLE. Address your remarks to the Chair, please. You are
not addressing me.
Mr. Anton. The fact is, Mr. Lackie, that no self-respecting law-
yer, members of this committee not withstanding, would come into this
courtroom now. So under those conditions, I am without counsel.
I have to face you people.
Mr. Pool. Do you desire counsel? Do you desire counsel?
Mr. Anton. Of course I desire counsel.
Mr. Pool. Have you tried to obtain counsel ?
Mr. Anton. The fact is that every counsel that has an intelligent
position vis-a-vis this committee certainly would not violate the agree-
ment of the lawyers to withdraw from this committee and certainly
would not come in.
Mr. IcHORD. Do you wish, sir, to testify before this committee today
without the benefit of counsel ?
Mr. Anton. Is that Mr. Willis ?
Mr. IcHORD. I would remind the gentleman that the gentleman was
in the committee earlier yesterday and that I thought this committee
liad some very important business to proceed with and that was the
consideration of the Pool bill that would establish a criminal penalty
for such actions that this witness, it has been testified, has been com-
mitting in certain areas in the United States. Such testimony is cer-
tainly within the jurisdiction of this committee.
The gentleman's counsel has withdrawn from the case. I do think
that, in all fairness to this witness, he should be given an opportunity
to obtain additional counsel.
But I do feel, sir, since you have been making so many statements,
that the business that is pending before this committee is so impor-
1 ant that we do not have time to listen to a bunch of clowns.
(At this point Mr. Clawson entered the hearing room.)
Mr. Anton. I am not the clown, I will have you know. But listen,
Ritchie, really
Mr. Pool. Let's have order. Wait just a minute.
1164 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Mr. IcHORD. Mr, Chairman, I would move that this witness be con-
tinued over until November 15 under his subpena, to give him ample
opportunity to obtain counsel.
Mr. Anton, No, that could not be. No lawyer would come into
this — —
Mr. Pool, Let's have order in the hearing room. Just be quiet until
Vv-e ask you to say something,
Mr, Anton, Joe, if you don't mind, I would like to state for the
record that I would testify— Joe, I mean — I have busy things. I am
a busy man myself.
Mr. Pool. You look as if you are pretty busy.
The motion has been made that this man's subpena be continued
until November 15. All in favor say "aye," all opposed, "no."
The ayes have it.
Your subpena is continued until November 15.
You can now be seated.
Call the next witness,
Mr. NiTTLE, Would Stuart McKae come forward, please?
TESTIMONY OF STUART ALLAN McRAE
Mr, NiTTLE, Your name is Stuart McRae ?
Mr, McRae, Yes,
Mr, NiTTLE, Do you appear with counsel ?
Mr, McRae. No, I do not. The actions of the committee deprive me
of the counsel of my choice. I will testify without counsel. I feel no
need of legal help in proceedings with such little respect for me.
Mr. Pool, Is it your statement that you do not desire counsel ?
Mr. McRae. I do not desire counsel that will enter this room under
these conditions, there being no counsel that I can trust, I will proceed
alone,
Mr, Pool, Mr, Ichord, would you like to make a motion ?
Mr. McRae. I wish to testify.
Mr. IcHORD. Do you wish to testify at this time ?
Mr. McRae. Yes, I do.
Mr, IcHORD, Then I would suggest, Mr, Chairman, that the witness
be sworn.
Mr. Pool, Is that the desire of the witness to testify at this tim.e
without counsel ?
Mr. McRae. Yes, willingly under protest.
Mr. Pool. Do you solemnly swear that the testimony — let's have
order — you do solemnly swear that the testimony you are about to give
will be the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help
you God?
Mr. McRae. I so affirm.
Mr, Pool, Do you affirm that the testimony you are about to give
will be the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth ?
Mr, McRae, I so affirm.
Before proceeding, I have a statement I would like to read,
Mr, Pool, Counsel wants you to identify yourself first.
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1165
Mr. NiTTLE. Would you state your full name for the purposes of the
record ?
Mr. McRae. My name is Stuart Allan McRafe.
Mr. NiTTLE. Where do you live ?
Mr. McRae. I am in a transit condition at the moment. My room
right now is Room 306 Congressional Hotel.
Mr. NiiTLE. What was your residence prior to coming here ?
Mr. McRae. 573 Center Drive [Palo Alto, California] .
Mr. NrrTLE. What was the date and place of your birth ?
Mr. McRae. January 29, 1944.
Mr. Pool. Counsel, he wishes to make a statement.
Mr. McRae. Yes, I wish to make a statement. It is not a long
statement.
My name is Stuart McRae. I am a student at Stanford University
and I make this statement in protest against my appearance before
the House Committee on Un-American Activities.
Frankly I am incredulous at having been subpenaed by this com-
mittee. I have broken no law. By what right does this committee,
whose entire history has been plagued by bigotry, racism, and pa-
triotic bigotry
Mr. Pool. Just a moment. You can make a statement in objection
to the proceedings, but limit it to objections.
Mr. McRae. These are objections, vigorous objections. Let me say
at the outset that I, like millions of other Americans, am convinced
that the committee is unconstitutional, and is un-American as
Mr. Nittle. May I confer with the chairman a moment?
Mr. Pool. Yes.
You may proceed.
Mr. McRae. Showing my support, I wish to indicate my support of
the injunction against the committee on the basis it is unconstitutional
according to the first amendment. But if this were one of the com-
mittee's garden-variety witch hunts, I would refuse to cooperate in this
unconstitutional circus. This hearing has an enormous importance
for the ever growing army of Americans, both adults and students,
who are determined to resist Johnson's undeclared war in Vietnam.
I have a responsibility to stand up to this committee and to speak
out against its transparent effort to intimidate resistance to the war,
and I do not wish to permit a sinister crowd of the committee to
shadow and besmirch me.
I have done nothing of which I am of the slightest ashamed and
surely nothing which requires criminal sanctions. I am here on trial
for sending money to the International Red Cross, for relief which is
administered by the National Liberation Front in South Vietnam, to
alleviate the suffering of victims of brutal American bombing.
Am I to be harassed in believing in the ideals of the American Red
Cross?
Senator Robert F. Kennedy has asserted that such aid to the suffer-
ing, whoever they are, is in the oldest American tradition. For act-
ing on my convictions as an American, as a man, I have been dragged
across the entire country to participate in the low comedy of this con-
gressional sideshow.
1 166 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
But unfortunately we must take these hearings and the Pool bill
seriously, for in addition to the general suppression of dissent, the
subpenaing of young people to these hearings represents a negative
attempt by an agency of the Government to intimidate and suppress
the peace movement.
It is clear to me that this hearing represents an attempt to smear
the peace movement as red or subversive. More than this, it repre-
sents an attempt to stifle the peace actions which go beyond the
politely spoken dissent that the administration tries to ignore.
This will not stop me from my views to end aggression of the
United States in Vietnam, in responding to the call of conscience to
help the wounded and suffering, and in cooperating with all of those,
regardless of their politics, who 'believe as I do about the war.
It is my hope that that sector of the American public will find
some solidarity encouraged to bring a possible end to this brutal
carnage. That is the end of my statement.
Mr. Pool. All right, Counsel, go ahead with your questions.
If you have stated any objections there, they are overruled.
Mr. McRae. I would expect nothing other than that.
Mr. NiTTLE. Would you relate the extent of your formal education ?
Mr. McRae. It is a normal education. I have attended 6 years of
grade school, elementary school, 3 years of junior high. school, 3 years
of high school, and 3 years at Stanford University.
Mr. NiTTLE. Would you tell us the years of attendance at Stanford?
Mr. McRae. I attended Stanford from September 1962 through
June 1964, and aarain from September 1965 to June 1966.
Mr. NiTTLE. Prior thereto, were you a graduate of the Highland
High School at Albuquerque, New Mexico?
Mr. McRae. Yes, I was.
Mr. NiTTLE. Do you serve as cochairman of the Stanford Medical
Aid Committee?
Mr. McRae. I am very proud to say that I did this activity.
Mr. NiTTLE. When was that committee formed ?
Mr. McRae. There was no formal date of formation in that it was
quite a fluidly organized committee. I believe it was in the month
of October 1965.
Mr. NiTTLE. Did you at that time file in the Office of the Dean of
Students at Stanford a constitution for, or charter of, the Medical Aid
Committee for Vietnam ?
Mr. McRae. May I ask you if that was turned over to you by the
university authorities ?
Mr. NiTTLE. I asked you a question : Did you file a charter for the
Medical Aid Committee for Vietnam with the Office of the Dean of
Students at Stanford on or about October 28, 1965 ?
Mr. McRae. Yes, I did.
Mr. AsHBROOK. Mr. Chairman, although the witness is here without
counsel, I would like to make completely sure he understands his full
rights, that he may invoke the fifth amendment to any question asked.
I would like to make sure that he understands this because I think
it is our duty, even though he is not represented by counsel, that he has
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1167
waived that right, to inform him here, where he feels that a question
might tend to incriminate him, he does have this right which is recog-
nized totally by this committee.
Mr. IcHORD. To make that more explicit, Mr. Chairman, if the wit-
ness feels that the answers to any question might tend to incriminate
him, that it would subject him to criminal proceedings — and this, of
course, is not a trial, but merely an investigative hearing — the witness
does have the right to rely upon the self-incrimination clause and de-
cline to answer the question upon those grounds.
Mr. Pool. The witness is now so instructed in accordance with what
Mr. Ashbrook and Mr. Ichord have just stated.
That is for your information, for your guidance.
Go ahead.
Mr. NiTTLE. By whom were you invited to join in the formation
of this group ?
Mr. McRae. I was originally invited by the numerous pictures in
various newspapers of the country, of various atrocities and burnings
of people that the United States has carried on.
This was my recruitment.
Mr. NiTFLE. Were you invited to form this Medical Aid Committee
for Vietnam with Anatole Ben Anton ?
Mr. McRae. No one invited me to form this committee.
Mr. NiTTLE. Did you discuss it with Anatole Ben Anton prior to
the filing of the charter with Stanford ?
Mr. McRae. This line of questioning disgusts me fully. I will not
say anything about anybody else on the grounds that this violates the
trust of free association guaranteed by the first amendment. I will
not answer questions referring to anyone else. This is disgusting; I
am not going to come to that level.
Mr. Pool. That is not responsive and not a sufficient reason for you
not to answer the question. Do you have any further objections, any
other ground or objections, to answering the question ?
Mr. McRae. I would like to know the relevance of the question and
I challenge the question as a violation of the first amendment.
Mr. Pool. State the relevancy of the question. Counsel.
Mr. NiTTLE. It is the committee's information, Mr. Chairman, that
this organization, the Medical Aid Committee for Vietnam, was formed
by Anatole Ben Anton, a member of the May 2nd Movement,
together with Stuart McRae.
Mr. Ichord. Furthermore, Mr. Chairman, one of the bills pending
before this committee is H.R. 12047. Section 402 of the bill prescribes
a criminal penalty for anyone who solicits, collects, receives, or gives to
another, any money, property, or thing for delivery to any hostile for-
eign power, agency, or nationals thereof.
So it would definitely be within the purview of the resolution estab-
lishing this investigative hearing.
Mr. Pool. Without objection from any members, I rule that the
question is relevant.
Go ahead and answer the question.
1 168 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Mr. McRae. Since you have subpenaed Mr. Anton, I think it only
decent that you ask him about his own activities and don't try to impli-
cate me.
Mr. Pool. I direct the witness to answer the question or state a valid
legal objection. We have informed you of the fifth amendment. Do
you w\ant to take the fifth amendment?
Mr. McRae. Are you qualified to speak for the gallery ?
Mr. Pool. We have informed you of the defense you might have if
you want to answer the question. If you want to avail yourself of
that, you now have the opportunity to do so.
Mr. McRae. I w^ll not answer that question. You subpenaed Mr.
Anton. You can ask him this question. You are trying to put me in
the position of being of the same low character as the witnesses, the first
witnesses.
Mr. Pool. I direct you to answ^er the question.
Mr. McRae. You can tear the tongue from my mouth before I an-
swer the question.
Mr. Pool. Take the next question, Mr. Counsel.
Mr. NiTTLE. Mr. Chairman, may I speak to the Chair ?
Mr. Pool. I w-ould suggest. Counsel, before you go to the next
question, that you inform the witness, if he fails to respond to the
question or give a valid reason for not answering the question, of the
penalties that he could incur under the contempt proceedings.
Mr. IcHORD. Mr. Chairman, could I be recognized for a moment?
Mr, Pool. Yes.
Mr. IcHORD. Mr. Chairman, since the witness is not represented by
counsel, I think he should be fully informed.
I will state to the witness that this member is a member of the Mis-
souri Bar and also of the bar of the United States Supreme Court.
The witness testifying before this committee cannot be compelled
to testify if he feels that the answer to that question would incriminate
him.
The Supreme Court in numerous cases has held time and time again
that the rights guaranteed an American citizen under the Constitu-
tion, such as freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, freedom of the
press, freedom of religion, are not sufficient grounds to refuse to testify
before a congressional committee.
The courts have also held the same time and time again in regard to
amendment number 4, amendment number 6, amendment number Y,
amendment number 8, amendment number 9, and amendment number
10, which I believe one of the witnesses yesterday sought to invoke.
The amendment that is a sufficient grounds, provided that he feels
the answer would incriminate himself, is the self-incrimination clause
of the fifth amendment.
You have the right, if you feel that it would incriminate you, to re-
fuse to answ^er on those grounds. Otherwise, the cases do hold that
you should be compelled to answer.
Mr. MgRae. The only w^ay answering this question would incrimi-
nate me is to make me stoop to the level of an animal. I am not going
to that level.
Mr. Pool. With that instruction that Mr. Ichord has just given you
and the information he has given you for your benefit, I direct you
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1169
for the last time to answer the question, the previous question, the last
question asked.
Mr. McRae. I will answer any questions about myself. If you want
to know about other people, you can ask them. You have the power to
subpena anyone you wish. I am not going to be reduced to this level.
Direct me again.
Do you wish to go for six on this ?
Mr. Pool. I can't hear you.
Mr. McRae. I said do you wish to go for six on this ? The Supreme
Court has slapped down the last five contempt decisions.
Mr. IcHORD. I will state to the witness that the sixth amendment
covers trials, and this definitely is not a trial. The witness is not under
trial before this hearing. There is a possibility that the witness could
be in contempt of this committee, but I would further explain that al-
though the Congress does have the power to exercise contempt itself —
it has been done in the history of the United States Congress, but it is
not doing it at the present time as the procedure is to go through the
courts.
Always, the Congress votes a contempt citation which is only simi-
lar to a complaint. Any witness that would be cited for contempt
would still have a right to go before a grand jury.
A grand jury would have to return an indictment and then, of
course, he would be entitled to a trial. I think that is the best I can
explain it for the witness in layman's terms. I think he is sufficiently
informed at the present time.
Mr, Pool. I direct the witness to answer the last question asked him.
Mr. McRae. I will not answer this question on the grounds that it
nauseates me and I am liable to vomit all over this table.
Mr. Pool. Next question.
Mr. NiTTLE. Wliat was the major effort at Stanford in the way of
raising funds for this committee which you served as chairman?
Mr. McRae. The effort of my committee for aid to the victims of
U.S. aggression was to collect money to be sent to the International
Red Cross to be used by the Red Cross of North Vietnam and the Na-
tional Liberation Front of the people of South Vietnam then for use
in alleviating the suffering of- the people who are bombed and mur-
dered by the indiscriminate bombing of the United States.
Mr. Nittle. Did you hold a rally on November 2, 1965, at White
Plaza, for the purpose of making collections for this purpose?
Mr. McRae. Yes, we did. The rally was quite successful, I might
add.
Mr. Nittle. The reports are that you received 40 pledges of blood
and a certain amount of financial support. Did you receive 40
pledges for blood donations ?
Mr. McRae. Yes. That was a little less than we hoped for, but
we got a few a little later on. I think 40 is approximately right.
Mr. Nittle. How much money did you collect for this purpose
at that rally ?
Mr. McRae. I don't remember how much at that rally. I know
how much we eventually sent to the International Red Cross. We col-
lected money over a period of time.
1170 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Mr. NiTTLE. Is your committee for medical aid still in existence?
Mr. McRae. No; as a matter of fact, it was dissolved. Each year
the student organizations of Stanford University, to maintain their
status, must reapply. So far this has not been done.
Mr. NiTTLE. When was this organization dissolved, then?
Mr. McRae. I don't know the date. I don't know when it becomes
effective.
Mr. IcHORD. Mr. McRae, could you pull the microphone a little
closer to you ? The acoustics are poor in this room. It is particularly
difficult to hear you up here.
Mr. NiTTLE. What was the total collection that you made for this
organization during the time you had been associated with it?
Mr. McRae. This was approximately somewhere over $300,
Mr. NiTTLE. Did you communicate with the American Red Cross
with regard to the propriety of the collecting of this blood and money ?
Mr. McRae. Yes, we did. We informed the American Red Cross of
what our planned activity was and received a letter commending our
humanitarian attitude from some official of the American Red Cross.
Mr. NiTTLE. Did you receive further information from the Ameri-
can Red Cross with regard to your plans ?
Mr. MoRae. Later under the pressure of the furor caused by the
initial statement by the American Red Cross, then it showed its true
colors and came around and showed up its humanitarianism, so called,
and declined to help us in our activity, though I must say in the first
letter they directed us it was very good that we were dealing with the
International Red Cross and that is what we should do.
Mr. NiTTLE. Mr. McRae, I hand you a copy of a check or a draft
drawn on Wells Fargo Bank at San Francisco, California, dated De-
cember 7, 1965, and made payable to the order of the International
Committee of Red Cross, the purchaser being the Stanford Committee
for Medical Aid, Box 7672, Stanford, California.
(Document handed to witness.)
Mr. NiTTLE. Did you purchase that draft at the Wells Fargo Bank
on December 7, 1965 ?
Mr. McRae. Yes, I did purchase this draft in the name of the
committee.
Mr. NiTTLE, And at the time you purchased that draft, did you
appear there with representatives of another medical aid group known
as the Medical Aid Committee, Post Office Box 1128, Berkeley, Cali-
fornia ?
Mr. McRae. Yes, I did.
Mr. NiTTLE. And were you aware that they likewise were purchasing
a draft from the Wells Fargo Bank for the delivery oi a similar
amount to the International Committee of the Red Cross?
Mr. McRae. Yes. We thought $500 was a nice, round, conceivable
number, that it would be very appropriate for the two groups to send
each a check for $250 to the Internaltional Red Cross,
Mr. Pool. Mr. Nittle, are you offering that in evidence ?
Mr. Nittle. Yes.
Mr. Pool. If there is no objection, it is so ordered.
(Check marked "McRae Exhibit No. 1" follows:)
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1171
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1172 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
(At this point Mr. Ashbrook left the hearing room.)
Mr. NiTTLE. Were you aware that the Medical Aid Committee of
Berkeley, California, was also a group of the May 2nd Movement?
Mr. McRae. I was aware that May 2nd was involved, not the sole
membership of the Medical Aid Committee. Because it — the May
2nd agrees with some activity I undertake. I am not going to run
and hide.
Mr. NiTTLE. Did you, following December 7, 1965, make any other
payments to the International Red Cross ?
Mr. McRae. I relayed a check for $50 to the International Red
Cross that was made out directly to them.
Mr. NiTTLE. Wlien was that ?
Mr. McRae. I don't know the date.
Mr. NiTTLE. Approximately how long after December 7, 1965 ?
Mr. McRae. A week or two.
Mr. NiTTLE. Mr. McRae, are you a member of the Young Socialist
Alliance ?
Mr. McRae. No, I am not.
Mr. NiTTLE. Have you ever been a member of the Young Socialist
Alliance ?
Mr. McRae. No, I have not.
Mr. NiTTLE. I have before me, Mr. McRae, the Constitution of the
Stanford Young Socialist Alliance as filed with the Office of the Dean
of Students on December 15, 1965. Attached thereto is a membership
list of the group.
Mr. McRae. Excuse me. This is not to be construed as a member-
ship list. The conditions under which I signed this were to enable
some friends of mine to register as a group on campus so that they
could present materials and speeches.
This was in the interests of free speech. I am not aligned to this
group. I am not opposed to this group. But I am not a member.
(At this point Mr. Ashbrook returned to the hearing room.)
Mr. Pool. Would you identify this document?
Mr. NiTTLE. I hand you this document and direct your attention
to the last page of it, which is captioned "Stanford YSA members."
It appears to be a continuation of the prior page on that subject : your
name, "Stuart McRae," appears thereon.
Mr. McRae. In view of the fact that the YSA has a rather rigorous
membership procedure, they keep records nationally, I am not on those
records. I signed this — see it is written in pencil "members." I was
not aware even at the time that this meant membership. I am not a
member of this group. I don't care whether you wish to call me that
or not.
Mr. Pool. But you are identifying that signature ?
Mr. McRae. Tliis is my signature.
Mr. Pool. We understand your explanation. I just wanted to
identify it.
Are you offering that in evidence ?
His statements are in the record, of course.
Mr. NiTTLE. Yes, sir.
(Document marked "McRae Exhibit No. 2" follows:)
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1173
McRae Exhibit No. 2
CONSTITUTION OF TIIE STANFORD YOUNG SOCIAl.lST ALLIANCE
° * A, SfANfORo
ARTICLE 1 1 NAf.IE
The name of this organizfition shall be the Young Socialist Alliance.
