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HARVARD UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY OF THE
Classical Department
HARVARD HALL
Ti«5^ ll,.M..t.\)i-ri.,J,A..
r
I B- H. BLAtKn
BookMllcr,
• I
€hxtn)ion |pnss ^txm
XENOPHON
HELLENICA, BOOKS I, II
lV7Tff INTRODUCTION AND NOTES
BY
G. E. UNDERHILL, M.A.
FELLOW AND TUTOR OF MAGUALEN COLLEGE
PABT I.— IKTTBODUCTION AND TEXT
AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
1888
[ All rights reserved'\
(^fi ^,Y<i'
Oct -iA l^i:^
HARVAhD U«iVF_RSlTV.
Classieal Deporiniait
HENRY FROWDE
Oxford UNrvERSiTY Press Warehouse
Ahen Corner, E.C.
PREFACE.
The text adopted in the present edition of the first two
books of Xenophon's Hellenica follows in the main the last
revision of Dindorf, published in 1885, any departures from
which are duly noticed as they occur.
The introduction is divided into several sections. The
first tries rather perhaps to raise than to solve the nlain points
in the complicated question- as to the method of composition
and the intention of the author in these two books, — a
question, which, since the criticism of Niebuhr, has been
vigorously discussed by Peter, Sievers, Breitenbach, and many
other German scholars, but with results on the whole more
negative than positive. The views taken in this and in the
following section on the equally vexed question of Xenophon's
chronology are chiefly based on those advanced by Breiten-
bach in his second edition in the Weidmann series of Greek
and Latin Classics (Berlin, 1884). The third section en-
deavours to supply, from other authorities, what Xenophon
himself almost entirely omits, an account of the internal
affairs of Athens during the last seven and a half years of the
Peloponnesian War ; and for this portion of the introduction
Gilbert's Beiirdge zur Innern Geschichte Athens (Leipzig,
1877) h^s been found most useful. The fourth section
states once again and discusses as briefly as possible the
many difiiculties of fact and of law occurring in Xenophon's
version of the trial of the Generals after the battle of Arginusae ;
and any completeness to which it may pretend is mostly due
4 PREFACE.
to the many valuable suggestions kindly made by Mr. T.
Case, Fellow and Tutor of Corpus Christi College.
The notes are intended not only to explain the critical
and grammatical difficulties in the text, which, though serious
when they do arise, fortimately occur but seldom, but also to
supply a commentary upon the history of the times, and to
point out even at the risk of repetition the numerous gaps
and points of obsciuity in Xenophon's narrative.
To give greater completeness to the Edition, a chrono-
logical summary, a running analysis, and a copious index
of proper names have been added.
Finally, the Editor is much indebted to Mr. Evelyn Abbott,
Fellow and Tutor of Balliol College, for the great assistance
which he has so generously given him, in carrying the book
through the press, and for the many corrections and improve- '
ments which he has made for him throughout the whole
work.
G. E. U.
Magdalen College, Oxford,
ApHl, 1888.
INTRODUCTION.
§ I. The Composition of the Hellenic a.
Although the writings of Xenophon, known as the Hellenica,
have a certain unity of subject in so far as they all treat of Greek
history, yet even a cursory examination soon reveals that they
fall into two, if not three, parts, distinguished by intervals of
time, by differences of style, and apparently by variety of purpose.
The first part again subdivides into two, of which the one
extends from bk. i. to bk. ii. 3. 10, and continues the history of
the Pelpponnesian War from the point where it was
left in the unfinished work of Thucydides down to aqa b n
the destruction of the Long Walls of Athens— an '
event which Thucydides ^ himself takes as marking the end of the
war : while the other takes up the course of events again after an
interval of six months at ii. 3. 1 1, and relates what was virtually
but another outbreak of th& same war, down to the
final pacification of Athens by Pausanias king of *^ ^•^- ^^
Sparta. The second part (bks. iii. — ^vii.) resumes . * *
the narrative gf Greek history one and a-half years later, and
continues it, without any serious break, down to 362 B.C., the
year of the battle of Mantinea and the death of
Epaminondas. Two questions, therefore, arise at 3^2 b C
once, (i) what is the relation of the first part to the
History of Thucydides ? and (2) what is the relation of the parts
to one another ?
As to the first question, evidence both internal, and external
alike points to books i. ii. being designedly a continuation of
Thucydides. Diodorus Siculus (xiii. 42) says Sepocp&p koI ecdiro/i-
nos a(f>* Itv mreXme QovKvBiBrjs t^v apxriv TTiiroirjvrai, Dionysius of
Halicamassus ' and Marcellinus ' give similar testimony. And
' V. 26. • « Ad Pomp. 4. » Vit. Thuc. § 45.
6 INTRODUCTION.
internal evidence shows thiat it is itot a continuation merely in
the sense in which Thuqydides i:^ntinued Herodotus, or Theo-
pompus continued Thucydides, by beginning an independent
narrative at the point where that of the predecessoir stopped ;
but that it was written with the express purpose of completing
what Thucydides for some unknown reason had left unfinished.
On no other hypothesis, except indeed that the beginning of the
Hellenica itself is lost (which seems exceedingly unlikely), can it
be explained why the author should begin, not only without an
introduction — a preliminary which Xenophon dispenses with in
other works — but without any explanation, however brief, of the
events immediately preceding, and of the persons engaged in
them, sufficient to put the reader in a position to understand the
further development of their history. On the contrary, Xeno-
phon plunges him * in medias res ' with the connecting phrase
/xera hk Toura, which seems to refer, to the battle of Cynossema,
previously described by Thucydides *. He is supposed to be
already acquainted with Thymochares, the Athenian general,
and Agesandridas ^, the Spartan general, who had a few months
previously met in battle off Eretria ; and also to know the place,
i. e. the Hellespont, where the Athenian and Lacedaemonian
fleets were stationed when this second (av^is) naval engagement
took place; while not a word is said of the disaster which
Diodorus (xiii.41) relates to have ot^ertaken Agesandridas off
Mount Athos in the interval. Similarly, Dorieus is suddenly
represented as sailing from Rhodes to the Hellespont, but in
Thucydides ^ he last appears at Miletus, whence Diodorus * tells
us that he had been sent by Mindarus to Rhodes. The Athenian
generals are introduced with the article (roiy orpaT^yois) as if
they had been already mentioned ; but we are left to gather
from Thucydides ^ that they were Thrasyllus and Thrasybulus.
Xenophon omits altogether to mention the movement of the
Athenian fleet from Cyzicus to the mouth of the Hellespont ^
and the corresponding movement of the Peloponnesian fleet from
Elaeus to Abydos. So, too, (§ 6) Alcibiades sails up from no
* Cf. Thuc. viii. 107, 108 ir/ws rh n^r6'n(apov . . . hvb tovs avrolhs -xpovovs,
* Thua viii. 95.
' viii. 84. * xiii. 38. • viii. 104.
• • Cf. Thuc. viii. 107 with i. 1. 2.
§ I. COMPOSITION OF THE HELLENICA. 7
one knows where, and (§ 12) Theramenes comes from Macedonia;
whereas Thucydides ^ had left the one in Samos and the other
in Athens. The motive of Tissaphemes' journey to the Helles-
pont is never stated, and can only be supplied by a reference to
Thucydides' narrative ^. All these passages, therefore, seem to
take for granted an acquaintance with Thucydides, and if it be
further supposed that the last fifteen chapters of Thucydides'
eighth book have been lost — for to all appearances an interval of
some five or six weeks must have elapsed since the last event
mentioned in Thucydides and the first alluded to by Xenophon —
even the points of obscurity in them are capable of explanation.
Again in books i.-ii. 3. 10 Xenophon adopts an annalistic
mode of treatment, which it would appear from the later books
was entirely foreign to his natural inclination for grouping
events together. But so soon as he has brought his narrative
down to the surrender of Athens, which Thucydides' had
announced as the goal of his undertaking, he drops this method,
and relates the usurpation of the Thirty without any definite
marks of timfe. And the fact that even in the first period
he does not adhere consistently * to Thucydides* chronological
system of summers and winters, shows still more plainly that he
was modelling his own work on that of somebody else. For
once * he forgets to give the beginning of the year, twice the
beginning of the winter ®, and, more often than not, he does not
notice the end of the summers and winters — data which Thucy-
dides never omits. And sometimes before he has finished with
the narrative of one year, he anticipates the events of the next ''.
Further, Xenophon, like Thucydides, at the end of each year
finds a place wherein to put a brief account of contemporary
events, e.g. in Persia, Sicily, or elsewhere, which he could not
well weave into his main narrative ; but, unlike Thucydides, he
does not make it plain at what season of the year in question
they occurred ^. Finally, Xenophon ® skips over the interval of
six months which elapsed between the surrender of Athens and
the appointment of the Thirty without any definite mark of time
* viii. 92, 108. * viii. 109.
^ V. 36. * Cp. Introd. § 2 on Xenophon's Chronology.
* Probably at i. 5. 11. « i. 4. 20 ; 5. 15. "^ Cf. i. i. 31 ; i. 5. 16.
* Cf. 1. I. 37 ; 2. 19 ; 3. I ; 5. 21 ; 6. i. • ii. i. 8, 9.
8 INTRODUCTION.
at all, save the mention of an eclipse \ so that, had we his
narrative only, we should have no idea that any such interval
had occurred.
All the evidence, therefore, external and internal alike, seems
to show that Xenophon purposely intended the first part of the
Hellenica to be a completion of Thucydides' unfinished history
of the Peloponnesian War.
In discussing the second question, the relation of the two
parts of the Hellenica to each other, we get little to help us from
external testimony. A distinction into two parts does indeed
seem to be implied in the words of Marcellinus^ — ra hk tS>p
SKkenv 1^ tT&v (of the Peloponnesian War) frpayfiara dpairXrjpoi
o T€ QcoTTOfiiros Kcu 6 Sl£vo(j>ciiVy oTs avvaTTTei T^v '"EWrjviKrjP laTopiav,
Similarly, too, Dionysius of Halicamassus ^ speaks of Xeno-
phon's third great work as r^v 'EWijvucrfv koI ffv (sc. iaroplav)
KarcXiirev aTekfj QovKvblbrjs, iv Jf Ktirakvovrai t€ ol rpiaKovra Kai ra
T«(X^ rS>p *ABriPaia>Vf 6. AaKebaifiSpiot KaBeikoPj aSBis dpiaraPTCu,
But both authors seem to make the distinction one of time only,
and to regard the two parts as together forming a connected
whole. Such a view, however, on a comparison of them, would
appear id be quite untenable.
In books iii. — ^vii. all the trammels of Thucydides' system of
arrangement and chronology disappear. Though they contain
the history of forty years, the beginnings of years are only twice
noticed *. Summers and winters are no longer taken as formal
marks of time, but are casually mentioned only in conjunction
with events'. And the events themselves are no more related
year by year in the order that they occiured, but Xenophon
groups them together wherever he sees a causal nexus between
them, often narrating a connected series of events quite con-,
tinuously, and then returning to his starting-point in order to
bring up the general course of iGreek history to the same
date*.
Again, although even in the first two books Xenophon ' once
breaks through the impersonal style of writing, which he had
inherited from Thucydides, and in two or three other passages
Mi. 3. 4. * Vit. Thuc. § 45. * Ep. ad Pomp. 4.
* Cf. vii. I. I ; a. 10. » Cf. iii. 2. 6 ; iv. 8. 7.
• Cf. iii. I. i-iii. 2. 20 with iii. 2. 21-31. ' it. 3. 56/
§ I. COMPOSITION OF THE HELLENIC A. 9
adds moral comments, such as are hardly to be found in the
earlier historian, still in the later books he allows his own moral
and theological proclivities to appear much more on the surface.
The general theme of the five boolcs seems to be the rise and
downfall of Spartan greatness ^. As formerly in Athens, so now
at Sparta, power gives birth to v/Sptr, v^pir to impiety, and
impiety soon brings pimishment in its train*. Unwarned by
examples, the Thebans use their supremacy with an insolence
equally great, and are overtaken with a ruin still more rapid.
As with states, st) with individuals. Dercyllidas and Agesilaus
show reverence towards the gods^ and reap an immediate
reward for their piety : impiety as quickly meets with punish-
ment. Xenophon is no longer the simple annalist of facts ; now
he appears in his better known character of the moralist,
reading his lessons from the pages of human history.
The differences of style between the earlier and later books
are no less marked. Books L, ii. are disfigured by omissions,
by obscurities left unexplained, by unequal and disproportionate
treatment of events, in themselves equally important, by un-
accountable breaks and interruptions, and by a general want of
finish — of which more hereafter. But books iii.-vii., whatever
may be thought of their positive value as historical documents,
contain a narrative which is indeed plainly and simply told, but
at the same time with an admirable' literary finish. In them
Xenophon follows tlie requirements of literary, if not of historical,
proportion. No inddents are related at undue length ; no
events, which he chooses to bring into his narrative at all, are
scamped. The speeches and dialogues so frequently introduced
are all appropriate and suitable to the occasion. In passing
from the earlier to the later books, we seem to pass from chaos
to order.
Finally, internal evidence seems to point to the earlier and
later books of the Hellenics having been written at very different
dates ^ For in i. ii., with one exception, there are no allusions
* Cf. v. 3. 27 ; 4. 1. * Cf. y. 4. 12 ; vi. 3. i.
' iii. I. 17-19 ; 4. n ; 3. 20.
^ Rosenstiel (De Xenophontis Historiae Graecae parte bis edita) in-
geniously tries to show by an examination of the use of certain words»
and more especially of hua^ox and ^MoKmAtiv, and of K^fk and d/x^/, that
lO INTRODUCTION.
to any event happening later than 403 B. c, though in several
passages such allusions might have been aptly introduced^.
The exception is the last words of ii., where Xenophon speaks
of the fidelity of the Athenian democrats to their oath of
amnesty as continuing tn Koi vvp. Here Niebuhr long ago
pointed out that such praise can only mean that certain definite
persons, who had been guilty of certain definite acts during the
usurpation of the Thirty, had never down to that time been
prosecuted or in any way attacked. Therefore the interval
between the Amnesty and the time when tltese words were
written cannot have been very long, not more than ten or fifteen
years at most. Now Xenophon returned to Greece after his
Asiatic expedition with Cyrus in 394 B.C. He must, therefore,
have finished bk. ii. shortly after that date. But the last five
books he must have written much later ; for in vi. 4. 37, when
recounting the events of 371, 370 B.C., he alludes to the death of
Alexander of Pherae in 357 B.C., and in bk. vii. he ends his
history with the battle of Mantinea in 362 B.C.
So far, therefore, it may be concluded that bks. i. and ii.
were composed at a time, on a system, and with an object, quite
different from bks. iii. — vii.
But, as already mentioned, the difficulties in bks. i., ii. do
not end here : there still remain to be considered the strange
omissions, the unequal and disproportionate treatment of events
of very varying importance, and the numerous points of obscurity
which disfigure these two books.
To begin with the omissions, which occur not only in the
interval between the point where Thucydides ends and
the Hellenics fall into three parts, the first extending from the beginning
to ii. 3. 10, the second from ii. 3. 11 to v. i. 36, and the third from
V. 2 to the end. The first and third parts exhibit, he thinks, a more
consistent use of the purely Attic dialect, while the second part is fall of
lonisms. He therefore conjectures that the first part was written just
after Xenophon's return from the expedition of the Ten Thousand,
c. 400 B.C., that the second part was first composed immediately after
the peace of Antalcidas, 387 B.C., but was re-edited (a hypothesis which
he is obliged to make to account for the somewhat indiscriminate use
of Attic and Ionic forms) at the same time that the third part was
written, i.e. subsequent to 362 B.C.
' Cf. ii. 2. 19 with iii 5. 8 and vi. 5. 55 ; ii. 4. 30 with iii. 5. 5, etc.
§ I. COMPOSITION OF THE HELLENIC A. II
Xenophon begins, but frequently throughout the first two
books. Xenophon does not mention ^ the Spartan offers of
peace to the Athenians after the battle of Cyzicus, which,
Diodorus says, were rejected through the influence of the
demagogue Cleophon. The recovery of Pylos ^ by the Lace-
daemonians, which the Athenians had held ever since,425 B.C.,
Xenophon represents as the mere expulsion of some runaway
Helots ; and he does not say a word about tl\e unsuccessful ex-
pedition which the Athenians sent under Anytus to relieve their
garrison in the place; nor about the recovery by the Megarians
of their port of Nisaea at this same time, which had been in
the possession of the Athenians since 424 ; nor yet about the
battle, which shortly ensued, when the Athenians defeated the
Megarians with great slaughter. Again, nothing is said about
Alcibiades' plundering expedition against Cyme, though accord-
ing to Diodorus* it was one of the chief causes of the complaints
against him, which brought about his downfall. Similarly*, Xeno-
phon does not tell how in the year of his admiralty Lysander
organized the oligarchical clubs in Asiatic Greece and the
Aegean, which, after the battle of Aegospotami, did such good
service to the Lacedaemonian cause. In bk. ii.*^ Xenophon omits
the selection of an oligarchical committee of Five at Athens, after
the surrender of the city, who were called Ephors out of com-
pliment to Sparta, and the struggle of some months between the
oligarchs and democrats before the appointment of the Thirty,
wherein, as a preliminary step, many of the generals, taxiarchs,
and other important persons belonging to the democratic party
were arrested. He omits, too, the third visit ' of Lysander to
Athens in the autumn of 404 B.C., during which the Thirty were
appointed, and also Lysander's further exploits in the Aegean in
the next six months ; and, stranger still, he omits to notice
* Cf. i. I. 23 with Diod. xiii. 52, Nepos Ale. 5. The Scholiast on
Arist. Frogs 1580, speaks of a second similar application after Arginusae,
which, if authentic, is also omitted by Xenophon.
* Cf. i. 2. 18 with Diod. xiii. 64, 65.
' Cf. i. 5. 15 with Diod. xiii. 73.
* Cf. i. 6. 4, ii. 2. 5 with Diod. xiii. 70, 104, 14. 10, andPlut. Lys. 5.
* Cf. ii. 3. 2 with Lysias xii. 43.
* Cf. ii. 3. 2 with Lysias xiij. 15.
12 INTRODUCTION.
Alcibiades' murder^ and the share that Lysander had in bringing
it about. So, too,* the cruel decree ^ of the Spartans, forbidding
any Greek state to give shelter to the Athenian exiles, is passed
over ; and the ultimate fate ^ of the Thirty themselves is dis-
missed in a single unintelligible phrase.
Obscurities due to the omission of some important link in the
chain of events, or to excessive brevity, are even more numerous.
It has been already shown how Xenophon presupposes a know-
ledge of Thucydides, and that even then more has to be supplied
to fill up the interval of six weeks between the two narratives ;
but the same defects are noticeable throughout. For example, the
newly-appointed generals coming from Syracuse are made to
take over thie fleet at Miletus, which Xenophon had represented
as built and still in dock at Antandros *. Thrasyllus was sent
to Athens to procure reinforcements for the Athenian armament
in the Hellespont ' ; but when at last he is given them, he takes
them, without a word of explanation, to Ionia. No reason is
assigned for the Lacedaemonian ambassadors and Hermocrates
attaching themselves to the Athenian ambassadors ®, to whom
Phamabazus promised a safe conduct to the Persian king after
the capture of Byzantium. These ambassadors at Gordium
meet other Lacedaemonian ambassadors returning from the
king ■', who are introduced with the definite article, as if already
mentioned. What finally became of Hermocrates, when he
attempted to return to Syracuse, is never stated *. Callicratidas
at an important crisis sent ships to Sparta to procure supplies •,
but nothing more is heard of them. Though in 409 B.C.
Chalcedon was not captured by the Athenians ^°, yet in 405 B.C.
it appears in their possession. Theramenes^^ in his defence
against Critias refers, as to a well-known fact, to the banishment
of Thrasybulus, Anytus, and Alcibiades, although not a word
has previously been said about them. After the death of
Theramenes the Thirty forbid all cf « toO KaraKoyov to enter the
city^* ; but. it nowhere appears that they had b^en previously
•
* Cf. ii. 3. 42 with Pint. Ale. 39 and Nep. Ale. 10.
' Cf. ii. 4. I with Lysias. xii. 99 and Diod. xiv. 6.
* ii. 4. 43. * i. I. 26 and 31. * i, i. 8 and i. 2. 2.
* i. 3- 13- "^ i. 4. 2. « i. I. 27-29; 4. 7. » i. 6. 8, 9.
" i. 3. 8 and ii. 2. i. " Cf. ii. 3. 44.with 13, 14, 21. " ii. 4. i.
§ I. COMPOSITION OF THE HELLENIC A. 1 3
driven out. Finally the Ten in the Piraeus are introduced with
the definite article, although never before mentioned ^.
Still more unaccountable is the curious inequality and dispro-
portionate length with which many episodes are treated. Per-
sonal details, as any one acquainted with the other writings of
Xenophon might expect, are often given with considerable
fulness, like the negotiations between Lysander and Cyrus',
the stratagem whereby Conon contrived to send to Athens news
of his blockade in Mytilene', the measures adopted by Eteonicus
to quell the mutiny of his troops at Chios*, the execution of
Theramenes^, and the device of the oligarchical engineer to
hinder the advance of Thrasybulus' siege engines *. On the other
hand, many important events are dismissed in a few words, e.g.
the expulsion of the Philo-Laconian party from Thasos and the
consequent exile of Pasippidas '^ ; the capture of Selybria ^ ; the
joint attack of Thrasybulus and Alcibiades upon Phocaea'.; the
capture of Delphinium by the Spartans ^** ; tTie accusation of
Erasinides Trepi r^y arpariTyias after Arginusae ^^ ; the ardais in
which the demagogue Cleophon was slain ; the revolt of the
Athenian allies and. the institution of Harmosts ^d Decarchies
after the battle of Aegospotami ^^ ; the'amnesty of Patroclides '',
by which he attempted Jo unite all parties at Athens to sustain
the coming siege ; the opposition offered to Theramenes* pro-
posals for peace with Sparta and the ultimate surrender of the
city**; the appointment of the Thirty at Athens *' ; the return of
Thrasybulus and the democratic exiles, and their reorganization
of the constitution *® ; and lastly, the annihilation of the Thirty
at Eleusis, and the final amnesty of Thrasybulus". There is the
same want of proportion in the speeches reported in these two
books. While the speech of Alcibiades to his fleet before the
battle of Cyzicus is dismissed in three lines *^, the speeches of
Callicratidas to the discontented Lacedaemonians and to the
Milesian assembly are given at some length ^^ Similarly, only
the bare subject of Alcibiades' speeches before the Athenian
* ii. 4. 19.
' i. 5. 2-7. .' i. 6. 19-21. * ii. I. 1-4.
• ii. 3- 56.
• ii. 4. 27. ^ i. I. 32. ® i. 3. 10. » 1. 5. II.
**^ i. 5. 15.
" i. 7- 2 ; 7. 35- " ii- 2. 6 ; 2. 5 ; 3. 6.
w ii. 2. 11.
" ii. 2. 22-23. . " ii. 3- 3. • " ii. 4. 39,43-
" ii.4-43.
»« i. I. 14. " 1.6. 5,8-11.
14 INTRODUCTION.
senate and assembly on his return from exile is indicated ' ;
whereas the speeches of Euryptolemus in defence of the
generals *, and of Critias and Theramenes ', delivered on occas-
sions of certainly no greater importance, are reported at an
extraordinary length — greater, indeed, than any in the five later
books.
To account for these defects various theories, more or less
plausible, but none very satisfactory, have been started. Some
of them may be at once dismissed. Thus there is no evidence,
either internal or external, to show that for these two books
Xenophon used the materials already collected by Thucydides
for the completion of his work. Such a hypothesis furnishes no
explanation whatever why some events should have been put in
and others left out, why some parts should have been elaborated
and others not, especially as in the more elaborated portions, e.g.
the long speeches of Euryptolemus, Critias, and Theramenes,
there are no traces of Thucydides* peculiarities of style. Still
less defensible is the theory that in their present shape bks.
i., ii. are an epitome of a larger work of Xenophon's own. For
the characteristics of an epitome are to leave out unimportant
details altogether, and to give a summary of the whole, laying
most emphasis on the events of most importance. But in these
books the case is frequently reversed.
More worthy of examination is Siever's* theory, that these
defects of omission and commission are due to Xenophon's par-
tiality for Sparta and her constitution. In support of his view, he
adduces the omission of the humiliating offers of peace through
the mouthpiece of the ephor Endius after the defeat of Cyzicus ;
of the crushing defeat of the Megarians just after they had suc-
ceeded in recovering their port at Nisaea ; of Agis' unsuccessful
sally from Decelea right up to the walls of Athens ; of Lysander's
organization of the oligarchical clubs among the Asiatic Greeks;
of Ly Sander's cruel conduct towards the Milesians ' ; of the
violent measures whereby Lysander set up the Thirty at Athens;
of the part which Lysander played in procuring the assassination
of Alcibiades — to which might be added the defective account
Xenophon gives of the recovery of Pylos by the Lacedaemonians,
* i. 4. 20. * i. 7. 16-33. ^ ii- 3' 34-49.
* Comment. Inst, de Xen. Hell. ^ Diod. xiii. 104.
§ I. COMPOSITION OF THE HELLENICA, 15
•
and the mean motive that he attributes to king Pausanias for
checkmating Lysander's design of extermination against the
Athenian exiles under Thrasybulus\ But an almost equal
number of omissions may be collected of incidents favourable to
Sparta, and of insertions of things damaging to her reputation.
Thus Xenophon never has a word of praise for Lysander,
although he was the victor at Aegospotami, and the main cause
of the downfall of Athens ; and he evidently has a much greater
admiration not only for the unsuccessful Callicratidas, between
whose unselfish and pat;;riotic behaviour and Lysander's mean-
ness and ambition a tacit contrast is manifestly implied ; but
even for the hesitating Pausanias, who throughout showed him-
self at heart the consistent friend of Athens. Again, Xenophon
omits the recapture of Nisaeaby the Megarians, and the capture
of Chios, Iasos,and Sdstos by the Peloponnesians ^ — all Lacedae-
monian successes most damaging to Athens, dn the other hand,
he relates in full the disastrous defeats of the Peloponnesians at
Abydos, Cyzicus, and Arginusae, and even gives verbatim Hippo-
crates' pitiable letter to the Spartan government. Neither does
he gloze over the appointment of the ruffian Callibius to be har-
most at Athens, or the enormities committed by the Thirty under '
his sanction and under the protection of the Spartan garrison.
Moreover, to take the converse of the theory, it seems to be just
as much a matter of accident what incidents Xenophon happens
to insert or omit favourable or damaging to the reputation of
Athens. Thus, on the one slide he does not relate the nefarious
intrigues of the oligarchical party after the battle of Aegos-
potami, their appointment of the Five Ephors, their arrest under
various pretences of the leading democrats, and their base
invitation of Lysander to. help them in suppressing the demo-
cracy. But on the other side, though he does indeed relate how
conscience-stricken the Athenians felt after the battle of Aegos-
potami, fearing that now they themselves would suffer the fate
that they had inflicted on defenceless people like the Melians,
yet he omits Cleophon's opposition to Endius' offer pf peace
after the battles of Cyzicus and Arginusae, and his still more
foolish opposition to the comparatively mild conditions first
offered by Sparta during the siege of Athens. Neither does he
^ ii. 4. 29 <l>$ovTiaai Av<rdvdp<^. ' Diod. xiii. 65, 104, 106.
/
l6 INTRODUCTION.
record the failure of Anytus* expedition to relieve Pylos, and the
subsequent trial of that demagogue, when he only escaped
condemnation by bribing his judges, this being, as Diodorus^
tells us, the first known instance of corruption in an Athenian
law court.
It would seem, therefore, that Siever's theory is equally un-
tenable with the others, and that Niebuhr's criticism is quite
justified, that, however Philo-Laconian Xenophon may show
himself in the ^v^ later books, his narrative in bks. i., ii. is quite
impartial.
Later critics' have tried to discover traces of personal
prejudice. Enough has already been said about Lysander,.
Callicratidas, and Pausanias, to dispose of the charge in their
case ; but Xenophon's picture of Alcibiades deserves more
notice. It is true that he passes over some of Alcibiades' most
splendid exploits in a word or two, like his capture of Selybria ^,
his escort of the Eleusinian procession by land, and his success-
ful speeches in defence before the Athenian Senate and the
Assembly. But, on the other hand, he passes still more briefly
over his failure at Andros, his marauding expeditions from
Samos in the winter of 408-407, for which the first complaints
.were brought against him at Athens, and his final disgrace and
loss of his generalship ; and he omits altogether the scandalous
tales which Plutarch and other authorities delight to retail
against him. Moreover, he even enlarges on the favourable
feelings with which far the larger section of the Athenian people
welcomed him on his return, while he dismisses the murmurs of
his enemies against him in a few scarcely intelligible lines ; and
he dwells at some length on the patriotic advice which Alcibiades
gave the careless Athenian generals just before the battle of
Aegospotami, suppressing the fact, which Diodorus* relates,
that the would-be' patriot, was at the same time actuated by
motives of private interest. The defects, therefore, in his picture
of Alcibiades are neither more nor less than those to be found
in his sketches of other persons, like Hermocrates, Callicratidas,
and Conon, with whom he was certainly more in sympathy.
So far then the above examination has brought us only to
* xiii. 64. * Cf. Hertzberg, Alcibiades.
' Cf. Pint. Ale. 30. * xiii. 105.
§ I. COMPOSITION OF THE HELLENIC A. IJ
the negative result, that there is no single key whereby to solve
all the difficulties with which bks. i., ii. abound ; and, indeed,
that many of them admit of no explanation whatever. In some
cases we can perhaps see that Xenophon's fondness for personal
anecdote or interest iii the art of war has led him to narrate
little incidents, in themselves of no importance, at dispropori-
tionate length, but personal feelings either one way or the other
do not help us to account for his omissions. Perhaps the most
obvious theory to explain them is to regard them as due to want
of personal knowledge ; but even on this theory we can see no
particular reason why Xenophon's treatment of events should
be so uneven. For events occurring almost simultaneously at
Athens, on the Hellespont, in Ionia, and elsewhere are related
in one place with unaccountable fulness, in another with
unaccountable brevity ; and no known incidents of his life at all
explain the difference.
Everything, therefore, would seem to point to Breitenbach's
conclusion, hesitating though it is, being the true one, that bks.
i., ii. are an attempt to complete the work of Thucydides, on the
model of which they are manifestly planned, but are themselves
for some reasons, which there is not evidence enough fully to
explain, left unfinished ; and that this want of finish is apparent
both in the defective compilation of the materials, in which so
much has been shown to be wanting ; in the unequal treatment
of the several parts, some of which seem to be only provisionally
introduced; and in the obvious imperfection of the chronological
arrangement, which falls so far short of Thucydides' system.
None the less it remains true, that Xenophon is far the best
and most reliable authority for the last six and a-half years of
the Peloponnesian War, and for the following usurpation of the
Thirty. The orators Andocides, Isocrates, and Lysias, and the
historians Diodorus and Plutarch, when they deal with the
same events, can be used only to supplement, not to correct,
Xenophon's narrative. Andocides and Isocrates indeed agree
with Xenophon in all essentials, except that the latter always
tends to exalt the character of Alcibiades, while Lysias was too
violent a pd.rtisan of the democracy, and too much implicated in
the events of the time for his authority to be preferred above
that of Xenophon — e.g. in the picture he draws of Theramenes.
B
1 8 INTRODUCTION.
«
Diodorus seems to have followed Theopompus for his history
of the years 41 1-404, and Ephorus for that of the years 404-403.
Hence so long as he follows the former, who, having been exiled
from Chios for his support of Sparta, was a violent oligarch and
philo-Laconian, his narrative is intensely hostile to the Athenian
democracy. Only in the bare facts is there any agreement
between him and Xenophon, and even in these there are most
extraordinary discrepancies, many of them owing to Diodorus'
own carelessness in matters of chronology, which is so great that
he often mixes up the events of different years ^. At Athens Alci-
biades and Theramenes are his heroes, and are painted in the
brightest colours. Every incident tending to glorify Sparta and
the Spartan constitution is exaggerated. Every incident to the
contrary is carefully softened down or altogether suppressed.
Ephorus, on the other hand, was an impartial and truth-loving
historian, and appears himself to have made considerable use of
Xenophon's writings ; and so with the change of the authority
there is an evident change in the tone of Diodorus' narratives.
Plutarch, in his Lives of Alcibiades and Lysander, seems to
have used both Ephorus and Theopompus, the former by
preference. But his purpose being biographical, he aims rather
to bring out the personal characteristics of his heroes by intro-
ducing striking stories and anecdotes than to give a consecutive
account of a series of events. Still his two biographies are often
useful for filling up some of the worst gaps in Xenophon's
narrative : though wherever they differ in their accounts of the
same events, Xenophon is always to be preferred.
If, therefore, it is in contrast with Thucydides' unequalled
history of the first twenty and a-half years of the Peloponnesian
War, that Xenophon's account of its conclusion in Hellenics i., ii.
appears so meagre and unsatisfactory, it is in contrast with
Diodorus and Plutarch that we are led to appreciate his merits.
The later historian cares for history not for its own sake, but as
an * opus oratorium * in which he can display his own surprising
talents. The biographer, however charming and artistic the
result, evidently uses the facts of history only * to point a moral
and adorn a tale.' Xenophon alone by his simple and unvar-
^ For an exhaustive comparison of Xenophon and Diodoras' chroh>
ology cf. Sievers, Xen. Hellenica.
§ 2. CHRONOLOGY.
19
nished style, by his evident impartiality and love of truth, even
too by the very defects, which, however they may mar and
disfigure his narrative, yet by their wholly fortuitous and
unaccountable occiu-rence, tend rather to confirm its truth —
leaves upon the mind of his reader the impression that his
history, so far as it goes, is a history of facts.
§ 2. Xenophon's Chronology.
Correct Chronology.
B.C. .
Olym.
Year of
War.
Arckon.
Ephor.
411
92*2
2 1st
Theoponipus
Misgolaidas
410
923
22nd
Glaucippus
Isias
409
92.4
23rd
Diodes
Aracus
408
93-1
24th
Euctemon
Evarchippus
407
93-3
25th
Antigenes
Pantacles
406
93-3
26th
Callias
Pityas
405
93-4
27th
Alexias
Archytas
404
94.1
28th
Pythodorus
Endius
Chronology of the Hellenica.
B.C.
Olym,
Year of
War.
Archon.
Ephor.
411
410
93
Euctemon
Evarchippus
400
.•
23rd
Antigenes
Pantacles
408
•
407
406
25th
Callias
Pityas
405
26th
Alexias
Archytas
404
Pythodorus
Endius
B 2
0,0 INTRODUCTION.
In the first two books of the Hellenica we find that not
only is the beginning of each year of the war marked by
such phrases as t© de aXXa> crei, tov iiriovTOS erovs, apxoficvov
capos^, (where Xenophon is evidently following the system
of Thucydides *), but in several passages additional accuracy
is apparently given by the mention of Olympiads, the year
of the war, or the names of the eponymous archons and ephors,
and also by the notice of contemporary events in Persia and
Sicily ^ But by all recent commentators such passages have
been suspected, and in most cases with justice, to be inter-
polations.
^ It is true that both Herodotus and Thucydides occasionally
give the names of Olympic victors : but Herodotus sometimes
simply styles a man 'OXvfimovUijs * as a general mark of distinc-
tion without specifying any particular victory, and sometimes
relates the victories, whether in the chariot race ^, pentathlum ®,
or pancratium '^, as incidents in the lives of eminent men like
Miltiades the Athenian or Demaratus the Spartan ; but in no
case does he use an Olympiad to fix a date. Thucydides once ^
like Herodotus uses the epithet *0\vfxmovLKrj5 as the mark of a
distinguished man : twice ^ however he gives the name of the
victor to help fix the date, in the first instance- not specifying
the contest, in the second taking the name of the victor in the
pancratium ; but in both instances the celebration of the
Olympic festival has an intimate connection with his general
history of the war, and is not introduced merely as a chrono-
logical datum. Moreover, Polybius^® expressly states that
Timaeus, the Sicilian historian, (flor. 264 B.C.) was the first
to use the Olympiad as a chronological era, for which, however,
the list of the victors in the less famous stadium or foot-race
was chosen. Nevertheless, in i. 2. i the 23rd year of the war
is called the 93rd Olympiad (really it was the third year of the
92nd) : and in ii. 3. i the Olympiad is denoted by the name of
the victor in the stadium.
* i. 2. I ; 3. I ; 4. 2 ; 6. I ; ii. i. 10 ; 3. i.
* V. 20. 8 i. I. 37 ; 2. 19 ; 5. 21 ; ii. 2. 24.
* V. 47, 71. * vi. 36, 70; ix. 103, 125. « vi. 92 ; ix. 75.
^ ix. 105. ® i. 126. ^ iii. 8; v. 49; cf. 50.
^° xii. 12,
• § %. CHRONOLOGY. 21
Again, Herodotus ^ once mentions the name of the eponymous
archon at Athens to fix the date of one particular event, the
invasion of Attica by the Persians ; and Thucydides * sometimes
gives the archon, ephor, and even the priestess of the Arg^ve
Hera, to mark some unusual occurrence ; but neither of them
ever use these official lists to distinguish successive years.
Further, in two passages the names given in the text of the
Hellenica are incorrect : for in ii. 3. 9, 10, a continuous list of
twenty-nine ephors appears (probably inserted by a later hand),
in which Pantacles immediately precedes Pityas, whereas Xeno-
phon makes two whole years, if not three, elapse between i. 3. i
and i. 6. i, where Pantacles and Pityas are respectively men-
tioned, to mark the beginning of the years ' ; and exactly the
same mistake is made with the archons. Evidently therefore
the interpolator must have had before him complete lists of the .
ephors and archons, must have known the right names for the
year 404, and then reckoned backwards from that year, but
unfortunately overlooked the beginning of a new year in i. 4. 2,
where no magistrates are mentioned, and also of the year the
beginning of which Xenophon has omitted to mark at all. Of
this however more below.
In three passages * the numbers of the years of the Pelopon-
nesian War occur. In the first the number 22 is right, and
evidently depends on a comparison with Thuc. viii. 60, 109.
The interpolator here, however, noticed the apxofjJvov tov tapos
of i. 4. 2, though in that passage he did not insert the year of the
war ; so that, when Xenophon again resumes in i. 6. i with a
T^ 3' €m6vTi ?Tet, he says that twenty-four years of warfare were
now over. Really, however, the Peloponnesian War had con-
tinued for twenty-five years ; and the interpolator was betrayed
into this mistake, because Xenophon narrates the events of one
year (407-406) ° without marking its beginning at alL So again
in the third passage, instead of twenty-five years, it should be
twenty-six. Thus the interpolator makes the war down to the
surrender of Athens in the spring of 404 last only twenty-six
• •
* viii. 51. * u. I ; v. 19.
* Cf. i 4. 12. * i. J. I ; 6. I ; ii. i. 7.
' Cf. note on i. 5. 11.
aa INTRODUCTION.
•
years, whereas Thucydides^ distinctly states that it lasted almost
exactly twenty-seven years, April 431 to April 404 '.
As for the notices of Persian and Sicilian history, though it is
certain that the chronology of the Hellenica does not at all agree
with that in Diodorus Siculus, yet, as that author in well-known
cases is so exceedingly inexact in his dates, this disagreement does
not amount to much of an argument against them. The pas-
sages on Sicilian history, however, seem to be inconsistent with
each other. For in i. i. 37 Hannibal is said in 411 B.c. to
have captured the cities of Selinus. and Himera ; whereas ia
i. 2. 8, 10, 12 some Selinuntine ships are still found in 410 in the
Aegean, acting as Peloponnesian allies, although Diodorus
specially states' that they were recalled to Sipily before the
capture of the city. Again, the capture of Acragas is related
twice over, once as happening in the year 407, and the second
time as happening in 405. Diodorus puts it in the year 406.
There is a similar inconsistency in one of the two references to
Persian history. For in ii. i. 8, 9 an event is assigned to the
year 406, which it appears from Diodorus could only have hap-
pened in the year 405. The other reference, i. 2. 19, states a
mere fact, which there is no means of confirming or denying.
Inaccuracies of this kind, however, in a work left in so unfinished
a state as bks. i. ii. of the Hellenica, hardly constitute a suffi-
cient reason for bracketing them as spurious, especially when it
is remembered that it was the custom of Thucydides, on whose
system these books are evidently modelled, to insert at the end
of each six months of his narrative such events as owing e.g. to
their occurring in a different scene of the war, he could not
weave into the main thread of his history.
We are left, therefore, for our genuine chronological data,
only with the phrases toO 8' imovros ctovs k,t.\, which serve to
mark the beginnings of the successive years of the war, supple-
mented occasionally by additional marks of time like dpxpfiepov
Xfifi&vos, ;^fi/ia)y fViffi k.t.X. ; and here we are met by a fresh
difficulty. For Xenophon continues Thucydides from the point
where he breaks off in his narrative of the 21st year of the war
' V. 30, 26. « For the list of ephors in ii. 3. 9, 10, cf. note ad loc.
• xiii. 61.
§ 2. CHRONOLOGY. 23
in 41 1 B. c. Since the war ended in May 404, there ought to be
seven such notices of the beginning of a new year : as a matter
of fact, Xenophon gives only six ; somewhere or other therefore
he has left one out, and the question arises, at what point ?
Dodwell, Schneider, and Weiske would begin a new year at
i. I. II. But the events that Xenophon narrates between §§ 11
and yj ar^ all closely connected with each other, as well as by
definite inarks of time (cf. § 27 ct 5"e rep xpoi/a> Tovra>, § 32 Kara tov
Kcupov TouToi/), and cannot well be spaced over a whole year.
Herbst and others put the beginning of 407 B.C. at i. 4. 8, but in
that case it is hard to discover what were the movements of Alci-
biades between the capture of Byzantium in 409 B. c. (cf. i. 3.
21) and his arrival at Samos (i. 4. 8) in 407, and how he could
have ventured to return to Athens, if he had known of the
intrigues between Cyrus and Lysander, which began in 408 B. c,
and which they took such careful measures to conceal (i. 4. 1-8).
It is better, therefore, with Breitenbach ^, to suppose the
omission to occur at i. 5. 11. For in i. 4. 21-23 Xenophon has
brought down his narrative of Alcibiades' doings in the winter
of 408-407 to his operations round Samos as his headquarters,
which may very well have lasted till March or April 467. And
in i. 5. i-io he tells us how Lysander, with the assistance of
Cyrus, was occupied in collecting and fitting out a new Pelopon-
nesian fleet, for which the winter months would be specially
appropriate. Then having brought down his narrative of the
movements on either side to the same point of time, he resumes
at § 1 1 his account of their mutual operations against each
other, which would naturally show fresh activity at the beginning
of spring.
No sooner has Xenophon concluded the history of the Pelo-
ponnesian War with the story of the surrender of Athens, than
he abandons Thucydides' system of chronology altogether. He
does indeed mark the beginning of the year 404-403 with a t^
d' iiriovTi €T€i^, but we are left to gather the respective times of
the next year and a-half s events from the accidental mention of
an eclipse (ii. 3. 4), of the end of summer (ii. 3. 9), of snow (ii. 4. 3),
of the eight months' duration of the rule of the Thirty (ii. 3. 21),
1 Jahrbuch f. Phil, und Pad. 187a. « ii. 3. i.
24 INTRODUCTION.
and of ripe fruit (ii. 4. 25). In fact, in this section of the
book, Xenophon begins the practice, which he consistently
follows throughout the rest of the Hellenica, of grouping events
together, not according to the times at which they happened,
but according to their causal connection.
§ 3. Internal History of Athens, 411-403 b,c.
After the expulsion of the Four Hundred in the spring of
1 j^y 411^ 411 B.C. the Athenian constitution became a modi-
B.O. to June fied democracy, which Thucydides ' declares to
410 B.C. have been the best government that the Athenians
eyer enjoyed within his memory. The two leading features were
the abolition of all paid offices of whatever kind, and the limitation
of the full citizenship to such Athenians as could furnish them-
selves with arms at their own expense. It was thus the nearest
approach that we read of in Greek history to Aristotle's ideal
TToXiTtm', or model democracy, being based chiefly on the
middle class, and combining in itself the best elements of
oligarchy and democracy.
But though this constitution had already received* the ap-
proval of Alcibiades, and the Assembly had actually passed
a decree for his recall, the breach still remained open between
the Athenians in the city and the Athenians on board the fleet.
The latter could not have been less than 10,000 in nimiber,
and had just unmistakeably shown their democratical zeal in
suppressing the simultaneous conspiracy of the oligarchical
party in their midst ^ : in fact, it was not until the return of
Alcibiades three years later, in 408, that this breach was finally
healed. Till then the city and the fleet were almost as much
separated as two independent states ; the city annually elected
the usual number of ten generals ; the fleet still retained at it«
head Alcibiades, Thrasybulus, Thrasyllus, and apparently the
* The Athenian year began with the ist of Hecatombaeon (c. the
middle of July), when the magistrates entered npon their offices.
* viii. 97. ^ Ar. Pol. iv. 8. 3.
* Thuc. viii. 86, 97. * Thuc. viii. 75, 76.
§ 3- INTERNAL HISTORY. 2,5
other generals whom they had chosen at the time of the revo-
lution^. Theramenes and Thrasyllus alone acted as a sort of
go-betweens : for the former, being sent out by the city in 41 1 to
try to prevent the Boeotians and Euboeans from building a
dam across the Euripus, and failing in that object, finally joined
Alcibiades at the Hellespont, and did not return to Athens till
three years afterwards : while the latter, after the victory at
Abydos in the .autumn of 411, was despatched to Athens for
reinforcements.
When at last these two divisions of the Athenian peqple
again united, the union was due on the one side to a return
,at Athens, more or less complete, to the old extreme form of
democracy, and on the other to the extraordinary successes
of the pavTiKos Bx^os under the command of Alcibiades. It is
these changes and their connection with each other that must
now be traced.
At the same time that the Four Hundred had been deposed,
Thucydides tells us ^, a board of Nomothetae had been appointed
with the object, if we may argue from the analogous appointment
after the suppression of the Thirty in 403 ', of adapting 'the old
Solonian laws to the new constitution. Four months were
assigned them for their work. But it would appear that nothing
was really done : for six years afterwards Nicomachus, one of
their number and called avaypa(f>cvs rS>v vo/jlcop*, had not yet
sent in an account of his office, and c. 399 B;C. he was accused
of having taken bribes to illegally alter and otherwise tamper
with the special laws assigned to him for revision ''. Thus the
new constitution was never really put upon a permanent legal
footing, and party feeling, which had shown itself in the con-
demnation of the most extreme of the oligarchical leaders, like
Antiphon and Archeptolemus, was still too much excited to
allow things to remain long as they were. In the early autumn
of 41 1 B.C. * the Athenians at home had been greatly encouraged
by the news of their partial success at Cyno'ssema. In the
winter the general Thrasyllus, who had been one of the demo-
cratical leaders at Samos, had arrived at Athens with the
^ Thuc. viii. 76. * viii. 97.
' Cp. Andocides, Myst. § 83. * Lysias, xxx. §§ 2, 11, 28.
• Cp. Lysias 1. c. ^ Thuc. viii. 106.
26 INTRODUCTION.
tidings of a fresh victory at Abydos, and with a request for
July 410 reinforcements for the fleet. And in the spring
B.C. to June of 410 B.C. Alcibiades totally annihilated the
409 B.C. Peloponnesian fleet under Mindarus at Cyzicus.
The completeness vof his victory was vivirfly confirmed by the
despatch written by Hippocrates, Mindarus' secretary, to the
Spartan government for immediate help, which was accidentally
captured and brought to Athens.
Once more the democratical party became active and powerful.
For when the Spartans *, in dismay at their defeat, sent Endius
at the head of an embassy to offer as terms of peace, that both
parties should accept the status quo, that the Peloponnesians
would withdraw their garrison from Decelea, if the Athenians
would withdraw theirs from Pylos, and that an exchange of
prisoners should be arranged, the Assembly, notwithstanding
the efforts of the imeiKearaToif voted their rejection on the
motion of the demagogue Cleophon. *The Athenians,' says
Diodorus, 'excited by their recent good fortune, thought that
with their forces under the leadership of Alcibiades they would
soon recover their old supremacy.'
Nor were their hopes entirely unfounded; for tl^e victory
at Cyzicus meant much more than the annihilation of the
Peloponnesian fleet. It meant relief from the financial distress,
which had prevailed at Athens ever since the Sicilian disaster,
and more especially since the loss of Euboea. For immediately
after the battle Alcibiades set up a custom house on the Bos-
porus to exact toll from all passing ships; once again some
of the Hellespontine and Thracian cities began to pay tribute ;
and once again the com ships sailed as of old into Piraeus ^
Money had been the basis of the Periclean democracy, and
now money opened the way for a return to it. The fleet at the
Hellespont maintained itself by marauding expeditions, and cost
the home government nothing. Thus the President of the Trea-
sury for the year was able to devote as much as twenty-three
talents towards the expenses of certain sacrifices and festivals
and of the dia^eXia^f or Theoric fund, which was distributed
among the poorer citizens to enable them to attend the theatre
and shows, and which seems to have been the first of the
* Died. xiii. 52, 53. * i. i. 35- ^ C. I. A. i. 188.
§ 3- INTERNAL HISTORY. 27
distributions of public money to be restored. As the revenue
continued to improve, the old system of payment for all offices
little by little came once more into force, though the several
dates of its reinstitution cannot be ascertained. Aristophanes
in the Frogs ^, which was exhibited in 405 B.C., complains of
the huge sums swallowed up by the hiKavTiKo^ fiiados, showing
that by that time the change was complete.
There is equal difficulty in tracing the steps, whereby the
restrictions on citizenship imposed after the dissolution of the
Four Hundred, were gradually removed. Payment for public
services evidently meant the readmission of the poorer citizens
to the full discharge of all civic duties. But the means whereby
this was brought about are unknown. All we can say is that
Xenophon describes the Athenians as meeting for the trial of
the generals after Arginusae in 406 B.C., Trdvras Kara ^vXar,
as if by that time none were excluded from the Assembly.
One constitutional change can however be referred with cer-
tainty to this year on the authority of the historian Philochorus^
The Senators, like the dicasts, henceforward were to sit in ten
divisions denoted by the first ten letters of the alphabet. The
reason of this measure is not stated, but in all probability it was
directed against the members of the oligarchical clubs ', who
were wont to sit together, and thus by their united action to
acquire an influence totally disproportionate to their numbers *.
Gilbert' has ingeniously conjectured, that these democratical
changes were carried through by a board of (7vyypa<^f ir, on the
ground that Demophantus, the proposer of a decree of which
more will be said hereafter, cweypayfrcVf and not, as usual, fin^v ;
and that an inscription* of this year mentions o-uyypac^flr, though
it does not explain the nature of their office ; and further that on
the analogy of Thucydides (viii. 67), when Pisander proposed to
appoint ten ^vyypa^fls avroKparopes and of Xenophon (Hell,
ii. 3. 2), when the Thirty were chosen, 01 tovs naTplovs vo/iovs
'141 sq., 1466 sq. ' Muller, Fragm. i. 403.
' Cp. Thuc. viii. 66, esp. vi. 13.
* A practice set on foot by Thucydides, son of Melesias; see Plut.
Pericles c. 11.
* Beitr. z. Inn. Gesch. Athens, p. 341 sqq.
* C. I. A. i. 58. .
a8 INTRODUCTION,
<ruyypa\^ov<n, it may very well be argued that they were extra-
ordinary magistrates chosen to draw up a new constitution,
and this time in a democratical direction.
Two documents of this year illustrate still farther the growing
power of the democrats. The first is the above-mentioned
Psephism of Demophantus, preserved in Andocides' speech
on the Mysteries^, which decreed that all Athenians, both in
the city and in the fleet, should swear to hold as a public
enemy, who might lawfully be put to death, any one who should
attempt to overthrow the democracy, or who should hold any
office after the democracy had been overthrown. This oath
was to be taken just before the Great Dionysia in the spring
of 409 B. c. and finds its parallel in the oath sworn to by the Athe-
nian democrats at Samos in 41 1 B.C.' The second is a psephism
proposed by Erasinides ^, who was afterwards one of the generals
at the battle of Arginusae, that Thrasybulus *, one of the assas-
sins of the oligarch Phrynichus, should be rewarded with a
golden crown and the gift of citizenship, and that a proclamation
to that effect should be made at the same Dionysia. Moreover
at the same time the prosecutions against those implicated in
the conspiracy of the Four Hundred, which had been suffered
to lapse after the punishment of the worst offenders, seem to
have been revived, and to have gone on with more or less
vigour until the Amnesty of Patroclides in 405 B.C. Not only
were individuals attacked, but whole classes, like the soldiers
who had supported the Four Hundred, were punished with
partial disfranchisement**, so that e.g. it was made unlawful
for them to speak in the Assembly, or to become members of
the Senate. Lysias • says, that it was these prosecutions that
ruined the democracy ; for that numerous sycbphants accused
innocent persons for the sake of their wealth, while they left
the guilty untouched, if only they were sufficiently bribed.
Meanwhile Alcibiades had pursued a career of unbroken
* Andoc. Myst. § 96 sqq. Gilbert, Gesch. Ath.,p. 344, proves against
Droysen and Herbert that this decree belongs to the period after the
Dissolution of the Four Hundred, and not to that after the expulsion of
the Thirty. Cp. Grote, vii. 321.
« Thuc. viii. 75. » C. I. A. i. 59. * Cf. Thuc. viu. 92.
* Andoc. Myst. § 75 sq. • Or. xxv. 14, 15,
§ 3- INTERNAL HISTORY. 29
success on the Hellespont and Bosporus. In the summer
of 410 he had been joined by Thrasyllus at the Hellespont
with a considerable reinforcement from Athens, and the two
generals combined to defeat the satrap Phamabazus> first at
Abydos, and then at Chalcedon, after which he was reduced
to come to terms and to submit to see Chalcedon once more
pay tribute to Athens. These successes were jTiiy409
quickly followed by the capture of Selybria and B.C. to June
Byzantium. On the other side the Athenians *0S B.C.
had indeed to set the loss of Pylos in Messenia, and of Nisaea,
the port of Megara — losses serious in themselves, but with
little effect upon the revenue. Anytus, the demagogue, who
had been despatched to relieve the former place was, on his
return, accused of treachery, and only escaped, it was said,
by bribing his judges ^ In the autumn of 409 B.C., therefore,
Athens had regained the whole of the Thracian and Hellespon-
tine provinces of her old empire, besides many of the islands
in the northern Aegean. The Peloponnesian fleet had been
annihilated. Pharnabazus, who had so long and so ably sup-
ported the Spartan cause, had been forced to consent to an
armistice, and to promise a safe escort for an Athenian embassy
to the Persian King. And all this had been mainly due to
the courage and capacity of a single man, and him an exile ;
for Alcibiades had never availed himself of the permission to
return home granted him in 411 B.c.^ So far indeed he had
acted almost as a sovereign prince. Much still however re-
mained to be done : Euboea and most of Ionia were still in
open revolt. Before attempting their reconquest, Alcibiades
seems now to have felt that a return to Athens was necessary
for him, if ever there was to be a complete reunion between
the city and the army. In the spring of 408, therefore, he
sailed with all his ships to Samos : thence he despatched his
friends and colleagues Thrasyllus and Theramenes to Piraeus
with all the spoils of war and captured vessels to prepare the
way for his reception, while he himself sailed with the remainder
of the fleet to Caria, to collect still more money. The Athenians
at home were by this time just as ready on their side to welcome
him, and even before the arrival of Thrasyllus and Theramenes
* Diod. xiii. 64, 65. * Thuc. viii. 97.
30 INTRODUCTION.
had chosen among the generals for the following year, Alci-
hiades, Thrasybulus, and Conon. The news of his election
reached Alcibiades at Gythium in" Laconia, whither he had
sailed from Caria, and he at once set out for Piraeus, which
he entered on the day of the Plynteria (June), when the shrine
of the goddess Athena was covered with a veil. Arrived in
the harbour, even now he hesitated to land, so suspicious was
he of the real feelings of the people towards him; and it
was not until he had seen Euryptolemus and other relatives
among the crowd that had assembled to meet him, that he
ventured to set foot on shore. Then his partizans closed round
him so as to form a sort of body-guard, and escorted him in
their midst in triumphal procession from Piraeus to Athens.
In the city opinion was still much divided ^ : some said, that
he had been the victim of the intrigues of his enemies, who
had plotted against him and procured his exile in order to make
room for their own ambitious schemes ; others maintained that
he had been the real cause of all the Athenian misfortunes in
the past, and would be jusf as dangerous in the future.
But for the moment Alcibiades, with his marvellous person-
ality, carried all before him. The effect of his speeches in his
own defence before the senate and assembly^, was such that
hone dared raise a voice against him. It was at once decreed,
that the column set up to record his condemnation in 415 B.C.
should be cast into the sea, that his goods should be restored to
him, and that the curse which the Eumolpidae had pronounced
July 408 against him should be recalled. He himself was
B.C. to June proclaimed a-TpaTrjyos avTOKparoip by sea and land,
407 B.C. as the only man able to restore Athens to her
former power. The rich hoped to find in him a strong opponent
to the ever-increasing encroachments of the extreme democrats.
The poor saw in him a champion, who would relieve them of
their poverty, and whom they would be glad to support, even
though he should assume to himself the rights of sovereign
power and make himself tyrant of Athens '. For the moment
his enemies were silenced, although they continued, as events
soon showed, as active as ever in their intrigues against him.
^ i. 4. 13-17. * Diod. xiii. 69.
' Plut. Ale. 35 ; Diod. xiii. 69.
§ 3- INTERNAL HISTORY. 3 1
The demagogues seem to have been especially bitter, so com-
pletely were they overshadowed in the eyes of the people by
their new rival for popular favour.
It was ominous too that Theodorus the high priest, in re-
moving the. old curse had said, that for his part he had never
denounced any curse against him, if he had done no injury
to the commonwealth : while many of the pious and superstitious
noted with foreboding, that Alcibiades had landed on the Plyn-
teria, the unluckiest day in the whole year.
