SANSKRIT
CO
. R KALE
[ OT!LAL BANAR8IDAS:;3
DELHI u PATNA H VARANASI
HIGHER SANSKRIT GRAMMAR
FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES,
BY
LATE MORESHWAR RAMGHANDRA KALE, B.A.,
Author of the 'Sahityasarasangraha? &c. &c.
MOTILAL BANARSIDASS
DELHI :: PATNA I: VARANASI
Publisher :
Snii clap Lai Jain
Motilal Banarsidass, -,
Bungalow Road,
Jawahar Nagar, Delhi-6.
Printer :
Shantl Lai Jain
Shri Jainendra Press,
Bungalow Road,
Jawahar Nagar, Delhi-6.
1961
By a.rangement with
M/S Gopal Narain & Co.
f+ \
Books available at :
Motilal Banarsidass, Bungalow Road, Jawahar Nagar,
Post Box 1586, Delhi-6.
Motilal Banarsidass, Nepali Khapra, Post Box 75, Varanasi.
Motilal Banarsidass, Bankipur, Patna-4 .
PREFACE
The present Grammar has been prepared with a
view to meet the growing wants of the Indian University
students. The University examiners have been, of late,
evincing a desire to exact a more thorough knowledge of
the obscurer and therefore more difficult parts of Sanskrit
Grammar, than was required formerly. In fact, a student
of the present day, with Sanskrit for his second language,
must, if he wishes to pass his University Eaxminations
with credit, acquire more than a general knowledge of
the various departments of Sanskrit Grammar, while none
of the grammars now accessible to the Indian student,
with the exception of one or two, supply him with the
necessary information on the various topics discussed in
the original Sanskrit works. Dr. Bhandarkar's books,
though ingeniously sketched and^Jadmirably executed, are
admittedly meant to introduce a student to the vast field
of Sanskrit Grammar. Dr. Kielhorn's Grammar aims more
at brevity and perspicuitv than at fullness of treatment
with conciseness. Prof. Whitney's grammar is too elabo-
rate, and therefore too high for the ordinary student. Prof.
Monier Williams' grammar and others, though excellent
in themselves, are expressly written for European students
and are more suited to them than to the Indian students.
I have, therefore, done my best to bring the present
Grammar upto the requirements of the high standard.
Now, a few words on the scope and arrangement of the
work and I will conclude. As remarked by Dr. (Now Sir)
Bhandarkar* "Grammar was not an empiric study with
Panini and the other ancient grammarians of India." In
fact in the hands of the ancient Grammarians of India,
Sanskrit Grammar rose to the dignity of a science and must
"Introduction to the 3rd Ed. of the 2nd Book of Sanskrit.
> ii
be studied as such. To quote the words of the learned
Doctor again "its study possesses an educational value of
the same kind as that of Euclid and not much inferior to
it in degree. For to make up a particular from the mind
of the student has to go through a certain process of
synthesis." To split up, therefore, a general rule of the
ancient Indian grammarians into a number of the
praticular cases it comprehends, as is done by some
modern writers on Sanskrit grammar, is not to build up
but to destroy, not to simplify the difficulties of the
student but to embarrass him. For a Grammar, then, to
be practical and correct, in my humble opinion, it must
be based on indigenous words understood and studied in
their genuine scientific spiiit. In writing the various
chapters of this book (except the one on the 'Conjugation
of Verbs') I have closely followed Panini as explained
by Bhattoji Dikshit (the Ka^hika of Vamana being also
occasionally referred to). Many of the rules given are
translations of the Sutras of Panini, much matter being
thus compressed into a small compass. The original Sutras
where necessary, are given in foot-notes as help to
memory. Sandhis and declensions are very fully treated.