ARTICLE lis PURTOSE
The Young Socialist Alliance is formed in response to the need for
a youth organization capable of bringing revolutionary socialist ideas
to a new generation. Socialism means that for the first time in history
man will control his own creation — society — rather than be controlled
by it. The dynamic of socialism is a continual expansion of human freedom
in all spheres I in politics, economics, culture, and every aspect of
human life.
ARTIClOi; Hit MniBERSHIP
1. Members of the Stanford community are eligible for membership
in the Young Socialist Alliance.
2. Membership in the Young Socialist Alliance does not in any way
imply membership in or affiliation with any other group, local, national,
or international, whatsoever.
3. Membership in the Young Socialist Alliance may be obtained upon
application to the organization by a vote of the majority of the membership.
ARTICLE IV s OFFICERS
1. There shall be elected aji Organizar by majority vote, who shall
represent the Young Socialist Alliance to the public.
2. The Organizer shall appoint a Finance Chairman, who shall collect
and disburse all funds and shall keep an accurate financial record at
all times and shall fulfill all requirements of that oTfice set forth
under Stanford and ASSU regulations. The Organizer may appoint himself
or herself.
ARTICLE Vs MEETINGS
1. The Young Socialist Alliance shall meet at least once each quarter.
Special meetings may be called by the Organizer or by a majority of the
members of the Young Socialist Alliance.
2. Meetings other than special meetings shall be called by the Organizer.
ARTICLE VI » ELECTIONS
Elections for all elective offices shall be held in Spring Quarter of
each year. Newly elected officers shall take office immediately and serve
until the election of their successors the following Spring Quarter. Officers
irill be elected by a majority of members present at a meeting called for the
purpose at least one week in advance.
ARTICLE VII: FINANCES
All funds of this organization shall be deposited with the Students'
Organization Fund and shall be handled by the Finance Chairman in the
manner prescribed by the rules and regulations of the Fund and of the ASSU.
ARTICLE VII J PARLIAMENTARY AUTHORITY
There shall be no second required for motions to be placed in coBsdderation.
A Quorum shall consist of the Organizer and a majority of the membership. All
decisions shall be taken by simple majority vote except when otherwise specified
in this constitution. The chainnan of all meetings and committees has a right
to voice and vote. The nay *ote shall be taken first in calling the question.
Roberts' Rules of Order (Revised) shall govern proceedings except where in
67-852 O — 66 — pt. !• 18
1174 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
McRae Exhibit No. 2 — Continued
-2-
conflict ■with this constitution.
ARTICLE IX: BY-LAWS
By-laws may be adopted supplemental to and not in conflict with
this constitution I'y a two-thirds vote at a meeting cal led for the
purpose at least one week in advance.
ASSOC. DEAN Of STUDENTS
DEC 1 5 1965
O & A, STANFORD
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1175
McRae Exhibit No. 2 — Continued
UEUBERSIIIP LI iT —STANFORD YCUNG SOCIALIST ALLIANCE
Officers
Orpanizer - -^y^^f
Finance Chairman
Faculty Advisor -
- 't^JZi
i4^
ASSOC BUN O, STU CENTS
DEC 15 1965
O & A, STANFORD
1176 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
McRae Exhibit No. 2— Continued
ASSOC. DEAN OP STUDENTS
DEC ] 5 1965
O & A, STANFORD
Mr. McR AE, May I ask how you orot tliese re<;ords ?
Mr. Pool. We don't answer questions like tliat.
Mr. McRae. I tliink there is a basic question of freedom involved
and I want to know whether these records were subpenaed or whether
the Stanford administration turned these records over.
Mr. Pool. The witness is excused.
Mr. McRae. Thank you.
I mipht add this has been a very educational experience.
Mr. Pool. The witness is excused permanently.
We will have to vacate this room at 3 :30 and it is now 3:30. The
committee is recessed until 9:30 tomorrow morning^.
(Subcommittee members present at time of recess: Representatives
Pool, Ichord, Ashbrook, and Buchanan ; also Representative Clawson,
alternate member.)
(Whereupon, at 3:30 p.m., Thursday, August 18, 1966, the subcom-
mittee recessed, to reconvene at 9 :30 a.m., Friday, August 19, 1966.)
HEARINGS ON H.R. 12047, H.R. 14925, H.R. 16175, H.R.
17140, AND H.R. 17194— BILLS TO MAKE PUNISHABLE
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN TIME OF UN-
DECLARED WAR
Part 1
FRIDAY, AUGUST 19, 1966
United States House of Representatives,
Subcommittee of the
Committee on Un-American Activities,
Washington, D.G.
PUBLIC HEARINGS
The subcommittee of the Committee on Un-American Activities
met, pursuant to recess, at 9:30 a.m., in the Caucus Room, Cannon
House Office Building, Washington D.C., Hon. Joe R. Pool (Chair-
man of the subcommittee) presiding.
(Subcommittee members: Representatives Joe R. Pool, of Texas,
chairman ; Richard H. Ichord, of Missouri ; George F. Senner, Jr., of
Arizona ; John M. Ashbrook, of Ohio ; and John H. Buchanan, Jr., of
Alabama. Alternate member: Representative Del Clawson, of Cali-
fornia.)
Subcommittee members present : Representatives Pool, Ichord, and
Buchanan.
House Member also present : Representative James B. Utt, of Cali-
fornia.
Staff members present: Francis J. McNamara, director; William
Hitz, general counsel : Alfred M. Nittle, counsel ; Donald T. Appell,
chief investigator; and Ray McConnon, Jr., Herbert Romerstein, and
Philip R. Manuel, investigators.
Mr. Pool. The hearing will come to order.
Believing that the investigative phase of the hearings would have
been completed yesterday, the committee contemplated starting the
legislative hearings on the bills before us this morning. As is known,
we still have a few more subpenaed witnesses to hear. They will be
called shortly.
The first witness this morning will be Brig. Gen. James D. Hittle
(Ret.), U.S. Marine Corps, who is director of national security and
foreign affairs of the Veterans of Foreign Wars.
The VFW convention starts today in New York City, and General
Hittle must catch a plane at 11 :30. Because the VFW is anxious to
express its views on H.R. 12047 through General Hittle, we have de-
1177
1178 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
cided to hear his testimony first so that there will be no problem in
his making his scheduled plane connection.
Go ahead with General Hittle,
* 4c * * 4: 4: 1
Mr. Pool. Call the next witness.
Mr. NiTTLE. Would Steven C. Hamilton please come forward.
TESTIMONY OF STEVEN CHARLES HAMILTON
Mr. Hamilton. Will you wait until the press comes back again ?
Mr. NnTLE. Mr. Hamilton, did you take the opportunity afforded
you to obtain counsel ?
Mr. Hamilton. I want to make it clear in the beginning that I wish
to testify today. However, for the purposes of the record I would
like to make a very brief statement about the question of having a
lawyer. I want to make a statement about having a lawyer.
You have deprived me of the lawyer of my choice, and I do not wish
to be represented by any other lawyer. I do not have confidence in any
lawyer who would appear at this time. I must, therefore, proceed
alone before this committee of yellow-bellied racists, cowards, war
criminals, and traitors.
Mr. NiTTLE. Do you wish to testify ?
Mr. Hamilton. Yes. I said I did.
Mr. IcHORD. Has he testified ?
Mr. NiTTLE. No, sir, he has not testified, Mr. Ichord.
Mr. IcHORD. Do you wish to testify at this time without the bene-
fit of counsel ?
Mr. Hamilton. I said that twice. I wish to testify.
Mr. Ichord. Do you, or do you not ?
Mr. Hamilton. For the fourth time I wish to testify today.
Mr. Ichord. I would suggest, Mr. Chairman, that you swear the
witness if he wishes to testify.
Mr. Pool. Raise your hand.
Do you solemnly swear the testimony you are about to give will be
the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you
God?
Mr. Hamilton. I intend to tell the truth before this committee,
Tex, unlike the committee.
Mr. Pool. Do you solemnly swear
Mr. Hamilton. I intend to tell the truth before this committee.
Mr. Pool. Do you solemnly swear the testimony you are about to
give will be the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so
help you God ?
Mr. Hamilton. I solemly swear, affirm, and promise to tell the truth
before this committee.
Mr. Pool. Have a seat.
1 General Hittle's testimony appears in part 2, the legislative phase of the hearings.
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1179
Mr. NiTTLE. Mr. Hamilton, is your residence 2701 Benvenue Ave-
nue, Berkeley
Mr. Pool. Hold up that question.
Mr. NiTTLE. Mr. Hamilton, do you live at 2701 Benvenue Avenue,
Berkeley, California?
Mr. Hamilton. No, I live at 2721 Haste, Berkeley, California.
Mr. Pool. Get his name first, (^omisel.
Mr. NiTTLE. Would you state you full name for the record, please?
Mr. Hamilton. Steven Charles Hamilton.
Mr. NiTTLE. Mr. Hamilton, you are aware of the privilege to invoke
the fifth amendment if you believe any inquiry may incriminate you?
Mr. Hamilton. That's right.
Mr. NiTTLE. Would you state the date and place of your birth?
Mr. Hamilton. I would like to make certain — 1 want to make cer-
tain objections to this committee. I would like to make a statement
of my objections.
Mr. Pool. Limit your objections.
Go ahead.
Mr. Hamilton. All right. I object to answering any questions of
this committee on the ground that Public Law 601, 79th Congress, 60
Statutes 812, Part 2, Rule XI, authorizing the Committee on Un-
American Activities to make investigations of the extent, character,
and objects of LTn-American propaganda activities in the U.S., violates
the constitution in that the statute is ambiguous and vague, the term
"Un-American propaganda activities'' being nowhere defined, and
being in fact incapable of precise definition, and obscuring the fact
that there are not one, but two kinds of I^n- American activities ; first,
those that the vast majority of the American people deem un-American,
such as the undemocratic activities of this committee; secondly, those
deemed un-American by a small minority of the wealthy and privi-
leged that are now escalating the Vietnam war and by the political
spokesmen, such as members of this committee.
I further object to answering any questions of this committee on
the ground that the statute on its face, and as applied by the House
LTn-American Activities Committee during the past 20 years, and
especially today in its harassment of those appearing opposing the
Vietnam war, is repugnant to freedom of speech, assembly, associa-
tion, and the privacy guaranteed to the people by the Bill of Rights
and suppresses and inhibits dissent and infringes not only the rights
of dissenters, but, above all, the right of the American people as a
whole, to be informed of the opinions of dissenters, as a basis for the
American people correctly making dec'sions concerning their welfare
and very survival. And this results in the further establishment of
Fascist methods of suppression, further resulting in discarding demo-
cratic processes and exposes the Government as master and not
the servant of the American people, a Government not of the people,
but over the people, in the interest of the very wealthy few.
I further object on the grounds that this committee is at present
illegally constituted and that certain of its members, Watson of South
Carolina, Pool of Texas, Buchanan of Alabama, and Willis of Louisi-
ana, have denied the right to vote to a considerable number of Negro
and poor white citizens of those States, but whose representation has
1180 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
not been proportionately reduced as required by section 2 of the 14th
amendment of the Constitution of the United States.
I further object to these hearings for the Fascist and illegal methods,
like the ejection of Mr. Kinoy from this hearing room, which the com-
mittee uses when it is no longer able to achieve the aims under the cloak
of constitutional legality. The people who live in the ghettos in thig
country are daily subjected to this side of American so-called democ-
racy and so are the people in Vietnam.
I further object to a closed hearings. We would be willing to bring
debate over the war in Vietnam before the American people. Obvi-
ously the committee doesn't want to bring the debate over the war
before the American people by keeping out TV and press cameras and
refusing to allow any ordinary citizen to attend these hearings through
the white-card process.
I also want to identify with the injunction pending before the courts
filed against this committee.
Thank you.
Mr. Pool. The objections are all overruled. Do you have any
further objections ?
All right, I direct you to answer the question. Did you ask a ques-
tion ,Mr. Nittle ? Maybe I am premature on that.
Mr. Nittle. Would you state the date and place of your birth,
please ?
Mr. Hamilton. I was born April 21, 1944, in a ghetto which last year
became a showcase of poverty and racial oppression, which are basic
elements
Mr. Pool. You have answered that. Ask the next question.
Mr. Nittle. Were you born in Los Angeles on April 21, 1944?
Mr. Hamilton. I am describing the place I was born, a glietto
which
Mr. Nittle. You can answer that "yes" or "no."
Mr. Hamilton. A ghetto that saw a reign of terror last summer
when 39 of its people were murdered by police and hundreds were
wounded and arrested, and of those arrested some have not yet been
released and charged.
Mr. Pool. You have answered the question.
Mr. Hamilton. I was born in Watts.
Mr. Nittle. Did you attend Wheaton College for the period from
1962 to 1963 and thereafter enter the University of California in Sep-
tember of 1963 ? Did you or did you not ?
Mr. Hamilton. I am answering that.
Mr. Nittle. You can answer that "yes" or "no."
Mr. Hamilton. Yes; I attended Wheaton College from September
1962 to June 1963. I entered the University of California in Septem-
ber 1963. I was there in the fall of 1963, when the university regents'
straw corporation bosses, together with the Oakland power structure
and the University administration, decided to put an end to civil rights
action
Mr. Nittle. And were you there in the year 1965 ?
Mr. Hamilton. And I am telling you about my first-
Mr. Nittle. I say will you answer that question. Were you at the
University of California from 1963 until May of 1966, at which time
you were suspended ?
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1181
Mr. Hamilton. I am really surprised that this committee isn't con-
cerned with the kind of education that Americans
Mr. NiTTLE. Would you answer the question, please ?
Mr. Pool. Answer the question.
Mr. Hamilton. As I was saying, my education began-
Mr. NiTTLE. As we were saying, were you in attendance at the Uni-
versity of California for the period from September 1963 until May of
1966?
Mr. Hamilton. I was there at the University of California, as I
was explaining, during the time-
Mr. NiTTLE. You have answered the question.
Mr. Hamilton. Well, I haven't. I haven't answered the question
because, you see, I was kicked out of the University of California, dis-
missed on April 1, 1966, for opposing or fighting for first amendment
rights for antiwar political organizations on the university campus.
Mr. NiTTLE. And at the time you were fighting for such rights were
you chairman of the campus Progressive Labor Party Club at the
University of California?
Mr. Hamilton. Yes,
Mr. NiTTLE. And were you, also, at that time president of the May
2nd Movement chapter at the University of California?
Mr. Hamilton. Yes. If you would like to know something about
me
Mr. NiTTLE. Did you in November 1965 help form a student organi-
zation at the University of California known as the Medical Aid for
Vietnam Committee?
Mr. Hamilton. I am not sure that the committee understands what
these organizations are. I would like to read some of a statement from
the May 2nd Movement :
We, as students in the richest but most brutally confused country in the
world, cannot understand that world and our part in it with the a-historical
education we receive in our universities. In order to make ourselves into effec-
tive social beings, and in order to discover, sharpen, and use the power of
our knowledge, we should organize oxirselves in the broadest possible way
to combat that lack of education. For it is a lack, a vacuum, that leads to
political degeneration and default. ' The May 2nd Movement was formed to
fight against a politics of default, specifically by organizing student protest
and revolt against our government's savage war on the people of Vietnam.
Mr. NiTTLE. I don't know whether you responded to the question
whether you helped form a student organization at the University
of California known as the Medical Aid for Vietnam Committee.
Mr. Hamilton. There were several people at the University of
California interested in forming an organization to aid victims of
United States aggression in Vietnam. We felt that this was the least
that we could do in terms of making a protest against what our Gov-
ernment was doing to the people of Vietnam and in order to show the
American people and people across the world that all Americans do
not, that the American people do not back this Government's vicious,
criminal war in Vietnam.
Mr. NiTTi.E. Did you on November 1965 register this organization
with the Office of the Dean of Students at the University, giving the
mailing address of the organization as 2732 Hast« Street, Berkeley ?
Mr. Hamilton. Could I ask what relevance this question has to the
legislative purpose of this committee, the stated legislative purpose,
which is passing of the Johnson-Pool suppression of peace bill?
1182 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Mr. Pool. Answer the question.
Mr. NiTTLE. The address 2732 Haste Street given by Mr. Hamilton
as the mailing address of the organization which he formed is the
address and rooming house of Steven Cherkoss, the West Coast
organizer of the Progressive Labor Movement.
Mr. Hamilton. Could I ask the counsel if this is going to be an
amendment to the Pool bill, that Steven Cherkoss lives at 2732 Haste?
Is that the point ?
Mr. NiTTLE. Mr. Chairman, the witness was engaged in the forma-
tion of the medical committee.
Mr. Pool. The Chair rules the question is relevant.
Answer the question.
Mr. Hamilton. I haven't been told how that question is relevant.
I simply want, you know, the question repeated.
Mr. Pool. I suppose that you were stating that in the form of an
objection, so I overrule your objection.
He stated the relevancy of it, and I am satisfied it is relevant and
I instruct you to answer the question.
Mr. Hamilton. I deline to answer on the ground that the question
violates the constitutional division of powers provided by articles
1, 2, 3 of the Constitution in that the question inquires into matters
within the sphere of the executive and judicial branches of Govern-
ment and is unrelated to legislative power, competence, and therefore
not pertinent to assisting Congress to legislate.
I decline to answer on the ground that the question inquires into
my political beliefs and associations, in violation of the guarantee of
freedom of speech and assembly provided by the first amendment to the
Constitution.
This committee cannot inquire as to matters on which Congress
cannot legislate. Is that sufficient ground for not refusing to answer ?
Mr. Pool. I overrule your objections and direct you to answer the
question.
Mr. Hamilton. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy
the right of a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the
State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed,
which districts shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to
be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be con-
fronted with the witnesses against him, to have compulsory process
for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of
counsel for his defense, sixth amendment.
And the ninth amendment to the Constitution I think is also rele-
vant. Its enumeration of the Constitution is that certain rights shall
not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.
I quote to you the tenth amendment to the Constitution: "The
powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor
prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively,
or to the people."
Mr. Pool. The courts have taken these grounds up at various times
and have said that these are not suificient grounds for your refusal
to answer, and I overrule your objections and direct you to answer
the question.
Mr. Hamilton. The fifth amendment to the Constitution states
that: "No person shall be held to answer for a capital or other in-
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1183
famous crime unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand
Jury * * * ; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a wit-
ness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property,
without due process of law * * *."
Mr. Pool. You take the fifth amendment.
Go ahead and ask the next question.
Mr. NiTTLE. Did the organization also use a mailing address at
Post Office Box 1128, Berkeley, California ?
Mr. Hamilton. I decline to answer that question on the grounds
that it is completely irrelevant to the legislative purpose of this hear-
ing and I decline on all the other previously stated grounds.
Mr. Pool. Your objections are overruled.
You take the fifth amendment on this ?
Mr. Hamilton. I said I refuse on the grounds that I previously
stated to the last question.
Mr. Pool. Take the fifth amendment. Go ahead to the next ques-
tion.
Mr. NiTTLE. Was a bank account opened for the Medical Aid for
Vietnam Committee at the Wells Fargo Bank ?
Mr. Hamilton. ' I refuse on the same grounds.
Mr. Counsel, let me say — I think this will save time — that, you know,
I am proud to say before this committee that myself and others par-
ticipated in collecting funds to provide medical supplies for the peo-
ple in Vietnam who were the victims of the United States aggressive
war in that country against those people and, you know, I am proud
to say that we were able to convey those funds for medical supplies
to the International Red Cross, the North Vietnam and the Interna-
tional Red Cross, to the National Liberation Front areas.
Beyond that, you know, I don't
Mr. NiTTLE. Let us ask you this question.
Did you open a bank account at the Wells Fargo Bank on Novem-
ber23,1965? •
Mr. Hamilton. See, what I was just starting to say, I think this will
save time if you will pay attention.
Mr. NiTTLE. Pay attention to what I am starting to say. Will you
answer the question please ?
Mr. Hamilton. "Wliat I was just beginning to say is that any ques-
tion beyond that, beyond the fact that yes, we did supply, we did pro-
vide, carry out a campaign to provide, medical supplies for the people
of Vietnam, beyond that I don't consider that these questions, ques-
tions as to funds, as to other people involved in this organization, as
to the details of how the money was sent, as to who was involved, I do
not consider these questions in any way relevant to the legislative pur-
pose of this committee.
Mr. NiTTLE. Do you say that because the group was organized at
the University of California by you as a member of the Progressive
Labor Party pursuant to the orders and instructions of an off-campus
student organizer for the Progressive Labor Movement?
Mr. Hamilton. You know, the (juestion you shot back with is com-
pletely irrelevant to what I just said.
Mr. Pool. Let me ask you a question. We might save a lot of time.
Are you a member of the Communist Party ?
1184 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Mr. Hamilton. No.
Mr. Pool. Are you a member of the Progressive Labor Party ?
Mr. Hamilton. As I was starting to say before, because of my ex-
periences with the regents of the University of California and with
the local Oakland-Berkeley power structure and the universitv admin-
istration and their attempt to stop civil rights activity in the Berkeley
area, Berkeley students, and because, you know, of my experience
with the war, with looking at the war in Vietnam and seeing that
this is not a war which is in any sense in the interests of the American
people, you know, I tried to figure out whose interest this war is ; and
it became very clear to me that it was in the interests of the corpo-
ration bosses who make the profits from this war.
Because of those experiences and my experiences in Los Angeles,
seeing the daily police terror which the people of the ghetto of Watts
and the people in the ghettos across this country are familiar with
Mr. NiTTLE. Mr. Chairman, I must object to this witness departing
from the matters that are relevant and material to this inquiry and
I ask leave to proceed with the questioning.
