A Hebrew grammar, without points, designed to facilitate the study of the Scriptures of the Old Testament, in the original : and particularly adapted to the use of those who may not have instructors

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HEBREW GRAMMAR,

WITHOUT POINTS:

DESIGNED

TO FACILITATE THE STUDY

OV THE

SCRIPTURES

or THE

OLD TESTAMENT,
3[n tje iDtiginal ;

AND PARTICULARLY ADAPTED TO THE USE OF THOSE
WHO MAY NOT HAVE INSTRUCTORS.

^

BY JOHN SMITH, A.M.

Profeffor of the Learned Languages, at Dartmouth College.

PUBLISHED ACCORDING TO ACT OF CONGRESS.

BOSTON:

PRINTED BY DAriD CARLISLE,

For JOHN WEST, No. 75, Cornhill.
1803.

//

tDij^tria: of Betol)ainp0lnrc— TO wit :

BE it remembered, /^fl/ on the fourth day of January, in the twen-
ty feventh year of the Independence of the United States of America.,
JOHN ?>Mmi, of the faid Di/lrict, hath depoftted in this office the
title of a Book, the right luhereof he claims as Author, in the tuords
following, to wit, " A Hebrew Grammar, without Points : defign-
cd to facilitate the ftudy of the Scriptures of the Old Teftament, in
the original ; and particularly adapted to the ufeof thofe who may
not have Inflruftors. By John Smith, a.m. ProfeflTor of the
Learned Languages, at Dartmouth College," in conformity to the
AB of the Congrefs of the United States, intituled " an AB for the en-
couragement of learning, by fecuring the copies of maps, charts, and
books to the Authors and Proprietors of fuch copies during the times
therein mentioned."

joNA. STEELE, j^^;'*;f;>'ff|?'-''^

L V J^ewoamp/aire.
A true copy of Record,
Attefi — JoNA. Steele, Clerk.

TO

THE LEARNED AND PIOUS

OF ALL DESCRIPTIONS,

PARTICUl-a,M.r
IN THf

UNITED STATES Up ^ivii^KiCA,

THIS GRAivixviii.j^ iS RESPECTFULLY IMbCKliiKD,
By their Obedient,

And Humble Servaiu,

IHE AUlliOK.

CONTENTS.

Page

Sect, 1. Of Letters and Reading. ---.----.-.-.-. ^

II. Of the Divifion of Letters. - 7

III. Of Words and their Divifion 8

IV. Of Nouns ; Regimen ; Comparifon of Adjec-

tives ; the Declenfion of Nouns, <^c, 9

V. Of Prefixes ^ 14

VI. Of Pronouns. - 15

VII. Of Suffixes. 16

VIII. Of Verbs ; Declenfion of regular Verbs ; Ger-
unds, i^c. 19

IX. Of Irregular Verbs. --- --- 23

X. Of Verbs with Suffixes. ---. 3^

XI. Of the Verb IV^ ; reduplicative, and pluriliteral

Verbs. ._-...--.-- 36

XII. Of Particles. ib.

XIII. Syntax - - 37

XIV. Grammatical Figures -- 41

XV. Direftions for finding the Root in Hebrew Lexi-
cons. ---------_.-.--.»-- . 42

Grammatical Exercifes. 44

Remarks on the Reading of Hebrew. ------ - 54

HEBREW GRAMMAR.

SECTION I.

OF LETTERS AND READING.

I. The Letters in Hebrew are twenty two, of
which the following table fhows

The Names.

Form.

Num.

Finals.

DUat.

Simil.

Sound or Power.

Aleph

K

I

X

A, as in all.

Beth

3

2

D

B.

Gimel

i

3

J

It ^ar^/, as in go, give.

Daleth

"1

4

■n

D.

He

n

5

n

nn

E, as in me.

Vau

1

6

'^I

U, or 0 in iomi • or the

Zain

7

7

r

Z. [French ou.

Heth

n

8

n

H.

Teth

D

9

»D

Th, or the Greek 6.

Yod

^

lO

1

I /o//?-, or the Greek u.

Caph

5

20

1 500

K ; or t hard, as in came.

Lamed

s

30

S

L.

Mem

72

40

D 600

a*

D

M.

Nun

i

50

I 700

N.

Shamech

D

60

0

Sh.

Oin

V

70

i'V

0 long, as in coU, ore.

Pe

s

80

f| 800

P.

Zhaddi

)S

90

V 9oot

Zh, or J in treafure.

Quoph

V

100

Qu;attheendofaword,^.

Res

"1

200

1

R*

Sin

V

3CO

S.

Tau

n

400

n

nn

T.

* In Neh. II. 1 3. nn is ufed for on : and in Ifai. IX. 7. naiQV
for ni-i7Db. /

t Thoufands may be exprefl^ed by a perpendicular ftroke, drawn
over the foUowincr letters, M, 3, :>, 1, rr, % r, n, la : as, k, icco j 1,

2000, &c.

B

6 A HEBREW GRAMMAR.

2. Of the Hebrew letters five are vowels j viz. K,
ri, % •>, & y : all the reft are confonants.*

3. Hebrew is read from the right hand to the left.

4. When two confonants come together, without
any of the five vowels intervening, pronounce them,
as if a fhort e ftood between them f : thus, 131 is
pronounced deker ; 1p3, pequed.

5. The textual } vowels muft always be pronoun-
ced long and ftrong ; but the fupplied one, (hort and
quick y as, "Iti^K, dser ; TS1, debir,

6. A full flop, in Hebrew, is expreffed thus (;) §,

7. When two or more vowels come together, they
are not to coalefce in diphthongs, but muft be pro-
nounced diftindly ; as, *iT]^,be6, not beu : n"\n'», leoe,
four diftindt fyllables.

8. Illufti-ation of the foregoing rules, in reading.

Genesis, Chap. I. Ver/es i, 2, & 3.

V"ii>*n"\ :vi*<!i nj<i a^»u?n hk d^iSk «i3 n*it:^Kna

nrniD Q'^rha nini a^inn ^js Sj? ■|t:?m tnsi \in »inM

; n^K %'T>i i^K •»rT' Q^irhn iDK'fi : airjn •'Js Sp

Pronounced thus :

Brasit bra Aleim at esmlm oat earezh.^ Oearezh
cite teo obeo ohesk ol pen! teom oroh Alcim mer-
hcpet ol peni emim. OLlmer Aleim lei aor oiei

aor.ll ^

* To write the Hebrew letters frequently is the bell way to
make them familiar to the learner.

f When two confonants, joined with a vowel either preceding
or following, will form an eafy found, it is beil to rtin them both
into one fyllable : for inftance, pronounce i^i'■, orb ; K11, bra.
This is nearly the fame as to pronounce the fupplied vowel veiy
Ihort.

:}: The textual vov/els are the five m.entioned, No. 2.

§ No other ftop is ufqd in mod unpointed books.

jl A, with this (") placed over it, is pronounced broad, as in
all : O, with it, like 00, or as in iomb.

A HEBREW GRAMMAR, 7

Proverbs, Chap. I. Ver/es i, 2, 3, 4.

*iD^fii nx:5n n^-i'? : Sx-ic-*'' lS^, nn p ^i^^c^ *''?tro

asB^Di n-iv S5u*n "^did nnp*? ; ;n:'»3 •'^t:>? prshS

} nD?Di nyi ij;jS mdij? d^khl^? nnS ; a^Tk^*r:>

Pronounced thus :

Wsli Slime ben Dod melk IsraL Ledot hekme
omosher lebin amri bine. Lequehct mosher eskel
zhedek omespeth omesrim. Letet leptaim orme
lenor dot omezme.

Zephaniah, III. 8.

^^dkS Mas^TD '»5 1^^ •os'ip D'^^'S _nMT> a>*j '•S ^tn j^S

Pronounced thus :

Leken heko li nam leoe Horn quomi lod ki mespethi
lashop goim lequebzhi memelkot lespek oliem zomi
fcel heron api ki bas quenati takel kel earezh.

SECTION n.

OF THE DIVISION OF LETTERS.

1, Befide the common divifion of letters into vow
els and coiifonants^ they are, in Hebrew, divided into
radicals and ferviles,

2. A radix or root is a fimple word, ufually con-
fiding of three letters, from which other words are
derived j as "ips, he vifited ; 13V> '^^ fer'ved*

8 A HEBREW GRAMMAR.

3. Radical letters are thofe which always make
part of a radix or root.

4. Servile letters are thofe which ferve for the va-*
riation of the root, by gender, number, per/on, &c.
and for particles.

5. The fervile letters are eleven, viz. K, S, n, %
\ 5, S, D, J, ^, n.

6. The other eleven letters are radical ; except
D and 1 when ufed for n.*

7. Although the radical letters are never fervile,]
yet the fervile letters are often radical, or make part
of a root.

SECTION III.

OF WORDS AND THEIR DIVISION.

1. Words in Hebrew may be divided into three
kinds, viz. Nouns, Verbs, and Particles.

2. A noun is the name of a fubjlance, or of a
quality ; as, VJ?j ^ tf^^^ S ^"^^9 good.

3. A verb expreffes the adion or J^afe of a being,
or thing ; as, 0%lSi« nCKil, ^«^ God /aid ;
u3"'Dt2^n 1^5^% and the heavens ivere Jinijhed.

4. Particles denote the connexion, relation, dif-
tlndion, emphafis, oppofition, &c. or, in a word,
the circumftances of one's thoughts 5 as, and, but,
with, or, although,

j^ Sec Se6l. VIII. No. 12, f Except a, &c. as in Nq. 6.

.v.:..:^

A HEBREW GRAMMAR.

S E C T I O N IV.

OF NOUNS ; REGIMEN ; COMPARISON OF ADJEC-
TIVES J THE DECLENSION OF NOUNS, &C.

1. A noun is either fubjianthe, or adjedive.

2. A noun fuhjiantive is the name of a fuhjiance ;
as, JU^, a tooth ; C^iK, a man ; Spy>, Jacob : or of
a quality, action, pajjion, or Jiate of a being, or
thing, confidered abftradedly 5 as, 155, glory ;
ri)0*?5, jhame.

3. A noun adjeSli'Ve^ fo called becaufe adjeSiitiousj
or added to a fubftantive, denotes fome quality or ^^-
cident of the fubftantive to which it is joined ; as,
7"li, great ; 3lt3, good. Thus, in the phrafes, *1SD
'71 Jl, ^ ^rf<j/ ^00^, and V*^^ 5113, ^ ^oc^/ man, great
and ^00^ are adjedives.

4. Nouns, in Hebrew, as in Englijh, are not de-
clined by cafes, or by changes made upon their ter-
minations, to exprefs the relation of one thing to
another, as nouns in Latin and Greek are.