Meanwhile Alcibiades was occupied in fitting out a new fleet
of 100 vessels, with the money that he had himself brought into
the treasury. He chose Adimantus and Aristocrates, apparently
out of the already elected generals for the year, to be his
colleagues in the command ^. But before he sailed, hoping once
for all to quiet the religious fears of the Athenians, as well as
to assure them of his military prowess, he escorted with all
his forces the annual procession along the Sacred Way to
Eleusis, which ever since the fortification of Decelea by the
Peloponnesians, had been obliged to go by sea. King Agis now
venturing to offer no opposition.
At last in October all was ready for his departure, for which
none were more eager than his enemies ; some, according t;o
Plutarch, because they feared that he would soon make himself
tyrant ; others, we may certainly suppose, because they wanted a
clear field left them in which to prosecute 'their own schemes.
But during the four months that Alcibiades had stayed in
Athens, an entire change had come over the aspect of affairs
in Asia. The able and energetic Lysander had succeeded
'the incapable Cratesippidas as admiral of the Spartan fleet ;
and Cyrus, the younger son of King Darius, had taken the
place of the vacillating Tissaphemes as Satrap of Sardis, and
had announced his intention of supporting the Peloponnesians
with money and by all means in his power, even persuading
Phamabazus, notwithstanding his solemn promises, to hinder
the Athenian envoys from proceeding to the Persain coast ^
Events soon proved the wisdom of Alcibiades* enemies in
hastening his departure. His attack on the little island of
Andros was only partially successful. Arrived at Samos, he
^ XcD. Hell. i. 4. 23 ; JDiod. xiii. 69. ^ i. 4, 7.
32 INTRODUCTION.
tried in vain to draw Lysander out of the harbour at Ephesus
to a general engagement. His overtures to Cyrus through the
mouthpiece of Tissaphemes were rejected with scorn. Money
and supplies soon ran short, and he was obliged to scour the
neighbouring coasts on marauding expeditions, making in his
requisitions, it would seem, but little distinction between friend
and foe. To crown all, his lieutenant Antiochus, in defiance
of his strict orders, ventured on a general engagement during his
absence at Phocaea, and suffered a. defeat at Notium ; and do
what he could, Alcibiades could not induce Lysander to give him
an opportunity for revenge. Disappointed in their unreasonable
expectations of a speedy conquest of Chios and even of all
Ionia, the Athenians both at home and on board the fleet
were now as vehement in their denunciations of Alcibiades
as but shortly before they had been in his praises. All com-
plaints against his conduct were eagerly listened to ; and when
Thrasybulus, the son of Thrason, (not to be confused with the
more famous Thrasybulus, the general), returned from the camp
to Athens \ and accused him of maladministration, of treason-
able intrigues with Persia and the Peloponnesians, and of
building forts of his own, like a sovereign prince, in Thrace ^
tjie people at once suspended Alcibiades from his command,
ordered his colleague Condn to take his place, and in the
annual elections, which happened to occur just at the same
time, chose ten new generals, among whom Alcibiades was no
longer one '. Alcibiades himself, finding that he was equally
unpopular with his own troops, did not wait to hear the result
of the accusations against him at home, but retired to his forts
in the Thracian Chersonese.
At this juncture democrats of all shades seem to have com-
July 407 bined to support the constitution, if we may judge
B.C. to June from the list of the new generals : for among
406 B.C. them Thrasyllus, Leon, and Diomedon had all
taken a prominent part in the counter movement against
* Gilbert refers a statement of Himerins (ap. Phot. Bibl. 377) to this
affair : KAco<^oDv *A\KifiidSrp/ iypcufxro, and sees in it a formal 7pa^
irpodoffias. Cobet refers it to the year 415 B.C.
« Diod. xiii. 73 ; Pint. Ale. 36.
^ Pint Lys. V ; Nep. Ale. 7 ; Just. v. 5. 4 ; Lysias xiv. 38.
§ 3- INTERNAL HISTORY. 33
the oligafcbs at Samos, in 411 6.c.^ ; Erasinides^ had pro-
posed the decree to crown the assassin of Phrynichus
the oligarch ; Pericles was the son of the great Pericles and
Aspasia ; while Conon seems rather to have succeded Nidas in*
the leadership of the more moderate party. The year was one
of great financial distress, due to the difficulty of maintaining
Conon's large fleet of 100 vessels, and to the Peloponnesians
under the admiral Callicratidas once more taking the offensive
by sea, and so cutting off the sources of Athenian revenue. To
meet the deficiency all the gold in the Acropolis was coined
into money'. Still, when the news reached Athens that Conon
with all his fleet was blockaded at Mitylene, within thirty days
the Athenians fitted out a fleet, of 1 10 vessels, making all the
inhabitants of Attica, rich and poor, slave and free, serve alike
on board. About July, 406, the two fleets met off the islands of
Arginusae, and the Athenians under the command of eight of
their ten generals gained a complete victory over the Pelopon-
nesians, Callicratidas himself perishing in the fight. In the
ordinary course of things such a victory would have sufficed to
insure for some time the political power of the successful
generals. But unfortunately in the moment of victory the generals
had neglected both to rescue the survivors clinging to the wrecks
of the vessels, which had been disabled in the battle, and to
bury the corpses of the dead. The news of this neglect excited
great indignation among the Athenians at home, j^y 40^
A summons was immediately issued for their B.C. to June
recall. Thereupon two of their number retired ^^^ ^•^- *
into voluntary exile : the remaining six returned to Athens,
were hastily condemned almost without any form of trial, and
all alike executed.
Although there seems to be no evidence for supposing the
condemnation of the generals to have been due to an oligar-
chical conspiracy, its effect, no doubt, was to produce chaos once
more among the political parties at Athens. Little indeed can
be inferred from the list of the new generals, as they must have
been elected just before the battle of Arginusae, which was
apparently fought in June, while the trial cannot have taken
* Thuc. viii. 73. ' C. I. A. i. 59.
' Arist. Frogs 720; Philoch. Frag. lao.
34 INTRODUCTION.
place till November. The democrats at any rate still clung to
their old war policy ; and Cleophon was again successful in
procuring the rejection of a peace, which the Lacedaemonians
offered about this time on the same terms as before ' — 2l fact
which shows that the power oif the demagogues was still as
great as ever. Many, on the other hand, began to repent of
their recent dismissal of Alcibiades, and even to advocate his
immediate recall*. The financial distress was greater than
ever, and to meet it an extraordinary board of magistrates,
called Poristae', seems to have been appointed to consider ways
and means. The fieet at Samos, paralyzed by the proceedings
taken against its late generals at Athens, never followed up the
results of its victory, though now commanded by the skilful
Conon ; and was soon unable to support itself by marauding
expeditions, being entirely occupied in watching the move-
ments of the enem/s fleet. For the Peloponnesians, after their
disaster, had procured from the Spartan government the re-
storation of Lysander to the command ; and he in the spring
of 405 had completely restored its efficiency, being backed up,
as before, by Persian gold.
It was probably about this time that the Athenians began to
repent of their harsh treatment of the generals, who had won
for them the victory of Arginusae : for in the spring elections
Theramenes, who had taken the leading part in the prosecu-
tion, was rejected on the boKifiaa-ia after he had been actually
chosen general, because he did not seem to be ct/vovr rS
ir\r}6€i * ; and at the same time complaints seem to have been
brought before the assembly against those individuals, especially
Callixenus, who had deceived the people in the triaL The
assembly listened favourably to the complaints, and decreed
that the persons accused should be bound over to stand
their trial, but amid the internal confusions of the following
year they all escaped. It is remarkable that Theramenes was
not included in the accusation.
^ Aristotle apud Schol. on Afist. Frogs 1533. Grote, viii. i, throws
doubt on this embassy.
* Arist. Frogs 1500 seqq.
' Arist. Frogs. 1505, cf. Gilbert. Gesch. Athens, p. 387.
* Lysias xiii. 13.
§ 3. INTERNAL HISTORY. , 35
Probably just about the time that the newly elected generals
entered upon their office, of whom only Strom- j^y 405
bichides, Dionysodorus, and Calliades are known B.O. to June
by name, all three being stout democrats, the *^* B-^-
tidings' of the annihilation of the fleet at Aegospotami must have
reached Athens \ The citizens were at first stunned by the
news, reflecting that at last the misery that they had inflicted .
on less powerful states, was about to. return on their own
heads \ But next day the assembly met and resolved to block
up two of the three harbours at Piraeus, and to prepare
the city for a siege. Really little could be done : for the
Athenians had no fleet, and the com supply was entirely cut off"
now that the Hellespont, as well as Euboea, was lost, and the
Peloponnesians still harried the country from Decelea. Five
months, however, passed before the appearance of the dreaded
Peloponnesian fleet. Lysander was employed in the interval in
receiving the submission of the Athenian allies, and in sending
all the Athenian citizens and cleruchs, whom he captured, back
to Athens in order to increase the number of mouths to be fed on
the ever diminishing supply of com. At last in November he ap-
peared and blockaded Piraeus at the same time, that the two
Spartan kings Agis and Pausanias advanced with the entire Pelo-
ponnesian forces close up to the city walls. Within the city, as a
last despairing measure, the democrats carried a proposal made
by Patroclides to grant an amnesty to all disfranchised citizens,
more especially those who had suflered partial disfranchise-
ment for the part they had taken in the Revolution of the Four
Hundred ^ The oligarchs, who saw that their day of power
would soon and certainly come with the surrender of the city,
seem at the time to have remained quiet. But the forces that
the Athenians could muster, even with the citizens all thus
united, were so obviously incapable of oflering a successful
resistance, that so early as December, when the corn supply
had completely failed, envoys were sent to Agis with offers of
peace on condition that the Athenians became allies of the
' Mommsen (Chronologie) dates it in the month Scirophorion (June
to July).
* ii. a. 3.
' Andoc. Myst § 73 seqq.
C2
36 INTRODUCTION.
Lacedaemonians, and retained Piraeiis and the Long Walls.
Agis referred the envoys to the Ephors at Sparta, who alone,
he said, had powers to conclude a treaty. But when they
peached Sellasia on the Lacedaemonian frontier, the Ephors,
on hearing the terms they had to offer, sent them back with an
injunction not to return until the Athenians had come to a
better decision. It appears however from the sequel of Xeno-
phon's narrative^, that they were at the same time informed,
that a peace might be concluded if the Athenians would con-
sent to the demolition of ten stadia of their Long Walls. For,
when on their return the envoys announced before the Senate
the result of their mission, Archestratus was arrested for
proposing submission to this condition, and at the same time
Cleophon carried a decree in the Assembly forbidding any
such proposal for the future on pain of death ^
At this crisis Theramenes came forward and promised, that
if the people would send him to Lysander, he would at least
procure certain information as to whether in requiring the
demolition of the Long Walls the Lacedaemonians meant the
utter enslavement of Athens, or only a guarantee of Athenian
good faith. Theramenes was accordingly despatched, but in-
stead of returning at once with the necessary information, he
stayed with Lysander for more than three months, waiting for
the moment when the Athenians would be compelled by famine
to accept any terms whatsoever. In the fourth month he
returned, saying that he had been detained by Lysander, who
had at last advised him to apply to the Ephors, as they alone
had power to conclude a peace. Meantime Cleophon had been
put to death on a false charge of failure in his military duties ',
brought against him by the oligarchical conspirators, who were
once again secretly active : and now hunger silenced all further
opposition. Theramenes therefore and nine others were chosen
to go to Sparta as ambassadors with full powers. At Sellasia
the ten new ambassadors were again stopped by the Ephors;
but when they said that they were invested with full powers,
they were invited to attend a conference of the Peloponnesian
confederates at Sparta, which had been summoned to consider
^ it. 2. 14, 15. ' Lysias xiil. 8 ; Aeschin. F. L. 76.
' Lysias xiii. 15 ; cf. Xen. ii. 7. 35.
§ 4- TRIAL OF THE GENERALS.- 37
the fate of Athens. Here the Thebans and Corinthians ad-
vocated the total extirpation of the Athenian name ; but the
Lacedaemonians, guided, it would appear ', rather by motives
of self-interest than the patriotic, sentiments, which they openly
professed, refused to allow a city, which had wrought so much
for Greek freedom in the past, to be wiped out of the map of
Greece, and decided to offer terms, far harder indeed than
those offered four months earlier, but reasonable under the
circiunstances. The terms were to be that the Athenians
should demolish their Long Walls and their arsenal at Piraeus,
that they should resign all their foreign possessions, and confine
themselves to their Attic territory, that they should readmit
all their exiles, and become the allies of Sparta, recognizing the
same friends and enemies and following her leadership by land
and sea. The number of ships, which they were to be allowed
to keep, was left to the discretion of Lysander ^.
The day after their return to Athens, Theramenes, as spokes-
man of the ambassadors, recited the Lacedaemonian conditions,
and proposed their acceptance. Even now a few, headed by
Cleomenes, one of the younger demagogues, raised some op-
position, but the prevailing distress was too great for any
farther delay ^ The peace was accepted, and on the i6th of
Munychion (c April) Lysander, coming from Samos, sailed
into Piraeus along with many of the Athenian exiles. All the
ships left in the dockyards were handed over to him, save
twelve, which he permitted the Athenians to retain. Then his
troops occupied the fortifications, and began the destruction of
Piraeus and the Long Walls.
Thus ended the Peloponnesian War almost exactly twenty-
seven years after its first outbreak in April 431 B.C.
§ 4. The Trial of the Generals after Arqinusae.
For this incident in Athenian history Xenophon, as being
himself contemporary with the event, is undoubtedly the chief
and the best authority. His account seems to be a simple and
* Cf. ii. 2. ao with ii. 3. 41.
• * ii. 2. 20, Diod. xiii. 107. Pint. Lys. 14.
' Cf. Lysias xiii. 13.
58 INTRODUCTION.
impartial statement of the facts of the trial, and the points of
obscurity afe apparently due, not to any wilful perversions, but ta
omissions as to questions of fact and of law, which it is difficult
to supplement from any other sources. Diodorus (flor. 15 B.C.)
gives only a meagre narrative of the trial, based on Theopompus
(flor. 333 B. c), and evidently here, as in other passages, holds a
brief in favour of Theramenes, though he condemns the treatment
of the generals. Aristophanes' Frogs, exhibited in the year 405
B. C, shows us somewhat of the prevailing feeling at the time in
Athens, and more especially as to the part played by Thera-
menes, which would seem to have incurred the general dis-
pleasure of the people. Plato (Apology, c. 32) and Xenophon
(Memorabilia, i. i. 18, iv. 4. 2) more fully describe the bold
resistance offered by Socrates to the unconstitutional demands
of the Assembly. It may therefore be gathered that the whole
literary opinion of the day strongly disapproved the condemna-
tion of the generals.
In his own narrative (i. 6) Xenophon gives a very brief
summary of events. In the battle at Arginusae the Athenians,
he tells us, lost twenty-five ships, crews and all, except a few
survivors, who made their way to shore. The generals in
command had ordered the trierarchs Theramenes and Thrasy-
bulus and some of the taxiarchs, with forty-seven ships,
to rescue those still clinging to the wrecks, while they
themselves sailed to Mytilene against Eteonicus. But a great
storm ^ arose and prevented the rescue, and also, it wquld seem,
their own passage across to Mytilene. Euryptolemus, however,,
in the course of his speech '^ adds several details. Immediately
^ Grote (vii. 430) points out that immediately after the battle the
Pelopomiesian despatch boat brought the news of Callicratidas* defeat to
Eteonicus at Mytilene, apparently without any difficulty, although its
course was N.W. ; and that afterwards the storm was not sufficient to
stop the same boat from sailing out of the harbour and in again once
more, nor yet to prevent Eteonicus' fleet from sailing S.W. to Chios : in
fact the wind was ovpios, which means not * fair,* but 'favourable*:
though it is true that Conon at the same time thought it more prudent to
wait till the wind was cvStatrepos before he started in pursuit. Probably
therefore it blew a strong gale from the N. or N.E. Cf. Theramenes'
speech (ii. 3. 35) and Diodorus (xiii. 100).
« i. 7. 17, 29.
§ 4. TRIAL OF THE GENERALS. 39
after the battle, he says, the Athenian fleet returned to the
Arginusae islands, and there the generals held a council of war.
Diomedon wished to rescue the survivors on the wrecks, Erasi-
nides to sail at once against the enemy : but Thrasyllus pointed
out that both objects might be effected by leaving forty-seven
ships under the command of the trierarchs Theramenes and
Thrasybulus, and of other subordinate officers, to look after the
twelve disabled vessels [thirteen of them must therefore have
sunk in the interval, cf. 6. 34], while they themselves sailed
with the rest of the fleet against Eteonicus at Mytilene. They
accordingly tried, he adds, to sail (§ 31, cttXcov), but the storm
prevented the rescue. Diodorus (xiii. 100) here makes an im-
portant addition : the sailors of the forty-seven ships refused to
work hid T« T^v €K Trjs fid\r)s KaKoirddeuiv Kal dta t6 fi4y€6os tS>v
KVfAoravy the general result being that the men clinging to the
sinking ships were left to perish.
Afterwards the generals met together to draw up a despatch
to the Athenian senate and people^. Six of them wished to
mention in it the orders given to Theramenes and Thrasybulus ;
but Pericles and Diomedon out of .kindness to the trierarchs
persuaded their colleagues to omit it. Accordingly in the
despatch they merely wrote that the storm had prevented all
rescue \
Xenophon ' goes on to relate that the Athenians at home, as
soon as they heard the news, deprived all the generals of their
command except Conon, and that they chose to be his colleagues
Adimantus and Philocles. Diodorus states in addition jthat
they summoned the generals home with all speed to stand their
1 i. 7. 17.
' Diodorus (xiii. 10 1) gives quite a contradictory account of the
despatch : he makes out that Theramenes and l^hiasybulus had already
returned to Athens before that the generals, suspicious that they might
intrigue against them in the city, addressed a letter vpos t6v S^fjioy to
explain that they had given orders to the trierarchs. Grote*s attempt
(vii. 429) to reconcile the two by supposing that Diodorus has con-
fused a private letter addressed by the generals to their friends at
Athens with the- public despatch mentioned by Xenophon, is a mere
subterfuge.
* i. 7. I ;.Diod. xiii. loi.
40 INTRODUCTION,
trial. Thereupon of the eight that had fought at Arginusae two,
Protomachus and Aristogenes, retired into voluntary exile : the
other six returned to Athens. Among the latter Erasinides was
accused immediately on his arrival before a BiKaarrrjpiov pro-
bably on a ypa(l>fi kKotttjs Brjfioa-mv xp^p-^Tcav by Archedemus, who
was at that time npoararris tov drifiov, other charges bein^ made
at the same time against his generalship. The result of the
trial was apparently that a fine was imposed upon him and
imprisonment until he should pay it.
Afterwards the generals jointly made a statement before the
Senate as to the battle and the severity of the storm, of which
Xenophon unfortunately does not give the details. Possibly it
may have been the same as the defence that they afterwards
made before the Assembly, that they had indeed given orders
to Theramenes and Thrasybulus to rescue the shipwrecked
crews, but that the violence of the storm had rendered all rescue
impossible. This hypothesis would account for Theramenes
saying at the first meeting of the Assembly, that in their de-
spatch they blamed no one but the stonn, and some two years
afterwards maintaining in his defence against the accusations
of Critias \ that the generals had begun to accuse him first, so
that he had acted, as indeed Critias had asserted, only in self-
defence. Such too seems to have been the prevailing opinion
as to his conduct at the time, if we may believe Aristophanes * ;
and Diodorus' account leaves much the same impression. On
the other hand it is almost as easy to suppose that Theramenes,
being in extremis^ devised this defence, which, such as it is,
seems excessively lame, on the spur of the moment, and that
Diodorus invented his account of the trial to justify this subse-
quent defence. But, however this may be, on Timocrates'
proposal, the Senate resolved to arrest the generals, and bring
them before the Assembly.
The question here arises, what particular form of judicial
machinery was thus set in motion against the accused generals.
It has been very generally assumed ', that the accusation was
an ctVayyeXia of the form which Harpocration (s. v.) defines to
be applicable cVl di^/xoo-iotr ddiKfjfUKri fieyiarois Koi dvafioK^v fxfj
* ii. 3- 35- ' Cf Frogs 533, 964.
^ Cf. Schomann, De Comit. Athen., p. 206.
§ 4. TRIAL OF THE GENERALS. 41
tniBtxpfJLtPoiSy KM €<!>* oTs fi^T€ dpx^ KaOeoTTjKe fifjTie vofioi Keivrai Toig
apxovari Kaff ots €l(rd^ova'iVj dWa irpos ttjv fiovX^v fj t6v Brjixov ff
npcynj Kardaraa-is yiyv^rai. In this case the ordinary procedure
was (i) for the Senate, if after the preliminary hearing the
charge appeared to be beyond its own competence, to refer it
either to a heliastic court or, if the charge were very extra-
ordinary, to the Assembly. Then (2) the Assembly when it met
might either itself consider, whether there was sufficient evi-
dence against the accused for the charge to lie, or, if there
could be no manner of doubt upon that point, simply to deter-
mine what should be the method of the trial. Now Xenophon's
narrative does to a certain extent support this theory : for
Euryptolemus in his speech (§ 33) entreats the people not to
convict the generals of irpoBoa-iop dvri rrjs ddvpapias, and it is well
known that in cases of Trpoboa-ia the (laayyeXia was the ordinary
form of procedure. Again in § 4 Theramenes maintains at the
first meeting of the Assembly, that the generals diKaiovg €ivai
\6yov vTrotrx^lv : and in § 28 ^ Euryptolemus urges the people
not to deprive thie accused of all opportunity of legal defence :
so that both passages might be taken to imply, that at its first
meeting the Assembly merely gave the case the usual pre-
liminary hearing. On the other hand it must be remembered,
that neither Xenophon nor Diodorus speak of the charge as an
(laayyeXia, nor of the first meeting of the Assembly as sum-
moned merely to consider the justifiability of the accusation ;
that all the precise information we possess about this particular
kind of procedure is subsequent to the vopos €la-ayy€\TiK6s, the
date of which is certainly not earlier than the archonship of
Eudides 403 B. c. ; and that in this particular case the proceed-
ings were irregular throughout.
There is indeed an obvious reason why Timocrates should
have proposed in the Senate that the generals should be brought
before the Assembly rather than before an ordinary Heliastic
court : for Theramenes and his party would evidently expect to
be able to work with much more effect upon the feelings of the*
Assembly, made up, as it was at this time, of the old, the
young, and the infirm (the. large majority of the able-bodied
' Cf. §§ 5, 23.
42 INTRODUCTION,
citizens being still on board the fleet), than upon the feelings of
a comparatively select body of sworn dicasts.
Accordingly at the first meeting of the Assembly Theramenes
and his followers appeared as the most prominent accusers of
the generals, maintaining, that if any one was to blame for the
death of the shipwrecked crews, it was the generals themselves,
who in their despatch had simply mentioned the storm as the
cause. In reply the generalsi made only a short defence, as the
leg^l time for speaking was not allowed them, relating how they
had given orders to Theramenes, Thrasybulus, and other capable
men to rescue the crews, while they themselves were sailing
against the enemy ; and repeating that really it was the storm
which had prevented the rescue*. Their defence was supported
by the evidence of the pilots and sailors of the fleet ; and short
as it was, produced such a favourable impression, that many
came forward to* go bail for the generals, and, it was quite
evident that, had a vote been taken, it would have been in their
favour. It was, however, too late in the evening for a show* of
hands to be seen ; so that it was resolved that the case should
be adjourned to a second meeting of the Assembly, and that
meantime the Senate should prepare a npofiovXevfia, as to the
method by which the generals should be tried.
In the interval occurred the festival of the Apaturia, which
the members of each family met to celebrate in common, and at
which the youths, just come of age, were registered on the roll
of their demes. This time many a place was seen to be vacant,
and many a family appeared in mourning garb. Theramenes
and his party, availing themselves of these natural feelings of
grief to kindle great indignation against the generals, seem to
have induced not only the kinsmen of the dead to attend the
second meeting of the Assembly, but, at least according to
Xenophon's narrative*, to have gone so far as to suborn men
to appear among the crowd of real mourners, clad in black
garments and with shaved heads, just as' if they had been
kinsmen.
At the same time too, they persuaded Callixenus to accuse the
^ This is a direct contradiction to Theramenes' statement in ii. 3. 35,
that the generals had asserted otSv r' ttvai auaai Tobs Sv^pas
' Cf. note on § 8.
§ 4. TRIAL OF THE GENERALS. 43
generals in the Senate, which met according to the decision of
the Assembly, and at his instigation drew up a most monstrous
Trpo/3ovX6v/ia, that since the accusation and defence had been
already heard at the previous Assembly (which of course was
not true), at the next meeting the people should vote at once by
tribes, without any further hearing of the case, upon aill the
generals collectively ; that the votes should be given openly
(i.e. not, as usual, by secret ballot) ; and that if the generals
were found guilty, they themselves should be put to death and
their goods should be confiscated. Thus in defiance of all
Athenian legal procedure and traditions no real trial was to be
granted to the generals at all, the voters were to be intimidated,
and sentence was to be passed upon all the accused collectively
instead of separately.
Accordingly at the next Assembly, Callixenus brought forward
this 7rpo0ov\€viJLa : and the general excitement thus produced
was still further heightened by the declaration of a sailor, who
had 'saved his own life by clinging to, a meal-tub, that his drown-
ing companions had bidden him, if he should escape, tell the
people that the generals had left the most patriotic of the citizens
to perish.
Hereupon Euryptolemus, who was cousin to Pericles, one of
the accused generals, together with some others, threatened
Callixenus with a ypa<l)ri napavSfKop for making so unconstitutional
a proposal ; but they were howled down by the people and
forced to withdraw their threat, one Lyciscus even proposing
that they should be included in the same vote as the generals,
unless they gave way. Now, however, some of the Prytanes,
who were presiding over the meeting, refused to put the
question to the vote : but when Callixenus menaced them
with the same treatment, they all withdrew their opposition
except Socrates.
Foiled in this attempt to procure justice for the accused,
Euryptolemus now came forward with an amendment to the
irpo/SouXev/xa, or rather perhaps with an alternative proposal,
in advocating which he was able to make a speech of consider-
able length in defence of the generals. In the course of it
he stated and restated the facts of the case, and pointed
out that two legal methods of procedure were open to the
44 INTRODUCTION,
people. Either the generals might be tried before the people ^
in accordance with the decree- of Cannonus^, which laid down
certain most severe penalties against such persons as had
injured the conmionwealth : or they might be tried before a
Heliastic court under the law against sacrilege and treason.
But whichever of these two methods the people preferred, they
ought to be tried separately^ fair time being allowed for the
accusation, defence, and taking of the votes. In conclusion
therefore', Euryptolemus formally moved that the former of
these two methods should be adopted, namely, that the accused
should be separately tried according to the decree of Cannonus.
When the two proposals were put to the vote, the people
preferred that of Euryptolemus : but virofioa-aficpov M€V€k\€ovs a
second vote was taken, at which the Senate's proposal was
adopted. Afterwards the eight generals were condemned to
death, the votes being taken presumably on the method laid
down in the npo^ovXtvfia, and the six of them, who had returned
to Athens, were inmiediately executed.
^ iv Tf) ^fjuf. Grote seems to be mistaken in laying so much em-
phasis on the fact that the people in the iKKkrjaia were not put on oath :
for this passage alone, where Euryptolemns is emphasizing the proper
legal procedure, wonld be sufficient to show that the Assembly had full
competence to try such cases itself without referring them to a Heliastic
court, and other analogous instances are- produced by Sch6mann (De
Comit. Athen., p. 206).
* t6 Kawaivov }frfi<pi(r/ia : cf. Aristophanes, Eccl. 1089. Although
there is no particular reason why the words dlxa %Kaarov should not have
occurred in the decree, the balance of evidence seems on the whole to be
against it. For in § 23 Euryptolemus insists just as much on the im-
portance of separate trial for each of the accused, if the other constitu-
tional alternative Kard. rbv v6fAov . . . o; iariv inl rois Upoavkois teed rrpod6-
rats should be adopted instead. Moreover, in § 34 he seems to put the
.words Blxa ticaarov into his amendment rather in opposition to the /u$
^fffypffi of Callixenus' itpofiovkfviia than in close connexion with the mar^
rh Kaw<avo{i if/^<tHafiau Finally, the Scholiast on Aristophanes (ad loc)
gives quite a different interpretation of the word biaktXrjfi/jUvov, which
commentators have assumed to refer to the supposed 8/xa ttcaxfrov of the
decree, viz. tcaT^x^/^fvov kKaripojOw dvoXorftToOai rbv kot* flaoYftXiav
dwoKpiv6fitvov — an interpretation which fits in very well with Xenophon^s
lelkfiivov Awolkxetv,
§ 4. TRIAL OF THE GENERALS. 45
What however was the nature of this vTrfOfioaia ? Viewed
simply in relation to the context, the passage seems to
mean that Menecles challenged the vote on some formal
ground, which rendered it necessary for the cmaTdTrjs to
^put~'the question to the vote again. Ordinarily, however, a
vnafioaia meant much more : it meant a determination in
the mover of it to bring the question challenged under the
cognizance of a court of law, and had the effect of suspending
the validity of the resolution until the court had given its de-
cision^ But Xenophon never says a word about any such ad-
journment, and evidently implies that the second vote was
taken immediately after the first and on the same day. We have
therefore to suppose either that Menecles interposed a wra)/zo<rta
of a kind not otherwise known, or that the neglect to carry
into effect the adjournment that it entailed was merely one
more among the many unconstitutional incidents of the day,
unless • indeed we may believe the otherwise untrustworthy
author of the Axiochus^ (c. vii.) who speaks of Theramenes
and Callixenus having at a subsequent meeting^ rfj vtrrcpaia
' It is impossible to attach much weight to this statement in the
Axiochus, because, short as it is, it contains two obvions mistakes :
(i) it speaks of irpStdpoi, although none were instituted before the
archonship of Euclides, 403 B. c. ; (2) it speaks of rpifffxypiuv kxKXri-
cia(6vT03Vf which is evidently a fallacioas computation of the whole body
of Athenian freemen. Moreover, the whole dialogue, as Grote (Plato,
cap. iv.) shows, is a late production, and possesses no authority.
' Gilbert here raises the question as to what became of Socrates*
opposition, which both Plato and Xenophon represent to have been
unswerving ; and finds its solution in the hypothesis of an adjournment,
because at a second meeting Socrates would no longer have been
imffTdrrjs, Probably, however, Socrates' scruple, which was a strictly
legal one,'was satisfied by his putting Euryptolemus' alternative motion
to the vote, which contained a strictly legal proposal, although its rejection
.carried with it the passing of the Senate's Trpofiov\ev/ia ; for this
seems to be the force of the preposition in composition in the words
diaxfiporovovfxivcuv, diaxtipoTovias. Nor need the interposition of
Menecles' vircDfwaia have made any difference, if the question was
immediately put again on the same day : in this case all that Socrates
had to do was to put Euryptolemus' motion over again : and then,
when it was rejected, the irpojSovAcv/xa was ipso facto carried. Cf. Good-
win in the Transactions of the American Philo^. Assoc. 1885, p. 172.
46
INTRODUCTION^,
suborned the proedri and so procured the condemnation of
the generals.
However that may be, shortly afterwards the people repented
of their injustice, and voted that a public prosecution should be
instituted against those who had deceived the people. Callixenus
and four others were accordingly arrested, Theramenes not
being among the number, which seems to show that some dis-
tinction was drawn between his conduct and that of the rest,
possibly because it was felt, as Diodorus insists at some length,
that he was driven to it by the exigencies of self-defence. But
before the accused could be tried, they all escaped amid the
political confusion of the following year. Callixenus indeed ven-
tured to return with Thrasybulus and the exiled democrats in
403 B.C., but hated by all, says Xenophon, he died of starvation.
§ 5. Chronological. Summary.
B.C.
4U.
410.
Book I.
i. I.
8,9.
10-13.
14-19.
20-22.
33-31-
32.
33-34-
35-37-
ii. 1-13.
EVENTS.
Agesandridas defeats the Atheaian
fleet.
Battles at Rhoetinm and Abydos.
Thrasyllus goes to Athens : Tissa-
phernes at the Hellespont arrests
Alcibiades.
Alcibiades escapes and sails to Pro-
connesos.
Battle of Gyzicus.
Alcibiades restores the Athenian do-
minion over the Bosporus, &c.
Sundry contemporary events :
Revolt of Thasos to Athens.
Sally of Agis from Decelea.
Despatch of Clearehus to the Bos-
poruS; &c.
Thrasyllus ravages the coast of Ionia,
suffers a severe repulse at Ephesus,
retires to Notium, and sails thence
to the Hellespont.
Year of Cam-
paign.
April to March.
2 1 St, 41 1-4 10.
c. Sept.
Winter.
22nd, 410-409.
Summer.
§ 5- CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMAR Y.
47
B.C.
1 8.
409.
14-17.
111. 1-13.
408.
14-22.
iv. I.
3-7-
8-12.
13-30.
[v. I.
21-23.
407.
V. I -10.
EVENTS.
Lacedaemonians recapture Cor3rpha-
slum.
Spartan colonists massacred at Hera-
clea.
Thrasyllus joins Alcibiades at Lamp-
sacns, where the two generals winter
together and defeat Phamabazns.
Athenians sail from Lampsacus to
Proconnesus, then invest Chalce-
don, and compel Pharnabazus to
conclude an armistice with them
and to promise a safe escort for
some Athenian envoys to the Persian
king.
Siege and capture of Byzantium.
The Athenian and other envoys meet
Pharnabazus at Gordium.
The envoys hear of the appointment of
Cyrus to be satrap. Cyras, arrives
and persuades Pharnabazus to de-
tain the Athenian envoys.
Alcibiades sails to Samos, while Thra-
syllus sails with the main fieet to
Athens; and then hearing of his
election to be general, enters Piraeus
in June.
Reception of Alcibiades in Piraeus
and Athens.
His escort of the Eleusinian festival.
Lysander appointed to be Spartan
admiral.]
Alcibiades sets sail with his newly
equipped fleet first to Andros, and
then to Samos, which he makes his
head-quarters for winter operations
against the Peloponnesians.
Lysander collects a fleet of ninety
vessels at Samos, negotiates with
Cyrus, and makes preparations for
renewing the war by sea.
Year of Cam-
paign,
April to March.
?
?
Winter.
23rd, 409-408.
Summer.
Winter.
24th, 408-407.
Summer.
Winter.
48
INTRODUCTION.
B.C.
406.
11-19
30.
vi. 1-12.
13-23.
24-28.
29-36.
37-38.
Vll.
405.
Book II.
i. 1-5-
6.7.
8,9.
10-14.
EVENTS.
Alcibiades joins Thrasybulus at Pho-
caea : in his absence Antiochns his
lieutenant is defeated at Notium.
Alcibiades returns to Samos, and
soon afterwards withdraws in dis-
grace to the Chersonese. Conon
succeeds him in the command of
the fleet.
Conon ravages the neighbouring ter-
ritory of the enemy.
Callicratidas succeeds Lysander, and
failing to get money from Cyrus,
obtains supplies from the Milesians.
Callicratidas storms Methynma, and
blockades Conon in the harbour of
Mytilene.
The Athenians send out a fleet of no
vessels to the rescue, which Calli-
cratidas attempts to intercept.
Battle of Aiginusae.
Eteonicus despatches his ships to
Chios and retires himself to Chios.
The Athenian fleet sail- first to
Mytilene, and then to Samos.
Trial of the generals, who had fought
at Arginusae.
Eteonicus suppresses a mutiny among
his troops at Chios, and obtains
money from the Chians.
The Spartans appoint Lysander to
command their fleet for a second
time.
Cyrus is summoned to the presence of
his father Darius.
Lysander arrives at Ephesus, where
he fits out his fleet with money sup-
plied him by Cyrus, who soon after-
wards sets out to meet Darius, having
first entrusted him with the revenues'
Year of Carh-
paign,
April to March.
25th, 407-406.
Summer.
Winter.
26th, 406-405.
Summer.
Winter.
27th, 405-404.
Summer.
§ 5- CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY.
49
B.C.
\
15-ai.
22-29.
30-33.
ii. 1-4.
5-9-
10, II.
12-15.
404.
16-20.
t
EVENTS.
of his province. The Athenians make
counter-preparations at Samos.
Lysander sails to Caria and Rhodes,
and thence past Ionia to the Hel-
lespont. The Athenians set ont from
Samos, ravage the Persian territory,
touch at Chios and Ephesus, and
then at Elaens on the Hellespont :
whence, hearing that Lysander had
taken Lampsacns, they take up a
position opposite to him near
Sestos.
Battle of Aegospotami.
Lysander captures the whole Athenian
fleet and executes all the prisoners.
Lysander enters Byzantium and Chal-
cedon.
Dismay at Athens.
Lysander sails to Lesbos, where he
reorganizes the government of the
several states and despatches Ete-
onicus to do the same in Thrace.
General revolt of all the Athenian
allies except Samos. Lysander re-
stores the Aeginetan, Melian, and
other exiles to their native cities,
and afterwards blockades Piraeus.
Siege of Athens : proclamation of an
amnesty.
Fruitless negotiations for peace first
with Agis and then with the
Ephors.
Mission of Theramenes to Lysander.
Three months afterwards Theramenes
returns and heads an embassy to
Sparta.
Council of the Peloponnesian allies
upon the fate of Athens.
The Athenians accept the offered
terms.
Lysander enters Piraeus, and begins
the demolition of the Long Walls.
Year of Cam-
paign,
April to March.
Winter.
\
50
INTROD UCTION.
B.C.
• •• L
111. 1-5.
403.
6-10.
11-21.
aa-56.
iv. 1-22.
23-27.
28-38.
39-42.
43.
EVENTS.
Appointment of the Thirty.
Lysander sails to Samos, and Agis
evacnates Decelea. Lycophron of
Pherae defeats the Larisiaeans.
Lysander reduces Samos and returns
in triumph to Sparta.
The Thirty begin a reign of terror,
supported by the Spartan harmost
and garrison.
Accusation and execution of Thera-
menes.
The democratic exiles, headed by
Thrasybulus, seize Phyle and march
upon Piraeus, where they defeat
the Thirty in battle, Critias being
among the slain.
The Thirty are deposed and the Ten
appointed in their place, with whom
constant war is waged by Thrasy-
bulus and the democratic exiles.
At the invitation of the oligarchs the
Spartans send Lysander and Libys
to their aid. But Pausanias inter-
venes, and after some slight military
operations effects a reconciliation
between the contending factions.
Pausanias disbands the Peloponnesian
army. ' Thrasybulus marches up to
Athens, and restores the democrat-
ical constitution.
Final suppression of the Thirty at
Eleusis, and proclamation of an
universal anmesty.
Year of Cam-
paign,
April to March.
404-403.
Summer.
Winter.
403. Sunmier.
§ 6. LIFE CF XENOPHON.
51
§ 6. Dates in the Life of Xenophon.
B.C.
circa 444.
424.
401.
399.
396.
394.
c. 373.
c. 366.
Birth.
Saved by Socrates at the battle of Delium (Strabo, p. 403).
Accompanies Cyrus on his expedition against his brother
Artaxerxes, and after the battle of Cunaxa conducts the
retreat of the Ten Thousand to Trapezus, and then to
Chrysopolis.
Enters with many of the Ten Thousand the service first of
Seuthes, King of Thrace, and then of Thimbron, the
Lacedaemonian.
Exiled from Athens.
Accompanies King Agesilaus on his Asiatic expedition.
Returns with the King to Sparta, and is present on the
Lacedaemonian side at the battle of Coronea.
Settles shortly afterwards at Scillus in Ells.
Expelled from Scillus by the Eleans, whereupon he retirts
to Corinth.
The sentence of exile revoked bv the Athenians.
Death.
D2
XENOPHON: HELLENICA, I, II.
-M-
BOOE I.
CHAPTER I.
In a second sea-fight Agesandridas the Lacedaemonian
defeats the Athenians,
Mcra h\ Toma ov iroWals ruiipaxs varepov fjkOcv i^ 411-410
^ASrjv&v Gvfioxipris l\(i)V vavs dklyas' Koi €v6vs ivav- ' '
ixixqcav aidt.^ AaKedatfxoVtot Koi 'A^r^i/aiot, ivUrja'av
be AaK^baipLOvioi fiyovfiivov * Ayqaavhplbov.
Dorieus trying in vain to enter the Hellespont^ Mindarus
puts out from Abydos to escort him, but is met by the
Athenians, The two fleets engage, and on the arrival of
Alcibiades, the Athenians drive the Peloponnesians bcu:k
to Abydos with a loss of 30 ships. The Athenians leave
only 40 ships cU Sestos : the rest disperse to collect money y
while Thrasyllus sails to Athens to ask for reinforcements,
Mer 6\iyov h\ Toiroav Aoaptcis 6 Atayopov iK 'Vobov 2
€ts ^EW'qa-itovTov eta-iirXci iLpxoyiivov \€i}x5iVOs rcrrapo-i
KcX biKa vavaXv &iia fjixipq, Kariboiv bi 6 tQv ^AOri- 411. Oct.
valoiv fififpoo'KOTTOs iarjixrjve toIs orparryyoty. ol b^
avrjydyovTo iit avrdv ^Ikoo-l vavaCv, hs 6 A(apL€vs
<f)vy<ji>v TTpos rriv yrjv iv^^ifiaCc ras avrov Tpirip€is, i>s
ijvoiyc, irepl to *FoCt€iov, iyyvs be yevofxivoDv tQv 3
■-J
54 HELLENIC A /, C. i.
*ll-410 *A6rjvaC(ov iiiaxpvro &tt6 it tQv i)ta)i; koL rf/s y^y f^^XP^
ol 'A^ryratoi ATr^TrAevo-ar eJy- MfiSvroi; irpps rb aXAo
4 oTpaTOTTchov ovb^v TTpi^dvrct,' "Mlvbapos hi kotiSwi/
TTiv fiixriv iv 'IXt^ ^vwi; tt} 'A^r;r§, iporjOck iirl rriP
f ^^ ^aAarraz;, ical KaOckKyaas ray lavrov Tpirjpcis i.'ni'nXuy
5 Stto)? a2/aA(ij3oi ray fxera Acopi^coy. ol 6^ ^AOrivaloi
avravayayoixevoi ivavyL&)^<Tav it^pX ''Pifivhov Kara Tr\v
rjova p.ixpi SctAi/s l^ ioaOivov. koX tol ii\v VLK(ivT(ov, ra
hi viKOiiiivimv^ ^ AXKi^iahr)s iis^ia-nX^l hvoiv h^ova-ais
6 elKOo-t vava-iv, ivrevOcv he <f>vyrj t&v UekoTTOVprja-Coiv
kyivero irpos rffv "AfivhoV koI 6 ^apvaQaCos Trape-
PorjOei, Koi iir€i<rPaCva}v ro) tinTt^ els rfiv OiXaTrav
y^^Xpi hwarov Jiv ifxixeTo, koI rots SAXoty rots avrov
7 tTT'TTCvo-i Koi TTefots TTapeKcActJcTo. (n)fi(l>pd^avT€s hi Tas
vavs ol UeXoTrovvrja-ioi koL Trapara^dfievoi irpos rfj yfj
eiiixpvTO. *A$r]valoi hi airiirXcvarav, rpi&KOVTa vavs
tQv TToKcfiCoov kafiovres kcvols koL hs avroi aTr(iX€(rav
8 KOflLO-dpLeVOLf €ts ^rjOTOV. ^VT€V0€V TrkrjV T€TTap6.K0VTa
V€&v 2AAai SAAry fiypvro iif aypvpokoyCav Ifo) tov *EA-
Xrja-TTOi^Tov' Koi 6 0p(£<ruAAos, €ls itiv t&v arparrjyQv,
€ls ^AOrjvas IwAcvo-e ravra i^ayyck&v kol orpaTiav kol
vavs alTrja-caV"
Alcibiades visits Tissaphemes, who had now reached, the
Hellespont^ but is arrested by him and sent to Sardis, A
month afterwards he escapes to Clazomenae, and thence
to Cardiay whither the Athenians had retreated from
Sestos, Meantime the Peloponnesian ships ^ 6o strongs had
sailed to Cyzicus, Alcibiades returns to Sestos^ and leads
the combined Athenian fleets 86 strongs to Proconnesus,
McTci hi raSra Ti<r(ra<t>ipvrjs fjkOcv els ^E\krja"jrovTov'
a<f)i,K6p,€Vov hi TtOLp avrdi; fxia rpiT^pet 'AAKi^iddTji; ^ivia
[kf^O
HELLENICA /, C. i. 55
r€ Kat dQ>pa iyovra avWafiiiv elp^ev iv ^dphecL, <^(io-- 41l-4}.o
Kcav KeXeveiv fiairiXia TroAc/xeiz; ^AOrjvaCoLS. fffxipous hi
TpidKOvra iarrcpov ^AKKipL&brjs €k ^iphfcav fxera Mav-
Tidiov Tov aX6vTos iv Kaplc^ XinTaiv evTToprjfravres vvktos
airibpaa'av €ls Kka^opLCvis' ol 5' iv Dtjot^ ^Adrivaloi, ii
alaOofxcvot Mivbapov ttX^lv iii airovs ixiWovra vavcrlv
i^rJKOVTOy WKTos iiribpairav els Kapblav. ivravOa hi
Koi 'AA.Kij3t(i5779 fJKev iK t&v K\aCoiJL€vQv <tvv T:ivT€
Tpi7Jp€(rL Koi iTraKTplbi, 7tvd6pL€vos hi Stl al tQv ITc- S fi^i4^
KoTTOvvTja-lcov vrJ€S i$ 'A)3v6ov avriypJvai etcr cIs Kd^iKOVy
avTos li€v ireCfi i^^Oev cJs ^riarov, ras hi roCs ir^pnrktlv
iKeice iK^K^va-ev, iircl 6' fjkOov, avayea-Oai rjbrj avrov 12
fjiiXXovTos &s iin vavfiaxlav iircLinrkel QrjpajJiivris clicoo-i
vavclv iird MaKebovCas, &fia be Kal Gpaavpovko^ elKoaiv
iripais iK ©dcrov, AfxtfyoTepoi rjpyvpokoyrjKOTcs, 'AXki- 13
Piabrfs bi elnoDV Koi to'6toi,s bidKciv avrov i^ekofjiivois
TO. fieyaXa larCa avrbs iirXevacv els Tlipiov i0p6ai be
y€v6fjL€vcu al vrjes ^Trao-at iv Ilapl<^ 1^ Kat dyboi/iKOVTa
TTJs iinoiuaris WKrbs ivryyiyovro, Kal rij iXXri fjixipa
irepi aploTov &pav fjKov eh npoKovvriaov.
He takes measures to conceal his arrivaly and exhorts his
troops to fight bravely; for they had no money^ wMle
their enemies had plenty from the Persian king,
'Ek€1 8' iiruOovTO on MCvbapos iv Kv(iK<^ etri koi 14
^apvi^aCos iiera rod Trefoi). ravrrjv fikv oiv ttjz/ fjfjJpav
avTOv epLfLvav, rfj bi varepalc^ ^ AkKiPiibris iKKkriciav
TTOtTjo-as irapeKekeiSeTo avrols on aviyKrj etrf Kal vav-
tJLa\eiv Kal TteCofxaxelv Kal reLXopLaxeiv* Ov yhp lorir,
€(f>rj, xprJiiaTa ffpLiVy rols be TtoKefjilois i<f>6ova itapa
^a(ri\e<as> rff bi irporepali}, iireibri &piJL((ravro, ra 15
B.C.
56 HELLENICA /, C. i.
411-410 wXota Tiiivra. k(jX ra ixiKpa avvrj0poi<r€ Trap' kavrov,
0770)9 jJLtjbcls i^ayyelkak rots iroKcfjilpis to irKrjOos rw
V€&v iiT€Krjpv^i T€, &s hv aXCa-Krjrai els t6 nipav hia-
irkioDV, Oivarov r^v Qr\p.lav,
Battle of Cyzicus.
Alcibiades surprises the Peloponnesian fleet manoeuvring
outside the harbour^ and after a hard fight by sea and land
' captures the whole of it, Mindarus is slain, Cyzicus sur-
renders to Alcibiades. He exacts money from its citizens^
and from other neighbouring states ^ and establishes a toll-
house on the Bosporus.
16 Mcra h\ Tqv iKKXricrCav Trapao-zcevo-a/jtei^os ws iirl
vavfia\lav avrjydycTO iirl ttiv KvC^kov Hovtos ttoXX<^,
€Tr€Lb7j 6' iyyifs ttjs KvCCkov fjv, alOpCas yevojjiivrjs ical
Tov fjklov iKkifiyj/avTos KaOopa tols tov Mivbipov vavs
yvfivaCofjiivas iroppco airb tov Kifxivos koL a-JTeiXrjfiiJLivas
17 VTT* avTOv, k^KOVTa ovcras. 61 h\ YliKonovvria-ioL IhovT^s
Ta^ tQv ^A67jvaC<av Tpirjpef.^ ov<ras irkcCovs T€ 7roAX<p rj
irpoTcpov KoX TTpbs T^ Kip.iviy l(f)vyov irphs rqv yrjv' koX
(jvvopixC(ravT€S tcls ravs ifxixovTo iTrnrkiovarL rots ivav-
18 rtoty. 'AXKtj3t(£6r)s hi tols €lKO<ri tQv ve&v Tr€pi,Tr\e6aas
a/ni^ri ch ttiv yrjv, tbi)v bi 6 Mivbapos koL avTds airofias
iv TTJ yfj fjLaxofjL€Vos airiOav^v' ol be fxcr avTov ovres
i<f)vyov, TCLS bi vavs ol ^AOrjvaloi, (a)(pvTO 6.yovT€S airia-as
els UpoKovvrfo-ov irkriv tQv ^vpaK0<rla)V iKeCvas be
10 aifToi KaTeKavaav ol ^vpaKoaioi,. eKeWev b^ ttj vare-
paCq iitkeov ol 'AOrfvaioi I-ttI KvCikov. ol bi Kv^iktjvoi
tQv Ile\oTrovv7](rla>v koX ^apvafiiC^v iKKiitovTOiv avTrjv
20 ibe^ovTo Toifs ^AOrjvalovs. ^AXKiPidbrjs bi [leCvas avTov
eiKoa-iv fifxipas Kal xprjfxaTa iroXXa AajScbi; irapa T(av
KvCi'KTfiv&v ovbiv iWo KaKbv ipyaa-Ajjievos iv Tjj TroAet
HELLENICA /, C. i. 57
ct7r€irX€V<r€i; eis ITpoicoyinyo-or. liccZ^ei; 6' IttAcuctcv 411-410
eis TlipivOov koX ^rikv^pCav. Koi JJcplvOioi fikv eicrc-
bi^avTO eh rd iarv rb arpaTOirebov, ^rjkvPpiavol hi
ibi^avTO ii€v ov, XP^M^^^ bi iboaav. evrcvOev 6' a<l)LK6- 22
fieroi TTJs KaXxribovias els X/wctottoXii; ircCx^o'av avTrjVj ^
KQX b€KaT€VTrjpiov jc arccrK cvggay iv qvTjj, jcalr^y SeKctpyy /^'/^y
i ^ikeyov tQv jk tov Uovtov TrXoC oav, koX <^vXaK^i/ iyKara-
kiTTovres vavs rpiiKOvra kcX aTparqyi^ bvo, ^>r\pap.ivr) koX
Eijxaxov, TOV T€ x^P^ov iinpieXeurSai, koI t&v ^K-TrXeJvrcov
'TrX.otcoz; Koi ei ri SXko bvvaiirro fikiirTeiv tovs irokeiiCovs.
ol 8' ikkoL a-TpaTrjyol els rdv *Ekkria"JT0VT0v i^x'^^^^'
The despatch of Mindarus* secretary is captured and carried
to Athens, The satrap Phamabazus arms the Pelopon-
nesian fugitives to guard his coasts, and urges their com-
manders to build new ships at Antandras,
riapa 8^ 'iTnroKpdrovs rov Mtz^dcipov fTTioToX^ws cis 23
AaKcdai/mora ypipifiaTa Tt€p,<l>OivTa kSXoa eh ^AOrjvas
kiyovra ribe* "Eppei Tci KoXa , MCvbapos iTreaaija,
TT€iv&vTL T&vbp€S> iiTopCopLes tC xpV bpoLv, ^apvdpa^os 24
8^ iravrl r^ tQv UekoTTovirqa-Coiv arpareupxiTi koX rots
(n)p.p.6.yois TrapaKekeva-ipievos pLrj iOvpLeiv evcKa ^k(ov,
&s SvTOiv TTokk&v iv rfi jSao-iXecos, ^6)9 &v tol o-ii/xara (ra
fj, IpiiTlOV r' lb<OK€V kK6.(TT<^ KoX i(l>6blOV bvolv pLTJVOiVf
Koi oirkla-as tovs vavras (l>vkaKas KaTiarrja-e rjjs kavrov
TTapaOaXarrlas y^s. koX avyKak4(ras tovs re aird tQv 25
TTokeiov (TTpaTTiyovs KoL Tpvqpipxpvs iKekeve vavirriy€i(rOai
TpLTJpeLS iv ^AvT&vbpi^ 8a-as iKaaroi iirdkea-aVi xprjp,aTa
T€ bibovs Koi ijkr}v iK Trjs '^Ibris KopilC^a-OaL <l>p6.Co>v. vav- 26
Trrjyovp.iv(ov be ol DvpaKJo-ioi &pLa toXs ^AvTavbplois tov
TeC\ovs Ti iireTikeaav, Koi iv t^ (f>povpa ij^siUUi tsSlvtohv
p.6Xi(rTa, bia ravra bi evepyeaCa T€ koI irokiTela Svpa-
58 HELLENIC A /, C. i.
411-410 KocrioLS iv ^Avrdvbpfji iarL <Papv6,paCos fi^v oZv ravra
biard^as €v6vs eJs KaXxr]b6va iporjOci.
Story of the exile of the Syracusan commanders atAntandros^
and of Hermocrates' accusation against Tissaphemes and
expedition against Syrcu:use,
27 'Ei; h\ T^ XP^^^ TOVT<a TJyyi\$ri toIs t&v ^vpaKOO'Coiv
arparriyols oIkoOcv oti <f)€vyoi^v virb rod brjiiov, crvy-
KaX4<ravT€s ovv Tohs kavT&v aTpaTidras ^EpfxoKparovs
TrporjyopovvTos airtaikof^vpovTO T7\v kaxyr&v avp,<f>opiv, iy
ddiKa>9 (f>€iyouv SmavTes irapa tov vopLOV Traprjv€(r6.v re
irpoOvpLOVs etvai kol to. koiiri, &a"iT€p to, Trporepa, koI
ivbpas ayaOoxfs Tipds to, del irapayy00i6fX€va, fiepurqfiivovs
oaas T€ vavixa^las avTol KaS* airoifs veviKrJKarc koL vavs
€lkrj<l)aT€y 8(ra re /utera t&v &kk(ov irJTnjroi yeyovarc
Tjix&v fiyoviJL€V(av, ri^iv €X_ovt€S ttiv kparlaTrjv dtd re
TTiv 7iiJL€T€pav ip^TTiv KoX 8td Trfv vp,erip(W irpodvixCav Koi
KaTci yrjv koI Kara Oikarrav VTripxpv(rav. kkia-Oai 6e
iKekcvov ip\ovTaSi [i^Xpi iiv d<^^ica>j;rat oX 'pprniivoi ivT
28 kK^ivoav. ol 5' ava^ori(TavT€s iKikeuov iK^lvovs ipyj^w^
Ka\ iiiXiara ol Tpirjpapxpi koX ol iiripiTcu koX ol Kvficp"
vrjrai, ol 6' ovk i^ftaaav heiv (TTaaii^uv irpos ttiv eavTOiv
iTTokiv' ei bi TLs iTTiKoXoirj TL avTots, koyov iifxwav
XP^i'at bibovai. ovb^vbs b^ ovb^v iiraLTKafiivov^ bcofxivoov
ifieivav lois &<I)Ikovto. ol avr cKeCvoiV aTparqyolf Aif/xap-
\6s re 'EttiSo/cov koI Mva-Kiov MevcKpirovs koI Horapus
rvcotrLOs* T&v bi Tpiiipap^oav oyLOcavr^s ol irXeicrrot
K ard^ ety a^vrovSi iirav els ^vpaKoiiras d<^iica>2^rai, d^e-
30 Trifi\lravTo ottol k^oikovro irivras iiTcuvovvTcs' Iblq bi ol
TTpos 'EpfioKpirri irpoa-ofxikovvTes fidXtora iirodria-av rrjv
re iiTLpAketav kol irpoOvfiCca/ koX KOivoTtira. &v yap
iyCyv(»>(rK€ tovs ^7rteiice<rrdrovs koX TpLrjpapx(av Koi KV^cp'
HELLENICA /, C i. 59
vrjrQv jcai iinPaT&v, kKdtarrjs fjixipas irpta icai irpbs 411-410
kaitipav avvaXCC<*>v irpos rfiv a-Krjvriv ttiv kavrov ave^-
vovTO OTL ifieWev fj kiyeiv ^ TTpArTciv, K&KeCvovs ibibaa-KC
K€\€vaiv Xiy€iv TCL fi^v aitd rod TrapaxpW^i ''^ ^^ P^^
\€V<rafi4vovs* e/c TovT<i)v ^EpfxoKpaTrjs to. ttoXXcl Iv roJ 31
avv^bpCi^ €vb6^€iy kiycLv re boK&v Koi fiovkeveiv to.
Kpdncrra. Karriyoprjo-as bi Ti<r(ra(f)ipvovs kv AaKebalpiOvi
^EpixoKpirrjs, fxaprvpovvTOS Koi ^Actvoxov, kol bo^as ra
ovra kiyeiv, aif>iK6p.€V0S irapcL ^apvAfiaCov, irplv alrrjaaL
XP'fliJ'O'Ta ka^^v, irapca-KevdCcTO irpos rriv els 2vpaK0v<ras
KidoboV ^ivOVS T€ Koi TpLTjpeLS, iv TOVT<D be rJKOV ol
biiboxpi tQv ^vpaKoaioiv els Mtkrirov koX Trapikafiov
TOLS vavs KoX TO oTpdrevpLa,
The Spartan harmost Eteonicus is expelled from Tkasos,
The admiral Cratesippidas takes command of the ships
that Pasippidas had collected.