Compounds which play such an important part in San c krit
literature, and which, yet, are very summarily disposed
of in many grammars, have received special attention,
almost everything in the Siddhanta Kaumudi being
included. The formation of feminine bases which is not
considered separately in other grammars has been treated
of here in a separate chapter (VI). The seventh chapter
deals with the Taddhita affixes (i. e. affixes forming
secondary nominal ba&es) which, for the convenience of the
student and the occassional referer, have been arranged
here in an alphabetical order, each followed by a number
of the derivatives formed by it. The question of gender
which so much perplexes the foreigner has been dealt
with in the eighth chapter, while the ninth treats of
"Indeclinables." The first nine chapters thus form what
may be called the first part of the book, in as much as
they deal with all that relates to the noun (declinable
and indeclinable) But a special feature of the pres nt
Grammar is the chapter on the 'Conjugation of Verbs/
No part of Sanskrit Grammar is more difficult and
iii
perplexing and therefore more calculated, to tire out the
patience of the young student, than the conjugation of
Verbs. ' It is, therefore, written with a special attention
to th3 student's difficulties. The general rules given are
amply illustrated by example. Almost all the roots
which are likely to puzzle the student in conjugating
them in a particular tense or mood have been fully
conjugated. In the eleventh chapter, all the verbs which
change their pada when preceded by particular preposi-
tions are given in an alphabetical order with illustrations
where necessary. Two more chapters, one on syntax and
the other on prosody, have also been added. The chapter
on syntax contains almost everything given in the first
2G chapters of Prof. Apte's 'Guide to Sanskrit Composi-
tion,' the same original having been followed by the both.
The chapter on prosody is based on the Chhanclomanjari
and the Vrittaratnakara. The book closes with a list of
verbs (added at the suggestion of my publishers) contain-
ing almost all the roots in Sanskrit and giving the 3rd
pers. sing, in the important tenses and moods.
Thus it will be seen that I have spared no pains to
make the book as useful and as complete as possible.
Also such of the technical terms used in original Sanskrit
Grammars as the student always meets with in Sanskarit
commentaries, are given in their proper places with their
explanations.
In writing this Grammar, I have occasionally used
Monier Williams's, Dr. Kielhorn's and Whitney's gram-
mars to ail of whom I make ample acknowledgements.
My special thanks are due to Dr. Bhandarkar whose two
books of Sanskrit were my chief guide in writing out the
chapter on the 'Conjugation of Verbs,' and to the late
Prof Apte to whose excellent 'Guide to Sanskrit Com-
position,' I am indebted for some of the illustrations
given in tha Thirteenth chapter. I have also to thank
my friend Mr. IJUdhavacharya Ainapure for his occasional
help and for the pains he took in preparing for this
Grammar the list of Verbs added at the end and carrying
it through the press.
This being th? first attempt of the Author to bring
into one volume che various departments of Sanskrit
iv
Grammar as full and as concisely as possible, the Author
hopes that the public will take an indulgent view of the
work, and pardon him for any of the inaccuracies,.
mistakes of typography, &c., that might have crept in
notwithstanding his best care. It is a sufficient excuse
for these to say that the whole volume was written and
carried through the press in less than a year. Before
concluding I have also to thank Mr. Vinayaka Narayana,
Proprietor of the firm of Messrs. Gopal Narayen & Co.,
my publishers of this Grammar, for the care with which
he passed the sheets through the press.
Lastly I beg to say that I shall be very grateful for
any corrections and suggestions that may be sent to me by
my indulgent readers and critics and will try to profit by
them if the book reaches a second edition.
1894.
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER. PAGE.