5. In Hebrew, nouns are of two genders, mafcu-
line and feminine ; and of two numbers, fingular
and plural.

6. Moft Hebrew nouns not ending in n <jr n are
mafculine ; thofe which do end in M or n are ufual-
iy feminine.*

7. The feminine fingular may be formed from the

* Some mafculine noans fingular, derived from verbs Lamed He^
^nd in n, N. B. They always throvir away n before C3\

f© A HEBREW GRAMMAR,

mafculine, by fuffixing n or n ; as, 3lt:, good, mafc.
nSlD or nrnD, fem.*

8. Names of females, proper names of places, cit-
ies, countries ; and of parts or members of the hu-
man body, &c. are feminine, though of a mafculine
termination.

9. Cardinal numerals from three to ten are mafcu-
line with a feminine termination, and feminine with
a mafculine termination.

10. Nouns ending in *» take n only for the femi-
nine ; as, *»'T2»0, an Egyptian fiian ; n'J'li'D, an Egyp-
tian woman : alfo, when a letter is dropped, the fem-
inine ends in n ; as, p, a fon, n3, a daughter, (i
being dropped) j in^% one, nriK, feminine, ("1 being
dropped.)

li. The plural of mafculine nouns is formed by
adding ED"», and fometimes only CD, to the fmgular ;
as, fmg. l^D, a king ; plur. S^i^Sd or CDsSd,
kings^\

12. The plural of feminine nouns is formed by ad-
ding n^ or n to the fmgular ; as pK, a land ; plur.
n^3fnK or m"!*^, lands : or by changing n into m
or T\ ; as, iTTin, a law ; ' plur. ITmn or nmn, Az':^;^ •
or by retaining n of the fmgular, or by changing it
into m J as, niJK, a letter ; plur. ni-IK or n"^"lili<, letters,

13. Feminine nouns fingular in W form the plu-
ral by ni"' or n'' ; as, fmg. ITinK, a Jijier ; plur,
n'\''nK or r\'^r\^, Jijier s.

* Not only {tmmmt fuhjlantlves fingular, but feminine adjeSivej
and participles fing. often end in n, in the abfolute ftate. For
the definition of the abfolute ftate, fee No. 19.

f It is matter of notoriety, that, by means of the points,
Vau and Yod have been often dropped from the plural : they
ought, however, to be rcftor^d, where the analogy of the Hebrew
language requires them.

A HEBREW GRAMMAR. u

14. Some feminine nouns have moreover another
plural termination, formed by changing ninto D"»n
or C3'>m ; as, MDm, a damfel ; plur. DTiDm or
OTllDnn, dam/els*

15. Numer-al adjedives, from one to ten inclufively,
though lingular in form, take a plural fubftantive j
as, a'»Jtt^ j;31K, four years. rjSi*, a thoufand, fol-
lows this conftrudion. All other numeral adjedives,
though plural in form, take a Angular fubftantive j
as, T\1V D'^V^'^^j foffy years,

1 6. The mafculine plural termination added to the
cardinal numerals from three to nine inclufively, in-
creafes their number tenfold. Twenty is expreffed
by the numeral ten, "^U^, in the mafculine plural.

1 7. Sometimes cardinal numerals feem to be ufed
as fubftantives fingular in regimen or conJlruBion ;t
as, CD"iD"i n];j?*?{i^, three days (a trinity of days) 5
CD^D"* n'^Ji^j;, ten days (a decade of days.)

18. When two fubftantives come together, figni-!
fying different things, the former @f them is in regi-^
men or conjlrudion ; as, nin'» nsi, the word-of Je-
hovah,% Here IST is in regimen.

19. Words are faid to be abfolufe, when they are
not in regimen or conJiruElion,

20. Adjedives and participles, coming before fubr
ftantives, are alfo frequently in regimen.

* The feminine plural, formed by changing rr into tn^n, is
fometimes dual ; as, t3^n3U>, tnuo years. Gen. XI. lo. XLI. i.—
CaTll^K, /wo cubits, Exod. XXV. lo and 17 — C3>nKD, rwo meaf-
ures, I Kiogs^ XVIII. 32 — O^nXTO, /wo hundred, Gca. XL 19
and 32.

f For the definition of thefe terms, fee No. i8. Alfo No.
21. Note firft.

§ When a word is in regimen, 0/ is joined to its Englifh ; not
to that of the following word : as, the word-of Jehcvah ; nat
the word of-Jehovah.

li A HEBREW GRAMMAR.

21. MafcuHne nouns fingular fufFer no change Iri
regimen* ; but in the plural they drop their u3 j as,
V1K '»5^D, kings-of a country.^

12. Nouns feminine fmgular ending In n, when in
regimen, change their H into n ; as, nin"* n*nin.
Other feminine nouns fmgular, as alfo fcminines
plural in ni and n, fufFer no change in regimen,

23. All nouns with fuffixes are in regimen.\

24. .The Comparative degree in Hebrew is made
by ]yi or D, thus, ty:3"l» CD>pinD,/w^d'/^r than hon-
ey (fweet in comparifon of honey.)

25. The fuperlative is formed by "IKD, very ; as,
"IKD S'jb, ijery good : by repeating an adje6live ; as,
3"ll3 S^D, the bejl, or very good (good good) : or,
by the fanie or a fynonymous word repeated, the
former being in regimen ; as, IDy D'^tDj;, a moji
abje6l Jlave (fervant of fervants).

26'. One of the names of God is fometimes pla-
ced after the noun, fome quality of which is to be
cxpreffed in the fuperlative ; as, ^7^ "'HK, the lofticji^
or very lofty cedars (cedars of God§).

27. Mafculine nouns are thus declined :

PLURAL. SINGULAR.

Conftrufted. I Abfolute.
• >nn Din or D^'jn

Conftrufted. I Abfolute.

'Jin lil, a ivord.

* Words are faid to be conJlruBed^ when they are in regimen.

■*•}• Some feminines plural end in C3> ; as, Ca^U'i, ivives, Q^Sfti,

Jhe camels, XDi'^tTiyJhe goats, O^Wa'jS, conaibines. Such feminines

plural, like mafcuHnes, drop Ca m regimen, as do feminines

plural in C3>n and Q^ni, Alfo fome feminine nouns fingular

end in other letters befide n and n. See No. 8.

X See Seft. VII. No. 3. Note.

$ In the book of Jonah, Chap. III. ver. 3. Nineveh is called
ta^nHi^H nHn^ 1^J?» an exceedingly great city (a city great to
God). In the fame manner, Mofes is called by Saint Stephen> -
A<^s, VII. 20. et^iioi ru 6tUf exceedingly fair (fair to God).

A HEBREW GRAMMAR. 13

28. Feminine nouns ending in n are thus declined :

PLURAL.

SINGULAR.

Conftrufted.

npna or nipn^

Abfolute.

npn^ or nipix

Conftruaed.

npiii

Abfolute.
righteoufnefs.

29. Feminine nouns ending in n are thus declined :
m:iK or nnjN | m:iN or n-n^N | rn:iK | m:iN, a ktter.

30. Feminine nouns in ni are thus declined :
n^nx or nvnx | n>nN or nvnx | ninx | nm>f, a j^^r.

EXCEPTIONS.

31. niixl
naN or 3

'nx

nix or niax
ta^rrx

C3"'tt

nvs^s or nvs, d""!)

*ix

^nx

-I

iX> a father.

nx> a brother.

p, ayofl.

[/aw.

— afather-in-

— waters.
ns, a mouth.

32. Adje6lives and participles are liable to all the
changes to which fubftantives are. They are thus
declined :

SINGULAR.

fem. cons.

fem. abs.

mafc. abs

and tons.

n-

n- or n-

PLURAL.

ailfi, good.

fern. cons.

•

fem. abs. mafc.

cons.

jnafc. abs.

n- or nv

n- or m-

>•

C3>-

* It often happens, that nouns have a feminine termination in
the Angular, and a mafculine termination in the plural, according
to this example : fuch nouns, derived from verbs Lamed He, arc
mafculine. The reverfe alfo occuri.

14 A HEBREW GRAMMAR,

SECTION V.

OF PREFIXES.

1. Thefe feven ferviles S, M, % 5, ^, », and V
are called prefixes, becaufc they are often prefixed
to words.

2. S fignifies in ; (alfo, into, within, afuong, when,
to, at, againji, with, co7icerning, of, by, for, on ac-
count of, towards, upon, above, according to J : as,
piy, righteoufnefs ; p"li.'3, in righteoufnefs.

3. n is demonflrative, vocative, or relative ; and,
■when prefixed to nouns, fignifies the, that, or 0 ;
when prefixed to verbs and participles, who, which.
Sec. and it is fometimes interrogative, or a note of
admiration : as, 1^12, a ki}ig ; I'^JSH, the, or that,
or 0 king. It is frequently emphatic,

4. "^ fignifies and ; (as alfo, but, notwithjlanding,
that, or, nor, even, when, to wit, fo, alfo, although,
feeing that, then, becaife, if) : as, l^D, a king ;
"17X5% a?id a king.

5. 5 fignifies as ; (alfo, like, according to, when J :
as, \y, a tree ; VJ?5j as a tree.

6. S fignifies to, of, for ; (and until, upon, with,
at, about, from, in, into, unto, on account of, after,
according to, before, with). Thus, "i^D, a king ;
"iyd?, to or of 2i king. ^ fomethnes denotes pof-
feflion or property j as, an *''?, they are mine, (funt
mihi).

7. D fignifies from ; ("out of, in, amorig, by or
near, by tneans of, becaife of, in comparifon of, a-
gainji, before, not, leji) : as, in, a mou?itain ; '^^V,
from a mountain.

A HEBREW GRAMMAR. 15

8. ty fignifies who or ivJAch ; (becaufe, that, for,
when) : as, rnK>, he Jhall take ; rnK>r, ivho (hall
take.*

SECTION VI.

OF PRONOUNS.

I. Under nouns, In Hebrew, are comprehended
pronouns, fo called, becaufe they (land (^pro nominibus')
inftead of nouns.

1. Grammarians divide pronouns into feveral
kinds ; as, primitive, pojfejjive, demonjirative, relative^
and interrogative.

3. Primitive pronouns are diflingulfhed into three
perfons. The Jirji perfon fingular is ''JK, "i^JK, or
TlK, /, and me : plural, 1JK, f IJnJK, we and us.

The fecond perfon fingular is | UnK, § HK, or IDK,
/^o« and //6^^ .• plural, EDHK or OlDHK (mafculine), ye
and jj'oz/ ; [nK, nJnK, or [5nN (feminine), ye and jyoz^.

The third perfon fmgular is Kl?l, Z?^, i^*>T^ or Kin,
y^^ .- plural, art or nori (generally mafculine),
they ; p or Hin (generally feminine), //j^^.

4. Fragments of the primitive pronouns, as "> from
"»JK, "^i from ^JIPI^KjII joined to the end of nouns, fup-

* When the prefixes are apph'ed in any manner not noted here,
an attentive reader will be at no lofs for their fignification.

f We rarely findiana, fonansx, X Mafcuhne. § Feminine.