Mr. Hamilton. Okay, I will proceed to answer the question. So
you see
Mr. NiTFLE. I have before me, Mr. Chairman
Mr. Pool. Mr. Nittle
Mr. Hamilton, I wish to answer that question. I will do it while
you are conferring with the Texan.
Mr. Pool, Just a minute. Counsel wants to confer, and I want to
confer with him.
Mr. Hamilton. The people in the room are probably intereste(J in
the answer to the question. The thing is, that having realized that
the basic changes in this society could not be made
Mr, Nittle. Mr. Chairman
Mr. Hamilton. — within the terms of the people who have the
power in this society, that the people themself would have to take
power, I joined with other people who are fighting for a just and
socialist society and I became a member of the Progressive Labor
Party and became a Marxist-Leninist.
Mr. Pool. That is fine. That is what I wanted to find out, what
your situation was.
Mr. Nittle, to save time here, why don't you go ahead now.
Mr. Nittle. Yes. Mr. Chairman, I have certain documentary evi-
dence I would like to offer for the record. The first document is a
copy of the signature card filed with the Wells Fargo Bank under
the signature of Steven Hamilton.
Mr. Pool. You offer that in evidence?
Mr. Nittle. I will offer this as a group, Mr. Chairman.
Mr. Pool. All right.
Mr. Nittle. The first exhibit to which I refer is a signature card
of the opening of the account of the Medical Aid Committee. The
second exhibit is a statement of account with the Wells Fargo Bank
by the Medical Aid Committee, P.O. Box 1128, Berkeley, Cali-
fornia
Mr. Hamiufon. Perhaps the fat Congressman from Texas will re-
fresh your memory, Mr, Counsel
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1185
Mr. Pool. You are interrupting counsel. You haven't been asked a
question.
Mr. NiTTLE. — by the witness and another. The account reveals
that it was opened on November 23, 1965, with an initial deposit of $40.
The bank statement further shows that for the period from November
23, 1965, to May 23, 1966, a total amount of $3,322.50 was received into
this account.
The records further indicate that there was drawn upon this account
three drafts purchased from the Wells Fargo Bank, the first dated
December 7, 1965, payable to the International Committee of the Red
Cross in the sum of $250. The drawee bank is named as the Union
Bank of Switzerland, Geneva, Switzerland.
A second draft, dated January 24, 1966, purchased from the Wells
Fargo Bank, is made payable to the Liberation Red Cross in the sum
of $500. This draft is drawn upon the Ceskoslovenska Obchodni
Banka at Prague, Czechoslovakia.
A third draft dated February 24, 1966, made payable to the
Liberation Red Cross, ])urchased from the Wells Fargo Bank, and
drawn upon the Ceskoslovenska Obchodni Banka at Prague,
Czechslovakia
Mr. Hamilton. Mr. Counsel, this is very boring.
Mr. NiTTLE. — in the amount of $1,000.
Mr. Hamilton. Mr. Counsel, can I make a procedural suggestion?
Mr. Pool. Stop. We will ask you a question in a minute, and then
you can answer.
Mr. NiTTLE. I ask you whether I have correctly stated those facts
with regard to the opening of the account at the Wells Fargo Bank
by you, the filing of the signature card, and the
Mr. Pool. Hand him the exhibits and see if he recognizes them.
Mr. NiTTLE. — and the statements and drafts referred to.
(Documents handed to witness.)
Mr. Hamilton. You know, as I started to say before you had gone
through all that, I wish that the
Mr. NiTTLE. I say. Have I correctly stated the facts?
Mr. Hamilton. I am answering the question. I am answering it
in a way that applies to more than this question. You know, I re-
quested before you began that the racist from Texas would inform you
that, you know, I refuse to answer any questions as to funds.
Mr. NiTTLE. Will you answer that question, please ?
Mr. Hamilton. I refuse to answer this question and any question
regarding to funds, regarding to other people involved in the orga-
nization
Mr. NiTTLE. I have not asked you a question about other people. I
have asked you about your own activity in this organization.
Mr. Hamilton. And I have told you further that we did, yes, we
did send funds to provide medical supplies to the people of Vietnam.
Mr. Pool. All right. You are offering this as an exhibit now ?
Mr. Nittle. I offer the exhibits, Mr. Chairman, in evidence.
Mr. Pool. If there is no objection, it is so ordered.
(Documents marked "Hamilton Exhibits Nos. 1 and 2-A through
2-G," respectively. Exhibit 2-G retained in committee files. Exhibits
1 and 2-A through 2-F follow :)
1186 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Hamilton Exhibit No. 1
resolution authorizing signing and endorsing
checks and other instruments
RESOLVED, that WELLS FARGO BANK be, and it is hereby selecteo as a Depositary of the funds of this Organization,
and that_CjtMM«^M4 »n. CC) ' CAK^S'^HW^ .. ,,,^ Organization
TITLE TITLE
be and they are authorized to establish such account, and that checks or drafts withdrawing said funds may be signed
by any ' V^* v.y of the following:
(INDICATE NUMBER REQUIRED)
■ NAME TITLE
PRINT ■'■ '-' ■ 7
AND
TITLES
FURTHER RESOLVED, that WELLS FARGO BANK is authorized to honor and pay any and, all checks and drafts
of this Organization signed as provided herein, whether or not payable to the person or persons signing then:i; and that
checks, drafts, hills of exchange, and other evidences of indebtedness may be endorsed for deposit to the account of this
Organization by any of the foregoing or by any other employee or agent of this Organization, and may be endorsed in
writing or by stamp and with or without the designation of the person so endorsing.
FURTHER RESOLVED, that the authority hereby conferred shall remain in force until written notice of the revocation
thereof by the Board of this Organization shall have been received by said depositary at the office at which the account
is kept; and that the certification of the secretary or an assistant secretary as to the continuing authority of this reBolution
and the persons authorized to sign and their signatures, shall be binding upon this Organization.
I HEREBY certify that the foregoing is a true and correct copy of a resolution adopted by the governing Board of this
organization at a meeting of said Board regularly held on the -'' ,* day of V^tQ Vj tl-vA\\2>C(c— . 19 LP •— *
and that said resolution is still in full force and effect.
I FURTHER certify that the signatures appearing on the reverse side of this card are the signatures of the persons
authorized to sign for and on behalf of this organization.
WITNESS my hand and the seal of this organization thiif^ ' Hav of 1 ^OO <! ^ tvJb^y^— . 19 V^O
"^ » «■! <— SECRETARY C
i-AvcAc A\^ Q^H^i'^^^^V^:^'^•
NAME OF ORGANIZATION
(FOR LODGE OR ASSOCIATION ONLY)
VE CERTIFY TO THE CORRECTNESS OF THE FOREGOING INFORMATION.
RETIRING OFFICER TITLE RETIRING OFFICER
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1187
Hamilton Exhibit No. 2-A
^I
KI>IKtLCY« 6ALIW0RNIA J^^Vf^p*? :'"'"■'""'■ ■ om*
•VNT^EIiliS FARGO BANK No.ll8996
utT c«M^Mrr
UNIVtaSITY 138 DLCEMBIR 7*1965
.,„ ••INTLRUT'lOf»Af cavflTTtt OF RCO CROSS>**«U.S. $250.00
ji.lTtP STATiS QQtt/lRR Tm ^liiJO^un PIFTY AM. f^in/1fY)>#»«v
U.loi. 3A.SK f 3/SITZtajAND
(aLf*LVA. S-VlTZiintAND 4 ;rf i.
1188 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Hamilton Exhibit No. 2-B
:-^-miO I. MD Cffil OTTTiiS r.tF.S. ,900.00
P 0 3~:' 1128 COMMISSION 1»00: Vi
i>orkclo--, ChltiTonia airmail tl5_ I
' ,501.15
"WT'ELIjS FAFIGO B^NK: No.llSllS
FFICE:
u-aysiiuiT? J-C130 J/ja'A;-? 2t+, i96;
PAYEE * »i.i£i2 -ATiv:?; ;?ei;) cfics.>d* *<*<.=!-♦•■» * nu ..ycc-.oo
;'i^'-^^ /■:■■■ ii-'.,A;i.> FTVK uiyn:- .) -"^j -■l/^go * * «■ ' ^ < -< '^ •• -
DRAWEE
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1189
Hamilton Exhibit No. 2-C
PURCHASER gys-T*'''? rCX "'^^ '■''^ '1,000.00 "' ^j^f;^\
» 1,002.75
^WELLS FARGO BANK No.ll9172
UniVS airi 0133 fotruary2>»,1966
OFFICE!
„.,„ • * •Li-:ajU-rios s:;d c;i:'Ui« •»•-»■•♦ *Gi,i ^oco.og
■fTgn ':'rt;--;. •> »r.A'>^ ■ g^-: "'- ''.• ^ ■ "^^> ^ /irvr*
*,(.«««*
^. _
k:^^
b"/-85'^ 00 ^7
67-852 O— 66— pt. 1^ 19
1190 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Hamilton Exhibit No. 2-D
June 20, 1965
Cesl:oslov2n3l;a obchodnl banVa
Czechbsicvakia
CsatlcTxia:
This refers tc tha following drafts drawn oxx you
by our Ualvorsltv Office, in favor of Liberation Red Crossi
Kg. d\ts AHOu^r^
H9119 Jan. 24, 1966 $ 500.00
119172 Feb. 24, 1966 1000.00
If paynsut of these drafts hss not bean aide, we
will w^pprcci/Tts your recording, a stop pr^^nr^at thereon and
nrraagiag v^Ith the Union B^ink of Svitzeriand, Zurich, to
vhoa ve rsaittcd settlcrnsat, to refund the amounts to us.
Should payncnt ha\^» been rmde, please endeavor to
recover the pa^/nants from th.^s payee at^d advlso us of the
results of your efforts.
Ve look fon^ard to your report.
Sincerely,
(Geo. W. Schmitz)
C".;S :sk
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1191
Hamilton Exhibit No. 2-E
Via air a&^l
/mAM, June 29, 19667
Vi.'lls .-"'argo Bank .
Jnri ?rar,r-l3co, Cal. 94120
Gentlemen:
Draft No. 119119 of January 24/66 for H 5CC.00
Draft No. 119172 " February 24/66 " if.OoL.OO
drawn on us by your University Office in favour of
Liberation Red Cross.
>«e acknowledge receipt of your letter lated June 20
conc.3rning the above mentioned drafts, and wish t ) inform you
that they were already cashed at our counters: dr*ift 119119
on ?\ibruary IC and draft No. 119172 on March 17, 1-66.
H3 to your request that we endeavour t j rec^jver the
payments from the payees we inform you that we hav < contacted
the latter transmitting your request to them.
.< e remain,
Very truly ycura,
CJSKGjLOVi^NolOl OB;.H'X;>ii raiNiCA
A.o.
1192 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Hamilton Exhibit No. 2-F
^J4^^ #«A»A. July +, .966
02/DP3Pf-zd/Nfc
, r
By airmai,!
.Vell8 Fsrgo Bank
^an Francisco, C91.9420
U..3.A.
Gentlemen:
Draft No. 11911 9 of Jan. 2 4/66 for % 500.-
Draft No. 1191 72 of Feb. 24/66 for i^lOOO.-
drawn on ua by your University Ottic* in
faYOur of Liberation Red Croas.
v;e wiah to refer to our letter of the 29th ult.
inf -nuing you that the above drefta were cashed at our counters
in :- rbruary and March, resp., 1S66, and that your request to
refund the funds concerned has been transnitted to the payees.
After having contacted the latter, we ret^ret to
inforr you that they have declined to repay the amo Jits in
question.
Very truly yours,
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1193
Mr. NiTTLE. I have one final question, Mr. Chairman.
Mr. Hamilton. Mr. Counsel, before you go ahead
Mr. Pool. Just a minute.
Mr. NiTTLE. I have one final question of the witness. There re-
mains a question
Mr. Hamilton. Mr. Counsel, before you ask the last question ■
Mr. Pool. Just a, minute.
Mr. Hamilton. Before you ask the last question it seems to me that
the
Mr. Pool. The witness will be silent and listen to the question.
Mr. Hamilton. It seems to me the questions you are certainly as-
suming that we should go into in this hearing — you know, the point
I am raising, bringing up, is for the purpose of clarity, for the people
in this hearmg room
Mr. Pool. Just a minute.
Mr. Hamilton. To present medical-
Mr. Pool. You are not recognized to make a statement at this time.
Would you please be quiet, and Mr. Nittle will ask a question.
Mr. Hamilton. All I want to talk about, and I think it is very
relevant to this committee — it shows interest in this war in Vietnam.
I have some exhibits to offer to the committee. I could offer People's
Exhibit A. 1964 to 1965
Mr. Nittle. I have no question.
Mr. Hamilton. — corporation profits increased 30 percent from $60
billion, Exhibit A.
Mr. Pool. You are excused.
I am going to order you for the last time to desist your diatribe and
be quiet,
Mr. Hamilton. I have further evidence on food crises.
Mr. Pool. If you keep on talking, I am going to have you removed
from the room. You are excused.
Step down.
Mr, Hamilton. Mr. Chairman, there is one other thing I would like
to say. I would like to quote,
Mr. Pool, Remove the witness from the witness chair. Lead him
to the door. Just lead him to the door. If there are any furt.her dem-
onstrations, the demonstrators will be removed by the officers in this
room.
Let us have order.
Counsel, call the next witness,
Mr, Nittle. Would George Ewart, Jr., oome forward please,
Mr. Pool. Call his name. .
Mr. Nittle, Would George Ewart, Jr,, come forward please?
TESTIMONY OF (JEORGE HAMILTON EWART, JR.
Mr. Nittle. Did you take the opportunity afforded you by this com-
mittee to obtain counsel ?
Mr, Ewart. I wish t-o testify today, but seeing that you have de-
prived me of a lawyer, by not guaranteeing the security in this room
you have deprived me of a lawyer of my choice, and I do not wish to be
represented by any other lawyer. I could not have confidence in any
1194 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
lawyer who would appear at this time under the circumstances you
have created.
I must, therefore, proceed alone and I am willing to confront this
kangaroo court with the crimes of the U.S. Government against the
American people.
Mr. NiTTLE. Will you desist please.
Do you wish to testify without the benefit of counsel ?
Mr. EwART. I so stated in the record.
Mr. NiTTLE. If you desire counsel the committee will offer to obtain
one for you.
Mr. EwART. I wish my testimony to show that I do not desire coun-
sel because of the conditions created by this committee in this room.
Mr. IcHORD, Mr. Chairman, I suggest then that you swear the wit-
ness and proceed with questions.
Mr. Pool. Will you rise and be sworn ?
Raise your right hand. Do you solemnly swear the testimony you
are about to give will be the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but
the truth, so help you God ?
Mr. EwART. I so affirm.
Mr. Pool. So you affirm that the testimony you fire about to give
will be the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help
you God ?
Mr. EwART. It will be truth to confront this committee, yes, and
this Government of the United States for aggressive war in Vietnam.
I so affirm.
Mr. Pool. Sit down.
All right. Go ahead, Counsel.
Mr. NiTTLE. Will you state your full name for the record, please ?
Mr. EwART. Just a minute please.
My name is George Hamilton Ewart, Jr., and I was named George
because it is a tradition in my family and St. George was the one who
stood up to the dragon.
Mr. NiTTLE. Will you tell us please whether you reside at 2508
Ridge Road, No. 5, Berkeley, California ?
Mr. EwART. At present I do not.
Mr. NiTTLE. Where do you presently reside ?
Mr. Ewart. I presently reside in Room 522 of the Congressional
Hotel.
Mr. Pool. Go ahead.
Mr. NiTTLE. Were you born on September 14, 1943, at Oakland,
California ?
Mr. Ewart. That's right. That was in the 10th year of Hitler's
war of fascism in Europe.
Mr. NiTTLE. Did you attend Merritt Junior College in Oakland for
a period until 1964 and thereafter attend the University of California
as an extension student ?
Mr. Ewart. You left out a couple schools. I attended Oakland
City College in the spring of 1963. I attended Oakland City College
in the spring of 1964. I attended San Francisco State College as a
student in "Social Change in Latin America'' in the summer of 1964
in which I learned the actual workings of T^.S. imperialism.
That's the economic and political domination of foreign countries
by a foreign power. I mean the United States a foreign power.
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1195
Mr. NiTTLE. You mean by Communist agents; isn't that right?
Mr. EwART. No; that is the first contact I ever had in being ex-
posed to the actual workings of the United States, internationally,
{IS dominating the economic and political interests of other people.
Mr. NiTTLE. Don't you rather mean that you were first exposed to
the paid agents of the Progressive Labor Movement?
Mr. EwART. No; that is not where I w^as first exposed to the so-
called paid agents of the Progressive Labor Movement, because I don't
believe I have ever met a so-called agent. The only paid agent I know
of is Phillip Abbott Luce.
Mr. NiTTLE. Are you a member of the
Mr. EwART. And those who work for the FBI as agents who in-
filtrate movements.
Mr. NiTTLE. Are you a member of the Progressive Labor Party?
Mr. EwART. What's the matter with being a member of any partyl
I mean there are members of the Democrat and Republic Parties.
Mr. NiTTLE. I say, are you a member of the Progressive Labor
Party?
Mr. EwART. Because of my understandings of the workings of the
U.S. imperialism internationally and because of the workings of the
United States Government and because of the workings right here
in this courtroom, in this committee hearing room of the so-called
Representatives of the United States people, yes, I am a Communist
and I am proud to say that I am a member of the Progressive Labor
Movement.
Mr. Pool. Next question.
Mr. NiTTLE. Are you not a little more than that ?
Are you not the West Coast coordinator for that organization ?
Mr. EwART. No. I don't think we ever got finished with my edu-
cation. Please, I would like to finish that. I would like to make it
clear where I have been educated.
You have been brought evidence that I was educated a certain time
and that isn't complete. I want to complete the record. Obviously
your paid agents haven't gotten all the information. I wish to com-
plete it.
Mr. Pool. Let him state his further education.
Mr. EwART. Thank you very much, Mr. Pool.
I attended San Francisco State College in the summer of 1964.
Then I went to San Francisco Art Institute in the spring of 1965,
where I was expelled for showing films of the National Liberation
Front to other students at that school.
I attended San Francisco State College in the summer of 1965 and
then I attended Merritt College, which w^as formerly Oakland City
College, but under I believe it was the November ballot in the last elec-
tion it was consolidated into a three-county school district and it was
renamed Merritt College.
Mr. NiTTLE. Just state the places you attended.
Mr. EwART. It was during the sprmg of 1966 in which I took courses
in American history and Negro history in America in which I better
understand the actual racism that has dominated this culture since
its inception.
And I am presently enrolled as a student at Merritt College.
1196 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Mr. NiTTLE. Were you the West Coast coordinator for the May 2nd
Movement ?
Mr. EwART. Is there a time when I was a West Coast
Mr. NiTTLE. Would you tell us, please, the period during which you
served as the West Coast coordinator of the May 2nd Movement ? Per-
haps it will help you refresh your recollection if I offer you a copy
of the masthead of the M2M publication Free Student, in its issue No.
4
Mr. EwART. I am looking at-
Mr. NiTTLE. — which was published in 1965.
Mr. EwART. Wliat was the date you said it was published ?
Mr. NiTTLE. In 1965.
Mr. EwART. I believe it was in July of 1965 that I started as the
West Coast coordinator for the May 2nd Movement.
Mr. NiTTLE. Did you also assist in organizing the Medical Aid to
Vietnam Committee at the University of California at Berkeley?
Mr. EwART. Well, how do you mean "assist" ?
Mr. NiTTLE. If you ask me what I mean, I really meant this. It is
the committee's information that Steven Cherkoss, the West Coast
student organizer of the Progessive Labor Party, has appointed you
as the West Coast coordinator for the PLM's front group, the May
2nd Movement, and that in accordance with the instruction of Steve
Cherkoss you approached and met with Steven C. Hamilton, the prior
witness, to form an on-campus group at the University of California
at Berkeley known as the Medical Aid for Vietnam Committee.
Mr. EwART. See, I object to this line of questioning,
Mr. NiTTLE. Is it true ?
Mr. EwART. No; it is a flagrant lie. It is a flagrant lie because I
v»^as never appointed to any committee.
Unlike this House of Representatives, which has appointed com-
mittees, I work for the position of West Coast coordinator of the May
2 group.
Mr. Pool. You have answered the question.
Go ahead.
Mr. EwART. And I was never appointed by any of the individuals
which you so named.
Mr. NiTTLE. Mr. Ewart, I hand you a copy of the IT.S. Post Office
application filed by Steve Cherkoss on November 4, 1965. In this
application for a postal box for the Medical Aid to Vietnam Com-
mittee, he lists in the application the names of persons that will be
entitled to receive mail at the box for which application is made.
He names Steve Cherkoss, Steve Hamilton, Steve Fox, and George
Ewart. Did Mr. Cherkoss ask your consent for the use of your name?
(Document handed to witness.)
Mr. NiTTLE. Note for the record that the postal application has
been exhibited to the witness.
Mr. Ewart. May I state my objections now to answering this line
of questions ?
Mr. Pool. Yes, go ahead.
Mr. Ewart. First of all, I would like to object to these hearings
which I forgot to do in the beginning of my inquisition.
I object to these hearings on the grounds that the purposes of this
hearing were not made known to me until the morning of August 16,
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1197
1966, and therefore this hearing is in violation of the due process of
law, and I object to the hearing on that ground.
However, in the mimeographed three-page statement given to me by
the House Un-American Activities Committee or the Un-American
Committee of the House of Representatives of the U.S. Government,
the chairman's opening statement says on page 3 that "In endeavoring
to protect our security we must deal with the realities. The Korean
conflict was not a war in the legal or technical sense."