^Ev 0(i(r<j) 8^ Kara tov Kaipbv tovtov ari<rea>s yevo- 32
fjLivqs iKirCTTTova-LV ol kaKcavLcrTol Koi 6 A6.k(i>v apjjLoarrjs
^EreovLKOs' KaraLTLaOelsb^ TavraTtpa^ai (rvvTt,(ra'a(l>epvei
Haa-LTTirlbas 6 AiKcav i<l>xryev iK ^Trdprrjs' iin be to vav-
TLKoVf b iKeivos ffdpoCKeL aiTO tQv <rvixfia\a)v, e^eirefjutfOr}
KpaTtia-nriTibaSf Koi irapika^ev iv Xto).
A£is mahes a sally from Decelea, but retreats hastily before
Thrasyllus, In reward the Athenians vote Thrasyllus 50
triremes and considerable reinforcements,
Wepi b\ TovTovs Tovs \p6vovs- (s>pa<Hikkov iv ^AOrjvais 33
ovTos *Ayts €K TTJs AeKekelas irpovoixfjv iroiovfievos irpos
avTa TCL Teixv ^kde t&v ^ AdrjvaCcav' Spaavkkos b^ i^a-
yayiiv ^AOrjvaCovs kol tovs ikkovs Tois ev ttj irokei
ovTas iiravTas irapha^e Trapa ri AvKeiov yvixvda-LOV,
0)9 lJLa\ovpLeioSi iv TTpocrlaxrtv. Ibiiv b^ TavTa 'Ayes 34
(,U\'>^
60 HELLENIC A /; C. 1. . ^
411-410 airrjyayc rax^ws, icai rtrey avrwi; oAiyoi twi' ^-ttI -Trao-ii;
v-TTO T&v yjnk&v iiridavov. ol oiv ^AO-qvaloi, T<j) 0/)a(Tt;AA<p
6ta raura In irpoOviioTcpoL fja-av i(f>^ & fJKe, koX i\lrq(f}L'
(ravTo OTrkCras re avrbv KaToki^aaOaL xikCovs, tTTTTcas bi
Ikutov, Tpirjp€is hi TrfVTrJKOvra,
Agis sends Clearchus with a small squadron to the Bosporus
to cut off the Athenian com supply » Clearchus loses three
ships in the Hellespont^ but with the rest safely reaches
Byzantium.
36 'Ayty h\ iK rrjs AcKcXc^as Ibiav irkoia irokka (tItov cts
rieipaia KaraOiovray ovb^v S(t>€\os i(l>rj clvcu Toiis pLCT
avTov TTokvv rjbr] yjpovov ^AOrjvaCovs etpyeiv ttjs yrjsy el
fiTj TLs axw^f- i^ol SOev 6 Kara Odkarrav crtros <^otra*
Kp6.Tiar6v T€ elvaL Koi KXiapxov top 'Pa/uw^iov irpo^cvov
ovra BvCoLVTl<»iv W/x^i €ls KaXxribova T€ Kai BvCd-vnOv,
36 bo^avTos b€ TovTov, Tt\r]p<jiiB€ia'SiV ve&v Ik re Meyipoav
KoX irapa t&v &KK<av avjiiiAxiav Tr€VT€Kalb€Ka oTpaTKarC'
b(av jxaXkov fj Ta)(€i&v <px^o. jcal avrov t&v v€&v rpcty
aitokkwrai iv r^ *EXAr;o-wi;ry \mh t&v ^Attlk&v ivvia
v€&v, at del ivravOa tol nrXoia 5te<^i;A.arror, al 5' ^Xai
i(f>vyov eh ^rforov, iKeWev bi els BvCiimov iadOrja-av.
Contemporary events in Sicily,
37 Kal 6 iviavTos iXrjyev, iv <S Kapxribovtoi '^AvvCpa
fiyovpL^vov <TTpaT€'6<ravT€S iirl ^iKeklav biKa ixvpiiaL
arpaTLOLS alpovaLv iv Tpiai /mryo-t bvo 'TroXeis ^EWrivCbas
^ekivovvra kcu, 'I/mepcw.
<]
HELLENIC A /, C. 2. 6 1
CHAPTER II.
Thrasyllus sails with his fleet to Samos : he makes numerous 410-409
descents upon the Ionian coast^ till he is stopped by Stages 5•^•
the Persian,
T<j) 8^ SXX<{) It6A [^ ^v 'OAvfi'Trtas Tpin\ koX ivevrjKoarrj,
jj irpotmOelara ^impls ivUa Evayopov 'HAe^ov, ro 8c ^Z*^**
aribLOV EvjScSras Kvprivalos, iirl i<l)6pov pikv ovtos iv
^Trdprri Evapxlinrov, ip\oirros 8' iv ^AOrjvaLs EvKTrJixovos,^
^Adrivaioi ixiv SopiKdv iT^lyitrav^ Q>piLavKK6s h\ ri re
y\n)(i>i(rOivTa TtKdia Xafitav koX TtevTaKKryjXiovs t&v
vavT&v TTfkTaaTas 'jroLrj(r6,ix€Vos, \&s ifxa koI ircXraoraty
lo-o/m^ots,] i^4TT\ev(r€V hpyopAvov tov Oipovs ds ^ijJLOv, 410 April.
€K€i bi fxtivas rpcis fffxipas iirXev&ev els XTvyeXa* kol 2
ivravOa rriv re xdpav ibrjov kol Trpocr^jSaXAe r<j) re^x^**
€K bi TTJs MtXryrov fiorjOrja-avTis rti/ey rots nvyeXevcrt
bL€(nrapp.€vovs ovras tQv ^Adrivaloiv Toits ylrikovs ibloDKOv,
ol bi weXraorat koI tQv ^itXiTiav bvo \6\oi fiorjOria-avTes 3
-TTpoy Tovs avT&v \jfi\oifs &TriKT€ivav iiravras Tohs in
MikriTOV iKTds oXlyoav, Kai ia-irlbas Ikafiov &s btaKoa-las,
Koi Tpoiraiov lonjo-av. rfj bi va-rcpaCa iTrXevcrav ek 4
Norioi;, koX ivrevOev TTapa(rK€va<riii€VOL iiropcvovro eJs
Koko^&va. Koko<l)(ivioi 8e irpoae^dprja-av. kol rrjs
iTFLOVOTJS VVKTOS ivifioXoV eJs T^V AvbCaV i.KIJ.i^OVTOS
TOV (tCtov, koL KdfJLas re ttoXA^s iviTtprjcrav Kai xprjfxara c. June.
Ikafiov Koi irbpiiroba koL ikkrjv kcCc^v irokkrjv, ^riyrfs 5
8^ 6 UepoTjs irepl ravra ra yoapla &v, lirel ol ^AOrjvaiot.
eK TOV CTTpaToiribov bLca-Kcbaa-fiivoi fjaav Kara Tcis IbCas
kclas, Por}07icrivT(iiV T&v lTnri<DV (va /xev fcodi; ika^ev,
kiTTcL bi &iriKT€iv€. (c>pd<rvkkos bi iX€Ta TavTa &TTrjyay€V q
62 HELLENIC A /, C. 2.
410-409 lisX BiKarrav vi\v oTpariav, &s els "Ecfyea-ov irkeva-o-
B.C.
Thrasyllus attacks Ephesus, but is defeated with great loss by
the citizens^ SyracusanSy and the troops of Tissaphemes.
Ti<ra'a(l>4pvr]s be alaOofxevos rovro to iirtxe Cprjfia, arpa-
Tiiv T€ avvikeye iroWriv koX liririas dWorcAAe itapay-
i^n y^AXa>y TTa<TLV e ls *'E(f}€(rov p prjOeiv Tn\A.pTiixibL. Qpa-
7 (TvAAoy be efibojirj koL beKdrji fnxepa fiera r^i/ ela-fioKriv
els "Ecjyea-ov I'TrXevcre, koL tovs fiev SirkCTas irpds tov
Koprio-(rdv aTToPipd<ras, Toifs bi linreas koI TreXTaaras
Kol iTTLfidras kol tovs iXXovs iravTas irpos to l\os iirl
TOL eTepa Trjs TroAeo)?, fi/uta Tjj rjp.ipa Tr poa-rjye bvo arpa-
8 Toireba. ol 6' €k ttjs TTokeoas ifiorjOrja-av <T(f}la'LV, ot re
(TuyniXLyoi ots 'Viaa'a<f>ipvris fjyaye^ koX 'S,vpaK6(rioi ol t
iith T&v irpoTepcov cIkocti ve&v Kot airb kTepoav ireVre, at
eruypv TOTe irapayevofievai, veaxTTi rJKOv<rai fxeTh Ev-
Kkeovs Te roC "iTTTTcoros Kai'HpaKkeibov tov^ ApiaToyivovs
9 OTparriy&Vf Koi ^ekivovcLai bvo. ovtol bi iravTes irp&TOv
fiev TTpos TOVS oirklTas tovs iv KopTja-a-^ efiorjOrja-av'
ToijTovs bi Tpeyj/dpLevoL koi airoKTeCvavTes i^ airrmf i)S el
knaTov Kai els ttiv OikaTTav KaTabid^avTes irpds tovs
Ttapa Tb ekos iTpAirovTO, i(f}vyov be KOLKel ol ^Adrjvaioij
10 Koi &ir(ikovTO avToiv &s TpiaKSa-iOL. ol be '£<^€o-ioi Tpo-
iraiov ivTavOa ecmja-av Koi ^Tepov irpos rw Koprj<r<rw.
Tols be ^vpaKoa-CoLS koL ^ekivovaCois KpaTlaroLs yevo-
li.ivois ipLoreia ebcoKav koi Koivfi koI IbCq irokkolsj kol
olKelv iTekeLav eboaav T<a Povkofi^via ieC' ^ekLVOvaCois
bi, iirel fj irSkis iiTTookdkeL, koX irokiTelav Iboaav.
HELLENIC A /, C. 3. 63
The Athenians retreat to Nottum, and sail thence to Lesbos^ 410-409
where they fall in with the Syracusans, and chase them ^•^*
bcu:k to Ephesus with the loss of four ships, Thrasyllus
joins the Athenian squadron at Sestos, and the combined
force then crosses to Lampsacus,
01 6' ^A6r]vaioi tovs vcKpovs viroa-irovbovs airokapovres il
CLTr^Trkeva-av €ls NoVioi;, kclkcI Oi^avres ovtovs iirkeov
iirl Aiorfiov /cat 'EWrja'TTorrov. opfjiovvTes h^ ev MrjOvjJLvrj
TTJs AifT^ov eXhov TrapairXeova-as ef 'E^eVov tcls Svpa-
KO(rlas vavs irivre kol cIkoo-i' koI i'K avras ava)(BivT€s 12
rirrapas ftez; IXa^ov avrois avbpaari, ras d' SAXas xare-
hC(a^av els "'E<^€<roi;. koI tovs piev aWovs alxfJ-CLXdrovs 13
GpdavWos CIS ^AOrjvas airiirepiyl/e Trivras, ^AkKL^Librjv
b€ ^AOrjvalov, ^ AkKLPiibov ovra av^yj/ibv Koi (jvp.<f)vydba,
imi\v(T€V, ivT€v6€v be iirkeva-ev els ttjv ^rjarbv irpbs
TO &k\o (TTpiiTevp.a' CKeWev be iiraara fj oTpana bUfirj
els Adpi^aKOV,
The unconquered troops of Alcibiades refuse to associate with
the defeated troops of Thrasyllus^ until in combination they
win a brilliant victory over Phamabazus at Abydos,
Kal \eipAiiiV iTnjei, kv <S ol alxpiikoiTOL ^vpaKoa-ioi, 14
elpypiivoi Tov Ueipai&s iv Ac^orofxiats, biopiS^avTes Tr}v 410 Oct.
ireTpav, iiTobpdvTes jwktos i^\ovto els AeKiXeiav, ol 5'
els Meyapa. iv b\ Ttj AapL\l/AK<D avvTUTTOVTOS 'AAki- ^^
Pidbov TO (TTpcLTevixa Ttav 01 irpoTepoi orpariwrat ovk
i^ovkovTO Tols /xera QpaaiiWov ovvTiTTea-Qai, ws avrot
pikv SvTes A^Jrrr/rot, eKelvoi b\ fjTT7jpi,ivoL iJKoiev. ivravOa
br\ ixeCfiaCov &TTavTes AipL\j/aKov Tei\lCovTes» Koi iarpi- ^^
Tevaav irpos ''Afivbov' ^apvifiaCos 6' eporjOrja-ev linrois
TToXAoty, Kal p-axfl fjTTrjdels l(f)vyev. 'AXKt/3t(i6r;s bi
ibCooKev €x<i)v TOVS Te iTTireas koI t&v ottXltw ciKOcrt »cat
64 HELLENICA /, CC. 2, 3.
410-409 kKOXoVy &v flpx€ Mivavbpos, ft^xP* o-^oros i(l>€C\€To. iK
' ' 17 bi Trjs ftdx^y ravrrys <n)vi^r\a'av ol orpanwrai airol
avrots Kal fia"niLCovTo tovs fxcTa QpaaiiXkov. i^kOov
hi Tiva^ Kol aWas i^obovs tov \€ifJLQvos els rfiv rjiteipov
Koi iiropOovv ttiv paa-iKiois \<ipav.
The Lacedaemonians recapture Coryphasium, i,e, Sphac-
teria. Massacre of the. Spartan colonists at Heraclea,
Revolt of the Medes,
18 T^ 6' avTia xp6v(3^ koX AaKcbaifiovioi. rovs ds to Ko-
pv(f}6.o-i,ov T&v WiKdroiV a<t>€aT&Tas iK MaXias vtto-
(TTTovbovs &<f>rJKav, Kara b^ tov avTov i^aipov koI iv
^HpaKXela Tfj TpaxivCa ^A\aiol Tohs iiroUovSj ivTiTe^
Tayiiivaav irivTOiv irpbs Ohalovs' irokepilovs oi/ras, irpov-
boaaVy wore iiroXia-Oai avT&v irpos kirTaKoa-lovs (ntv t£
19 iK AaKebaCfxovos appLoarfi Aa^dTa, Koi 6 ivLovTbs ikrjycv
oJfTos, iv <2 Kal M^dot iiTtb AapeCov tov Ucpa&v fiactkiois
iiroarivTes Tr6\i,v irpoo'exdprja'av avT^.
CHAPTER III.
The Athenianfleet sails from Lampscu:us to Proconnesus and
the Bosporus, Alcibiades invests Chalcedony and success-
fully resists a joint attack made on his lines by Hippocrates
from within and Phamabazus from without, Hippocrates
was slain,
400-408 Toi) y iiTLovTos Irovs 6 iv ^oiKalq veins Trjs ^AOrivas
iv€irprj(r6rj irpTjaTTJpos ipLirearovToSy iirel 8' 6 \€iiJL<i)V ^Xryyc,
\llavTaKkiovs fikv iffiopeiovTos, &p)(pvTos 8' ^ AvTLyivovs,^
April, lapos apyppAvov, \bvo'iv koX elKoaiv ctcSv t^ irokipua
Trap€krjkv66T(»>Vy^ ol ^AOrjvaXoi CTrkeva-av €ls UpoKOvvrjaov
HELLENIC A /, C. 3. * 65
TiavrX r^ arrpaTOTribio. iK^lOev d' lin '^aXxrfiova koX 400-408
^vC^VTiov dpfj.TJ(ravT€S iaTpaTOTr€bei<ravTO irpos KaA.)(?j- ^ ^•^'
bovi. ol b€ KaXxribovioi irpoaLOvras alaSoixevoL ToifS
^AOrjvaCovs, trfv k^lav &TTa<r(W KariOevro els roifs BtOvvovs
SpqKas iarvyclrovas Svras. *AXKt/3t(i8r;s bi kafioiv t&v 3
re oTrXLT&v oXCyovs Ka\ tovs linrias, Koi ras z^aiJy Trapa-
TTkelv KcKeva-as, i\6(i)v els rovs BL0vvoxfs d-Trrfrei ra tQv
KaX)(rjbovC(i>v yjpripLaTa* el b\ pLrj, irokeiirja-eLV l(l>rj avTols.
ol b^ iireboa-av. ^AkKL^iibrjs 6' iirel fjkev els rd arpa- 4
TOTrebov Ttjv re keCav iyju^v koX irCa-TeLs TreiroLTjfjLivoSy
aireTeCxiCe ttiv Ka\x^^^^^ iravrl rcj) orparoTr^So) airb
OaXdTTrjs els OaXarrav koL tov iroTajjLqv Sa-ov olov r Jpj
^k[v<a reCxet, ivravOa ^linTOKpiTTjs piev 6 AaKebaipLOpLos 5
appLoarris Ik ttjs TrJAecoy i^yaye Tcivs arpaTidTaSi &S
p.a\avp,evos' . ol b\ ^AOrjvaloL iLvrntaperii^avro avr^^
^apvi^a^os bi e^<a t&v TreptTeLXLa-pLaTcav irpoa-ePorjOei
cTpaTia re koL tiTTTOLS TTok^ois» ^linroKpdLTrjs p.ev oiv e
KoX Qpdavkkos epiixovTo kKirepos toTs oirklTais \p6vov
Tiokvv, pLexpt ^AkKcpLdbris ix^^ OTrkCras ri Tivas koL tovs
litirias il3orj6rj<r€, koL ^iTnroKpdrrjs piev &7ri0av€v, ol bi
per avTov ovres i<l>vyov els Ti]v iiokiv, &pa bi kolj
^apvipaCoSi ov bvvipevos avppC^ai irpos tov ^lirTTOKpirq
biCL rrjv arevoiroplav, tov iroTapov koI t&v A7ror6t)(to-fX(i-
TODV eyyvs ovTcoVi iirex^piio'^v els rd ^HpdKkewv to t&v
KakxxjbovioiVf ot fjv avT.^ to aTpaToirebov.
While A Icibiades is absent collecting money on the Hellespont^
the Athenians come to terms with PhamabazuSy who agrees
to send Athenian envoys to the Persian kingy and to allow
Chalcedon again to become tributary to Athens. The
Athenians agree to suspend all hostilities till their return.
'Ek ToiiTov Hk 'AXKij3t(i5779 pkv ^x^''® ^'^ '^^^ 'EWtJct- 8
I
66 HELLENIC A /, C. 3.
^ ) 409-408 TTOvTov Kol €ls K€pp6v7j<rov x p^MQ^A irpi^unf ' ol b^ AoiTTOt
^•^' oTparqyol avv€X<ip'q(rav irpbs ^apvafia^ov VTt\p KaX\r\-
hovos elKOci T&Kcurra Sovi^at ^AOrjvaCois ^apvifiaCov Koi
9 &s fiaaiXia irpicPeis ^AOrjvaCuiv ivayayeiv, Koi opKovs
(boaav Koi iXafiov irapa ^apvafiii^ov VTTorcXetj; rbv
j'uT^J <i>6pov l^a\)(y\hovLov^ ^AdrjvaCoLS oa-ovirep eldOea-av kol
ToL 6<l>€ik6iJL€va yjyqiiara intohovvoji^ ^AOrjvaCovs be /m^
TTokcpielv KaXxribovlois, Icos %v ol itapa j3a(riX^a)9 irpia-^
After some delay Alcibiades swears to the treaty at Chryso-
polis and Phamabazus at Chalcedon, Phamabazus goes
to CyzicuSy where he is met by the Athenian envoys^ and
also by some Spartan envoys,
10 *AXKt)3t(i8r;9 8^ rois SpKois ovk irvyxavc irapdv, aXka
TTcpl ^riXvPpCav JjV iK€lvr\v 8' k\iiV irpbs to BvCivriov
rJK€Vy ix<»)v Xcppovrja-lras T€ iravbrjpLcl kol iirb 0paK7js
11 orpaTLfiras koi linrias irkeCovs rpLaKoa-Coov, ^apvifia^os
bi i^L&v beiif KaK€ivov djxiwvaf,, Tr€pUfi€V€V iv l^aX\r\-
bovL, jJiixpt lA^ot iK Tov BvCavTLoV iircibrj 8' fj\6€Vi ovk
i<f>r\ djjLcla-OaL, el firj K&Kelvos avT<^ d/xeirat. /mero ravra
&fio<r€V 6 pikv iv Xpva-OTToKei oh ^apvdfiaCos ^Trep^jfe
12 Mirpoj3(ir€i Koi ^Appdirei, 6 6' iv KaXxrjb6vL tols Trap'
^AkKL^liboV EvpVTTTokifKj^ KoX AlOTCpLtj^ TOV T€ KOIVOV
13 SpKOv Koi tbCq &Wrjkoi9 irCareis iiroLria-avTo. ^appi-
PaCos fxiv oiv evOvs iirrjeL, kol tovs irapci fiaarikia
TTopevopL^vovs irpiarpeis iiravTav iKikeva-ev els Ki^iKOV,
iTr4pi<l>dri(rav bi 'ABrivalaiv liiv AuipSOeos, ^ikobUris,
€>eoyivrjSy EipvirTokefios, MavTiOeos, avv b^ tovtois
^ApyeloL KkeoarpaTos, Hvppokoxos' iiropeiiovTo be kol
AaKebaifiovlaiv irpia-peis HaannrCbas koI eTepot, fieTo, be
HELLENICA /, C. 3. 67
TovToav Koi *EpfjL0Kp6.TrjSy rjbrj (f>Gjyoi>v iK ^vpaKova&v, 400-408 .
Kai 6 &b€k<l)a£ avTov Upo^evos.
The Athenians besiege Byzantium, While Clearchus the
Spartan harmost is away, collecting forces to raise the
siege, some Byzantines betray the city to Alcibiades, The.
garrison, unable to resist, surrender, £t<ny of Anaxilaus
at Sparta,
Kal ^apvifia^os [xkv tovtovs fjyeir ol bi ^ASrjvalqL to 14
BvCivTiov iTro\i6pKOVv Tr€ pLT€Lxl<rairr€Si Kai irpos rb T€l\os
&Kpofio\i(rjjtoifs Kol TTpoo-poXas iiroiovvTO, iv bi t<^ Bv- 15
farricj) Jjv KKiapxos AaKcbaifiovios ap/utoor^y Kal aiv
aVT<^ T&V 1T€plolK(aV TIV€S Koi T&V V€obail(ob&V OV TToWol
Koi M€yap€is Kal &p\a>v wt&v "'EXtfoy Meyapevs Kal
fiotcorol Kal ToijT(av &p\(»)V Koipardbas. ol 5' *A6r]valoi 16
i>s ovb^v ibvvavTo biairpi^aa-OoL Kar l(r)(iv, lireLa-iv
Tivas T&v BvCavTL<DV irpobovvai t^iv tt6\iv. K\4apxps 17
bi 6 appLoarrfs oloficvos ovbiva hv roiko TroiTJa-ai, Kara-
a-TTja-as b^ &iravTa &s ib'dvaro KiXkiara Kal iiriTp^ylras
TO, €v Ttj TToXei Koiparabq Kal *EXffa), bU^ri itapa rov
^apvdfiaCov els to iripavj pna-Oov re rots orpartcirais
Trap' avTOv kri\lr6pi€vos Kal vavs avXXi^oiv, at fja-av iv
rw ^FtXK'qa"n6vT<^ iXKai KaTaXiK€ip.p,ivai <l>povpCb€s vtto
UaarnnrCbov Kal iv ^AvTivbp(o Kal hs ^ Ayrjo'avbpCbas
€lx€V iirl Qpi^Krjs, iirLpdrrjs uiv y\.Lvb6.p0Vy kolL ^ttcos oAXai
vav'nr]yy]Our\(rav, aOpoai b\ yevopLCvai itaa-ai KaK&s Toxfs
avfxixaxpvs t&v *AdrivaC<ov itoiova-at, a7roa"it(!L(r€Lav rd*
oTpaToirebov iirb tov Bv^avTCov. ^Trci 5' ^^^ttXcvo-ci; 6 18
K\4ap\os, ol TTpobibovTes ttiv ttoXlv tS^v Bv^airrlijiv
Ki5b(t)v Kal ^AplaT(ov Kal ^ Ava^iKpinjs koI AvKOvpyos koI
^Ava^Ckaos, &s virayopievos OaviTov varepov iv AaKibaC- 19
fJLOvi bia TTIV irpobo<rCav &Tr4(f}vy€v, oTt ov irpoboCrj T-qv o^^^ ' 1 '-
E 2 ""S'-'-^ *"' '
68 HELLENIC A /, CC. 3, 4.
400-408 Tiokw^ aXX^ o-ctio-ai, irac5a9 bp^v koX yvvalKas kifi^
airoXXvfiivas, BvCd-vTios ibv koI ov AaKehaLfiovios' rdv
yap ivSvra citov Kkiap^ov rois AaKcbaifiovlcav orparLd'
rais bLbSvai' 6ta ravr ovv tovs irokefiCovs i<i>r\ dcria-Q ai,
ovK apyvplov iv€Ka ovbe 6ia to fiio-^lv AaKebaifioviovs'
20 iirel b€ avTois Ttap^a-Keiaaro, wktos avol^avres Tas irikas
Tas iirl TO QpdKLOv KoXovjJLivas clarrjyqyov ri orpcirev/xa
21 Kol Tov ^AXKL^Librjv. 6 bi ''Eki^os koL 6 KoipaTabas
ovbev TOVTcov elboTcs iporjOovv /uterct 'n&vToav ciy r^v
ayopiv cTTci bk 'k&vtq 01 iroXifiioi KdTelxoVy ovb^v
'22 lxpVT€S, o,Ti iroirjo'eLay, irapiboa-av (r(l>as avTovs.. Koi
oSrot fiiv aTTeTriix<f>Orja-av els 'AOrjvas, kol 6 KoipaTabas
iv Tw oxk<a iLTToPaLvovToav kv Ileipatei ikaO^v airobpas
Koi airea-dOrj els AcKikeidv.
CHAPTER IV.
Phamabazus and the envoys are met at Gordium by some
Spartan envoys with the news that Cyrus has been ap-
pointed satrap at Sardis, and ordered to aid the Lacedae-
pionians in the war.
408-407 ^apvifiaCos bi kol ot irpia-peis ttjs 4>pvy^a9 iv Fop-
2 bieCt^ ovT€S TOV xeifi&va tol Trepl to Bv^dvTLOV ircirpay'
A-prH, jiiva rjKOvarav. apyopAvov be tov lapos iropevopiivoii
avTols irapa fiaa-ikia &TTrivrq(rav KaTafiaCvovTcs ot T€
AaKcbaipLovCoiv irpia-peis Boidnos Svop.a koX 01 ficr
avTov Koi ol iXkoi iyyeXot, fcal ikeyov on AaKebaifMoviOL
8 7tivTa>v &v biovTai ircirpayoTes clcv irapa fiaariXiois, koX
KvpoSf &p^(t)V TrivTcav t&v Itti Oakirrri KciX avfiirokepLrj'
HELLENICA /, C. 4. 69
(ra>v AaiC€5at]XOi^^o£9, ii^KTrok^v re i(f)€p€ rols K(ira> Tracri 408-407
TO fiacrCXeLOV crtfypiyicrfJLa l\ovcrav^ iv fj ivrjv Kot rddeV
KaTairifJLira) Kvpov Kipavov t&v €l9 KaorcoXoi/ iOpoLCo^
fiivoijr, \Th 5^ Kipavov iari KVpiov.^
Cyrus on his arrival persuades Phamabazus to detain the
Athenian envoys on various pretexts^ so that they did not
return till three years afterwards,
TaiJr' dvv &kovovt€S ol t&v ^AOTivaCcov irp^orjSeis, Koi 4
iireibfi Kvpov ctbov, ifioiXovro /xeiAioTa p!kv irapa jSao-t-
\ia &vaP7Jvat,, el hi fxrj, olKabe iTrckOeiv, Kvpos bi 5
4>apraj3dfa) elirev rj irapabovvai tovs irpia-pcLS eavrw fj
firj olnabe iron aTroTr^/un/^at, fiovkofxevos tovs *A6r)vaCovs
pLTi elbivaL TOL TTpaTTOfieva, ^apvifiaCos be Wcos jxkv 6
Karelx^ '''ovs irpia-fieiSy <l)d(rK(av tot^ fxev &vd$€LV avToifS
irapa jSacriXea, tot^ be olKabe iTroirepLyj/eiVy i)S p^qhhf
pAyjnfTaL' eireibri b^ ivtavTol rpels fja-av, eberfOri tov 7
Kvpov i(l>eLvaL avroiis, (t>i(rK(i>v opLODpLOKivai airi^eiv iTrl
06XaTTav, iireibfi ov irapa ficuriXia. TTepAJfavres bi 'Apto-
fiap^avei itapaKop.la-ax avTovs iniXevoV 6 bk hitriyayev
eh Kiov rijs Mvcrfas, odev irpos to aXXo arparo^
TTebov aTTiTrXeva-av.
Alcibiades designs to return to Athens. Thrasybulus reduces
Thasos and the rebels in Thrace, Thrasyllus lecuis the
mainfieet back to . Athens. Meantime the Athenians elect
A Icibiades general.
^AXKi^Ldbris be ^ovkopLevos ficra tQv arpaTKHT&v 8
iiitoTiXelv olKabe^ avrJxOri evOvs ^ttI ^ipLOV heWev b\
Xa^i^v tQv ve&v etKoa-iv lirXevare ttjs KapCas els tov
KepafiiKov kJAttoi;. iKeWev b\ avXXi^as licordi; rci- 9
XavTa rJKev els ttiv ^afxov. GpaaiipovXos bk (rvv rptd-
70 HELLENIC A /, C. 4.
408-407 ^ovTO. vo.v(Av cttI GpqKrjs <Sx€TO, ^/cet b^ ri re SXKa
'^' x<apla Ta irpos AaKebaLfxovlovs ticOccmiKOTa Karearpi-
yjfaro Koi &d(rov, Ixova-av KaK&s viro re row; iroKifKaP
10 /cat aricrecov Kal XtjuLOv. ®piavXXos b^ avv trj iXKri
arparia eJs ^AOrjvas Kar^TrXcvo-e* irplv 6e rJK€iv avrov
ol ^AOrivaloL orpaTrjyovs etXovTO ^AXKifiiAbrjv pikv <^et;-
I yovra Kai Gpafrvfiovkov airovTa, Kovoova bk rplrov €k
' T&v olKoOev,
Alcibiades sails from Santos and on hearing the news with
. some hesitation enters Piraeus on the day of the Plynteria,
11 ^ AXKifiiSibris 6' eic r^s ^6.\iov i\viv ra xprjpLara Kari-
irXaxrev els Tldpov vavcrlv clfcocrtr, Ik^W^v 6* avriyOr]
J €v6v TvOclov iirl KaTaa-Koirriv r&v TpirjpoaVi &s iirvvOi'
v€TO AaKebaiixovCovs avroOi irapaa-KevaCeiv rpidKOvra,
Koi Tov otKa5e KaratrKov ottods fj iroKis Trp6s avrov Ix^^*
12 iircl 6' kdpa eavro) evvovv oia-av koL arparriybv av'^ov
'^prifiivovs Kal IbCa ii€Tair€ixTrop.ivovs roifs iTnrqbelovs,
June 408. KariirKeva-ev els tov ITetpaia fjfjJpq fj YlXvvTTjpia fjyev ff
iroXts, TOV ibovs KaTaKeKaXvjjLiiivov ttjs ^AOrjvas, o TLves
olcavlCoi^o &v€TTLTrjb€iov elvai Kal avrw Kal Trj iroXet'
^AOrivalcav yap ovbels iv TaijTrj ttj ffpiipq ovbevbs cnrov-
baCov ipyov ToKp.ri(rai &v iylraa-Oai.
Various feelings of the Athenians towards him: some said
that he was the victim of the intrigues of his enemies^ who
had contrived his exile to make room for their own am-
bitious schemes; others^ that he was the cause of all the
Athenian misfortunes,
m
13 KaTairkiovTos 6' avTov o re iK tov JJeipai&s koI 6 iK
TOV &&T€a)s o^Xos fjdpoCa-Or] irpbs Tas vavs, davfii^ovTes
Kal Ibeiv povkofievoi tov ^A\Ki.fiLabr}v, kiyovTes olpikv
HELLENIC A /, C. 4. 7 1
is KpdTKTTOs €lri T&v TTokiTQiV KoX fiovos \^lLTr€\oyrjOrj S>s] 409-407
ov diKatcos (l>'6yoiy iinPovkevOeh b€ vtto t&v ikarrov
iKcCvov bwajiivaiv fxoxOrjpoTcpi re \€y6vT(ov kol irpos to
ovtQv tbiov K^pbos 'jrokiT€v6vT(ov, iKclvov a€l t6 KOivbv
av^ovTOs Koi airb t&v ovtov koL airb rod rrjs irJXea)9
bvvaToVf iOiXovTos bi t6t€ KpCvecrOai irapaxprjp.a rijs 14
alrias ipri ycycvrjfJLiirqs &s rjaePrj kotos els to. iwarripia,
vTr€ppaX6pLevoi ol ix^P^^ ^^ boKOvirra bUaia clvai iirovTa
avTov ia-Tiprja-av Trjs iraTplbos* iv <f xp6vi^ into d{iri\avlas 15
bovXeijaiV fivayKia-Or] fiei; OcpaTreSeiv tovs IxJ^Carovs^
KLvbvvevoiv del 'Trap' kKiorriv flfiipav i/nokia-Oai' tovs b\
oIk€10t6,tovs TtoXiTas T€ Koi avyyevels koX ttiv irokiv
iTraaav 6p&v i^afiapTiivova'av, ovk €l\€v ottcds d><l)€\olrj
(f>vyfj aireLpyofMevos' ovk l(f}aa'av b^ tQv oltaimep avTos^Q
ovToav iXvai kouvQv beia-dai irpayiiiTOiv oifbc jxeraorclo-eais'l
vTr6.px€LV yap iK tov brjfMov avT<i fxkv tw re tiKikkjut^vI
Tr\4ov lx€Lv T<av tc irpea-fivTipcov jut^ eXarroCcr^ai, rots 6' i
avTov iyOpols tolovtols boK€iv (tvat, oloicnr^p irpoTipovA ^
varepov b^ bvpa<rd€i<riv &'iroXX'6vaL tovs jSeArforovs, av-l
TOVS bi ii6vovs k€i(l>64vTas bC avTo tovto i.ydira<rdai vtto \
T&v iroXiTSiV ort kTipois P^XtCoo-iv oIk clxov xprjaOai' olln
biy ort T&v irapOLXOiMivcav avTois KaK&v fJLOvos oItios elrjA
T&v T€, <l>op€p(av ovTcov TjJ iToXei yeviaOai p.6vos Kivbv-
vevtrai fjyefxiiv KaTaarrjvai.
Alcibiades lands and is escorted to the city by his friends.
His defence before the Senate and Assembly is favourably
received. He is chosen commanders-in-chief and conducts
the scured procession to Eleusis safely by land. Then
having equipped 100 triremes and large reinforcement s^ he
sails with them to Andros. He gains a slight success over
the AndrianSf and then sails to Samos,
'AAicij34<i8rjs bi itpbs ttjv yrjv 6p[ii,(r0€is inti^aiv^ fiiv 18
. ^^ HELLENIC A /, C. 4*
rov KaraoTpdixaTos ia-KOirei rovs avrov iTrtrrjSetovy, ei
19 TrapcCria'av, Karibiiv hi EipvirrSkfixov rdv Ueia-iivaKTOs,
avTov bi avcyffLOv, koI tovs iXkovs oIkcIovs Koi tov$ (^l-
\ovs ii€T avT&v, t6t€ aiTophs ivafiaCvfi ds rriv ttoXlv
fjtcra T&v TTapeaKevaa-jxivcav, cI tis &ittoito, fxri iTnTpiireiv.
20 iv hi TTJ PovXrj Kol TTj iKKkrj(rCq &TTokoyrj(r&ix€vos &s ovk
fjcrefirJKCL, et^o)!; bi &s fjbCKtiTaiy \€)(BivTOiV bi kcX iKKoav
ToiovTcav KOI ovbevbs ivrenrovTos bia rd fxri avaayiaOai
&v TTiv iKKKrja-CaVy ivapprjOels airavTctyv fiycpiiiv avrcr-
Kpiro^py is oloff re tiiv <r&(rai rriv irporipav ttjs "ttoAcods
bvvajxiv, TTpoTcpov jxiv TO. jxva-Trjpia tQv ^AOrjvaioiv Kara
O-SXaTTav iyovTOiv bia tov TroXejutor, Karh, yrjv iTroirjaev
21 i^ayayiiv rovs arpandTas iirairras' /utcra bi ravra Kare-
\4^aT0 cTTpazLiv, dirkCras ijl€V ir^VTaKocrCovs Koi xiXCovs,
linrias bi iTCVTrJKOVTa koI kKarov, vavs 8' kKarov. Koi
October fi^Ta tov KardirXovv TplT<d fXTji^l &ini)(dr] I'n "Avbpov
*®®» &<t)€(rT7iKvlav T&v * AOrfvalaiVf Koi /xer avrov 'Apioro-
Kpirrfs Koi ^AbeifxavTos 6 A€VKo\o<f>Lbov (rvv€'ni[i.<f>6ii](tav
22 yprjixivoi Kara yfjv o-TpaTTjyol. ^AXkifiiibris bi iirefil-
j3a<r6 TO aTp&T^vp.a Tr\s *AvbpCas xdpas eh TaipcLov'
iKPorjOrjoravTas bi tovs ^Avbplovs irpiyj/avTO koI Kari^
Kkeiaav ds ttiv ttoXiv Kal Tivas iiriKTcivav ov ttoWovs
23 Koi TOVS. AiKcavas ot avToOi fjcrav, ^AkKiPiabrjs bi
TpoTiaidv T€ larqare Koi fieCvas avrov dkCyas fjpjpas
iirkevcrcv els ^ifiov, KaKeWev oppidyLevos iTTokipLei,
HELLENICA /, C. 5. 73
CHAPTER V.
Lysander is appointed Spartan admiral and collects a fleet ^ 408-407
of 70 ships at EphesuSy where he waits till Cyrus* arrival B.C.
at SarcUs,
01 he AaKebcuiiovioL irporepov toUtoov ov iroXk^ xpoptff
Kparrja-LTTirCbq rrjs vavapxlas TrapekriXvOvias Aia-avhpov
i^iTT€iJL\lfav vavapxpv. 6 be &<f>iK6fM€vos els *P6bov koI
vavs iKeWev ka^dv, eh Kw kol MIKtjtov iTrXevo-er,
eKeWev 6' els "'Ecj^ccoi;,' kolI iKei Ifxeive vavs i\(ov l)35o-
firJKovra fi^xpi ov Kvpos els ^ipbeLS a(l>CKeTo, - iirel S' 2
fJKev, ivipr] Trpos avrbv (tvv rois Ik AaKebalpLOVos Trpia--
fieaiv, ivravOa bri Kari re tov Ti(ra'a(f>epvovs ikeyov h
TTeTroLrjK(i)s eXri, avTov re Kipov ibiovTo i>s irpoOvpLOTirov
irpbs TOV TToXepLOv yevicrOai,
Lysander obtains from Cyrus promises of vigorous support
and increased pay for the Peloponnesians.
YJopos b\ TOV Te TTaTepa i(f>r] TavTa iireoTakKivai, koX 3
avrds ovk 4XX' eyvcoK^vai, &k\a irivTa iroLrjaeiv' e\<ov
bi iJKeiv Tdkavra irevTaKoa-ia' iav b^ Tavra iKkCirri, toIs
IbloLS xpria-ecBai e(f>r]y h 6 iraTrip avT^ IboiKev iciv bi
Kol TavTa, Koi TOV Opovov KaTaK6y\teiv i(\>^ ov iKiSriTo,
SvTa ipyvpovv Ka\ \pV(rovv. ol b^ TavT* iirrivovv Koi 4
iKi\evov avTov rdfat t<3 va&rri bpaxjxriv *ATTiKrjvy 81-
bia-KOVTes Stl &v oirros 6 fxia-Ohs yevrjTai, ol t&v 'A^i/-
valoav vavTai anokely^ova-i, Tas i/a{}s« kcX fxelo) xprjfiaTa
iva\(i(rei, 6 bi koX&s pikv i<f>r\ avTovs Xiyeiv, ov bv- 5
vaTdv 8' elvai irap^ h fiaa-iXevs iireareiXev air<j) &XKa
TTOLe'LV. eTvai bk koI tcls avvOrJKas oikois ixoio-as, rptd-
KovTa fivas iKicTri vril tov jxrivos bibovai, 6i:6<ra$ hv
74 HELLENICA /, C. 5.
408-407 ^ovKtavrai Tpi<f>€tv AaKcbaLfJLovioi. 6 be Avaravhpos t6t€
6 fjikv iaLdirriae' /xcra bi rb bclirvov, iirel avr^ TrpoTtioav 6
Kvpos rjpcTo tI &v /xdXtora xapl^oiTo iroi&v, eiTTcv on Kl
7 Trpbs Tov pLLcrObv liccioTif) vaiirri djSoAoi/ Trpoa-Oelrjs. iK
b€ TOTUTov rirrapes dfiokoX fjv 6 pna-OoSy irpoTcpov be
TpL<&pokov, KOL TOV T€ 7rpov(f>€i,\6iJL€Vov iiriboiKe Kol in
ixrjvbs irpovbayKev, Aare to arpdreviia ttoXv irpoOvp-orepov
elvcu.
The Athenians in despair send envoys to Cyrus ^ but he
refuses to see them, Lysander had now 90 ships at
Ephesus,
8 01 b\ 'AOrjvaloi ixoiovres ravra iOvixays fx^r elxov,
iirepLTTOv bi TTpbs rbv Kvpov Trpicrfieis bia Ti<r(ra(f>ipvov$.
9 6 bi ov Trpo(r€b4\€To, beopAvov Tto-<ra<^^provs koX Xlyov-
ro^y iiTcp avrbs iiroCei TTCia-dels vit 'A\Ki/3t(i8ov, <rKOT(€iv
Sttohs tQv ^EWrjvoiv pLffbc otnvcs laxvpol Scrir, &\ka
10 TrdvTes aarOcvcls^ avrol iv avroir <rra<rta^i;T€S. koL
d pi,€v Av(ravbp09, lirel avr^ rb vavriKbv avvcTeraKTO,
avekicvcras ray iv ttj *E(f>4(r<j^ ovtras vav9 ivevrjKOvra
fjavxCav T^yev, ima-KcviC^v Koi i.va^)(a)v avrciy.
Alcibiades crosses to Phocaea to visit Thrasybulus, leaving
his fleet at Santos, in charge of AntiochuSy with strict
orders not to fight. But Antiochus disobeys, and draws on
a genercU engagement at Notium, in which he is defeated
by Lysander with a loss of\^ ships,
11 'AXKi)3i(id77; 6i AicolJo-as &paavfiov\ov cf 'EAXrycrTroi;-
*^^~n^ ''^^ ^Koyra T€Lxl(€(,v ^dKaiav bUirXeva-c irpbs avroVy
April. 'ffl'*«Xt'7r&)i; iiii rats vavaXv *AvtCoxov tov avrov *cv)3cp-
vrfTTjv, ImoreiXas p.ri iTrnrkclv iirl ras Av<rdvbpov vavs.
12 'O bi 'Avrioxos Tjj T€ avrov vrfi Koi SXKri iK Norfov
HELLENICA /, C. 5. 75
eJy rhv Xifuiva r&v ^E<f>€(rC(dv €l(nrk€V(ras nap aitras ras 407-406
Ttptipas tQv Ava-ivbpov v€&v 'Trap^TrAci. 6 bk Av<ravbpos i^
rd fikv TTp&Tov dklyas t&v ve&v KaOcXicva-a^ ibC(OK€V
avTov, iiTfl 8i ol ^AOrivaXoi r^ *Avti,6\<^ iporjOovv
TTkcCocL vaval, t6t€ br} Koi irAcras avvri^as iTriirkeL
fjL€Ta bi ravra koI el ^AOrjvalot Ik tov Notiov KaOckici' .
caweff rets konrhs Tpirjp€is ivrj\6rj(raVy ws^Ikootos rjvoi-
^€v. iK TovTov 6' ivaviMOLXTjcrav ot iM^v iv rafet, ol bi 14
^Adijvatoi biea"napii.ivais rats vavai, jxixpi ov li^vyov
iirokioravTcs vcvTcKaCbeKa Tpirjpeis. t&v bi ivbp&v ol
pkv TrAcio-roi i^4(t>vyov, ol S' i^aiyprjOrja-av, Ava-avbpos
bi ris T€ vavs ivakafioiv koX Tpiiraiov (7x170-09 iiii
rov 'NotCov bUirkcvtrcv cIs ''E(f>€a-ov, ol 8' ^AOrjvaioL cJy
2)(ifjior.
•
On his return to Safnos Aldbiades tries in vain to renew
the battle and avenge the defeat,
Merd b\ ravra 'AAKtjStcidT/s ikOoiv €ls ^ifiov avrJxOrj 15
rais vavarlv airiorais ^'ttI rov kifxiva r&v ^E^€(rCwv, Kal
irpo rov OTopLaros ttapira^iv, el ris fiovkoiro vavpiax^lv.
iiT^ibri bi Awavbpos ovk ivravrjyayc bia rb irokkals
vavalv ikarrova-dai, airiTrk^va-ev eh ^ip-ov, AaKcbai--
p^vioi bi dkCyif^ Harepov alpovaL ^ek<^lviov kcX 'HtJj;a.
On hearing of this affair the Athenians at home choose ten
other generals in place of Alcibiades^ who^ finding himself
unpopular also with his fleets sails away to the Chersonese,
01 b\ iv oIk<p *A^r;z;atot, iireibri fiyyikOri tj vavpaxCa, le
Xak€TT&s etxoj; r^ ^AkKLPiibji, ol6p,€Voi bC &p.ik€iiv re
Kal iKpireiav iiTok(ak€Kivai. ras vavs, Kal arparrjyovs
ftkovro ikkovs biKa, Kovcova, Aiop.ibovra, Aiovra,
IlepiKkia, ^EpatrivlbrjVi * ApiaroKparriy ^ Ap\i<nparoVy
y6 HELLENIC A /, C. 5.
407-406 npcorofxaxov, ©pciavXXov, ^Apiaroyivrj, ^AkKLpiiirjs
17 M^^ ^^^ TTovripcas koI iv rfj orpan^ <^€pofji€i/09, kafioiv
Tpirjpr) fxCav iTriirXeva-ev cJs Xeppdirqaov €ls ra iavTov
Canon succeeds Alcibiades at Samos; he mans only 70 ships
out of 100, and with them ravages the neighbouring
coast,
18 Mcra 8c ravra Koi^coj; ^k t^j ^Avbpov <rvv aly elx^
i/avcrlv. €lico(ri yjrrjcfiLa-apjivwv ^AOrivalcav els ^dp^ov IttXcv-
cei; ^m TO vavTLKov, ivrl b^ K6v<»>vos els ''Avbpov
10 i'ttep.y\fav ^^avoaOivri, rirrapas vavs i\ovTa. ovtos ^cpt-
Tux^^ bvoiif rpirjpoiv (dovplaiv Ikafiev aifTols avbpia-L*
KoX Tovs pL^v alxpakdrovs iiravras Ibrjaav ^AOrjvaloL,
Tdv bk ipxovra avT(av AaypUa, ovra piev *P6bLov, irSXat
bi <l>vy6.ba i^ ^AOrjvQv Kai *V6bov vir6 ^ABr\vamv Kare-
^<f>i<rp€voiiv avTov Oivarov koI t&v ckcCvov avyycvQv,
irpKiTevovra Trap' avTois, ikerja'avTcs A<^6t(rai; ovb^ XPl'
20 /mara irpa^dpevoi, K6v(av 8' ^7re2 els ttiv ^ipiov i(l>CK€To
KoX Td vavTiKov KariXaPev idvpLoas ^xov, crvp.Trkrjpda'as
Tpirjpcis kfibopLrJKovTa ivrl tQv TrporipcDv, ovcrciv trkeov
fj iKarSv, Kai Tovrais ivayay6p.€vos pL€Ta t&v ikkoav
oTparqyQv, akkore akkji iTTo^aCvoiv rijs t&v vokcpiitav
X<ipas ikrjCeTo,
Contemporary events in Sicily:
21 Kai 6 €2;iat;ro9 Ikrjyev, iv d Kapxribovtoi els ^iKekCav
arpaTeva-avTes etKoai koI kKarov Tpvqpe<Ti koL TreCrjs arpa-
TLOLs bdbeKa pLVpidaiv elkov ^AKpiyavra Xt/x^, M^X!7 M^^
fjTTrjOivTeSy irpoa-Kade^opLevoi bk kirra pLtjvas.
HELLENIC A /, C. 6. 77
CHAPTER VI.
Callicratidas succeeds Lysander at Ephesus, His answer 406-405
to Lysander^s empty bocLst, ®•^•
T^ 8' i'tti6\ni ir^i & f\ r^ <T{Ki\vn\ k^iXvnev ka-iripas April.
* Koi 6 irakaibs ttjs 'A^T/vas V€<i>s iv ^AOrjvais ivcTrprfaOrj^
[ITiTtJa fjL€v cipopeiovTos, ap\ovTos be KaXA^ov 'A^ryi/ry-
flTii;,] ol AaKebaLfJiSvLOL t(3 Av(rdvbp<a irapekrikvOoTOS ijbrj
Tov yjpovov \Kai r^ Tro\ijJL<a Terripaiv koI clKoav ir&v]
iTr€fx\lrdv ^ttI tols vavs KakkiKpaTibav, ore b^ irapeblbov 2 •
6 Aijcavbpos tols vavs, cAeyc to) KaWiKparlbq. on
Ba\aTTOKpaT(op T€ irapabLbolri Koi vavpLa\Cq v€ViKr]K<&s. '
6 be avTov iKikevccv i^ 'Ec^eVou iv apiarep^ ^ifxov
Trapairkeija-avTa, oi fja-av al tQv ^AOrivaionv vrjes, iv
MiAtJtcj) TTapabovvai ras i^aOy, koL 6ixokoyrj(r€Lv Oakar-
TOKpaT€lV,
He increases his fleet to 140 vessels, and prepares for battle;
but finding himself traduced by Ly Sander's friends, he
assembles the Lacedaemonians and tells them thai he had
come only in obedience to the Spartan government, and
was ready to return if they so wished,
Ov ^apAvov b\ TOV Avcivbpov TTokvirpaypLovclv akkov 3
&£}(ovTos, avTos 6 KakkLKparCbas irpos ah irapa Ava-iv
bpov ikafic vav(rl irpoareTrkrjpaxTcv iK XCov Kal *Po8ov
xai ikkoOcv airo t&v avpLixixoiv irevrriKovTa vaus. rarf-
ras b^ irdaras iOpoCaas, ova-as TerrapiKovTa koX kKarov, '
irapecTKevifero i? airavTrja-op.cvos toIs irok^pilois* Kara- 4
fiadiav i*' virb rd>2/ Avcivbpov <^iXa>i; Karao-Taa-LaCdp^evos,
ov pLOvov i.'npoOvp.oas virrjpeTovvTaiVi &kka Kal biaOpoovv-
Tcav iv Tals irokea-Lv on AaKebaipLOvioi yAyiara irapa-
e- ^
78 HELLENIC A /, C. 6.
406-406 mTTToiev iv T^ biaXkiTTeiv Toifs vavapxovs, iroKkiKis
* 4^ avcTTirribeCaiv yiyvojxivoiv koI apri avviivToyv ra vavriKO,
Kot ivOpdirois &s xP^^^'^oi; ov yiyvdixTKOVTisiVy iirelpovs
BaXimis Ttiiittovr^s kcX iyv&ras toIs iKel, KivbvvevoUv
rt iraOelv hia rouro, Ik tovtov bi 6 KaXKiKparCbas dry-
KoXicras Tovs AaKebaifxovCwv IkcI irapovras Ikeycv avrois
rotdde.
5 'Efiol (x^v ipK€l oIkol fX€V€i.v, Kot €?r€ Avoravbpos rfre
iAA.09 Tis ifiTreipoTcpos ircpl ra vovtiko, ^oiK^rai eij/ai,
ov KcoXvo) rb icar' kpA' kyia V vtto r^ff ttJXcws lirt tcls
vavs TT€ix(l>6€ls ovK 1^^ ''^ oiXko TToto) ^ Ttt iccXevo/utei^a i)s
hv bvv(OfjLaL Kpdriara, vjicXs bi Trpbs &. iyd T€ <^tAon-
f iovna i Koi fj TTokis TiyL^iv alrii^^Tai, tare yoip avra
&(nT€p Koi iyd; avp.pov\€V€T€ ra ipLora vfiiv boKOvvra
ctvai TTcpl Tov ipik ivdabe p.iv€iv ^ olKob^ i/noTtX^iv
ipovvra ra KaOearQra ivOibe.
The malcontents thus quieted^ he tries to get supplies from
Cyrus, but failing, appeals to the Milesians for help, till
money should come from Sparta,
e Ovb^vbs b\ ToXp.'/ja-avTos SXXo rt cItt^Iv rj rois oXkol
TreCOccrOai ttolciv re !</)' & ^xet, ikOoiv irapa Kvpov jjfret '
7 pLiaObv Tots vavTaLS' o b^ avrw eiTTc 8vo fjfiepas iirLoxeiv.
KaWiKparCbas b^ dx^ccr^cls rfj ivapoKfj koI rais Itti tols
Ovpas (l>0LTrj(r€(TLV, dpyLtrOch Koi e^Tra)!; d^Aiwrirovy clvai
Tovs "EAATjras, on ^appapovs KoXaKCuovcriv lv€Ka apyv-
plovy <f>A(rKa>v T€, fjv (ro^Orj olKabc, Kari ye to ovtov
bvvaTov bLa\XA^€iv ^AOrivaiovs xat AaKebaifMOvCovs, airi-
8 ir\€V(r€v els MCKr]Tov' kolkcWcv Tre/ii/ras Tpirjp€LS eh
AaK^baCpLOva iiri xP'7M^''^j i/cKAT^o-^ai; aOpoCa-as T(av
Mikqalayv robe cItfcv.
'Efxol fjiivy Si MiXiyo-tot, iviyKTi toIs oIkoi ipxovori
HELLENICA 7, C. 6. 79
ireCOccOai' vfxas hi €y<a a^ta> TrpodvfJLOTaTovs ^Ivai els 406-405
TOP TToKeixoy dia to olKOVvras iv ^appipois TrXercrra
KttKci ijbr] vt: avr&v TTCirovOivai, Set 6' v/xay i^yelaOai 9
rots iXAots (TVfi/xdxots Siroos hv rd;(i(n-(£ t€ xal /xdXtara
^KiLirruiyiev tovs TroXe/xfovs, Icos ii; ot ^k AaKcbaCfxovos
rJKCixnv, ots iyo} iTre/xx/ra xprfixara i^ovras, iircl ra 10
^i^^cide viripxpvra Aijaavbpos Kvp<^ iiToboifs m irepLTra
' ovTa olxcraf Kvpos Se kXOoyros ifxov iir avrbv del
av€p6Xk€T6 ftoi dtoXex^^i^at^ lyo) 6' ^ttI ras iK^ivov
Ovpas if>oiTav ovk ibvvijjiriy ifiavrbv ^ctcrat. VTrttrxroi}- 11
fxat 8' ^y/jtii; Arrt t&v avix^ivrfov fjpLLv &ya6&v iv rw
Xpovii^ <S &i; ^Kctva irpoa-bexjdficOa ^apiv a^lav dTroSco-
<r£ti/.. dAAd crvv rots ^cots bei^oixev rots fiappipois ort
Kal fivev rov l/cetVovs ^av/xd^etz/ bvvifxcOa tovs ^x^poi^s
TLiMcopcia-Oai. , w •' * • ^^ >' .
^/M /A^ supplies so obtained, he sails to Chios and Lesbos^
where he takes Methymna by storm^ and captures many
prisoners; all the Greeks he sets free except the Athenians.
'Eiret b\ TavT ctircv, dytordfiei^ot ttoWoI icat /xdAtoTa 12
ot a!rta^ofX€2;ot ^z/ai^rtovo-^at ScStores Ain\yovvTo irSpov
yjprip.6.T(iiiv KoX avToX ^TrayyeXXo/xerot !§ta. ka^iiv b€
TavTa iK^ivos koX iK XCov ir€VT€bpa\pLCav licdoro) t&v
vavT&v iipobLacrapLcvos iTrKevare ttjs Aia-^ov kiii M^^v/x-
vaif TToXcfxCav ovaav. ov Povkofxivcav bi t&v MrjBvfi- 13
valoiv Trpo<r)(a)p€LVi &k)C kp.<f>povp(£iv SvTOiV ^AOrjvaCoiv koL
T&v TCL irpiypLaTa ixpvT(av drrtictfoi;ra)i;, TrpoapaXuiV
alpu Tr\v ttoKlv icard Kpdros. rd fikv ovv \prjpLaTa 14
irdvTa btrjpiraa-av ol oTpaTi&Tai^ tol b\ avbpAiroba irivTa :
avvrjOpoicrev 6 KaWiKpaTCbas cis ttiv iyopAv, koL iccXev- ( .^ ^ 1
ovTcov T&v avfiixixoav airobocrOaL Koi tovs MrjOvpLvaiovs '
OVK l(l)r] kavTOv ye ipyovTos ovbiva 'EAXiyvoDz; els to
8o ■ HBLLENICA 7, C. 6.
406-405 Ik^Ivw) hwarov ivbpaTTobi.a'Orjvai,, rfj §' varepaCq, rovs
' J- fjL€V i\€v6ipov9 a([>r]K€, tovs hi t&v *A0r]val(ov (f>povpovs
Kol TO, avbpiiToba ra bov\a irivra iiriboro' Kovcavi b^
€liT€v OTL TTa'6<r€i, avr6z; jxoix&vra rriv OSXarrav, KaTiboav
bi avTov avayopLcvov fi/xa rrj fipiipq,^ iblonKev viroTcpLVO-
'ICccv>^ fxevos Tov els ^ApLOv irXovv, ^ttodj pri iKeia-c <fy6yoi.