I. The Alphabet ... ... ... 1
II. Rules of Sandhi :- ... ... 12
1 Svarasandhi ... ... ... 12
2 Halsandhi ... 22
3 Visargasandhi ... ... ... 28
III. Subanta or Declension of nouns, substantive
and adjective ... ... ... 32
1 Bases ending in vowels (Section I) ... 34
2 Bases ending in consonants (Section II)... 54
3 Irregular bases ... ... ... 65
4 Words of irregular declension ... 82
IV. Pronouns and their Declension ... ... 87
V. Numerals and their Declension ... ... 102
VI. Degrees of Comparison ... ... HO
VII. Compounds ... ... ... 113
1 Dwandwa or copulative compounds ... 115
2 Tatpurusha or the Determinative com-
pounds ... ... ... 121
3 Karmadharaya or the Appositional com-
pounds ... ... ... 133
4 Upapada compounds ... 144
5 Bahuvh! or Attributive compounds ... 147-
6 Avyayibhava or the Adverbial compound 1 6fr
7 General rules applicable to all compounds 16&
8 Other changes in connection with com-
pounds .., ... ... 171
VIII. Formation of Feminine Bases ... ... 180
IX. Secondary Nominal Bases derived by the addi-
tion of the Taddhita or Secondary affixes. 194
2
CHAPTER PAGE
X. Gender ... ... ... ... 219
XI. Avyayas or Indeclinables .-, ... 223
1 Prepositions ... ... ... 224
2 Adverbs ... ... ... 228
3 Particles ... 230
4 Conjunctions ... ... ... 231
5 Interjections ... ... ... 231
XII. Conjugation of Verbs ... ... ... 233
1 Active Voice (Section I) ... ... 235
(a) Roots with unchangeable Bases (1st,
4th, 6th and 10th classes) ... ... 24]
(b) Roots of the 1st, 4th, 6th and 10th
classes which from their bases irregu-
larly ... 248
(c) Roots with changeable bases (2nd, 3rd,
5th, 7th, 8th and 9th classes) ... 254
2 General or,
Non-conjugational tenses and moods ... 295
The two futures and conditional
(a) First Future ... ... ... 298
(b) Second future and conditional ... 300
(c) Perfect ... ... ... 306
(1) Irregular bases ... ... 321
(2) Periphrastic Perfect ... 329
(d) Aorist ... ... ... 332
1st Variety ... ... ... 332
2nd ... ... ... 333
3rd ... ... ... 340
6th ... ... ... 344
7th ... ... ... 354
4th ... ... ... 347
5th . 352
CHAPTER PAGE
(e) Bencdictivc ... ... ... 356
Section II ... ... ... 359
(a) Passive ... ... ... 359
(b) Non-conjugational tenses and moods ... 364
1 Perfect ... ... ... 364
2 Aorist ... ... ... 365
2 Derivative Verbs (Section III) ... 367
(a) Gausals ... ... ... 368
(b) Desideratives ... ... ... 376
(c) Frequentatives ... ... 3S4
(d) Nominal Verbs ... ... 392
XIII. Parasmaipada and Atmanepada ... 399
XIV. Verbal Derivatives or Primary Nominal
Bases ... ... ... ... 416
XV. Syntax : ... ... ... 468
1 Concord ... ... ... 470
2 Government ... ... ... 475
3 Pronouns ... ... ... 508
4 Participles ... ... ... 510
5 Tenses and moods ... ... 518
6 Indeclinables ... ... 532
APPENDIX I :-Prosody ... ... 1
1 Samavrittas ... ... ... 3
2 Vishama Vrittas ... ... 24
APPENDIX II : ... ... ... 24
Dhatukosha ..15-61
ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE WORK.
OF THE NAMES OF THE WORKS AND GRAMMATICAL, &C.
Amara. Amarakosh.
Bhatt. or Bhatti. Bhatti-
kavya.
Bh. Bhartrihari. Ni. Sa.
Nitisataka. Vai. Sa.
Variagyasataka.
Dev.-Devibhagavata Purana
Hit. Hitopadesa.
Kad. Kadambari.
Katya Katyayana.
D. Kav Dandin's Kavya-
darsa
Kir. Kiratarjuniya.
Mai. Malavikagnimitra.
Mb. or Mah. Bhas. Maha-
bhashya of Patanjali.
Mah. Bhar. Mahabharata.
Meg. Meghaduta.
Pan. Panini's Sutras.
Rag. Raghuvamsa of Kali-
dasa.
Ram.ch. Ramacharita.
Sak. Abhijnanasakuntala
of Kalidasa.
Sid. Kau. Sidhantakau-
mudi, Bhattoji Dik-
shita's commentary on
Panini's siitras.
&c. &c. &c.
Sis. Sisupalavadha.
Uttar. Utcararamacharita.
Vop. or Bop. Vopadeva.
A- or Atm Atmanepada.