II Thus, from TDK, Jia^ular^ Ca^DN, mafculine pluraly ]Dnh»;
ftmlnine pluraly are taken *|, rra, and >D, tbee and thy j 05, you

i6

A HEBREW GRAMMAR.

ply the place of poffeffive pronouns, and are called
fiiffixes. See the next Sedion.

5. The demonftrative pronouns, in Hebrew, are*

hj, nr, ir, ni<r, rSm, vSn, and ryhry^ fmgular,

this or that : Sk or hSi<, plural, //j^f/'^.f

6. The relative, I^H, who, which, that, is maf-
culine and feminine ; fingular and plural.

7. The interrogatives are ''D, %vho, T\'0,\ what,
com. fingular and plural.

SECTION VII.
OF SUFFIXES.

SINGULAR.

"1:11, a word.

fing.

^^i^, my word.

plur.

"13*1^1, our word.

fing.

J'-D, n^, "i"in, />&y word.

plur.

C3S"iil, your word.

plur.

p"in, ^owr word.

fing.

in, n, ■)"ii7, i'ij word.

fing.

rrin, her word.

plur.

II can, itt, C3in, ^/^«> word.

plur.

^]n, **n3 pm, ^^«V word.

I. SUFFIXES WITH A MASCULINE NOUN.

lftPerfon■l"°™"^°"^"S
J com. -' -

"1 com.

2d Perfon > mafc.
J fern.
T mafc.

3d Perfon 1^7^;^

J fern.

and your, mafc. p, you and joi/r, feminine. From Kin (jW NM,
fingular, are taken 1, n, in, him and his ; n, Zf^r, &c.

From Csn a/^^ nnn, plural mafculinc, are taken Cd, on,
and 1735 //"fw and their, mafculine. From ]n and nsn, plural fem-
inine, are taken ), \n, them and their, feminine. Parts of the //-/'/«-
itive pronouns, prefixed or fuffixed, alio form the perfons, and dif-
tinguifli the tenfes of verbs. Thus, from >3k, k prefixed forms
the firll perfon fingular future : from ^DX, •"D fuffixed, the firft
perfon fingular preter or paft, &c.

"^ See Ezekiel XLVII. 13. 4» «ap««iap«i4l0i.

\ n^N denotes the nearer, and on the more remote ; as, hi
et »7/i, in Latin ; thefe and //"o/?, in Englifli.

:{: Generally, ""n relates to perfons, and n?o, to things.

I Feminine. IJ Gen. 1. 21. ^ Gen. IV. 4. ** Job, XXXIX. 2.

A HEBREW GRAMMAR.

17

I ft Perfon

}

com.
com.

PLURAL.

C3>*)in, words,
fing. nn, my words,

plur. linn, our words.

fing. *0, "l^m, thy words,

plur. CD3nai,jo«r words.

plur. fnsa, p'l^n, jo?/r words,

fing. ^ni, vi:n, /'/j words,

fing. tii'rs, n^in, A«- words,

plur. in, CDnnn, //j«> words,

plur. ]n"i"in, //'«V words.

CmyJ is fuffixed to a plural noun,
that noun ufually lofes it own "», or rather the two
Yods coalefce into one ; as, "'*13'1, Jiiy words, for ''"'llll,

-2. SUFFIXES WITH A FEMININE NOUN.

T com.
2d Perfon 1- mafc.
J fem.
"1 mafc.

^d Perfon > ^"l"
■■' I maic.

J fem.

2. When "^

SINGULAR.

rriin, a law.

^ITTin, my law, com.
lamin, our law, com.

*]m*in, thy law, com.
Ca^niin, jo«r law, mafc.
pmin, your law, fem.

imin, his law.
nmin, ^^r law.

& mi n , their law, mafc .
p"iin, their law, fem.

n"i'Tin,or rather Q^niTirijlaws. J
^nilin, my laws, com,
"liTilTiri, our laws, com.
TTinin, thy laws, com.
toi^niTin, jcwr laws, mafc.
p^rrnin, your laws, fem.
vni*i"in, his laws.
iT»n"nin, her laws.
DHTinin, /^fir laws, mafc.
)n"'n"n*in, their laws, fem.

4. Mafculine nouns ending in n throw away n
before the fuffixes, and, for a fufEx of the third
perfon mafculine fmgular, take yn j as, n^;;, a leaf ;
ihSj;, his leaf. II .

* Feminine. f Ezek. XIII. 20. J Ezek. XLI 15.

§ Let it be remembered^ that all nouns with fuffixes are in reg-
imen, according to Seft. IV. No. 23. For the reception of
the fuffixes, C3 of the mafc. plural termination dj"", and of the
feminine plural termination C:\n or cm (fee SeA. IV. No.
14.) is thrown away : n terminating a feminine noun fmgular
muit be changed into n. N. B. Feminines plural, with fuffixes,
ufually take the termination mentioned, Seft. IV. No. 14.

II Such nouns do not change n into n in regimen, tiee Sect.
IV. No. 31.

i8

A HEBREW GRAMMAR.

5. SK, a father, HK, a brother, CDH, a father-in-
law, 113, a mouth, lingular with fuffixes, imitate
the plural ;* as, >"'SK, his father ; T>s, his mouth.

6. The conjunftion of a prefix, or a particle,
with a fuffix, ferves to fupply the want of cafes
in the primitive pronouns :

AS,

•>*?, to or of me, com.

'^, to or of him,
Th, to or o/" her.
1^, to or ©/"thee, com.
D^V, to or o/"you,mafc.
p*75 ^<5 or o/' you, fern.
uV, /(? or of us, com.
lisS, DhS, to ox of\
them, mafc. 3
p*?, to or 0/" them,
fern. Sec

£m,7

'>3, m me, com.

*l^, in him.

na, in her.

"IS, /« thee, com.

1JD, m us, com.
£353, /'« you, mafc. &c.
"'HK, with me, com.
inK, w//Z> him ; him.
''JDD or ''JD, yro;;z me.
liDD, /r(j;?2 us, &c.

7. Particles frequently take fuffixes ; fome, like
nouns fmgular j others, like nouns plural ; and a
few, like verbs ;t as, "J^K, to me, com. It:;;, with
thee, com, ^i'^y, 'tf///6 us, com. I^'^^y, concerning us,
com. rDrT'J'':3, between them, mafc. '\"'^N% /o him,
'I3i"'i?, w(7/ he, or him ; ''JJ^l, behold me, or I.

8. Sometimes a prefix, a particle, and a fuffix are all
joined together ; as, inKD (Da prefix, nK a parti-
cle, and "^ a {u^k) from him : *'"T.;^3, while I have a
being.

9. n is called local, when adhering to the end of
nouns it fignifies to, towards, Szc. as, CD'', the weji^
or the fea, T\12'^, to or towards the weji, he. C3"1p,
the eqft, TiDIp, towards the eajl : D'l'^i'D, Egypt,
JlD'^litD, towards Egypt.

* Thefe alfo take > after tliem in the finj^. in regimen. Sec
Sea. IV. No. 31. \ Sec Sea. X. No. 1.

A HEBREW GRAMMAR. 19

SECTION VIII.

OF VERBS ; DECLENSION OF REGULAR VERBS J
GERUNDS, &C.

1. In Hebrew, verbs are varied by conjugations ^
•voices, modes, tenfes, nu?nbers, perfons, and genders,

2. Hebrew verbs have three conjugations.

3. The old example of a regular Hebrew verb
was "^jys, whence are taken the following grammat-
ical terms : Niphaf, the paflive voice of the firft con-
jugation, /. e. SysJ ; Hip/jil, the adive voice of the
fecond conjugation, i. c, S^j^sn j Hopbal, the paf"
five voice of the fecond conjugation, /*. e. SyDH ;
and Hithpael, the third conjugation, /. e. *~?;?£nn.
N. B. The Hebrew words, in thefe injiances^ are pro'
nounced according to the Maforetical points.

4. The active voice of the firfl conjugation is called
Kal (Wp, light J, becaufe, in the preter, it is burdened
with- no letter at the beginning,

5. The fignification of a verb In Kal is ufually ac-
tive, or neuter ; as, 1p3, he vifited : it is, however,
fometimes pajjive. Niphal is the pafiive of Kal :
but verbs in Niphal fometimes have an adlive fignifi-
cation.

6. Verbs in Hiphil generally fignify to caufe anoth-
er to do a thing ; as, "I'^psn, he caufed another to vif-
it. Hiphil fias fometimes the fignification of Kal.
Hophal IS the pafTive of Hiphil ; and fignifies to be
caufed to do, or to be done ; as, IpsJl, /je was ?nade

to 'Vlflt.

7. A verb In Hithpael commonly fignifies to a£t
upon one's felf ; as, Iprnn, he made himfelf to vijit^
It has, fometimes, a pafiive fignification.

8. Regular Hebrew verbs are conjugated and de-
clined according to the following example :

90

A HEBREW GRAMMAR.

PRETER. TENSE.

"^

^

r

^ o

r- t- t~ ''
C C C

o OS ^ 5

y ca c o

FUTURE^

^ -^ ..^"^ "^

-. p f

.^ ^ ^ Si

:& ?^ ?^ p

ii? CI cT /i?

PL. rs~ Q~ n~

J- ^ i- j-

'- C n P

2 B .

c^

— .<< ^ ^~* *« ^

^ r c c as

bo

'c*

/^ ^^ n o

A) O A) A)

/^ n r-» *-»
/^ d CI 1^

c, C C C ^
ri_ci ^ CI 3
r n- f^/:^'r■
l- 1- r- ^

o

tv!

O. R- n. li. •

n-n- n-o-

OS

^'^^'

<5

I- 1- »- t- J

n C C ;»)

r- n >- t-
^ C C P

<

O

»■ OS

D-*

o

n i: n f:

H C !: n

CI c c c ss

r^

m c\ s:\ Ki ,

O O C) o

r^ *n c< ci 5

<

D
O
z

Q- rv (i. ri. J
^ f^ p p <:
•^i: ^ F g

n. /i. /i. ri.
^ t- 1- r-

r c n p

<
.J

D
O
Z

i_ ri-r^R-J?-
1- 1- r- t-

ctf

»

0>

bo

3

C^

1

I— ( rt oj
>-» ^ >

o

^CS

ffi

o

irlzlrn r:r:n:n:
n- fi- fi- n- J li- /i- n. n.

c) C C c as

ri- El CI CI «
t- n- r^ n. n-

irirnn 1:1:1:1:
Q c c Q .cccc
ciooc)>->oodo
n- o- n- ri. < n- n. n- n.
/-r-j-f-oii-i-ri-
i:CCD'~CCp

r n C C :c
c^ C C C C
ri- CI c) CI CI
J- o- fi.n.n-
l- r r- *~

A HEBREW GRAMMAR.