He chases Conon, returning towards SamoSy into the harbour
of Mytilene^ where he captures 30 of the Athenian ships,
and blockades the rest, Cyrus thereupon sends him money,
16 Korcoi; 6' €<f)€xry€ rais vavcriv c5 TrAeovcaty bia to iic
"iroWQv Tr\rjp(M>paT(ii)v els dklyas iKkeXixOai tovs iplo"-
Tovs epeTas, koL KaTa<f>evyei els MvT{X-f\vr]v T7\s Aea-^ov
KoX avv avT^ tS>v bina OTpaTqyQv Aeoiv Koi ^Epaa-ivibrjs.
KoKkLKpaHbas bi ovveKriirXevcrev els tov Xipiiva, bLdKcav
17 vavcrlv eKarov kol kpboprJKOVTU, Koi^ooi; be ws ecftOrj viro
T&v Ttokepioav KaTaKcuXvOeCSf rjvayKicrOrj vavp,axrja-aL
irpds r» At/xei;t, ical &iT<a\ea-e vavs Tpii,KOVTa' ol be
ivbpes els TT}v yrjv aT:e<f>vyov* tcls b\ Koiiras T(av veQv,
18 TeTTap6.K0VTa ovaas, vtto rw TeC\ei, ave[\Kvcre. KoXAi-
KpaTCbas be iv r^ Kipevi oppiaipevos eTToXiopKei iv-
Tav$a, TOV IkttXovv i\oiv. koL Kara yriv peTairepylri-
p.evos TOVS MrjOvpvalovs iravbrjpLel Koi eK Trjs Xfov to
(TTpi.Tevp.a biepCfiaae' xprjpaTi re 'Trapa Kvpov avT(^
^KOev.
Conon by a stratagem contrives to send a ship to Athens
with the news. In thirty days the Athenians equip a fleet
of no vessels, manned by both slaves and free,
10 *0 §6 Kovcoi; iiseX iiroXiopKeiTO Kal KaTa yrjv koX Kara
^aAarrai;, Kal (tCtov ovbapLoOev fjv eifTTopija-ai, ol be
ivOpaiTTOL TToXXol iv TJj irokeL fjcav Koi ol ^AOrjvaloi ovk
HELLENIC A /, C 6. 8 1
iporjOovv Sia rd fxri irvvOivea-Oai raCra, KaOckidcras t&v 406-405
v€civ TCLS ipLo-Ta irXeova-as bvo iirXripaxre irpb fjiiipas, ii
airaa&v t&v V€<ov roifs apCorovs ipiras iicki^as koI tovs
€7rtj3cira9 els Kotkrjv vavv fxeTaj3tj3d<ras koX to, ir apappv -
fMara irapaPaXdv. ttiv iiev ovv iipApav ovroas dz^eixoi;, 20
els h\ rqv kmripav, iirii <tk6tos cIt], i^e^Cfia^ev, m fx^
Karabrfkovs elvai Toh TroXefxCoLS raika iroiovvras. iripL-
irrrf be f]\xipa ela-OipLCVoi alra iiirpia^ c-ttciS^ ffir] fxia-ov
Tjixipas fjv Koi ol i(l)opixovvT€S dKiydpois elxov koL Iviol
iveiravovTo, i^iirkeva-av l^o) tov Xt/mcVo?, nal fj fxkv iirl
^EXXrja-TTOVTOV Zpy^ia-ev^ fi b\ cJ? ro irikayos* t&v 8' 21
i<f>oppLO'6vT<»>v &s iKaoTTOt ijvoLyov, rds T€ &yKvpa9 Atto-
k6tttovt€S Kol iycipofievoi, iporjOovv TCTapayfxivoiy tvxov^
T€s iv rfj yfj apiaTOTroLOVfxevoi* cJo-jSii/res bi ibCcoKov
TTIV eJs rd irikayos &(f)opixrj(ra<rav, koL &jxa T<p fjkCi^
bvvovTL Karikafiovy koX Kparrja-avTes p-ixV' CLvab-qa-ifxevoi
ainjyov cis to arpaTOTrebov avTols ivbpicriv. fj 8' iirl 22
TOV 'EAAryo-TTorrov (f>vyov<ra vavs bU<l)vy€, koI &([>LK0fjL4vri
cJ? TCLS ^AOrjvas e^ayyikkcL Trfv irokiopKCav. AtOfxiboDV
bi fiorjO&v KovoavL irokiopKOvpAvi^ bdbcKa vav(rlv d)p/xt-
<raro els tov evpiirov tov t&v Mvnkrivaliav, d bi Kak- 23
kiKparCbas iTTLTrkeva-as avT^ i^aC(f)vrjs b^Ka [xev tQv veQv
IkafBe, ALopJb<ji)v 8' e(f)vy€ ttj t€ avTov koL ikkrf, oi bi 24
^AOrjvaloL ra yeyevrjixiva kol T-qv itokiopKlav knel rJKOV-
a-av, i\lr7j(f)[(ravTo jBorjOelv vavarlv kKarbv kol b^Ka, ela-pi-
pi^ovTes Toifs iv ttj fjkiKCq SvTas iiravTas koL bovkovs
Koi ikevdipovs' Koi irkripda-avTes tols bina koI (KaTov
iv TpLCLKOVTa fifxipats iirijpav, ila-ifiriaav bi naX t&v
liririoDv irokkoC.
8« HELLENIC A /, C 6.
406-405 The Athenian fleet sails to SamoSy and anchors at the
B.C. Arginusae islands ^ mustering more than 150 strong, CaU
Itcratidas leaves 50 ships under Eteonicus at Mytilene,
and sails to Cape Malea with 120 ships to meet the
Athenians,
25 Mera ravra ivi^^Orjq'av cIs Sdjuioi;, k&k€i0€V ^ajxlas vavs
ika^ov b€Ka* rjOpoLcrav bk Koi &Was TrXeCovs rj rpidKovra
TTapa T&v iXkoiv aviniiiyoav, kia-^aivuv &vayK6,(ravT€9
iirairras, SfioCcas b^ Kot el tlv^s avrols Itvxov Ifw o5<rat.
iyivovTO 8c al iTa<rai ttKcCox^s fj TrcvTrJKovra Koi kKarov,
26 6 h\ KoLKKiKpaHhas iLKoiaav Tr\v PorjOeiav TJbri iv 2<i/ji<p
ovtravy avTov \i\v Karikiire TrevrriKOUta i/aus koI ipyovra
'Ercrfi/iKOi;, rais be cIkoo-i kcX kKarov iivayOeis ibeiirvo-
TTOLeiTo TTJs Aio-fiov iirl Tjj MaXiq tiKpa hvrlov r^s
27 MvriXTjinyy. tt} 8' avT^ Vt^P^ ervyov /cat ol *A0rivaloi
b€LiTvoTroiovix€VOL €v TOLS ^ Apyivov(Tais' aSrat 8' elcrXv
28 amiov r^s Aia^ov. Tr\s 8c wktos lb(aiv to, itvpA, KaC
Tivtav avT<^ i^ayy€iXivT(ov on ol ^Adrjvaioi etev, avrfyero
TTcpl fiioras iWKTas, &s i^airivaluis irpocnricroc vbiap 8*
iinyevopLcvov ttoXv koI ^povraX bieKiiXvG-av T7\v avaya}-
yrjv. iirel bi iLvi(ryevy &p.a Ty fifiipc^ lirkci ^ttI tcls
^ Apyivoijaas,
Battle of Arginusae.
Callicratidas refuses to flee befl)re the superior numbers of the
Athenians, The fight begins; and when Callicratidas falls
into the sea and is drowned^ the Peloponnesians flee to Chios
and Phocaea with a loss of 6^ ships. The Athenians retire
to Arginusae with a loss of 2% ships,
29 01 8' ^AOrjvaloi, ivTavrjyovTo ds to irikayos rw rfoo-
vvpLia, TTapaT€Tayp.4voL &b€, ^ ApiaroKpiTrjs fx^v to cvc5-
wpLOV Ixcav ffyeiTo TrcvTCKaCbcKa vavaC, /xcra 8^ ravra
HELLENICA /, C. 6. 83
Aiofiiboov crepats ircvrcKaCbcKa' iiteriraKTO h\ 'Aptoro- 406-405
icpdrci iuv Tl^piKKriSi Ato/icdojrrt h\ ^Epaa-iv Chris' irapa be
Aiofxibovra ol Sa/itot 5eica vav(rXv iiii fiias TerayfiivoC
ioTpaTTJyei bi avT&v 2<i/xt09 dvofxaTi 'IttttctJs' l\6ix€vaL
b* al tQv Ta^LAp\<»>v biKa, koX avral iirl pnas' iirl bi
TovTais al T&v vav6.p\(»>v rpcis, Koi ct rives iXXat. fj(rav
avpLfiaxCbes* to be be^Lov Kipas UponTOfiaxos elx^ '^■ei;- 30
TeKalbeKa vavcl' irapa 5' avrbv QpiavWos kripats irev^
TeKaibeica' eirereTaKTo b^ Hpa>Toixix<^ jxiv AvcrCas, Ix'^^
TOLS la-as vavSf 0paolJA\«p b^ ^ApLoroyivrjs. ovro) 8' 31
irdx'^V^^^i ^^^ M b(,iKTr\ovv bibolev' x^^por yap iir\eov,
al bi T&v AaKebaLixovl<»>v ' &vTLTeTayp.4vai, ^o'av iitaa-ai
IttX fxias &s TTpds bUKirXovv Kal TrepCirXovv TrapecrKevaa--
fxivai, bia rh piXriov TtXetv.- etx^ ^^ '"^ be^Lov Kipas
KaWiKparlbas. ''Epixmv b^ Meyapehs 6 r(o KoXXiKpa- 32
Tiba Kvfiepv&v etire Ttphs aifTov on elrj Kak&s ^ov Atto-
TiXevcaC al yap TpirjpeLS T(dv ^AOrjvaCcov ttoXX^ irkeCoves
fj(rav. KaXXiKparCbas bi elireif Sti tj ^Traprr] ovbev jxri
kAkiov olKelrai, avrov iiroOavovTos, (pevyeiv be alaxpov
e<f>rj elvai. p.eTa b^ ravra ivavpLaxw^^ XP^^^^ ttoXvv, 33
TTp&Tov fiev iOpoai, iireira b^ biea-Kebaa-jjievai. iirel be
KaXkiKparlbas re ipL^aXovaTis rrjs veiis aTTOTrea-oav els
Trfv BdXaTTav fj(f>avl(rOrj UpooToixaxos re Kal ol jxer avrov
r<3 be^i(a rb evdwfxov ivLKr]<raVy ivrevdev (f>vyri T<av
UekoTTovvqarloiv iyivero els %Cov, TrXelcrT(av be Kal els
^<&Kaiav' ol bi ^A6r]valoi niXiv els ras ^ Apyivovcras
KareirKevfTav. imJiXovTo b\ tG^v piv ^AOrjvaCcov vrjes 34
TTevre Kal elKocLv dvrols ivbpi<rLv ^ktos dKiycav t&v
TTpbs TTjj; yrjv 'npoaevexOevroav, tQv be IIe\oTTOvvq(ri(i>v
2\aK<»>VLKal ixev ivvea, t&v Trao-Qv ovo'&v biKa, tQv b*
iX\(i)v avjJLfiAx^^ irkeCovs ^ e^rJKOVTa,
F 2
84 HELLENICA /, C. 6.
406-406 The Athenian z^nerals commission Theramenes and other
officers to rescue the crews of their sunken vessels with
47 vessels, while they themselves sail against Eteonicus at
Mytilene, But both projects are prevented by a storm.
85 "ESofc h\ kgX Toi'i T<ov ^A6rjvaC<»>v aTparrjyois iiTTa
^iv Kol T€TTap6.K0VTa vavol Q-qpafiivrj re Koi Qpaavfiov--
\ov Tpiripdpxovs ovras koX tQv ra^iipxaiv rivas irkelv
cttI Tas KarabebvKvCas vavs kol tovs I'n avTfav avOpd-
TTovs, Tois bi ikkais ^ttI ras /act' ^EtcovCkov rfj Mvti-
^V^V i<f>opixQva'as» ravra he ^ovkofxivovs iroulv avcfios
KoX xcifxiav bL€K(i\v(r€v avTOvs fxiyas yevdjjLcvos' Tpoiraiov
bi arria'avTes airov rjvkC^ovro.
Eteonicus, by spreading false news of a victory, succeeds in
despatching his fleet to Chios, and in marching himself to
Methymna,
86 Tw 6' 'Ereoz^^KO) 6 vrnipeTiKos Kikrjs iravra e^T/yyctXc
rjt Trepl rriv vavp^axCav, 6 8e avrbv irdKiv i^iTreixyjfev
eliTODv TOLS ivov<n (nwTnJ iKirkelv koX p.rjb€vl biaXiyeirOaL,
irapaxprjixa b^ avOis ttXcIv eh to lavrwi; (TtpaTOTrebov
€(n'€<t>av<»)ii€vovs koi fioc^vras on KaXXiKpaTibas vcvCktikc
vaviJLax^v kol 8ti al rd>z/ *AOrjvaC(»)v vrjes &TTok(iKa<nv
37 iiraa-ai. kol ol fxiv ravT iiroCovv' avTos 6', C7r€t5^ licci-
VOL Kariirkeov, lOve tol evayyiXia, koX tois orpaTidTais
iraprjyyeLXe beLTTVoiroiela-OaL, /cat rots ifxiropois tcl XPl-
fiaTa (TLOiTrfj ivOefiivovs els Tci, irkoia iiroTrXelv els Xfoi;,
ijv bi TO TTvevfia ovpiov, Koi TCLS Tpiripeis ttiv TaxCorqv,
avTbs bi TO ireCov icnijyev els ttiv MrjOvfMvav, to (rrpa-
Tdirebov iinrprj<ras.
HELLENICA /, CC. 6, 7. 85
Conon meets the Athenianfleet with the news about Eteonicus, 408-405
The fleet sails to Mytilene, makes an attempt on ChioSy and ^'^^
finally returns to Samos, »
Koi'cax/ h\ KaOekKva-as tcls vavs, IttcI ol T€ ttoX^/xioi 88
&Tr€b€bp(i.K€crav koI 6 &V€iios cvbiolrcpos tJz^, ATravTrjcras
Tols ^AO-qvaCois rjbr} avriyp-ivois €k Toiv ^ Apyivov(r&v
i<f>paa'€ ra ircpl tov ^Et€OvCkov, ol bi 'AdrjvaloL Kwri-
7rXcu(rai; els Tr]v MunXiJrr/r, iK^Wcv 8' €Travri\6r]<rav
els Triv Hlovy koX ovbev biairpa^iiievoi dTTCTrXcvo-ai;
iirl 2(ifiov.
CHAPTER VII.
The Athenian generals are replaced by ten others^ Conon
alone being re-elected. Of the six who returned to Athens^
Ercmnides is cu:cused by Archedemus 0/ con^pt practices,
and sentenced by the court to imprisonment,
01 ^ Iv oIkcj) TQfirovs pkv rovs GrpaTrjyois iTravcrav
irXriv K6v(i)vos' irpds be ravTia etkovro ^AbeCpiavTov koL
rpirov ^iXoKkia, tQv b^ vavpLaxqadwiav arparqy&v
TIpcoTopLaxos pL€v Koi ^ ApLOToyivris ovk airrjKOov els
^AOrjvaSy r&v b\ 1^ Kara'nXevo'i.vTOiiV, YlepiKkeovs koX 2
AiopiebovTos Kal Av<r[ov Koi ^ ApioTOKpirovs koi 0/)a-
(TvXkov KcX ^EpacTLvCbov, ^ApxibrjpLOS 6 tov brjpLov Tore
TTpoeaTrjKias iv ^AOrfvaLS koI ttjs biOiPekCas iTrifiekopievos
^Epaa-LvCbrj iiri^okriv eTn^aktav Karriyopei ev biKaarripiii^y
(f}d(rK(iiv i^ ^EkkricnrovTOv avrbv e\eiv \priyLaTa ovra tov
brjpLOV' KaTTjyopeL b^ Koi irepl ttjs a-TpaTrjyCas* koX ebo^e
T<^ bLKaarrjpCi^ brjo-ai, tov ^Epaa-ivCbriv*
86 HELLENICA /, C. 7.
406-405 T^^ other generals also, after informing the Senate about the
B.C. battle and the storm, are arrested by its order,
3 Mcra h\ ravra iv ttj ^ovXij birjyovvro ol oTpar?jyoi
irepC T€ TTJs vavixaxCas koL tov ficyiOovs rod xeifxc^vos,
TLfioKpirovs 6' cIttovtos on koI tovs i.k\ovs XPV ^^Oivras
ciff TOV brjfiov irapaboOrjvat, rj PovXrj ibrjae.
Before the Assembly Theramenes and others attack the
generals for not having rescued the shipwrecked crews,
alleging as evidence the official despatch,
4 Mera 5e ravra iKKkrjcrCa iyivero, ev 17 t&v orpaTrjy&v
Karrjyopovv iXXoi T€ KalSrjpafxivrjs iMAkLorTaybiKaCov^ ctvax
Koyov v'no(r)(jdv biori ovk olvcCKovto tovs vavayovs. oTt
fxkv yap ovbevos SXXov KaOjiitTovTo kiriG-ToXriv iir^beUw
fxapT6piov fjv iirefiylrav ol arpaTriyol els ttiv fiovXriv
KoL els TOV brjfiov, aAAo ovbev alTLdfxevoi, fj tov yei\x&va.
In defence the generals recount the facts, bringing forward
some of the sailors as witnesses.
5 Mcra Tavra b\ ol oTparriyol fipaxicos iKaaros aTreXo-
IS^l) yrja-aTO, ov yap Tr povTJdr] a-(j)[(n \6yos KaTa^bv vop iov,
Kttl TO. TTCTTpay/utera birjyovvTo, oti avTol pikv iirl Toxfs
TTokepLiovs irkeoLev, ttiv be avaCpecnv tQv vavay&v
TTpoara^eiav t&v Tpvripiipyjav avbpia-iv iKavois Koi iarpa-
TrjyrjKoa-LV rjbrj, Q>r\pap.iv€i Ka\ Gpaavpovkta Kal ikkoLs
6 TOLOvTois' Kal eliTcp yi Tivas bioi, irepl ttjs ivaipia-eois
ovbiva ikkov ix.eiv avTovs alTiiLa-atrOat. 17 to^tovs ols
TTpo(T€TixOri. Kal ovx oti ye KaTriyopovaiv fjjJL&v, €<pa(rav,
yfrevaoixeOa (f)ia-KovT€S avTovs ahCovs etvai, akka to
fiiyeOos tov \€LPlQvos etvai, to Kcokvaav ttjv avalpeaiv.
TovToiV bk fxipTvpas irapelyovTo tovs KvfiepvrJTas Kal
akkovsT&v avfXTTkeovTOiv irokkovs*
HELLENIC A I, C. 7. 87
Tke defence is favourahly received^ but, it being dark, the 406-405
assembly adjourns without a vote being taken, after com- ^•^•
missioning the Senate to bring forward a proposal as to the
procedure of the tried,
Totaura kiyovres IttclOov tov brjuoV i^ovKovro 8c 7
TToXXot T&v IbioiT&v iyyvao'dai, iLviardfjicvoi.' ibo^€ hi '"^''-
hva^akicrOai €h eripav iKK\rj(rCav' t6t€ yap dyjfi rjv Kai
TCLs xelpas ovk &v Ka0€<ip(av' rfiv 8^ Povkriv irpo^ovkeij'
(raarav ela-eveyKciv St(o rpoirto ol 6.vbp€S Kplvoivro.
Theramenes avails himself of the Apaturia to excite the
Athenians against the accused,
Mcra h\ Tdvra iyCyvero ^AirarovpLa, iv ols ot re 8
Ttaripes koX oi avyyevels (r6v€ia-L (rcpiariv avrois. ol ovv Novem-
Tr€pi TOV &r}pafj,€jrq irapca-Kevaarav ivOpdirovs iiikava ' *
IfxiTLa i^ovTas koX iv XP<? KCKapfjJvovs woXAovs iv
Tainji TTJ koprfj, tva irpos ttiv iKKkriarCav iJKOLev, cos bri
avyycvcis oirns t&v iirokoikoTaiv, kol KaWC^€vov circt-
aav iv Tjj povXfj KaTrjyopelv t&v aTparrjy&v.
At the second meeting of the Assembly Callixenus introduces
the proposal of the Senate, that the people should decide,
without further hearing, upon all the accused at once by
a single vote,
'Ei/rcu^ci; iKK\rj(rlav iirolovv, cts fjv ff fiovkri clarrjveyKC
TTIV kavrrjs yv<ifjLr}v KaWi^ivov cIttovtos rrjvbc' 'EirctS^
T&v T€ KaTT/jyopovvToav Kara t&v orrpaTrjy&v koX iKclvoav
airoXoyovixivoiv iv rfj irporipq, iKKkrjcrCa aKriKoaari, Sta^/r ry- lit<]
<l>l(ra(r6ai ^AOrjvaCovs JiravTas Kara <l>vk<i s' Oeivai. bi els
88 HELLENICA /, C. 7.
•*/v-.,--^i
406-406 Tt\v <f>v\rjv kKdoTtjv b^lo vbpias' ^0' kKiarri bi rfj <f>v\fi
KTJfjVKa Kr]pvTT€tv^ ^TO) boKOV(nv abiK^iv ol a-Tparqyol ovk
ivekofievoL tovs VLKifja-avTas iv rfj vavjiaxia, ets rriv
10 irporipav \lrq(f)Ca-aa-Oai., 3r<j) b^ firj, ek ttiv varipav' hv b\
b6^<a<nv hbiK^lv^ Oavin^ Qr]p.iGi(Tai koX toIs ivb^Ka irapa-
bovvai Koi ra xp'/jfiaTa brfpLoa-Levtraiy to V iinbiKaTov rrjs
11 Ocov eZvai. Ttaprj\0€ b4 tls els ttiv iKKkrj<rCav iftaxTKoav
iZJt iin Tiii\ovs &K<l)CT<i)v (roaOrjvaL' ^TrtoreXActi; 6' avr<p
Toi/s iiroXXvixivovs, iav a-wOfj^ iTrayyeikai r<p 6^juio>, on
ol orpaTrjyol ovk iv^CkovTO tovs ipCarovs virep ttjs
irarpCbos y^vop,ivovs.
Euryptolemus and others threaten to indict Callixenu^
proposal as unconstitutional^ but are compelled to with-
draw their threat,
12 Toi; b\ KaXkt^evov irpoo-eKaXio-avTo irapivopia </>(i(r-
KovT€S y€ypa<f>ivai EipviTToKcpLos tc 6 Il€ lot livaKTos
Koi AXXoi Tivis. Tov b\ brjfjLov Ivioi TavTa iTrrjvovv, to bi
irXrjOos (fioa bcLvbv clvai d ix rj tls iiarci Tdv bTJpL OV
(35$) 13 TTp6rT€Lv^ h &y 0oijkn TaL. Koi iiTl TotJrois €l'n6vT09
AvkIotkov Koi TOVTovs Tjj avrfj ylnj<l><a Kplv^cOai yirep koI
TOVS a-Tparriyovs, iav fxri d<^d)(ri t^iv kXtjo-iv, iir^Oopv^rjo'c
irdXiv 6 6\\oSi koL -qvayKia-Orjarav a<f)UvaL Tas KXrja-eLS.
The Prytanes refuse to put the question to the vote, but are
all frightened into submission except Socrates.
14 Td)i; b\ irpVTOivedv Tiviov ov <l>a(TK6vT<av 7rpo6rj(r€i.v
Tr}v bLayjniipLo-LV irapa Tdv vofiov, aZBis KaXkC^cvos avafias
Kanjy6p€i avT&v to, avri. ol be ifiocav Kok^lv tovs ov
15 <f>A(rKOVTas. ol b€ TTpvTdv€t,s <f)oPriBivT€S i/ioXoyow irivTcs
irpoOrjo'eiv 'nXriv ScoKpcirous tov ^<a(ppovicrKOv'' ovtos 6'
OVK l<t>ri aXX' fj Kara vopiov irivTa iroirja-civ.
HELLENICA /, C. 7. 89
■
Speech of Euryptolemus. 4oe-405
B.C.
* Pericles andDiomedon were chiefly to blame ^ because they had
persuaded their colleagues not to mention in their despatch
the orders they had given to Theramenes and others to
rescue the crews,
Mcra 8^ ravra ava^as EipviTTok^fios IXc^cv virip tQv le
arpaTrjy&v Tib€,
Ta ixkv Karriyoprja-oiv, S ivbpcs *AdrjvaloL, ipipriv
ivOabe UepiKkiovs ^vayKaiov fxot ovtos koX ^TriTrfbdov
Kol AiofxibovTos <f>CX.ov, ra 5' VTrcpaTroXoyqaofjicvoSi tcl be
avfxfiovkeia'aiv & fJLOL boK^l ipLora etvai aTrdoT/ r^ ir6\€i.
KarrjyopQ fiiv oiv avr&v Stl iit^Krav tovs avvapxovras 17
Povkopi4vovs irifXTTdv ypdiijJLaTa rfj T€ povkfj kol vplv 5t4
itiira^av r^ QrjpafiivcL koX ©pacrvjSotJXw T€TTap(i.K0VTa
KoX kirra rpirfpcrrLP ivckia-Oat, roifs vavay(y6s, ol bi ovk
ivcCkovTo. ctra vvv ttiv alrCav kolvtjv Ix^'^^''^ iK^lvoav 18
lbl(^ apjapTovTtiiVi KcX iLvri r^s t6t€ (f>i\av6pti>'nias vvv v'n
iKeiv<av re Kal Tivodp iWoov iTTLfiovkcvopLevoi KLvbvveV'
ov(riv iLTToXia-daL,
* Two courses were open to the Athenians: the generals might
be tried, either before the assembly according to the decree
of Cannonus, or before a court according to the law against
sacrilege and treason.
Ovk hv vpLcis yi fioL ireCOrjo-Oe ra bUaia koX Sena 19
TTOtoCrTes, Koi SOcv fiiXiara T&KrjOij ireia-ca-Bc Koi ov
fjL€Tavorj(ravT€S Harepov €vp7J(r€T€ (r(f>as airrovs fnxaprrj'
K6Tas ra iiiyiara eJs Oeovs re koX vp.as avrovs. avjX'
povkeiio 8' Tz/utir, ^v oh ovB* vtt' ifMov ovff* vtt &X\ov
ovbevbs ioTLV i^airarqOrjvaL vfias, Koi tovs ibtKOvvras
€lb6T€9 Kokio-caSe fj hv fiovk-qtrOe bUrj, koi &p.a 'nivras
KoL Ka0* Iva (KaaTov, e{ fxij irkiov, iXKa fxCav fifi4pav
90 HELLENICA /, C. 7.
406-405 5o2;r€9 avTOts vTskp avT&v &Tro\oY7Ja-a(rOcu, firj &XA01;
20 fJi'OX^ov TnaT€vovT€S ^ vfuv aifTois. tare 6c, 2) ivbpcs
^ AOrjvaloi., TrdvTcs Stl rd Kavvoivov ^/rT^^to-juici ^orti'
laxvpoTaroVj h KcXeud, idv ns rdv 'AOrjvaloav bijiiov
(^^7J obLKfj, hcbcjxivov aTTod txety iv ry Si7iA<t ), koI iav Kara-
ypaxrOfj ihiKeiv, airoOaveLV els to fiipadpov ipL^XriOivTaf
TO. b€ xprfpLara avrov brjpLcvdijvai, koI ttjs Oeov rd iiribi^
21 KaTOv etvaL. Kara tovto rd y\fri<\n(Tp.a kcXcvo) Kplv€<rOaL
Toifs (TTpaTryyovs koL vr\ Ala, hv vpXv y€ boKrj, irp&Tov
UepiKkia TOP ipLoi iTpo<rqKovTa' ai<r\pdv yip jxoC iariv
iK€lvov irepl irkelovos iroiela-Oai, fj Trfv S\rjv iroXiv.
22 TOVTO 6' el pov\€(rO€, Kara Tovbe tov vSpLOV KpCvaTc^ 5s
io-Tiv iirl rots UpoavXoLS koI irpoboTMS, idv rts rj r^v
irokiv TrpobLb(^ rj to. Upa KkiirTrj, KpiQivTa iv diKaorr/pfcp,
h.v KaTayvaio-Ofi, pirj Ta<f>rjvaf, iv Tjj ' ArrtK^, tol bi xprjfiaTa
airrov dT/fioo-ta etvat,,
* But in either case they ought to be tried fairly and separately.
Undue haste ought to be avoided^ especially in the case of
generals who had deserved so well of their country,
23 ToiJrcov OTTOTipip fioiiKca-Oe, S ivbpes ^AOrjvaloi, r^
pofKD Kpivia-Oonv ol ivbpes icara iva iKaarov biripr]pAva>v
ffjs fifiipas TpL&v pL€p&v, kvos fi€v iv (^ avkkiyeardai
Vfjias bel Kol bLa\lni(l>C^€a-6ai.y iiv re abiKciv boK&<nv iiv
T€ firi, hipov 8' iv ^ KarqyopTJa-aL, CT^pov b^ iv <S
24 iTTokoyrjaraa-dau ToiTtav b\ yLyvofxivcav ol p.€V abiKOVVT€s
Teu^ovrai Trjs pLeylarrjs rtjuwopias, ol 8* ivalTLOL i\€V$€'
pioOrjo-ovTai, v<f} vp.Qv, S> ^Adrivaioi, koL ovk &biKOVirr€s
25 iiTTokovvTai. ifieis bi KaTa tov voyLOV eva-cfiovvTes Koi
€vopKovvT€S KpLV€LT€ KOL ov (rvfXTrok€fxrj(reT€ AaKebaifio-
i;iots rovs iKcCvovs ifiboiirJKOVTa vavs a(f)€kop.ivovs Koi
veviKfjKOTas, rolJrovs dTroXXtJi/res UKpCTovs irapa tov
HELLENIC A /, C 7. 9 1
vofiov, tC bi Kal bcbioTcs (r<^6hpa oirons iirelyca-Oc ; ^
firi ovx vfiels hv hv pov\ri<r0€ airoKTclirrjTe kol ikevOepd-
<n\T€, hv Kara rbv vofiov KpLvrjTc, oAX' ovk, &v irapa tov
vofioVf &(nr€p KaXkC^evos ttjv povkriv iircLo-ev ety tov
brjfjLov €l(r€V€yK€iv fiia V^77^<i> ; oOOC laias iv riva koI ovk ^7
oXtlov Svra iiiroKTeCvaLTf, /mcrafxcX^o-at be Harrepov ai;a- *
jxvrja-OrjTe iis dXyeivbv kol ai/ox^eA^y rjbrj iarC^ irpos 8' In .
Kol TTcpl OavcLTov AvOpdiTov fffiaprrjKOTcs. beiva d' hift^a
TroLTJaaLTe, el ^Apiaripxti^ fikv irpoTcpov tov brjfxov KaTa-
XvovTi, €tra be Olvorjv irpobibovTi, Grj^aCois iroKepiCoLS
ovariv, iboTe fifxepav &Trokoyri<raa-0aL fj ifiov\eTo koI
T&Wa KaTCL TOV vofjLOv irpovOeTe, tovs be arparqyovs tovs
irivTa vfXLV fcara yvdyjqv irpi^avTas, VLKriaravTas b^ tovs
iroKefxlovs, t&v ovt&v tovtohv iLTro(rTeprj<reTe. jMri vfiels 29
ye, S) 'Adrjvaloi, dXA' kavT&v ovTas Tois voixovSy 8t' ots
/x(iA.t(rra fxeyia-Tot eorc, ^vXdirovrcs, &vev tovtchv fxrjbev
TTp6.TTeiv TteipaaSet
* To return to the facts : Diomedon proposed to rescue the
crews, Erasinides to sail against the enemy, Thrasyllus to
do both by dividing the fleet,
^^TtavikQeTe be fcal eit avra tol irpdyfJiaTa KaO^ h koI
al hfxapTiai boKOvart, yeyevrjarOat, tols arparrjyols. iirel
yap KpaTfja'avTes Tjj vavp.ayla els tt]v yrjv KaTiirkeva'av,
Atofiiboiv fiiv iKe\evev ava\6evTas ^ttI Kep(^s iiravTas
avaipelcrOat tol vaviyia Kai Tois vavayoijs, ^EpacivCbris b*
ein TOVS irpos MvTtXrjvqv irokefxCovs ttiv TaxLarriv ttAcci;
imavTas' Qpi(rv\kos bi aiKftoTepa i^ri yeveaOai, hv tcls
ixkv avTov KaTaKliraxTt,, Tois bi iiri tovs iroKefiCovs
irkeaxTL,
[3 si)
g2 HELLENIC A /, C 7.
406-406 ^According to Thrasyllus* proposal 47 vessels were told
B.C. off to rescue the crews, and the rest were to sail against
the enemy, but the storm prevented both projects* Many
survivors would witness to the truth of this,
30 Kal bo^ivTwv TovToov KaraXiTreti; rpeis vavs iKaarov
iK TTJs avTov ovfxixopCaSi T&v oTparqy&v Ofcro) ovroov, kol
TOLS T&v Ta^L(lpx<av biKa Koi tcls Da/x^caj; biKa Koi ras
T&v vavdpxonv rpets* avrai ^Trao-ac yCyvovrai cirra koi
T€TTapiKOVTay Tirrapes Trept eKianjv vavv t&v iiroXoi-
31 KvL&v bdbcKa ovarmf. tQv b\ KaToXcKpOivTcav TpLrjpip)(a>v
fjaav Kol Qpaavpovkos /cat QrjpafxiirrjSi os iv Tjj TTporepa
iKK\r]<rCq KaTr]y6p€i T<ov arparqy&v. rals b^ iXXais
vav<r\v lirkcov cttI tcls TroXe/xfas. t[ ro'iToav ov\ iKavQiS
KcX KoXias iirpa^av ; ovkovv biKaiov ra fi^v irpos tovs
TTokcfJiCovs fJiri KoX&s iTpa\6€VTa tovs irpds to'6tovs rax-
Oivras imiyjEiv koyov, Tovs'bi irpbs rqv avalp^criv, p.T\
iroLrja-avras h ol arpaTriyol €Kik€va-av, 6iorc ovk aveikovro
32' K.plv€(r6ai, Toa-ovTov 8' e^o) elirclv vir^p apLCpoTipaiv Stl
6 x^Lnidv biCKdKvo'c fX7}b€v irpa^ai, &v ol arparqyol Trape-
K^keva-avTo, tovto)v b^ fxipTVpes ol <r(»)0ivT€S iird rov
avTOfidTOv, &v ets t&v fifieripaiv aTparqyQv eirl fcara-
bv<rr}s vfobs 6ta(rft)^efc, bv fceAcl5ov(rc t^ avrfj >/n7^<^
Kpiv€(rOat,, Koi avTov t6t€ bcofxevov avaipi<r€<as, fl^^^p
Tovs ov TTpd^avras to, itpoarayOivTa,
* On M grounds therefore the generals ought to be acquitted^
33 • Mr) Toivvv, S) ivbpes 'AOrjvaioi., ivrl jxkv Trjs vUrjs Kal
Trjs cvTvx^as Sfioia iroirjoTjTc rots TjTrqfxivois re Kal
aruxova-Lv, &vtI b€ t&v eic Oeov &vayKalaiv ayvwyiovelv
b6^T€, TTpoboa-iav KarayvovTcs iLvrl Trjs abvvaixiasy ovx
iKavoifs y€vop.ivovs bia tov x<Eip.Qiva irpa^ai, to, irpoarax-
divTa' dXXa ttoXv biKaLOTcpov a-Tcipdvois yepalpeiv Tois
HELLENICA /, C 7. 93
viKQiVTos 17 ^ai/dro) ^rjfxi^v irovripois ivOpdirois ttclOo- 406-405
/ * B.C.
At first the people accept Euryptolemus' proposal to try the
generals separately, according to the decree of Cannonusj
but at a second vote* the Senates proposal is preferred, and
the eight generals are condemned and six of them executed.
Not long afterwards the people repent of the injustice,
TaSr' etTTO)!/ EvpvTrroAe/xos lypayj/e yvdfirjv Kara to 34
Kavvoavov \lni(f>La-fxa KpCvea-Qai rovs ivbpas biy^a iKaaroV
fj b^ TTJs povXrjs rjv /xtS yjnfjcfxd iiravras Kplveiv, to'Ctohv
8e biayjEipOTOvoviUvoav to fxev TTp&TOv iKpivav Tr}v
mpVTrTokefjuov' VTrouoa-afxivov bl MevcK^iovs koX irdkiv lA*-^*' >
bidyj^ipoTovLas y€voiJL€V7js ^Kptvav ttjv ttjs jBovXrjs. koX
fi€Tct TavTa KaT€\lrqcl>CQ-avTO t&v vavixaxqa-avTODV (TTpaTTj-
y<av Sktoh ovtcdv airiOavov bk ol irapovTes i^. koL ov 35
TToAXw XP^^^ varepov juiert'juieAe rots ^AOrjvaloLS, Koi
ky\rri<f)la'avTOy oItiv€S tov brjfJLOV ^^rjirJiTrjcrav, irpo ^ok as
avT&v clvaL, koL eyyvrjTas KaTaa-Trja-aiy l<t>s hv KpiO&<riv,
€lvai b^ Kal Kakkl^evov tovto^v, TTpov^krjOTja-av bi koL
iAAot TiTTapes, Koi ibiOrjcrav vtto tQv iyyv7}(raixiva>v.
varepov be arda-eias tlvos yevofxivrjs, iv 77 KAeoc^toi;
airiOavev, airibpaa-av ovtoi, irplv KpLOrjvaC KaXkC^evo^
bi KaTekdiov 0T€ Kol ol iK TleipaLQs eh to iarv, fiiarov-
fxevos virb irdvTiav At/utw aireOavev.
< -
r ^.
94 HELLENIC A II, C. i.
Book II.
CHAPTER I.
406-405 The Peloponnesian soldiers at Chios, hard pressed by want,
^•^- form apian to sack the city, Eteonicus discovers the plot,
and by prompt measures puts it down. He asks and
obtains from the Chians a contribution of money,
Oi h\ iv Tjj X^o) fi€Ta Tov ^Et€ovIkov (TTpaTt&rat
SvT€s, la)9 fx^v 64pos fjv, aiTO re rrjs &pas iTpi<f>ovTo koL
October ipyaCopLevoL fMicOov Kara rrjv x<ipav' iircl hi xeipi&v
' iyiv€TO Koi Tpo(f)rjv oifc etx^^ yvfxvol re fjaav kol dvv-
TTobriToi, (TwiaravTO dAAijAots koX a-vverCOevTo i)s rfj
Xto) i'ni6r](r6ix€voi' oXs h\ Tavra apia-KOi Kikajiov <pi^
2 peiv c6oK€t, tva aWrjkovs piiOoLev oiroa-oi €trj(rav, irv-
Oofxevos be rb avvOrjixa 6 'Ereortfcos, aTTopcas jutcv elx^
tC xP^P^o rw 'npA.yixaTi hia rb ttX^^os rSiV KaXapLTjipoponv'
TO re yap €k tov kii<f>avovs iinxeLpTJa-aL a-(f)ak€pbv iboKCL
elvai, fxri els to, oirXa oppLrja-axn Kai ttiv irokiV Kara-
a\6vT€S Kol 'noXip.ioi yevofievot, aTroXicaxri irivTa to.
TTpdyfjLaTa, &v KpaTrjo-axn, to t av aT^oKKivai avOpdirovs
(rvpLp.ixovs TToWovs beivbv icpaCveTo etvai., jjirj Tiva kclI
els Tois iWovs "EWrjvas bta^okTiv (ryoiev koL ol orpa-
3 TiSiTai bv<rvoi irpbs to, 'np6.yp.aTa S>a-iv' avaka^oiv be
p.e6i* eavTov ivbpas TievTeKaCbeKa iyyeLplbia e^ovTas
iiropeveTo KaTa ttjv ttoKlv, kol evTV)(jiv Tivi d(f>OaX'
P.I&VTI &v6p(0TT<^ aiTLOvTi i^ laTpelov, K&\ap,ov exoim,
4 aireKTeive, Oopv^ov b^ yevop.evov koX ^pooTdvTcov tiv&v
dia Tt iiitedavev 6 &v0pa>iros, irapayyiWeiv iK^kevev 6
HELLENICA II, C. i. 95
'Ercoz^iKOS, on rov KiXafjuov clx^- Kara bi ttiv irapay- 406^05
ycXlav ippCiTTovv ttAvtcs oaoi €tx,ov Tois KaAci/xovs, acl
6 &KOva)V dedto)? firi 6(l>0€Cri l\(i)V. fxcTa hi ravra 6 5
'ErerfrtKOs avyKoXia-a^ tovs XCovs xprjiiaTa iK4\€var€
avv€V€yK€lv, Sitijus ol vavrat, AijQoxrt fiia-Oov koX fx^
v€(ji>T€pC(roi)(rC rt" ol hi elarjvcyKav fi/uta 8c c^s ray vavs
ioTJpLTjvev €l(rPaCv€LV' 'npocniiv 8e Iv fiipei. itap iKda-T7]v ,
vavv irapeOippvvi re koL Traprjvei irokki, i>s tov yeyevq-
flivOV Ovblv €lb(iSi Koi llia-Obv kK&CTTt^ jXriVOS bUb(i>K€,
On the appeal of her Asiatic allies, supported by envoys from
Cyrus, Sparta appoints Lysander to be secretary and
Aracus to be admiral of the fleet,
Mcrct 8c raCra o\ Xiot koX o\ iXKoi (ji\ip.a\o\, <n;A.- e
k€yivT€s els *'E^c<roz/ k^ovkeua-avro irepl t&v ivearrjKo-
^ T(av TTpayiiiTOiv itipnT^iv cJs AaKc8a^fxo2;a irpia-^cLS ravrd
re ipovvras koX Ava-avbpov alrrja-ovTas iirl ras vavs, ev
<^€p6^i,€Vov irapa tois (rv/jt/xixo^y Kara rriv TTporipav vavap^
Xlav, St€ koX ttiv iv Norf^ ivUrjac vavp.W)(iav, kcX dire- 7
Tri fi(l>6rj(rav irpia-peLS, avv avrols 8e Kal irapa Kvpov ravra
Xiyovres fiyycAot. ol 8c AaKc8atfxoi;tot eboa-av tov Av-
a-avbpov i)s CTTtoToXca, vaiapypv b\ '^Apanov' ov yap
vofjLOS avToXs bis rdv avrbv vavapyeiv' ras fxivroL z^avy
TTapiboaav Av(rAvbp<^ [ir&v ijbri r^ Tro\4p.<^ Tiivre kolL
elKoa-t, TTap€K7]Xv66T(t)v].
Cyrus, having put Autoboesaces and Mitraeus to death, is
summoned before Darius to answer for his conduct,
Tovro) 8^ r<j5 Iviavrl^ k6X YJopos airiKTeivev AvrojQot- 8
a-i.Kif]v KoX MiTpalov, vUls ovras ttjs AapiaCov d8cA.<^^9
[rrjs TOV Sip$ov tov AapeCov Trarpds], on air<3 airav-
TOiVTCS ov bUaxrav 8id ttjs KOprjs tols X€ipas, h Troiovcri,
1
g6 HELLENICA II, C. i.
406-405 )3ao-t\ct fiovov* fj bi K6fyrj iarl fiaKporepov ^ X^ipk, iv
' * fj rfjv x^W ^x*^^ ovbiv &v biivairo ttoi^o-cu. ^lepauplvqs
fikv oJfv Koi ff yvvrj lk€yov itpbs Aapialov heivbv flvcu c!
Tr€pLfi\lr€Tai rriv kCav v^piv ToiroV o h\ avrov /lera-
• vV^ T€/i7rcrat is iLppoaar^v, Tr^/x^as ayyikovs.
Lysander, on his arrival at Ephesus, collects all the ships
he can from Chios, Antandros, and elsewhere, gets afresh
supply of money from Cyrus, and refits his fleet. The
Athenians make similar preparaiions at Samos.
10 T<j) 8' €7n6vTL Ire4 [^-ttI ^Apyjira fxkv €(f>opeuovTos,
405-404 ipypvTos 8' iv ^A07jvaf,s 'AXc^fov,] Aijo-avbpos d^tKO/xc-
vos €ls "'Ec^eo-oi; pL€T€TT4pL^aTo ^EreovLKOv ck Jilov <rvv rais
vava-L, Koi ray iXXas irda-as avvrjOpoLa-cVy el ttcpu t4s ijj;,
Koi TavTas t iirea-Keva^e Koi aWas iv ^Avrivbpia ivav-
11 TrqyeiTo, ikdatv bi irapa Kvpov xprniara "^reC 6 8' air<3
cIttcv oTt TO. fikv TTapa pa(nk4<as &vri\(oniva clri, kol Irt
TrXelm 7roXA(3, beiKvvoov oara iKaaros t&v vavap^onv ixoi,
12 oficas 8' l8o)K€. Xap<$iv bi 6 Ava-avbpos rapyvpiov, iiii
TCL^ TpiripHS TpLrjpApxov9 ^TT^oTrjcre koL toXs vavrais tov
6(l)€ik6pL€Vov pLKrObv airiboiKc. TrapeaKeva^ovTo bi Koi
ol T&v *A6r}vaC(i)v crrparqyol irpos to vavriKov iv rfj
Sd/xo).
Cyrus, before going up to his father in Media, leaves Lysander
in charge of all the tribute of his satrapy, and warns 'him
against fighting with the Athenians,
13 Ki5po9 8' iT:\ tovtois p.€re'niiiy\raTO Avo-avbpov, iirel
avT<a nrapa tov iraTpds rJK€V iyycKos \iyoiV otl iippaiaTQv
iK€ivov KokoCri, (ov iv Qap-vriplois r^s M7/8€fas iyyifs
14 Yiabova-L(av, i(j>* ots i<rTpiT€V(r€V dc^fcrroiras. rjKOVTa bk
Avo-avbpov ovK eta vaviua,\€lv nrpos ^AOrjvalovs, iav firi
HELLENICA II, C. T. ^^^ 97
TToXX^ wXcfovy vavs ^xV ^irai yip xpr^iiaTa TroXXa koL 405-404
/3ao-i\€t Kol ourQy cSorc tovtoP iv€K€v irokXas irkrjpodv,
irapibeL^e 8' avr^ irdvTas tovs <f)6povs roifs ^k t&v 'TroAecoy,
ot avT(D IbLOi fja-aVf Koi tol Treptrra xpTJfxaTa IScofce* fcal
iLvaixirqaras wy cl^^ (pMas TTpos re t^i; r«y AafceSatfxoyfft)!;
TToAty Kol irpbs Aiaravbpov iSfqt, ivifiaLVC iraph rov
Ttaripa,
Ly Sander takes Cedreiae in Carta by storm^ and then sets out
for Rhodes,- The Athenians sail to Chios and Ephesus,
and choose three additional generals,
Av(ravbpos 5', iirel avr^ Kvpos itivra irapahovs ri 15
avTov irpds tov itaripa ippcoorovvra ix^Tait^intros &vi'
paiv€y fxiaSbv biabovs rfj orparc^ iivrjxOrj rrjs KapCas
els rdv Kepineiov koXttov. koI irpoa-paX^v Tr6k€i
T&v ^AOr\vamv avpLjxdx^ Svopia KebpelattS rfj varepala
TTpoo-poXfj Karh Kpdros aipel koX i^vbpaTr6bL(r€V, fj(rav
bl fiL^ofiipfiapoL ol ivoLKOvirrcs. iKcWev 8' iir^irkcvo-cv
cJs *V6bov. ol 8' ^AOrjvaloi ck rijs 2(i/xov 6pfj,(&pL€Vot, 16
Triv PaaiXiais KaKm iiroCovv, Kot iirl rrjv Xlov Koi riiv
*'E<^e<roy iiriTrXeov, koL irapca-KevdiCoi^o Tipbs vavyLayJiav,
KoX arpaTTjyovs irpos roty vTripxpv(n irpoareCkovTO M^-
vavbpov, Tvbia, Krj(l>i,a-6boTov,
m
Ly Sander sails fia^t Ionia to the Hellespont, The Athenians '
put out to sea from Chios,
Aiaavbpos 8' ^k rrjs *Po8oi; irapa i^v ^IcuvCav iKirkel 17
irpdi TOV ^EXkrja-TTOVTOV ir pSs re r &v TrkoCoiv rhv iKirkovv ^ ^o -
KOX kiiX ras iL(t>€&Tr]Kvias avr&v iroAety. dirrjyoi^ro 6^ xat
ol ^AOrivaioL iK ttjs Xlov ireXiyioi, ^ yap *A(rla Trokciiia
ovrois fjv.
98 HELLENIC A 11^ C. 1.
405-404 Ly Sander takes Lampsacus by storm. The Athenians, 180
B.C. strong, sail in pursuit, first to Elaeus, then to Sestos,
where they anchor off Aegospotami, opposite Lampsacus,
and offer battle.
18 Avaavbpos 6' i^ ^Afivbov TrapiTrkcL et? AdfiyfraKov
<rifilia\ov oia-av ^ABr\val<av* koX ol ^Afivhrivol koX 01
iXKoi irapfjarav Vc^* ^yetro 8c 0cSpa^ AaK€bai,fi6vios.
19 Ttpoa'^aXovres hi Tjj -jroXet alpova-i Kara Kparos, koL
biripiraa-av ol arTparL&Toi ovcrav irXovcriav koX oXvov kol
(tCtov Kol T(av iXK(jiV iTTLTrjheCcDV Trkrjpri' ra be iKevBepa
20 crdfiaTa TrAvra d^^ice Av(ravbpos. ol 8' ^Ad-qvoloi Kara
Ttobas nrXiovres &pfil<ravTo ttjs Xcppovrjcrov iv ^Kkatovm'i
vavolv dyborJKOvra koX kKarov, ivfavOa bri apiaro^
TTOLOvfjiivois avTols &yyiW€Tai, ra irepl AipAJraKOV, koX
21 €v6ifs d.vrJxOrjo'av els ^rjarov* ck^Wcv 8' €v6vs iin<rLTL<ri-
fievot iirkeva-av els Alyos irorafiovs avriov tt]s Aa/xi/raKou*
St^ct 8' 6 *EXX?jo-'n'oi;ro9 ravrri orablovs &s irevreKaibeKa,
ivravOa be ibenrvoiroLovvTo,
Forfimr days they try in vain to draw Lysander out of his
harbour, A Icibiades points out to them the disadvantages
of their position, but their generals scorn his advice and
refuse to move, * •
22 Aijoravbpos bk Trj iinoija-ri vvktI, iirel opOpos fjv, i(rrj-
pLtjvev els TOLS vavs apioToiroLrja-apLevovs elcr^aiveiv, irivra
bk irapaarKevaa-dfievos m els vavp.a\iav koL tol irapa/SA?}-
pxira TTapajBaXdv, Trpoeiirev &S firjbels KLvrjaroiTo iK Tys
23 rd^ecas [xrjbi avi^otro, ol bi ^AOrivaioi ijia r<3 fjKtfa
avCaxovTL eirl rw kipievi Traperi^avro iv /mcrciTro). &s els
vavjiaxCav, iirel bi ovk avTavrjyaye AiJoravbpos, Koi ttjs
fipiipas dxjf'k ^v, &Tr4Trkevarav irdXiv els tovs Alybs Trora-
24 fioHs* Avcravbpos bi rets Ta^Ccrras tQv veQv iKekevcrev
HELLENICA II, C. i. 99
l7T€(r6al Tois ^AOrivalois, iircibav bk iK^Qai, KaTibovras 406-404
X> ft
Ti TTOiov&Lv &TroTr\€lv Kctl avT<^ ^fayyciAat. koX ov
7rp6T€pov i^€plpa(r€V in tQv v^SiV, irplv avrai fJKOP.
ravra 6* iiroCet, riiTapas fffiipas* Koi ol ^AOrjvaloi, iiravrj'
yovTo. 'AX.Ktj3i(i67ys 8e KaTLb&>v ck tQv tcix&v tovs fikii 25
^ kdrivalovs iv atytaAo) oppLOvvras kol Trpos ovbcpLiq ttoXci,
TO. 6' eTTtTT^Seta ck 2?j(rro5 pLenovras Tr€VT€KaCb€Ka ora-
^^ot;9 ^TTO rcoz' ve&v, tovs be iroXepLLOvs iv Kip^ivi koX
irpbs ir6\€L ixovTas TTavTa, ovk iv KaX£ i(f>r\ avrovs
oppieiv, dXXa peOoppiCa-ai, els ^r]or6v itapyv^i irpSs re
XipJva KoX TTpbs ttSKlv oi ovres vavpLaxxja-ere, i^r\y Srav
PovKrio-Oe, ol be a-TparqyoC, p.6XiarTa be Tvbevs koI 26
MivavbpoSi iinivai avrdv iKiXevo-av avrol yap vvv
oTpaTrjyeiVy ovk iK€ivov» Kal 6 pkv ^\€T0.
Battle of Aegospotami,
On the fifth day, at a given signal from his scouts , Lysander
suddenly rows across, the strait with his whole fleet, and
surprises the Athenians while they are scattered along the
shore obtaining provisions. He captures without a blow
the entire Athenian fleet, except ConorCs squadron and the
Paralusy and most of the crews,
Av<ravbpos b\ iirei fjv rjpuipa TripLTm] iTnirXiova-i toIs 27
^ AOrjvalois, eiTTe toIs irap avTov iiropAvois, iirriv KarfSoa-
(Ttz; avTovs ^Kj3ej3r;Koras koX iarKebacpiivovs Kara rriv
Xeppovrjaov, oircp iiroCow ttoXv pLoXKov Kaff* kKiarrjv
Tipiipav, ri re crtrta iroppcaOev i>voipL€vot, kol Kara(i>pO'
VQVVT€S br\ Tcn) Avaiivbpov, otl ovk iLvravrjycv, aTroirXiovTas
ToipiroKiv Tiap avrov Spat aa-irlba Kara piia-ov tov ttKovv,
01 bi Tavra iTTolrj<rav &s iKi\€va'€. AHaavbpos 6' evOvs 28
iarjprjve rriv rayio'T'qv itKely' avp/iraprjei. bi Koi Qdpa^
TO rrr^Cov ex^ov. K6v(»iv b^ lbi)V tov iirCirXovv, iaifjpLrivev
els TCLS vavs fiorjOeiv KaTa KpaTos* bica-K^baarpLivoDV b€
G 2.
lOO HELLENIC A IL C i.
406-404 T&v iLvOpiitoav^ al /xev tQv v€&v bUpoTOi, fjaav, al b^
fiovoKpotoi, al hi iravT€kQs Kcval' fj bi Koviovos Koi
ikKai 'ir€p\ avrbv kirra Tr\rjp€(,s ivrJx^W^^ idpoai Koi fj
HipaXos, ras 6' SAAas iria-as Avaravbpos lA.aj3e irpds rfj
yj}. Tovs bi wXefoTovs ivbpas iv ttj y^ avvi\€^€V oi
bk Kol iifivyov eiy to. reiyibpia.
Conon escapes to Cyprus, The Paralus carries the news to
Athens, Lysander brings his prisoners to Lampsacus^ and
sends Theopompus to Sparta to announce his victory,
^9 KoVft)i; b\ rats ivvia vava\ <f)€vy<»)v^ e^rel iyvo) r&v
^AOrivalcav ra TrpiyfiaTa bu<t>6appLiva, Kara(r)^v iTtX r^r
^A^apvCba rffv AapL\j/dKov inpav iKafiev avT6d€V ra
fi€y6Xa T&v Avtrivbpov vc&v lorla, koI avros iikv oKri^
vavalv &TriTr\€V(r€ Trap' Evay6pav ct? Kvirpov, fj bi
UipaKos eZs ras ^A$rjva9i i'Trayyckova'a ra yeyovora.
80 Avaravbpos bi rds re vavs Kal tovs alxpLoXdrovs koL raXXd
Tt&UTa ds AipLylfOKW/ iirriyayeVy Ika^e bi kol t&v arparrj-
y&v &Xkovs T€ Kal ^i\oK\4a Kal ^Abelfiavrov. fj 5' r^iiipa
ravra KaT^ipyiaraTo, iTre/uti/re 0eo7ro/x7ro^ rdv MiAi^crior
\ri<rn}v els AaKebaCjJLOva iirayyekovvra ra yeyovora, hs
a(f)LK6ii€vos rpiToios A-mfyyetXc.
Lysander summons a meeting of his allies at Lampsacus at
which they make many complaints of Athenian cruelty.
In revenge he executes all the Athenians among his captives,
except the general Adimantus,
31 Mcra tik ravTa Avo-avbpos aOpolaas roifs avjjLjjLixovs
iKi\€V(r€ fiovkevearOai irepi t&v alxfiaXdroiv. ivravda bfi
KarriyopCat, iyCyvovro iroXXal t&v ' A^Tyvatcoi;, & re ijbrj
vapevevopjiKea-av koL h i\lrri<f>i,a'iJiivoi fjcav iroLeiv, el
Kparrja-eiav rj vavpLaxC(^ ttiv be^av x^^P^ iLTTOKOirreLv
HELLENIC A 12, CC. i, 2. lOI
Tw duyypriOivTOiv Trivrcav, koX Stl kap6vT€S bio Tpirjp€iSi 406-404
KopivOlav Koi ^Avhplavy rovs ivbpas i$ avr&v irivras
KaraKpyiyLvla-eiav ^iKokKti^ 6' ^1; a-Tparriyos t&v 'A^tj-
vaC<av, &s toiStovs bii<l>6€Lp€v. ikiyero bi koI oAXa -jroXAa, 32
Koi Ibo^ev iiTroKTelvat, r&v a^XMoXcorcDz; oa-ou i'ja-av 'A^ry-
valoi ttXtiv * AbeifJiivTov, otl fiSvos ^ircXajSero iv Tjj ck-
Kkqartq Tov itepl rrjs &TroTOfirjs t&v x^^P^v \lrri<l>l<rfiaTOS*
fjrLiOri iiivToi viro rivoav irpobovvat, tcls vavs. Aiaravbpos
b^ <l>iAo/cA€a irpoiTov ipoarria-as, hs tovs ^Avbplovs koX
KopivOiovs KaT€KpriixvL(r€i tC elrj &^ios iraO^iv ip^dfjievos
€ts "EXAiyvas irapavoficlv, aTri(r(f)a^€V,
CHAPTER 11.