And also in paragraph No. 3 of section 401 of the Pool bill, or maybe
that is the cesspool bill :
The conduct of wars by such powers, groups and organizations has taken un-
conventional forms, in that armed hostilities are undertaken and initiated by
them without prior declaration of such formalities as are recognized in inter-
national law as constituting a legal or political status of war.
It seems to me that Mr. Pool is rather a fool in this matter, in that
he has taken the facts
Mr. NiTTLE. We have similar language spewed forth from the Chi-
nese Communists and from the Soviet Union. Are you repeating that
Communist
Mr. EwART. When did you talk to
Mr. NiTTLE. Are you spouting
Mr. EwART. I don't know Chinese Communists. I don't think there
are any Chinese Communists in this Nation.
Mr. Pool. You have to state your objections.
Mr. EwART. Listen, I am trying to complete my objections.
Mr. Hittle or Biddle or Sittle, or whatever his name was, the general
who testified before me, wasn't even asked a question and he was al-
lowed to testify.
Now, he talked about the Pool bill. Now I would like to talk about
the Pool bill and I think that it is my right to talk about the Pool bill,
unless Mr. Pool feels that his bill cannot withstand the exposing, you
know, of the actual findings of fact which are in his bill, are incorrect
because he has stood truth on its head and turned it into its opposite.
Because, actually, the only people who have undertaken undeclared
wars, who have initiated, you know, without prior declaration or con-
sulting anyone, is the United States Government, which is true not only
of the Korean war, but of the Vietnamese war, in which the United
States has consistently violated not only the 1954 Geneva agreements,
which ended the war against the French, but they also violate interna-
tional law, the U.N. Charter, and indeed the Constitution of the United
States, which says that only the Congress can declare war. And so far
nobody has declared war and yet, as you blackguards have said, there
is an actual war going on there that has never been declared, so who is
the actual aggressor now ?
Who has over 750,000 troops involved in holding actions in Viet-
nam on the coasts and in one main city ? Wlio has over 40 new bases
in Thailand and who has over 4,000 bases
Mr. NiTTLE. We well know that this is a great source of annoy-
ance to the Communists, who wish to dominate the world.
Mr. EwART. It has been source of Communist annoyance ever since
1917 when the United States invaded Siberia to put down the Rus-
sian revolution for socialism.
1198 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Mr. Pool. All right.
Mr. IcHORD. Let him proceed, Mr. Counsel.
Mr. Pool. Go ahead. Get it all out of your system.
Mr. EwART. You have systematically packed the audience, there-
by violating the principles of democracy and fair play by allowing
two lines to form instead of one, one for staff members and one for the
general public.
I object to this in that this hearing is no longer a public hearing of
the Un-American Activities of this House Committee. I decline to
answer all questions — well, is there an objection to that one ? I didn't
hear an objection. I can stop it there.
Mr. Pool. I overrule your objection if that is what you are making.
Mr. EwART. I am not making an objection. Yes, I am making an
objection to this Un-American Committee. Excuse me. You have
me a little nervous,
Mr. Pool. Go ahead.
Mr. EwART. First time I have ever been summoned before the
United States Government and now I realize that they are not as
formidable as I formerlv thought.
I decline to answer all questions on the grounds that there is a suit
proceeding in the Federal court in Washington, D.C., to stay all pro-
ceedings in this matter, and I fully associate myself with this in-
junction which is proceeding.
Mr. Pool. Objections are overruled.
Mr. EwART. I object to answering any question of this committee
on the ground tliat Public Law 601 of the t9th Congress, 60 Statutes
812, Part 2, and Rule XI, authorizing the Committee on ITn-American
Activities to make investigations into the extent, character, and ob-
jects of I"n-American propaganda activities in the U.S., violates the
Constitution in that the statute is ambiguous and vague, the term "Un-
American propaganda activities" nowhere being defined, and being
in fact incapable of a precise definition, and obscuring the fact that
it is this committee which conducts Un-American propaganda activi-
ties within and without these United States of America; that there
are ac<:ually two kinds of L^n- American activities, those that have the
vast majority, rather those which the vast majority of American people
deem un-American, such as the undemocratic propaganda activities
which this committee helps in ; and, secondly, those deemed un-Ameri-
can by a small minority of the wealthy and privileged who are now
escalating and profiting from the war in Vietnam, and by their polit-
ical spokesmen, such as Jolmson, McNamara, Bundy, and members
of this committee, the Democratic and Republican Parties, and what
Dwight D. Eisenhower called military and industrial complex.
Mr. Pool. The objection is overruled.
Mr. EwART. I further object to answering any questions of this
f'ommittee on the grounds that the statute on its face, and as applied
by the House Un-American Committee during the past 20 years, and
especially today in its harassment of those opposing the Vietnam
war, is repugnant to the freedom of speech, assembly, and association,
and of privacy guaranteed to the people by the Bill of Rights and
suppresses and inhibits dissent. It thus infringes not only on the
rights of <^e dissenters, but, above all, on the right of the American
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1199
geople as a whole, to be informed of the opinions of dissenters, as a
asis for the American people correctly making decisions concerning
their welfare and very survival. And this Results in undermining
and subverting the character of the U.S. Government as based on the
consent of the governed and further results in discarding the demo-
cratic processes, openly unmasking the Government as the master and
not the servant of the American people, a Government not of the peo-
ple, but over the people, and in the interest of a wealthy few.
Mr. Pool. Your objection is overruled.
Mr. EwART. I further decline to state on the grounds that this com-
mittee at present is illegally constituted in that several of its mem-
bers, who I believe are not present at this time, were elected in
States
Mr. Pool. There is a quorum present.
Mr. E WART. What was that?
Mr. Pool. There is a quorum of the subcommittee present.
Mr. EwART. Yes, great — that several of the members of this com-
mittee were elected in States which deny the right of vote to a con-
siderable number of Negro and poor w^hite citizens in these States,
but whose representation is not being proportionately reduced as is
required by section 2 of the 14th amendment of the Constitution of
the United States of America.
Mr. Pool. Your objection is overruled. Are you through with
your objections?
Mr. EwART. I am through with my objections to this question.
Mr. Pool. What was the question, Mr. Nittle ?
Mr. Nittle. I asked whether Steve Cherkoss had asked Mr. Ewart
for his permission to use his name in the postal application filed on
November 4, 1965, the application being exhibited to Mr. Ewart.
Mr. Pool. I direct the witness to answer the question.
Mr. EwART. Well, I will object to that question on the grounds that
1 refuse to testify, to be an informant or a fink on my fellow Ameri-
cans, and that this committee does not have the power to inquire into
my associations or personal relationships with other people.
Mr. Pool. Your objection is' overruled, and I direct you to answer
the question.
Mr. Ewart. I decline to answer on the ground that the question vio-
lates the constitutional division of powers provided by articles 1, 2,
and 3 of the Constitution in that the question inquires into matters
within the sphere of the executive and judicial brsinches of the Gov-
ernment and is unrelated to legislative power and competence and
therefore absolutely not pertinent to assisting Congress to legislate.
Mr. Pool. I overrule your objection. Answer the question.
Mr. Ewart. I decline to answer on the ground that the question in-
quires into my political beliefs and associations, in violation of the
guarantee of freedom of speech and assembly provided by the first
amendment to the Constitution.
This committee cannot inquire as to matters on which Congress can-
not legislate. I think that one is very valid. Maybe you don't agree.
Mr. Pool. Your obje<ition is overruled, and I direct you to answer
the question.
Mr. Ewart. I would like to stand on the first amendment there and
take my right as an American citizen.
1200 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Mr. Pool. Your objection is overruled. I will direct you to answer
the question.
Mr. EwART. I object on the grounds that in all criminal prosecutions,
the accused — ^that means me — shall enjoy the right to a speedy and
public trial by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the
crime shall have been committee.
See, I have not committed any crime.
Mr. Pool. Your objection is overruled.
Mr. EwART. And this is not an impartial jury and you are accusers,
and I don't have the right to cross-examine any of you, any of the
witnesses.
Mr. Pool. I direct you to answer the question.
Mr. EwART. Anyway, that in all criminal prosecutions, the accusetl
shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury
of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed,
which districts shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to
be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to he confronted
with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for ob-
taining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel
for his defense.
Now, see, this also goes back to the beginning when I was not given
a statement. I was handed a subpena with nothing on it as to the
reasons for testifying before this committee, which I think is a vio-
lation of due process, as I stated before.
Mr. Pool. You are at an investigative hearing, and your objection
is overruled.
Mr. EwART. I want to state my views — and to discredit the activities
of the antiwar movement in the United States of America not only in
the eyes of the American people, but also — it's more discredit in the
eyes of the Government.
It seems as though we don't have too much control over them be-
cause they are not by the consent of the governed any longer, but it
also attempts to discredit the antiwar movement in the eyes of the
American people and also in the eyes of the international people of the
world.
Mr. Pool. Your objections is overruled. Answer the question.
Mr. EwART. I also refuse to answer that question on the grounds of
the ninth amendment that enumerates in the Constitution of certain
rights which shall not be construed to deny or disparage others re-
tained by the people, that is, that it guarantees certain privileges to
the United States Government, to the executive branch and to the
Congress, and that all other rights are reserved either to the States
or the rest of them going to the people, and this is my right.
Mr. Pool. Your objection is overruled.
Now Mr. Nittle, I am going to instruct the witness to answer the
question one more time. Your dilatory tactics
Mr. EwART. I am stating objections.
Mr. Pool. I know it. If you have any valid objections, I would
advise you to state them now.
Mr. EwART. I think these are all very valid objections. It seems
most of them are contained in the Constitution of the United States
of America. I am stating objections. You ask me to answer a question
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1201
after every time I state an objection. You have to overrule my objec-
tion before I can go on to my next objection.
Mr. Pool. You take the fifth amendment, self-incrimination part of
the fifth amendment ?
Mr. EwART. I don't believe that the amendment covers self-incrimi-
nation, but it protects against false accusation by this committee.
Mr. Pool. Are you taking that objection also ?
Mr. EwART. I am getting to it, if you wish to hear my other objec-
tions to this committee which I think, I consider, unconstitutional.
Mr. Pool. You go ahead and state your objections if you are going
to object.
Mr. EwART. You guys are paying for it. I am staying here, I wish
to state my objections for the record.
Mr. Pool. You have stated them pretty well. I have ruled on all
of them.
Mr. EwART. I am not finished.
Mr. Pool. Well, do you take the fifth amendment ?
Mr. EwART, I don't wish to take the fifth amendment at this time.
I am stating my objections and I wish to go through all my objections.
Mr. Pool. State yoiir objections. I will rule on them. I will stay
here a little while if you insist. I am trying to be fair with you.
Mr. EwART. Thank you very much, Mr. Pool. I wish to decline to
answer that question on the grounds of the tenth amendment, which
says that powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitu-
tion, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the Sates re-
spectively, or to the people.
Mr. Pool. Objection is overruled.
Mr. EwART. And I further wish to invoke all the privileges of the
amendment, so called, which says that: "No person shall be held to
answer for a capital or other infamous crime unless on a presentment
or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or
naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service, in time of war
or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense
to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall be compelled in
any criminal case," whicli this isn't, "to be a witness against himself,
nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of
law; nor shall private property be taken for public use without just
compensation."
Mr. Pool. Mr. Counsel, I understand him to take the fifth amend-
ment. State what part.
Mr. EwART. I take the fifth amendment on the ground of false
accusation.
Mr. Pool. Do you have questions ?
Mr. IcHORD. Yes, Mr. Chairman, I have one question to ask
Mr. Pool. All right.
Mr. IcHORD. — Mr. Hamilton?
Mr. Pool. Ewart.
Mr. EwART. Get the name straight.
Mr. IcHORD. I would not ask the Chair to direct an answer to this
question, Mr. Hamilton, because I am really not interested
Mr. EwART. Who are you talking about ?
Mr. loHORD. Mr. Ewart.
1202 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Mr. EwART. Mr. Ichord, what did you say ? Could you please re-
state, repeat the statement, because I don't know whether you are
directing the Chair to direct me to answer the question or whether I
am not directed to answer the question, or what.
Mr. Pool. The Chair recognizes Mr. Ichord and he is going to ask
you a question.
Mr. Ichord. I am really not interested in your philosophy. You
have given a lot of your philosophy, and for that reason I would not
ask the Chair to direct you to answer this question, but I am rather
curious as to how you arrive at your frame of mind.
You have expressed your utter contempt for this Government and
for your country, but yet you have enumerated the very sacred rights
that are guaranteed you as an American citizen by that Government,
and they are sacred rights, the rights under the 1st, the 4th. the 5th, the
6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, all of the amendments to the Constitution.
How do you harmonize your views ?
Mr. EwART. You see, I believe in the Constitution of the United
States, but I believe that it is ineffective because of certain ruling
circles in this United States.
Mr. Ichord. You stated you are a Communist, Do you believe that
those rights would be given to you if you were a citizen of a Com-
munist nation ?
Mr. EwART. If given the destruction of the United States Govern-
ment as presently constituted, I think it would remove many obstacles
to freedom of the American people.
Now, you see, I believe that this committee are actually the trai-
tors, that this Government is actually the traitors to the interest of
the Constitution and to the people of the United States Government
and I wish to change that. And I think that it has been clearly stated
by Abraham Lincoln, by the Declaration of Independence of 1776,
that the people of the United States have that right to alter, or in
any way change, the Government as it is constituted when it outlives
its day, and I think that this Government has outlived its day, its
usefulness, in that it is no longer carrying on the interest of the
American people, but only a small corporate elite of the U.S. busi-
nessmen, of the military industrial complex, as Dwight Eisenhower
called it.
Mr. Ichord. Mr. Ewart, I would suggest by your answer that the
question and your answer might give you some food for thought.
Thank you very much.
Mr. EwART. Well, you guys don't seem to be thinking too much
either.
Mr. Pool. The witness is excused.
Call your next witness.
Mr. NiTTLE. Would Steven Cherkoss come forward?
TESTIMONY OF STEVEN CHERKOSS
Mr. NiTTLE. Did you take the opportunity afforded to you to obtain
counsel ?
Mr. Cherkoss. Let us face it. This system has got to go.
Now I will answer the question. I want to make a statement about
not having counsel. You have deprived me of the lawyer of my
choice, and I do not wish to be represented by any other lawyer.
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1203
I could not have confidence in any lawyer who would appear at this
time under the circumstances which you as Representatives of a Gov-
ernment that is committing war crimes have created in this kangaroo
court.
Therefore, I will proceed alone to confront and take on this racist
committee of cowardly, yellow-bellied reactionaries as Representatives
of the U.S. Government, not of the people, that is conducting a geno-
cidal war in Vietnam that is against the best interests of the American
and Vietnamese people.
Mr. NiTTLE. Do you desire to testify
Mr. Cherkoss. Yes.
Mr. NiTTLE. — in the absence of counsel ?
Mr. Cherkoss. Yes. I am not going to let you guys get off the hook.
Mr. Pool. Raise your right hand.
Do you solemnly swear the testunony you are about to give will be
the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God ?
Mr. Cherkoss. I am here to tell the truth, but I know the American
people would rise up and demolish this committee when they learn the
truth about this committee and the U.S. Government that is conduct-
ing a war and acting against their interests.
Mr, Pool. Do you solemnly swear the testimony you are about to
give will be the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so
help you God ?
Mr. Cherkoss. I am, as I have told you, yes, but this committee
isn't interested in hearing the truth.
Mr. Pool. Go ahead.
Mr. Cherkoss. I want to make a statement, state objections.
Mr. NiTTLE. Would you state your name for the record please ?
Mr. Cherkoss. You fellows know my name. You have been in-
vestigating me long enough.
Mr. NiTTLE. Is your name Steven Cherkoss and do you reside at
2732 Haste Street, Berkeley, California ?
Mr. Cherkoss. I identify myself as an American Revolutionary in
the tradition of others who have fought against and defeated the
British imperialists in a Revolutionary War of Independence in 1776,
with those who fought against slavery, with those who organized the
CIO, with the working men and women who built this country, and
with the millions of Americans from East to West who are fighting
today for civil rights, black liberation, and to get the U.S. out of
Vietnam now.
Yes, I am Steve Cherkoss. I don't reside at 2732. I reside at 2929
16th Street.
Mr. NiTTLE. Today.
Mr. Cherkoss. And I have a statement to make, state objections
to this committee's proceeding.
Mr. NiTTLE. Have you resided at 2732 Haste Street, Berkeley,
California?
Mr. Cherkoss. I would like to make my objections.
Mr. NiTTLE. Before you answer that question ?
Mr. Cherkoss. That's right.
Mr. Pool. Let him answer the question.
1204 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Mr. Cherkoss. Opposition in America to the Johnson administra-
tion's war of genocide in Vietnam is enormous and still growing. In
Vietnam the people parochially continue that fight for self-determina-
tion and revolution in the face of militant opposition at home and
revolutionary action in Vietnam .
Johnson resorts to escalation in Vietnam. His method is kill all,
burn all. In our country it is increased political repression. The
Johnson administration has called on a discredited, racist HUAC, a
circus committee, of coward yellow bellies to launch the first official
attack on the antiwar movement. HUAC in a blaze of redbaiting has
attempted to divide and silence militants and revolutionaries.
HUAC and Johnson hope this witch hunt will frighten the massive
antiwar movement into pacificity or convert it into a loyal opposition.
This inquisition also has been used to help ram through Congress the
Joe Fool bill, the suppression of peace bill, H.K. 12047, and to amend
the Internal Security Act, title IV, section 401-3.
The essence of the legislation, of this Fascist legislation, is to stop
the anti-Vietnam war activity. Millions of Americans are learning
that the U.S. war of aggression in Vietnam is opposed to their interests.
Because of the war and a war budget, wages and working conditions
are declining. Prices of food, rent, clothes, and homes are rising.
Local taxes are rising because present taxes are used for war.
Federal taxes will be increased to meet the $21 billion-a-year war
cost in Vietnam. Ghetto conditions are worsening daily, and the only
jobs for black youth today are in the Army. Black youth and young
white workers are being used as cannon fodder to kill and be killed
in Vietnam.
Students and intellectuals recognize the university system as a mar-
ketplace to buy and sell minds and that the universities are merely
a training ground, service centers, for big business or their Govern-
ment in Washington. Students and intellectuals — solid, honest intel-
lectuals, that is — realize that their abilities are not used for' social
creativity, but are used to apologize, to be technicians for this ruthless,
the degenerate, U.S. Government, or to produce for it.
Our people also see huge profiteering made from this war. Many
realize that the U.S. is not in Vietnam to free the people, but that it
is there to prevent the revolution from triumphing. They see the
U.S. needs of Vietnam for its natural resources as a political and
military base to dominate Southeast Asia and to attack China.
The U.S. has billions invested in Asia. It makes millions in prof-
its from these investments. If the people of Southeast Asia win
their freedom, the U.S. will lose its ability to exploit them. The
future of U.S. political aspirations for world domination, for world
homogeneity, depends on controlling Asia.
The U.S. is not in Vietnam because of any accident. It is there
to secure its profit and power situation. Because of these evils of U.S.
imperialism, and as it stands today, its end justifies the means.
In its own words the U.S. ruling class and the Johnson group do
not care about how many die in pursuing their profit drive.
They will murder and kill as much as they can to hold and enlarge
its base in Asia. It is the Johnson gang that is disloyal and subversive
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1205
to the American people, and by all means this committee. They are
the enemies of the people of the world. They are the most hated and
isolated force in tile history of international politics.
They must be defeated. They will be stopped. The American
people is the Achilles of the U.S. Government and the American peo-
ple will raise up and liberate themself in this country. They will
stop the U.S. Government and its criminal actions throughout the
world.
Because of the deteriorating conditions as a result of the war,
Americans are fighting back. Strikes increase. And this commit-
tee knows full well about strikes, because this committee has been
used time and time again to break the back of militant strikes froi^
the ILWU to many other organizations.
They defy the bosses, Government, and union stooges. Rebellion
increases in ghettos ; black people organize for political power, black
power. They know the fight is here and now, right here at home, not
in Vietnam.
Black people and Vietnam people have the same enemy — U.S. rulers.
The antiwar movement snowballs in the U.S. as young Americans
and Vietnamese die while profits soar. PLP members have been
dragged to Washington, and I am a PLP member and proud to say
that, proud to say I am a Marxist-Leninist, a revolutionary Com-
munist, because that has the full aspirations of the American people,
and that is expressing the full aspirations of the American people.
We have been dragged here to Washington in this repressive act to
stifle the antiwar movement.
We believe that counterrevolutionary wars like that the U.S. Gov-
ernment is fighting in Vietnam is a product of the system called U.S.
imperialism and will only end with defeat of the imperialism.
The U.S. Government today is following the pattern of Adolf
Hitler. To follow this path or not to resist is unpatriotic. We
identify with the real America, and Mark Twain very ably said there
are two Americas and that one America represents the U.S. rulers
and one the people of this country.
We identify with the real America, the people's America, the
America which has always fought for social progress at home and
abroad. We believe it is necessary to have socialism in our country
to achieve the flowering of real America, to end war, oppression, in-
security, and the cultural and moral decay that is choking our people.
We are Communists and we are proud of it. We act in accordance
with the aspirations of the overwhelming majority of our people, the
American people.
Mr. Pool. Just a moment.
Mr, Cherkoss. We believe that the working people, aided by stu-
dents ; honest, solid intellectuals ; and others, must hold political power.