21

TENSE.

IMPERATIVE.

2

h

«

.

<J

-«5

PLURAL.
. they Jhally mafc
, they Jhall, fem.
, ye Jhally mafc.
, ye Jhall, fem.
, ive Jhall, com.

OS 9 2 • • •

■«! "fi "^ J U U

2 E> P J sk, ^

z

A1

p.

>

h
a:
<

a.

imp-

>- r r 1-

#-» J- *n

(2-

1-

F

n n

-f-

o

r? S

O

4- -+-

»2-

Ki K\

«!

12- 12-

f2.

i-

f- 1-

I-

Hi c c c 3

n n rrn

r

»1

. £1 « « in

£)

fi|

. r ri-c-fs-r^

Bi 12- li- ; li. 12-

O-

(2-

^ *- *- 1- r- "^

<; »- f- "J r- i-

|-

f~

•< C! *" I?

J < *" 2

2 C K

o «* n

»

O =?

ij

z :^

Bi

03

\

£l c c c 5

n C i: i:

i:

Q

J fi) « . « fl

s^

«

. ' fi-fi-n-t^

e^ n-p. J R-li.

n-

n-

J f: r p »- '^
«: ? I^ p
a: n n

r^i^E

f-

?-

9

O 2

i4

Z Sk

»•

CO

£i c c c s

i:

fl

.

f\

«

J r li. /i- Ci- jr

bo

n~

12-

^ •- r t~ r ^

'■3
c

r

1-

1.4

^

f- C C C "

. i; c c c g

i: C i: n

r.

$3

:^ c c . c c

c

C

►3 rL« « ^ S

•< £1 £) ») O £1

e\

/n

■< J- li-rs-P-}::^

J /2_ n. < 12-/2-

12-

12-

o! *- r- f- 1- '^

•:i r r at. r r

I-

f-

3 E'E

\ S'E

a<

in

-^ " n

r." "

n

X

o c u ^

«^ ,iu «y eu

^ S

i^r^J "On 2

*- ^-^ «,

•" 1=^ S 13
r -

p w '"' "^

Or . -a

c u o e

rt u .

-c! "^ -ti
••>■<-> C

a. t«

w i; • S

^> CO

w^ -5 •"

*J _<-»-' "O

<4-i I— I O <u
art ■»-»

— . 3 (u 3

o C2, c o

^ "(^ ">
" .O c

♦-' -fl Q,

(u -^ o .2
o "^ -a •«

-°-o So,

T3 C S^

' O != e

•2 ii<^ ,.

c -5
o

.2 <ii

« ^ ^ cJI

a- ^

D

22 A HEBREW GRAMMAR.

9. Ill Hebrew, aftive participles fignify either as
thofe o{t\iepre/e?tf, or the future in rus, in Latin ; paf-
five participles, as thofe oi the prefer^ or future in dus.*

1 o. 1 prefixed to a verb often converts the preter
into the prefent, or future, and the future into the pref-
ent, or preter ; as, M^pJ**, and I will rebuke ; ■\S"l"'%
andhe fpake.\

11. The particle *K, then^ coming before the fu-
ture, fometimes converts it into the preter ; as,
nSI*) W, then he /pake.

12. In Hithpael, when the firfl radical is ?, D, V,
or Vt the charafleriftic T\ is tranfpofed with it ; as,
iSnti^n, from nsti?. And the chara£teriftic n being
tranfpofed with 7 is changed into 1, and with If, into
D : as, I»";rr-|, from pr ; Ip-iDl'n, from p'^^;I.

13. The prefixes, D, 5, ^, and 12, joined to the
infinitive mode, form gerunds j as, *T»p3l3, in 'vifit.
ing ; "Ips^, to v'lfit. §

1 4. When the third perfon feminine preter of any
conjugation is followed by a pronoun fuffix, its n is
changed into n ; as, innDriJ?, Jhe loved hifn. i Sam.
XVIII. 28.

15. The fecond perfon mafculine plural of the pre-
ter of Kal fometimes drops its CD before a fuffix ; as,
ijnm, ye have fajied to me, for ''J^nDJf. Zech.
VII. 5. ^IT&^^Ty^'jehave brought us up, for IJI^JH'iSj;!-!.
Numb. XX. 5.

1 6. In the fartheft column to the left hand of the
preceding example of regular verbs are added the
par'agogic letters, i. e. letters which are fometimes
fuffixed to the refpective perfons of all the conjuga-

* In Kal, there is a pajfi've as well as aBme participle.

f Sometimes the 1 is not joined to the word it afFefts ; but to
another.

\ Sometimes n, the charafteriftic of Hithpael, is omitted.

\ :i, 3, and b often exclude rr, the charaAeriflic of the in*
finitive of Niphal and Hiphil.

A HEBREW GRAMMAR. 23

tions, againft which they ftand. They are added for
emphafis, or euphony. They are fuffixed to irregular
as well as regular verbs.

SECTION IX.

OF IRREGULAR VERBS,

1. Thofe verbs, which in their formation are not
ftridly reducible to the foregoing example of Ips,
are called irregular, or defeSllve.

2. The feveral Idnds of irregular verbs are thefe, viz .

Pe Yod *' \'^^'^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^'^^^^^ °^ ^^^^^ ^^
Oin Vau, or a verb the middle radical of which is
Lamed He, or a verb ending with
Pe Nun, or a verb the iajt radical of which is
Oin doubled, or a verb the two lafl: letters of which
are the fame.

T 1 rj.^ ', f 0/- a verb the lafl radical of which is ^ .'
Lamed lau, 13 C ^*

Pe Aleph.

3. The radical ^ of verbs Pe Aleph is generally
omitted in the firfl perfon lingular of the future,|
left two Alephs fhould occur ; as, 15K, for 1DNN.
In other refpe£ls verbs Pe Aleph are regular.

Pe Yod.

4. Verbs Fe Tod caft away "^ in the imperative of
Kal ; as, 3?:^, for ZV*^ ; alfo "^ is omitted in the in-
finitive of Kal, and n is added ; as, nsD. See the
following example :

* From the old example bys, thofe verbs, which drop their
firft letter, have been called defedtive in Pe, S ; thofe, which
drop their fecond, defeftive in Oin, 3; j and thofe, which drop
their third, defcdlive in Lamed, b.

-}- Moft irregular verbs are fametimes regularly formed.

X Or, rather, the two Alephs coalefce in one.

14

A HEBREW GRAMMAR.

Example of the conjugations and declenfion of verbs
Pe Yod.

T\D\

Z:*^ added.

Hophal.

Hiphil.

Niphal.

Kal.

SINGULAR.

SINGULAR.

SINGULAR.

SINGULAR.

flDin

fl^Din

P|D"13

«1D>, ^<-.

nsDin

ns'-Din

rtSD13

rr»)D>, ^.

nsDin

nsDin

nSD"l3

nsD"", ^Aott,

c.

TlSDirT

^n3D")n

"nsDo

^nsDS /> &c. .,

•91

PLURAL,

PLURAL.

PLURAL.

PLURAL.

iSDirr

iS'>D")n

ISDIi

1SD"'

h9

DDSDin

cnsDin

onsDii

onsD'

]nstiin

psmn

psDia

^nsD"

iJSDin

i3*)D"in

13SD13

•):sD>

SINGULAR.

SINGULAR.

SINGULAR.

SINGULAR

«1DV

r^sDV

r|DV

r]D>

>]Din

tT«Din

riDin

t]Vn

»1Din

^l^Din

^IDin

fjon

^SDin

>2"iDin

^*3Din

^rion

*1D1K

tT»D1N

f)D1N

r)DK

c

PLURAL.

PLURAL.

PLURAL.

PLURAL.

c

ISDV

IS'-DV

ISD'C

ISD''

50

njsDin

n35Din

n3£Din

n^son

isDin

is'-mn

isDin

ison

rtasDin

riiSDin

n3SD"in

nascn

r]D13

JT-Dia

r|D13

r)D3

SINGULAR.

SINGULAR.

SINGULAR.

^CDin

f|D"in

t]0

s

Not ufed.

^s^Din

•"SDin

"UD

PLURAL.

PLURAL.

PLURAL.

>

"iS''D*in

1£DirT

1SD

in

niSDin

njDDin

n:£D

fjDin

ri">D"tn

riD")n

ni)D Infin,

fl"'D173

fjCV Part.

aa.

r^v^-o

r|C"i:

»>1D* Part.

pafT.

fP^ -/^^ J^'v*-^^ Y^pn, ny^pn, niy^pn^^

A HEBREW GRAMMAR. is

5. When any of thefe lervile letters, K, H, >, O, J,
Ji, are prefixed to a verb Pe Tod, in its declcnfion,
the radical *» is ufually either omitted, or changed in-
to 1. Except DD% SS, jDt, and pJ** ; which, in Hiph-
il, require "» inftead of "1 ; as, S"'t3"tn,/or S*>Din.

6. Thefe four verbs, ^Q^, n'D\ p% and n-|% in Hith-
pael, change •» into % as, "iDinn. Other verbs Pe Tod
are regular in Hithpael. N. B. Whenever Hithpael
is not inferted in the examples of irregular verbs, it is
regularly declined, as in "np3 j unlefs in fuch inftances
as will be noticed.

7. The verb *?D"' has "i in the future of Kal ; thus,

b5lK, IJhall be able.

8. np^, to take, or be taken, is formed in KalX\k& r|D>.

9. The formative 1 in Hiphil is fometimes omitted ;
as, ^rovr^for MSlTin. Jerem. XXXII. 2>y^

OiN Vau.

10. The root of verbs O'm Vau is the infinitive j as,
Cip, to arife. In the third perfon mafculine fmgular
of the preter of Kal, which is the root of all other
verbs, the T difappears.

1 1. Verbs Lamed He, and a few others, when their
middle radical is 1, are regular, with regard to that
letter.

1 2. Thefe four verbs, 1"1K, U^IS, nv, and SVJ, have
^ in the preter of Kal ; as, HDVJ, n::'\D, DID.

13. tT'^S fometimes imitates verbs P^IW; as, pre-
ter of Hiphil, U^">Din.

14. The third radical of verbs Oin Vau is frequent-
ly repeated ; as, ai2lp.

15. Verbs Oin Vau fometimes omit their 1 in the
future of Kal ; as, I'O^ for SlU^'t ; from DlU^.

16. Hiphil fometimes fuffers an aphasrefis of the
charaderiftic fl, in the imperative ; as, D^p, fecond
per. fmg. mafc. for D''pn. Verbs having their middle
radical "» fometimes, in like manner, drop n in Hiphil.

26

A HEBREW GRAMMAR.

Example of the conjugations and declenfion of verbs
OiN Vau.

Hophal.

Hiphil.

^^ placed.

Niphal.

Kal.

SINGULAR.