Byzantium and Ckalcedon submit to Lysander, who sends
the Athenian garrisons in them and elsewhere back to
Athensy hoping thereby the sooner to reduce the city to
starvation*
'Eircl b\ TO. Iv TTJ AaixyjriKi^ icar€cm]<raro, IttXci iifl
TO BvCivTLOv Kot Ka\)(rib6va. ol d' avrbv xmebiypvroy
Tovs T&v AOrivaCoav <ppovpovs viroo'TTdvbovs &<pivT€S. ol
be TTpob6vT€S 'AAKtj3t(i8p rd BvCivnov roVe piv i<l>vyov
eh TOV Ylomov^ va-Tcpov 8' eh ^AOrjvas Kai iyivovTO
^AOrjvaioi, Aiaavbpos be toUs Te (Ppovpoxfs tq^v *A6rjval(»>v 2
Kol el Tivi irov iWov Iboi, ^AOrjvaiovy airiiTep.'nev eh tcls
^AOrjvas, bibovs iKelae p.6vov Trkiova-iv a<r<f>6Xeiav, SXkoa-e
b^ oi, elb^s 074 5(r&) &v irXeCovs <rv\key&(ri,v eh ri Sort;
KoX TOV JJeLpaia, Oarrov t&v iin,Tribei(ji)v Ivbeiav la-ea-Oax.
KaTCL\nri>v bi Bv^avTlov koi Kak^ribovos ^devikaov
1 02 HELLENIC A II, C. a.
405-404 hpfwariiv AiKODva, avrds airoTrXeva-a? eh Aifiyj/aKOv ras
7>ft^ Athenians^ on hearing of their disaster^ reflecting that
the vengeance they had taken on many subject states was
about to return upon their own heads, resolve to prepare
the city for a siege,
3 ^^v h\ rai? ^ kQr\va\,s rr\% ITapaAot; aj^iKO\Liirt\s voktos
ikiycTO fj avix<l>opi, kol oljjLOiyrj iK tov Ylcipai&s dia tQv
[laKpQv T€LxQv els iarv bi,f]K€v, 6 (repos rw kripta irapay-
yikKcav' &<tt iKelvrjs rrjs wktos ovbels iKOifirjOrjf ov
; p.6vov Tovs dTToAcoAoras TievOovvres^ dXAa -ttoAv p.aXXov
' Itl avTol tavTovs, TT€C<r€<r$ai vop.CCovT€S ota iirolria-av
Mr}\Covs re AaKehaipLOvloav iiroUovs SvraSi Kparrja-avres
TToXiopKLq, Koi ^loTiaiias koX ^Kf,(jiivaCovs koL TopoavaCovs
4 Koi AlyLvrJTas Kal iWovs iroXXoxfs r&v *EAA7]j;ft)j;. r^ 8*
varepaCc^ iKKXria-Cav iirolria-av, iv fj ibo^e tovs T€ Xifiivas
iTTox&a-M TrXrjv kv6s Koi tol T€l\ri evrpeirCCeLv Koi
ff>vkaKas i<l>i<rTivaL Koi r^AAa irivra &s els iroXiopKCav
irapaa-KeviC^LV lijv iroXtv, koI oJfTOL pikv irepl Tavra
fjirav.
Ly Sander sails to Lesbos, where he reorganizes the govern-
ments of the several states, and despatches Eteonicus to do
the same in Thrace, All the Athenian allies revolt, except
the Samians,
5 Av(ravbpos 8' Ik tov ^EXkrjcnrovTov vava-l biaKoalais
&(f)i,K6fjLevos els Aia-^ov KaTea-KevdaaTo Tis re iAAay
TToXeis iv avTrj koL MvTLXfjvriv' els be to. iirl (dpaKrjs
\(apia Ittc/x^c beKa TpLrjpets l\ovTa ^ETeoviKOv, hs Th
6 inel irivTa irpbs AaKebaifiovlovs p.eTe(m]<Tev. evBvs b\
kclX fi &XXr\ *EAAas d^etoTT^fcei *AOrivaC(ov fxcra ttji; vav-
HELLENICA II, C. a. IO3
lJ,a\Cav irkriv Safx^wr* oSrot 8^ (r^oyg g TcSr yyoiplfiwy 405-404
-jTotTjcraz/Tcs icarctxoz; ttji; ttoAiz;. ,
Simultaneously the Spartans and their allies under king
Pausanias invade Attica and encamp in the Academy,
and Lysander, having restored Aegina and Melos to their
exiled citizens, blockades Piraeus,
Av<Tav^pos h^ fieTOL ravra lirefxr/fe irpbs ^AyCv re els 7
AefceAeiai; koI €ls AaKebaCfxova 8ti irpocnrXel ovv biaKO-
aiats vavaL AaKebaifxSvLot, 6' i^cav Travbrjflel Koi ol
ik\oL Tl€koTTOvvrj<noi ttXtiv ^ApyeCwv, itapayy^iXavros
Tov irlpov AaKebaipLOvloav paaLKims UavcavCov. iircl 8
8' iiravTcs rj0poC(r0ri(rav, iva\ap<av avrohs irpos rqv
ttoKlv iaTpaTOTrib€V(r€V iv rfj ^AKabrjfiela [rta KaXovix4v<a
yvftrao-fo)]. AHaavbpos bi &(f>iK6p.€Vos els Alyivav iiri- 9
boDKc TTiv ttoKlv AlyivrJTais, Scovs ibivaro TrXe^orovs
aifT&v &Opol(raSi &s S* airms koI Mr}\loLS koX tois iXkoLS
o<TOi TTJs avTwr iaripovTo* iiera bi tovto brj<i<ras SoXa-
fxiva ipfiCaaTO irpos tov Ueipaia vaval ircvTrJKOvTa koI
kKaroVy Kol TCL irkoia ttpy€ tov eXairXov,
The Athenians maintain an obstinate resistance till all their
com fails; then they send envoys to Agis with offers of an
alliance, but he refers them to the Ephors at Sparta; by
whom, however, they are refused permission to enter the
country,
01 8' ^AOrivaloi TToXi.opKOVp.€voL Kara yrjv Kal Kara 10
Oikarrav -fjiropovv rl xpri iroieiv, ovre vc&v ovrc crv/x-
pAyoiv avTols Svtodv ovt€ cCtov' ivofXL^ov bi ovbepiiav
etvai (TwrrjpCav ixri iraOelv h ov Tip.<apovpL€voi, iiroCriaav
iWci bih TTIV appLv rjblKovv ivOpdirovs fxiKpoiroXlras
ovb^ iirl fxiq alrCq, kripq ^ 5ri iKcCvois <rwfpL6.\ovv* bia 11
ravra tovs arCfiovs iinTlpiovs TTOirja-avTcs iKapripovv, koX
I04 HELLENIC A II, C. 2.
405-404 iTTo0vri(rK6vTa>v iv Ttj iroXei \ifi<^ iroXX&v oh huXiyovro
irepl bLoWayrjs. iirel bi irajrreX&s ijbri 6 cItos lireAc-
AofTTCt, lirciiylrav irpia-peLS itap *Ayti;, fiovXofxevoi <r6iX'
ixaxpi . ciz^at AaKebaiiiovCois Ixovtcs to, tcCxtj koL tov
•12 flcipa&a, KoX iirl toUtois avv&riKas TroLcla-Oai. 6 be
airovs eh AaKebaCfXova iKi\€V€v Upar ov ycip elvai
K6pt.os avTos* iirii 6' iirriyyeiXav ol irpiapeis ravra
13 rot; ^AOrivaCois, iTreixyj/av airoifs els AaKebaifxova, ol V
iTFel fjaav iv SeXXao-f^ [ttXijo-^oi;] ttjs AaKa>VLK7Js kol
iwidovTo ol i<fiOpoi avT&v h iKeyov, ovra oliirep koX irpos
^Ayiv, avToOey ovrois iKikevov iirUvaLf fcai el rt beoirrai
14 elprjvris, KiXkiov rjKeLV Povkeva-apievovs. ol be Ttpeafieis
irteX fJKov olKabe kol aTrrjyyeLkav ravra elsriiv iroktVf
&6vp.Ca iviirea-e Tra<nv' i^ovto yap ivbpairobiO'drja'ea'Oai,
Koi $<as hv Ttip.Tto^o'iv eripovs Trpea-fieLS, ttoWovs ro)
Xtfiip iTToXeXaOaL.
Stiil they will not hear of demolishing their Long Walls y and
even arrest Archestratus for making such a proposal.
16 ricpl S^ rwi; Tetx^z; 7^9 KaOaLpicecos oibeU ejBoiSXeTo
crvpL^ovKeCeiv* ^Apxearparos yap eliriav iv rfj Povkfj
AaKebaLfiovCois Kpiriarov elvai i<j>' ols irpovKakovirro
elprjvrjv irotela-Oai,, ibeBrf' irpovKakovvro be t&v fiaKp&v
TeL\&v iirl biKa a-rdblovs KaOeKeiv eKaripov iyivero be
\lnj<f)L(rp,a /m?) i^elvaL irepl ro'CruiV <Tvp.^ovKeieiv.
Theramenes procures his own despatch to negotiate with
Ly Sander y but after waiting more than three fnonths returns
with the informationy that the Ephors alone had power to
make peace. However he and nine others are chosen as
plenipotentiaries and sent to Sparta,
16 TototJra)!/ 6^ ovTdav SrjpapLivrjs elirev iv iKKkrja-Ca Sri
el fiovKovTcu oifTov irefiylrai iraph Avaavbpov, elbias rj^ei
HELLENIC A II, C. a. I05
hxkK^ha\.\kovLo\)s TTOTepov i^avbpairobCa-ao'Oai rriv iroKiv 406-404
fiovX6iJ.€voi, Arr^ovo-t irepl rQv tclx&v ^ irlareais ivcKo,
'ir€ix<f>d€ls hi bUrpipe itapa Ava-ivbpta rpcts firjvas Koi
itKioVi kiriTrip&v ottotc ^AOrfvaXoL l/xeXXoi; 8ta to imXe-
\onr4vaL tov avrov iiravra 5,Tt rts Xeyot 6}JLokoyrj(r€LV,
iiTfl hi fJKe T€TipT<j^ P'f]vlt d-JTTjyyeiAci; iv iKKKr\a'i<^ otl 17
avTov Ava-avhpos riuis iikv Karixoi, 'ctta K€\euoL els
AaK€baCpLOva Uvai' ov yap eivat icipLos &v ipa>T(^to vit
airrov, &AAd rovy i<l>6povs. fJL€Ta rarka 'pp^Or} irpfo-peV'
TTjs els AaKehalpiova avroKpiToap hiKoros avros- Ava-av- is
tpos h\ Tols i(t>6pois iirefxylrev iyyekovvra ii€t iXXoiv
AaK€bai[xovioiv ^ Api,arori\r\, (f>vy6Jba ^AOrivaiov Sirra, Sri
avoKplvaLTo QrjpafxiveL iKflvovs Kvplovs eTvai dprivrfs
KOX VOkifJLOV.
An audience is given to them at Sparta, where many accusa-
tions are brought against the Athenians, especially by the
Corinthians and Thebans; but the Spartans rejuse to
destroy Athens utterly, and offer terms ofpecu:e.
^papJvrjs bi Kot ol aWoi irpicpeis iircl ^cav iv 19
^€XXa<rCq, ip<aT<ip,€V0L bi iirl tCvl XJy^ rJKOiev elirov Stl.
avTOKpiropcs irepl elprjirqs, fierh ravra ol iff>opoi KoXeiv
iniKevov avrois, IttcI 6' r^KOV, iKKkticlav iTToCrj<rav, iv
fj iivrlKeyov K.oplvOi.01. koL &r}paLOi pLdXiara, iroXXol bi
Koi SXkoi T&v 'EWrjvoiVf [xfi a-irivbeo'dai, ^AOrjvaCois,
dW' i^aipelv. AaKebatpiovioi bi ovk iffyacav ttSKiv 20
'EXXriviba ivbpairobielv p^iyO' iyaSov elpyaa-jjJvrjv iv
Tois pLeyCtrrois Kivbvvois yevofxivois rfj ^EWibi, AXX'
iiroiovvTO elp'/jvriv i<l>* ^ ri re fiaKpa TeCxrf Koi rdv Ilei-
paia KadeXSvTas koI tols vavs irXfiv bdbcKa TTapa^6vTas
Kol Toifs (t>vydbas KaOivTas Tdv avTov i\dp6v koX <I>C\ov
I06 HELLENIC A II, C. a,
405-404 vofxlCovTas AaK^iaiixovlois iTT€<r6ai koX Kara yrjv Koi
Kara OdXarrav Siroi iiv ^ywrrai,
TAe Athenians, notwithstanding the remonstrances of a few,
readily accept the terms offered^
21 Q>r\pa\i.ivii\% Vk k(jX o\ avv aircj) irpia-pcLS iiTavi<l>^pov
Tavra ck tols ^AOrjvas, cJcrtorray 8' ovtovs Sx^^^ 'ffepte-
\€LTO TTok6s, <f)ofioiSfX€voi, fx^ iiTpaKTOi tJkoi€v' ov yap Itl
iv€x<ip€i, ixiWciv bia TO ttXtjOos t&v iiroWvpLivoav r^
22 \ipL(^, TTJ bk vaT€pa[<i aTrrjyycXXov ol TTp4<rp€L9 l<^' ols
ol AaKehaipLOVLot, ttoloivto ttiv clprjvrjv Trporjy6p€L bi
avrQv Grjpaixivrjs, Xiyoav is XP^ ir^lO^a-Oai AaK€5ai-
fJLOvCoLS KOL TO, TclxT] Tr€p(,aip€lv. i,VT€tTT6vT(0V bi TlVOiV
avro), iroXv bi TrKciovoiv (rvv€TTai.v€0'6,vT<av, ibo^€ b€\€'
<rdai TTIV flprjvrjv.
Ly Sander and the exiles enter Piraeus and begin the destruc-
tion of the Long Walls, celebrating the first day of Greek
Freedom,
23 Mera b\ rama Av<ravbp6s re KariirXci els top ITcipaia
Koi ol (f)vy(lLb€S Karfjaav Kal rci t^Ixh KaTiaKairrov vii'
avXtiTpCboav iroWfj irpoOvpLCq, vopLl(qvT€S iKclvriv ttiv
fiiiipav rfj *EWibt ipx€i.v rrjs iXevOepCas.
Contemporary events in Sicily,
24 Kal 6 iviavrbs iXrjycv, iv ^ fi€(rovim, Aioinjcnos 6
^EppLOKpirovs ^vpanoaios iTvpavvr\cr€, M^XS M^^ irpoTC-
pov TjTTriOivTiov VTTO ^vpaKO<ri<ji)v KapxribovloiVf airivei
b^ (tItov kXovTcav ^AKpiyavra, iKXnrovroiv t&v 2tic€Xta>«
T&V TTlV TToXlV,
HELLENICA Ily C. 3. I07
CHAPTER III. 404-403
B.a
The Athenians appoint Thirty men to draw up a new constitu-
tion^ whereupon Lysander sails to Samos^ and Agis with-
draws from Decelea,
T^ 6' iiTLoirrt Irei [^ ^2; 'OAv/utTrtds, fj to oT<i6tov
ivUa KpOKlvas GcttoXos, EvbUov iv STrdprry iffyopev-
ovTos, Uvdobdpov 6' iv ^AOrjvais ipxpvTos, hv ^AOrjvaioi,
0T4 iv 6kiyap\la rjpiOrj, oifK drofidfovcrir, aX\' &vap\Cav
rdv iviavTdv Kakov<ri,v, iyivero hi avrq rj d\Lyap\ia
eSde.] lbo^€ TO) brjjjLOi Tpi,6,K0VTa ivbpas kXiadai, ot tovs 2
irarpCovs vofiovs (rvyyp6.y\rov(TL^ KaO^ ots woAtTcvo-ovo-t.
Kol '^pi6r](rav oKe, IToAvx^ip^s, Kptr^os, Mry\(J/3t09, 'Iir-
'KoKo^oSy EvKAeiS?;?, 'lepcoi;, Mj/tjct^Aoxos, \p€fi<ov, ©rypa-
/xeVrys, 'Apco-fas, AiokA^j, 4>ai5p^a9, XatpeAeooy, 'Arafrtoy,
ITeio-a)!;, 2o0okA^9, ^Eparoa-Oivrj^, XapLKXrjs, 'OvofxafcA^s,
&ioyvls, Al(r\ivris, (d€oyivr\s^ KAcojut?j5r;s, ^Epaa-CarparoSi
4>efto)i;, ApaKOvrCbrjSy EvfidOriSi ^ ApioToriXris, 'IiTTro/jta-
X09, MvTyo-i^e^Sr;?. tovto)!; 6^ itpaxdivToav iiriiTXcL Av- 3
cavbpos TTphs ^ipLov, 'Ayty 6' ^k r^s AeKcAe^a? iiraya^
yiiv rh ireC^v arpirevixa bUXvac Kara woAeis ^Kiorovy.
Contemporary events in Thessaly and Sicily,
Kara 6^ rovror riz' Kaipbv ire pi fjXtov licAetT/rtz; Avko- 4
<^pa)2; 6 4>6paroy, povX6pL€vos ip$ai SAtjj r^y 0€7TaA/as, Septem-
roiy ivavrtovfjiivovs air<3 rwz; ©erraAo)!;, Aap^aaCovs t€
Koi iXXovs, p^ixy i^^i^W^ '^^^ 'ttoAAovs airiKTeLvev,
'Ex; d^ r^ avro) xpovtj^ Koi Aiovwnos 6 ^vpaKOCios 5
Tvpavvos p-ixjl VTTTiOeh virb Kapxrjbovioav TiXav koI
Kapiipivav iirdXea-e. /xer' iXlyov bi Koi A^ovtlvoi
^vpaKoa-Cois ovvoikovvtcs iTriaTrja-av ety Trfv avrQv
I08 HELLENICA II, C. 3.
404-408 TiiXiv ano Ai,ow<rCov Koi ^vpaKoaCoiiV. Trapaxprjfia hi
Koi ol ^vpaKoa-LOL lTnr€is vtto Alowo-Cov eh Katijrqv
iiT€aT6Xrj(Tav,
Samos surrenders at discretion, Lysander, after reorganizing
the government, dismisses the allied fleet, and at the head
of the Lacedaemonian ships returns to Sparta in triumph
with all the spoils of war,
6 01 h\ 2a/jiio( Tro\iopKoviJ.€voi vtto Av(rivbpov irdirnj,
iirel ov pov\ofi4voi)v avr&v rb iTp&Tov dfiokoyelv -Trpocr-
fiiWeiv ijbr] l/xeXAei; 6 Avaavhpos, &iJLo\6yrj(rav iv t/jti-
Tiov lx<ov IfcaoTos amivai t&v ikcvOiptov, ra 8' &AAa
7 Trapabovvai' koi oijTays i^rjXOov, Avaavbpos hi tols
ApXaCois TToXfrais Ttapaboifs rriv iroXiv koX to, ivovra
(tirh) Triarra kcX b iica ipxoj^cis KaTa(rTrj(ras (t>povpj lv a(l>rJK€ rb
8 T&v (n)pnx6.yjAv vavriKov Kara TrJXet?, tols 5^ AaKoaviKoXs
vavaiv airiirX.eva'ev ets AanebalpLova, iTriymv tol T€ t&v
* nlXfJ^akdroiiv ve&v aKpcoTrjpia kol ray Ik Yletpaim rpirj"
p€is TtXiiv bdbeKa koI aT€<l>dvovSi 0^9 irapci r&v iroKeiov
. i\dixpav€ b&pa Ibla, KaV dpyvpiov rerpaKOfna koX ifibo-
fxrJKOvra rdkavra, h TtcpieyivovTO t&v <f>6paiv, ots avr^
Kvpos irapebci^ev els top itokep.oVy kcX ei ri iXKo iicrri-
caro iv r^ TTok4pL<a,
A list of the Ephors to show the duration of the war,
TaOra b\ irivra AaKebaipLOvCois aTribcaKe Tekexrr&vTos
Septem- tov Bipovs [eis h e^ifirivos kol SnTii koI €Iko<tl^ Irri
ra> irokifJLia irekeiTa, kv oXs i(f>opoi ol ipidjJLOvfievot otbe
iyivovTo, AlvritrCas Trp&TOSi l<^' ov rjp^aTo 6 irokefxos,
'jr4fJL7TT<^ KoX beKirtj^ erei t&v /uter EvfioCas ikcuariv rpia-
10 KOvraerCboiv airovbiav, jutcra be tovtov otbe, Bpao-^day,
^Iciviap, ^(aarparCbas, '^E^apxps, ^ Ayrjcia-TpaTos, 'Ayyc-
HELLENIC A II, C. 3. IO9
i/fias, 'Oro/xaKX^s, Zei^nriTos, UiTvas, ITAciotoAos, 404-403
Kkcivofxaxos, '^IXapxos, Aioav, XaiptAay, Uarqfri&baSf
KXeoa-OitniSj AvKdpios, 'Einjparoy, 'Oi;o/x(li;rtos, 'AAeffjr-
w^8as, MicryoAafeas, 'lo-fas, ''ApaKOS, Eiclpx*^^*^^'' ^**^~
TttKA^y, YlLTvas, ^Apx^fas, EibiKos^ €<^' oS Ai<ravbpo9
irpi^as rh dp7\\i,iva oi/caSe Kar^'n'Aevo-ci;.]
7i4^ Thirty delay to publish the new constitution, and put
their own creatures into the senate and other offices. They
proceed to purge the city of all extreme democrats, and to
support their violent measures they procure from Lysander
a Spartan garrison with CcUlibius as harmost,
01 hi TpiiiKovra i^p40rj(rav fxkv iircl rixiora rh [laKpa 11
TclxfJ f^cil TO, TTCpl Tov UcLpaLOL Ka0rjp46rj' alpeOivres hi
i<f:K <5t€ avyypdxlfai vSjjlovs, KaO* oiarLvas TroAtrctJo-otvro,
ToijTovs /xer del IfxeAAoi/ avyypd<t>€Lv re koX iiTTobeLKVvvai,
fiovkriv hi Koi ras SAAas apx^s KaTi<m}crav &s ihoKCt,
oifTOLs. iTretra irptaTov [xiv ots Trdvres yhca-av iv rfj 12
hrnxoKparCq iirb avKO(f>avTlas C^vras Kot Tois koXois
KiyaSoLS jSapety Svras, avXXafipivovres virrj-yov Oava-
TOV' Kot ij T€ Povkfl flhi(OS aVT&V KaT€\lf'q(l)C(€TO oi T€
&AAo( Saoi <Tvvrih€(rah eavrots ixfj 5vt€s toiovtoi ovh\v
iJxOovTo. ^TTcl hi ijp^avTO )3ovAcv6(r^ai oirtas hv i^^lrj 13
aifTOis TTJ TToAct xPW^^j' ^'n'tt)5 fioijKoivTo, in rotJrov
TTpoiTOv fxiv TtiiiylravT^s ek AaK^halpLOva Pdaxivr\v re kclL
* ApLOTOTikrjv iit€i(Tav Avtravhpov (fypovpovs (r<f>l(ri crup/npa-
fat ikBiiv, loas htf tovs irovripovs iKirohiav TToirja-dficvoi
Karaarrio'aiin-o rriv irokLTcCav dpiyjfeiv hi airrol vTrwr-
XVovvTO, 6 hi Tr€L<rO€ls rot/y re <f)povpovs koL KakkCpiov 14
app.o(rn\v (rvv4irpa^€V avrols ir€pL<j>6rjvau ol 8' iircl ttji;
<f>povpav ikafiov, rdv piiv KaXkC^Lov iOcpdirevov Trdaji
O^pait^lf^i &s irdvra iiraivolri b, Ttpdrroi^v^ t&v hi <f>poV'
110 HELLENIC A II, C. 3.
404-403 pwy TOVTOV aVlXTtifXTTOVTOS OVTois ots k^OTuKoVTO <TVV€-^
kAfiPavov ovk4ti T0V9 irovripoHs re koI 6\Cyov a^lovs,
dA\' Tjbrj ois ivoyndov ijKLa-Ta fiev irapcaOovixivqvs av^xe-
crOai, iLVTLTTpiTTciv hi n iirLx^LpovvTas irXeCarovs &v
rovs avvedikovras \apLfidv€iv,
A disagreement arises between Critias and Theramenes, the
former urging a policy of indiscriminate bloodsheds
16 To) [ikv ovv irpdrta XP^^^ ^ KpirCas tw Srjpafiivci
oiioyvdiMuav re Koi (jyCKos fjv iirel b^ avrbs fi^v TrpoTrerris
fjv iirl TO TToWoifs aiTOKTeCveLVi fire kol <f>vyiiiv vtto rod
brJiJLOV, 6 b^ Qrjpafiivrjs avriKOiTTc, Kiyoav on ovk cIkos
€lrj 6avaT0VVi rf rty ^rt/xaro "virh tov brjyiov, tovs be
KoXovs KayaOovs firjbev KaKOv elpyiC^To, ^Trei kol iyd,
€(f>7), KOL (TV TToWa 6^ TOV &p4(rK€I.V €V€Ka TTj TTOKei. KOl
16 elTTO/xej; kol iTrpd^afieV 6 6^, Iti. yap oIk€C(os ^xP^^^ '"^
GrjpapiivcL, avT^Kcyev otl ovKjEy)(a)po[r] toIs irX€ov€KTeiv
fiovkofxivois fxri ovk iKirobiav Troteto-dai Toifs iKaviHTiTovs
bt,aK(»)XV€LV' cJ b4, OTL TplSiKOVTi. i(Tfl€V KoX OV^ cIS", fJTTOV
TL oUl &(nr€p Tvpavvlbos Toirqs ttjs &PXV^ XPV^^^ ^'''*'
17 /meXcicr^at, evrjOris el. iirel bi, iitoOinja-KOVTiav ttoWQv
KOL &bCKOiS, TTOkkol brjkoi fjcOLV aVVI.(TTdlX€VoC T€ KOL
6av[iiCovT€S tI l<roLTo fj TroXtreta, iriXiv Ikeyev 6 Grjpa-
IJ.iinjs OTL eJ ixTj tls kolv(ovovs LKavovs Xrjyl/OLTO t&v Trpay-
^ fjLaT(Dv, ibvvaTov co-olto ttjv SkLyapxCoLV bLapAv^LV*.
To satisfy Theramenes the Thirty nominate three thousand
to participate in the government ; a measure which Thera-
menes criticizes as at once dangerous and absurd,
18 'Ek ToiTov pAvTOL KpLTLas Koi ol iXXoL TpiJiKovTa, rjbri
<l>oPo'6p.€VOL KOL ovx rJKLOTa TOV Q>y\papAvr\, p.ri avppvcCri-
aav vpos avTov ol TroXtrat, KaToKiyovcrL TpL(rxL\Covs tov^
HELLENIC A IL C 3. Ill
pL^Oi^ovras hr\ t&v TrpayfjATtov. 6 6' av Sripafiivrjs koX 404-403
TTpbs ravTa eAeyei; Sti iroirov hoKoiri iavTf^ y€ ctvaL Td
TTp&TOV ll€V pOvXoflivOVS TOlfS PeXrloTOVS tC^V TTO\lT&V
KOiv(ovovs TTOLTja'aa'dai Tpi(TxiXCovs, &<nT€p rov apidpLOV
TOVTOV iyovri. Tiva ivdyKrjv koXovs KayaOovs etvaiy koI
OVT 1^0) ToiTOaV (TTTOvbaCoVS OVT ivTOS TOVTCjUV TTOVrjpoifS
otov T€ elri yevia-QoL' lireira b\ €(f>rj, 6p& iycaye bio fifias
TOL ivaimdraTa TTpirrovTas, ^Lalav T€ rriv apxriv Koi
rJTTOva T&v apxoixivcav KaTa<TK€vaCop.€vovs»
By a stratagem the Thirty strip all the Athenians, except
the Three Thousand, of their arms : they now begin a reign
of terror, putting to death their own personal enemies and
rich citizens for the sake of their money,
'O pkv Tom lk€y€V. ol 5' i^iracw 'jroi,rj(ravT€S T&v 20
fxkv Tpi<r\iki<jiiv iv rfj ayopq, tQv 8' e^o) tov KaToXoyov
aXk<av akka\ov, ?7retra Kekajo-avres iirl to, oirka, iv <^
iK^ivoi iLTt^krikvO^a-av T:ip.y\ravT€S tovs (f)povpovs koI t&v
irokiT&v TOVS ofioyvdixovas avrols ra oirka itavToav TTkr\v
T&v TpicryOimv irapfikovro, koI avaKOixC<ravT€S tavra €ts
T7IV iKpoTTokiv ovvidrjKav iv r<3 vata, tovto^v be yevo- 21
liivdiv, is i^ov ijbrj ttolclv ovtols o,ti ^ovkoivTO, irokkovs
liiv i^Opas lv€Ka iiriKTeivov, irokkovs bl \pr\p.6.T(av. i • hi-N
ibo^t 8' avTolSi Sttoos i\oi€V rots (f)povpols \pripLaTa
bibovai, KoX T&v \x€TolK<av Iva tKaarov A.a/3€ir, koX av-
TOVS jJ-iv iTTOKTelvai, TOL be xpriiiaTa avT&v 6iT:o(niiir\vacr6ai, \
When Theramenes opposes these measures, the rest of the
Thirty conspire against him, and Critias openly accuses
him before the Senate,
^EKikcvov bi Koi TOV Qripapjimi kap€iv ovTLva fioi- 22
XotTO, 6 8' aiTCKpCvaTo, 'AAA' ov boKel \ioi, i(^r\, koXov
elvai (ftdoTKOVTas jSeArforovs eti^ai abiKdT^pa TOiv ovko^
J 12 HELLENICA II, C 5-
Speech of Crttias.
= :7^ numerous execuHons were necessitated by the ^[K^'*"
turn of democracy at Athens, and had the full approroal of
dhe Lacedaemonians. -'
^a &vhp€9 pavXevrai, el fUv ns v/i«r ro/ii'C« irXct'o-
^sr rov Kaipov ^LTtoOvn^Keiv, ivporia&rf^ Sri Sttov itoj
g^-r-eUi fieOCaravrai irairraxov rowro ytyycrar -irXci-
,^^^^>vs l\ ardyicTy IvQ&he iroXe^iovs etvat rois els dXi-
^^/ar ii€0i(rTa(rL bii re to TroXvav0p<oTroTaTriv tQv
\^j^j^T}vih<»>v TTiv TToXiv elvai jcat 6io to irXcicrroF xpovov
^^ ^^evOepCa Tdv brjiwv TeOpa^^dai, fi\kels h'k yvovres
^ois olois T)pxv T€ Kal vfuv xoXcTT^v iToXiTeCav clvai
^^^^aT^ai;, yvovTes he oti Aajc€5cufjLOVioi9 toZs ^rept-
^^fXTt'V rifJLas o iiev hrjiAOS ovttot hv tpCXos yivovro,
^ S^Xtkjtoi Quel hv ttiotoI dtareXoiei;, 5ia ravra <rvv
^^ehaifJLOvC(ov yv<aiiri Trjvhe tjiv iroXiTeCav KadioTa-
^al €(iz; ri2;a cd(r6av<oiie6a evavrCov r^ oX&yapx^s
^t^pifieOa €K7ro§a>i; TTOiavpLeOa' iroXh be fjidXujTa
^/J^^^ SfKatoi; eli/ai, ct ns ^/xcaj; avrcdi; Xv/xaivcrai
^^„-^ icara(rr<io'€i, hiKrjv airrov bibovaL, ~
HELLENIC A, II, c. 3. 1 13
^Theramenes had shown himself not an enemy only, but a 404^03
traitors though he had been foremost in making peace with - B.C.
Sparta and inputting down the democracy, he now wished
to make his peace with the people and so secure a safe
retreat,
. NOr Qvv al(r0av6iJL€0a Grjpa^ivrj tovtovI ols hvvaTai 27
aTToXkvvTa ^/xa?- re Koi vfxas, its bi ravra aXrjOrjj
rjv KaravcrJTc, €vprj(r€T€ ovt€ yj/iyovTa ovhiva fiaWov
Srjpajxivovs tovtovI to. irapovra ovt€ ivavTLOvpicvov,
orav TLva iKitobiav PovkdjxcOa TroiTyo-ao-^at t&v brjixa-
ycDy&v, €l fikv Tolvvv €^ o.pxvs ravra iyCyvaxTK^, tto-
Xejutt09 fJL^V ^v, ov pAvTOL TTOjrqpos y &v biKaiois ivop.i^^ro"
vvv bi avTos piv &p^as rrjs irpbs AaK^baipovlovs Trt'oreo)? 28
Kal (t)LK[as, avrbs be ttjs tov brjpLov KaroXiJo-ea)?, /x(i-
Xtora 8e i^opprjcras vpas tols irpdroLS virayopiivoLs els
vpas blKrjv kiTLTLOivai, vvv IttcI Kal v/xcts Kal fipels
'(l)av€p<as €\6poi rw brip<o ycyevrjpeOay ovkIt airoJ tol
yiyvopeva &pi(TK€L, otto^s avrbs pkv av iv rep ao-c^oXci
KaTaarrf], rjpels b^ bUrfv bQpev tQv TT€Trpayp4v(ov. (Sore 29
ov povov &s ^X^P^ avr<3 irpoariKeL akXa Kal iy irpoboTji
vpQv re Kal fjpiav bibovai ttiv bUrjv, KaCroL To<rovT<D
pL€v beivorepov irpoboo-Ca iroXipov, o(r<o x^^'^^^^^poz;
<f>v\6.^a(rOaL to a(f>av€s rod (jyave'pov, rocrovroi 8' i\6iov^
8(r<^ TTokepCoLS piv ivOpcoiroL koI o'TrivbovraL Kal avOis
in<rTol yiy vOvraiy hv 8' hv irpobibovTa kappivcao-Ly tovti^
ovre icTTcCo-aTo TrdTTOre ovbeh ovt iTtCoreva-e tov Xoittot}.
*In the past he had been highly honoured by the people;
then he had been foremost in promoting the revolution of
the Four Hundred^ atid foremost again in bringing cdfout
. their fall. Well therefore had he deserved the nickname of
Buskin,
''Yva b\ ei5^re Sri ov Kaiva Tavra oSros Trotei, oXAct 80
H
114 HELLENIC A, IL C. 3.
404-408 <f)'6a'€t 7rpoh6rr]s iarCv, ivainnjao} vfxas to Tot/rip Tre-
irpayfjiiva, oJiros .yap i^ &PXV^ M^^ rtfxw/utez^os virb tov
brjiiov Kara rdv iraripa "Ayviava, TtpoTteriarraTos iyivcro
TTjv brjixoKparlav fjtcraor^o-at els tovs TCTpaKOcrlovSj Kai
^TTpdrevcv Iv iK^lvois, imX 8' ^(rdcro avriitaXov rt t^
6KiyapyJi(^ avvL<rT6.p.€VOV, irp&Tos av rfycixiav t^ 5i7/x^
i'ff CKeCvovs iyivcTO' SOcv hrjirov koI KoOopvos iiTLKa--
• 31 Xctrat " [xal yap 6 KoOopvos apjxoTTciv fikv rots iroalv
\ ^ an(f)OT€poi.s SoKct, aTTo^kiireL h^ ait ap.<f>0Tip<iiv^ 8€t
hif S 0r}piix€V€s, &vhpa tov i^iov ^v ov irpodyeLV [Jl^v
bcivbv elvai, els irpayixara tovs crvvovraSy rjv b4 ri aim-
KOTTTrji €vdvs /utcTa)3<iAXc(r^at, dW' &a"iT€p iv vrji bia-
TTovciarOai, Icos hv els ovpov KaraarQa-iv' eJ h\ /x?}, ttws
hv &(t)CK0i,vT6 TTOT€ IvOa 8ei, eJ iircibiv rt Ai/rtKox/rjy,
ei^iy els ravavrCa ir^ioiev ;
* By such shifts he had caused the death of many; he had
procured the condemnation of the generals after Arginusae
to save his own life.
32 Kal ela\ fxkv brjirov iraa-aL fierafioXal tto\lt€iQv
6avaTq(f>6poiy cri be bia to eiffxeri^oXos elvaL Trkelarois
pikv ixeralTkos el i^ 6\Lyap\las vtto tov brjixov a-TToXft)-
kivai, TrkeCaroLs 8' Ik brjixoKpaTlas viro t&v ^eKTiovoav,
(WTos bi ToL iamv hs Ta^Oels avekioSaL vtto tQv arpa-
T7]y<Av TOVS KaTabvvTas ^AdrjvaC<ov iv r^ irepl Aiafiov
vavfiaxCq avTos ovk &vek6pLevos ofKos t&v arpaTrjyQi^
Karrjyop&v aiteKTeivev avTovs, Iva avTos TTepia'aaOeiri.
^ Death was the only punishment meet for such a man. If
they should condemn him they would, but follow the
example of Sparta J while if they acquitted him^ he was
sure to prove the ruin of them alV
83 ''Ocms ye fJLrjv (f}avep6s ia-Ti, tov fiiv irkeoveKTelv iel
HELLENIC A, Ily C z. II5
iiTLfJLcXoficvos, Tov bc Kokov Kol tQv <f>CXa)V fxribiv ijrrp€' 404-4oa
TTOfMcvoSf TT&s TovTov xprj iroT€ (f)€C(ra<r6aL ; ttcSj hi ov ^'^'
(jyvXa^curOaL, elboras avTov ras fxeTafBokisi &s fx^ Koi
fjfjLas TaifTo bvvaa-Ofj iroLTJa-at ; fjfx^LS ovv tovtov VTrdyoixev
Kol &s iTti^ovkevcrvra koL a>9 irpobibovra fifxas re Kal.
viJLas. &s b' cUora TTOLOVjxfv, koX rdb^ ivvorjcraTC,
KokkCaTT] fikv yap brjirov boKel irokiTcla etva^ ff Aajce- 34
boLiMOvCcDV' el bi iK€i €TTiX€t,prj(r€Li Tis tQv i<t)6p<ov airrl
TOV Toh wXctoo-t irelOea-Oat yjriyeiv t€ rr)i; &PXV^ f^oX
ivavTLovo'OaL toIs TTpaTTOfJiivoLS, ovk &v oU(rd€ avrhv
Kol VTT^ avT(av T(av i<l>6p<t)v Koi inrb ttjs &XAr/s airiairjs
TTokeias TTJs ix€ylarr)s riixoopCas i^ioiOTJvai ; Kal vfieis
oiv, iav (r(i>(f)povrJT€, ov tovtov oAX' vpL&v avT&v (I>€t(r€(r0€f
&s oJjTos aoiOcls fi€v TTokkovs iiv fxiya (fypovelv TTotT^o-ete
T&v ivavTCa yiyvonfJKOvTaiv vfuv, iirokoixevos b^ irivTcov
Koi T&V iv fff 'Jr6k€l KOi T&V 1^0) VTTOTiflOl &V TttS
^kirCbas.
Theramenes speaks in his own Defence.
^Really the generals at Arginusae had been the first to accuse
him. In alleging the violence of the storm he had offered
a reasonable defence^ so that in accusing him they had pro-
nounced their own condemnation, Critias knew nothing
of the matter^ being at that Hme in Thessaly,
*0 pikv TavT eliriav inadi^eTo' QrjpajjJvrjs .be avaaras 35
ik€^€V, 'AXAa irp&Tov p.\v ixvYiadrja-opiai,, 2) &vbp€9, h
T€k€VTdlov KQT ifiov €1716. (f)rj<rl yip fjte tovs a-Tparri-
yovs &TTOKT€lvaL KarrjyopovvTa, iyia b^ ovk fip\ov brjirov
KaT iKelvcav koyov, akk^ iKeivoL if^atrav itpoaraxOiv •
/xot i</)' iaxrr&v ovk ivekiardaL tovs bvaTvxovvTas iv ttj
7F€pl Aeafiov vavjmax^^* ^ycl) bi iTTokoyovfievos &s 5ia
Tbv xetfic^ra ovbi TtkeiVy fx^ oti ivaipela-Oai tovs ivbpas
H 2
Il6 HELLENIC A, II, C. 3.
404-403 hvvaTov i^z;, iho^a rfj ttoAci clKora Xeyetr, iK^ivoi 8'
€avT(av Karrjyopelv i(f)aLvovro. (ftaa-Kovres yap olov T€
elvat, (Two-at roifs iphpas, irpoeixcvoi airoXio-Oai avTOVs
36 &iTQTTkiovT€S f^xovTo. ov piivTOL ^au/mdfo) ye rd KpirCav
* TTap avev oyLrjKivaL' ore yap ravra ^z;, ov TTapa>v krvy-
\av€v, oXA.' ^2; ©cTToXia /utera UpopLrjOecDS brjiiOKparlav
Kareo-Kcvafe xal rovs TT^vicTas coTrXifei; €7rt rovs Se-
(TTroras.
* j^«/ /V 7e/«j «^/ w^w //>^tf himself who endangered the exist-
ence of the Government, but those who had wished to put
to death the foremost men in the state.
37 *12i; pikv ovv o^TO^ €K€1 eTrparre firjb^v evOibe yivovro'
T&be ye fxivTOL ofiokoyo^ eyo) rovro), el rts v/utas fjtez; r^s
apxvs /3oi;Xerat TratJcrai, roiy 8' eTTt/SouAeiJoi/ray v/xcz;
tcTxvpovs TTotet, bCKaiov etvai rrjs pLcyLarrjs avrbv Tiixoapias:
Tvy\av€LV* oaTLS [xivTOL 6 TavTa. Trpdrrcoi; eorti; ot/xai
&z; v/xas KoXkiara KpCvcLV, rd re ircTrpaypiiva Kal h vvv
38 7TpaTT€L €KaaTos fjpiQv et KararoTycrere. ovkoui; piixpL fikv
Tov vpias re Karao-Trjvai eJs rrji; fiovkeCav Kal ap\as
airobeLxOrjvaL koI Toifs ojutoAoyov/xercas (rvKO(l)ivTas vttA-
y€(r6aL irivrcs Tavra iyiyvdaKopLcv' ii^el bi ye ovtoi
ijp^avTo ivbpas Kakovs re KayaOovs crvAAa/utjSdi/eir, e/c
TotJrov Kayo) fjp^dpiriv TavavHa' tovtols yiyvdaK^iv,
39 ^8e«; yap ort d7ro^i;?}(rfcoi^ro9 /ut^i; AiovTo^ tov DaXa-
fjLLvCov, &vbpo9 Kal ovTos Kol boKOvvTos iKavov ^Ivai,
ibLKOvvTOs 8' ov8e iv, ol SfjLOioL rovro)' <l>opri(roi,vTo,,
<l)opoviJL€voi bh ivavrioL rfjbe rrj TTokiT^Ca 1(tolvto'
iylyvodCTKOV b\ otl (TvkKap.pavop.ivov ^LKr^pirov tov
Nifciou, Kal irkovclov Kal oib^v irdiroTe btjpLOTiKOV ovt€
avTov ovT€ tov iraTpos irpi^avTos, ol to^to^ SpotoL 8u<r-
40 pL€V€is fjpXv yevqa-oivTOi *AAXa /utTji; Kal ^ AvTi(f>&vTos
HELLENIC A II, C. 3. I T 7
v<^ fjixQv airoWvixivov, hs iv rw iroXifKa hvo TpLrfpeis 404-403
€V 7r\€ov<ras irapeCx^rOy fjTna-Tafirjv on koI ol irpoOvfioi, ' *
TTJ ttSXci y€y€vi]pLivoi irdvTes viroirTdis fjpLLv ?^oter.
* He had consistently resisted such measures as the arrest of
the metoect, the seizure of arms, the hiring of the Spartan
garrison, the banishment of leading citizens,
'Ai/reiiroi; §€ koX ot€ tc^v ixeTolKoav Ira ?Ka&Tov Ka^elv
i(f)aa'av xprjvaL' €vbrj\ov yap fjv ori, tovtohv airokofiivtiiv
Kot ol iiiroiKOi &7rairr€S iroXipnoL rfj ttoXlt^Ccl Io-olvto,
avT€LTrov 8c kol ot€ to, oirXa tov TTkrjdovs TraprjpovvTO, ov ^.l
voijlCC(^v XPV^^^ ao-OevT] Trjv ttoXlv ttoi^Iv' ovbe yap tovs
AaKcbaifJiovCovs kdponv tovtov €V€Ka povKofxivovs Tre/otaw-
a-ai, Tjixas, oiroi>s okCyoi yevofjL^voL pirjb^v bwaCfxeB^ avTovs
d)(j>€\€iv' i^rjv yap avTols, €l tovtov ye bioivTo, Kal fjL7}biva
XLirelv oXiyov Itl \p6vov rw At/mw nUa-avTaSi ovbi yc to 42
(j>pOVpOVS fJLLO'doVO'daL aVVTlp^OTKi fXOL, €^0V aVT&V T&V TTO-
Xlt&v Toa-ovTovs irpockaiJipdveLV, lias paStcos iixiXXoixev
ol &pxovT€s T&v apxpii^viav KpaTrja-€Lv, iirei ye fxriv
TTOWOVS €<opODV Iv TTj Tr6\€L TTJ apxfj TTJbc bV(rpL€V€ls,
TToXXovs be (I)vy6.bas yiyvop.ivovSy ovk av iboKCL pLoi,
ovT€ Q>pa(TvPovXov ovT€ "AwTov oiJre 'AAKtjScdSr/i;
<l>vyab€V€Lv' fjbetv yap ort ovTOi> ye to avTliraXov Icrxvpov
€(roLTO, cl 76) fjikv TrAij^ct Tjycpiovcs iKavol Trpoayevrj-
(TOLVTO, Tols 5' Tjyela-OaL jSovAo/xeVots crvixjJLaxoL ttoXXoI
<f)avrja-oi.vTo,
' Did such conduct show him to be a friend or a traitor f
Surely those rather were traitors who by such evil counsel
had made so many enemies,
*0 TavTa ovv vov0€T&p iv rw (j>av€p^ iroTepa. €Vfi€V7js 43
iiv bLKaCws fj TrpoboTTjs voiiiCoiTo ; oi\ ol kyfipovs, S
Il8 HELLENIC A //, C. 3.
404-403 Kptrfa, KCoXvorrcj ttoXXovj Troteto-^at, ov8' ol avfifxixovs
ttXcCcttovs bMcTKOvres KTacrOat, oiroL tov9 TroXejuitouy
Icr^vpovs TTOLOva-LV, iXKa ttoXv fiaXkov pi ASticcos T€
XPVI^cLTa a(j>aLpoiufX€Voi kol tovs ovhev abtKovvTas daro-
KT€CvOVT€Sy OVTOL elcTLV ol KOL TTOkXoifS TOlfS kvaVTlOVS
iroLovvT€S KOL TTpobibovTes ov fxovov Tovs </)tXovs iXKa
44 Kol eavToifs bu alayjiOKiplb^iav* cJ 8^ yL7] iKXtas yvoaarbv
oTi aKrjOrj Xcyo), cUSe i'ni,a'Kiy\raa'6€* iroTcpov oUa-Oe
SpaavPovKov Koi ''Awtov koX tovs fiXXov? <f>vydbas h
eyo) Xeyo) ixaWov. hv ivOibe ^ovk^a-Oai ylyvea-Oai fj
b. oiroL TTpi.TTovo'iv ; iy<a p,\v yap otfxai iwv fxkp avToifs
vop.C(€Lp avixpLdxoov Tt&vTa fxea-ra clraf e! bk rd npd-
TLorov TTJs -TToXccos 7rpo(r<^iXa>9 fipXv clx€, x^^^^^ ^^
^yeto-^at ctrat koi to iiriPaCvcLv iroi ttjs X'^po-^^
* I/e had indeed turned against the Four Hundred, but only
when he had perceived that they had deluded the people
with the vain hope of a Spartan alliance,
* 45 *A 8' a55 eiTrei; ws ly& etjuit olos act TTore iierapd^"
Xeo"^at, fcararoT^o-are Kal raCra. ttjv jxkv yap iirl tQv
T€TpaKO<r[oov TToKiTeCav Kal avTos brjirov 6 brjpLOS 1^-
<t)C(raTO, bibaaKopievos &s ol AaKebaipLOvioi Ttiiari iroXireia
46 /xoXXoj; hv ri brjuoKparlc^ TTLo-Teicreiav. iTrel b4 ye iKeivoi
p.iv ovbiv avUtraVy ol b^ djui<^l ' A/otoror^Xr; /cat NLcXavOiov
Kal ^Apla-rapxpv (rrpaTrjyovvTes (j)av€pol lyivovro kTU
TO) xdpMTL .IpVpia T€L\lCoVT€S, cJs h i^OvKoVTO TOXfS
TToKcpilovs b€^ip.€voi v(j>* avTOLs Kal Tols kralpois t^i;
TTokiv iroirja-aa-dai, eJ TavT ala-OopLcvos cyo) bL€K<iXv(ra,
TovT iarl TrpoboTrjv ctrat t&v </)tXa)z; ;
HELLENIC A II, C.'3, II9
* He was nicknamed the Buskin for suiting both sides j hut 404-103
what of Critias who suited neither side f He had con- ^-C*
sistently advocated a moderate constitution, opposed alike
to extreme democracy and extreme oligarchy,
'A'TTOKoA.Ct h\ KoOopVOV fJL€, 0)9 iflifyOTipOLS Tr€Lp<ill€VOV 47
apiiomiv. SfTTLs 8e pLrjheripoLS ipio-KeL, rovfov i> irpos
rSiv 6€oiv tC TTore Koi KoXia-ai xprj ; <tv' yap brj iv piiv
Tjj brjfjLOKpaTC(^ TrivT(ov juito-oSr/juwraros €Vop.l(<oVy iv he ttJ
&pL<rTOKpaTCq TtavTonv iii(ro\prf(rT6TaTOS yeyivrjcrai. iyxo 48
fi', £ KpirCa, iKeCvoLS fJi^v aeC ttotc tto\€ijl& tois oi
irpoa-dev olofxivois KaXriv hv brjuoKparCav elvaL, irplv koX
ol bovkoL Kai ol bC cLTiopCav bpa\ixrjs &v airobSfJieifOL Trjv
TTokLv bpa)(jjLT]9 iM€T€xoi€V, KoX Toi(rb4 y o5 OiV. kvavijios
cJ/xl ot ovK oiovrai KaKr\v hv iyyevia-Oai iXiyapyJiav^
Trplv els TO vii dkCycov TvpavveiaOai, rqv irokiv icara-
&Trj(r€Lav, rd [xivToi <rvv rot? bwafxivoLS Koi p,€0^ linTOiv
Kal /xer acTrCbcov w<^cXcty bia tovtohv Tr\v irokireCav
Trp6a-0€v ipioTov fiyovfxrjv etvai Kai vvv ov iieTa^&k'
kofiai,
* If Critias could convict him of treachery to such a policy,
he was indeed worthy of deaths
EZ 6' ^X^*^ Antiv, 2) Kpirto, Sirov ^yo) <jvv roi% bjq- 49
[XOTiKOLS fj TvpavvLKois Tovs Ka\ovs re KayaSovs iiroorc-
pcti; irokireCas iircxeCprja-a, Xcye' iav yap ikeyxOQ fj vvv
Tavra TrpirTODV ^ irpoTepov irdiroTe TrkiroLrjKds, 6iiokoy&
TO, TrivT(»>v ecrxara Trad<»>v &v biKalias a7ro6vrj<rK€LV,
Critias, seeing that Theramenes would be acquitted by the
senate,^ arbitrarily erases his name from the roll of the
Three Thousand and condemns him to death in the name
of the Thirty,
*X2^ V cZirwi; ravja iTraijo-aTOf kol fj fiovXfi 8?}Xij 50
120 HELLENIC A II y C. 3.
404-^08 iyiv€TO cv/mcpors iinOopvPrja-ao-a, yvovs 6 Kpirias otl
€? i'niTpiy\roi rfj pov\fj bLa\ln](pC(€<rdaL irepl airoS, ava-
(t>€V^OLTO, Kal TOVTO ov ^Kordv 7jyrj(r<!ip.€Vo^, Ttpoakkd^v
KoL hiaX€\6€is Tf, rots rpiaKOvra €^k0€, koX iirLOTTJvaL
iK4\€V(r€ Toifs ret iyxclpCbia iyovras ^av€p&s rfj ^ovkfj
51 iTzl Tols bpv^KTOLS, ttoXlv 8e eJo-eX^o)!/ cIttcz;, 'Eyw, .
S PovXrjf vop.l^<jii irpoo-Tirov Ipyov ctvat otov Set, 6s &V
opGiv Tovs (f)lkovs i^airaTiOfiivovs /x?) iiTLTpiTrrj. koi iyo}
ovv TOVTO TTOirja-co. Koi yap olbc ol ^</)caTrjKor€s ov
<l>a<nv fjixlv iiTLTpeylfciv, €l &vrj<roii€V ivbpa tov <l>av€pm
TTiv 6\iyapyjiav kvpLatvopLcvov, lori 8e €v tois Kau/ols
VOpLOLS T&V llkv Iv TOIS Tpt,Cr)(^LKCoLS OVTtiiV flTfbiva OLTTO-
$vrj(rK€iv 6.V€V ttjs ifxeTipas ylrri(j>0Vy t&v 8' l^co tov
KaTaX6yov Kvpiovs cTvaL Toifs TpiaKovTa OavaTovv. iyia
dvv^ Icfyr], Qrjpatiivq tovtovI i^QX€l(l)OD €K tov KaToXo-
yov, avvboKOvv iirao-tv ^juv. Koi tovtov, €(f)r]y 7ifX€LS
OavaTovjJLCv,
Theramenes takes refuge at the altar ^ appealing against this
illegal procedure ; but Critias, relying on the guard he had
posted round the senate house, hands him over to the
Eleven.
52 ^AKOvaas ravra 6 Qhjpafxivrjs &V€Trrjbr](r€v iin Trjv
'EarCav koX etTTCz/, 'Eyo) b\ i<t)r], S> &vbp€Sy Ik€T€Vco to,
Triirruiv lvvop.iiTaTa, fxri iifi KpirCa etvai i^aX€C(j)€i,v /xTjre
ip^ pLrJT€ vpiQv hv hv PovkrjTat, oAX' ovircp vopLov ovtol
lypa\lrav Tre/ot tQv kv t^ /caraAoyo), Kara tovtov kolL vpXv
53 KoX €p.ol TTIV KpicLv etvoL, Kal TOVTO pL€V, l(priy fxa Toifs
Oeovs ovK ayvo&i 5tl ovbiv jmol apKicr^i obc 6 jScojitos,
iXka PovkopLat Kal tovto iinbil^aL, Stl ovtol ov p.6vov '
elal TiepX ivOpdirovs d5£K(ii>raroi, a\Xa Kal ircpl 6€ovs
ia-efiiaraTou ip.(dv piivTOi, i(f)rj, S> ivbp€S koXoI KayaOoCy
HELLENIC A II, C, %, 121
OavfiiC^, cJ fJLTi porjdrj<r€T€ v^ilv ovtols, koI ravra yiyvd- 404-403
(TKovres Stl ovblv to ejuioz; ovoyia ciefaXetTrrorcpoi; ri ro
VfX&V kKicTTOV. CK 8^ TOVTOV €K(lA.€<7C [Xev 6 T&V Tpid- 54
Kovra KTJpv^ Toifs Ivhena iirl tov Qrjpdixivrj. iK€ivoL be
da-ekOovTcs avv tols VTrr/peVat?, fjyovfiivov aifT&v ^arvpov
TOV OpaavriiTov T€ koX Az;at8co-r(irov, cittc ^ikv 6 Kptrtas,
Yiapahihoix€v vfuv, i<i>y]^ Q'qpajxivr] tovtovI KaTaKeKpip.ivov
Kara tov vofiov vfxels b€ kafiovTcs kol airayayovTcs ol
(vbcKa ol bel Ta €k TovT(av Trptirrere.
The senate^ panic stricken^ passively allows Theramenes to be
dragged away from the altar and hurried to execution.
His last sayings,
*12s b\ Tama . ctTrer, cIAkc pkv ano tov ^odpiov 6 Sfirv- 55
poSi (IKkov b^ ol VTTrjpiTau 6 be ©r/pajuicrryy &o"jT€p elKos
Kal &€ovs ^7reKaA.€tro Kal avSpdirovs KaOopav to. ytyvo-
IJ.€va, 7} b'k povXrj fiov^iav €t\€v, opQaa koX tovs iTil
Tols bpv(l>6.KT0LS djjLolovs So^rvpo) Kal Tb ip.'npocrOev tov
pov\€VT7jpCov irXrjpes t&v ^povpQv, Kal ovk ayvoovjrrcs
oTi iyxeLpCbLa ixpvTcs Traprj<rav. ol 8' aTrrjyayov tov 56
ivbpa bia TTJs Ayopas pioXa pL€y6.krj Tjj ([xxivfi brjXovvTa
ola i7ra(TX€. X^yerat 6' kv p^ip-a Kal tovto avTov, i)s ctTrcr
6 Sdrupoy Stl olpid^oiTo, ct p.ri o-icoTrryo-ctei;, lirrjpero, ^Av
bi (TLiaTrQ, ovk Sp', l<l>rj, olp.<i^op.ai ; Kal cttci ye Atto-
6vri<rK€Lv ivayKaCopievos to Ktiveiov line, to \en:6p.evov
€(j>a(rav iTroKOTTapCcrajrra etireLV avToVf KpiTCa tovt iaroi
T<3 KaX<a. Kal tovto pikv ovk ayvoQ, on TavTa aTio-
<l>6iyp.aTa ovk i^ioXoya, iKeivo be Kplvo^ tov &vbpos
ayaaT6v, Tb tov Oav&Tov Trapea-Tri kotos pirJTe Tb <l>p6vi,piOv
p^rJTe Tb iraLyvL&bes airoXiirelv €k ttjs yjrvxv^*
12^ HELLENIC A II, C. 4.