AbL Ablative.
Ace. Accusative.
Adj. Adjective.
Adv. Adverb.
Avy. Avyayibhava.
Bah. Bahuvrihi.
Cau. Causal.
Cf. Compare.
Comp. Compound.
Dat. Dative.
Den. Denominative.
Des. Desiderative.
Freq . Frequantative.
Indecl. Indeclinable.
Inst. Instrumental.
Loc. Locative.
Nom. Nominative.
P. or Par. Parasmaipada.
Pass. Passive.
Pot. P. -Potential participle.
P.P.-Past Passive participle.
Pres.p. Present participle.
Pron. Pronouns.
c. &c' &c.
A
HIGHER
SANSKRIT GRAMMAR.
Chapter I.
THE ALPHABET.
1. Sanskrit, or the refined language, is the language of
Devas or gods * and the alphabet in which it is written is
called Devanagari, or that- em ployed in the cities of gods.
(a) The correct name for the Sanskrt alphabet is Daiva-
nagari sometimes abbreviated into Ndgari, Perhaps in the
word Devanagari we have a history of the times when the
Aryans entered and settled in Northern India. The Aryans
who were much fairer in colour than the aborigines of India
are the Devas referred to in the name Devanagari ( from r%g^to
shine, those of a brilliant complexion ); and Nagari means the
Aryan settlements within the precincts oi which the sacred
language was spoken.
(6) The Sanskrit language is generally written in different
parts of the country, in that alphabet which is used for the
Vernacular ( e. g. Bengali, Marathi &c. ). That character, how-
ever, in which the earliest monuments are written ( such as the
inscriptions containing the edicts of Asoka ) and which is
employed throughout Upper India is generally considered to
be the real Devanagari.
* Wf f 'TIT ?Cr ^TCFifUcqrai qf fffi: I Dandin,
2 SANSKRIT GBAMMATI. [ 2
^ 2. The Devanagari alphabet consists ot forty -two letters
or varnas, nine vowels or svaras, and thirty-three consonants
or vyanjanag.*
(a) These express nearly every gradation of sound, and
every letter stands for & particular and invariable sound.
Note : This explains why there are no names, as in Greek -
for the different letters oi the alphabet.
* Thus given by Pamni :
Vowels: gr^or | =s<^ i tir,
aft and aft.
(a) A vowel may be zg*? or short. ?rro or long, 6 u TO- or
protracted ( also called prolated by some ) according , <> the
time required to prononnoe it. * The vowels are thus div "'
into
(1) Short vowels 3T a, f \, ^ u, ^ r, 55, 1 ;
(2) Long vowels 3cr &, H 3T *> ^ ? e, ^ ai, aft o, aft
an; and.
(3) Protracted vowels aft ^ 3, | ^ f 3, 37 3, * =* ^ r 3
c5 ^ 1 3, if ^ e 3, ^ ^ ai 3, ^r ^ o 3, and aft ^ an 3.
JV. 5. As the Plata or protracted vowels are not commonly
to be met with in classical Sanskrit, the vowels are usually
given as thirteen, represented by the thirteen signs given above
under (1) and (2).
(b) Eaoh of these vowels may be again of two kinds, arg .
^lf% Jfef> for jftf* &c.). In Marathi 5? is generally substi-
tuted for the final & of Sanskrit words.
5. The first two letters of the five classes and the sibi-
lants are called surds or hard Consonants. The rest are called
sonants or soft consonants.
6. In addition to the characters given above there are
in Sanskrit two nasal sounds : the one called Anvsvara, is
denoted by ' i. . a dot placed above the letter after which it
is to be pronounced, e. g. q; the other, called Anunasika is
denoted by * t. e. a dot within a semi-circle placed above the
letter after which it is to be pronounced e. g. *J.
(a) And a sort of hard breathing is known as Visarga (gene-
rally called Visarjaniya by Sanskrit grammarians). It if
denoted by the sign : '. e. two vertical dots placed after tne
letter after which it is to be pronounced. In pronunciation it
is a harder aspirate than . The Visarga is not an original
-character but only a substitute for a final ^ s or ^ r.