SINGULAR.

SINGULAR.

SINGULAR.

n?3wirr

n73"'u;n

ciu;3
n73")u;3

ni721W3

717311;, Jhe.
n73T2;, /Aoa, c.

''jn73u;, /, &c. ^

PLURAL.

PLURAL.

PLURAL.

PLURAL. g

"l3J2U?in

i)3''U'n

Dmy3"'u;n

pi73''\yn

i3i)3"'Tyn

1731U;3

Dni)2iu;3
]ni72iu;3
73"i?3i;y3

173U; ?

Dn)3u;
]n73y;

1373^

SINGULAR.

SINGULAR.

SINGULAR.

SINGULAR.

tiurin

£Diu;n
"•73'n2;n
diu;k .«

PLURAL.

PLURAL.

PLURAL.

PLURAL. ^

77373 ^in
n3)3^in

DT2;i3

n3?o''u;n
"i72''u;n

D'''j;3

173") ;y^
n3?3i;yn

1731U>n

n373i;2;n

n3?3iu;n

"1731U>n

n373');yn

DIlTi

SINGULAR.

SINGULAR.

SINGULAR.

Not ufed.

^73''Tyn

PLURAL.

PLURAL.

^)3iu; ^
>

PLURAL. H

n373u;n

i73"iu;n
n373"m;n

1731^ ."

n373iu;

DU>in

cu^n

Diurr

D"ny Infinitive.

D>W?3

DTi; Part. aft.

D^yiTD

DWa

DIU; Part. paff.

A HEBREW GRAMMAR. 27

Lamed He.

1 7. Befide the changes of n, in the following ex-
ample of verbs Lamed He, it is fometimes changed in-
to '» ; as. In "iDn, for nnon ; and into 1 ; as, in

'iniSu^, for •»niSty.

18. nnu^, he bowed down, not only tranfpofes the
chara£terlftic n with its firft radical V in Hithpael,*
but inferts 1 between the two laft radicals j as,

nnntyn, for nnntr^-

19. Sometimes verbs Lamed He are declined reg-
ularly; as, nns:, nn^j, n^j.

20. The imperative of verbs Lamed He frequent-
ly lofes the radical n, in all the conjugations j as,
Sj, for r>Si ; Sjnh, for nSjnn.

21. 1 converfivef prefixed to the future, the neg-
ative particle Sj< before it, and fuffixes, ufually caufe
n radical to be cut off ; as, tDT\ for T^V'^'^'y ; l^t^V,

for ijntyj?.

22. Thefe two verbs, n%i he was, and nin, he
lived, often lofe the radical n in the future, wheth-
er 1 converfive or Sk are prefixed, or not.}

*See Sea. VI 11. No. 12.
t See Sea. VIIL No. 10.

:j: Verbs ending with x fometimes omit it ; as, >ni£"' for nK^i*-,
/ wf?*? o«/ .• itana for X1t!rr?2, /ro;n finning.

The infinitive often affumes n at the end ; as, HK^ba for i<i^?3,

The third perfon feminine fingular fometimes ends in h, in-
ftead of rr ; as, n^c•^p for nx-ip, fj^e called.

The verb nu;:, ^^ Ufted up, fometimes in the paffive participle
•f Kal changes h into ^ ; as, ^iiyj for k\^^.

28

A HEBREW GRAMMAR.

O

-13

ex

22 »«
o ^1

a

o
u

<u

o

d

W

PRETER.

o

«^

^

p£

od

^ «->

■J

■<

"rt

<

D

«

B<-s

O

•^ •n «^ •-»

CO

'^ *-« »-i

»~ s- r r

n c £

^

5"

FUTURE.

fL C C C 3S

-2 j^ "^ »-t *>

^ JI JI *- JI

-'-FCC'^ cup

. JI . Q.-

^^nnJiJi SnnnJi

rt

O O

JinnjiSnnnn

Ii_P;^A-P-3 P^P-(i.P-

*- r „ f- r r r

c C "^ C C P

•i ^ r r. n r. -T- r_ n r.

.^ w i^ii i^ Ji P *-» 'I •-« *-•

"^ *• r~ C C 35

'-' '^ ir-« .-I 1 •^

r. n -^ JI

s ?;. c n c sff

u |r-p^p-p.p-

z r^ '^ '^ '^ '^
= '- JI JI '^ JI

<

t) fx i* *-• L. ^

5 l^p^p^iS^P^
- J^ n JI *- JI

g p c c C 3C
1 R c n c r.

I T- r r, ^ i:

A HEBREW GRAMMAR.

29

FUTURE.

IMPER.

h

5

0

<

:i

o5

h

■<

J <

(^

ti

» f; C C C 7?

0 fi-fi.^ Ii-fs^

p-

*-*

r-

r *- r IZ.

p-
tz

n n

IZ

r

•s

o4 •

■i

< i

i s-tF-g-S-

B-

J i-! •o '-•'-» •p

li «^ 'n J *~i "^

•-»

^J5,

t ::. '~ ^ f^

5JI- p.- P,

c

n

Ji n

Jl

«^ ;

J

< i

i &-F_F-B.S-

gE.{Ls{L{L

n

a

rS-

li-

i'-ftP^'^

2H- i^S

1
tz

n ji

n

■j

-d

•<

.ij

"»! c r~ i~ r" '^

2 i^h-B-E-I^

3

{L

15

p-

r *^ '^ '^ '^ P

4~)

d

*-»

tz JZ

0

^2;

tz

•i

< d

< p c c c p

£ l-B-Rg-g-

*• '^ *- '^ jz

^ n tz ^ n rz

n

Q

i B-&.3 R-R-

&-

r-

tz

tz n

n

E

3© A HEBREW GRAMMAR.

Pe Nun.

23. Verbs Pe Nun drop i in the imperative and
infinitive of Kal ; which infinitive takes the termina-
tion n ; as, nSiD, from Ssj.

24. When any of the ferviles, X, n, •», 12, i, n,
are prefixed, the radical i is ufually omitted ; as,
Sbn« for hsix : except the future, imperative, and in-
finitive of Niphal, where the radical i is retained.

25. When the fecond radical is SJ, m, n, or JT,
verbs Pe Nun are generally regular ; as, X^^"^ from
VKJ, to defpije,

26. The following verbs follow all the irregulari-
ties of Pe Nun ; n:% he left, 1D'>, he chafiifed, DX"»,
he appointed, 52f"», he placed, J^V**, he fpread, pf'i, he
poured out, •1V"», he for?ned, nx"», he burned, and rjpi,
he compaffed about,

27. The verb j?nS is once defeftive of the firft
radical ; thus, "i^^ni. Job, IV. 10. for "^ynH'J, are
broken,

28. Sometimes 1 is inferted between the two laft
radicals of the future of Kal of verbs Pe Nun ; as,
S"0% Pfalm, I. 3. S"\Bn, Job, XXXI. 22. Sir%
Ifai. X. 34.

A HEBREW GRAMMAR.

3'

Example of the conjugations and declenfion of verbs
Pe Nun.
SsJ, befell

Hophal.
singular.

tAstt

PLURAL.

Dnbsn

Hiphil.

SINGULAR.

b*Drr
nbsn

PLURAL.

cnbsn

Niphal.

SINGULAR.
bS3

n'7S3
nbs3

PLURAL.

1^233

onbss
inbs3

i:bs3

Kal.

SINGULAR^

bj93, /if.
nbS3, Jhe.
nb33, Mw, c.
>nb2J3 .,

PLURAL. 5

1V2J3 r

WbB3

SINGULAR.

bun

PLURAL.

TOVsn
nabsn

SINGULAR.

b-un
b>sn

PLURAL.

SINGULAR.

VS3*

bB3n

PLURAL.
>bS3»

nabsin
nabsin

bS32

SINGULAR.

ban

PLURAL. Q

ibsn
nibsn

Not ufed.

SINGULAR.
PLURAL.

SINGULAR.

''bsan

PLURAL.

"ibain

SINGULAR.

>

PLURAL. H

ban

'j^an

bs3rr

nbfi Infinitive.

b^sn

'ji)l3 Part, ad.

bijn

bw

bliJS Part. paffL

3^2 A HEBREW GRAMMAR.

OiN DOUBLED.

29. Verbs Oin doubled, in the firft and fecond con-
jugations, ufually omit the fecond radical ; as, SD,

for 35D.

30. In the firft and fecond conjugations, 1 is ufual-
ly inferted before the terminations of the firft and
fecond perfons preter ; and "» before the feminine
plural termination nJ, in the future and imperative.

3 1 . Sometimes 1 is inferted between the two firft
radicals ; as, ITD ; m^DHn. This generally takes
place in Hithpael, which otherwife is regular.

A HEBREW GRAMMAR.

5o

Example of the conjugations and declenfion of verbs

OiN DOUBLED.

D3D, he went about.

Hophal.

Hiphil.

Niphal.

Kal.

SINGULAR.

SINGULAR.

SINGUXAR.

SINGULAR.

iDirr

non

1D3

ID, /^(T.

niDin

nion

nana

niD, Jhe. '

niaoin

niaon

nuD3

nilD* ifAoj/, c.

^niiDin

^niiDn

-miDS

PLURAL.

PLURAL.

PLURAL.

PLURAL. g

^iDin

"IIDH

llDi

P4

ontnoin

cnncn

bniaoa

omao

131SD3

"lillD

SINGULAR.

SINGULAR.

SINGULAR.

SINGULAR.

iDV

2D^

ID*

aiD^

lamn

:iDn

aon

aion

iDin

iiDn

son

lion

^HDin

^:iDn

"10 n

"•lion

noiN

::dm

3D^e

PLURAL.

PLURAL.

PLURAL.

PLURAL. ^

11D1>

11 D»

tlD*

IIID^ .«

n3>aDin

nation

ns^ion

n3"'itDn

"taDtn

non

tson

iiicn

na^iDin

n:''iDn

n3"'iDn

ns^aon

:iDi3

1D3

3D3

1103

SINGULAR.

SINGULAR.

SINGULAR.

ion

ion

:i>D i

Not ufed.

PLURAL.

PLURAL.

*11D 5
PLURAL. ^

tiDn

lion

111D J"

n:>acin

n3^iDn

ns^iD

iDin

norr

aiort

aiD Infinitive.

1D)3

HID Part. aft.

SD^n

SlDJ

aviD Part, paff.

34- A HEBREW GRAMMAR.

Lamed Nun or Tau.

32. Verbs Lamed Nun or Tizz/, when their perfon-

al terminations begin with 1 or n, commonly drop

their lad radical ; as, nJDs>tfn, Ifai. LX. 4. tbeyjhalt

be nurfedi or fupported, for nJ^Ds^^n, from jDNt, to

fupport : *>r\'D\ Gen. XIX. 19. for -JrinDI, / Jhall

die.