CHAPTER IV.
404-403 The Thirty expel all not on the roll of the Three Thousand
■^•^- from Attica, Tlie refugees assemble in Megara and
Thebes,
Qrjpafiivrjs fji^v bri ovTias airiOavcV oi 8^ TpidKOjrra,
is €^dv ijbrj avfols rvpavveiv d5ea)9, TTpoeiTTOv fxkv rots
1^0) Tov KaraXoyov jm^ ela-iivat, els to aoru, rjyov bi in
tQv \ODpl(i)v, tv avTol Kol ol </)tXot Tovs TovToiv oypovs
€XPL€V» (f)€Vy6vT(JiV b\ cZs TOV WeipaiO, KoI ivT€V0€l/
TTokkoifs &yovT€S kviiikricrav koX to. Miyapa koL tols
GrjIBas t&v imo^oipovvTuav.
ThrasybuluSj starting fromThebes with a few refugees ^ seizes
Phyle, repulses the attack of the Thirty^ and makes a
successful sally upon their campy his forces being now
increased to 700.
2 'Ek 8^ tovTov (dpaai^ovkos dpfirjOcls iK 0r;j35z; m
cvv ifibofxriKOVTa ^v\riv xcapCov KaToXapL^iivei la-xypov-
ol 8e TpioLKOVTa ifBorjOovv iK tov Soreias aiiv re rots
rpto^tXfots Kol aiv roty tTnrcuo-t koL p.6X^ cifrffxepCas
ot/oTjs. iirel be atpUovTOj evOvs pikv Spaavvopievoi tlv€S
T&v pi(av Ttpoa-i^dkov irpos to \(jipioVy koX iTToir](rav fxev
3 ovbivy TpavpiaTa be ka^ovTes &iTfj\dov, Povkotiivoiv b^ t&v
Tpi6,K0VTa aTroTeL)(^CC^Lv, oircas eKTTokiopKrfa'eLav oifTois airo-
kkeia-ajrres Tas e<f)6bovs tQ^v eitiT-qbeloiVy einylyveTai, Trjs
pvKTos x^^^ T:aiJ.TT\7j67js KoL TTJ varepaicL, ol b^ vi<i>6p.evoL
airrjkOov els rd fioru, pi6Xa av)(Vovs t&v a'Kevo(f)6p(av vtto
4 T&v eK ^Xrjs &TroPaX6vTes, yiyvda-KovTes b\ otl koI iK
T&v iypQv \€TjXaT^(rotet, el pirj tis </)i;XaK^ lo-otro, Stairc/ut-
HELLENIC A II, C 4. 123
irovcTLv 6ts Tas eor^^artas o(rov TrevTeKaCbeKa ardbia Airb 404-403
<l>vA^s Tovs T€ AaKoavLKOvs TrXrjv okiyoav <\>povpovs koX ^•^'
tQv liTTTiiav bvo c^vXcis. ovtol be a-TparoTTcbeva-dficvoL kv
X^P^^ AacTici) l(f)vkaTTOv. 6 be Spaavfiovkos, rjbrj avv- 5
eikeyixevt^v els Ty\v ^vKt]v irepl cTrraKOo-tovs, Xaj3a)r
avTovs Kara^aivei rrjs vvktos' 6ep.evos be to, oirka Strop
TpCa 7] Terrapa oraSta cnrb t&v (jypovp&v i](Tvylav eXyev,
eiieX be irpbs f,pLepav eyiyvero, koX ijbr] avLoravTo Siroi 6
ebeiTo eKaa-TOs dirb rSiv ottAcoz;, koX 01 iTnTOKopLoi. ylrrj^ov
Tes TOVS Xttttovs y\r6(f>ov eTtoiovv^ ev Tovrta avaXap6pTes ol
irepl Qpaov^ovkov to. oirXa bp6p.(o Trpoa-eiTLTTTOv' Kai lort
fiev ois airr^v Kare^aXov, iravTas be ^pe^/r(l/xepot ebCoi^av
e^ 7] eiTTa <rr<i8ta, koI inteKTeiwiv r&v fiev OTTktTiov irkeov
rj eLKoa-L kol eKarov, tQv be linreuiv NtKOorparoi; re tov
Kakbv iirLKaXovjjLevov, kol &kkovs be bvo, en Karakafiov-'
res ev rais evvais. i7rava)(a)prj(TavTes b^ kol Tpoiraiov 7
(TTrjardpLevoL kol avo'Kevao'dp.evoi, oirka re o<ra IkajBov kol
(TKevT) &Trfjkdov cttI <I>t;X^s. ol be i^ aarecas iiTTTels
fioriOrja-avTes t&v piv irokep.mv ovbeva en etbov^ wpocr-
pieCvavTes be etas tovs veKpovs dveikovTo ol TrpoorjKovTes
f
avex<»>prj(rav ets
doTv.
The Thirty seize Eleusis as a place of retreat for themselves,
by a stratagem capturing all the able-bodied Eleusinians,
. Next day they compel the Athenian knights and the Three
Thousand to condemn all these prisoners to death,
'Ek b\ ToijTov ol TpidKOirra, ovk4tl vopl^oirres da-ffxikri 8
<T(^i(n Ta TtpdypLUTa, ijBovk'qdrja-av ^Ekev<nva e^Lbida-a-
(rSai, (SoT€ elvai o'(pi<rL KaTa(pvyrjv, el berjireLe. Kai
TTapayyeCkavTes rots liriTeva-LV fjkdov els 'Ekeva-lva
KpLTlas Te Koi ol dkkoi TpidKOirra* e^eTaa-iv re Trot^-
(TavTes \ev toIs lTntev(ri\, <f>darKOVTes elbivai fiovkea-dai
1 24 HELLENIC A II, C. 4.
404-403 Tt6<T0L €l€V KoX Tr6(T71S (bvXttKrjs TTpOaberjo-OlVTO, iK€\€VOV
a'noypi.<f>ea-Oai Travras' tov be airoypa^ipLevov act 6ta
TTJs TTvkChos iirl TTjv OdXaTTav k^iivai, kin 6c rcS alyiaX^
Tovs fxev linrias Ivdev koI Ivdcv KariaTTja-av, tov 6*
i^LOVTa ael ot virqpiTat . avvibovv. cttcI 8c irivTes
<TvveiKr\p.p.ivoL rja-av, Ava-Cfiaxov tov liiTiapyov ckcXcvoz/
9 avayayovTa irapabovvai avTovs rots IvbeKa, ttj 8'
vorepaia els to ^Slibelov irapeKiXea-av tovs iv tQ xara-
Aoyo) oTTkCTas kol Tohs iWovs liriTias, ava<rTas b^
KpLTias eke^ev, *H/xct9, c</)tj, 2) ivbpes, ovb^v tjttov vfilv
KaTaa-Kevi.Copi'ev ttjv TroXtrctai; fj TjpXv avTois, bel oiv
vfjias, uKTirep kol TLfxQv fieOi^eTCf ovtoh koL tc^v Kivbivo^v
pL€Tiyeiv. tQv ovv crvveiX.7jpLpLiv(ov ^Ekeva-tvCoiv Kora-
\lrr](pi,aTiov iariv, Iva raira Tjfuv Koi OapprJTe kol
^oPrJGrOe, beC^as bi rt yoaplov, els tovto iKeXeve
10 (jyavepav ^epeiv T-qv \j/rj(pov, ot b^ AaKcoi^tKOt <i>povpo\
iv TO) fifXL(reL tov '12t8ciot' e^onTrKio'pievoL rja-av fjv be
TavTa apeo'TCL koX t&v TToXiTOiv ols TO irkeoveKTeiv [xovov
epiekev.
Thrasybulus marches upon Piraeus, but unable to hold so
large a town against the forces of the Thirty, occupies a
strong position on Munychia,
'Ek §c tovtov \al3i)v 6 (dpa<rvl3ovkos tovs airo ^vkrjs
TTepl x^^ovy rjbri (rvveikeyp.ivovsy cKfuKvevrai ttjs wktos
els TOV IleLpaia. ol be TpidiKovTa eirel fjaOovTo TavTa,
evOvs e^orfOovv <rvv Te rots AaKa)i;iKOts koX ovv rots
tTTTTcOo-i KoL Tols OTikiTais' cTTctTtt eyj^povv Kara Tr\v els
11 TOV rictpata d/utaftroi; ava(j>4pova-av, ol be airo ^kijs
crt piiv iirexelprjo-av imtj avUvai avTovs, iirel be p.eyas 6
kvkXos iiv TTokkrjs ^vkaiajs iboKei belcrOai, oviro) irokkols
ova-Lf crvvecnreLpiOrjaav iirl Trjv Movvv)(^iav. oi 8' in tov
HELLENIC A, II, C \. I ^5
Aorecos et? Ti\v ^linrobaixeLov ayopav i\66vT€9 TTpQTov 404-403
fikv avv^rd^avTo, (Sore ifXTrkija-aL rrfv obov rj <f>ip€i irpos
T€ TO UpOV TTJS MoVVVxicLS 'ApT^fXtSoS KOL T O BcvhCbeiOV ' ( \i,t.9
Kal iyivovTO p&Oos ovk iXaTTOv rj iirl ircvTriKOVTa
aiTTTlbaiV, ovroj b^ avvT€TayfjL€V0L i\(opovv &vo), ol be 12
aiTO ^vXrjs avT€V€7rX7](rav pikv Trjv obov, paOos be ov
irkiov ^7 els beKa oirXCTas iyevovTo, iTd\6rj(ray fjiivToi,
ctt' avTois Tre\TO(f>6poL Te koL yjnXol aKovTicrrai, eitl be '"
ToijTOLs ol TTeTpo^okoL. ovTOL [livToi av)^o\ ria-av' Kal
yap avToOev irpocreyevovTo, ev <p be irpooija'av ol
evavTLOL, ©patrvjSouAoy tovs jxed^ avTov dicrdai KeXevcras ,
TOLS acnrCbas koL ovtos Oepievos, tol 6' aWa oirka e)(aiv,
Kara p,e(rov (ttols l\e^ev'
Thrasybulus addresses his troops, * On the right they had
against them the men they had already defeated^ on the left
the hated Thirty, The gods were evidently now on. their
side : for victory was certain over an enemy placed in so
unfavourable a position,
''Avbpes TToXirat, tovs fJikv bibd^ai, tovs be avafivrjcrai 13
vpiQv' ^ovKofxaL otl el(n t(ov Ttpoo'iovToav ol fjiev to be^idv
expvTes ois vfxels rjixepav itep^nT-qv Tpey^dp,evoi eStwfare,
ol 6' eirX Tov evoDiwixov eayojoi^ ovtoi bj] ol TpidKovTa, o%
fffxas KOL 'JToXeoi)^ direa-Tepovv ovbev dbiKovvTas koI olKtiav
e^rfXavvov kol tovs <^iA.rdroi>s t&v fipLeTepoDV direo^pLaC-
vovTO, aXKa vvv toi irapayeyivrjvTai ol ovtol ixev oviroTe
.(^ovTo, Tjixels be ael rji^^^ofxeda. expvTes yap OTrXa 1*
ivavTCoi fxev avTois KaOiorafxev* ol b^ Oeoiy oti ttot\ koX
bemvovvTes avvcXapL/SavoixeOa koI KaOevbovres koI ayopd- " -
CovTeSi ol be Kal ov\ Sttcos dbiKovvTes, oAA* ovb^ iinbr}'
fiovvTes i(pvyabev6fie0a, vvv (pavep&s ripXv aviiiiaypva-i.
ical yap ev eibCa ^eip^Qva Trotovo-ti;, Srav fjpXv orvfxcpepri
1 26 HELLENIC A II, C. 4.
404-403 Kttl oTov iyx^tptafxcv, iroXX&v SvTcav ivavrCoDv SXiyoLs
15 ov(TL TpoTtaia XaracrQai bihoaa-C Ka\ vvv h\ K€KOfji.CKa(riv
Tjfxas els xtiipiov iv ^ ovtol [xkv ovre fiaWcLv ovtc olkov
tCC^lv virep tQv irpoTCTayfiivoDv 8ta to irpos opOiov Uvat
bvvaivT^ aVi ?7/x6Ts 6e eJj to KOLTavTes koX bopaTa a<l)UvT€9
Kal cLKovTia Koi TT€Tpovs i^iiofiedoL re avT&v Koi ttoWovs
16 KaTaTp(i(roii€V. ical (S^to fjiev &v tls berjcrcLv tols ye
TTpcaTooTaTaLS eK tov taov yL&)(€(r6ai' vvv b\ iav vfMeis,
&(nr€p TrpoarjKCi, TipoBv^ioas a^irJTe to. j^iKrj, ^fiapTrja-cTai
fxkv ovbels &v ye fxeor^ fj obos, (jyvkaTTojjLevoi be bpfnrc-
jev(rov(nv del vitb rat? aa-TrCa-LV ata-Te c^e'orat &(Tir€p
TV(f)kovs Kai TVTTTCLv oTTot) &v fiovkdjjLeOa /cat ivakkofiivovs
/ s iivaTpiiTeiv,
^ Every one of them must fight, remembering the high stakes
at issue, and the vengeance due to all of them*
17 'AAX', a> ivbpes, oiHro) )(j)rj iroiciv ottods €Ka(TT69 tls
kavT(o (rov€l(T€Tai r?J9 vlKr\s ahidiTaTOs &v. aijTrj yap
Tjixiv, hv dcos OiXrj, vvv airobdcrei /cat naTpiba koX oIkovs •
Kol ikcvOcplav Koi rtfxay xat TratSas, oh €l<rC, kol yv-
vaiKas. S iiaKipLOL brJTa, ot hv fip.(ov vLKrjo-avT^s iTrCbtaa-i,
TTjv 'naa&v fjbCa-Trjv fjixepav. evbaCfxcav bi kol av res
. &iroOdvrj' yLvq^i^iov yap ovbeis oi;ra) TrXova-Los i>v koKov
retJferat. i^dp^<a ixkv ovv iyla tjvCk hv Katpos "p itaiava'
OTav b^ Tdv ^F,w6X(,ov Trapa/caXeVcoftei^, t6t€ iravTes
ojioOvfJiabov avO^ &v vppla-Orjficv TLpicopdncOa tovs avbpas*
iVamed by the seer^ who is himself the first to fall, Thra-
sybulus waits for the enemy to attack, whereupon he gains
a complete victory, Critias himself being among the slain. •
18 Tavra 5' c^ttwi; xai iiera(rTpa(f>iLS irpos tovs ivavTLovs,
riovyjiav et^e' xat yap 6 fxivTis Trapi/yycAXcv avTois ft^
HELLENIC A II, C. 4. l2^
TTporepov iiTLTCOca-OaL, irplv t&v (r(l)€T€p(DV rj iricroL tls rj 404-403
TpoDOeCrj* iTT^cbav pl4vtol tovto yivrjrai,, fiyrjirofxeOa p-iv,
i(prj, fipLels, vtKrj bk vp.lv €(rrai kiropivoLS, ipol pivroL
OdvaTOS, &s y e/xot hoKei. kol ovk hlreva-aTo, aX)C iirel 19
avika^ov ra oirXa, avrbs pkv &(nT€p vird polpas Tivbs
ayopevos iKTTrjbri<ras irp&Tos' ipTT€<ri)v toIs ttoK^plols
a7To0irri<rK€L, nal TiOaTTTai kv rfj 6iaj3(ji<ret rod Kri(f)i,(rov'
ol d' iAAot ivLKcav kol KarebCcD^av p^\pi tov 6p.aXov,
airiOavov 8' evravda tcov pkv TpiaKovra KpiHas t€ kol
'iTTTTopaxps, tQv b€ kv Yl^ipaiil beKa apxovToav Xappibrfs
6 T\avK(avos, t&v 8' olXXodv Trepl kpbop.rJKOVTa. kol to,
pev oirka Ikufiov, roits be xiT&vas ovbevbs t&v TroXtrcSi;
io'KiiKevo'av*
JV^en after the battle the troops of the two factions met
together, Cleocrttus, the sacred herald, proclaims on be-
half of the refugees with Thrasybulus, that they had no
quarrel with their fellow-citizens, but only with the Thirty,
who in eight months had caused th^ death of more Athe-
nians than the Lacedaemonians in ten years. The Thirty
withdraw their forces to Athens.
'EttcI 8^ rovro lyivfTo koL tovs v€Kpovs vTrocnrovbovs
&7r€bCbo(rav, Trpo&iovTes aWijXoLs irokkol bt^Xiyovro,
KAcoKptros 8^ 6 t&v pLva-T&v KTJpv^, pd}C eicfxavos &v, 20
KaTacTLiOTrrja-ipevos ike^ev, '^Avbpes TToklrai, tC ripas i$€-
kw6v€T€ ; tC a7T0KT€LvaL fioijk€<T0€ ; ^/xcis yap vpas KaKov
p€v ovb^v irdiroTe iiroLTJa'apcv, p^rea-^riKapev b\ vplv koX
Up&vj r&v a'€pvoT6,To>v koI $v<n&v koI kopT&v t& v fcoA- loo)
kC(rT(a v^ KOL avyxop€VTal koI avp(l)OLTfjTal yeyevTjpeOa koX
avoTpaTiS^Tai, koI irokka peff vp.&v K€KLvbvvevKap€v koI
Kara yrjv koX Kara 66XaTTav viikp t^s koivtis ap(f)OTip(jiiv
fipQv (TOiTripLas re Kai ikcvOepias, Tipos OcQv TraTp(i(ov 21
KOL p,riTp<^<ov Koi avyyeveCas koX Krjbearlas koI kraiplas, • (i-f^j
128 HELLENIC A II, C. 4.
404-403 wiirrcoi; yap tovtohv TioWoi KOivo^voviiev aXAT/Xots, aJSoiJ-
fi€voL Kol O^ovs KoL avOpcoTTOvs TTava-ao-Oc afxaprdvovTes
els TTiv TTarpCbay Koi fxri TreWeo-^e rots avoa-ioDraTOLS rpii-
KovTa^ 0% lbL<t)v K€pbi(av €V€Ka d\Cyov beiv TrXeCovs ottck-
Tovao'iv ^AOrjvaioiiv iv o/cro) ixrja-lv fj irivres IleXoTroi;-
22 vrja-LOL biKa €Tr] TToAe/xowres. i^bv 6' fjfuv iv elprjvT]
TToXLTevea-Oai, oSroi rdv TT<!iVTa>v ai(r\LaT6v re koI x^^-
TTwraroi; koX avocndTaTov kol (E\0ifrTOV koX Oeols koX
avOpdiTOLS TToXefjLOv rjixip irpds aX\rj\ovs Trap4)(0V(nv.
aAX' €v ye [livToi, I'nlo'Taa'Oe on koX t&v vvv vcj)^ 7ipi.&v
airoOavovTOdv ov [lovov ifxels akXa Koi fjfxeis lariv ovs
TToWa KarebaKpia-aiiev. 6 jxev Totavra IXeyev 01 be
koLTTol ipyovres koX bia to Toiama TrpocraKOveiv Toifs
lieB^ avT<ai> aTTrfyayov eh rd Slo-tv,
At a meeting of the senate open dissension breaks out among
the Three Thousand^ until they vote to depose the Thirty .
and appoint Ten in their place,
23 Try 8' vaTepaCa ol fxev TpiaKOvra ttolw brj Taireivol kol
eprjpjot ovveKiOrivTO iv rw avvebpLid' t&v be rpiayjXmv
OTTov eKaa-TOL TerayfievoL fjcav, TTavTa)(ov bie(t)epovTO irpos
ak\rj\ovs^ ocTOL ^xev yap eireiroiriKea-av tl ^laiorepov kolL
eipo/SovvTo, evTovoiS eXeyov i)S ov XP^^V K.o.0v(\)le(T6ai roty
ev Yleipaiel' ocroi b\ emarevov }xi)bev rfbLKrjkevai, avroC
T€ aveXoyC^ovTO Kal tovs aXXovs ebibacTKov i>s ovbev
beoLVTo TovToav t&v KaK&v, Kal roTs TpidKOvra ovk e(f>a(Tav
Xp^vo.1 TreCOea-Qat, oi5' k'nirpeneiv aiioXXvvaL Tr\v ttoXlv,
Kal TO TeXevTalov eyfnj^pCa-avTo eKeCvovs jxev KaTairavaai,,
iXXovs be eXeaOai. Kal etXovTo Sexa, eva aird <l)vXrjs.
HELLENIC A II, C. 4. 1 29
Tke Thirty retire to Eleusis, The Ten supported by the 403-402
Knights keep guard over the city. Their opponents at '
Piraeus make new weapons and organize their ever increase
ing forces.
Kat (A fikv TpiiKovra ^EXevaivibe &Tr7J\6ov' ol bi hiKa 24
T&v iv icFTct Koi fii\a TcrapayfiivcDv koX iLTnarovvrdnv
iXKriXois (Tvv tols linripxois iiTeixikovTo. i^cKddevbov
b^ Koi oi Ittttcis iv rep 'X2t8c^ft), rotJj re tinTovs koi ras
&o"irlbas IxPVTes, koL 6t' iTnarCav itjxibcvov to jxev at^
kanipas avv rals i,<rTrl<rL Kara roi TeCxVt '"o be irpd^
SpOpov (jiv Tois tirirois, del ff>oPovp,€VOL firi iiteiaTtia-oiiv
TLV€S avTois tQv iK Tov Ueipai&s, ol bi TToXXol re ijbrj 26
SvT€S Kot iravTobaTToC, SirXa iiroiovvro, ol pikv ^Atva, ol
$e olaijiva, koX ravra iXcvKOVvro, irplv b^ fiiiipas biKa
yivia-Oai, Triara bovTcs, ohwes avfjLTTo\€iJLri<r€LaVi Koi el
^4voi clev, la-oT^Xeiav larca-BaL, i^<rav iroWol piiv
oirAtrat, ttoAXoI 6^ yv/xv^res' iyivovro b\ avTols koX
iTTTrets m e! i^bofiriKovTa' irpovofxas b^ Troioi^/xerot, koI
XapiPivovTcs $v\a koI oirdpav, iKidcvbov ttSXlv iv
Efeipaiei.
Meantime they make constant sallies, in revenge for which
the knights ruthlessly butcher some Axionians, In return
they kill the knight Callistratus, and soon venture to march
close up to the walls of Athens.
Tc5v V iK TOV ioTfios iXXos fiiv ovbcls avv SttXois 26
^^ei, ol bi linTeh Iotlv ore koI Xrjaras ix^^povvro t&v
iK TOV UeipaL&s, koX ttiv (f>ikayya ovt&v iKaKoiipyovv,
ir€pUTVxpv bi Kal tQv Al^oi)vi<i>v Tia-lv els Tohs air&v
iypovs iirl Th ^Trtnfdeia iropevoixivoLs' koI toUtovs Avcrf-
fiaxos 6 tTnrapxos iTTiar(f)a^€, voWh XiTaveiovras kolL
130 HELLENIC A II, C 4.
403-402 TioKKQiv y^oK^TiQi^ tf^fpovraiv lTnTloi>v» avrairiKTcivav bi
' 27 'cal ol iv rTcipaiet t&v linriiav iir^ ay pod XajSorres KaX-
KloTpaTov <l>v\rjs Aeovrlbos, Koi yap rjbrj jiiya i(f)p6'
vow, <SoT€ Kal irpos rh rcTxoy rod iareois TrpoaipaXKov,
cl bi Kal TovTO 8ct eiTTcti; tov pLr}\avoTroi.ov rod iv t^
fioTct, hs iiTcl lyv(a Srt, Kara tov Ik AvkcCov bpofj.o'v /xcX-
Xoiev Tas firjxavas Trpoa-dyeLV, ra C^iyr] iK4\€V(T€ irdvTa
ifia^LaCovs \C6ovs iy€iv Kal KarafidXkeiv Sttov iKaaros
j3ot;Aoiro tov bpofiov, &s bi tovto iyivcTO, iroXXa ely
iKaoTos T&v \l0<»>v Ttp6.yp.aTa nap^lyje.
In response to an appeal from the Three Thousand at Athens
(^ v-v ^ 5> and the Thirty at Ptremis, the Spartans send out Lysander
as harmost and his brother as admiral to blockade Piraeus,
so that the tables ure once m/ore turned,
28 nejut-Trrfrro)!; b\ vpia-peis cJs AaKebalpLOva tQv jut^v
TpiiiKOVTa i^ 'EXevcTtros, t&v 8' Iv tw KaraAoycp l^ ia-
T€<a9, Kal PoriOelv Kek€v6vTa>v, m a<^e(rnjKoros tov brfpLOv
iirb AaK€baip.ovC(av, Avaavbpos \oyf.(rdp.€VOs ort otov re
€lr} Taxy iKTToXiopKrja'aL tovs iv t<^ Iletpatft KaTi re yrjv
Kal Korh 66XaTTav, el t&v iiriTrjbeioiv airoKXeLaOeCrja'av,
avviirpa^ev kKaTov re T&KavTa airrols baveKrdrjvai, Kal
avTov p.€v KaTa yrjv appLoaTrjv, ACfivv bi tov &b€\<f>bv
29 vavapxovvTa iKTr€p.(l}07JvaL, Kal i^ekOiav avTbs p.iv
^Ekevalvibe avvikcyev oirXlTas ttoXXovs UekoTTOvvrjarlovs'
6 bi vavapyos KaTa BiiKaTTav i(l>vXaTT€V Sirias [Mribiv
' elcrirkioL avTols t&v iTnrqbeCoDv' (Sore Tayy irdXiv iv
iiropCa fjaav ol iv netpatei, ol 5' iv r^ aarei 'n'ciXii; av
fiiya i<f>p6vovv iirl T<f Ava-ivbpfj^,
HELLENIC A II, C. 4. I31
But Pausanias, out of jealousy against Lysander, persuades 408-402'
three of the ephors to let him head a second expedition B.C.
to Athens, All the allies follow him, except the Corin-
thians and Boeotians, who refuse to join, and with them he
encamps near the Piraeus,
OiJro) 8c Trpox(ap€y6vT0i>v Ylavaavlas 6 ^acriXcvs (jyOovrj^
aas Av(rivbp<j^, cl Karcipyaa-fxivos ravra i/xo fJikv efi-
boKLpirj(roL, ifia hi IbCas iroirja-oLTo ras ^AOrjvas, TrcCa-as
T&v k<\)6p(av Tpeis iiiyci <l>povp6.v, ovvcCttovto bi Kai 01 30
(rilxfjiaxoL . TrivT€S irXriv BoLcar&v koI KopivOLcov oiroi
hi ikeyov fiiv 8tl ov vojxlCoicv evopKclv iiv arparcvi-'
pL€VOi Itt* *Adrjvalovs fir^bcv 'napi.airovhov iroi.ovvTas'
lirpaTTOv hi ravra, or; iyCyvaxrKOv AaKebaipLOvCovs j3ov-
kofUvovs TTiv T&v ^AOrjvaloiv xdpav olKclav Kal inarriv
TTOirjo'ao'Oai,, 6 bi UavaavCas ioTpaToirebeva-aTO p.iu iv
T(a *AXt7r^8cp KaXovfiiv<j^ irpds rw neipaici be^idv Ixcoi;
K^pas, Av<ravbpos bi avv toIs yLi(r6o<f)6pois to ev<iS-
irup.ov.
Pausanias summons the refugees at Piraeus to disperse, and
on their refusal makes a half-hearted attack upon them.
Failing in this and in a similar attack the next day
he advances with all his forces and gains a complete
victory over Thrasybulus ,and his supporters,
UifjiTroiv bi irpialBeLS 6 Tlava-avCas irpds rois iv ITet- 31
/oaict iK€\€V€V ainivai iirl ra iavr&v* iircl 5' ovk iiiel^
BovTOy Tipoai^aXkiv Ho'ov amo ^orjs Iv€K€V, Sttods /x^ -^ ^
8^Xos €lrj €vpL€vris avrois &v, in^X 8' ovb\v imo tt]s
TTpoa-poXrjs irpa^as iirrjkde, rfj varepalc^ Xaj3a)j; t&v fi^v
AaKcbatfiovCoav bvo p.6pas, r&v bi ^AOrjvaCoiV linrioDv rpei?
(f)vk6.9y iraprjKOcv iirl rdv K(o<^dv KipAva, (tkott&v Tnj eva-
'TTorctxtoToraros clij 6 Il€ipa(.e6s, iirel be iiriovTos avTOv 32
TTpoa-ideov tlvcs Kal irpiyiiara avr<5 irapclxpv, i.xdeo'Oeis
I 2
» 1
13a HELLENIC A II, C. 4.
^ *
403-402 Trapriyy€t\€ t(ws fiiv iTTTreay ikav els avrovs iviirras, koX
■ ,',. rgjcKq a^' 2i?35^ crvviirca-Oai' avv b€ roiy SXAot; avrdy
^ iirTjKoKovOei, koI iiriicTCivav fx^v cyyiy Tpi,6.K0Trra r&v
yInXciVf Tovs 6' ^AXov? KarebCoo^av irpbs to Ylcipaiol
88 Oiarpov. iKel 5e ervxov i^oTr\L0pL€Voi, ot re ircXraaral
?r(i2;r6? koL ol OTrXirat ra>2; ^k Ueipai&s. Koi ol ^ikv yjnKoi
evOifs iKbpajjLOVTcs rJKovTLCov, IpaWov, iro^evov, €0-</)ci;-
boviav" ol b^ AaKebaifiovLoi, iirel avroiv iroWol krvrpd"
a-KOVTo, fidka ?rif ^o/x€z;ot avexdpovv ^ttI iroba. ol 6' iv
T0'6T<a TToKv iiakkov iiriKCLvro, ivravOa koX iiroOvrja-Kci
l^alpoav T€ KoX Qlfipaxps, &iJL(l>(i> TroXeixdpxca, Koi AaKpi-
TTjs & dKvfiTTLovCKrjs KOL iWoL ol TeOafipjivoi AaKcdai/xo-
84 vCoiv Ttpb tQv Tsvkciv iv KepafxeLK^. op&v bi ravra 6
®pacrvfiovkos kol ol ikkoL o-TrXtrat, iporjdovv, Koi raxp
Ttaperii^avTo trpb tQv iXXoov e^r' (JktcJ. 6 8c HavtravCas
li6Xa TTLCcOels koI ava)(oi>pri<ras oaov (rrabia rirrapa ^
T:ivT€ Ttpos kqtjyov Tivd, Traprj-yyeike Toty AaKcbaLjxovCois
, Kal rots iXKois crv/uL/xdxots I'niy^dip^v irpos kavrov, ^/cci
bk oDVTo^ijJLevos iravrekm ^aOelav Tr\v <j)6.\ayya fjyev
iirl TOVS ^AOrjvaiovs* ol 8' els xclpas fMkv ^bi^avTO, iTrcira
be ol p,€v i^€<i<rdrj<rav els tov iv rats *A\ats 7717X01;, ol be
iveKkivav koX i.itodvria'Kova'iv avT&v is itevTqKovTa /cat
eKaTov,
Pausanias urges the two factions at Piraeus and Athens to
send envoys to him and the ephors present in his camp;
and when they arrive in obedience to his summons , he sends
them on to Sparta, where they both tender a complete sub-
mission to the Lacedaemonian supremacy,
85 *0 b\ naviraj;tas Tpoiraiov oTTjo-d/xcyos ivexiipria-e* koX
ov8' &s dipyiCeTo avTols, a\ka \d0pa Tre/utircor ibiba<rKe
Toifs iv Ueipaiel ola XPV keyovTas irpia-peis iteyLitelv
HELLENIC A ZI, C. 4. 1 33
Ttphi kavTov Koi T0V9 TTopovTas l</)cfpovs. oi 6' iirelOovTo, 403-402
bUarrj be koL tovs iv t« Scrret, koL iKi\€V€ irpos <r(f>as
TTpoaUvaL &s ttKcIotovs avXXcyofUvovs, kiyovras on,
ovb^v biovrai rots iv rw Iletpaicfc TroAe/xeii;, dA.Xa 8taA.i;-
d4vT€S KOLvfj aiM<f>6T€pot AaKebai^ovCoLs <I>(\ol eiz/ai.
fjbioas bk Tavra Koi NavKXeida? i(l>opos tbv avvrJKOvcv* 86
&(m€p yap vofilC^raL <tvv /^ao-iXei bvo t&v ifftopoav crv- I
oTpaTeiea-Oai, ical t6t€ Trapijv oUtos tc koL IlWos, afitfyo- '
TcpoL TTJs ixera Uavo'avCov yvdfJLTis Svt€s fxaWov fj ttjs
ficTOL Ava-ivbpov, 8ia raOra oiv koI els T-qv AaKebialfiova
TTpoMfKiis lirefiTTOv T(y6s T iK Tov . Ilcipatci)? exojrras ras
irphs AaKcbaLfiovCovs aTTovba^ Koi tovs aird t&v iv na - '
iaT€L Ibidras, K7}<^6(ro</>tti^r(i re koX MikriTov. iirel 37
fiivTOL oBrot (fxpvTo els AaKebaCpLOva, iTrefiirov bri koX
ol ivb TOV Ko^vov iK TOV 6.aT€(os kiyovras 5ti avTol fxkv
TTopabiboao'i Kal to, relxfj & ^x^^^^ '^^^ a-(j>as avTovs
AaKebaiyLOvCois XRW^^^ ^'^^ fiovkovTat' d^LOvv 5' itjyaa-av
Kal TOVS iv HetpaLcl, el (jiCkoi (f>aa-lv elvai AaKebaip.o-
vCoiSi TTapajbibovaL, tov Te HeipaLa Koi ttjv Movw\Cav,
T/te Spartan government despatches fifteen commissioners
to arrange the terms of reconciliation. These settled^ Pau-
sanias disbands his army, and Thrasybulus marches up to
Athens.
'Anova-avTes bi irivTOiv avTciv ol e(ftopoi koi ol iKKkrjTO L 38 (^ otT;
i^4iTepi\lrav irevTeKatbeKa ivbpas' els Tas ^AOrjvas, Kal
iireTa^av <rvv UavcavCq biakki^at, Sttji b'CvatvTo koX-
Aiora. ol b^ birjkka^av i<f)* <5re elprjvrfv pikv l\eiv irpds
iXk'rjkovs, ainevai bi iirl to. iarrroiv eKAarovs irkfjv t&v
TpiiiKovTa KOL tQv IvbeKa Kal tQv iv t^ Yleipatel ip^iv-
Toav biKa. el be Tives (pofioivTO t&v i^ iarecas, ebo^ev
avTols ^EkevG-lva KaToiKeiv. TovTcav b^ Trepav9ivTa>v 89
134 HELLENIC A IT, C. 4.
403-402 Yiav(ravlas [i^v dt^Ke to arpiTevfia, 01 bi iK tov HciptuQs
av€\06vT€S <Tvv Tols oirkoLs cJs rrfv iKpoiroXiv iOvaav rfj
^AOrivq.
Speech of Thrasybulus."
* On what grounds did their opponents claim to rule over
them f Facts had shown them to be no juster^ braver, or
wiser than themselves. Even the Lacedaemonians had for-
saken them. Once more he wished his followers to show
themselves the better m,en by keeping their oath of recon-
ciliation^
•
'EttcI h\ KaTipr](rav ol arparriyoly €v6a bri 6 Q>pa<TV'
40 )3ov\o9 i\€^€v, ^pXv, i<f>r\, £ Ik tov ia-r^oas ivbpcs,
av^povXevoi iyob yvQvai vp.as avro'us* fiAXiora b^ hv
yvoCrjT€y ci &vaKoyCa-ai,<r0€ iirl rlvi vjuv jxiya <\>povr)^
riov iariv, &crT€ fifji&v ipx^iv iirLx^ipeiv. irorepov 6t-
KaioTcpoC i<rT€', iW 6 jptjy §w oy irevioTepos vpLCdv i >v
(3 3"^) ovbiv irdiT OTc lv€Ka '^rnxaTODV ipJas TibJKrjKe v' ]5y£i£_8c
Tr\ova'L(a T€poi irivrcav orrcg 7ro XXaKal_j tt<7x/)a (v€ Ka
K€pbi(it)v TT€Troi,r}Ka T€, iirel 6e biKaLoavvrfs oibev Vfxlv
irpotr/JKCh (TKiylfaa-Oc el &pa iii ivbpeCq vpXv y^ya <f>po-
41 vrjTiov. Kai tCs hv KoXkiaiv Kpla-is tovtov yivoiro ^ is
iirok€fxri(raiJi€v irphs iXKrjKovs ; iXKa yvdifiri <f)ulriT &v
irpoixetv, 0% 1\ovt€s koi tcIxos koI Sirka koX xpw^'"^
Kol avfiixixovs HcXoirovvria-tovs virb t&v ovbcv ToUraiv
iX'^VT(fiv TTapaXiXva-de ; AAA' iirl AaKebaLixovlois bri
oX^aOe fxiya <l>povrjT4ov etvai; irm, oiy€ & ircp tovs
biKVovras Kvvas kAokJ) bri(ravT€S irapabibSao'i.Vi otro)
K&K€lvOL Vp.aS TTapab6vT€S TO) 7JblKr]fjJv<a TOijTij^ brj[x<a ol-
42 x^^^^i^ iirioirrcs ; ov jxivroi ye i[iasy (o ivbp€S, i^iQ eyo)
&v dficapLOKare TrapafirjvaL ovbiv, iX\a koI tovto irpos
HELLENIC A II y C. 4. 1 35
Toi^ iXKoi^ KoXots ^TrtSci^at, Srt k6X €V0pK0i Koi S<rLoC 403-402
iaT€» elTtiiv hi ravra Kal &Wa TotavTa, Koi Stl ovbkv
bioi TapifTeirOai,, iWci Tois vofiOLS toIs ip\aloi.s XPV'
&Oai, avi(m](r€ ttiv iKK\rj(T[av.
The Athenians then reorganize their constitution ; but shortly
afterwards y hearing the Thirty are forming a conspiracy y
they seize and slay their generals ^ but come to terms with
the rest, to which ever since they have faithfully adhered.
m
Kal t6t€ ijl€v ipxcLs Karaorrjo-dftci/oi iiroXiTevovro' 43
voripi^ hi Xp6v(o iKova-avTcs ^ivovs ixi,<r6ov(T0ai, Tohs
'EXcvo-iyt, aTpaT€V(T6,fi€V0i Travbrffifl kit avrovs tovs fxiv
arparriyoifs avT&v els \6yovs ikdovras iiriKTeLvav, rots
bk &XX01S d(TiripLylravT€S tovs (f>CXovs koX avayKalovs
fir€t,(rav (TVvaXXayrjvai* Koi dpAa-avres opKOVs 1j pitiv firi
liVT](nKaKrj<r€LV, in koI vvv SyMv re TroXirevoi^rat Kal Tois
opKOis ifxpiiveL 6 brjiios^
I
\
ij
Ctotitrxm: |pr^ss S^itmn
XENOPHON
HELLENICA, BOOKS I, II
WITIf INTRODUCTION AND NOTES
BY
G. E. UNDERHILL, M.A.
FELLOW AND TUTOR OF MAGDALEN COLLEGE
PABT II. — NOTES
AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
1888
[ All rights reserved]
HENRY FROWDE
Oxford University Prsss Warehouse
Ahbn Corner, E.C.
NOTES.
§ I. McTcL Zl TavTtt. For the interval that must have elapsed between BOOK I.
the points, where Thucydides* narrative ends and Xenophon*s begins, ^^
see Introd. pp. 6, 7. j
at9i%, in a second battle ; the Athenian victory at Cynossema being |
apparently the first (Thuc. viii. 106).
§ 2. cK T680V. For the positions of Dorieus,Mindarus, Tissaphemes,
and Alcibiades at this time see Introd. pp. 6, 7.
Toi« orpaTHYOis, i. e. Thrasyllus and Thrasybulus (Thuc. viii. 104).
&s f^voiytf ' a s soon as he got clear,* i.e. of the narrow strait of
the Hellespont, ircpl rd ToCtciov must be joined with irpds rt^v 7%
dvcpC|^{c. The imperfect tense expresses the attempt.
§ 3. cU MdSvTov, in the Thracian Chersonese not far from Sestos.
§ 4. Iirl ttJv 6<&XaTTav, i.e. to Abydos.
§ 5. I£ IcdOivoO. Mindarus had moved his fleet from Elaeus to Abydos
(cf. Diod. xiii. 45), so that, since Ilium is twenty miles from Abydos,
and since he saw Dorieus entering ifia ^/lifx}, in all probability the fight
must have been renewed the day after Dorieus' arrival in the Hellespont.
Moreover the Athenian ships seem (cf. §§ 2, 3) to have sailed from
Madytus, fought against Dorieus and returned to Madytus again before
the second battle — a process, which, considering the twenty or thirty
miles thus traversed, must have occupied several .hours. Further, since
Madytus was nearly opposite to Abydos, the second battle must have
been fought somewhere between the two cities, and consequently much
higher up the Hellespont than the first. Diodorus (1. c.) speaks of one
battle only, making Mindarus sail down from Abydos to the support of
Dorieus at the Dardanian promontory. Accordingly Breitenbach, wish-
ing to reconcile the two accounts, regards l£ kotdivov as an interpolation.
§ 6. ^apvdpa^os was satrap of Phrygia Minor and Bithynia, and
was now in league with the Peloponnesians (Thuc. viii. 80, 99).
§ 7. (rv|«.(^pd(avTC8, 'having formed in close order.'
§ 9. avXXojp^y. Though after this Alcibiades could never again hope
to delude the Athenians with promises of Persian aid (Thuc. viii. 82),
his own naval successes round Samos and now in the Hellespont seem
to have been sufficient to secure for him their confidence. Tissaphemes
A 2 3
HELLENICA.
Book I. evidently wanted to retrieve his position in the opinion of the Peloponne-
— M — sians (Thuc. viii. 109).
j^ § 10. |iCTol MavTiOcov : Mantitheus is mentioned again i. 3. 13.
§ II. ol 8' cv 2T)<rr$, k.t.\. From this point some commentators
date the campaign of 410-409, because Diodorus says that the battle of
Cyzicus was fought ^817 rov x^'At^vos \i\^ovro^. But Diodorus by the
end of the winter means February, not, like Thucydides and Xenophon,
the beginning of April.
els KapSCav. On the west coast of the Chersonese.
§ 12. OT]pa|jiivT)S. (Diod. xiii. 47, 49.) After trying in vain to prevent
the Euboeans and Boeotians from uniting Euboea with the mainland by a
bridge across the Euripus, Theramenes had sailed to the Aegean islands
in order to replace the democracies in the various states, had then lent
aid to king Archelaus of Macedon in the siege of Pydna, and finally
joined Thrasybulus (cf. supr. § 8) on the Thracian coast.
§ 13. cJcXoi&lvois Tol iJic-ydXa lo-rCa, i.e. the sails of the greater of the
two masts. So too, vi. 2. 27, Iphicrates leaves his large sails behind
to make his ships lighter and more manageable for fighting.
els JIdpiov. On the E. shore of the entrance to the Propontis.
§ 14. avTots, i.e. roh arpa.Tiijrai% in the ktcKXrjaia.
§ 15. uip\kia-avro, i. e. at Proconnesus in the Propontis.
§ 16. lireiBtJ 8* eyyvs, k.t.\. See note on the battle of Cyzicus at the
end of the volume.
vir' ovroO, i. e. by Alcibiades. Cobet and others conjecture dir*
ouToC, * from the harbour ' ; an idea already sufficiently expressed by
dir€tXT)}&}&£vas.
§ 18. Tois ciKoox. The article is accounted for by the previous mention
of the Athenian fleet (cf. infr. i. 6. 26). There is no need to suppose
that dpiffrcus has dropped out of the text (cf. Plut. Ale. 28).
&irdous. The Peloponnesians did not succeed in collecting a fleet
again till Lysander was appointed admiral in 408 B. c. ; cf. Plato,
Menex. 243 fuq, fiky ^/J^^pq- irdtras rds tSjv voXcfiiojv i\6vT€s vavs.
SvpaKocrCuv. Thucydides (viii. 26) relates that the S3rracusan8 had
sent a squadron under Hermocrates to aid the Lacedaemonians.
§ 21. nipivOov Kol ^TiXvppCav. Both on the N. coast of the Propontis.
§ 22. Xpvo-6iroXitr, on the Bosporus, opposite Byzantium.
ScKOTcvTifjptov. The establishment of this custom-house was of the
greatest importance to Athens now that her treasury was exhausted, and
she had lost so many of her subject allies, more especially Euboea
(Thuc. viii. 95).
4{^XcY0v . . . Kal . . . I KaTaXiir6vTcs : from the confusion of the
order of thought in. these two lines, commentators have suspected the
MS. reading.
4
NOTES. CH. /, § lo — § 29.
§ 23. ciacrroX^cas : this officer held the second command in the Lace- Book I.
daemonian fleet (cf. vi. 2. 25 and note on i. 5. i). m
cdXcD. The MSS. read laXojaav, j
KdXa. This is Bergk's conjecture for the MS. «aX<£. The word
is equivalent to ^y\a and is used by Aristophanes, Lys. 1 251, to denote
ships. Tcl KixKk = * our honour is gone * hardly seems to suit the passage.
dir€(r<rua, Doric form of dvtav^j slot. pass, of diroatvoj, is explained
by Eustathius as oir^A^c, ridv-qKi,
ircivwvTi TwvSpcs. diropCo|&cs. Doric for •neivSxTi ol avdpfs. dnopovfji€v.
For the offers of peace apparently made by the Spartans at this time
(cf. Introd. pp. 11, 26).
§ 24. ^apvAjpa^os. Diodorus (xiil. 51) says that the Feloponnesians
fled to his camp.
§ 25. Tovs dird T«v ir6Xco)v OTpaTrjYovs, i.e. the generals from the
several states in the Peloponnesian confederacy. * .
§ 26. vavin|'Yov|i4v(ov. Genitive absolute, sc. alrSJv.
§ 27. *Ev hk T^ XP^^SP Tovnp. This and the similar formulae in §§ 31,
32, 33 seem to mean that all the events here mentioned occumed just
about the time of the battle of Cyzicus.
*Ep|jioKpdTovs. The leader of the oligarchical party at Syracuse
(cf. Thuc. viii. 85).
^|jivY)|icvoi;s . . . virdpxovGTOv. In the MSS. these words are placed
after XP^^^*- ^^^vat in § 28. In this case the phrase \6yov diSovai would
have to bear the unusual sense 'to give an opportunity of speaking,' and
the words fieixvrjfiivovs . . . vvdpxovffav must then be an appeal made by
the generals to their soldiers to give them a fair hearing, when they
returned to Syracuse, — an appeal quite uncalled for after the loyalty
which these soldiers had just shown them. If however the words be
transposed, withDindorf,to their present position in the text, the passage
at once becomes intelligible. When the soldiers refused to elect new
generals, notwithstanding the news that the present generals had been
exiled, Hermocrates told them that they ought not to rebel against the
home government ; but that if any one had any charge to make against
himself or his colleagues, both he and they were in duty bound to give
an account of their commands. As however no one brought any accu-
sation against them, they consented to continue in command till their
successors arrived.
vcytK-fiKaTC. Many parallels may be found for this abrupt change
to the oratio recta (cf. infr. i. 4. 14, vi. 5. 35, etc.).
f||iCTcpav . . . ^iicT^pav. There is no need to transpose these words :
dp€Tt\ can very well mean courage and skill in commanding ; irpo9v|jiCa,
sc. rav arpariorrSjVy ' zeal in obeying.'
§ 29. 8c«>|i,^vttv. Genitive absolute.
5
HELLENICA.
Book I. Kai^^civ, * would bring them back from exile.'
M § 30. irpoo-0}&iXot)vT€s. The pres. part, expresses frequency.
J^ SxV =TOVTa)V ovs,
dvcJwovTO. Doric for dy^feoivovro.
§ 31. KaniYopifio-as. Thucydides (viii. 85) narrates, how in 41 1 B.C. Her-
mocrateis had accused Tissaphernes at Sparta of playing a double game
between the Peloponnesians and Athenians. He is mentioned (infr. i.
3. 13) as accompanying some Spartan envoys, who, at the same time as
some Athenian envoys, were to meet Pharnabazus at Cyzicus, 409 B.C.
Since Diodorus puts his expedition against Syracuse in 408 B. c, it must
have been shortly after this meeting that he obtained from Pharnabazus
the assistance described in this passage. Tissaphernes was the personal
enemy of Pharnabazus.
€v Tovnp 8i -TJKov, cf. ififivav tojs dfiteovro . . . AvewifjapciyTO. The
chronological sequence of events here seems to be hopelessly confused.
How could the old generals have at the same time waited for the new
ones to arrive and been sent on their way with promises of future help ?
Why in § 31 does Xenophon tell the story already narrated by Thucy-
dides (viii. 85) of what had already happened to Hermocrates early in 411,
and couple with that his visit to Pharnabazus, which must certainly have
been subsequent to his exile, mentioned in § 27 as apparently occurring
about the beginning of 410 B.C.? and why does he insert at this point his
preparations for his attack upon Syracuse, which was not actually made
• till 408 B. c. according to Diodorus (xiii. 63) ? Again, to what interval
of time does kv rovrqt refer ? for the new ships building at Antandros in
the spring of 410 cannot have been finished till the summer, i.e. after
the beginning of the next campaign. Perhaps it may be interpreted
to mean the time following the agreement made between the old generals
and the army, inclusive of the time required for building the ships. -Tikov
must therefore be translated as a pluperfect, * had arrived.'
els MCXtitov. This agrees with Thucydides, 1. c.
§ 32. *Ev 0d(rcp. Thasos had revolted from Athens in 411 B. c, two
months after Diotrephes, an Athenian oligarch, bad put down the
democracy, then existing, in favour of an oligarchy (cf. Thuc. viii. 64), and
had since submitted to the government of a Spartan harmost. Now it
appears that the popular party under Ecphantus had expelled Eteonicus
the harmost and his supporters, and admitted Thrasybnlus with an
Athenian force just after the battle of Cyzicus : cf. this section with
§§ 22. 12, and with Demosthenes (c. Lept. § 67), who adds that this
affair further led to t6v irepl Bpdicrjv t&itov entering the Athenian alliance.
&p|jio(rrfjs. In 423 B. c. the Spartans appointed governors in
Thrace (Thuc. iv. 131), and in 413 king Agis made Alcamenes harmost
of Euboea (Thuc. viii. 5). But it was not till the admiralty of Lysander,
6
I
NOTES. Cff. /, § zo—CIf. //, § I.
408 B. c, that it became a principle of the Lacedaemoniaa hegemony Book L
to appoint these officers backed up by oligarchies of ten in all the subject j
states; cf. Diod. xiv. 10 KaraaT^aavrts 8c yctdapxw AvaavSpov rot/r^i
vpoffiTO^av iimroptheaOai r^s vSKeis kv kxdffTy robs nap* oOtms KoXovfilvovs
ApHocrrds kyKaOiardyTa' rats ySip StjiiOKparlms frpofftcSwrwrfs ol AcuccSai-
fiSvioi 8t' dXiyapxias k^ovKovro rd.t v6\tis ZkOiKiTaOm, Other instances of
harmosts in these books are (i. 2. 18) Labotas in Heraclea, (i. 3. 5)
Hippocrates in Chalcedon, (i. 3. 15) Clearchus in Byzantiun, (ii. 3. 14)
Callibius at Athens.
ncunirniSas. It is impossible to determine whether Pasippidas
I was actually va^apxos in succession to Mindarus/or whether he merely
filled his place till the newly appointed successor Cratesippidas arrived.
§ 33. AcKcXcCos. Agis had commanded this imrtixifff^s ever since
its fortification in 413 B. c. (Thuc. vii. 19).
0|>d(niAXos had returned to Athens immediately after the battle at
Abydos (supr. § 8) to procure reinforcements.
§ 34* T*av «irl irftotv, . * o f those i n the rear.*
§ 35 • oTC^o*- *^oX 86ev, 'stould also seize the places from which, etc'
Kal KXIapxov. ical is to he retained : the passage means that, just
as Agis prevented provisions coming into Athens by land, so also Clear-
chus was to do the same by sea. Clearchus had been designated to '
command a squadron in the Hellespont in 412 B. c, and on his arrival
there in 411 B. c. Byzantium had revolted to him (ITiuc. viii. 8, 39, 80).
§'36. CIS 5tj<rT6v. Sestus was at this time occupied by the Athenians
(cf. supr. § 11), so that it has been proposed to read tls^AfivBov,
§. 37. 'AwCpa. This Hannibal was the son of Cisco, and according •
to the narrative of Diodoriis (xiii. 62) he captured Himera two years
later, in 409 B.C. Dindorf regards this reference to Sicilian affairs and
the similar ones in i. 5. 21, ii. 2. 24, so too the references to Persian
history, i. 2. 19, ii. i. 8-9, as interpolations : but they may very well be
justified on the analogy of Thuc. ii. 28, iii. 87, 92, etc., and indeed, since
. the Sicilian Creeks and the Persians had begun actively to interfere,
they may be regarded as necessary to the understanding of the course of
the war.
§ I. 'OXvfjtmds. See Introd. § 2. on Xenophon's chronology. II.
irpoarcOcio-a £wa)pCs. Pausanias (v. 8. 3) relates, that the two-
horse chariot race was first added in the 93rd Olympiad, i.e. 408 B.C. or
two years later than this date on Breitenbach's calculation, or one year
on Bruckner's.
BopiK^v. On the S.E. coast of Attica.
BpdovXXos supr. i. 8 was sent to obtain reinforcements for the
Hellespont, but now, for some unexplained reason, he takes his new fleet
7
HELLENICA.
•
Book I. to Ionia. Probably the Athenians were already completely masters of
M the Hellespont, and so could afford to use their forces elsewhere.
II. ^ ^1"* '**^» IC.T.X. : probably a gloss. Peter translates the words,
' together with those who were to serve as peltasts ' ; but anyhow d>s is out
of place.
§ 2. IlvycXa. A small town five miles S.W. of Ephesus.
§ 4. els N6tu)v. The harbour of Colophon, N.W. of Ephesus.
• dK|jL<£{ovTos ToO otCtov, * when the com was ripening,* i. e. about
June.
§ 5. XrdYvis. Thucydides (viii. 16) calls him (hmpxoi Tiaaaupipvovs.
§ 6. TQ *ApTC}u8L. The famous temple of Artemis at Ephesus.
§ 7. Kopii(fo-6v, a hill four and a-half miles S.W. of Ephesus.
§ 8. ar(|>C<nv can hardly be right. Sauppe conjectures *E<J>4aioi,
§ 9. &s cl JKOTov, 'about a hundred.'
§ 12. avTots dvSpdox, ' crews and all.*
§ 13. dirlXvo^v, *he let go free,* is a correction of Dindorf for the
MS. KarkXwcfv. The sense evidently requires some such change in the
text, as it can scarcely be true that Thrasyllus 'stoned to death* the
cousin of his own friend Alcibiades. Others conjecture leariKvfftv or
§15. ^(vTCS . . . fJKoicv : two different constructions are here used
after &s.
§ 16. 'AXKiPtd8i|S as the commander-in-chief alone is mentioned,
though it appears from Plut. Ale. 29 that Thrasyllus also took
part.
§ 18. Kopv^doxov. Xenophon.here gives rather a one-sided version
of the recapture of Coryphasium or Pylos on the Messenian coast by the
Spartans, which the Athenians had held ever since it was seized by their
general Demosthenes in 425 B.C. Diodorus (xiii. 64) says that the place
was at this time garrisoned by some Messenians, and when they were
attacked by the Spartans, the Athenians sent a fleet of thirty vessels
under Anjrtus to raise the siege. Anytus, however, was unable to
weather Cape Malea, and therefore returned to Athens ; whereupon
the Messenians shortly after surrendered. Xenophon omits altogether
' to notice the important recapture of Nisaea by the Megarians about the
same time (Diod. xiii. 65).
TOV8 citoCkovs. It appears from Thuc. iii. 92, viii. 3 that when the
Spartans in 426 B.C. settled 6000 colonists at Heraclea, they refused to
allow any Achaeans to join in the settlement: and that in 413 B.C.
king Agis had extorted money and demanded hostages of the Achaeans
of Phthia.
§ 19. Kal 6 4viavT6s, k,t.\, Dindorf prints this section in brackets
for the same reasons as supr. i. 37.
8
NOTES. CH, II, § 2—CH. Ill, § 20.
-
§ I. iravrl t^ orpaToir^Scp, i.e. the united forces of Alcibiades and Book I.
Thrasyllus, who had wintered at Lampsacus, supr. 2. 15. —m —
§ 2. KaXxTiSova Kal Bv{dvnov, now in possession of the Lace- Yd.
daemonians (of. supr. i. 35). -
§ 4. T rCo-T€is TTcirot'rin.^vos, i.e. trp3g Toi>y 'RiBwom .
§ 6. 'AXki^i^Stis. According to Plutarch's account, Alcibiades had
been previously engaged in repelling Phamabazus* attack on the outside
of the Athenian siege works.
§ 7. o-TcvoiropCav. The narrow passage in between the river and the
Athenian lines.
§ 8. ol 84 Xoiirol (rTparrj^oC. Thrasyllus and Theramenes (cf. Diod.
xiii. (i^),
§ 9. T^v <|>6pov . , . SiTOvircp cu2»9co'av. There is no evidence to show
whether this ip6po% was the ^lKoari\ or five per cent, duty on all imports
and exports, for which the Athenians in 413 B.C. commuted the tribute
originally assessed, by Aristides (Thuc. vii. 28) ; or whether in the interval
they had returned to the old system.
§ 13. Ilao-iinriSas was exiled (i. i. 32) on suspicion of treachery at
Thasos. In the interval therefore h6 mi;st have been recalled. These
Spartan envoys, who were evidently sent to counteract the influence of
the Athenian envoys, are not to be confused with those who (infr. 4. 2)
met Phamabazus at Gordium with the news of Cyrus' appointment to be
satrap of Sardis.
fjBT) ^€VY«v (supr. I. 27-32). Xenophon apparently inserts these
words to denote that Hermocrates was not with the envoys as com-
missioned by the Syracusan government, but hoping to gain, as he
actually did, some aid for the expedition which he was preparing against
his country.