(b) Jihvdmuliya ( fSrgrqigfrr ) and Upadhm&niya (
are terms given to a sort of Semi-Visarga, when pronounced
before ^ o^, and 7 <*r respectively. It is written symbolically
SANSKEII GRAVMAB.
[7-8
as ^. These may be regarded as the spirants of Kavarga and
Pavarta respectively.
7. Some consonants are pronounced with a slight as-
piration and are designated as Alpa-praila, while others which,
are pronounced with a stronger aspiration are call- d Maha*
prana. The first and third letters of each class, the nasals
and the semi-vowels belong to the first class; the rest belong
to the second class. For the sake of convenience the first and
tflird letters of each class are sometimes called "nnaspirates."
8. In the following table is given a complete classifica-
tion of these letters according to the organs with which they
are pronounced.
(a) The organs of pronunciation are the five pares situated
in the mouth, viz., the throat, the palate, the roof or upper
part of the palate, the teeth and the lips..
Note. In the following table the nether stroke (see a 10
below) is omitted. It should be supposed to be present.
The Five Classes.
Unas-
pirate.
Aspi-
rate.
Unas-
pirate.
Aspi-
rate.
Na-
sals.
S
Simple
vowels
St. Lg.
Dip.
thongs.
Gutturals.
Palatals.
Linguals.
Dentals.
Labials.
* f though not a semivowel is put here as it is a guttural.
9-iO ] THE ALPHABET. 7
This can be more easily remembered from its Sanskrit form
which is as follows :
The linguals are called cerebrals in som^ European Gram-
mars. q- and < are both guttural and palatal; aft and aft are
guttural and labial; % is dental and labial. The nose is the
organ of pronunciation of the Anuavara, while the root of
the tongue is that of the Jihv&maliya.
0. Those letters are called ^oj or homogeneous whose
place of pronunciation in the mouth and the effort required to
pronounce them is the same or equal.* Letters which are not
^TToi or similar are called *^OT or heterogeneous.
10. A svara or rowel is that which can be pronounced
without the help of any other letter; a vyanjana or consonant
is that which is pronounced with the help of a vowel. The
consonants, therefore, are written with a slanting nether stroke
to denote their imperfect character.
(a) Hence the consonants are given, in the system of F&nini,
frith an sr added to them for the sake of pronunciation.
(b) As already remarked, there are no separate names for
* 4*4 1*4 WH s*rorn i Fan. L 1. 9.
8 SANSKRIT GRAMMAR. [ 11-12
the letters of the Sanskrt alphabet, except the two mentioned
before, viz. Anusvara and Visarga, and Kefa which is the
Dame sometimes given to ^. The word gnT is therefore used
ae an affix to denote a particular letter; e. g. ar^Tt the letter
3T ', 3RKTC the letter < ^ >, &c.
11. A vowel by itself or a consonant, simple or conjunct,
with a vowel added to it, is called an Akthara or a syllable.
12. The form* which the vowel signs assume when added
to consonants and the changes which some letters undergo
when compounded are given below, under (a) and (b).
(a) 3? added to a consonant is denoted by the rein ova I of
the nether stroke; as 3? +37=91 ka. The remaining vowela
when compounded with a consonant become r, p , *r> ^ > ^> c > ft t>
%%>,1, respectively; as ^+an=^fea,^+f t =foki; similar-
ku., < k, fr kr, kr', kl. % ke, |f kai, ^ ko,
Exception : ^ when following upon ^ remains unchanged,
*>^t.
(b) In compounding consonants they should be taken in the
order in which they are pronounced; the last consonant takes
a vowel, the preceding ones generally losing their nether
and perpendicular strokes when combined e. g. t*na ought to
be written as rfqr *?na as l, ) jn*>
the component elements are scarcely discernible.