33. The verb fHi, to give, not only drops its
initial i, according to No. 24. of this Se6t. and
its final one before a perfonal termination beginning
with i ; but alfo generally lofes its final J before a
perfonal termination beginning with n j as, "^nni, /
kanie given ^ for '>nini.

34. The infinitive of jn J is ufually T\TSy or TSrsT\
with n paragogic, for n^n.*

35. Many Hebrew words are doubly imperfect, or
irregular, chiefly fuch as have "> or i for the fir ft let-
ter, and n for the laft. Thus, we find Job, XIX.
2. p^JTl fecond perfon mafculine plural of the fu-
ture of Hiph. from n5"», to affiiEl ; Pfalm, LXXV. 2.
1J''T^r% firft perfon plural of the preter of Hiphily
from m% to confefs : Gen. XII. 8. U'', third per-
fon mafculine fmgular of the future of Kaly from
r^D;?, to extend : Exod. IX. 1 5. it<, firft perfon
lingular future of Kal, from nSi, to finite.

36. When the middle radical is irregular, the ex-
tremes are regular \ as, Dli, which never lofes its
firfl radicaL

37* If both or either of the extremes be irregular,
the middle radical is regular ; as, n^i, which never
lofes its middle radical : hence it follows, that, if
but one radical appear in a verb, it is always the mid-
dle one ; as^ ivfl^ from niJ ; and the radical

* nn or nnn fcems, fametimes, to be ufed for fecond per&o
psreter of Ival. See IL Sam. 22, 41.

A HEBREW GRAMMAR. 35

wanting at the beginning is either •» or J, and at the
end, n.

SECTION X.

OF VERBS WITH SUFFIXES.

1. Verbs have the fame fuffixes which nouns have :
and thefe three befides, viz. ''J, me, com. ^i, him or
it ; riJ, her or it.

2. A fuffix to a verb, in the indicative or impera-
tive, always fignifies a perfonal pronoun in fome ob-
lique cafe ;* as, ""Jlps, vifitavit me ; he viftted me :
*>ir^}r\^, dedifli mihi ; thou haji given to me : T^\
commorabitur tecum ; he Jhall dwell with thee,

3. A fuffix to an Infinitive may fignify either an
agent, or a patient ; that is, a pronoun, either in
the nominative, or fome oblique cafe ; as, ^>><1p3,
when he cries ; 1*lJ2U?^, to keep him.

4. Verbs Lamed He lofe n before the fuffixes ;
as, ^W^, for iJnu^;;, he hath made us.

5. y epenthetic is fometimes inferted between the
fuffixes, iJ, 1, irn, n, and a verb in the future ; as,
'>::i35'', for '':iD5>, he Jhall honor me.

6. The perfonal termination ^ is often dropped be-
fore a fuffix ; as, nU^Si, for n^t^»25. Gen. I. 28.

7. Participles have the fame fuffixes which nouns
have ; as, ^*>11J,% he/ping him, or his helpers.

* That is, anfwering to fome cafe different from the Nomina-
tive, in Latin, 6(c.

36 A HEBREW GRAMMAR.

SECTION XI.

OF THE VERB ti^"» ; REDUPLICATIVE, AND PLURI-
LITERAL VERBS.

1. C^"*, he is, or they are, has rather the nature of a
noun than of a verb, in this refped, that it takes the
fame fuffixes as nouns, inftead of the perfonal termin-
ations of verbs ; as, "'U^% thou art ; 05'*:^% you or
ye are. See the word, in Parkhurft's and Pike's He-
brew Lexicons.

2. Reduph'cative verbs have the lajl, the Jirji and
Jaji, or the two laji radicals doubled. They are de-
rived from fmiple verbs ; as, from ^"^ji are derived
SSa and Shi ; from S^p, SSp and SpSp ; from
13rn, "|?5?n ; from iriD, "innno. Such verbs are de-
clined regularly.

3. Pluriliteral verbs confifl: of more than three let-
ters in their root ; as, DD"l5 to wajie, or root up ,-
'^SlS, to inveji. The few times they occur, they are
declined regularly.

SECTION XII.

OF PARTICLES.

1. Under the denomination of particles,* are in-
cluded adverbs, conjunftions, prepofitions, and inter-
jedlions.

2. Particles have fuffixes like nouns fmgular ; as,
TIJJ, before him.

3. Some particles imitate nouns plural in regimen j

* See Sea. HI. No. 4.

A HEBREW GRAMMAR. ^^

as, '>inK, after, which, with fome others, requires the
fame fuffixes which nouns plural do.

4. Thefe three particles, j**!*, not, njn, behold, ll;?,
yet, for a fuffix of the third perfon mafculine fingular,
take the verbal one "(J ; as, "iJJ''i<, not he.*

5. Particles often govern the infinitive mode.

SECTION XIII.

SYNTAX.

1. Two or more fubftantives fignifying the fame
perfon, or thing, are regularly of the fame number,
by appofition ; as, "JlDj; HU^D, Mofes, ?ny fervant.'\

2. In Hebrew an adjective ufually agrees with its
fubftantive in gender and number ; as, ZD5n p, a
wife/on ; rhii ni^D, great Jlrokes. We meet, how-
ever, with fuch expreflions as thefe, rhii 1^'^iy, great
cities ; Deut. I. 28. VI. 10. — irhl^ a'>:Dtt, great

Jlones ; Deut. XXVII. 2. — m3D a*>JNn and nip,
good and bad figs ; Jer. XXIV. 2. and 3. — SD'^/'lJn
mKDn, the great lights ; Gen. I. 16. As to the
three firft phrafes, it has been obferved, Sed. IV. No.
21. Note 2d, that fome feminines plural end in uD'» :
and, perhaps, in fuch expreflions as c'^un niNCm,
the adjective with a termination ufually mafculine is
joined with a feminine fubftantive, as a mark of digni-
ty or excellence.

3. Participles agree with fubftantives, in the fame
manner that adjedives do.

* See Sea. VIl. No. 7. and Sed. X. No. i. *

■\ Except nouns which imply dominion or power, particularly

fome of the names of God ; which, although plural, may be ia

appofition with nouns fingular.

F

38 A HEBREW GRAMMAR.

4. When two fubflantives of different genders have
the fame adje£tive, that adjeftive is ufually of the
niafculine gender ; as. Job, I. 13. a'^^Sx I^HJ^^ *i"»iS,
his fens and his daughters eating.

5. When two fubflantives, one of which is fingu-
lar, and the other plural, or both being fmgular,
have one adjedlive, or participle, that adjective or
participle is, ufually, in the plural number ; as,
C'^i^Dn r^&l)^ •'JSI tJJ^, / a7id my Jon Solomon
(ihdW ho) finning. iKings, I. 21. This rule applies
to pronouns ; as, CDHS^ ssiD nDpJI 15?, Juale and
female (or, as for the male and female) created he
them. Gen. I. 27.

6. A colkdive noun, or a noun of multitude, though
fmgular, may have a plural adjedive ; as,
D''5i5 rnin"' S^, ail Judah coming. Jer. VII. 2.— .
D''^^nt: D5?ri, the people piping, i Kings, I. 40.

7. A plural noun of dominion may have a Angular
adjedive ; as, MC^p D"'i"lN, a cruel lord (lords).

8. An adjedive fmgular is fometimes joined to a
plural noun in a difiributive fenfe ; as, "TiDrti^D '^ti^'',
right are thy judgments (i. e. every one of them).
Pfalm, CXIX. 137.— "11-lKI^I-lK, //j^_y who curfe thee
are curfed (i. e. each one of them). Gen. XXVII. 29.

9. An adjedive, referring to the former of two
fubflantives, fometimes agrees with the latter 5 as,
zy>r\n CTISH nti^p, the bow of the mighty men (is)
broken.

10. A verb commonly agrees with its noun in
number, gender, and perfon ; as, yi"' DlJ^m, and Ad-
am knew. Gen. IV. i. nn*»n '^*\^T\, the earth was.
Gen. I. 2.

11. Sometimes a mafculine verb is joined to a

A HEBREW GRAMMAR. 39

feminine noun, to fliow excellence and dignity j as,

12. A feminine verb may be joined to a mafculine
noun, or pronoun, to exprefs fomething bafe and
mean j as, nsy^n \r\^VV'f

13. A verb fmgular joined with a noun plural, or a

verb plural with a noun fmgular, often fignifies dif-

tribuHvely ; as, 'yn^Ts r^^Vr^ niDnS, the heap of the

field Q.. e. each of the beads) yZ?^// cry. Joel, I. 20.

ytyn ID J, the wicked (i. e. every wicked man)^?^^.

Prov. XXVIII. 1.

14. When two nouns of different genders have the
fame verb, that verb is ufually of the mafculine gen-
der ; as, \^)My\ ECCtrn lSb''% and the heavens and
the earth were finijhed. Gen. 11. i.

15. When feveral fmgular nouns have the fame
verb, that verb may be put in the plural number ; as,

hdhSd ^V'^ H'yim ^nDjyS-ni — i^^ns:, Jrioch,

Chederlaomer, and Tidal made war. Gen. XIV. i.
and 2.

16. A noun of multitude, though fmgular, may
have a plural verb ; as, n^*n "nDN") p, lejl the land
Jhallfay. Deut. IX. 28.

17. Nouns plural, when they denote the parts of
one whole, are fometimes joined with verbs fmgular ;
as, niKD Tl^ there Jhall be lights^ that is, a collection
of lights.

18. Sometimes verbs in the future, when not pre-
fixed with "1 converfive, and not in connexion with a

* Gen. XXIV. 14. t Ezek. XXXIII. 26.

40 A HEBREW GRAMMAR.

word prefixed with it, have the fignification of verbs irl
the preter ; as, D-inTl Ss S^^K ntTJ?'' 1155, thus did
yob all the days. Job, I. 5.

19. Sometimes a verb in the infinitive has the fig-
nification of fome perfon in another mode ; and it
mufh depend upon the fenfe and connexion to deter-
mine its fignification. Sec Seft. IX. No. 34. Note.

20. The mafcuHne noun plural D'^n^N, when mean-
ing the true God (the adorable Trinity), is frequent-
ly joined with verbs fingular, to exprefs the unity of
elTence and operation ; as, D'^uSk KID, God created*
Gen. I. I.

2 1 . Hebrew verbs are often joined with their infini-
tives, which may then be rendered as participles ac-
tive, or as the Latin gerunds. This kind of ex-
preflion denotes fucceffion or continuance ; as,

ij?-ir nK nanK nD-ini iDn^N ns, in bkjjtng (or, to

blefs) / will hlefs thee., and, in multiplying, I will mul-
tiply thy feed : that is, I will continually blefs thee, and
multiply thy feed. Gen. XXII. 17.*

22. The fubftantive verbs, M*'!! and t^^"', he was, &c.
are often omitted.

* Thus, Ifai. VI. 9. rJ^T\ hH^ ^x-i ^xTi ^3^in bxi yin^y iy?3u;,
hear^ in hearing (i. e. be continually hearing), and ye Jhall not per-
ceive ; and fee, in feeing (i e. be continually feeing), aw J j»f/W/ «o#
hnoiu. Gen. II. 16. and 17. Of every tree of the garden h^iUDhsHt
thou fait or mayefi continually eat ; but of the tree of knowledge of
good and evil thou/lialt not eat of it, &c.