Mr. Pool. May I interrupt you just there ?
Mr. Cherkoss. By all means.
Mr. Pool. Are you a Communist ?
Mr. Cherkoss. I am going to finish this statement, one more par-
agraph, and then I will answer the questions,
Mr. Pool. All right.
67-85a O — 66^pt. 1 20
1206 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Mr. Cherkoss. We seek this goal, political power by the working
people of this country created by students and solid intellectuals.
HUAC, Johnson, and their ilk are opposed to the interests of most
Americans. Their attack on PLP and the antiwar movement will
serve, and has served, to unite forces of progress more than ever.
Those called to the hearings like ourselves have fought back and will
continue to fight back. We have nothing to hide. We will use this
forum, and have used this forum, to expose the reactionary nature
of the administration.
We have pointed out their ruthlessness because of their basic stage
in Vietnam. And we are using this to show that the U.S. imperialism
is there prepared for a long fight and pressed for a desperate win
in Vietnam.
We must be prepared, too, for a long and hard effort if we want to
win. Despite this attack, the antiwar movement will grow and gain
more solidity. Our people can defeat the war machine. We hail the
efforts of the Vietnamese people. They are winning. We welcome
their triumph. We say to U.S. rulers, "Get out of Vietnam now."
The Vietnamese people are fighting for liberation in the interest of
the American people, the people of this country that we identify with.
I have some other ob j ections. I am not finished.
Mr. Pool. Your objection is overruled, if you made one there.
Mr. Cherkoss. That was an objection to this committee and its
hearings.
Mr. Pool. All right.
Mr. Cherkoss. I associate myself with the suit against HUAC,
declaring HUAC illegal, that is now pending in the Washington
courts. I fully associate with that suit. I object to answering any
questions of this committee on the ground that Public Law 601, 79th
Congress, 60 Statutes 812, Part 2, Rule XI, authorizing the com-
mittee on Un-American Activities, and Un-American Committees,
to investigate certain activities, to make investigations of the extent,
character, and objects of Un-American propaganda activities in the
U.S., violates the U.S. Constitution in that the statute is ambiguous
and vague, the term "un-American propaganda activities" being no-
where defined, and being m fact incapable of one precise definition, and
obscuring the fact that there is not one, but two kinds of un-American
activities, as Mr. Ewart and Mr. Hamilton ably pointed out this
morning; first, those that the vast majority of American people deem
un-American, such as the undemocratic activities, including those
of this committee; and, secondly, those deemed un-American by a
small minority of the wealthy, privileged, the ruling class, who are
now escalating the Vietnam war, and by their political spokesmen,
such as members of this committee and the U.S. power machine.
I further object to answering any questions of this committee on
the grounds that the statute on its face, as applied by the House Un-
American Activities Committee during the past 20 years, for more than
20 years, and especially today in its harassment of those opposing the
Vietnam war, is repugnant to freedom of speech, assembly, associa-
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1207
tion, and privacy guaranteed to the people by the Bill of Rights and
suppresses and inhibits dissent, and thus infringes not only the rights
of dissenters, but, above all, the rights of the American people as
a whole, to be informed of the opinion of the dissenters, as a basis for
the American people correctly to make decisions concerning their wel-
fare and very survival, and results of this committee further us along
the American road to fascism, and further results in discarding demo-
cratic processes, openly making the Government the master over the
people and not the servant of the people, a Government not of the
people, but against the people, that rules in the interest of the elite
ruling class.
Mr. Pool. Your objection is overruled.
Mr. Cherkoss. I am not finished yet. Okay, I have plenty of time
here. You guys are paying the bill. You are defrauding the Ameri-
can people on that.
I decline to answer on the grounds that this committee is at present
illegally constituted in that four or more — I am not too sure — four
or more of its members. Congressman Watson of South Carolina,
and Joe Pool of Texas, and Willis of Louisiana, who were elected in
States which have denied the right to vote to a considerable number
of Negro and poor white citizens of the State, but whose representa-
tion has not been proportionately reduced as required by section 2
of the 14th amendment to the Constitution of the U.S., and, finally,
you have subpenaed us in an attempt to scare, intimidate, and thus
split the growing American sentiment and movement against the
war and the U.S. Government that bears sole responsibility for that
war.
We have come here with clean hands, and you cannot say the same.
It is you, not us, that are acting against the interests of the American
people. And let us face it, gentlemen, your Government days are
numbered.
Mr. Pool. Are you finished ?
Mr. Cherokoss. Weil, just as my opener. Gentlemen, I am finished
with the opener.
Mr. Pool. Your objection is overruled.
Would you want to answer the question whether or not you are a
Communist ? I think I asked you that a while ago.
Mr. Cherkoss. As I stated in the opening statement, the U.S. Gov-
ernment is acting against the needs, the real needs, and aspirations
of the American people not only in Vietnam, but in Dominican —
Angola, in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and in this country.
Black people are systematically murdered on the streets of this
coimtry every day. And this country and this Government that does
not represent the interests of the American people or the country and
cannot be reformed, and we have seen that it cannot be reformed.
But the Government must be destroyed by the people, in the interest
of the people, and this committee will be demolished like the U.S. Gov-
ernment by the American people, but the American working people,
solid intellectuals, and solid students. And, yes, I am proud to say I
1208 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
am a Communist, a Marxist-Leninist, a revolutionary, and acting in
accordance with the full aspirations of the American and world
peoples.
Mr. Pool. Does that include using violence to overthrow the Gov-
ernment if necessary ?
Mr. Cherkoss. That sounds like a loaded question. Let us face it.
The violence that was used here to get out the lawyers was all too
apparent to the people here in this room. The violence that the U.S.
Government uses to suppress peoples throughout the world is all too
apparent to all of us. Let us face it. The violence is on the hands of
the ruling class, and that has been historically true.
So you are the guys that are committing the violence throughout the
world, who are dehumanizing, and brutally dehumanizing, and de-
pressing people throughout this country and throughout the world.
You are the fellows that use violence.
Mr. Pool, If necessary, would you use violence to overthrow this
Government?
Mr. Cherkoss. The American working people, as I said before,
along with their allied forces, are going to take power, and how they
do that, they'll do that any way they deem necessary at that time.
Mr. Pool. Including violence if necessary ?
Mr. Cherkoss. Well, my friend, that has been shown. You know
we can look at history and say no ruling class has ever surrendered
power voluntarily. That is a fact in history.
Mr. Pool. And that might be a fact in the future? Is that what
you are saying ?
Mr. Cherkoss. Well, not in the future, but today this Government
brutally suppresses the peoples of the world and the people of this
comitry. They use force and violence every single day.
Black people throughout this country know all about the force and
violence that the U.S. Government and their lackeys use against them.
Mr. Pool. So you refuse to say that you would use violence if neces-
sary ? Is that what you mean ?
Mr. Cherkoss. Will you repeat the question ? I can't understand
this fellow's accent. Is there someone speaking that isn't a racist that
speaks with a more American accent?
Mr. Pool. I think the American people understand what I am say-
ing regardless of my accent.
Mr. Cherkoss. Now, Joe.
Mr. Pool. I ask you, one more time, if you want to answer. You
have been very cooperative and maybe you want to answer this.
Would you use violence, if necessary, to overthrow this Government
if you disagreed with it ?
Mr. Cherkoss. I told you the people of this country will take power
as they deem necessary at this time and the force and violence
Mr. Pool. Is always initiated by the ruling class ?
Mr. Cherkoss. That is my answer.
Mr. Pool. All right. All right, Mr. Nittle.
Wait just a second. I haven't ruled on the — what was the previous
question ?
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1209
Mr. NiTTLE. The question, Mr. Pool, the outstanding question, is
whether or not this witness has resided at 2732 Haste Street.
Mr. Cherkoss. Oh, yes, that's right. That's the question.
Mr. Pool. Do you care to answer the question, or do you want me to
listen to some more objections on that ?
Mr. Cherkoss. State the relevancy of that question.
Mr. NiTTLE. Yes, I shall.
Mr. Cherkoss, it is the committee's information that you are a "West
Coast student organizer for the Progressive Labor Party and that you
also served as a West Coast spokesman of its front organization, the
May 2nd Movement
Mr. Cherkoss. The only front I know of here is the front of the CIA
for U.S. imperialism. Let us talk about fronts. Let us talk about
what kind of fronts this Government has set up internationally to
suppress the people throughout the world.
Mr. Pool. Just a minute.
Mr. NiTTLE. And that pursuant to the program of the Progressive
Labor Party you caused to be formed a Medical Aid to Vietnam Com-
mittee, later established on the Stanford University campus and at the
University of California in Berkeley.
I have before me a copy of a postal application dated November 4,
1965, for Post OiRce Box 1128 for the Medical Aid to Vietnam Com-
mittee, filed under the signature of Steve Cherkoss, indicating a busi-
ness address for the organization at 3382 18th Street, San Francisco,
an address which was then, according to the information of the com-
mittee, in published documents
Mr. Cherkoss. "Wliere does the committee get its information ?
Mr. NiTTLE. — the headquarters olthe Progressive Labor Party ; and
that in addition to the business address of the Progressive Labor Party,
you gave your home address as 2732 Haste Street.
I hand you a copy of that postal application as a portion of my state-
ment of the relevancy of the question.
(Document handed to witness.)
Mr. Cherkoss. Look, you have subpenaed us, forced us to be sub-
jected to a harassment and public condemnation and calling us 3,000
miles from Berkeley, and you will not succeed in that condeimiation.
You have already in your fist considerable satisfactory answers to all
the essential questions you are asking.
Yes, sir, that was my address, 2732 Haste. I resided at that address
in this past year and I gave my business address at — what is it ? Let
us see. What did you say ? 3382 18th Street, 'San Francisco. Very
good. Yes, correct, essentially correct.
Mr. NiTTLE. Your business address?
Mr. Cherkoss. I state this is in the files ; yes.
Mr. NiTTLE. And that is your signature on the application ?
Mr. Cherkoss. Yes, by all means.
Mr. Pool. Do you offer that in evidence now ?
Mr. NiTTLE. I offer that in evidence, Mr. Chairman.
Mr. Pool. Without objection it is so ordered.
(Document marked "Cherkoss Exhibit No. 1" follows:)
1210 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Cherkoss Exhibit No. 1
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APPLICATION FOR POST OFFICE lOX
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ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1211
Mr. Pool. Counsel, I think w© have liad sufficient testimony from
this witness, and at this time the witness is excused.
Mr. Cherkoss. I have a few statements to make
Mr. Pool. You are excused.
Step down.
Mr. Cherkoss. — about the illegality of this Government. In the
words of John Quincy Adams
Mr. Pool. The witness will step down. He has been excused. I
am going to direct you to step down for the last time. You are not a
witness here now. You are excused.
Will you step down quietly ? Will you go to the door or sit down in
the room, either one.
Mr. Cherkoss. I have j ust a few statements to make.
Mr. Pool. You will not make any statements. You have been
excused.
Mr. Cherkoss. The blood of Americans
Mr. Pool. Tlie officer will escort him to the door. Take the papers
and give them back to him when you get outside.
The committee will take a 5 -minute recess.
(Whereupon, a brief recess was taken. Subcommittee members
present at time of recess and when hearings resumed : Representatives
Pool, Ichord, and Buchanan. )
Mr. Pool. The committee will come to order.
* :j! * * * * * 1
Mr. Ichord. Mr. Chairman, at this point I think it would be appro-
priate to offer for inclusion in the record a telegram received by the
chairman of the full committee, Chairman Willis, and I read the
telegram :
Chairman E. E. Willis, House Committee on Un-American Activities, Washing-
ton, D.C. We, the students and teachers of the Free University of New York
(20 East 14th St.) condemn the action of President Johnson's House Committee
on Un-American Activities in subpoenaing our president, Dr. Allen Krebs, and
other important activists in the movement resisting America's brutal war against
the people of Vietnam. This is clearly an effort to stifle protest in our country.
We hereby summons [sic] and subpoena Chairman Willis to appear before us
at a Free University general meeting to explain the actions of his committee.
The committee will remember that Dr. Allen Krebs is the witness
who left about 5 minutes after his attorney had withdrawn from the
case, ostensibly on the ground because he had no attorney, and at the
same time left a mimeographed statement in which he said that he was
leaving the room at that time.
The committee will remember that I commented upon the fast mim-
eographing service that Dr. Krebs had access to. I think it should
also be noted at this time that this telegram is signed by 97 students
and teachers of the Free University.
1 Congressman Olin E. Teague's s.tatement can be found in part 2, the legislative phase
of the hearings.
1212 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
[The signers to the telegram are :
Rochelle Altstein
Penny Rosenberg
W. A. McGirt, Jr.
Daniel Shafarman
Susan Hoegland
Susan Sherman
G.Long
G. Long
Michele Ann FaUk
Toby Mussman
Will Inman
Marilyn Dworkin
Howard Kheel
Maureen Stoehr
Paul S. Blutter
Hilla Shakovitzky
Sharon L. Krebs
Paul Krassner
Marcia Steinbrecker
Richard M. Bayer
Kathryn Mulligan
Paul Buhle
James Weinstein
Bernard Greenberg
Aaron Frlshberg
A. Douglas Weller, 3d
Leonard Ragozin
Manny Frishberg
Emmett L. Dupont
Conrad Lynn
Frederick West
Helen Howard
Robertoh Faber
The Free University is the one of which we have had evidence in the
record. We have the summer catalog showing that it is teaching such
courses as "Mao for Beginners," "Marxism and American Decadence."
"The Russian Revolution in Literature," "History of the Left in the
United States," "Perspectives for Revolutionary Change," "Psycho-
analysis and Marxism," "Introduction to Marxism," "Elementary
Course in Marxist Economics." And then they get into the more
sophisticated subjects such as "Vietnam National Liberation Fronts"
and "Theatre against the War in Vietnam."
I would ask that this catalog, Mr. Chairman, be inserted in the
record because I think it does support the testimony of Mr. McCombs,
who attended the Free University and said that there was considerable
teaching of Marxism and organized activity against this Government
occurring at that so-called university.
Mr. Pool. If there is no objection it is so ordered. This will be
included in the record.
(Catalog marked "Committee Exhibit No. 1." See p. 1217.)
Mr. Pool. The subcommittee has held 3% days of hearings. Those
hearings have fully revealed the nature and affiliations of the indi-
viduals and groups which have played leading roles in organizing the
activities which would be encompassed by the bills before us.
Ronald Myles
Paul Gruyell
Salim E. Tamari
Eva Conrad
James P. OBrien
Jane A. Dunn
Hal Cronkite
Levi Laub
Martin Glass
Basil D. Vuyandovich
Judy Weinstein
Larry Rothfeder
William J.Therway
Marta Kusic
Marie Kelbert
Carolyn W. Lieber
Edward Stanley
Shian Maclean
Robert Lynn, Jr.
Jerry Woloz
Truman Nelson
Leonard Rubenstein
Vera James
Betty Butler
Francine Derman
Paul Travis
Roseanne Leto
Robert Greenstein
Martin Timins
Wendy Hortenstine
R. Nelson Beardon
Gordon Switzer
Pamela E'. Boslet
Vikki Power
Sotere Torregian
Maureen Tuoky
Susan Rubenstein
Samuel H. Gross
Dick Guindon
Gerald Cohen
Roberta Plitt
Roy G. Kidwell
Allan Stupp
Anton Chaitkin
Janice Chaitkin
Robert Dillon
Lyn Marcus
Joe Cerini
Sandra Ferdinand
Allan Whiteman
Emily Kessler
Robert Rohr
Marvin Slotoroff
Allan A. Shapiro
Ricky Blake
David Groitp
Barbara Goodridge
John Cerve
Lynn Hesselbart
George Knowles
Jon Shaughnessy
Elaine La Ron
Phillis Dillon
David Kieurbe]
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1213
It is clear that the key leadership of these groups is made up of
hard-core, revolutionary Communists who are acting in behalf of
foreign interests.
We have the infonnation we set out to obtain. The need for the
enactment of the bill is clear. We see no need to continue the investi-
gative phase of this hearing.
All witnesses against whom subpenas are still outstanding are hereby
excused from their subpenas.
Mr. Rubin. I object.
Mr. Pool. Let us have order.
Mr. Rubin. I object.
Mr. Pool. Let us have order.
Mr. Rubin. I want to
Mr. Pool, You are not recognized. You are excused from the
hearing.
Mr. Rubin. I object. I want to discuss the war in Vietnam.
Mr. Pool. Escort the man from the room.
Mr. Rubin. I object.
Mr. Pool. Let us have order. Let him take the papers and start
him to the door.
Mr. Rubin. I would like
Mr. Pool. All right. The Chair recognizes Mr. Ichord.
Mr. IcHORD. Mr. Chairman, as I miderstand, you are dismissing
all of the witnesses that have been subpenaed by this committee from
their subpenas. Is that correct ?
Mr. Pool. That is correct.
Mr. IcHORD. I would concur in the decision of the Chair and I
would like to make this statement, Mr. Chairman.
I would not condemn any sincere pacifist for demonstrating against
war in any form. Our Nation is a peace-loving nation. We have the
traditions of a peace-loving nation, and I think we have shown that
by our actions throughout our history. I know of no Government
official in Washington who is in favor of war. But what has been
shown during the course of these hearings poses quite a dilemma for
genuine pacifists.
Many of these witnesses have freely admitted that they are Com-
munists— they have nothing but utter contempt for their country —
that they are in sympathy with the Viet Cong, the North Vietnamese
and the aims and objectives of the Communist world.
They have freely admitted, Mr. Chairman, that they are raising
medical supplies and other supplies for the Viet Cong, trying to
interfere with troop efforts, movements, agitating and inspiring
demonstration after demonstration.
This, Mr. Chairman, is not legitimate dissent. This indeed makes
legitimate dissent difficult, and I do not condemn legitimate dissent
in any form. Legitimate dissent is particularly difficult in view of
the fact that propaganda in the war in Vietnam plays a very important
part. I would like to state, Mr. Chairman, that I do not feel that
this group, as such, constitutes any serious threat to the United States
of Ajnerica.
1214 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
I do feel, however, that these witnesses, and particularly the testi-
mony of Mr. Meese, show the highly and well-organized operation
this group is conducting, the large resources involved, the great ex-
pense to national, state and local governments.
Mr. Meese estimated that the activity of the Vietnam Day Commit-
tee alone had cost the county of Alameda in excess of $100,000 for
merely providing police protection for them.
I believe, Mr. Chairman, that these hearings have shown that there
is an immediate need for the passage of legislation such as you have
introduced and I concur in the decision of the Chair.
We should proceed immediately with the legislative'aspects of the
hearing and work out a ^ood bill and report the same to the House.
And I predict that this bill is going to move through both the House
and the Senate very quickly.
Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
Mr. Pool. Thank you, Mr. Ichord.
Mr. Buchanan, do you care to make a statement?
Mr. Buchanan. Mr. Chairman, before we close the investigative
phase of this hearing, I think one aspect of the anti-Vietnam or pro-
Viet Cong activity which ought to be a part of this record and that
has not been touched upon yet is the hate calls and letters which have
been received by various families whose loved sons or husbands have
been killed in Vietnam.
This is without precedent in American history and has been widely
reported in the press and is, I think, perhaps the most ugly and vicious
aspect of the pro- Viet Cong activity. I cite one case history, that
of Second Lieutenant Felix King, Jr., of my district.
Shortly after his graduation from Florence State College in Janu-
ary of 1965 as a 4-year ROTC graduate, he entered the service in
February, completed his officer training, volunteered for ranger train-
ing, volunteered for airborne paratroopers, and 10 days later was
sent to Vietnam on August 20, 1966.
He was the father of two boys, ages 1 year and 3 years. He and
his wife believed very deeply in the rightness of what he was doing and
in a letter home to his wife he stated he hated being separated from
his family but they both knew what he was fighting for.
On November 9, 1965, Lt. Felix King was killed in action in South
Vietnam. He was awarded the Silver Star by our Government and
received an award from the Vietnamese Government also. Shortly
after his funeral in November his parents received an anonymous
letter.
The letter began: "Now how does it feel, now that the tide has
turned and you are the one being persecuted?" The letter went on
to say, "If your boy had been where he was supposed to be, he wouldn't
have been killed," and to state that the soldiers in Vietnam like their
son were murderers, to state that "You are getting what you deserve,"
and to close with the observation that "The Viet Cong will destroy
you."
I have seen this letter. It is one case of a number of similar cases
and one very ugly aspect of pro- Viet Cong activity which I think
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1215
ought to be a part of this record and many other cases have been
reported in the press.
Mr. Chairman, before we began these investigative hearings, I al-
ready supported this legislation ; indeed, had joined you much earlier
in introducing this legislation. I feel that it fills a gap in the law
and is needed legislation, and yet these hearings have doubly con-
vinced me that not only do we need this bill for the sake of our fighting
men in Vietnam and for their families, but also perhaps for another
group of people.
As one of our witnesses, Phillip Luce, has ably pointed out, the New-
Left structure, and particularly the Progressive Labor Party struc-
ture, is as a pyramid. And I think we have established that there are
hard-core, revolutionary Marxist-Leninists at the top of this struc-
ture; that at the base, however, there are many young people, some
of whom are simply pacifists and some idealists who are not Com-
munists of any kind, but who are nevertheless in sympathy with this
basic position and who are participating in these actions.