§ 15. KXIapxo«: cf. i. i. 35.
vco8a|jLa)8wv. The name given to newly manumitted Helots : -what
their privileges were, cannot be ascertained (cf. Thuc, iv. 26, 80, vii. 58).
§ 1 7. dtXXat. There seems to be no need to change the MS. reading
to &Kka .aAAp. The construction &KXqx — kqX — kox — Koi oiroas aWai is
somewhat irregular, but the meaning is plain.
liri|3dTT)S ordinarily means either a marine or a private passenger.
There is no evidence to show that it was a title of an inferior naval officer
(cf. Thuc. viii. 61).
§ 18. ol irpo8i86vTCS. An anacoluthon: the nominative has no verb.
The interrupted sentence is taken up again at § 23 with evel d4.
§ 19. voTcpov. Byzantium surrendered a second time to the Lace-
daemonians in the autunm of 405 B.C. (cf. ii. 2. i).
dirl<|>vYev. P regnant meanings * got off b y s avin g.*
§ 20. dvoC{avT€S. Diodorus (xiii. 66) and Plutarch (Alcib. 31) give
HELLENICA.
Book I. a much fuller and somewhat different account of the capture of Byzan-
M tium, detailing an elaborate stratagem of Alcibiades, and speaking of
III. * hard-fought battle within the town.
rV. § 2. ot Tc AaKc8ai|iovC(ov. Although Xenophon introduces these
envoys with the article ol, as if already mentioned, they evidently cannot
be the same as those mentioned in ch. 3. 13 as journeying to Persia.
Probably therefore they had been despatched previously by the •Spaj>
tans to procure the dismissal of Tissaphemes from Sardis. .
irdvTcov &v by attraction for ircii'Ta c&i'.
§ 3. irdvTwv T^ lirl OoXdrrt). In the Anabasis (i. 9. 7) Xenophon
describes Cyrus more exactly as ffarpdmis AvBias re icat ^pvyias r^s
/AtydXfjs Koi KawaSo/clas, ffTpanjybs fik koI wdyrojv ... ots KaB'^teei €is
■ KourrouXov ircBlop &$p<A(€(rOai,
K^pavov. Doric for Kaprjvos, * chief.' Segaar however considers it
to be a Persian word, to account apparently for Xenophon's explanation
of the term.
§ 5. |At\ clScvoi. For the su(5cess of this measure cf. note on § 8.
§ 6. |i,l|j,i|rr|Tai, sc. 6 Kvpos. Some commentators have needlessly
conjectured /lifjaf/oivTo, sc. ol vpcffPtts ; for Phamabazus aimed not so
much to avoid the remonstrances of the envoys, as the displeasure of
Cyrus.
§ 7. (viavTol Tpcis, i. e. they returned to Athens in the spring of
405 B. c. just before the battle of Aegospotami.
ov iTGipd PocnXca. Some word like dvaydyoi must be supplied
from dir(Sf C(v immediately preceding.
§ 8. povX6|i,cvos, K.T.\, Cyrus' measures to prevent the news of his
own arrival, and of the intention of the Persian king to aid the Lace-
daemonians from reaching the Athenians, must have proved successful.
Otherwise it is hard to believe that Alcibiades would have chosen this
moment to return to Athens ; whereas, supposing him to have been in
ignorance, no moment could have seemed more propitious. He had
restored the Athenian dominion over the Bosporus, Propontis, and
Hellespont, had concluded a favourable treaty with Phamabazus, and
had sent an embassy to the Persian king in the hope of bringing him
over to the side of Athens.
§ 9. 0p(UTvPovXos here reappears in Xenophon*s narrative, nothing
having been said of him since the battle of Cyzicus in 410 B. c. ; cf. supr.
note on i. 32. From this passage it would seem that the Lacedaemo-
nian party had once more gained the upper hand in the island.
§ 10. oTpaniYovs ctXovro. It is not to be supposed that only three
generals were elected instead of the usual ten. Xenophon probably
names the three who were to command the fleet. -
10
NOTES. CH. IV, § 2— § i6.
<|>cvYOVTa. Thucydides (viii. 95) says that -the people lifnjtfHffcofTo Kot Book I.
'AXictfiiddfjy , ..Kariivcu in the year 411 B.C., but Alcibiades had never — »^—
availed himself of the permission, so that perhaps now the decree may py^
have been renewed. The cuise pronounced .over him by the priestly
family of the Eumolpidae was certainly not recalled till his return in
408 B.C.
§ II. rv0cCov. On the southern Laconian coast.
ToO . . . KardirXov. . The genitive may be made to depend on
KaToo'Ko'ir'fiv, or be regarded as a sort of partitive genitive dependent on
StrcDS. The meaning is the same in dther case.
i 12. 'Qpt||i,^ovs, sc. roifs fToKiras, from the preceding ir6\ts.
nXwn^pia. The washing of the statue of the goddess took place
on the 25th of Thargelion, i.e. about June 12 ; cf. Mommsen, Heorto-
logie.
dv€iriTifi8€iov.' So Plutarch, Alcib. 34 66tv \v toTs ^Xicto rSw
dvoippdSojv T^v iiiiipav ravTijv dirpa«ror *A07fvaToi vofjd(ovffiv' ov ^tXo-
<pp6vaJ5 o^ ovb' €v/JL€ySj5 iB6K€i vpoadfxofiivrj rhv *AXKi0t6drjv i) Beds
vapaKoXvirreaOai leal dtreXai&Vfiv iavrijs.
§ 13. 2x^os • • • Oav|i,d^ovTcs, a construction tcarcL aiviffiv,
ol |ji^ corresponds to olH % 1 7.
p.6vos, i. e. alone of those who had been banished at the same time. /
dircXoYif|OT| <S>s. Dindorf incloses the words in brackets as a gloss :
diTf A.071^^ is used passively.
dird To€ rf|s ir6Xca>s 8waTo{> : ' from the resources of the state ' ;
cf. i. 6. 7 Kard. T^,avTov Swardv,
§ 14. ^cppaX6|icvoi, MSS. vwcp^aWo/juvoif literally ' having put off I
that which seemed to be just to another time ' ; i. e. the demand for an |
immediate trial, which seemed to be just.
€€rript\<rav. The oratio recta is somewhat irregular, but is due to
the length of the sentence.
§ 15. SotiXcvcDv is appropriate as expressing the relation between
Alcibiades as a subject, and the Persian king as a master.
§ 16. etvai. Dindorf inserts (hau from one MS. It is a contracted
expression for rStv roio^rrmv oT6<Tir€p avrbs Tjv ovrwf (tvaif * they denied
that it was the part of men who were such as he was, to need, etc'
otoio-ircp irpoTcpov, ic.t.X. The words, as they stand in the text, are
a correction, almost universally adopted, of the unintelligible MSS.
TOiovTos oXos. But even so corrected it is very hard to extract any
meaning out of them, rots . . . cxOpots is the dat. depending on inr&pxfiy,
and ototairep is the dat. instead of the nom. by attraction after roiovrois :
the sequence of cases SwewrOctcnv . . . X€v4>0.lvTas is very irregular. Per-
haps therefore the passage might be rendered : ' they said that nothing
was left to his enemies except to appear to be what they had been before
II
HELLENICA.
Book I. (i.e. to try to appear to-be as powerful as they really had been in th^e
M oligarchy of 41 1 B. c), and afterwards, when they should really have
py gained power, to make away with the best citizens, and thus being
themselves alone left remaining, to be courted by their fellow-citizens
for the very reason that they would have no better men to employ.'
§ 17. Twv TC 4>oPcp(<^v, K.rX. Ycv4(r9(u is the infinitive dependent on
<l>o0€pSfv. Translate : * and that there was a danger that he alone would
be the author of the evils that it was feared would befall the state ' :
<l>ofi€p(av . . . y€vi<r0cu = (l>ofi(pafV fif^ y4vrjTcu.
§ 19. Join trapeaicevaayAvtav [li^ iitirpiireLv.
§ 20. a^okp&nwp. For a parallel cf. Thuc. vi. 8, when Nicias,
Alcibiades, and Lamachus were appointed ar partly ol airoKp&Topes,
o-c^cai, i. e. to secure what remained and to recover what was lost
of the Athenian power.
irpoTcpov |iev. For the first time since the Imrtix'^aK was estab-
lished at Decelea, Alcibiades now conducted the procession to Eleusis,
as of old, along the Sacred Way. He evidently meant it to be not only
a military demonstration, but an act of atonement to the priestly party,
whose hatred he had so deeply incurred (cf. Thuc. viii. 53). Plutarch
indeed says that he roused such enthusiasm among the common people,
that they hoped that he would make himself tyrant (cf. Thuc. vi. 15).
§ 21. rpCrcp |jiT|vt. The Eleusinian mysteries were celebrated on the
20th of Boedromion, i. e. Oct. 4 : the Plynteria on the 25th of Tharge-
lion, i.e. June 12. Alcibiades therefore must have stayed at Athens
within a week of four months.
'QpT)|icvoi KOTcl yi|v, i. e. Alcibiades selected them out of the college
of generals to command the troops on board his fleet. Diodorus (xiii.
72) erroneously mentions Adimantus and Thrasybulus. For the latter
was still absent from Athens (cf. Hell. i. 4. 9, 5. 11). It appears from
i. 4. 22, 5. 18 that Conon must have accompanied Alcibiades as
second commander of the fleet, as he was left by him to carry on the
siege of Andros.
§.22. rijs 'AvSpias xi»pa.%. This failure to capture Andros was made
a matter of reproach against Alcibiades by his enemies at Athens (Plut.
Ale. 35).
§ 23. ciroX^^ct. Diodorus and Plutarch state that Alcibiades made
plundering expeditions to Caria, Cos, and Rhodes, apparently in the
winter 408-407 b. c.
V. § I. irpArepov TovTaiv,i.e. a little before Alcibiades sailed for An-
dros and Samos, in the autumn of 408 B. c. Xenophon now proceeds
to bring his account of the doings in the enemy's camp up to the same
date.
12
NOTES. CH, IV, § i^—CH. F, § r.
rxfi vavapx^as. The origin of the admiralty at Sparta, like that of Book I.
other Lacedaemonian institutions, is shrouded in some obscurity. Hero- ^ — m —
dotus (}ii. 56) speaks of a Spartan naval expedition undertaken against -y
Polycrates, tyrant of Samos, about 525 B.a, but does not mention who
was the commander. He does however apply the title of vavapxos to
Eurybiades at the battle of Salamis (viii. 42), but he calls king Leoty-
chides, who commanded the Greek fleet at Mycale in '4'j^ B.C. arparrjy^s
Kal vavapxos (viii. 131), showing that at that date the office was not
permanently separated from the kingship. From this time, with the
doubtfiil exceptions of the regent Paiisanias and Dorcis (Thuc. i. 95), we
hear nothing of the admiralty till the time of the Peloponnesian War,
after the outbreak of which till its close a tolerably complete list of
admirals can be made out all the time that the Spartans maintained a
fleet at sea. The list begins with Cnemus 430-429 B.C. (Thuc. ii. 66, 80,
93), who seems, like the other Spartan magistrates, to Have entered on his
office in September. Alcidas succeeded after a year's interval, 428-427
(Thuc. iii. 16, 26), and then after another year's interval, Thrasymelidas^
426-425 (Thuc. iv. 11). In 425 the Spartans lost their entire fleet at
Pylos, and built no more ships until after the Athenian disaster at
Syracuse. In 413-412 Melancridas was admiral of the newly built
fleet : he was followed in the two next years by Astyochus (Thuc. viii.
20) and Mindarus (Thuc. viii. 85), who perished at the battle of Cyzicus
in the spring of 410 B.C. It is doubtful whether Pasippidas, who was
commissioned to collect together what ships he could (Xen. i. i. 32) was
actually admiral or not, and it is doubtful again, when the titular
admiral Cratesippidas took command over the ships that he had thus
collected, although Xenophon narrates the fact as occurring apparently
in the campaign of4ii-4io. At any rate Cratesippidas was not suc-
ceeded by Lysander till the autunm of 408 (Xen. i. 5. i). At the end
of his year of office Lysander was followed by Callicratidas, who was
drovmed at the battle of Arginusae in 406 B.C. (c. June). After an
interval of some months the fleet- was handed over to Lysander as
kmaroXevs or second in command, the nominal admiral being Aracus.
Then there is d. gap of one year in our information, during which
Lysander was again actual commander of the fleet, whoever may have
been the titular admiral, and for the following year (404-403) Libys, the
brother of Lysander, was appointed to be admiral.
As to the powers of the office Aristotle (Pol. ii. 9. 33) calls it o'x«8^i'
iripa fiaatXeia — a criticism which seems, however, to be true only of
Lysander, and possibly of Teleutias, the brother of king Agesilaus
(392-391 B.C.) ; and which seems tacitly to refer to Aristotle's previous
definition of the kingship as merely a ffTparrjyia BicL fiiov. In this respect
the admiral was indeed another king, having a power independent of
13
HELLENICA.
Book I. and parallel with that of the two ordinary kings. But in another respect
— M— his position was far inferior and more precarious : for the office was, as
•y a general rule (the case of Cratesippidas, who was sent out. to command
whatever ships he could find, being apparently an exception), an
annual one— at least so it would appear from the list of admirals that
can be made ont with tolerable certainty so long as the Spartans main-
tained a fleet at sea — and moreover the same individual could not legally
hold it twice (Xen. ii. 1.7). In the case of Lysander indeed the ephors
discovered an easy evasion of the law, by appointing him for two
years liriCToXcvs or second in command to a merely nominal admiral :
and it was while holding this subordinate position that Lysander attained
to his greatest power, and acted like a sovereign prince in the
Aegean. Thus at the siege of Athens (405-404) he appears as con^-
mander of the fleet quite on an equality with the kings Agis and Pausa-
nias in command of the army, and further to have the advantage over
them in that his action was not hampered by the presence of a colleague.
Again, when any admiral had proved himself inefficient or untrust-
worthy, the Spartan government preferred, as they did with the kings,
rather to send out ovyL^ovKoi to advise him than simply to deprive him of
his office (cf. Thuc. vi. 85, viii. 39), unless this was absolutely necessary.
The office of the kitioroK^^t^ or second in command has already been
referred to in the case of Lysander. But in ordinary cases the secretary
was appointed, as Pollux (i. 96) declares, to be simply b kir\ rov ut6\ov
itdSoxos rov vavdpxov. Thus after the death of Mindarus, his secretary
Hippocrates took the command of the fleet (Thuc. i. i, 23), and the
admiral Callicratidas left his secretary Eteonicus at the head of the
squadron blockading Conon atMytilene, while he himself sailed to meet
the Athenians at Arginusae, and after his death his place was filled by
Eteonicus until the arrival of a definitely appointed successor.
As to the method of election to the admiralship nothing at all is
known, though it is plain that the post must have been regarded as of
great significance in the struggle of political parties at Sparta. Thus
the choice of L3^sander three times to command the fleet, once as
admiral and twice as secretary, followed by the choice of his brother
Libys and later of his friend Anaxibius, points to the supremacy of his
party in the home government, and similarly the appointment of his
opponent Callicratidas in the autunm of 407 must mean a temporary
check to his policy, though but few details can be made out from the
confused and unchronological account of Plutarch.
jp8o|iif|KovTa. This was the first fleet the Spartans had cqllected
since the battle of Cyzicus, 410 B.C. (sup. i. 18).
clt SdpScis : from Gordium in Phrygia Minor (sup. 4. 3), where he
had been in the spring of 408.
14
NOTES. Cff. Vy § 2 — § 1 6.
§ a. Tots Ik AaK€8aX|iovos Trplo-pco-iv : these must be the same as in 4. 2. Book I.
§ 5. tAs <rwOif|Ka8 (cf. Thuc. viii. 29, 45, 58). One mina=: 100 drach- ,,
mae=6oo obols, or three obols a day for every sailor in a crew of 200. «*
§• 9. W 'AXKiPulSov (cf. Thuc. vui. 46).
1*118^ otiavcs =/<ti78^vcs drivis tlffi : * none of the Greeks whatever.'
§ II. Cf. Introd. § 2 on Xenophon*s chronology for the reasons for
putting the beginning of the new year at this poitat.
BpacruPovXov. Xenophon does not relate how Thrasybulus sailed
from Thrace and Thasos (supr. 4. 9), nor why he was now fortifying
Phocaea. This town was occupied by the Spartan admiral Astyochus
412 B.C. (cf. Thuc. viii. 31), and after Arginusae, 406 B.C., the Pelopon-
nesians fled to it for refuge. But, like Cyzicus, it may have been un-
walled, and so liable to occupation by either side, so that there is no
need to change ruxlCfiv into imrfixiCciv, Diodorus (xiii. 73) has a
different story altogether, that Alcibiades sailed not to Phocaea, but to
Clazomenae.
'AvtCoxov. Plutarch (Ale. 36) calls him an experienced seaman, but
rash and inconsiderate. In ch. 10 he jelates a story of the manner in
which, as a boy,, he gained the friendship of Alcibiades.
§ 13. &s ?Ka<rros ijvoifey : ' as each got clear of land.'
§ 15. AcX^Cviov Kal *Hi6va. Delphinium was in Chios. Diodorus
(xiii. 76) ascribes the capture of Delphinium and Teos not to Lysander,
but to Callicratidas, and therefore to the year 406 B. c. Hence some
commentators have proposed to read l4<uv ^ or Tfjiovs instead of
*Ui6va.
§' 16. -fj-YYcXOTi. Plutarch (Ale. 36) makes a certain Thrasybulus, son
of Thraso [to be distinguished from the famous Thrasybulus], return to
Aliens immediately after the battlq, and there formally impeach Al-
cibiades for general misconduct. Diodorus (xiii. 73, 74) here again gives
quite a different account : the general discontent at Athens was, accord-
ing to him, increased by the accusations of some Cymaean envoys, who ,
complained that, after the battle of Notium, Alcibiades had made a
descent upon Cyme and ravaged its land, notwithstanding that it \ifas
an allied state. But something must be wrong in Diodorus* account,
because Thucydides (-viii. 31, 100) distinctly states that Cyme was on the
Peloponnesian side. Nepos (Ale. 7) has yet another version, that
Alcibiades was accused at Athens, not for the defeat at Notium, which
he does not mention, but for his failure in an attempt upon Cyme.
dXXovs 84Ka. Since the battle of Notium must have taken place
in the spring of 407, and elections were held at Athens about May i,
it would seem that Xenophon must mean, not an extraordinary election
of generals to replace Alcibiades, but the ordinary elections for the
year 407-406, at which Alcibiades failed to secure re-election. Other-
*5
HELLENICA,
Book I. wise we should expect to hear not of ten, but only of two or three new
■ M generals appointed to supersede him in command of the fleet Cf.
■y^ Introd. p. 32.
§ 17. rd lavrot) (Diod. xiii. 74, l*lut. Ale. 36): a castle named
Pactyes near the Thracian town of Bysanthe on the Propontis.
§ 1 8. TTJs "AvBpoti, where apparently he had been left by Alcibiades
(i. 4. 23).
^avooOevY) : since the name of Phanosthenes does not occur in the
list of the new generals, it would seem that he was one of the generals
of the preceding year, and that he was sent to replace Conon at Andros
in the interval which elapsed between the election of the new generals
in May, and their entering office in July.
§ 19. AcDpUa: cf. i. i. 2, Thuc. viii. 35, 84.
€j 'A6t|vwv. Rhodes was one of the subject allies of Athens, and
therefore under her jurisdiction.
I Trap' avTois, i. e. at Thurii.
cXcTJauvTcs, because of the fame he had won as an Olympic victor.
Cf. Thuc. iii. 8.
§ 20. cp8o|XT|KovTa. Plutarch (Lys. 4) speaks of the impoverishment
of Athens at this juncture.
"VT. § !• ■?! ©"cX-fivTi, K.rX. On the chronological data see Introd. p. ao sqq.
This eclipse occurred on April 15, 406 B.C.
h iraXat6s, K.rX. Probably the temple of Athena Polias on the
Acropolis, called * old ' in opposition to the newer Parthenon.
§ 4. Twv Av<r(&v8poti <^CX(i>v. Diodorus (xiii. 70) states that Lysander
during his period of office organized the various oligarchical clubs in
the Ionian states in his own favour, promising them the government of
their cities (cf. ii. 2. 2). .
dv€'nxrr|8cCo}v. Translate: 'since often unsuitable men were ap-
pointed, who had only just studied naval matters, and did not know
how to employ men.' Dindorf corrects the MS. reading to hrt \wtj^
Sctcuv ycvofievojVf and omits oi before ytyvoj<TK6vTOJVy — changes, which
certainly give an easier meaning, but there seems to be no absolute neces-
sity to change the text.
I § 5* '"'pos ^ ^y^ TC* ^•'''•X. : ' in relation to those measures for which
I am myself ambitious, and our country is accused, etc'
§ 8. ir€|i.i|;as Tptifjpcis. Xenophon nowhere relates the result of their
mission.
§ II. iKctva: the money from Lacedaemon.
Oav)td{civ : a stronger word than Btpavtvuv,
§ 12. ol alTia{Sj]icvbi cvavnovcrOat : 'those who were accused of
opposing him.'
16
NOTES, CH. V, § 17 — CH, VI, § 29.
liraYY€XX6fA€voi, sc. Zovvax : * promising themselves to give money Book I.
from their private means.* , ,«
c(|>o8ia<rd^cvos K,r.\. : ' having had his seamen paid five drachmae -ot
apiece.'
§ 13. tQxv Tcl irpdyiiaTa Ix^vrwv : * those who were in power.'
§ 15. Tovs 8i Twv 'AO-qvaCcov 4>povpoi}s. Gr6te (vii. 406) overlooks the
fact that Callicratidas allowed the Athenians to be sold.
^oixcovra. Plutarch (* non posse suaviter,' etc., xviii. 6) explains :
aiffxp^ f^ol Kpvfpa wfipav Kal irapafiid^taOcu r^v 6d\aTTav,
§ 16. els oXC^as : cf. supr. 5. 20.
iKardv Kal lp8o|iifJKovTa : the thirty Athenian ships captured' § 17
seem to be reckoned by ahticipation : for according to § 3 and Diod.
xiii. 76 the number was now 140. «
§ 17. KaraKuXvOcCs, i.e. prevented from beaching his ships under the
city walls.
§ 19% KoCXYivvavv: ' the ship's hold.'
Tcl irapoppviiaTa : what particular kind of coverings these were, is
unknown. Apparently the crews remained below during the day-time
to escape the notice of the enemy, and to fit out the ships. They had
to wait five days before they caught the Peloponnesians off thieir
guard.
§ 20. &s . . . '€ivai : d)s is here used with the infinitive, like ware.
§ 21. us iKaoTOt fjvoiYov : * as they severally got clear of land.' This
seems a simpler rendering than to take w;, as Peter does, as qualifying
txaaroi only, and t€ as copulative, ijvoiyov . . . k^prljdovv. The logical
order of ideas appears to be somewhat confused in the phrases dyia^s
a-noKdirrovTfs . . . kyeipdfievoi . , . elaPdures.
The detail with which Xenophon narrates this incident of personal
skill and courage is noticeable.
§ 22. Aio|j,l8a)v. Xenophon does not say where he was coming
from : from the context it would appear that it was not from Athens.
§ 24. 8ovXovs. To enrol slaves, even as rowers in the fleet, was a
very exceptional measure. These slaves who fought at Arginusae were
•rewarded with their freedom, and were given allotments of land together
with the same political privileges as the Plataeans enjoyed at Athens (cf.
Arist. Frogs 190, 693 ; Miiller, Fr. Hist. Gr. i. 56, 80).
Twv tinrlcov : the knights formed the second of Solon's five classes
and were usually exempt from naval service (cf. Thuc. iii. 16).
§ 27. cv rats 'ApYtvovouts : three small islands between Lesbos and
the mainland.
§ 28. dvl<rx€v, sc. 6 vtiu^v^ * when the storm ceased.'
§ 29. 'Epao-ivi8T|s. Xenophon nowhere relates how he escaped from
Mytilene, in which, according to § 16, he was blockaded together with
B 17
HELLENICA,
Book II. § 24. ciravifJYovTO : imperfect, to express that the Athenians also did
— M— so for four days.
J, § 25. *AXKipLd8t|S : last mentioned as sailing to these forts, i. 5. 17.
According to Diodorus (xiii. 105) he now demanded a share in the com-
mand of the fleet . Lysias (xiv. 38) actually accuses Alcibiades of having
betrayed, in conjunction with Adimantus, the Athenians at Aegospotami
in revenge for this repulse. But, if Xenophon's account of the circum-
stances be correct, any treachery* on his part seems to have been quite
impossible,, and in the following year it was Adimantus and his party
who contrived the assassination of Alcibiades.
§ 26. auTol . . . cKcivov : for this the regular construction of nominative
and accusative in oratio obliqua cf. ii. 3. 17, Thuc. iv. 28.
§ 27. TOis irap* avTOv lirofjilvois, i.e. those who had been ordered by
him to follow the Athenian movements, supr. § 24.
§ 28. t6v ciriirXovv. Diodorus (xiii. 106)' gives a totally different ac-
count of the battle, making the Athenians, led by Philocles, take the
offensive.
SCKpoToi, i. e. with only two out of the three tiers of oars manned.
UdpoXos : this and the XaXafiivia were sacred vessels used by the
Athenians for religious missions, for conveying ambassadors, and for
carrying the commands of the home government to the generals : cf.
infra vi. 2. 14 ; Thuc. vi. 53 ; viii. 86.
owcXc^cv : cf. supr. dteaKtdcuTfjLtvQJV rojv avOpinrtuu,
els rd TCixvSpia, i. e. of Sestos. Xenophon omits to relate its
capture. Diodorus (1. c.) puts the event immediately after the battle.
§ 29. Td {jLcydXa . . . toria. Lysander must have left them behind
to lighten his ships for rowing; cf. i. i. 13. Xenophon says nothing
. more about Cdnon till just before his great victory over the Lace-
daemonians at Cnidus in 394 B.C. ; cf. iii. 4. i.
§ 30. Tovs aixi^taXdaTOvs : according to Plutarch (Lys. 11) 3000 in
number.
§ 31. tt\v 8€jidv x^^P^^' So Plutarch (Lys. 9), Philocles tirua^ ifnj<f>i-
ffaaOai rbv d^fjLOV dvoit6irT€iv rbv St^iov dvTixfipct rSrv &KiCKoiiivoav,
Swojs ddpv fji^v (pfptiv fifj Si/i'oui/rat, K^irqv 5* kXavvojai.
§ 32. iiTidOTj . . . |icvTOv, i. e. in contradiction to the pretended reason
for sparing his life. The evidence against Adimantus is very doubtful.
Lysias (xiv. 38) speaks of Alcibiades "rdis vavs Avadi/Spc^ fxtroL 'Adtifidmov
vpodovvaif where he is certainly misrepresenting much of Alcibiades'
conduct. Indeed, in another speech (ii. 58), he regards the cause of the
• disaster as doubtful, ttre ^yffjiSvos xaKiq, (irc Ofwv ^lavoiq. Pausanias
(iv. 17, X. 9) preserves the Athenian tradition, that Adimantus and
Tydeus were the traitors, the latter being the bitterest opponent of
Alcibiades. Isocrates (v. 62) expresses no decided opinion. The ac-
NOTES, CH. /, § 24— C/r. 77, § 6.
cusation of treachery brought by Conon against Adimantus (mentioned Book II.
by Demosthenes xix. 191) belongs to a much later date, c. 393, after the — m—
amnesty of 403. In the midst of such uncertain evidence it is impossible to j^
form a definite opinion either way, especially as accusations of treachery
to account for so irretrievable a disaster would lie so ready to hand.
irapavofjictv. The MS. D has interpolated in it after vapavofjifiv
— vuc^aas €<ptj volfi d va^€tv cfifWfs -^TTrjOuSt €v6hs tovtov du€cr(pa^€
fAcrd, TU)v aXKojv arparrj^Stv, which exactly agrees with the story of his
answer given by Plutarch (Lys. 13).
•
§ I. KaXxii&ova. This city was, by the treaty with Phamabazus in II.
409 B. c, left in the hands of the Lacedaemonians, and must therefore
at some time since have been taken by the Athenians.
ol h\ irpoSovTcs : cf. i. 3. 18.
rhm : before the surrender of Athens.
vorrcpov : after the restoration of the democracy in 403 B. c.
§ 2. ci8(^ Srt . . . co-coOai. The construction is altered owing to the
intermediate clause oo-cp . . . Ilcipaid : cf. iii. 4. 27.
o<rcp irXcCovs : the correlative roaovn^ is wanting before 0aTTOv :
cf. iv. 2. II.
BvHavrCov, k.t.K As masters of the Bosporus, the Lacedae-
monians could now prevent the passage of all corn ships on their way
to Athens; cf. i. i. 35 ; ii. i. 17.
ApiAoorV* It appears from Diodorus (xiv. 13) and Plutarch (Ljrs.
i 3) that Lysander now established, in connection with the oligarchical
clubs that he had previously organized in Asia Minor and the Aegean,
a system of decarchies or councils of ten men in every subject state,
to replace the democracies, and to support the Spartan harmost or
governor, and his garrison ; cf. note on i. 5. 8.
§ 3. & Srcpot T^ Ircpcp : in partitive apposition to the nominative, as
iftonoi^ov had preceded: the genitive absolute would have been more
regular.
Mt|XCovs: cf. Thuc. v. 116.
IcTTUu^: cf. Thuc. i. 114.
SKUovaCdvs Kal TopwvaCovs : cf. Thuc. v. 3, 32.
AiYLW|Tas : cf. Thuc. i. 108, ii. 27.
§ 5. els Ala^ov. The Athenians had held this island, with the
exception of Methynma, since they had recovered it after its revolt in
412 B.C. (Thuc. viii. 23).
KaTC<rKcvd<raTO. For the system introduced cf. note On § 2. The
same is meant infra by trpds Acuetdaufwylovs fUTitrnjaev,
§ 6. rQiv yyapi^uay, i. e. the oligarchs, who often too called themselves
KoXol K&rfoBoL For the conduct of the Samian democrats cf. Thuc. viii. 21.
HELLENICA.
■
Book II, § 7. tpXt^v 'ApYcCow, who had concluded an alliance with Athens in
o 420 B.C. (Thuc. V. 47), to which they seem now to have been faithful.
J J $ 8. T^ Ka\ov)icv<p -YV}iva<rC(p : evidently a gloss.
§ 9. irXcCoTTOvs avTi^ dOpoC<ras : most of them had settled at Thyrea,
on the south border of the Argolis; cf. Thuc. ii. 27.
rf)s a^T^, sc. irarplSos,
rd irXoia : the com ships.
§ 10. €v6)u^ov 81, /C.T.A. This is one of the chief passages on which
the theory of Xenophon*s philo-Laconism in Hellenics I, II has been
based. But when compared with the impartiality of the rest of the
books, it may very well be that Xenophon is merely chronicling what
were actually the feelings of the Athenians at the time.
cKcCvois : the Lacedaemonians.
§ II. Tovs aTi\iovs. The proposal was made by Patroclides (Andoc.
1. 73). It did not apply to the exiles (cf. infr. § 20), but only to those
who had been in any measure disfranchised for the part they had played
in the oligarchical revolution of the Four Hundred in 41 1 B. c. ; cf.
Introd. p. 35.
irap* *A*ytv. Lysander had already crossed with part of his fleet
to Asia in order to lay siege to Samos ; cf. infr. § 16.
§ 12. ov Y^tp ctvai Kvpios: for the almost supreme power of Agis,
when he was at Decelea, cf. Thuc. viii. 4, 71.
§ 13. ScXXoo-Cqi: the frontier town of Lacedaemon.
aur66cv : temporal, * at once,' * on the spot.'
§ 15. Ti)s Kadaipccrccos. This shows that the Athenian envoys were
not simply dismissed by the Spartans, but had definite terms proposed
to them, on which a peace could be concluded.
Ti&v |Mucp^ TCtx&v . . . ^Karlpov. There were two long walls
joining Athens and Piraeus, and one joining Athens and Phalerum ;
itcaripov must therefore mean each of the two outer walls.
CY^CTO tk ^-({^Kriux. This was the work of the demagogue Cleo-
phon; cf. Lysias xiii. 11.
§ 16. TowoTow 8i Svrav. roioiroav is the predicate, the participle
having no subject, as supr. i. 2. 26.
irapd Av(rav8pov : now engaged in the siege of Samos ; cf. supr. §11.
cl8c^s . . . AaKc8ai|j.oviovs Tr6Tipov . « . dvrcxovox. The Greek
idiom often puts the subject of the dependent sentence as the direct
object of the principal verb.
irC<rrco)s IvcKa, i. e. as a pledge that the conditions would be ob-
served.
Tpets fit^vos ical irX^ov : from December 405 to the end of March
404 B. c.
ciitTT)ptfv 6ir6TC = rbv xaiphv <pv\6.TT0)v, kv $.
26
NOTES. CH, II, § ^—CH, III, % i.
Sid rd ImXcXoiir^vcu. rdv cItov: it* seems to be impossible to Book II.
reconcile this with the statement in § 1 1 that the com supply had already ■ m —
failed three months ago, before Theramenes* mission to Lysander. jx,
&iravTa SjTI : for the irregularity cf. Cyrop. i. 6. 1 1 5 n . . . ravra.
§ 17. ctra without Ik strengthens the opposition between the sen-
tences.
ov YcLp ctvoi Kvpios : cf. the answer of Agis supr. § 12.
-qP^OtI ... els AaKc8a()jiova : cts expresses motion ; ' to go to Lace-
daemon.' S^KaTos auT6s : ' with nine others.'
§ 18. 'ApwrroTlXii : cf. ii. 3. a, 13. Afterwards he was one of the
Thirty, and was sent by them to Sparta to obtain a Lacedaemonian
garrison for Athens.
§ 19. c£aipciv, sc. rhs *A$ifivaSf to be supplied from 'A^vaCais.
§ 20. *AaKc8aip,6viOi 81 : cf. Justin v. 7 ' Negarunt Spartani se ex
duobus Graeciae oculis alteram eraturos.* Infr. ii. 3. 41, however,
Theramenes attributes to them mere motives of political expediency.
KaOlvras = icartKOuv k(f>iyras, * having allowed to return.' Plutarch
and Diodoras add as one of the conditions, that the Athenians were for
the future to confine themselves to their own territory [touk 76 v6k€<av
waaSw l/rxo'p^o'at]. Plutarch (Lys. 14) professes to give the actual
words of the treaty : Kaj3/3aX6vTcs t6v n€ipaid Moi rcl fjuuepd aKiKq icaL
ttcfiduTfs kie vaawv rwv n6X.€0)v Td.v avrSjv ySy Ix^'''''^^ ravrd xa SpSfVTts
riiv tlp&vcof ixoirt, aX xpifioirtf md tovs (l>vy6das &ytyT€s. Utpl rSav vcuS/y
rw vk^Otos 6koi6v rl xa rrjvtl Boiciyf ravra voiiert,
§ 23. Av<rav8p6s re KariirXci, i.e. from Samos, which he was still
besieging : he entered the dty, according to Plutarch (Lys. 15), on the
i6th. of Munychion, i. e. the beginning of April, 404 B.C.
KaT^KaiTTov : * began to demolish.' The work was not completed
till the autumn of this year; cf. ii. 3. 11. .
vop,£^ovTcs : on the question of Xenophon's impartiality, cf. Introd.
pp. 14, 15, and note on supr. § 10.
§ 24. ik6yrav 'AKp^yavra. Xenophon has already, in i. 5. 21,
narrated this same defeat of the Carthaginians and capture of Acragas as
events of the year 407, 406. But it appears from Diodoras (xiii. 87, 9a)
that the capture did not occur till eight months after the defeat, L e.
December 406, and that Dionysius made himself tyrant of Syracuse
about June 405. In this passage {kv f /icaovvn, i. e. autumn) it is put
a few months later.
$ I. EuSCkov. Some MSS. read Ev5iov, which Dindorf corrects to III.
*EvMov, because an ephor of that name for. the year 413 B.C. is men-
tioned in Thuc. viii. 6. But Evdueov is the reading of the best MS. both
here and infra § 10.
27
HELLENICA,
Book II. dvapxCav, i. e. this year was not named, like the other years, after
,^ the dpxotfv €ir6}vvfio5.
TIT § 2. ^8o{€ T$ S^H^' This decree was passed, on the proposal of
Dracontides, in the autumn 404, five months after the conclusion of the
peace, ii. 2.23. Xenophon passes over all the intervening events, viz.
the nomination of five ephors through the agency of the oligarchical,
clubs, the embitterment of internal dissensions, the arrest of the demo-
cratical leaders, and the invitation sent by the oligarchs' to Lysander,
who was still besieging Samos, to interfere in the domestic politics of
Athens (§ 9, in September). When he airived in Athens, his oligarchical
partisans easily procured the passing of the decree mentioned in the
text through the assembly with all the usual legal forms, backed
as they were by the threats of Lysander, on the ground that the
Athenians had not completed the demolition of the walls within the
time prescribed in the treaty. Of the Thirty ten were nominated by
Theramenes, ten by the five ephors, and ten by. the assembly itself.
oCSc. Most had been members of the Four Hundred in 411 B.C.
§ 5. irpds ]Sd|Jiov, i. e. back to Samos.
€K T^s AcKcX^Cas, which Agis had first occupied in the summer of
413 B.C.
§ 4. ir<pl fiXCov IkXci\|/iv : September 3.
§ 5. dir(oX€<r€. It appears from Diodorus (xiii. 109-113) that Dio-
nysius was never really master of these two towns, but was defeated by
the Carthaginians in marching to the relief of Gela, and then led the
inhabitants of Gela and Camarina back with him to S3rracuse, and that
all this happened in the year 405 B.C.
vird AiovuaCov . . . dirc(rTdXT)(rav. Diodorus relates that the
Syracusan knights or aristocrats rebelled against Dionysius, and fled to
Catana. Unger therefore conjectures dvd Aiovvciov . . . dir€<TTr)<rav.
§ 7. Tois dpxaCoLS iroXtTais. Thucydides (viii. 21) relates that the
Samian brj/xos had in the year 412 B.C. expelled 400 of the aristocrats.
8lKa ctpxovras . . . <t>povp€tv, i. e. Lysander organized the govern-
ment of Samos in the same way as he had previously done in the other
subject states ; cf. note on ii, 2. 2. ^povpeiv is epexegetical, c&o-tc ippovpuv,
unless indeed it be a gloss.
d4>'fjKe, because with the surren<Jer of Samos the reduction of the
Athenian empire was complete ; c€ ii. 2. 6.
§ 8. CIS AaK€daC)iova. Diodorus (xiii; 106) and Plutarch (Lys. 16)
give a much more detailed account of the triumphal entry of Lysander,
with considerable exaggeration of the treasures that he brought back
with him.
& ^cpicY^ovTo. Contrast the conduct of Lysander, when Callicra-
tidas succeeded him in 406, i. 6. 10. irapcSctfc : cp. supr. i. 14.
28
NOTES, CIL III, § 2— § 14.
§ 9. €|<5.|jiY)vos Kal 6kt(&. Thucydides (v. 26) distinctly says that the Book II.
war from the Theban attack on Plataea down to the capture of Athens m ■
lasted almost exactly twenty-seven years, and if to this the six months be TXL.
added down to Lysander's return to Sparta in Sept. 404, the total number
of years is twenty-seven and a half. Morus (Xenophon, Hellenic, p. xxiii)
ingeniously shows how the interpolator arrived at the mistaken total.
For it appears from Thuc. v. 36 that the ephors entered on their office
about the autumnal equinox. When the war began therefore, Aenesias,
who had entered on his office in Sept. 432, had still four months of his
ephorate to run. Twenty-seven more names would bring us down to
September 404. Then the interpolator adds a twenty-ninth, because
Eudicus must have entered on his office just before Lysander returned.
§ II. 01 8^ TpK^Kovra. Xenophon takes up the narrative where he
left it in § 2.
KaO^pc^ : the aorist expresses the completion of the process, the
beginning of which several months before was expressed by the im-
perfect KariffKairrov, supr. 2. 23.
c()>* ({^TC (nryYpdi|i(u : for a similar use of c^* frc with an infinitive
cf. iii. 5. 24.
KaT4<m)(rav &% I86k€1 avrrots. Diodorus (xiv. 4) adds l/r rwv iSiwv
<pi\(uv' &aT€ TOVTOvs KaXfiaOcu fjiiv af^xovras^ tJvai 8* vrnipiras r&y
rpi&Kovra. Moreover, as appears from §§12, 23, 28, they had trans-
ferred all judicial powers to the fiovkij.
§ 12. irp^ov p,cv. Xenophon, as already mentioned, passes over
entirely the arrest of the democratical leaders in the months before the
nomination of the Thirty ; cf. note on § 2.
€v TQ StiiiioKpaTi^i, i. e. in the time when the government was still
a democracy.
diT-d <rvKO<^VT(as, i. e. by bringing quibbling accusations against
the rich in the popular law courts.
o-uvQSco-av JavTois p.i^ 5vtcs toioOtoi: for a similar constructiqn
cf. ii. 4. 17.
ovBlv ijxOovTO. Even Lysias (xih 5) admits that at first the conduct
of the Thirty had at least a show of justice about it.
§ 13. AlcrxCvijv T€ Kal 'ApurTorcXiiv : two members of the Thirty ; cf.
supr. § 2. -^
o-^tin crviAtrpaSat, K.T.X., lit. ' that X,ysander would join them in
•effecting that guards should come * ; cf. § 14 avvltrpa^^v.
§. 14. Tciv h\ ^povpuv. Partitive genitive with ous.
tJKurra fiiv irapo)Oov|jilvovs, k.t.\. : * would be least likely to allow
themselves to be set aside,' i. e. from a share in the government.
£v : notice the unusual omission of a» with da^ix'^aOaxj the first of
the two opposed sentences.
^9
HELLENICA.
Book II. § 15. circl 8c: the apodosis is wanting. It is virtually taken up at
<» § 18 with the words \k to^tov.
III. ^''■* *^^^ ^vy^v. The date and cause of his banishment are un-
known. He was in Athens at the time of the conspiracy of the Four
Hundred in 411 B.C., had proposed the recall of Alcibiades c. 408 B.C.
(cf. Plut. Ale. 33), and was an exile in Thessaly during the trial of the
ten generals in 406 B.C. (cf. infr. § 36). So that some have supposed
that he was banished in 407, as being mixed up with the affairs of
Alcibiades. He came back with the other exiles after the capture of
Athens, and was nominated one of the five ephors ; cf. Lysias xii. 78.
§ 16. ouK lyx<opoLy\, k.t.\.: * that it was impossible for those who
aimed at extraordinary power not to put out of the way those who were
most capable of hindering them.*
wo-ircp TvpavviSos, as it stands, is out of place. Jacobs therefore
brackets it. Hermann proposes to read fj &(nr€p rvpavvidoSf which gives
the sense that the passage requires.
§ 18. 01 dWot TpidKovra, although Theramenes was one of them.
oi rpioKovTa is similarly used as a proper name in ii. 4. 21, 23, 38,
after several of the number had been killed.
ovx IjicwrTa, i. e. li&Kiara.
Tous p.€0^JovTas — ot iiiOi^ovai. Similarly the Pour Hundred, in
411 B.C., had pretended to enroll 5000 citizens from those capable of
supplying themselves with heavy armour at their own expense ; cf infr.
§ 48. It appears from § 51 that no member of the 3000 could be con-
demned without the warrant of the Senate, while any other Athenian
could be put to death simply at the orders of the Thirty.
§ 19. pov\o|jievovs, K.T.\. KOivo)vov$ iroiifjo-aadai must be joined with
TpurxtXCovs, as appears from the order of the words. The meaning is,
* though wishing to take the best of the citizens into partnership, they
had taken only three thousand.'
Tov dpv6p.6v toOtov txovra, is in the accusative absolute.
ol6v Tc €iTj, as if S(nr€/) tX 6 dpiSfxds oxh-os Ix^* l^^id preceded.
^[ndLs, i..e. the Thirty.
§ 20. KcXcvo-avTCs €iri tcI SirXa : rohs rpio'xiA.tovs is to be supplied as
the object of ic€\€vaavT€s, as is apparent from the following kKuvoi = ol
. ^^fltf TOV KaTa\6yov. Most commentators interpret the phrase (irl rd. ov\a
as equivalent to Uvai Iir2 rci 5irA.a, arma capere, ^ having bidden the
three thousand to take up their arms ' : but Mr. E. Abbott would trans-
late, * having set them on the arms,* i.e. having bidden them to seize the
arms of the other citizens, while the latter were away from home,
— an interpretation which gives the meaning that the context requires.
Cobet (Mnemos3me vi. 47) points out that the passage must indicate
some stratagem by which all (^<u tov /earaXdyov were induced to leave
30
-M-
in.
NOTES, Cff. Ill, % 15—5 31.
their arms behind them, but denies that any such meaning can be ex- Book II.
tracted from the words as they stand : he conjectHres, therefore, that-
several words have fallen out of the text.
Tovs <^povpovs : the Spartan garrison.
§ a I. I^KooTov, i. e. row rpidKovra, *that each of the Thirty should
seize one of the Metoeci.'
§ 32. XaiJipdvoicv : the optative expresses frequency.
§ 23. T(f iravrC, adverbial, • in every point,' * altogether.'
irpds Tov$ PovXcvnils : to whom the judicial power had been trans-
ferred ; cf. note on § li.
irapa-ycv4<rOat : just outside the senate house ; cf. § 50.
a-uvfXc{av. The Thirty summoned the Senate, and directed the
course of procedure ; cf. Lysias xiii. 37 o2 /i^v ydp rpidicoyra €«d$rjvTo M
tSjv fidBpojVf oZ vvv ol trpvTavth KoBk^ovrai,
§ 24. trXcCovas tov Kaipo€ : ' more than is expedient.'
p,cOurrdox : from the preceding words t^v voXir^iay can be easily
supplied.
§ 25. rots oiois '^H'iv TC Kal v|Jitv, i. e. toio^toh oXoi -^fifis re koI {ffAtK
ifffxev.
§ 26. Xvp^aCvcrai with the dative has the same meaning as with the
accusative, * to injure,' ' do mischief to.*
§ 27. ols Swarai, ' by what means he can.'
&s 8^ raOra dXt|OTJ. After this one would expect puapripiov to
follow, which however is really implied in IJv KaTavo-i^Te, cvp-fjo-crc.
iroX^jxios |Jk4v ^, without Sy, to express the certainty of the supposed
case.
§ 28. avT^ . . . dpIoKct, an anacoluthon, just as if, not ap^as and
k^opixfiaasy but hvtl . . . J^p^t . . . k((i;pfiTfff€ had preceded.
a(i : cf. infp. § 30 wpStros aZ "^ytfi^v,
§ 29. 8<r(|p iroXciiCois. Here there is no correlative comparative with
Scry, although one is implied in the meaning : * men are more ready to
trust enemies than traitors.' Here o<r<p may be translated ' inasmuch as ' ;
cf. Cyrop. vi. 2. 19.
§ 30. icaTcl Tov irar^pa ''A'yvcDva, 'just as his father Hagnon had been.'
Hagnon was one of the vp6fiovX,oi appointed immediately after the
Sicilian disaster (Thuc. viii. i), who according to Lysias (xii. 65) prepared
the way for the conspiracy of the Four Hundred.
irpoirfTfcrroTos. For the facts alluded to cf. Thuc. viii. 68, 92.
§ 31. Kol ^dp 6 KoOopvos, Ar.r.X. Moras and other commentators put
this sentence in brackets as a gloss, such an explanation being quite
superfluous before such an audience. Moreover diropXIirei dir' d|i<^OT4p<iiv
cannot possibly be translated in the sense required, viz. 'fits neither
foot.'
31
HELLENLCA,
Book II. Set . . . ou ; . . Scivdv elvat mijst be translated together.
M— *is irpA-yiMiTa, i. e. * to dangerous undertakings.*
Ill *^ ^^ *''^' * otherwise,' more fully explained by ci . . . irXcoicv.
§ 32. 8i?|irov : cf. § 24.
irXctoTois . . . cj oXiyapX^Q'S = •nXtiaroi^ rwv PeknSvojv and irA.€/-
ffTOis (K Sr)fiOKpaTlas = vK€iffTOis rod S-qfjiov.
iva avTos irepicrwOeiTi : cf. Introd. p. 40, on the * Trial of the
Generals.'
§ 33- """ws 8i ov, sc. xp4.
ws . . . iroiovijiev . . . cwo-ficraTe : cf. note on § 27.
§ 34. Twv IJcp. The democrats in exile.
§ 35- *Y*^ 8i owK flpxov. For how this assertion of Thei3.menes is
to be reconciled with Xenophon's narrative in i. 7. 4 cf. Introd. p. 42,
on the Trial.
irpoo-raxO^v |i,oi v<|>* lavruv, accus. absolute, * that although orders
had been given me by themselves, I had not rescued,' etc.
|jn?j oTt, elliptic phrase /*») {^^yf) on, * much less to.'
4>do-K0VTCS ^dp, K.T,\. This is a direct contradiction to the generals'
own statement in i. 7. 6. Probably Theramenes means, that if the
generals said that a rescue was possible, and yet in their despatch made
no mention of any orders given to himself and other subordinate officers,
they would themselves appear responsible for the death of the ship-
wrecked sailors. But the generals never said anything of the kind.
§ 36. ^irapavevoiiTiKlvai. A word is required meaning that Critias had
' misunderstood the matter. Wolf therefore conjectures vapavcvorjKivat,
Cobet vafKLvevofxiKevai.
«v 06TTaXC^. In the Mem. i. 2. 24 Xenophon adds Kpirias . . . ipvyobv
eh @€rT(x\iau €kh avvrjv dvOpdnrois dvofxiq. fioKKov ^ diKatoavvn xp^f^^^^^^ •
cf. note supr. ii. 2. 15. Theramenes ridicules Critias for taking exactly
the opposite side in Athens to what he had taken in Thessaly: for
the Penestae, like the Helots in Lacedaemon, were * adscripti glefiae.'
§ 38. ixcxpt jiiv ToO vp.ds, if.T.X., * up to your being put into the senate
and to magistrates being appointed, and to the notorious sycophants
being tried, so far we were all of the same opinion.'
Tovs 6|xoXoYov|x€va>s o"UKo4>dvTas : cf. § 12 ots ttclvtcs -jScaav dvo
ffVKotjKivrias (Sn/ras. For the zdveih d/jio\oyovftivoJs cf. Demosth. xxix. 14
. rdv dfwkoyovfxivcos SovKov.
§ 39. AcovTos : for the previous history and democratical proclivities
of Leon, cf. Thuc. viii. 23, 55, 73, supr. i. 5. 16, vi. 16. Plato (Apol. 32)
gives a fuller account of this incident, in which Socrates was involved,
and showed his courage.
NikCou. The Athenian general at Sicily. Nothing more is known
of the son here mentioned.
32 •
NOTES. CH, III, § 32— § 48.
§ 40. *AvTi4«SvT08. Not to be .confused with Antiphon theifietorician. Book II.
who was executed for the part he played in the conspiracy of the Four %%
Hundred. Nothing more is known of this Antiphon, unless he is to be ttt
identified with the Antiphon mentioned in Memorab. i. 6. i.
cva cKooTov : cf. note on § 21.
§ 41. Stc toL SirXa, K.r.\,y § 20.
TovTov IvcKa povXo|Mvovs : cf. Diod: rv. 63, Polyaenus i. 45. 5,
whence it appears that the Spartan reasons for sparing Athens were
based as much on policy as on generosity ; cf. supr. ii. 2. 20.
84oivTO. If the reading be right, the present tense must show that
Theramenes alludes to the feeling that the Lacedaemonians entertained
towards the Athenians at the moment he was speaking. Cobet (Mnem.
vi. 46) corrects it to 7* idioirro.
$ 4'2. r6 <^pot>povs |ua9ova^ai, § 13.
i<ai ^^ici>s cp,^XXo|xcv, H.r.K.y ' until we, the rulers, should easily
have made ourselves masters of the ruled.'
OpocrupovXov . . .'Avxn-ov . . . 'AXKiPi(i.8T|v. In §§ 13, 14, 21
Xenophon alludes only in general terms to the banishment and execu-
tion of the leading democrats. More extraordinary still, he never even
mentions the assassination of Alcibiades at this time by Phamabazus,
at the wish of Lysander, who had been instigated by Critias to accomplish
it ; cf. Plut. Ale. 38. For Thrasybulus cf. infr. .ii. 4. 2 sqq. Anytus
was one of the leading democrats, and after his return from exile was the
foremost accuser of Socrates.
§ 44. & lyClt X4yw, sc. Seiv ylyv€(r$at.
avTovs, Thrasybulus and the pxiles.
•? IYtta0ai, sc. avTovs, accus. and infin. depen ding on olfim.
irot TTjs X^P^^i partitive genitiveT"
§ 45. *A 8' a^ ctircv, k.t.\. : ' again as for his saying that I am of a
character always to change,' etc.
, c(|n)<^i(raTO : cf. Thuc. viii. 69.
§ 46. cKcivoi )A^v, K,T.K : ' the Lacedaemonians were as vigorous as
ever'; cf. Thuc. viii. 70.
«irl T<p xayLatx ^pv|jia, i. e. the fort Eetionea ; cf. Thuc. viii. 90.
Tavr* ai(r66)icvos. So Thucydides (viii. 92) attributes the discovery
and exposure of the plan to Theramenes.
§ 47. K69opvov, cf. § 30.
§ 48. 8paxp.'ns . . . fiCTf xoicv, i. e. should be made senators, a drachma
being the daily pay for sitting in the Senate. Cobet thinks the expres-
sion too artificial, and conjectures avrrj^, i.e. t^s ir6\€cas.
r6 [Uvroi . . . u^cXciv, k.t.X. If the reading be correct, the sen-
tence as it stands is an anacoluthon. Xenophon begins with rd fjUvroi
ally roTs dwafUvois (sc. dxf>€k(iv t^v voMrtiay) Kal fi($* tvvuv Kcd /i€t
C 33
HELLENICA.
Book II. dcirt&uv d^^eXco', as if he were going on to say t^i' troXiretai' aplarrjv
M jrap4xfiv i^oiyariv. Instead of doing so however he breaks off with 5id
III To^TOJV (i.e. SicL Twv Swafiiv'atv d)(p€\(Tv Kal fjieO^ tvnojv, k.t.K) in the same
sense as Demosthenes uses the phrase rSts 8icl t&v oXiyojv voXireias and
entirely alters the construction. Translate : " * but to support the consti-
tution with the hejp (aiJv) of those who are able to do so both with
horses and with shields. ... I say, I used formerly to think that a con-
stitution formed by (8ta) such men is the best/ etc. ; cf. note on § 1 8. For
the part that Theramenes played in the Four Hundred cif. Thuc. viii. 68.
§ 50. ov Pui>t6v, ' unendurable.*
TOtis rd CYXcif>^S*^ Ixovras : cf. § 22.
cirl Tols Spvi^^KTOis, • at the bar,' a railing made of lattice work,
with which the dicasts were surrounded. ■
§ 51. irpoo-TArov Ip-yov etvai otov Bet, ' that it is the duty of such a
president as a man ought to be.* otov is attracted into the case of
vpoaT&Tov. Two constructions, are here confounded : (1) vofu(o) vpoffrd-
Tov Hpyov flvcu otov Sef . . . dpofvra . . . fx^ imrpiirfiVf and (2) vofjd(ca
vpoffTdTTjv ttvai otov Scr, ts &v 6pSjv , . . fi^ (mrpiny.
Iv Tois Kaivois v6(iois : cf. §11 aip€$€VT(s 1^* ^rc <fvyyp&}f/di vS/iovs :
and in the Mem. i. 2. 31 Xenophon speaks more specifically of© Kpirias
. . . Twv rpidKOVTQ. &v vofioOirrjs ptfrd XapiK\4ovs.
T«v t^to, genitive dependent on levpiovs : Oavarovv is added epexe-
getically.
oruvSoKO-Ov, used absolutely ; cf. § 35 rrpooTaxOh.
§ 52. firl Tt^v *E<rr£av, where stood the altar at which the senators
took their oath.
§ 53. Kal TaOra y^-YvtioicoyTCs, i.e. 'especially when you perceive.'
§ 54. T01JS lv8€Ka: cf. note on i. 7. 10. The Thirty seem to have
retained this old democratical magistracy, filling it however with the
most violent of their partisans.
cKcivoi h\ ctacX06vTcs, a nominativus pendens without an accom-
panying finite verb.
Tol €K TOVTwv = tA KoiTrdy lit. * what comes next.'
§ 56. airoKOTTaPicravTa, i. e. * having jerked out the last drop.* The
K6rTa0os was a convivial practice, consisting in jerking out the last drop
from a cup, which was supposed to furnish an omen by its sound in
falling. Then the guest, who had just drunk, handed on the cup to the
guest whose turn came next.
cKcivo 8i KpCvco. Here for the oAly time in the first two books the
noble death of Theramenes draws from Xenophon a remark in the first
person. His portrait of him agrees well with that in Thucydides (viii; 6S,
89. 92) ; cf. Arist. Frogs 968. Theramenes in the Trial of the Generals
does not scruple to sacrifice the lives of others to secure his own. In bring-
34
NOTES, CH, III, § 10— CH, IV, § 6.
ing about the -second oligarchical revolution he is as skilful and successful Book II.
in his intrigues as he was in the first. So soon as he perceives that the '* '
policy of the Thirty is leading them to certain destruction, he opposes III,
them with the same skill as he had used in setting them up ; and when
at last his opposition brings him into personal danger, the nobler side
of his character shines out, till he drinks the cup of hemlock with the
courage and cheerfulness of Socrates. But after all that can be said in
his favour, it is hard to understand Aristotle's judgment on Theramenes,
quoted by Plutarch (Nicias 2), where he mentions him in the same
category with the statesmen Nicias and Thucydides, as ^iXntrroi rSw
voXirSav teal rtarpiic^v ^xoJ'tcs tvvoiav koI <l>i>dav irpds rhv drjfioVy though at
the same time admitting the justice of his nickname of K60opvos. Beloch
indeed" (Die Politik Athens seit Perikles), relying on Theramenes' own
words in § 48, tries to show that he consistently aimed to establish a
moderate democracy at Athens, based on the middle classes, who had
some stake in the state, both when he joined the conspiracy of the Four
Hundred in 411, and when he became one of the Thirty in 404 B.C., and
that he turned against his colleagues on both occasions, not from a mere
wish to save his own life, but because he really disapproved of the
extreme form of oligarchy, which they had introduced, based as it was
upon robbery and murder. From the epithet 6 K0fjaf/6sf which is given to
him by Aristophanes, we may conclude that he was in the habit of draw-
ing delicate distinctions ; and very delicate distinctions indeed are required
to free him from the charge of treachery in his conduct at the trial of the
generals and the capitulation of Athens.