A HEBREW GRAMMAR. 41

SECTION XIV.

GRAMMATICAL FIGURES.

1 . The Hebrews fometitnes make ufe of enallage ;
as, IS ^D"\n. Pf. II. 12. iS ^D^n. Ifai. XXX. 18. In
thefe inftances, the conftruded form is ufed for the
abfolute.

2. Paragoge frequently occurs. See the example
of the conjugations and declenfion of regular verbs.

3. Ellipfis is frequent, particularly of the particles,
and the fubftantive verbs, ITTI and ti^**. See Sed.
XIII. No. 22. Pleonafm is often ufed.

4. Aphasrefis fometimes takes place in the impera-
tive of Hiphil of verbs Oin Vau, &c. See Se£l IX.
No. 16.

5. Epenthefiis is fometimes ufed. See Seft. X.
No. 5.

6. Apocope fometimes occurs. See Se£t. VIII.
No. 8. Note 2d.

42 A HEBREW GRAMMAR.

SECTION XV.

DIRECTIONS FOR FINDING THE ROOT IN HEBREW
LEXICONS.

1. The root^ whence words of like fignificatiGn are
derived, is commonly a verb in the third perfon maf-
culine fingular of the preter of Kal.

2. A root ufually confifts of three letters.

3. To find a root, caft away all the ferviles j* if
three radicals remain, you have the root ; as,
DrT'n*)*lJDDD, out of their clofe places, from n*i:iDD, found
in the lexicon under "nJiD ; D"'j;tl^"l, impious, from ;7{!?1.

4. If, after the ferviles are caft away from a word,
there remain two radicals only, the root is an irregular
verb ; in fuch cafe,, add "> or J to the beginning of the
word ; thus, in nyi/l. Gen. II. 9. H is a prefix (em-
phatic), Seft. V. No. 3. n is the feminine termination ;
J7*1 remains ; but, not finding this in a two-lettered
form, add '' to the beginning, and you will have the
root.

5. If, after the prefixes and formative letters are
rejected, one letter only fhould remain, the root is a
doubly imperfect verb ; and, in order to find it, add
*> or i to the beginning, and n to the end : thus, in
0^''% Gen. XIV. 15. 1 is a prefix ; "^ is the fign of the
third perfon mafculine fing. future, and D is a fuffix,
the?n ; there remains 5 only, to which prefix 1, and
fuffix n, and you have the root.

* See Se6l. II. No. 4. and 5. The learner fliould know what
letters are fervlle, and what the ufe of the ferviles is, in forming
prefixes, fiiffixeSf xX\t plural number of nouns, the conjugations and
perfons of verbs, &c.

A HEBREW GRAMMAR. 43

6. Sometimes, though rarely, the root confifls of
but two letters ; as, Mi, or ; JJ, a roof. And,

7. Sometimes the root confifls of four or five let-
ters ; as, DD15, be wq/led ; IHinD, he panted.* See
Sea. XI. No. 2. and 3.

* In moft Hebrew Lexicons, the roots are placed in alphabet-
ical order ; and all the branches proceeding from a root are placed
after it.

It is needlefs to be more particular on this fubjeft, fince alnaoft
every Hebrew Lexicon gives diredlions for finding the root.

44 A HEBREW GRAMMAR.

-GRAMMATICAL EXERCISES.
Exercise I. — Exa?nples of the ufe of Prefixes
J. 1SDD, in a book.

tXf^, in this.

lyStD, with honey,
"IpsDj in v'lfiting.

2. "l^Dn, the^ that, or 0 king.
DMn, they.

nj?in, who fed.

3. 1^)31, and a king.

4. VV^j ^^ ^ ^'"^^•
■Ip25, M^ viftting.

5. aj?^, /o, o/", or for a people.
riDS^, in fafety.

IpsS, /(? 1;/^/.

6. rr^lD, from the wind.
ti^DID, /« comparifon of honey.

•IpsD, /j6^/ /j(? might not vifit : or, frotn viftting.

7. m)^*>V, who fhall take.

Exercise II. — Words in regimen. Words with fuf
fixes, 'Q'c.

1. Yl)J lil^, in the garden-of Eden.

2. p7K iXy, a leaf -of an oak tree.

A HEBREW GRAMMAR. 45

EXPLANATIONS.

1. ISO is amafculine noun fingular, prefixed with 3, fig-

nifying i?i. See § V. No. 2. — ^^SD is abfolute ; §
IV. 19. It is declined like "OT ; § IV. 27.

D is a prefix, as above. MT is a demonftrative pro-
noun ; § VI. 5.

S is a prefix, &c.

1p3D is a gerund in 3 ; § VIII. 13.

2. n is a prefix ; § V. 3.

n is a prefix, as above. It is here emphatic. DM

is a perfonal pronoun ; § VI. 3.
n is a prefix, fignjfying u/ho ; § V. 3. nj;^ is a verb

Lamed He, 3d perfon fing. mafc. preter of Kal.

3. *i is a prefix, fignifying and ; § V. 4.

4. 5 is a prefix. § V. 5.

•Tps5 is a gerund in 5 ; § VIII. 13.

5. *? is a prefix j § V. 6.

7 is a prefix,. as in the preceding word,
A gerund in ^ ; § VIII. 13.

6. D is a prefix ; § V. 7.

D is a prefix, fignifying in comparifon of ; § V. 7.
A gerund in Dj § VIII. 13.

7. tif is a prefix. *nN'' is a verb Pe Aleph, in the 3d

perfon fing. mafc. of the future of Kal ; § IX. 3,

EXPLANATIONS.

1. p3 is a mafc. noun fing. prefixed with D, fignifying

in. It is in regimen; % IV. 18. — pj? is amafcu-
. line noun fing. abfolute ; § IV. 1 9.

2. il'^V ^s a mafc. noun fing. with a fern, termination ;

§ IV. 6. Note. It is in regimen. — '^^ii is a mafcu-
line noun fingular, abfolute.
G

^46 A HEBREW 4?RAMMAR.

3. ni!T» nmn, the law-of Jehovah,

4. I'^ttM n^HK, aftfier-cfthe king.

5. Mirr* TsY\'^^ the righteou/TieJks'of Jehovah.

6. njiJtr "i-lSn, -words-of hatred.

7' ^^ '**^'1J^> uncircumclfed-of heart.

8. '•I^J?, my fervanu

11. anvi'^'^iDfip, out of their clofe places.

12. D>nSK niDN-Jl, andGodfaid.

13. Dynn^wSjKD, he rejufed to fend away the people.

A ilEBlif V^' GRAMMAR. 47

EX P L A N A TIO N S.

3. ny\r\ is a' feminine noun fingular iii regimen, de-
clined like np^j § IV. 28. Rule fot regimen No.
18 ; for the change of ri at the end of the ^ord in-
to n. No. 22. of the fame fe6tibn.— hih'>' is a ihafc.
noun fing. with a fern, termiiiaiion ; § IV. 6. Note.

4. ninK is a fem. noun fmg. declined § IV. 30. The
word is in regimen, No. 18. of the fame fed. — iSd
is a mafc. noun fmg. abfolute. It is prefixed with »1.

5. JT^plX is a fem. noun plur. declined § IV. 28. It
is in regimen. See § IV. 22. — tysr^ is a mafc. noun
fing. abfolute, as explained above.

6. *f\2r[ is a mafc. noun plur. in regimen : D is caft
away from the end ; § IV. 21. — HKJJif is a fem.
noun fing. declined § IV. 28.

7. ''Snj; is a paff. part, in Kal, declined § IV. 32. See
alfo No. 20. of the fame fedion. — 3^ is a male, noun
fing. abfalute.

8. "JlSj? is a mafc. noun fing. fuffixed with 1, fignifying
my. See § VII. i. It may alfo be plur. fuffixed
with "» ; Noi 2. of the fame feftion. •

9. "»i13l is a mafc. noun fing. fuffixed with U, fignify-
ing our ; § VII. I.

I o. "^tyKI, is a mafc. noun fing. fuffixed with % his ;
§ VII. I.

11. » is a prefix, fignifying out of. Dn^n^iJDIDttls a fem.
noun plur. fuffixed with OH, fignifying their ; § VII.
3, The fing. is n'lIlDD, found in the Lexicon under
the root "»JD.

12. nttN^'^is a verb Pe Aleph ; § IX. 3. found in the
third per. fing. of the future of Kal, prefixed with \
which converts the future into the preter ; § VIII.
ID. — D%1^K is a mafc. noun plur. with which nDK'»
agrees ; § XIII. 20.

13. [ND is a verb Lamed Nun ; § IX. 32. found in the
third per. fing. preter of Kal, agreeing with Kin un-
derftood j § VI. 3. — n^U^S is a gerund in Lamed ;
§ VIII. 13. oyn is a mafc. noun fing. prefixed
with n, fignifying the.

4$

A HEBREW GRAMMAR.

I.

Verfe ..
D^KDn imsi D'^vty"! rii'^D

Exercise III. — Ffalm I.

Verfe i .
Blefled is the man who
v/alketh not in the conn-
fcl of the ungodly, nor
flandeth in the way of fin-
ners, nor fitteth in tlie feat
of the fcornful.

Verfe i.

Fifr/t' 2.
But his delight is in the
law of the Lord ; and in
his law doth he meditate
day and night.

- A HEBREW GRAMMAR. 49

EXPLANATIONS.

Ver. I. ">ltyN is a mafc. noun plur. in regimen, com-
ing before t^Kn, § IV. 1 8. The phrafe, V^ari ^^^H,
literally, in Englifh, is, O the bleflednefles of the man.

nU^K wants the fmg. numb. *^''Xn is a mafc. noun

fmg. prefixed with n, fignifying the ; ,§ V. 3. Iti^K

is a relative pronoun ; § VI. 6. K^ is a particle ; §

III. 4. and § XII. I. — — "p^ is a regular verb, found in
the third per. fmg. mafc. of the preter of Kal ; § VIII.

8. nvj73 is a fem. noun fmg. prefixed with D, fig.

nifying in. It is in regimen, as it comes before D^ytyi,

which is an adje£live plur. mafc. ufed fubflantively.