Now, it seems to me that by circumscribing these activities and
establishing what is in fact unlawful, in distinguishing between the
right to speak and hold a rally and freely assemble and the right of
aiding and abetting a force which is engaged in armed conflict with
our own troops and which is killing our own soldiers, in establishing
this distinction and in circumscribing such aid to the enemy in a war
like the undeclared war in Vietnam, it seems to me we are not only
doing a needed service and a necessary service to the servicemen and
to their families, but perhaps to a group of young people who some
day will have homes in the suburbs and be raising their children in
1 he greatest and best and freest Republic this world has even seen and
who may, some day, change their minds and come to feel that these
activities in which they may now participate or which they may en-
courage or approve are in fact wrong, and they may live to deeply
regret them.
It seems to me, therefore, that we do a service not only to the country
and to our military men, but perhiaps the young people who at this
moment are participating in this and may some day come to see that
it was a very wrong-headed way of conduct and one that they deeply
regret.
So, Mr. Chairman, I concur in the decision that we should end these
investigative hearings and proceed wnth the necessary legislative hear-
ings to pass this bill at the earliest possible time.
Mr. Pool. Thank you, Mr. Buchanan. I think Mr. Ichord had one
other thing.
Mr. IcHORD. Mr. Chairman, I have two items here which I believe
should be inserted in the record, particularly in view of the fact that
Mr. Pemberton, an executive of ACLU, and some of the other attorneys
objected to these hearings on the grounds that the committee or mem-
bers of the staff of the committee released the names of witnesses prior
to the time that they were served. This, of course, is an objection
that is often made.
1216 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
I would point out that the chairman of the full committee has given
the members of the staff strict orders that the names of these wit-
nesses are not to be released and I am certain — and I have asked
questions of the staff members myself — that no staff member has re-
leased any of the names of these witnesses prior to the time that they
were subpenaed.
We find, however, that the witnesses which we do subpena often
run to the press themselves with the names of the witnesses that have
been subpenaed and release them themselves and then accuse the mem-
bers of the staff of the committee of releasing the names. And I have
one document here, which is a transcript of the tape of interview
with Steve Cherkoss, Steve Hamilton, and George Ewart, Jr., on the
campus of the University of California, by a representative of station
KEWB in California on August 5, 1966, and this is very important,
Mr. Chairman, because Steve Cherkoss was not served with his sub-
pena until August 5, 1966. It does show that the witnesses released
the names themselves.
And also a pamphlet headed, "HUAC Attacks Peace Movement,"
in which it states that the witnesses have been subpenaed, and this was
distributed on the Berkeley campus on August the 5th 1966.
I would ask unanimous consent that these two documents be in-
cluded in the record of the hearings.
Mr. Pool. If there is no objection, these documents are included in
the record of the hearings.
(Documents marked "Committee Exhibits Nos. 2 and 3," respec-
tively. Committee Exhibits 1, 2, and 3 follow :)
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1217
Committee Exhibit No. 1
me Unhehify
of New Yotk
SUMMER CATALOG 1966
20 east /4 street : new york, ii.y, 10003
onS-7^2^
" state law forbids use of term "univer-
sity" without proof of $500, 000 in assets.
The Free University of New York has been forged in re-
sponse to the intellectual bankruptcy and spiritual emptiness
of the American educational establishment. It seeks to develop
the concepts necessary to comprehend the events of this cen-
tury and the meaning of one's own life within it, to examine
artistic expression beyond the scope of the usual academy and
to promote the social integrity and commitment from which
scholars usually stand aloof
Passionate involvement, intellectual confrontation and clash
of ideas are particularly encouraged because we believe a de-
continued inside front cover
1218 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Committee Exhibit No. 1 — Continued
coptinued from front cover
tached search for ideas and a dispassionate, objective position
do not and never have existed.
The Free University consists of its intellectual participants.
Students and teachers meet on common ground to discuss the
direction of the schoolandto develop curricula, course content,
symposia, forums, etc.
The Free University of New York is necessary because, in
our conception, American universities have been reduced to
institutions of intellectual servitude. Students have been sys-
tematically dehumanized, deemed incompetent to regulate their
own lives, sexually, politically and academically. They are
treated like raw material to be processed for the university's
clients— business, government and military bureaucracies.
Teachers, underpaid and constantly subject to investigation
and purge, have been relegated to the position of servant-in-
tellectuals, required, for regular promotion, to propagate points
of view in harmony with the military and industrial leadership
of our society.
The American university has been emasculated Its intellec-
tual vigor, exuberance and excitement have been destroyed
What remains is a dispassionate and studied dullness, a facade
of scholarly activity concealing an internal emptiness and cyn-
icism, a dusty-dry search for permissible truth which pleases
none but the administrator and the ambitious.
In the very face of these circumstances and in recognition
of the events of the last decade, protest has once again emerged
on the college campuses of America. We welcome the protest:
we feel the foundation of the Free University is part of it
aoooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
REGISTRATION
Since free trial attendance at classes of the Free University is not
possible, students are advised to take advantage of the week of con-
sultation and registration. During the week of June 27-July 1, faculty
members will each be available at the Free University one evening
from 7:30 to 9:30. For classes scheduled to meet on Mondays, the
instructor will be present for consultation on Monday, June 27. For
classes scheduled for Tuesdays, Tuesday, June 28, and so forth.
Consultation for classes scheduled for Sundays will take place on Fri-
day, July 1.
The Free University gives no credits and grants no degrees. There
are no admission requirements nor restrictions on age.
CALENDAR
Monday, June 2 7- Friday, July 1 Registration
Tuesday, July 5 First Class Meets
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1219
Committee Exhibit No. 1 — Continued
3
FEES
In order to avoid reliance upon any trust fund, foundation or pri-
vate benefactor, the Free University seeks to sustain itself by means
of low student fees, low expenses and minimal administrative costs.
The first nine -week course in which a student enrolls in a single quar-
ter will cost $24. Each additional course will cost $8. Hence, two
courses will cost $32, three $40, etc. Five-week courses are half-
price. Refunds will not normally be available, but students may usu-
ally transfer to other courses. Welfare recipients and other special
cases will be enrolled free of charge. Registered students are admit-
ted without charge to Free University Forums and Cinema.
Students are encouraged to bring their criticism and evaluation of
courses to the Coordinating Committee which meets every Sunday
evening at 8:00.
The annual membership meeting^ at which time the Coordinating
Committee is elected, will be held on Sunday, July 31 at 8:00.
COURSE OFFERINGS FOR THE SUMMER QUARTER
The following courses have been selected in consultation, dialogue
and discussion between the students and the faculty of the Free Uni-
versity. Classes will normally meet one evening each week for a
2 1/2 hour period, for nine weeks. The duration of the course and
the length of class meetings may be altered by a decision taken joint-
ly by the students and the instructor.
Courses are listed by instructor's surname — alphabetically.
THE COLD WAR IN TRANSITION— FROM EUROPE TO ASIA
The course includes analysis of the genesis and purposes of the
Cold war; a review of its history through various international con-
flicts; the Soviet-American detente; the Sino-Soviet split; the Sino-
Indian conflict; the Vietnam War; quo vadis America.
Mondays at 6:00 M. S. Arnoni
PERSPECTIVES FOR AMERICAN RADICALS
Problems of social change in advanced industrial society will be
examined in the light of the theories of Marx, Mills, Marcuse and
the American pluralists. Strategies and techniques for building po-
litical radical movements will be delineated. Students will be ex-
pected to read extensively in the field. Limited to 15 students.
Tuesdays at 8:30 Stanley Aronowitz
1220 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Committee Exhibit No. 1 — Continued
STUDIO WORKSHOP IN ART
Instruction in painting, drawing and collage. Life drawing. Indi-
vidual and group criticism. Discussion of current trends in modern
painting. A study of the revolutionary implications of 20th century
art. Radical vision and contemporary perception.
Mondays at 6:00 Nancy Colin
ADVANCED CINEMA DIRECTORS WORKSHOP
The purpose of this advanced workshop is to continue providing
the student with an esthetic and philosophic foimdation as well as a
technical and professional basis toward the production of films that
will fulfill a redeeming function in the society of men: "not merely
to render , but originally to create , through a living metaphor , the
essence of contemporary reality, and project it into the future."
The workshop will accordingly combine theoretical and practical
training in the following disciplines: script -writing; directing;
screen-acting; camera; sound and editing. Craftsmanship will be
emphasized, so as to ensure that content seeks justice in form,
which alone can raise experimentation to a truly creative act. The
integrated training will be directed toward actual location work and
the production of a 35 mm. film. Limited enrollment upon consul-
tation. Extra lab fee $10.
Tuesdays at 6:00 Yves de Laurot
ALTERNATIVE MAN
The purpose of this course will be to begin sketching an image of
the potential post-Revolutionary man, an image drawn from impli-
cations in the western tradition and based on the possibilities inher-
ent in advanced industrial society. The method will be to conduct a
preliminary examination of significant negations and affirmations of
man in European history, in theory and practice, from the early
myths and the Greek and Judeo -Christian roots of our culture to 20th
century bourgeois systems and revolutionary perspectives. The ba-
sic assumptions are: 1. Marxism and Revolution propose the creation
of a new society and a new Man; 2. the potential for concrete realiza-
tion of a new Man is contained in the present stage of technological
development in America; 3. the conception of this new Man, as an al-
ternative to prevailing conceptions and realities, should provide an
important critical notion with which we can confront the existing cap-
italist system, clarify our ideas about the goal of Revolution and
sharpen our theories of social change.
Mondays at 8:30. Martin Glass
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1221
Committee Exhibit No. 1 — Continued
5
ACTING CLASS WORKSHOP
Exercises in the basic work of the actor: improvisation, sensory
observation and scene study; the Stanislavsky technique. This course
will be offered again in the fall. Class is limited to 12 maximum.
It will meet for five weeks, beginning August 14.
Sundays 11:00 a.m. Harold Herbstman
COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION, WHO, WHAT AND WHY?
This course will cover the relationship between theory, day-to-
day problems, power structure and various elements within it such
as public media, schools, religion and "culture." The course will
try to deal with how one utilizes and overcomes these elements in
order to promote viable community organization, particularly a-
mong minority peoples. A portion of the course will be spent ac-
tually working in the Negro and Puerto Rican ghettoes , and will be
of especial interest to Negro and Puerto Rican organizers.
Mondays at 6:00 Calvin Hicks
A QUEST FOR SELF
A search for integrity without dogma in a time of relative values,
exploring the turns of one individual's life toward building a synthe-
sis between spiritual awareness and revolutionary social vision, with
Walt Whitman's writings as counterpoint; Martin Buber, Jung, Fromm,
Merton, Tagore — as background reading. No answers promised;
painful questions guaranteed.
Fridays at 9:00 Will Inman
MAO FOR BEGINNERS
A dialogue on the many facets of Mao Tse-tung : military thinker,
politician, Marxist theorist and poet. Reading materials will be
from The Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung and non-Chinese com-
mentaries on Mao and the Chinese Revolution.
Mondays at 8:30 Charles Johnson
MODERN DANCE TECHNIQUES
Basic experiences in movement; understanding the mechanics
and motivation of movement, movement as a means of communica-
tion, movement as an art form. Modern Dance in the modern world.
Modern dance for street pageants.
Basic - Sundays at 7:30
Intermediate - Sundays at 6:00 Stefanie Kaplan
6.7-852 O— 60— pt. l
21
1222 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Committee Exhibit No. 1 — Continued
FROM MICKEY MOUSE TO THE GREEN BERETS: PAUL KRASS-
NER AND DICK GUINDON VIEW THE PRESS
A seminar on the satirical and propagandistic implications of
text and cartoons in the mass and minor media.
Wednesdays at 8:30 Paul Krassner and Dick Guindon
MARXISM AND AMERICAN DECADENCE
A general examination of American society and its decadence
from a Marxist perspective. Topics to be covered include Marx
and Marxism, American imperialism, militarism, alienation, iso-
lation, homosexuality, drug cults, and intellectual emasculation.
Wednesdays at 8:30 Allen Krebs
THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION IN LITERATURE
At the beginning of the nineteenth century, Russian writers ex-
ploded onto the world's literary stage ej^ressing the most radical
ideas of their time. This course will cover the growth of Russian
realism from Fhishkin and Gogol through Turgenev, Dostoevsky
and Tolstoy and ending with the revolutionary writings of Gorky,
Blok and Mayakovsky.
Wednesdays at 8:30 Sharon Krebs
HISTORY OF THE LEFT IN THE UNITED STATES
The history of the socialist, communist, anarchist and Trotsky -
ist political movements in the United States. The relation of their
social theories to practice, and their significance for the New Left.
Thursdays at 6:00 George Kruger
PERSPECTIVES FOR REVOLUTIONARY CHANGE
This course will attempt to define a political orientation for
Revolutionary Socialism. It will cover, among other things, the
question of state power- -its present character under imperialism
and socialism, the need for and what is a revolutionary party, an
analysis of and outlook for labor, Black liberation, student and
peace movements.
Thursdays at 8:30 Levi Laub
WESTERN EXPANSIONISM: HISTORY AND THEORY
The origins of modern imperialism: mercantilism, monopoly
and expansionism. The impasse of liberalism and the role of the
West in Asia, Africa and Latin America. United States neo-colon-
ialism under the rhetoric of the liberal establishment. The final
phase: Wars of Liberation and the international crisis.
Thursdays at 8:30 Leonard Liggio
ASSISTANCE TO EXEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1223
Committee Exhibit No. 1 — Continued
7
CURRENT PERSPECTIVES
Discussion of major events with visiting experts and Free Univ-
ersity teachers. This course will be open to students already re-
gistered for other courses at the Free University. There is no
charge.
Thursdays at 6:30 Leonard Liggio and others
PSYCHOANALYSIS AND MARXISM
Post-Freudian psychoanaljrtic theory (Reich, Fromm, Horney,
etc.) will be discussed and criticized from a Marxist perspective.
Emphasis will be placed on the role such socio -psychology plays
in contemporary America: its premises and consequences. Al-
ternative approaches to "personal" problems will be discussed.
Readings here will include Frantz Fanon, Doris Lessing and Wil-
liam Pomeroy.
Thursdays at 8:30 Constance Long
INTRODUCTION TO MARXISM
A thorough discussion of the fundamental concepts of Marxist
philosophy: dialectical and historical materialism. Extensive
readings in the theoretical and historical works of Marx and
Engels, such as German Ideology, Anti-D'uhring, 18th Brumaire,
etc. The final class will be an exercise in using these intellec-
tual tools in understanding our contemporary reality.
Thursdays at 8:30 Gerald Long
THE GHETTO: LAW AND SOCIAL CHANGE
The ghetto: origin and development in contemporary America.
The control of the ghetto by traditional internal disciplines and
and the increasing role of external force. The growth of indigen-
ous social, economic and political factors. Revolutionary poten-
tial.
Wednesdays at 6:00 Conrad Lynn
FILMAKING
The course will review the complete technical process of mak-
ing films from script to final print. So as to acquire practical
knowledge of camera, sound, and editing processes, the class
will make a short film (5-lOmin. ). No experience necessary.
Limited enrollment upon consultation. Extra lab fee $15 ^ cov-
ering film, printing and cutting-room costs.
Thursdays at 8:30 Bob Machover
1224 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Committee Exhibit No. 1 — Continued
8
ELEMENTARY "COURSE IN MARXIST ECONOMICS
This course is designed to equip the beginner, with or without
previous economic training, with working mastery of the basic
method, concepts and practical applications of Marxist economics.
The latter part of the course includes a research project by the
student on the main features of U. S. economic history, with
treatment of the interrelationship between economics and politics
in recent U. S, history, including "Negro Question" and "New Left.
Tuesdays at 8:30 L. Marcus
CIVIL LIBERTIES IN THE U. S. TODAY
The relationship of Constitutional guarantees of freedom of ex-
pression to current political struggles in the U. S. Among the
topics will be the McCarthyist heritage, the F. B. I., Congress-
ional investigations, the Smith and McCarran Acts, loyalty oaths,
academic freedom, the courts and free speech, and issues of free
expression raised by the civil -rights and anti-war movements.
There will be several guest appearances by people involved in re-
cent civil liberties battles.
Tuesdays at 8:30 James O'Brien
VIETNAM NATIONAL LIBERATION FRONTS
From the Democratic Front of 1936 to the National Liberation
Front of today, the Vietnamese have been the geniuses of the U-
nited Front. The U. S. is waging war in Vietnam to prevent all
peoples from learning the revolutionary tactics and strategies the
Vietnamese have perfected, and with which this course will deal.
The transcendent contributions made by the NLF and the Demo-
cratic Republic of Vietnam to the practice of democracy, Social-
ism and to the most advanced form of government will be covered.
The student will also learn about the traditions and remarkable
humanism of the NLF and DRV. The life of Ho Chi Minh and the
brilliant writings of Ho and eminent DRV statesmen Le Duan, Vo
Nguyen Giap and Truong Chinh will be studied. The current course
of the war, with emphasis on the bombings of the DRV will also be
analyzed.
Mondays at 8:30 Charlotte Polin
CREATIVE MATERIALISM
Real men in the real world- -these are the concern of the signif-
icant artists and social activists of our time. The foundations of
this materialist outlook are secured by the Marxist classics, but
creative materialism must build beyond these foundations , must
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1225
Committee Exhibit No. 1 — Continued
9
accept modern man in all his complexity, economic and emotional.
What if one is asked, as a materialist: What is Love ? Beauty ?
Liberty ? Truth ? Life ? Heroism ? Pacifism ? Religion ? The
Psyche ? The Universe ? The course will explore these often over-
looked areas of Marxism. Studies in a I>ving Culture, by Christo-
pher Caudwell, brilliant young Englishman who began to view mod-
ern man through a challenging and creative Marxist perspective
shortly before his death as a volunteer in Spain, will be the chief
text.
Wednesdays at 6:00 Len Ragozin
BLACK AFRICA
The revolutionary developments in contemporary Sub-Saharan
Africa in the light of centuries of imperialist oppression and the
newly emerging forces of the world. This course will meet for
five weeks beginning July 10 on a provisional basis depending- unon
international events and consultation between teacher and students.
Sundays at 6:00 A representative of the Revolutionary
Government of Tanzania
DOCUMENTARY FILM: ART AND SOCIETY
An attempt to examine specific documentaries as art and as
social expression, and to perhaps get at the nature and limitations
of the documentary film. Films will be selected from the works of
the British documentrists of the 30 's, the National Film Board of
Canada, the British Free Cinema of the 50 's and directors such as
Eisenstein, Flaherty, Lorentz, Bunuel and Resnais.
Tuesdays at 6:00 Mike Robinson
THEATRE AGAINST THE WAR IN VIETNAM
A drama workshop of the theatre of protest. This workshop will
construct an actual demonstration based on war issues current in
the press using life puppets, masks and home-made sound.
Sundays at 6:00 Peter Schumann
WRITING WORKSHOP
A workshop for the writing of poetry, plays and short fiction;
discussion of students' work as well as a study of relevant con-
temporary literature from Beckett to the New York Underground.
Emphasis on writing as expression and communication. The rev-
olution in language. The role of the artist in contemporary society.
Thursdays at 6:00 Susan Sherman
1226 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Committee Exhibit No. 1 — Continued
10
POETRY AND REVOLUTION
A never-eAding continuum: poetry as a universal criterion of
truth. The poet as leader in the revolution of life -consciousness,
forays which parallel world revolutionary liberation movements.
The Poet, Anti-war: poetry as seen by the poet, reformer of con-
sciousness, liberated from Academy's forensic taxidermy, and
expose of the dreams inflicted during the adolescent sleep of 1941-
60 's malcontents. The poets of Now read their work: Ted Berrigan;
Allen Ginsberg; the Poem Machine; Quetzlcoatl; Africa; others.
Requirements: world -pain (undefinable) , some knowledge of poet-
ical achievements, America (1950-1966), France (Rimbaud, etc.).
Wednesdays at 6:30 Sotere Torregian
THE AMERICAN RADICAL TRADITION: 1900 TO PRESENT
The course will examine and evaluate the Socialist movement
in the United States from 1900 to the present. Topics will in-
clude: The Socialist Party of Debs, 1900-1919. The First World
War and its impact on the Third International. The fracturing of
American Socialism and the rise of the farmer-labor parties,
1919-1924. The collapse of the old Socialist tradition in 1924.
The revival of American Socialism during the Great Depression.
The concept of the united front in Europe and America. Socialist
attitudes towards the Second World War. American Socialism and
the Cold War.
Tuesdays at 8:30 James Weinstein
FREE UNIVERSITY FORUM AND FREE UNIVERSITY CIMEMA
The Free University holds Saturday night forums and screen-
ings on subjects of social relevance and artistic merit. Forum
themes have included thermonuclear war, Marxism and existen-
tialism, the draft, the New Left and contemporary poetry. Speak-
ers have included Christopher Koch, Herman Kahn, Eugene Gen-
ovese and others in addition to Free University teachers. Films
have included Triumph of the Will, Night and Fog, Ten Days that
Shook the World, Joyless Street, and films by the New Left, all
followed by discussion. Subjects are announced in the National
Guardian and the last page of the Village Voice.
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1227
Committee Exhibit No. 1 — Continued
11
FACULTY
M. S. ARNONI*
Editor of Minorify of On p.. Political scientist and author.
STANLEY ARONOWITZ*
Trade Unionist and an editor of Studies on the Left.
LEE BAXANDALL
An editor of Studies on the Left and Chalk Circle. To have two
plays performed in New York this year.
JOSEPH BERKE, M. D.
Psychotherapist and poet.
NANCY COLIN*
Painter, graduate Cooper Union, BJEA,San Francisco Art Institute.
YVES DE LAUROT*
Film director, script writer, co-founder of Cinema Engage'.
MORRIS FORKOSCH, JS.D., Ph.D.