§ I. irpoeiirov |iiv . . . liYoy 81. It appears that- here Xenophon is IV.
summarizing in a few words numerous acts of violence on the part of the
Thirty. He omits altogether the edict of the Lacedaemonians forbidding
any state to harbour the Athenian refugees ; cf. Plut. Lys. 27, Isocr. 7.
67, Diod. xiv. 6, 32. -JiYov, * evicted.*
^YOVTCS, sc. ol rpiiucovTO.
% 2. SpcurvpovXos : cf. ii. 3. 42.
^XV; between Mounts Cithaeron and Pames, on the road from
Athens to Thebes.
§ 4. ^vXds : the Athenian army was organised on the basis of Cleis-
thenes* ten tribes. Cp. Hdt. vi. iii, and note infr. § 23.
§ 5. owciXc'Yp.cvonf . . . ircpl lirraKoaCovs : cf. iv. 6. la ica2 dniBavoy
. . . vfpi rpiaieoalow.
4j8i| shows that some considerable interval had elapsed since $ 3.
§ 6. dvCcrravTO, ie.T.\., ^had already risen and were going.' The notion of I
motion implied being shown by Sirot. The nom. is ol voXifuoi understood. (
dird Tvv SirX«>v, * fr om the camp .'
c a 35
HELLENICA.
Book II. % 8. ovklrt vo|jiC{ovtcS| ir.r.X. Lysias (xxv. 23) represents dissensions
■ M as having already broken ont among the Three Thousand theml^lves.
jY*. KaTa4^V> Eleusis being a fortified town.
iropaYYcCXavTCS, sc. iKBuv,
€v Tott linrcvoxv has probably crept into the £ext from roh Imttvaiv
immediately above. For if the Athenian knights are meant in the sense
of * under the protection of the knights/ we should rather expect aw
Tois ImrtOffiv : and it can hardly mean the Eleusinian knights, because
it appears, from what immediately follows, that the review was of th6
whole forces, horse and foot alike. Moreover k^iraaiv kv rots Imr^vaty
can scarcely be equivalent to k^haaiv rwy Imriwy., Classen conjectures
iv rots *E\€vaivioi5.
dvayaY^vra, i. e. from the coast to Athens.
rots ^vScKa : cf. ii. 3. 54.
§ 9. rd 'nificiov, built by Pericles for musical contests.
'£X€votvC(ov. Both Lysias (xii. 52) and Diodorus (xiv. 32) say that
the Salaminians were involved in the same fate as the Eleusinians, but
they put the total number of victims altogether at 300 only.
<^vcpdy . . . TT|v «|rf|<|>ov : cf. the decree of the Senate as to the trial
of the generals, i. 7. 9.
§ 10. Twv iroXiTcSv, the Three Thousand.
dva<^^poti<rav. The participle is here transposed as vefi^ivra i. i . 2 3.
§ II. ^Tk |i.^v, ' for a while,' here opposed to a second action, which has
not yet begun — circl 8^.
I&t\ dvicvai, k e. * to prevent their march back again to Athens.'
h kvkXos, *the wall surrounding Piraeus.' Thucydides (ii. 13)
calls it sixty stadia, or nearly seven miles round.
*Iinro8d|Miov. Hippodamus, the Milesian architect, had laid out
the town of Piraeus.
Bcv8C8cu>v, the temple of Bendis, the Thracian Moon-goddess.
€iii itcvTT|KovTa. This unusual depth was on account of their great
number. The ordinary depth of the phalanx was eight.
§ 12. cir* avTo IS, * behind them.'
a^66cv, *from the place itself,' i.e. from Munychia and the Piraeus,
rd 8' dXXa SirXa, i. e. spear and sword.
§ 13. oOs . . . cSidjfaTC : cf. § 4.
fjlJilpav ir^|iim|v, * four days ago ' ; cf. Anab. iv. 5. 24 Ivarrfv ijfi4pav\
TOV8 4^iXTdTovs . . . dirc<rr){ui(vovTO. dnodrffjuiivfaOai is properly
applied to the confiscation of goods and chattels only. Here, in his
indignation, the speaker applies it to citizens.
irapaYCYcvT)VTa4,. The subject is 'the exiled citizens': with ol
• . . (povTO supply vapayfyiaOcu &r.
§ 14. <rwcXa|Apav6)M0a, ' were arrested.*
3^
NOTES. Cff. /F, § S — § 23.
o^ SircDS . . . aXX* ov8^, * non modo . . . sed De quidem.' Book IT.
hf cvSCqi xcLfj^va : cf. §§ a, 3, 7. ^
§ 16. T6is 7c irpo>TO(rr(L'nus. The dative may be either after 8c-/|(rciv n^
or after |ji<ixc<'^0M*
d|jicbpT^I<rcTai . . . £v . . . |icoTifj, i. e. roirwv Sjv.
<^vXaTT6(icvoi. hkj K.r.K., * but to protect themselves they will always
be skulking behind their shi.elds.*
lvaXXo|ji^o'vs makes better sense if taken of the enemy, * to drive
them back, when they leap upon our ranks.'
§ 1 7. ovTu irXoi^o-ios ^v KaXo€ : here o{;rai belongs to koXov, Its |
force is strengthened by the interposition of irXotJcios wVy * however rich I
he may be.'
t6v *EvvdXiov, 'the war-god*,; cf. Anab. i.. 8. 18 ry 'Ei/i/oX/y
§ 18. i&t^ irp6Tcpov cirtTCOco^ai . . . rpttOcCt), i.e. in order that the guilt
of being the first to shed a fellow-citizen*s blood might be upon the
enemy. .
§ 19. T&v h\ cv Ilcipaict 8lKa &px6vTo>v. Neither Xenophon, L3rsias,
Diodorus, Nepos, nor Justin mention the appointment of these magis-
trates, who are here introduced with the article as if already known to
the reader! Plutarch (Lys. 15) says (vOvs h\ tcai rd. irtpl Tijv iroXcrctov
iKivrjff€ (AiftravSpoi) rpi6jcovra fiiv Iv dffrtif Ziica 8^ iv n€ipai€i Haraar^ffas
dpXovTai. In any case they must have been subordinate to the Thirty,
who were aifTOKpdroptSf and it can only have been after the refugees from
Athens had fled to the Piraeus that their office was of any importance.
§ 20. KXc6Kpi.T08 8^ & To^v livoTfiov K^jpuf, ouc of the Eumolpidae,
the hereditary heralds in the Eleusinian mysteries, Arist. Frogs 1085.
§ 21. oXCyov 8civ, 'almost/ used absolutely.
cv 6kt«^ H''no-(y, from September 404 to April 403.
8cKa Iti], i. e. the last ten years of the Peloponnesian War» known
as the Decelean War. Isocrates (xii. 24, 67) says that the Thirty put
1 500 citizens to death.
§ 22. Tuv . . . diroOavovTuv . . . Jfartv ovt, 'some of those who have
been slain.'
ol hk Xotirol dpxovTcs : of the Thirty at Athens twenty-seven, and of
the Ten at Piraeus nine, were still left alive.
K ol 8icL t 6, k.t.\., i.e. as well as an account of their defeat.
§ 23. Sic^lpovTO irp69 dXX-fiXovs : cf. note on § 8.
Tois cv Ilcipaiit : the followers of Thrasybulus, now In occupation
of Piraeus.
ov8^v 8I01VTO, «.T.X., lit. * they had no need of these evils'; i. e. there
was no reason why they should suffer them.
Kol ctXovTO 84Ka, Iva dird ^vX^s, i. e. one' from each tribe ; cf. iv.
. 37
HRLLEmCA.
Book II.; 2. 8 efs Air3 iriJXfcw. Cleisthenes in 509 B.C. had divided the Athenians
. M into ten tribes, Hdt. v. 66. It appears from Lysias (xii. 55) that these Ten
jy were of that section of the oligarchical party of which Theramenes had
been the leader, and that they were chosen becanse it was thought that
h-Koi^ hv vir6 tSjv avrSnf roii re Tpt&Hovra fiLffttaBou teal tovs ev Iltipai€i
§ 24. 'EXcvo-tvdSc : their /eara(f»(rfrj, § 8.
<ruv rats dcnrCox : shields were part of the equipment of the hoplites
or heavy-armed soldiers. ' The Athenian knights were now obliged to
serve as horsemen by day and as hoplites by night.
§ 25. ol 8c, i. e. ol (K Tov Ileipai&s.
fllA^pas S^Ka, since they had occupied Piraeus.
lo-OTcXcCav. Such fiiroiKoi as paid no fjifToiKioVf but paid the same
taxes as full citizens, were called l<TOTf\€is. Before iaoTcktiav, robots
must be supplied : the infin. lo-coOai depends on irurrd 8qvt€s.
iroiovfAcvoi . . . Xa|jip(£vovTes. .The present participles here denote
frequent repetition.
oirddpav : cf. § 26 kirl tA lirtri^Scm. This shows that it was already
summer time, although Xenophon has not marked the beginning of
another year.
§ 26. Aifcov^cDv. This is Palmer's conjecture for ruv Ifa; vtoaVf which
is quite unintelligible. Ai^dnnj was a village between Hymettus and the
west coast of Attica.
§ 27. irpds r6 Tcixos. Xenophon (Mem. ii. 7. 2) makes Aristarchus
describe the necessities to which Athens was reduced by these attacks
from Piraeus; cf. Isocr. xvi. 13.
cl 8^ Kal TovTO 8€i, /e.T.\. To complete the construction ep& before
OS is required. For the genitive rov |jiT|xavoiroioO aftfer ciirciv cf. Plat.
Rep. 439 B TOV to^6tov oi /caXojs tx^i ^^iyttv,
TOV «K AvKcCov 8p6p.ov, the open space between the Lyceum and
the city wall.
|j,4XXoicv. . . . irpoo-d'yeiv, sc. ol kx UfipcuSfs.
§ 28. Tc5v 8* €v T$ KaraX6y(^f i.e. by order of the Ten, who, instead
of fulfilling the hopes with which they had been appointed (§ 23), vo\v
fi€i(ov ardaiv xal n6K€fiov kvl roifs kv Hnpaiet . . . ivoirjaav : cf. Lysias
xii. 55.
o-w(irpa|«v, i. e. with the ambassadors.
iKardv rdXavra, with which to collect a mercenary army, as the
Spartans refused to send any troops of their own ; cf. Lysias xii. 59, 60.
Isocrates (vii. 77), citing it as an instance of the kirifiKeia tov hrnxovy says,
that shortly after its restoration the democracy repaid this loan to the
Lacedaemonians, as a debt incurred by the Athenian state, and not
merely by the oligarchs, who had contracted it j cf. Dem. p. 460.
38
NOTES. Cff. IV, § 24 — $ 35.
§ 29. OiiTw hi irpoxupovvT«>v, * while things were going on in this way ;* Book II .
Cf. ii. 3. 16 TOIOVTOJV 8^ SVTCOV. .^-*4 —
^Bovfyras Avo-dySpcp. So Diodoms xiy. 33 and Plutarch, Lysan- JV.
der, 21.
Tpcts, i. e. a majority out of the Five Ephors.
^povpdv : a Lacedaemonian word for an army. L3rsander had only
mercenary forces.
§ 30. irk^y BoudT^ Kal Kopiv6Ca>v : cf. iii. 5. 5, where the Lacedae-
monians charge the Boeotians with .having persuaded the Corinthians to
refuse to follow.
cvopKctv : consistently with the Treaty olf Peace concluded in 404
B.C., ii. 2. 22. '
€YC*YVciKrKov : ' supposed ' (wrongly).
cv T^ *AXiirl8<p : the level ground between Piraeus and Hymettus.
The fugitives from the violence of the Thirty and the Ten flocked round
Pausanias at Piraeus, where the king so far showed his real feelings as to
•refuse the presents offered him by the Thirty ; cf. Lysias xviii. 8-12.
§ 31. S<rov dtrd PoYJs Svckcv : ' so far as cries went/ i. e. in appearance
only, fioff is the battle cry. Thuc viii. 92 joins the same two pre-
positions with the same meaning.
8vo |ji6pas : according to Xenophon (Rep. Laced.) the whole Spartan
army was divided into six morae. Contrast Thucydides v. 68.
T^v Kco^ov Xip.4va. K(»Hp6v is ' dumb/ ' quiet/ in the sense of ' smooth.*
Cnrtius supposes it to be the innermost part of the harbour.
• § 32. cvcvTos : * pressing on.* Xenophon uses the word intransitively
also in the Cyrop. vii. i. 29.
fd S^Ka d<^' ^f>'Vfi> lit. ' the men ten years from military age/ which
^ at Sparta was fixed at eighteen. The use of the neuter rd is a Lacedae- .
monian usage ; cf. iii. 4. 23, iv. 5. 15.
rd Ilcipaiot O^arpov. Ilcipator is the old locative case. The theatre
was on the hill of Munychia.
J^ § 33. cirl ir68a, * foot by foot/ i.e. slowly.
Iv Kcpa^iciK^, in the north-west part of Athens.
§ 34. trpd rQiDf dXXcuv cir* 6kt(&, i.e, formed eight deep in front of the
light-armed troops.
^ fls xc^O'S V"^ c8f£avTO, ' let them come to close quarters.*
cv rats 'AXats, on the coast, south of Phalerum.
§ 35* X^Yovras . . . ir^fAirciv : present participle where the future would
naturally be expected, as ii. i. 29, iv. 37.
8tC<rn| hi Kal rovs cv t^ dcrrci, * he created a division among/ etc.
irpd^o'^ds : to himself and the Ephors.
AaKc8(up.ovCois ^CXoi ctvcu, i. e. in accordance with the terms of the
former .treaty; cf. ii. 2. 20.
39
HELLENICA.
Book II. § 36. vo|iX{eTCu : cf. Xen. Rep. Lac. viii. 5 vdptiei B^ leai rSiv tipSpenf
n ■ B6oy ot rroX.vwpayfiovov(riv oMvy ^v fii) 6 fiaffik€vs vpocKdXy: dpwvrts Hi S
j^^ Tt voi€i^tcaffToSf v6yTas ffOMppowfovaiVf &s t6 dic6s : cf. Arist. Pol. ii. 9. 30.
Ttis p-crd Ilavo-avCov 7V(&|jit|s, two modes of expression are here con-
fiised : (l) rrjs Havffaviov yvufxris Syrts, and (2) fitrd TLav.fftOflov oyrts.
Tcls •. . . <nrov8As : here, * the terms/ or * offers of peac^.*
ISic^ras opposed to ol dvb rod kowov in § 37.
§ 37- yLp^f^^ S,Ti' povXovTou : for the expression cf. ii. i. a.
§ 38. ol l^opdi : the three remaining in Sparta.
ol IkkXtjtoi : Hermann (Gr. Staatsalterth. § 25) identifies these with
the jUKfid (KKkrjfflaf mentioned in iii. 3. 8. But in v. 2. 33, where they
are again mentioned, no distinction seems to be drawn between them
and the irXrjBos, who formed the ordinary assembly. Cp. iv. 6. 3 ; v. 2.
II ; vi. 3. 3.
iirl rd lavrSv. This implied, as far as practicable, a restitution of
the confiscated property; cf. Harpocr. sub voce aijyBiKoi,,
avTots : to those who Sf^kXa^av, i. e. to the Lacedaemonians and •
Athenians.
§ 39> av€X66vTcs . . . cl« tt\v dKp'6'iroXiv. This procession, which
Lysias (xiii. 86) describes at some length, Plutarch (Glor. Athen. 7)
puts on the 1 2th of Boedromion, i. e. 26th Sept. 403 6. c.
KaT^PT|ouv . . . ol oTpaTT)YoC. Cobet inserts kKKXrjtriay kvoirjaay.
Some words of this kind are evidently required to complete the sense ;
cf. § 42 ad fin.
§ 40. 7voCt)T€, sc. hfias ovtoijs,
§ 41. -^ &s, i. e. 4 ^ '/epl(TK ojs,
irapaX^voOc : the best MSS. give irepicX^Xv^cv, which is quite
unintelligible. Some word is required in the perfect tense, meaning to
'outwit,' as opposed to yj^fAH . .^. vpoix^iv. In his earlier editions
Dindorfbonjectured vap€\v9ijT€y which in his last edition he has changed
to vap€LKi\va$€. Translate, * ye have been outdone.*
ircos, oiY*, i. e. vSk kirX rovroiSf otyf,'
KX019 Sifjo-avTcs, te,T.\. The allusion is to a law of Solon preserved
in Plutarch (Solon 24) tcvva daxdvTa irapahovvat k\oi$ rpur^x^i S^-
B€fiivov,'
KaKctvoi repeats the subject ot y€, strengthening. the comparison
after ovroj,
§ 42. v|i.ds. Thrasybulus now addresses his own followers.
§ 43. dpxds KaTa<mf|o-d|icvoi ciroXircvovro. EucHcles was created
dpxoiv ivdnnffios, and in. his archonship and the following years a com-
plete revision of the Solonian laws and constitution took place to suit
the altered condition of affairs, when Athens had lost her sovereign
rights and her empire over the subject allies ; cf. Andoc. i. 88 sqq.
40
NOTES. CH. IV, § 36— § 43.
£lvovs (iurOoOo^at. Justin (v. 10. 11) gives -an account of the Book IL
afiair but little more intelligible than Xenophon's. The Thirty, it m
would appear, were suspected of once more conspiring to regain their jy.
supremacy at Athens.
Tovs *EAev<rtvt. The Thirty, their adherents, and such other Athe-
nians as had since joined them ; cf. §. 38. 'EAcvo-fvi is the locative case.
|tt\ lAVTicnKoucfio-civ : cf. Cor. Nepos, Thras. iii. 2 * Legem tulit (Thra-
sybulus) ne quis ante actarum rerum accusaretur neve multaretur,
eamque illi oblivionis appellanint' The oath was taken by the knights,* *
the senate, and the whole people ; and Andocides (i. 90) preserves the
actual words, imX ov fiinjcritcoK^ffoj rSw troXirSjv M^vl vK^v rau rpicucovTa
leat Twv tvh€ica^ oh^\ roirow hs hv i$€\oi tvOvvas biSSvai t^s ^XV^> 4' ^Pi*^-
Irt Kal vOv. It is impossible to fix with any exactitude what time
is denoted by these words. Xenophon accompanied C3TUS on his expe-
dition against his brother in 401 B.C., a time which allows too short an
interval to give the words any real meaning ; and he did not return to
Greece till 394 B.C. On the other hand it cannot be very long after
the events described, because the praise assigned to the Athenians must
mean that consistently with the amnesty they did not prosecute certain
definite persons, who had been implicated in the enormities of the
Thirty, and such prosecutions were only likely to have taken place in
the succeeding ten or fifteen years. We may therefore perhaps infer
that Xenophon wrote these words not very long after his return to
Greece.
NOTE ON THE BATTLE OF CYZICUS.
(1. 1. 16.)
^irctS^ JS* CTY^) «.T.X. Diodorus (xiii. 49-51) gives a much fuller
account of the battle, and conceives it quite differently. Plutarch (Ale.
28) seems to follow Xenophon in the main, but to add details frond the
same source as Diodorus.
According to Diodorus,. the several divisions of the Athenian fleet
united at Cardia, and then sailed up the Hellespont to Proconnesus,
taking care to pass Abydos by night, that the increase m their numbers
might not be noticed by the enemy. Mindarus, with the help of Phar-
nabazus, had just taken Cyzicus by storm. Next day the Athenians
disembarked their soldiers, under Chares, upon the Cyzicene territory,
and with their fleet in three divisions, under Alcibiades, Thrasybulus,
and Theramenes, sailed against the enemy at Cyzicus. Alcibiades went
ahead in order to vpo/ea\i<raa0cu rovs voXtfjiiovSj the other two generals
41
HELLENICA,
aiming to surronnd'them and cut them off from the city. Mindarus
saw only Alcibiades' ships, and, despising their numbers, sailed out to
meet them; whereupon Alcibiades by pretending flight drew him
voppojripo) Tfjs irdKeojSf till suddenly he faced about, and Theram«ies
and Thrasybulus, seeing his signal, sailed towards the city and cut off
the Peloponnesians. Mindarus, now seeing the whole Athenian fleet
(nothing is said about any mist), fled to shore at Cleri, where Phama-
bazus was encamped. Alcibiades hotly pursued him, sunk some of his
ships, took others, and tried to drag others off the beach. The Pelo-
ponnesian land forces and the troops of Phamabazus now came to the
assistance of Mindaiiis, whereupon Thrasybulus disembarked his marines
and sent word to Theramenes to bring up the soldiers under Chares.
Meanwhile Mindarus, supported by the mercenaries of Phamabazus and
also by Clearchus, firmly stood his ground. "When however Thera-
menes arrived with the reinforcements and joined Thrasybulus, first the
mercenaries broke the line and fled, and then Clearchus was obliged to
retire. Theramenes and his.troops jiow went off to the help of Alcibiades.
Mindarus was thus obliged to divide his forces : one division he sent to
oppose Theramenes, while he 'himself at the head of the other made
a brave resistance against Alcibiades, until after many heroic exploits
he was himself slain. His death was the signal for a general flight
among the Peloponnesians ; but the Athenians were unable to pursue
them far, because their retreat was covered by Phamabazus, who now
arrived on the scene.
According to Plutarch, Alcibiades, on arriving in the Athenian camp,
hearing that Mindams and Phamabazus were in Cyzicus, determined to
fight, and exhorted his troops accordingly. Then he sailed with the
whole fleet to Proconnesus, where he ordered ivrbs v€pifidk\€iv rSi XenrA
vkoia, that no news of his intended attack might reach the enemy, his
precaution being much aided by a great thunderstorm and thick mist.
Then the whole fleet set sail, and when the mist gradually lifted, Alci-
biades saw the Peloponnesian fleet vpo rov ki/iivos tSjv Kv(iKrjvSfv.
Thereupon he ordered the other generals to keep behind out of sight,
while he himself, sailing on in front with forty ships, vpovicaXuro rov^
voKffxious. The Peloponnesians, despising his small numbers, sailed to
meet him, and at once joined battle ; but when the rest of the Athenian
fleet came up, they turned and fled. At this juncture Alcibiades, 8tcic-
vXfwxas with twenty of his fastest vessels, made for the shore, disembarked,
and slew many of the enemy, as they fled from their ships. Mindams
(who is not mentioned as being on board the Peloponnesian fleet at all)
and Phamabazus now came up to the rescue, but in vain : for Alcibiades
quickly slew Mindarus and put Phamabazus to flight.
42
INDEX.
*A$apvh &Kpa, ii. i. 29.
*AfivSjjv<Hf ii. I. 18.
"A/SuSos, 1. I. 5, 2. 15 ; ii. I. 18.
*Ay€wltaSy ii. 3. 10.
'AyrjffavdplSaSy i. i.i, 3. ijr.
'AyrjffiffTfKLToSf ii. 3. 10.
•A7ts : i. I. 33, sally from Decelea ;
ii. 2. 7, Lysanders message to
Agis at Decelea; § 11, re-
ception of the Athenian en-
voys ; 3. 3, departure from De-
celea.
"AyvaiUy ii. 3. 30.
'AdclfMVTos: i. 4. 21, colleague of
Alcibiades; 7* i> colleague of
Conon; ii. i. 30, captured at
Aegospotami; § 23, accused of
treachery.
*A$rivdy i. I. 4, 3. I (in Phocaea),
4. 1 2, 6. I ; ii. 4. 39.
'A^vctt, i. I. 33, 2. I, 6. I ; ii. i.
10, 3. I, 24.
^AOrfvcuoif i. I. I, 9, 22, 33, and
passim.
Aiyiva, ii. 2. 9.
AiytvrJTatf ii. 2. 3, 9.
Alybi -norafwi^ ii. i, 21.
Aivrfoias, ii. 3. 9.
Aliouveit, ii. 4. 26.
AlcrxtViys, ii. 3. 2, 13.
'Ajcadrjijua, ii. 2. 8.
*AJcp6,yaif i. 5. 21 ; ii. 2. 24.
*AXat, ii. 4. 34.
*AA€£/as, ii. i. 10.
'AKt^iinrldas, ii. 3. 10.
*A}dv€^ov, ii. 4. 30.
'AXHifiidSirjif the general: i. i. 5,
arrives in the Hellespont ; §§ 9-
11, made prisoner by Tissapher-
nes, but escapes and return? to the
Hellespont; §§ 13-19, defeats
Mindarus at Cyzicus ; 2. 15-17,
fights round Lampsacus; 3. 3,
besieges Chalcedon ; § 10, takes
Selybria and swears to the con-
vention with Phamabazus; 4.
8-19, returns to Athens; § 20,
is made commander-in-chief ;
§ 21, sails to Andros ; § 23, to
Samos; 5. ii, joins Thrasy-
bulus at Phocaea; § 15, offers
battle to Lysander and returns
to Samos ; §§ 16, 17, incurs the
displeasure of the Athenians and
retires to the Chersonese; ii. i.
25, warns the Athenians of their
danger at Aegospotami ; 3. 42,
sentenced to exile by the Thirty.
*AXKtfiid^s, cousin of the former,
i. 2. 13.
*AyaiTios, ii. 3. 2.
*Avci^i\a65y i. 3. 18.
"AvdfHot, i. 4. 22 ; ii. i. 31, 32.
"AvBpos, i. 4. 21, 22, 5. 18.
*Awlfiai, i. I. 37.
'ApTavdpioiy i. I. 26.
"AvravhpoSy i. I. 25, 3. 17; ii. i.
10.
*AvTiyhijSf i. 3. I.
'AvrloxoSj i. 5. 1 1 flf.
*Avri<pSjv, ii. 3. 40.
"Avtrros, ii. 3. 42, 44.
*Airarovpta, 1. 7. 8.
'ApoKOiy ii. I. 7, 3. 10.
*Apy^ioi, i. 3. 13; ii. 2.^7.
*Apyivov<raif 1. 6. 27, 38.
*Ap€(rlaSt ii. 3. 2.
*Apiofiap(&vfjs, i. 4., 7.
43
INPEX.
'AfHffTOpxos, i. 7. 28 ; ii. 3. 46.
*Api(TToy4vriSf the Athenian general,
i. 5. 16, 6. 29, 7. I.
'ApiffToyivrjf, the Syracusan gene-
ral, i. 2. 8.
^ApKTTOKp&TTjs: i. 4. 21, colleague
of Alcibiades ; 5. 16, again
chosen general; 6. 29, com-
mands on the left wing at Argi-
nusae; 7. 2, returns to Athens. .
*Api(TTor4\rjs: ii. 2. 18, Athenian
exile, sent byLysander to Sparta ;
3. 2, one of the Thirty;* § 13,
sent to Sparta to ask for a gar-
rison ; § 46, oligarchical leader
among the Four Hundred.
'AplffTcuVy i. 3. 18.
'Apvdmjs, i. 3. 12.
"ApTCfus, i. 2. 6 (in Ephesus); ii. 4.
II (1) Mowvxta).
*Apx^^A*05> i* 7* 2.
'Apx^ffrparos, i. 5. 16; ii. 2. 15.
'ApxyraSf ii. I. 10, 3. 10.
*A<r/a, ii. I. 18.
'Aarvoxos, i. i. 31.
*ATTt«4, i. 7. 22.
. AvTofioiadmjSf ii. i. 8.
'Axotoc, i. 2. 18.
Bev2^8((ov, ii. 4. 11.
BiOwol Qp^K€s, i. 3. 2.
Boidrriost Lacedaemonian, i. 4. 2.
BoiojTolj i. 3. 15 ; ii. 4. 30.
Bpaaidas, ii. 3. 10.
Bi/fAj'Ttot, i. 3. 16, 18, 19.
Bv(6yriov: i. i. 35, Clearchus de-
spatched to guard Byzantium;
3. 10, Alcibiades goes to By-
zantium, and, § 14, lays siege to
it; § 18, Byzantium betrayed
, into the hands of the Athe-
nians ; ii. 2. I, 2, opens its gates
to Lysander.
TavpioVf i. 4. 22.
TiKttj ii. 3. 5.
TXaiJKuv, ii. 4. 19.
TvSfffis, i. Ik 29.
Tdpdtov, i. 4. I.
Tv$€iw, i. 4. II.
44
Aap€uuoSt ii. i. 8.
Aapcfos, i. 2. 19 ; ii. I. 8.
A€K€\(ia, I I. 33, 35, 2. 14, .3.
22; ii. 2. 7, 3. 3.
A€\<pii/iov, i. 5. 15.
A-f/fmpxos, i. I. 29.
^iOK\rjSf ii. 3. 2.
AiofjiiSajv : i. 5. 16, chosen general ;
6. 22, tries to help Conon at
Mytilene; § 29, commands on
the left wing at Arginusae ; 7.
2, returns to Athens ; §§ 16, 17,
persuaded his colleagues not
to mention their orders to the
trierarchs ; § 29, wished to rescue
the survivors after the sea-fight.
Atovvffios the elder, ii. 2. 24, 3. 5.
At6TifjioSf i. 3. 12.
ApaKovriSrjSt ii. 3, 2.
Aojpi€vi: i. I. 2, comes from
Rhodes to the Hellespont; 5.
19, captured by the Athenians,
but afterwards released.
EcAwrey, i. 2. 18.
*EKcuovs, ii. I. 20.
'EXcixrtvtoi, ii. 4. 9.
'EKevffis, ii. 4. 8, 24, 28, 43.
"EXi^os, i. 3. 15, 21.
'E\A.(£;, ii. 2. 6, 20.
"EWrp^fSy i. 5. 9, 6. 14.
'EWrjvides itSktiSt ii. 2. 20.
'EwijffvovTos : i. i. 2, Athenians
check Dorieus' entrance at the
mouth of the Hellespont ; § 9,
visit of Tissaphemes to the
Hellespont; 3. 8, Alcibiades
goes to the Hellespont to raise
money; ii. i. 17, Lysander sails
from Rhodes to the Hellespont ;
2.5, Lysander leaves the Helles-
pont.
'EvvdXioSf ii. 4. 17.
"E^apxos, ii. 3. 10.
*ETrfiparoSy ii. 3. lo.
'EniSoKoSy i. I. 29.
'EpaawiSrjs : i. 5. 16, chosen gene-
ral ; 6. 16, flees with Conon to
Mytilene; § 29, posted on the
left wing at Arginusae; 7. 2,
INDEX.
returns to Athens ; § 39, wished
after the battle to sail against
the enemy at Mytilene.
'EpaariffTpaToSy ii. 3. 2.
'EpOTocdeViyy, ii. 3. 2.
*EpiJU)KptdTi]i, the S3rracnsan gene-
ral : i. I. 27, banished by the
Syracusans ; § 30, influence over
his officers and troops; § 31,
accused Tissaphernes at Sparta ;
3. 13, accompanied the Athe-
nian ambassadors.
'EpfjLOKpdrrjSf father of the elder
Dionysius, ii. 2. 24.
'EpfioiVj i. 6. 32.
*EaTta, ii. 3. 52.
*Et€6vikos: i. i. 32, as Spartan
harmost, expelled from Thasos ;
6. 26, left by Callicratidas to
blockade Mytilene ; § 36, strata-
gem to conceal the defeat at
Arginusae ; § 38, retreat to Me-
thymna ; ii. 1. 1-4, quells mutiny
of his troops at Chios; § $,
obtains money from the Chians ;
§ 10, summoned by Lysander
to Ephesus;' 2. 5, causes the
Athenian allies in Thrace to
revolt.
EvaydpaSj an Elean, i. 2. i.
Evay6pas, of Cyprus, ii. I. 29.
Evdpxt'ir''ros, i. 2. I ; ii. 3. 10.
Ei/iSota, ii. 3. 9.
Evfi^jras, i. 2. I.
EvSiicos, ii. 3. I.
EvKXfiSrjSj ii. 3. 2.
EvKXrjSf i. 2. 8.
EvtcriiiJLOJv, i. 2, I.
Evfi&97}St ii. 3. 2.
EvfxaxoSf i. i. 22.
Evpvnr6K€poif i. 3. 12.
Evpvirr6\€fioSy son of Pisianax : i.
4. 19, welcomes Alcibiades at
Piraeus; 7. 12, threatens Cal-
lixenus with impeachment; §§
16-33, addresses the Assembly
in defence of the generals ; § 34,
proposes a counter-motion.
*E<p4crioi, i. 2. 10, 5. 12, 15.
"Eiptffos : i. 2. 6; attacked by Thra-
syllus; 5. I, lo, head-quarters
of Lysander; 6. 2, Callicratidas
assumes command at Ephesus;
ii. 1. 6, conference of Lacedae-
monian allies at Ephesus.
•
Zcu^iinros, ii. 3. 10.
'm^i' (T^ow ?), i. 5. 15.
*iipdK\€a Tpaxivia, i. 2. 18.
'Hpa/cAciSi;;, i. 2. 8.
*1ipdK\€ioVf at Chalcedon, i. 3. 7..
eafiv-fjpiaf ii. I. 13.
Qdffosi i. 1. 1 2, Thrasybulus comes
from Thasos; § 32, revolution
at Thasos ; 4. 9, subjugated by
Thrasybulus.
®(oy€vi]s, i. 3. 13; ii. 3. 2.
Qloyvis, ii. 3. 2. •
&€6iroiino5, ii. i . 30.
©€TTaA.(a, ii. 3. 4, 36.
©erraAo/, ii. 3. 4.
Qrj$ai, ii. 4. i.
Qrj^cuoi, i. 7. 28 ; ii. 2. 19.
Qjjpafiivrjs: i. i. 12, comes to
Sestos from Macedonia; § 22,
left to garrison Chrysopolis ; 6.
35, as trierarch, ordered to rescue
the drowning sailors after the
battle of Arginusae; 7. 4, ac-
cuses the generals before the
assembly ; § 8, intrigues at the
Apaturia; ii. 2. 16, sent as envoy
to Lysander ; § t 7, sent as pleni-
potentiary to Sparta; §§ 21, 22,
announces the terms of peace
at Athens ; 3. 2, chosen one 01
the Thirty; § 15, quarrels with
Critias; §§ 24-34, accused of
treachery by Critias; §§ 35-49,
speaks in his own defence;
§§ 51-56, ruthlessly executed.
eifipaxosj ii. 4. 33.
&opiK6Sf i. 2. I.
Qovpiai rpirjpfis, i. 5. 19.
0pq.K€S, cf. BiOvvoi.
®p4/ci], i. 3. 10, 17, 4. 9 ; ii. 2. 5.
epqiciov in Byzantium, i. 3. 20.
epaavfiovKos {6 Xrapttvs) : i. 1. 12,
45
INDEX,
comes from Thasos to Sestos;
4. 9, subjugates Thasos and
various towns in Thrace ; § 10,
chosen general; 5. 11, comes
from the Hellespont and fortifies
Phocaea ; 6. 35, as trierarch,
ordered to rescue the drowning
sailors after the battle of Argi-
nusae ; cf. 7. 5, 17, 31 ; ii. 3. 42,
exiled by the Thirty ; 4. 2,
marches jfrom Thebes and seizes
Phy le ; § § 5 - 7, defeats the troops
of the Thirty; % 10, marches
upon Piraeus and occupies Muny-
chia; §§ 12-19, again defeats
the forces of the Thirty ; § 34,
defeated by Pausanias; §§ 40-
42, addresses the Athenian as-
sembly.
0pa<r{;XA.os : i. 1 . 8, sails from the
Hellespont to Athens for rein-
forcements; § 33, repulses a
sally of King Agis ; % 34, re-
ceives reinforcements; 2. 1-5,
sails to Samos, ravages Ionia,
but suffers a repulse near Co-
lophon;' §§ 6-9, defeated at
Ephesus; § 13, sails to Sestos;
§§ 15-17, joins Alcibiades in
operations round Lampsacus ;
3. 6, helps in the siege of Chal-
cedon ; 4. 10, returns with the
greater part of the. fleet to
Athens; 5. 16, chosen general;
6. 30, posted on the right wing
at Arginusae; 7. 2, returns to
Athens ; § 29, wished after the
battle to divide the fleet, and
thus both to rescue the drown-
ing sailors and to sail against
the enemy.
SvfJioxaprjs, i. i. i.
Bijpa^j ii. I. 18, 28.
^1817, i. I. 25.
'ifpafiivTji, ii. I. 9.
*Upan/, the Athenian, ii. 3. 2,
"IKapxoSf ii. 3. 10.
''JXioVy i. I. 4.
'I/iipa, i. I. 37.
46
*linr€vSf i. 6. 29.
*lirnoBd/i€ios ay opa, ii. 4. II.
'linrotepdrTjs : i. I. 23, sends a de-
spatch to the Spartan govern-
ment ; 3. 5, harmost at Chal-
cedon ; § 6, slain in battle.
*lTnr6koxoSj ii. 3. 2.
*lirir6fMxos, ii. 3. 2, 4. 19.
"IirnooVj i. 2. 8.
'ladpojp, ii. 3. 10.
*I<ytas, ii. 3. 10.
*laTiai€is, ii. 2. 3.
'lojvia, ii. i. 17.
KaBovffiotf ii. i. 13.
KaXXiaSf Archon, i. 6. I.
KaWi^tos, ii. 3. 13, ISpartan har-
most at Athens.
KaWiKpaTidas : i. 6. I -3, succeeds
Lysander; §§ 4, 5, conspired
against by Lysander's partizans ;
§§ 6» 7> fails to get money from
Cyrus ; §§ 8-1 2, obtains supplies
from the Milesians; §§ 13-15,
storms Methymna ; §§ 16-23,
blockades Conon in Mytilene ;
§§ 26-33, defeated and t&owned
at Arginusae.
KaWi^cvos : i. 7. 8, accuses the
generals before the Senate ; § 9,
moves the Senate's irpo0ov\€v/ia
in the Assembly; § 12, threat-
ened with ypatp^ vapavofxctw ;
§ 14, denounces the Prytanes;
§ 35> accused of deceiving the
people, escapes from Athens,
afterwards returi^s, and dies of
hunger.
KaXkiffTpaTOSf ii. 4. 27*
KoAx^/SoWa, i. I. 22.
KoAxi/Sot'tot, i. 3. 2-9.
KaKxv^^^' i- ^* 26, Phamabazus
goes to Chalcedon ; § 35, Clear-
chus despatched to Chalcedon ;
3. 2-8, besieged by the Athe-
nians and made tributary ; ii. 2.
1, 2, opens its gates to Lysander,
who appoints Sthenelaus har-
most.
INDEX.
KafJtipiva, ii. 3. 5.
KawojySsy i. 7. 20, 34,
KapSia, i. i. 11.'
Kap)(rfh6vioif i. i. 37, 5. 21 ; ii. 2.
34» 3- 5-
KaaTa;X<$s, i. 4. 3.
Kardvri, ii. 3, 5.
Kt5p€taty ii. I. 15.
K€pafi€iK6s, in Athens, ii. 4. 33.
K€pafx€uc6s and Ktpdfiuos tc6\vos,
in Caria, i. 4. 8 ; ii. 1. 15.
K)70t(7<$SpTos, ii. I. 16.
Kij^iaSst ii. 4. X9.
KiT^Kro^f, ii. 4. 36.
Kios, i. 4. 7.
K\a{o/i€vaif i. i. 10.
KX^apxo^: i* i« 35, despatched by
Agis to Chalcedon and Byzan-
tium; 3. 15, harmost at Byzan-
tium; §§ 17-19, leaves Byzan-
tium in charge of Coeratidas
and Helixus, while he goes to
Phamabazus for aid.
Kk€iv6iMxoi, ii. 3. 10.
^kcdxpires, ii. 4. 20.
KXtofifidrjSy ii. 3. 2.
KK€o<r0€vijSy ii. 3. 10.
KXedffTparoSy i. 3. 13.
KX«o^. i. 7. 35.
Koipardlbas, i. 3. 1 5-2 2.
KoKo^v, i. 2. 4.
Ko\o<p^ioiy i. 2. 4.
Kdvatv :'i. 4. 10, chosen to be col-
league of Alcibiades; 5. 16,
again chosen general; §§ 18,
20, sails from Andros to Samos
to take command of the fleet ;
6. 15-18, pursued by Callicra-
tidas, and blockaded in Myti-
lene; §§ 19-22, by a stratagem
sends the news to Athens ; § 38,
sails to meet the Athenian gene-
rals after Arginusae ; 7. i, con-
tinued in his command; ii. i.
28, 29, escapes with nine ships
from Aegospotami and sails 'to
Cyprus.
KoptfaaSs, i. 2. 7i 9) 10.
KopivOioi, ii. I. 32, 2. 19, 4. 30.
Kofwpdffiov, i. 2. 18.
KpaTtjffiTrmdas, Spartan admiral, i.
1.32, 5- I-
KfHTias : ii. 3. 2, one of the Thirty;
§ 15, quarrels with Theramenes ;
§ 18, chooses 3000 to be full
citizens; §J 24-34, accuses The-
ramenes of treachery ; §§ 50-56,
strikes his name from the roll
and orders his execution ; 4. 8,
9, seizes the Eleusinians and
procures their execution ; § 19,
slain in battle at Munychia.
KpoKivasy ii. 3. i
Ku&w, i. 3. 18.
Kv{iK7jvoi, i. I. 19.
KviiKos: i. I. 11-18, defeat of the
Peloponnesians at Cyzicus ; § 19,
falls into the possession of the
Athenians; 3. 13, Athenian en-
voys are bidden to meet Phar-
nabazus at Cyzicus.
Kvpos : i. 4. 3-7, appointed satrap
of Sardis, with orders to support
the Lacedaemonians ; 5. 1-7,
graciously receives Lysander,
and promises higher pay to the
Peloponnesian sailors ; $ 8, dis-
misses the Athenian ambassa-
dors ; 6. 6, 10, refuses to assist
Callicratidas; § 18, but sends
him money after his successes
in Lesbos; ii. i. 7, invites the
Lacedaemonians to appoint Ly-
sander a second time; f§ 8, -9,
is sunmioned to visit his father ;
§§ 11-15, before he goes, he
entrusts Lysander with the reve-
nues of his satrapy, warning him
not to engage with the Athenian
fleet.
KcDs, i. 5. I.
Aafidjrasy i. 2. 18.
Acuc€SaifJL6vioi, i. i. i, 2, 19, and
passim.
AatefpaifjMV, i, i. 23, 2. 1 8, and
passim.
AaKparrjSy ii. 4. 33.
Af£«otiv, i. I. 32.
A&KCJvts, i. 4. 22.
47
INDEX.
lixueaviicij, ii. 2. 13.
hoKOJviKos, i. 6. 34 iyijis) ; ii. 3. 8,
4. 10.
AdfjafHucos, i. 2. 15; ii. I. 18, 20,
29, 2. I.
Aa/)i(raroc, in Thessaly, ii. 3; 4.
A€ovTrvo(, ii. 3. 5.
AcovTts ^vX^, ii. 4. 27.
Aifffios: i. 2. 11, Athenian fleet
under Thrasyllus sails to Les-
bos; 6. 12, Callicratidas sails
against Lesbos ; § 16, Condn
taices refuge in Mytilene in
Lesbos; § 27, Arginusae islands
opposite Lesbos; cf. ii. 3. 32,
35 ; ii. 2. 5, Lysander reorgan-
izes the cities of Lesbos.
A€vko\o<t>l8i]s, i. 4. 21.
Atojy, Athenian : i. 5. 16, chosen
general ; 6. 16, flees with Conon
to Mytilene.
Aiojv, Spartan, ii. 3. 10.
Aiojv, Salaminian, ii. 3. 39.
Aifivs, ii. 4. 28.
AvStq, i. 2. 4.
AvKcipios, ii. 3. 10.
AvKHoVy i. I. 33 ; ii. 4. 27.
AvkIokos, i. 7. 13.
AvKOvpyos, i. 3. 18.
Avic6<ppatVf ii. 3. 4.
AviTavbpos: i. 5. i, appointed ad-
miral; §§ 2-7, gets increased
pay for his sailors from Cyrus ;
§ 10, makes Ephesus his head-
quarters ; §§ 12-15, defeats An-
tiochus at Notium, but refuses
to meet Alcibiades in battle;
6. 1-5, prejudices his troops and
partizans against his successor
Callicratidas; § 10, to injure
whom he had sent back the
money, not as yet expended, to
Cyrus; ii. i. 6, 7, at the request
of the allies and Cyrus is once
more appointed to command
the fleet, this time as secretary ;
§§ J3> i4» entrusted by Cyrus
with the money and revenues
of his satrapy; §§ 15-19* sails
to Caria, to Khodes, then past
48
Ionia up the Hellespont to
Lampsacus, which he takes by
storm; §§ 22-30, surprises the
Athenian fleet at Aegospotami
and captures the whole of it ;
§§ 3i» 32> executes the Athenian
prisoners ; 2. i, 3, subjugates the
Hellespont, sending back all the
Athenian garrisons to Athens;
§ 5, reorganizes Lesbos, and
other revolted Athenian allies;
$S 7-9. blockades Piraeus ; $ 23,
enters Piraeus and begins the
destruction of the Long Walls ;
3. 3, 6, besieges and captures
Samos; §§ 7-9, dismisses his
fleet and returns to Sparta in
triumph ; § 13, helps the Thirty
to procure a Spartan garrison ;
4. 28-30, cf. 36, appointed to be
harmost of Athens, he collects
a mercenary force at Eleusis
to support the Thirty against
Thrasybulus, but is thwarted
by Pausanias.
Avaias : i. 6. 30, posted on the
right wing at Arginusae ; 7. 2,
returns to Athens.
Avaifjuixos, ii. 4. 8, 26.
M(£8vro;, i. i. 3.
Ma/ircSovia, i. i. 12.
MaXea, in Laconia, i. 2. 18.
MaA.^a cuepa, in Lesbos, i. 6. 26.
f/lavTl$€0Sy i. I, 10, 3. 13.
Miyapa: i. i. 36, Clearchus ob-
tains ships from Megara; cf.
2. 14, 3. 15, Syracusan prisoners
escape from Piraeus to Megara ;
ii. 4. I, Athenian exiles in Me-
gara.^
Mtyapfis, i. 3. 15.
McAdv^cos, ii. 3. 46.
M(\r)Tos, ii. 4. 36.
M.ivavSpos : i. 2. 16, commander of
Athenian hoplites; ii. i. 16,
chosen as an additional general
by the fleet; § 26, foremost in.
rejecting Alcibiades* advice at
Aegospotami.
INDEX.
McKCtfX^, i. 7. 34.
MfytKpdrrjs, i. I. 29.
Mrj^a, ii. I. 13.
M^Sot, i. 2. 19.
M-fjOvfiva: i. 2. 12, Thrasyllus
anchors at Methymna ; 6. 12,
though strongly garrisoned by
the Athenians, Methymna is
stormed by Callicratidas ; § 38,
Eteonicus retires to Methymna.
fSjjBv/ivaToi, i. 6. 13, 14.
Mi^Xiot, ii. 2. 3, 9.
fdrjKdfiios, ii. 3. 2.
Mikifaioif i. 6. 8 ; ii. i. 30.
MikrfTos: i. I. 31, new Syrapusan
generals take up their conmiand
at Miletus ; 2. 2, 3, Milesians
worsted in battle by Thrasyllus ;
5. I, Lysander sails to Miletus ;
cf. 6. 2 ; 6. 7, 12, Callicratidas
obtains money from Miletus.
MlvSapos: i. i. 4-6, sees battle
between Dorieus and the Athe-
nians from Ilium: sails to the
rescue, but is compelled to retire
by the arrival of Alcibiades;
§ II, threatens the Athenians
with a fleet of sixty ships ;
§§ 14-18, defeated and slain at
Cyzicus.
MtffyoXatdas, ii. 3. 10.
Mirpaios, ii. i. 8.
MiTpo^arrjSy i. 3. 12.
VlvrjaiOel^Sj ii. 3. 2.
MytjalXoxos, ii. 3. 2.
Movvvxla, ii. 4. 11, 37.
Mvaia, i. 4. 7.
MvffKajVf i. I. 29.
"MvTtXrjvoioif i. 6. 22.
MvTikfjuri : i. 6. 16^23, Conon is
blodcaded in the harbour of My-
tilene ; §§ 26, 35, Eteonicus is
left in command of the block-
ading squadion at Mytilene;
§ 38, Athenians after Arginnsae
sail to Mytilene ; cf. 7. 29 ; ii.
2. 5, reorganized by Lysander.
Ifa^apxos: cf. note on i. 5. i.
Nav^Ac^&is; ii. 4. 36.
"SiKfiparos, ii. 3. 39.
Jfticias, ii. 3. 39.
"Si/eSffTparos, ii. 4. 6.
N<$T*ov : i. 2. 4, Thrasyllus sails to
Notium ; § II, after his defeat at
Coressus he retires to Notium ;.
5. 12-14, Antiochus, Alcibiades*
lieutenant, is defeated at No-
tium; cf. ii. I. 6.
Bip(fjSy ii. I. 8.
OtV^, i. 7. 28".
OItcuoi, i. 2. 18.
'OvofULxX^s, Athenian, ii. 3. 2.
'OvofiaKXrjs, Spartan, ii. 3. 10.
*Ovop6yTios, ii. 3. 10.
TlayTCLieXrjs, i. 3. I ; ii. 3, lO.
ndpaXm, ii. i. 28, 2. 3.
ndfHoVf i. I. 13.
ndpos, i. 4. II.
naertirv/Sa? : i. I. 32, exiled from
Sparta for the part that he had
played in the revolt of Thasos ;
3. 13, Spartan envoy; § 17,
various guaidships had been left
by Pasippidas in the Helles-
pont.
TlaTqaiddas, ii. 3. lO.
Uavffavlas: ii. 2. 7, leads Pelo-
ponnesian army against Athens ;
4. 29, 30, through jealousy of
Lysahder, leads out Pelopon-
nesian allies to Athens; §§31-
34, conducts at the same time
negociations with, and military
operations against, the Athe-
nian democrats in Piraeus; §§
35-39, effects a peace between
Sparta and Athens, and a re-
conciliation between the Athe-
nian factions.
U€ipai€jis, i. I. 35, 3. 22, 4. 12,
and passim.
Tl€i(Tiava^, i. 4. 19, 7. 12.
Ucicajv, ii. 3, 2.
UeXoirovv^ffioif i. I. 6, 17, 19, and
passim.
49
INDEX,
UcpiKXfjs : i. 5. 16, chosen general ;
6. 29, posted on the left wing
at Arginusae ; 7. 3, returns to
Athens; § 16, kinsman of £ury-
ptolemus; cf. § 21, persuaded
his colleagues not to mention
their orders to the trierarchs to
, rescue the crews.
IJeplvdioi, i. I. 21.
nifHvBoSf i. I. 21.
nipffcUf i. 2. 19.
IliTvaSj i. 6. i ; ii. 3. 10.
UKeiffrSXaSf ii. 3. 10.
IlKvyr^pia^ i. 4. 12.
noXuxa/wys, ii. 3. 2.
n6vTos, i. I. 22 ; ii. 2. i.
ndrafus, i. I. 29.
npoiKovvr/aoSf i. I. 13, 18, 3. I.
.npo]xrj0€vs, ii. 3. 36.
np6^€vos, Syracusan, i. 3. 13.
npoarSiJiaxos : i. 5. 16, chosen
general ; 6. 30, cf. § 33, posted
on the right wing at Arginusae ;
7. 1, does not return to Athens.
lliiyeXa, i. 2. 2.
HvyeXiis, i. 2. 2.
IlvOoSoapoi, ii. 3. i.
IlvppdKoxos, i. 3. 13.
*Fafjuplas, i. I. 35.
*F6bios, i. 5. 19.
*P(55oi : i. I. 2, Dorieus comes from
Rhodes ; 5. i, Lysander sails to
Rhodes; § 19, Dorieus, an exile
from Rhodes ; 6. 3, Callicratidas
gets ships from Rhodes; ii. i.
15, 17, Lysander sails to Rhodes.
'PoiTtiov, i. 1. 2.
jULXafus, ii. 2. 9.
Xdfjiiot, i. 6. 29 ; ii. 2. 6, 3, 6 ;
VTJ€S X&fuaif i. 6. 25, 7. 30.
S(i/io;: i. 2. 1, Thrasyllus sails to
Samos; 4. 8, 9, Alcibiades at
Samos; 5. 14, Athenians after
their defeat at Notium retire to
Samos; 6. 15, Conon is cut off
while sailing to Samos; § 25,
cf. S 29, Athenians before Argi-
nusae get reinforcements from
50
Samos; § 38, Athenians retire
to Samos; ii. i. 12, Athenians
fit out their fleet at Sanios,
cf. § 16 ; ii. 2. 6, remains faithful
to Athens ; 3. 3, 6, 7, surrenders
to Lysander, who sets up an
oligarchy within it.
Sd^cis,!. I. 9, 10, 5. I.
2aTt;/)os, ii. 3. 54.
'XcKivovSf i. 1. 37,
^ekivovaioit i. 2. to; ^ekivovauu
vQ^s, i. 2. 8.
^€Waaia, ii. 2. 13, 19.
Xrj\vfipia: i. I. 21, gives money to
Alcibiades; 3. 10, captured by
Alcibiades.
^7i<rr6s: i. i. 7, 11, headquarters
of the Athenians on the Helles-
pont; § 36, Clearchus* ships
flee to Sestus ; 2. 13, Thrasyllus
joins the main Athenian fleet at
Sestus ; ii. i. 20, 25, Athenian
fleet sails to Sestns and anchors
fifteen stades from the town.
X$€v4\aoSf ii. 2. 2.
:SiK(\ia, i. I. 37, 5. 21.
^iK€\iSn-ai, ii. 2. 24.
XKiofycuoi, ii. 2. 3.
^o<l>oK\7JSf ii. 3. 2.
'Xvaprrj, i. i. 32, 2. I, 6. 32; ii.
3- I-
ST^Tiyy, i. 2. 5.
ISvpaKdaioi : i. i. 18, bum their
ships after their defeat at Cy-
zicus ; § 26, build new ships at
Antandros; 2. 8, 10, lend help
to the Ephesians at Coressus;
§ 14, Syracusan prisoners escape
from the stone quarries at Pi-
raeus; ii. 2. 24, Dionysius tyrant
of Sjrracuse ; cp. 3. 5.
^vpaKovaai, i. I. 29, 31.
'SMKp&rris, i. 7. 15.
'XcuaTparihas, ii. 3. 10.
"SfijippoviaKoSf i. 7.' 15.
lilxoKp&TTjs, Athenian, i. 7. 3.
Tia(Ta<p€ppi]s : i. i. 9, comes to the
Hellespont and makes Alci-
biades prisoner; § 31, formerly
INDEX,
accused by. Hermocrates at
Lacedaemon ; 2.6-8, helps Ephe-
sians against Thrasyllus ; 5. 3,
complained of before Cyrus by
Lysander and the Lacedaemo-
nians ; §§ 8, 9, fails to persuade
Cyrus to adopt his own tempo-
rizing policy.
Tpaxivia, cf. updKKtia.
TvSci/s, ii. I. 16, 26.
^ocyoff0itn]Sf i. 5. 18.
^apdtos, ii. 3. 4.
^api/dfia(os : i. i. 6, covers Pelo-
ponnesian retreat to Abydos;
§ 19, abandons Cyzicus ; $ 24,
supplies the Peloponnesians with
provisions and timber to build
new ships ; § 26, goes to Chal-
cedon ; 2. 16, defeated by Al-
cibiades; 3. 5-7, fails to raise
the siege of Chalcedon ; §§8-12,
makes a convention with the
Athenians and Alcibiades; §§
12, 13, promises a safe escort to
the Athenian ambassadors; §17,
Clearchus,harmostof Byzantium,
applies to Pharnabazus for aid ;
4. 1-7, meets Cyrus at Gordium,
and at his entreaty detains the
Athenian envoys for three years.
^fiBpias, ii. 3. 2.
^flSojv, ii. 3. 2.
^iKodiKijs, i. 3. 13.
^i\oK\^ : i. 7. I, chosen general ;
ii. I. 30-32, taken prisoner by
Lysander at Aegospotami and
executed, because he had butch-
ered the crews of two Andrian
and Corinthian triremes.
^vkfi: ii. 4. 2-s, 7, occupied by
Thrasybulus and . successfully
defended against the attacks of
the Thirty; cf. §§ 10, 12.
^ooKoia : i. 3. I, temple of Athena
in Phocaea burnt; 5. 11, Alci-
biades joins Thrasybulus at
Phocaea ; 6. 33, Peloponnesian
fleet after Arginusae mostly flees
to Phocaea.
Xoip^Acotis, ii. 3. 2.
Xnipi\as, ii. 3. 10.
Xoi/xwi/, ii. 4. 33.
XapiK\^Sf ii. 3. 2.
XapfjUSrjs, ii. 4. 19.
Xcppoyrjatrai, i. 3. 10.
Xeppdvrjaoi : i. 3. 8, 10, Alcibiades
gets money and troops from
Chersonesus; 5. 17, Alcibiades
retires to his forts in Cherso-
nesus ; ii. I. 20, Athenian fleet
anchors in Elaeus in Chersone-
sus ; $ 27, Athenian crews scat-
tered throughout Chersonesus.
Xios : i. I. 32, the admiral Crate-
sippidas assumes his command
in Chios; 6. 3, 12, 18, Calli-
cratidas gets ships, money,
and troops from Chios ; ii.
I. 5, 6, Chians give money to
Eteonicus and urge the Spartans
to appoint Lysander a second
time; cf. §§ 10, 17.
XpifAow, ii. 3. 2.
Xpvff6vo\is: i. i. 22, Alcibiades
sets up a toll-house at Chryso-
polis ; 3. 12, Alcibiades swears
to the convention with Pharna-
bazus at Chrysopolis.
*CliBuoVt ii. 4. 9.
THE END.
51
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