T\131 is a mafc. noun fmg. in regimen, prefixed with

% fignifying and, and with D, fignifying in. D''Nl3n

is a mafc. noun plur. abfolute ; or, rather a participle
mafc. plur. abfolute of Kal, from ii^r\,toJin, ufed fubflan-
tively. kS is a particle, as above. IDj; is a reg-
ular verb, found in the third perfon fing. mafc. of the
preter of Kal. Sti^lDDT is a mafc. noun fing. in reg-
imen, coming before CD*'lk S. It is prefixed with % figni-
fying and, and with 3, fignifying in. SD''i*'? is a mafc.

noun plur. abfolute. S<^ is a particle, as above.

^^"^ is a verb Pe Yod, found in the third perfon fing.
mafc. of the preter of Kal ; § IX. 4.

Ver. 2. *i'D and E3K are particles. Joined, as in this

place, they fignify certainly, or, but in truth. ^n"TinU

is a fem. noun fing. in regimen, prefixed with 3, figni-
fying in. n^rr* is a mafc. noun fing. with a fem.

termination ; § IV. 6. Note. It is abfolute. li'rn

is a mafc. noun fing. fuffixed with % fignifying his. — -
in"\in3^ is a fem. noun fing. prefixed with 1, fignifying
and, and with 2, fignifying in ; and fuffixed with 1,

fignifying his. njn*i is a verb Lamed He, in the

third perfon fing. mafc. future of Kal ; § IX. 22.

DD^"*, by day ; in the day time. It is in the form of a

particle, from d"', a day. M^'»7^ is a fem. noun

fing. abfolute, prefixed with 1.

5^

A HEBREW GRAMMAR.

Vcrfe 3.

in^a- in** i^na -»{:^K a^iD

F^r/^ 3.
And he fhall be like ^
tree planted by the river*
of water, that bringeth
fonh his fruit in his fea-
fon ; his leaf alfo fhall nor
wirhpF • and whatfoever-
he doth fhall profper.

Ytrfe 4.

The ungodly are" nbt"
fo ; but are like the chaff
which the wind driveth a-
way.

A HEBREW GRAMMAR, ft

^X PLANATIONS.

i5?r. 3. :tVi1V\ is a verb Lamed He ; § IX. 22. It is
found in the third perfon fing. mafc. of the preter of
Kal, converted into the future by the prefix ^ ; § VIII.

1.0. It agrees with »^v\ under ftood ; § VI. 3. vys

is a mafc. noun fmg. prefixed with 5, fignifying as,
binty is a paflive participle of Kal, from the reg-
ular verb SnC^, and declined like DID ; § IV. 32,

■■ ^y is a particle. "^jI^s is a mafc. noun plur. in

regimen. I3'>t3 is a mafc. noun plur. abfolute. It is

irregularly declined; § IV. 31. '^^^ is a relative

pronoun ; § VI. 6. T'ls is a mafc. noun fmg. fur-
fixed with % fignifying his, jn^ is a verb Pe Nun

and Lamed Nun ; § IX. 2. 32. and 33. ft is found in
the third per. fmg. mafc. of the future of Kal ; § XIII,

18. inj;S is a feminine noun fing. prefixed with 3,

and fuffixed with \ In the plur. it is CSTij; and mnj?.
-')nby^ is a mafc. noun with a feminine termina-
tion ; § IV. 6. Note. It is declined § IV. 3 1 . prefix-
ed with \ and fuffixed with \1 \ § VII. 4. vh is a

particle ; explained above. SlS"> is a vf rb Pe Nun,

found in the third per. fing. mafc. of the future of
Yla] ; § Y^. aB..'.. ,.-751 is an adjedive undeclined,

fing. and plur. prefixed with V lU^K juft explained,

ntyy^ is a verb Lamed He, found in the third

per. fing. mafc. of the future of Kal. rr^b^;'" is a

regular verb, found in the third per. fing. mafc. of
Hiphil.

Ver, 4. kS and p are particles. They have been

explained above. C3'';?t^"in is an adje£live plur.

mafc. prefixed with ri ; it is ufed fubftantively.

CDK "i^ are particles ; exp^ined above. V'''25 is a

mafculine noun fing. prefi|Xed with 5. 1C'*N is a

relative pronoun. lisin is a verb Pe Nun, found

in the third perfon fing. fern,, of the future of Kal, fuf-
fixed with 1.J ; § X. I. It agrees with mn, which is
fern, with a mafc. termination ; § IV. 2 1 . Note 2d.

5«

A HEBREW GRAMMAR.

Verfe 5.

a*>p*i-!y i"n nin*> yii** '>5

F(fr/^ 5.
Therefore the ungodly
fhall not ftand in the judg-
ment, nor fmners in the
congregation of the righ-
teous.

Verfe 6.
For the Lord knoweth
the way of the righteous :
but the way of the ungod-
ly fhall perifh.

A HEBREW GRAMMAR. 53,

EXPLANATIONS.

Ver. 5. vj;, j5, and nS are particles. They have

been explained. "iDpi is a verb Oin Vau from

Zyfp ; found in the third perfon plur. mafc. of the fu-
ture of Kal ; § IX. 15. 0''J?li^"l has been explain-
ed verfe i. and 4. D'^ti^ttS is a mafculine noun

lingular, prefixed with D. a''Kl3m is a mafculine

noun plural, prefixed with 1. mj?S is a feminine

noun lingular, prefixed with S, declined like rrpIV ; §

IV. 28. It is in regimen, as it comes before CD">p'>iy.

S'lp'^iy is an adjedive plural mafc. declined like

nip § IV. 32.

Ver» 6. >5 Is a particle. J?*11"' Is an adive parti-
ciple of Kal, from the verb Pe Yod ^1*>. It is de-
clined like SID § IV. 32. See alfo § XIII. 22.

l"n is a noun with a mafculine termination ; but it is

frequently feminine. It is here in regimen.

nD^p'^lif is an adje£live, explained above. 1*11% pre-
fixed with % jufl: explained. CJ^ti^"! explained.

nSKn is a verb Pe Aleph, from "13K. It is

found in the third perfon fingular feminine of the future
of Kal ; and it agrees with "Tn j § IV. 21. Note 2d.

H

$'4 A tIEBREW GRAMMAR.

REMARKS ON THE READING OF HEBREW,

It has been aflerted, thit all the letters of the Hebrew alphabet
are confonants, and t^at the vowels are marked by certain figos*
called points : as, kametz or kamets,- ^, ba ; patach or pathah, ^r

T

be ; chateph-patach or hateph-pathah, ^ , a, &c.

But, what reafon can be offered, why x ;n Greek, and a in En-
glifh and Latin, (hould be acknowled-ged as vowels, while x in He-
brew is not, although the fornaer have their (hape and place in the
alphabet from the latter ?

K, rr, 1, S aiid :}, together viath the found of e, according to the
diredlions in Sefh. I. of this Grammar, furnifh us with all the vowel-
founds which are requifite to read H:brew with accuracy. This
mode of reading is very fimple and eafy ; whereas the Maforetic
pointing has unneceifarily multiplied the inflexions of nouns and
verbsj and, on various accounts, is difficult and perplexing.

^he following ohfervatiom are taken frdm Wilson'^s
Elements of Hebrew Grammar.

. This method of ufmg marks for vowels was adopted by a fet of
Jewifh critics, called Maforites,* who flourifhed after the com-
mencement of the Chriflian sera.

Thefe men bellowed much pains upon the text of the Old Tef-
tament, particularly that portion of it which was named the law.
Their labor, indeed, did not penetrate very deep. They afford us
little or no affiftance in the invelligation of the true fenfe of Scrip-
tur;e.

In vain do we feek from them the folution of difficulties, the
elucidation of obfcure pafTages, or any ufeful information concern-
ing the manners and cuftoms of their anceftors. Their time was
chiefly fpent in giving directions about the pronunciation or fpell-
ing of the language, about the manner in which it ought to be
read, in numbering the fyllables and words of particular books, and
in attempting to unfold the myfferies, or rather fuperftitious fables,

* The name is borrowed from a word tliat fignifies /raii/Zcw. Mafora, 3r
©ritic on the text of the Old Teftament, principally found^^d on traditioii.

A HEBREW GRAMMAR. 55

hid under the veil o( inverted, enlarged, or d'lminijhed letters. Their
attempts to affix points or marks to the Hebrew letters, with an in-
tention to fupply the defefts of vowel-letters in the original text,
appeared in the Jifth century. Thefe attempts continued to in-
creafe till about the ten(h, at which period, it is generally thought,
this art attained its perfeftion.*

The matter has been agitated with keennefs and acrimony.
Heat and paflion have been introduced into a controverfy of little
or no importance : for, whether we read with or without vowel-
points, the fenfe and meaning of the language muft entirely depend
upon the written characters, dcftitute of points and accents, as they
ftill remain in the moft ancient and authentic manufcripts. The
Jews have never fuffered the manufcripts, which are preferved in
thefr fynagogues for the purpofes of religious worfliip, to be dif-
figured with points.

Every one acquainted with Hebrew knows, that the whole ftruc-
ture of the language is independent of them, and can be much more
cafily learned, and much better underftood, without than with
them.-|-

The vowel-marks are no indications to us of the antient
founds of the language. \^See Bi/hop Hare's Prolegomena in
Pfalmos.~\ Thefe founds have vaniflied, like the breath of
thofe who uttered them ; and no tradition could either arreft or
tranfmit them. We are at liberty to invent founds for ourfelves,
and no objedlion can lie againft this expedient, if we employ them
only for the purpofes of pronunciation, not to alter the radical
parts of the words, not to determine their fignification, nor to con-
found the original principles of the grammar, as the inventors of
points have done.

It is a favorite argument with the advocates for the vowel-points,
that without their affiftance, the fenfe of a vaft number of words
would be left in a fluftuating and uncertain ttate — that, on this ac-
count, they are abfolutely ncceffary to prevent ambiguities in the
language.

A very little refleftion will (hew the weaknefs of this argument.
It is the unavoidable fate of all languages to be liable to ambigui-i
ties. The Hebrew is not more fo than any other. But thefe am-
biguities muft be refolved by an inveftigation of the fenfe of the
period, by confidering the difpofition and conneftion of the words,
and not by points and marks, which particular perfons may im-
pofe.:(:

* Pages 30. and 31. third Edit, Edinburgh.

t Page 35.

\ Pages 61. and 62.

56 A HEBREW GRAMMAR.

To ihefe I add the following obfervations of Ajiias Mon-
TANuSi ^^^ compiler of the Interlinear Bible.

Qua: punftis five vocalibus exemplaria carent, variam kftionem
admittere poffunt, idque non promifcue et paflim, verum quibufdam
in locis ac verbis accidit, ex varia adjunftione vocalium in fcripto
vel pronunciatione. Ut fi quifpiam his Latinis literis f r p n t min-
terferat vocales e e e, ferpenlem efficiet ; fi vero poftremo loco u po-
nat, dicet ferpenfum.*

* Vid. Benedidli Arix Montani de varia Hebraicoriun Libronim Scriptione
ct ledione Comment.

FINIS.

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