Professor of law, Chairman, Department of Public Law, Brooklyn
Law School, author of books and articles on legal subjects.
PAUL GERSHOWITZ
Artist, instructor at Community Cultural Center in Brooklyn.
MARTIN GLASS*
Instructor of literature, Yeshiva University.
DICK GUINDON*
Free-lance cartoonist, on the staff of the Realist.
HAROLD HERBSTMAN*
Actor, director; recently produced and directed "A Play for the
General" off -off Broadway.
CALVIN HICKS*
Community organizer — Independent Action Committee.
WILL INMAN*
Editor: KAURI, poetry-newsletter.
CHARLES JOHNSON*
Economics student, Black Marxist-Leninist, visited Cuba, 1964.
STEFANIE KAPLAN*
B. A. in Modern Dance, Brookljm College, now teaching modern
dance at Educational Alliance.
1228 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Committee Exhibit No. 1 — Continued
12
PAUL KRASSNER*
Editor of the Realist.
ALLEN KREBS, Ph.D. *
Director of the Free University of New York; ex-assistant Pro-
fessor of Sociology, Adelphi University, fired after traveling to
Cuba, summer, 1964.
SHARON KREBS*
M.A. in Russian literature, University of Michigan, translator.
GEORGE KRUGER*
Editor of the publication, The Internationalist.
TULI KUPFERBERG
Author of Sex & War , Grace & Beauty of the Human Form, Christine
Keeler Coloring Book, Fug.
LEVI LAUB*
Organizer for Progressive Labor Party.
LEONARD LIGGIO*
Research historian and former college instructor.
CONSTANCE LONG*
B.A. in psychology, researcher trade union mental health project.
GERALD LONG*
Coordinator of American Liberation League; Editor: Liberation USA.
CONRAD LYNN*
New York civil rights attorney.
BOB MACHOVER*
Free lance film editor. Currently working on feature length documentary
on SDS-inspired Newark Community Union Project.
SHANE MAGE, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor of Economics, Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn.
L. MARCUS*
Professional economist and Marxist.
JOHN McDERMOTT
Instructor of philosophy , Long Island University; Associate Editor:
Viet-Report.
JAMES MELLEN
Ex-instructor of Political Science, Drew University, fired after public
statements on Vietnam.
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1229
Committee Exhibit No. 1 — Continued
13
TRUMAN NELSON
Author of Passion at the Brook, the Sin of the Prophet, The Surveyor,
The Torture of Mothers and The Documents of Upheaval.
JAMES O'BRIEN*
M.A, in American history, University of Wisconsin.
CHARLOTTE POLIN*
Researcher, U. S. Committee to Aid the National Liberation Front
of South Vietnam, author of books and articles on Vietnam.
LEN RAGOZIN*
B.S. Harvard, member of Progressive Labor Party philosophy group.
Free University Coordinating Committee member.
REPRESENTATIVE OF THE REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT
OF TANZANIA*
MIKE ROBINSON*
New York film maker.
ED SANDERS
Poet, editor and Fug.
PETER SCHUMANN*
Director of the Bread and Puppet Theatre.
SUSAN SHERMAN*
Poet, playwright. Published in Poetry Magazine, The Nation, El
Corno Emplumado, Village Voice. Plays produced off-off Broadway.
A. B. SPELLMAN
Poet, ex-commentator, WBAI.
RUSSELL STETLER, Jr.
An originator of campus protest against the Vietnam War, co-author
(with Bertrand Russell) War and Atrocity in Vietnam, coordinator of
American Liberation League.
ROGER TAUS
Poet and editor of Weapon and Free Student.
SOTERE TORREGIAN*
Poet.
JAMES WEINSTEIN*
Historian and an editor of Studies on the Left.
* indicates summer quarter faculty.
1230 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Committee Exhibit No. 1 — Continued
Please use thi s form if you wish to register by mail:
NAME
ADDRESS
CITY
TELEPHONE NUMBER
ZIP
COURSES 1)
2)
^)
4)
5)
I am enclosing $
Make checks payable to the Free School of New York, Inc.
ASSISTANCE TO EXEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1231
Committee Exhibit No. 2
Transcript of Tape of an interview with Steve Cherkoss, Steve Hamilton and
George Ewart, Jr., on the campus of the University of California by a representative
of Station KEWB in California, on August 5, 1966.
COMMENTATOR: The subpoena process is continuing in Berkeley where six members of the
Vietnam Day Committee have been directed to appear before the House Un-
American Activities Committee. Mike Forrest, KEWB News, was in front
of Sproul Hall today and asked Steve Cherkoss if he thought he might be
subpoenaed.
Cherkoss: Yes, to my knowledge they have tried to find me and serve me with a
subpoena, but as of yet they haven't been capable or able to do so.
Forrest: Are you hiding from them?
Cherkoss: No, of course not, we're standing out here on Sproul Hall steps with
200 people, 300 people right in front of u8--lf they consider that
hiding, well then I guess I am, you know, it may be.
Forrest: Why are they looking for you?
Cherkoss: X don't know exactly why, probably harassing tactics because I was one
of the leaders of VDC and the Medical Aid Committee and West Coast
Student Organizer for the Progressive Labor Party.
COMMENTATOR: Just as this conversation ended a plainclothes officer walked up to
Cherkoss and handed him a subpoena. Then he asked:
Officer: What is your home address Please, Just in case we have to get In touch
with you for plane fare and stuff?
Cherkoss: I don't care to make a statement about my home address at this time
Forrest: Yes sir, what did you serve him with?
Officer: A subpoena.
Forrest: Constituting what?
Officer: That he was to appear before the House Un-American Activities Committee
in Washington.
Cherkoss: I got a subpoena which states, you know, the information that I have to
appear on August 16, in Washington, D. C, before the House Un-American
Activities Comnlttee.
Forrest: Will you?
Cherkoss: The organization that I belong to. Progressive Labor, Is purely opposed
to a committee such as HUAC, however if we're summoned, and it seems we
are, we'll be there.
COMMENTATOR: Our Mike Forrest then asked another of the Vietnam Day Committee
members why he thinks he and the rest were summoned to Washington.
Answer: They try to get us because we are Conmunlsts, we work as Communists in
the Peace Movement, we have played a leading role in organizing High
Schools and Junior High Schools in this area and they are trying to
intimidate the Peace Movement by saying there are Commies in the Peace
Movement, everybody else get out, you know. And we aren't going to
fall for it.
COMMENTATOR: The House Committee has also subpoenaed some University records per-
taining to registration of student organizations on the Berkeley
campus .
1232 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
Committee Exhibit No. 3
HUAC ATTACKS
PEACE AAOVEMENT
America is retooling Its war machine. Wage ceilings have been
fixed; anti-strike policies have been adopted; credit-ratings
have been cut. And most important, the government attempts
to 'pllt and destroy political protest at home.
THE BERKELEY PEACE MOVEMENT HAS BEEN ATTACKED.
Using HUAC as their weapon, the government is seeking to
intimidate and suppress an anti-war movement which has been
unique in its ability to articulate and mobilize dissent.
The following were subpoened and must be in WashlngtonOC.
on August 16.
Anatole Anton, Stanford anti-war movement, Cuba Trip'63
Steve Cherkoss, VDC Anti-draft Committee; PLP Organizer
George Ewart, VDC, and PLP Student Club
Steve Hamilton, VDC, PLP, PROC expelled student
Stewart McRae , Stanford Anti-war Movement
Jerry Rubin, VDC Leader, Cuba '64, Scheer Campaign
Steven Smale, Cal Math Professor, VDC Leader
Windy Smith, VDC Steering Committee, DuBols Club
HELP RETURN THE ATTACK
Come to a PUBUC MEETING, SUN. NIGHT. Aug. 7. 7;00,
WHEELER AiroiTC«IUM
Discuss plans and strategy for DEFENSE of our friends.
ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR 1233
Mr. Pool. The Chair wishes to make this statement.
It is my understanding that in the preparation for this hearing,
the statf has collected documents which state the position of world
communism generally on the subject of U.S. policy and action in Viet-
nam. These documents include official statements of the Progressive
Labor Party, the Communist Party, and the Socialist Workers Party
in the United States. It also contains statements in official publica-
tions of Red China and of Moscow — magazines such as the Peking
Review^ the World Marxist Review and International Affairs. Also
included are official declarations of the 23d Congress of the Commu-
nist Party of the Soviet Union and of the 18th National Convention
of the U.S. Communist Party.
If there are no objections, I direct that pertinent excerpts from
these documents be made a part of this hearing record.
Are there objections?
There are none, and it is so ordered.
(See Appendix No. I, part 2, pp. 1355-1380.) ^
Mr. Pool. I wish to make another short and sweet comment, and
then we will adjourn for lunch, I think that the best thing I can
say sitting up here as chairman — and most of you here in the audience
have been here and have seen the things that went on and you realize
the dilatory tactics and provocations that this committee had to con-
tend with — that it is a pretty tough job to sit through one of these
hearings. Some people have asked me why we put up with it. Well,
the main reason for it is we try to be as fair as we can and ivy to
observe the rights given to the American citizens by their Constitution,
so we have put up with a lot of things that possibly wouldn't get to
first base in a courtroom, but this is a little different.
However, the most pertinent thing about this is that these hearings
themselves have shown and substantiated the arguments and the deci-
sions of the courts throughout the years for the Congress to have the
investigative power to look into the facts surrounding legislation, and
I think that this hearing has been very revealing to the American
public.
I have taken a lot of personal abuse. Members of the committee
have taken a lot of personal abuse. But I will do that and keep my
sense of good humor as much as I can, because I feel that I have done
a job and conducted myself in a responsible manner as a Member of
the House of Representatives.
I want to at this time thank the staff for doing a tremendous job in
this investigative hearing. That includes investigators, as well as
the counsel and the other members of the staff. The members of the
committee, of course, you have all seen perform, and I don't have to
make a lot of remarks about them They have done a tremendous job.
I am real proud to be an American and I am real proud to be a Mem-
ber of the House of Representatives. I am real proud to have been
a member of this subcommittee and done my little part to try to expose
what is going on and try to pass these bills, which I think the House
and the Senate will pass speedily as soon as we can get them out.
1 Subsequent to the hearings, the subcommittee voted that additional documentation con-
taining a statement of FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover be made a part of the record.
This material may be found in Appendix II, part 2, p. 1381.
1234 ASSISTANCE TO ENEMIES OF U.S. IN UNDECLARED WAR
We are going to try to get these bills out next week, out of the com-
mittee.
I want to at this time thank the Capitol Police, the Metro-
politan Police, and the U.S. marshals. They have done a tremendous
job in keeping order in this hearing room, and I will say this about
them: That they, in my opinion, from what I could see, used only
that force that was necessary to carry out their orders, and I want to
compliment them. They have done a tremendous job. I have been
on these hearings in many cities in the United States. We have had
some rough ones. But they have done a tremendous job here in
Washington this week.
Those are all the remarks I have. We will meet again at 2 o'clock
to go into the legislative phase on these bills.
The meeting is adjourned.
(Subcommittee members present at time of recess: Representatives
Pool, Ichord, and Buchanan.)
(Whereupon, at 12:10 p.m. Friday, August 19, 1966, the subcom-
mittee recessed, to reconvene at 2 p.m., the same day.)^
1 The record of the afternoon session appears In part 2,, the legislative phase of the
hearings.
INDEX
Individuals
A Page
Abbott, Bart 1126
Aidit, B. N 951
Allen, Donna 1132
Alley, Rewi 1049
Allister, Anya 1126
Altstein, Rochelle 1212
Anton, Anatole Ben 912,
990, 1036, 1072, 1161, 1163-1164 (statement), 1167, 1168, 1232
Armand, Lisa (See Warren, Sue)
Arnoni, M. S . 1132, 1154, 1219, 1227
Aronowitz, Stanley 1219, 1227
Arthur 1190
Axelrod, Beverly 913, 922, 923, 947, 1027, 1029-1031, 1035, 1066, 1069
B
Batista, Zaldivar y 980
Battaglia, Walter L 1120, 1126
Baxandall, Lee 1227
Bayer, Richard M 1212
Bazelon (David L.) 921
Beach, William L 1120
Beardon, R. Nelson 1212
Ben-David, Joe 1058
Berke, Joseph 1227
Berrigan, Ted 1226
Binh Thanh 1049
Black, Edith 934
Blake, Ricky 1212
Blume, Harvev 934
Blutter, Paul S 1212
Boslet, Pamela E 1212
Brache, Ruben 1154
Branco, Humberto Castello (See Castello Branco, Humberto).
Brand, Mona 1049
Broucharde, Jacqui 1058
Brown, Edmund G. (Pat) 1091
Brown, Mike 936
Browne, Robert 1132
Bruno, Henry A 1 142
Buchanan, Charles 934
Buhle, Paul 1212
Bui Due Ai 1051
Bui Van Anh 1154
Burchett, Wilfred 1050-1052
Burdick, Professor 1154
Butler, Betty 1212
C
Cahill, Thomas 1153
Camejo, Peter (Pete) 934,935,1124
Campbell, Edward 934
Carmichael, Stokely 1149, 1150
Castello Branco, Humberto -i 1003
i
ii INDEX
Page
Castro (Fidel) 963, 1044
Caudwell, Christopher 1225
Cerini, Joe ^_ 1212
Cerve, John 1212
Chaitkin, Anton 1212
Chaitkin, Janice 1212
Cherkoss, Steven (Steve) 913-916,
922, 990, 1038, 1073, 1094, 1097, 1106-1108, 1126, 1135,
1182, 1196, 1199, 1202-1211 (testimony), 1216, 1231, 1232
Chesneaux, Jean 1 054
Coakley, J. Frank 1074, 1091, 1115
Cohelan, Jeffrey 1111
Cohen, Gerald 1212
Cohen, Pete , 1126
Colin, Nancy 1220, 1227
Conrad, Eva 1212
Corn, Nanya 1 126
Cronkite, Hal 1212
D
Dang Tran Con 1050
Delacour, Mike 1 126
de Laurot, Yves (See Laurot, Yves de).
Dellinger, Dave 1132, 1135, 1149, 1154
Derman, Francine 1212
Deutscher, Isaac 1154
Devillers, Philippe 1054
Diamond, Dick 105 1
Dillon, Phillis 1212
Dillon, Robert 1212
Doan Thi Diem _ 1050
Donner, Frank J .- 912 , 923 , 1030, 1031 , 1036 , 1066 , 1069
Do Vang Lu 1051
Duncan, Don 1150
Dunn, Jane A 1212
Dupont, Emmett L 1212
Dworkin, Marilyn 1212
E
Eisenberg, Joanna S _. 1058
Eisenhower, Dwight D 994,1015
Emmerick, Jerry ^ 1126
Engels, Friedrich (Frederick) 1223
Epton, Bill (William) 933 , 952
Estrin, Dianne 1 186
Ewart, George Hamilton Jr 913-916,922,924, 1038,
1069, 1074, 1193-1202 (testimony), 1206, 1210, 1216, 1231, 1232
F
Faber, Robertoh 1212
Falik, Michele Ann 1212
Fall, Bernard 1 008 , 1 056
Fanon, Frantz 1 223
Feder, Ira 934
Ferdinand, Sandra 1212
Ferlinghetti, Lawrence 1132
Forer, Joseph 913, 1030, 1036, 1064, 1066
Forkosch, Morris 1227
Forrest, Mike 1 23 1
Fox, Len 1050
Fox, Stephen (Steve) 1012, 1186, 1189, 1196, 1210
Frasier, J. A., Ill 943
Frishberg, Aaron 1212
Frishberg, Manny 1212
INDEX iii
G Page
Gallagher (Buell G.) 1000
Genovese, Eugene 1226
Gershowitz, Paul 1227
Gilligan, Thomas R 964
Ginsberg, Allen 1132, 1226
Glass, Martin 1212, 1220, 1227
Goldberg, Ellen 934
Gollobin, Ira 913, 924, 925, 965, 1018, 1038, 1064, 1066, 1069
Goodman, Paul . 1132
Goodridge, Barbara 1212
Gordon, Jeffrey (Jeff) 912-915, 936, 941, 965-1016 (testimony), 1070
Graham, Marc 934
Greenbferg, Bernard 1212
Greene, Felix 1154
Greenstein, Robert 1212
Gross, Samuel H 1212
Groundwater, J. T 1115,1118
Group, David 1212
Gruening, Ernest 1154
Gruyell, Paul 1212
Guindon, Dick 1212, 1222, 1227
Guevara, Che 1044
Gutman, Jeremiah S 925, 957, 958, 1027-1032, 1036, 1038, 1066, 1069
H
Hai Thu 1049
Hallinan, Vincent 1124
Hamer, Fanny Lou 1132
Hamilton, Steven Charles (Steve) 913-915,922,1038,1072,
1178-1193 (testimony), 1186, 1196, 1206, 1210, 1216, 1231, 1232
Hecht, Lawrence 991 , 1010
Herbstman, Harold 1221 , 1227
Hesselbart, Lynn 1212
Hester, Hugh 1 132
Heymsfeld, Jeremy 1008
Hicks, Calvin 1043 , 1044 , 1221 , 1227
Hirsch, Morris W 1104,1120,1153,1154
Hirsch, Roland _ 1058
Hirschfield, Robert 1058
Hitler, Adolf 1 138 , 1205
Hittle, James D 1177
Hoa Mai 1050
Ho Chi Minh 994, 1015, 1044, 1047, 1050, 1053, 1057, 1224
Hoegland, Susan 1212
HoUis, Robert A 1058
Horowitz, Gus 934
Hortenstine, Wendy 1212
Howard, Helen 1212
Huu Mai 1050
Huu Thai 1050
I
Inman, Will 1212, 1221, 1227
Ireland, Douglas 934
Irons, Peter 934
Ivory, Paul E 1078, 1104, 1115, 1153
J
Jacobs, Paul 1 132
Jaffe, Jane 1058
James, Vera 1212
Jerome, Fred 936, 952
Jeter, Howard 1126
Jewel, Sue 1000
Johnson, Charles 1221, 1227
Johnson, James 1 149-1 15 1
Johnson, Lyndon B 984, 1007, 1057, 1058, 1123, 1124, 1152, 1153, 1206
Josey, Alex 1056
67-852 O— &6^pt. 1 22
iV INDEX
K Page
Kahn, Herman 1226
Kaplan, Stefanie 1221, 1227
Kaymen, Sandy 1058
Keating, Edward 1154
Kelbert, Marie 1212
Keleher, Brian • 1008
Kennedy, Robert F 1158, 1165
Kessler, Emily 1212
Kheel, Howard 1212
Khrushchev, Nikita S 951
Kidwell, Roy G 1212
Kieurbe, David 1212
King, Felix Jr 1214
Kinoy, Arthur 1026-1028, 1030-1038, 1064-1066, 1069, 107 1
Kissling, Frances 937
Knowles, George 1212
Knowles, Joseph 934
Koch, Christopher 1226
Koestler, Arthur 960
Krassner, Paul 1132, 1212, 1222, 1228
Krebs, Allen M 912,
926, 955-957, 959, 1026, 1030, 1032-1034, 1038, 1039, 1042,
1045, 1046, 1067, 1068 (statement), 1070, 1160, 1211, 1222, 1228
Krebs, Sharon L. (Mrs. Allen Krebs) 1212, 1222, 1228
Kruger, George 1222, 1228
Kunstler, William M__ 913, 926, 955-958, 1026-1028, 1030, 1032-1035, 1066, 1069
Kupferberg, Tuli 1228
Kusic, Marta 1212
L
Lamb, Helen {See Lamont, Helen Lamb).
Lamont, Helen Lamb (Mrs. Corlis Lamont) 933
LaRon, Elaine 1212
Laub, Levi-_-- 933-936,955,964, 1212, 1222, 1228
Laughlin, Larry 1081, 1115, 1121 \ 1126
Laurot, Yves de 1220, 1227
Le Duan 1050, 1224
LeMay, Curtis 1056
Lemon, Richard (see aiso Lenon, Richard) 1175
Lenin, V. I 930
Lenon, Richard (see also Lemon, Richard) 1175
Leonhard, Wolfgang 960
Lessing, Doris 1223
Leto, Roseanne 1212
Le Van Chat 1051
Lieber, Carolyn W 1212
Lif ton, Robert J 1048
Liggio, Leonard 1062, 1222, 1223, 1228
Lin Piao 1048
Lippit, Victor 934
Long, C 1212
Long, Constance 1223, 1228
Long, G 1212
Long, Gerald 1223, 1228
Luce, Phillip Abbott.. 920, 926-965 (testimony), 973, 979, 995, 1070, 1195, 1215
Lui Shao-chi 1050
Lynch, Lincoln 1 150
Lynch, Thomas C 1105
Lynd, Staughton 1132, 1149, 1154
Lynn, Conrad 933, 1212, 1223, 1228
Lynn, Donald 1 109
Lynn, Robert, Jr 1212
' Appears as Loughlin.
INDEX V
M Pag©
Machover, Bob 1223, 1228
Maclean, Shian 1212
Madigan, Frank 1092
Mage, Shane 1228
Maher, Albert 936
Mai Hang Quan 1051
Mailer, Norman 1 154
Maisel, Robin 934
Malcolm X 1002
Manderfeld, Rick 936
Mao Tse-tung 1008, 1221
Marcus, L 1224, 1228
Marcus, Lyn 1212
Marvin, Professor 1154
:\Iarx, Karl 1044, 1223
Mazel, Marj orie 934
McCombs, Philip Algie 1025-1063 (testimony), 1070, 1212
McDermott, John 1228
McDonald, Joe 1132
McGirt, W. A. Jr 1212
McKissick, Floyd B 1149, 1151
McNamara, Robert S 1015
Mc Rao, Stuart Allan 912, 1036, 1072, 1164-1176 (testimony), 1232 i
Meese, Edwin III __ 944, 1074-1085 (testimony), 1088-1159 (testimony), 1214
Meisenbach, Steve 1149
MeUen, James 1228
Milligan, Marilyn 1126
Mills, Kenneth I. (Ken) 1175
Montauk, Paul 1120
Montgomery, Ed 922, 1066
Mora, Dennis 1 149-1 151
Morse, Wayne 934, 939
Mulligan, Kathryn 1212
Mussman, Toby 1212
Muste, A. J 1132, 1149, 1151
Myerson, Mike 1 132
Myles, Ronald 1212
N
Nadel, Stanley.. 912, 1010, 1013, 1026, 1036, 1038, 1071, 1160-1163 (statement)
Nam Cao 1 049
Nelson, Truman 1212, 1229
Newman, Steve 999
Nguyen Cao Ky 1003, 1138
Nguyen Cong Hoan 1049, 1050
Nguyen Hong 1 049
Nguyen Kanh Toan 1050
N guyen Nghe 1 049
Nguyen Ngoc 1051
Nguyen Trinh 1050
Nguyen Van Huyen 1050
Nguyen Van Troi, Mrs 1049
Nguyen Vinh Thi 1051
Nguyen Xuan Tram 1050
Nixon, Richard 1 057
Nixon, Russ 933
O
Obinosky 1 000
O'Brien, James P 1212, 1224, 1229
O'Hamlin, Mike 1126
Okada, Kazu 1058
Oldt, Janet 934
Oritz, Benjamin 933
1 Appears as Stewart.
vi INDEX
P Page
Parris, Bob 1 154
Pemberton, John J., Jr 920, 1031, 1035, 1064-1067, 1069, 1215
Peyton, Joann 1 126
Pham Dong 1050
Pham Van Chuong 1048
Pham Van Dong 1050, 1051
Phelps, John 1058
Pike, Otis G 942
Pincus, Mike 1 175
Phtt, Roberta 1212
Polin, Charlotte 1044, 1047, 1048, 1053, 1054, 1062, 1224, 1229
Pollard, Suzanne 1121, 1126
Pomeroy, William 1223
Pope Paul VI 1156
Power, Vikki 1212
Prensky, Catherine 934
Prensky, Paul 1058
Pugh, Janet 1 126
Q
Quang Loi i050, 1051
R
Raboy, David 934
Ragozin, Leonard (Len) 1212, 1225, 1229
Raskin, Marcus 1 132
Read, Jon 1126
Reimann, Dick 1000
Rhoads, Richard Mark (Rick) 912-915,
934, 936, 941, 942, 1018-1025 (testimony)
Rivers, Mendel 943, 1057
Robinson, Mike 1225, 1229
Roger, Sidney 1124
Rohr, Robert 1212
Rosen, Jake 952
Rosen, Milton 927, 932, 935, 952
Rosenberg, Penny 1212
Rothfeder, Larry 1212
Roven, Jeffrey 934
Rubenstein, Leonard 1212
Rubenstein, Susan 1212
Rubin, Jerry Clyde 913, 914, 922, 1035, 1073, 1078-1081, 1083,
1094, 1096, 1104-1106, 1115,^ 1122, 1126, 1152-1154, 1232
Russell, Bertrand 1051, 1154, 1229
Russell, Richard 1057
S
Safier, Fred 1175
Salmon, Lorraine - 1050
Salmon, Malcolm 1049
Samas, Ann 1124
Samas, David 1 149-1 151
Sanders, Ed 1229
Sanger, Gail 934
Scalapino, Robert 1104. 1154
Scheer, Mortimer 927, 952
Scheer, Robert 1052, 1124, 1132, 1154, 1232
Schleif er, Marc 936, 954
Schmitz, George W 1190
Schumann, Peter 1225, 1229
Schurmann, Franz 1 132
Schwartz, Margaret W 1012-1014
Scott, Bill . 933
Sekler, Joan 934
Seltz, John 1 126
Appears as Gerry.
INDEX vii
Page
Shaf arman, Daniel 1212
Shakovitzky, Hilla 1212
Shapiro, Alan 1058
Shapiro, Allan A 1212
Shaughnessy, Jon 1212
Shaw, John D 1114
Sheinbaum, Stanley 1132,i 1152
Sherman, Susan 1212, 1225, 1229
Slotoroff, Marvin 1212
Smale, Stephen (Steve) 922,
1078, 1080, 1081, 1083, 1084, 1088, 1094, 1104, 1107, 1115, 1121,
1122, 1126, 1152, 1154, 1232 2
Smith, Fred Burton 1011
Smith, John Windrim Jr. (Windy) 913,
1036, 1073, 1094-1096, 1098, 1099, 1106, 1107, 1126, 1232
Smith, Windy (See Smith, John Windrim, Jr.)
Smitha, Frank 1126
Song Ban 1051
Song Ky :.- 1050
Spellman, A. B 1229
Spock, Benjamin 1154
Spoelstra, Mark 1132
Stahl, Mark 934, 1135
Stanley, Edward 1212
Stanton, Bill 1132
Stapleton, Sid 1126
Steinbrecker, Marcia 1212
Steinkeller, Marion 1 126
Stennis, John 1007, 1057
Stetler, Russell, Jr. (Russ) 934-936, 988, 989, 1008, 1051, 1062, 1229
Stoehr, Maureen 1212
Stone, Barton 1 126
Storace, Armand 1058
Storace, Trudith 1058
Straus, Austin 1058
Strong, Anna Louise 942, 948, 949, 1049
Stupp, Allan 1212
Sugar, Phil 1126
Switzer, Gordon 1212
T
Tamari, Salim E 1 1212
Taus, Roger 936, 1229
Teague, Olin E •_ 1211
Teague, Walter Dorwin, III 912,926, 1026,
1029, 1032-1034, 1039-1043, 1047, 1052, 1062, 1070, 1071, 1160
Therway, William J 1212
Timins, Martin 1212
To Hoai 1049, 1051
Torregian, Sotere 1212, 1226, 1229
Tran Dan Tien 1949
Tran Do 1051
Travis, Paul 1212
Treuhaft, Robert E 1078
Trom XuanPho 1059
Troung Chinh 1049, 1050
Truong Chinh 1224
Tshombe, Moise 1003
Tuoky, Maureen 1212
V
Van Ngoc 1049
Vo Nguyen Giap 1049, 1051, 1224
Vo Nham Tri 1049
Vuyandovich, Basil D 1212
' Appears as Sheinbuam.
2 Appears as Steven.
viii INDEX
W Page
Walker, R. W 1118
Warden, Judith 936
Warren, Sue (alias Lisa Armand) 951
Weinberg, Jack 1126
Weinstein, James 1212, 1226, 1229
Weinstein, Judy 1212
Weissman, Steve 1126
Weller, A. Doulgas, III 1212
West, Frederick 1212
White, Phil 1126
Whiteman, Allan 1212
Windmiller, Marshall 11 32
Woloz, Jerry 1212
Z
Zach, Annalesia 1126
Zerzan, John 1175
Organizations
Adelphi University (Garden City, N.Y.) 959, 1228
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) 1035, 1067, 1069, 1071, 1215
American Legion, Post No. 15 1058
American Liberation League 1047, 1228, 1229
American Red Cross 1008, 1011, 1165, 1170
Anti-Draft Committee. (See entry vinder Vietnam Day Committee.)
Anti-War Bail Fund. {See entry under Council for Justice.)
Artist Research Group 1041, 1043
Assembly of Unrepresented People, August 6-9, 1965, Washington, DC 1025,
1039, 1045
August 6-9th Committee for the International Days of Protest 1151
B
Bay Area Peace Coordinating Committee 1125
Berkeley Friends of SNCC 1093,1125
Berkeley VDC. {See entry under Vietnam Day Committee.)
Bread and Puppet Theatre 1229
British Red Cross 1008
Brooklyn College, (Brooklyn, N.Y.) 969,994,1015
Brooklyn Law School 1227
Bullets in the Bay Committee 1125
CERGE. {See Committee to Defend Resistance to Ghetto Life.)
California, State of
County of Alameda:
Grand July— Jan. 27, 1965 1140-1141
Central Committee for Conscientious Objectors 1133
Ceskoslovenska Obchodni Banka, Prague, Czechoslovakia. 1010, 1185, 1188-1192
Cinema Engage 1227
Citizens for Kennedy-Fulbright (Berkeley) 1125
City College of the City of New York (CCNY) 941,942,1000,1021
College of San Mateo Liberal Caucus 1125
Columbia University (New York City) 998,1005
Committee for Independent Political Action 1125
Committee for Medical Aid for Vietnam. (See Medical Aid Committee for
Vietnam (Berkeley).)
Committee for Medical Aid to \'ictims of U.S. Bombing. (See Medical Aid
Committee (Stanford).)
Committee for Nonviolent Action 1076
Committee to Aid the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam. (See
U.S. Committee to Aid the National Liberation Front of South Viet-
nam.)
INDEX ix
Page
Committee to Aid the Vietnamese 1010, 1013
Committee to Defend Resistance to Ghetto Life (CERGE) 931
Communist Party Indonesia (PKI) 951
Communist Party of the United States of America.. _ 927, 1040, 1093, 1125, 1233
18th National Convention, June 22-26, 1966, N. Y.C 1233
Communist Party, Soviet Union
ConffrGssGs *
23d Congress, March 29- April 8, 1966, Moscow 1233
Community Cultural Center (Brooklyn, N. Y.) 1227
Community for New Politics 1093, 1125
Concerned Citizens of Palo Alto 1125
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) 1150, 1151
. Berkeley CORE 1108
Campus CORE 1108
Richmond CORE 1108
Contra Costa Citizens Against the War in Vietnam 1125
Council For Justice (CFJ) 1137
Anti-war Bail Fund 1137
D
Drew University (Madison, N.J.) 1228
DuBois Clubs (See W.E.B. DuBois Clubs of America)
E
Educational Alliance 1227
Eureka-Noe Valley Concerned Citizens 1125
FUNY (See Free University of New York)
Fifth Avenue Vietnam Peace Parade Committee (also known as Fifth
Avenue Committee; Fifth Avenue Peace Parade Committee). 1124, 1150, 1151
Fort Hood Three Defense Committee '. 1103, 1150, 1151
Free School of New York (See Free University of New York)
Free Speech Movement 1077, 1078, 1141, 1146, 1147
Free Student Union 1108
Free University of New York (FUNY) (New York City)... 953-955, 959, 1000,
1005, 1041, 1043-1048, 1053, 1054, 1062, 1211, 1212, 1217-1230
Friends of the Vietnam Day Committee (see also Vietnam Day Commit-
tee) 1119, 1120
G
Godzilla Committee to End the War in Vietnam Before it Ends Everything
Else 1125
Gondor Committee 1125
Grand Jury of Alameda County, Calif. (See California, State of, County
of Alameda, Grand Jury, Jan. 27, 1965.)
H
Haight Ashbury Vietnam Committee 1125
Harlem Defense Council 931, 964
Harvard University (Cambridge^ Mass.) 1 000
Haverford College (Haverford, Pa.) 934, 935, 988, 989, 1008
High School Students Against the War in Vietnam (San Francisco) 1125
Howard University (Washington, D.C.) 1008
Hsinhua. (See New China News Agency.)
I
Independent Action Committee 1227
Independent Socialist Club 1108, 1125
Independent Truth Center 1125
International Committee of the Red Cross (see also International Red
Cross) 1011,1170,1171,1185,1187
International Days of Protest (Oct. 15-16, 1965) 1083, 1094, 1131, 1132
International Red Cross (see also International Committee of the Red
Cross) 987, 999, 1008, 1156, 1165, 1169, 1172, 1183
X INDEX
Page
International Workers of the World (I WW) 1040
Iranian Students Association 1125
K
KEWB (Radio Station— California) 1216, 1231
L
Liberation Red Cross 1059, 1185, 1188, 1189-1192
Long Island University (Brooklyn, N.Y.) 1228
M
May 2d Movement (or Committee) 931-942,
950-953, 955, 959-962, 975, 976, 979-985, 987-991, 995, 996,
998-1010, 1022, 1040, 1047, 1097, 1107, 1167, 1172, 1181, 1196,
1209.
City College of New York (CCN Y chapter) 1000
Columbia University chapter 1000
Harvard University chapter 1000
Howard University chapter 1008
Michigan State University chapter 1008
National Executive Committee 975, 979, 983
Progressive Labor Club 936, 952
San Francisco State chapter 1000
Stanford University chapter 999, 1000, 1008
Study groups 1001, 1006
University of California chapter 1181
Medical Aid Committee (Stanford) (also known as Stanford Committee
for Medical Aid to Vietnam; Medical Aid for the Victims of U.S. Bombing
in Vietnam; Committee for Medical Aid to Victims of U.S. Bombing.)
(see also Medical Aid Committee for Vietnam (Berkeley) .) 989,
990, 999, 1008, 1014, 1166-1171, 1209
Medical Aid Committee for Vietnam (Berkeley), (also known as Medical
Aid Committee, Medical Aid for Vietnam Committee.) (<See also Medical
Aid Committee.) 990, 1010, 1012, 1107,
1156-1158, 1170, 1172, 1181, 1183-1188, 1196, 1209, 1210, 1231
Medical Aid for the Victims of U.S. Aggression in Vietnam. (See Medical
Aid Committee (Stanford).)
Medical Aid for the Victims of U.S. Bombing in Vietnam Committee. {See
Medical Aid Committee (Stanford).)
Medical Aid for Vietnam Committee. (See Medical Aid Committee for
Vietnam (Berkeley).)
Merritt College (Oakland, Calif.) (Formerly Oakland City College.). 1194, 1195
Moslem Student Association 1125
Muhlenberg College (AUentown, Pa.) 1008
N
National Committee for a Sane Nuclear PoHcy (SANE) 1009
National Coordinating Committee to End the War in Vietnam {see also
Washington Committee to End the War in Vietnam) 1009
National Front of Liberation of South Vietnam (NFLSV) (also known
as Viet Cong; National Liberation Front of Vietnam); South Vietnam
National Front for Liberation 937,
948, 949, 984-988, 990-992, 1010, 1012-1014, 1041, 1044, 1048,
1059, 1139, 1156, 1165, 1169, 1195.
National Liberation Front of South Vietnam (NLF) {See National Front
of Liberation of South Vietnam (NFLSV).
National Liberation Front of South Vietnam Red Cross {See Liberation
Red Cross).
Newark Community Union Project 1228
New China News Agency (Hsinhua) 950
North Beach Vietnam Committee 1125
North Vietnamese Red Cross {See Red Cross of North Vietnam).
Northern California Guardian Committees 1125
INDEX xi
O Page
Oakland Army Terminal 1076,
1083-1085, 1090-1092, 1095, 1096, 1103, 1105, 1127-1132, 1135
Oakland City College (Oakland, Calif.) (See Merritt College) .
P
Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn 1128
Potrero Hill Peace Committee 1125
Progressive Labor Movement (or Party) ^ 926-
932, 935-937, 941-943, 946, 949-954, 960-964, 970, 973-977,
979, 988, 990, 995, 996, 1008, 1022-1024, 1040, 1047, 1108, 1125,
1181-1184, 1195, 1196, 1205, 1206, 1209, 1215, 1228, 1229,
1231-1233.
CCNY club 941,942
University of California Club 1181
R
Red Cross. {See entries under International Committee of the Red Cross;
International Red Cross; American Red Cross; Red Cross of North
Vietnam; Liberation Red Cross; British Red Cross.)
Red Cross of North Vietnam 1008, 1156, 1169
Rutgers University (New Brunswick, N.J.) 1028
S
SANE. (See National Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy.)
SNCC. (See Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee.)
San Francisco Art Institute (San Francisco, Calif.) 1 195
San Francisco Peace Center 1125
San Francisco State College (Calif.) 1000,1154,1195
San Francisco State VDC. {See entry under Vietnam Day Committee.)
San Jose State College VDC. (See entry under Vietnam Day Committee.)
Sante Fe Railroad Co 1080-1082,1115-1118
SLATE 1108
Socialist Workers Party 1 125 , 1233
Soldiers Defense Fund 1151
Spartacist Movement 1040 , 1 125
Stanford Committee for Medical Aid to Vietnam. (See Medical Aid Com-
mittee (Stanford).)
Stanford Committee for Peace in Vietnam 1108, 1125
Stanford University 987-
990,999, 1000, 1008, 1014, 1165, 1166, 1169-1176, 1209, 1232
Stanford Young Socialist Alliance. (See entry under Young Socialist Al-
liance.)
Student Committee for Travel to Cuba 931,932,935,960,963,964,1005
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) (see also Berkeley
Friends of SNCC) 961,1149,1150,1154
Campus SNCC 1 108
Student Peace Union (SPU) 934
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) 934,
961,1007,1008,1108,1123,1125,1135,1159,1228
T
Tanzania, ' ' Revolutionary Government of" 1225,1229
U
Union Bank of Switzerland, Geneva Switzerland 1185,1187,1190
United Nations
Cuban Mission 937, 963
U.S. Committee to Aid the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam
(CANLF) (CANLF-SV) 1040, 1046, 1047, 1049-1052, 1059-1063, 1229
I At its national convention held in New York City, April 15-18, 1965, the Progressive Labor Movement
changed its name to Progressive Labor Party.
xii INDEX
U.S. Government Page
Central Intelligence Agency 113'5
House of Representatives
Armed Services Committee 942, 943
Supreme Court 918
Treasury, Department of 990-992, 1010, 1012-1014
United World Federalists (student division) 1125
United Youth for Peace (Berkeley) 1125
University of California 923
Berkeley campus 968,
969, 990, 1075, 1076, 1083, 1091, 1102, 1104-1108, 1132, 1140-1148,
1153, 1154, 1180, 1181, 1196, 1209, 1216, 1231, 1232.
Los Angeles campus 1099
University of Michigan (Ann Arbor, Mich.) 923, 1010, 0112
V
Veterans of Foreign Wars 1177
Vets for Peace (Berkeley) 1125
Viet Cong (See National Front of Liberation of South Vietnam.)
Vietnam Day Committee (see also Friends of the Vietnam Day Committee). 944,
945, 1075-1085, 1088-1108, 1110-1115, 1119-1123, 1127-1132,
1135, 1137-1150, 1152-1154, 1214, 1231.
Anti-Draft Committee 1097, 1135, 1232
Berkeley VDC 1093, 1125
Defendants Committee 1084, 1085, 1123, 1127
Legal Committee 1128
San Francisco State College VDC 1125
San Jose State College VDC 1125
Steering Committee 1089, 1094, 1104, 1106, 1126, 1232
Strategic Research Committee on Organization (SRO) 1089,
1094, 1127, 1129
Vietnam, Democratic Republic of (DRV) 987,
990-992, 1010, 1012-1014, 1044, 1048
Vietnam, North (Government of) (See Vietnam, Democratic Republic of
(DRV)).
Villagers Opposed to the War in Vietnam (Albany) 1125
W
WBAI (radio station. New York City) 1229
Washington Committee to End the War in Vietnam (see also National
Coordinating Committee to End the War in Vietnam) 1009
War Resisters League 1133
W.E.B. DuBois Clubs of America 1040
Berkeley, Calif 1108, 1232
San Francisco, Calif 1108
Wells Fargo Bank, San Francisco, Calif 1170, 1171, 1183-1189, 1191, 1192
West Coast Regional Conference of the Committees Against the War in
Vietnam, Nov. 21, 1965, Berkeley, Calif 1145
West Oakland Project 1108
Wheaton College 1 180
Women for Peace (Berkeley) 1125
Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (San Francisco) __ 1125
Women's March Committee 1098, 1136
Y
Yale University (New Haven, Conn.) 931,932
Yale Socialist Union 931, 932
Conference on "Socialism in America" March 14, 1964 931,
932, 934, 935
Yeshiva University 1227
Young Socialist Alliance 935, 1108, 1125, 1172
Stanford YSA 1172-1176
Youth Against War and Fascism 1040, 1047
INDEX xiii
Publications
A Page
Arrow in the Blue (Koestler) 960
Attention All Military Personnel (leaflet) 1089, 1098, 1099, 1138
B
Bring the Troops Home Now Newsletter 1125
C
Chalk Circle 1227
Challenge 936,951,953, 1040
Child of the Revolution (Leonhard) 960
F
Fortune 969
Free Student 952, 953, 978, 998, 1005, 1022, 1040, 1229
H
"Heroic Vietnam, 1963" (Vietcong film) 937
I
Inside Story of Guerilla War (Burchett) 1051
Internationalist, the 1228
K
Kauri (poetry-newsletter) 1227
L
Liberation USA 1228
M
Marxist-Leninist Quarterly 953
Minority of One 1227
Monthly Review 1052
N
National Review 1025 , 1043
Newsweek 1056
New York Times 1056
New York World-Telegram and Sun 1008
P
Progressive Labor (magazine) 951, 953
R
Ramparts 1056
Realist 1227,1228
S
Spark 953
Spartacist 1125
Studies on the Left 1227,1229
T
"The Committee" 1132
Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism (Lifton) 1048
Time 969
U
U.S. News& World Report 1057,1058
xiv INDEX
V
Page
Vietnam Courier (Hanoi, North Vietnam) 948 , 949 , 994
Vietnam Day Committee News 1084
Vict- Report 1228
W
Weapon 1229
O
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