( d ) A few consonants are written in two ways; e. k-ta, ^T k-tha.
y m-bba, 77 m-ya, 5j-
n-ra, 3. m-la, *^ m-va
f y-ya, ix y-'a, c^ y-va.
gf r-ka, ^ r-kha, ^ r-ga, &o.; $ r-k-sha, ?S r-g-ya, ^,.
r-gh-ya, f4 r-t-ya, &c.; ^r r-k-sh-ya, ^ r-tt-ya, ^ r-t-s-ya^
^ r-d-dh-a.
93F 1-ka, ? ^Toyt^f^l (
The double mark^s is sometimes nsed to indicate the
elision of 3ff after initial long grr ; fT^T-*-3!T^=?nn66^.
(ft) The mark is sometimes nsed to show that something.
is omitted, and which is to be understood from the context ;
e. g. afo may stand for aqjsr, osrntf *or ^^^rrsn^'r, &c.
14. Short vowels when followed by a coninnnt c.onsnn***
are said to be prosodially long
15. The vowels 3?, q:, 3TT and the syllables 3R[ aad 3^
are called Gana; the vowels 3fT, ^-, afr and the syllables 3fnr and
^IT^are called Vrddhi*. The Gana and Vrddhi vowels and
syllables thai are substituted for the simple vowels will appear
from the following table :
Simple V.
Gnna.
Vrddbi.
H
H
MT
f&f
, 1, 2} I, 51,
12 SANSKRIT GBAMMAB. [ 16-19
16. The three semivowels zr, JT and ^ are sometimes
nasalised and then they are written with the anunatika sign
over them, as |r, PT, $.
17. The numerical figures in Sanskrt are :
^ ^, \> V, ^ \, , *, S, o.
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0.
These are combined to express larger figures precisely in the
same way as in English; ^x 125, HV 540, &c.
Chapter II.
RULES OF 8ANDHI.
18. By Sandhi ( from 3^ together, and \n to join ) is
meant the coalescence of two letters coming in immediate
contact with each other.*
(a) Samhitaf or sandhi is necessary in the case of the in-
ternal structure of a pada t prepositions and roots joined to-
gether and a compound word ( *rar*T ), while in that of a
sentence '. 0. in the case of the finals and initials of the different
words in a sentence, it depends on the will of the writer.
I SvABASANDHI, OB THIS COMBINATION OP FINAL AND
INITIAL VOWELS.
19. If a simple vowel, abort or long, be followed by a
I P&n. 1. 4. 109. Samhita is the extreme
contiguity of letters.
t *jffi*q3 ifonsRPrr ^najroiffi: i RRI *rew ^ 5 *n i%w-
U^KT. n Sid. Kau. This couplet gives the rule for the observa-
tion of Sandhi.
20 I RULES OF SANDHI. 13
similar vowel, short or long, the substitute for them both is
the similar long vowel e.g. *^r+3riT:=%rqrfT-i 3T5T + STRfitT;
= arerefr STT+ 3T*T**=tn[T**ff: T%rr + 3TTg^: = foir3T: eager
to gain knowledge; *!?T + ?3r = faT* 3UT 4- ?^ = 3? : the Ikara pronounced
by the sacrificer (since there is no long <% long 3 is substituted
for both).
(a) If ^f or ^ be followed by a short *% or c, short =5- or <%
is optionally substituted for both; f )<3 + 3CTr-=it3^lT:> a - n( ^
also fir^^^r^: ( videj 23. sec. b m ); so three forms altogether
*raW.-, ftgr^K: and
also
20- When 3^ or 3TT is followed by f , 7? 3t 5> short or
long, the JJOT letter corresponding to the latter takes the place
of both} e. g. %q + 555: = 3^$: Vishnu; qTR-f-i !> ^C:=^R 5 ^^ the
great lord; fm + ?*grr = *Hx^jT the wish of Rama;
=T^f^r^ according to wish or desire; fj^-j- ^q^jr: =
friendly instruction; ^or + 3j^: = f>cof[^: Krshoa'a thigh;
3^=11^5**, ?fT--3^: = Wfi^:, ff OT + *lf%: = ^saTT%: Kr-
shua's prosperity; wp -f ^ft: = ITfT'f : a great sage; ?T^-4-^^TT:
=wr-t-3Ef|[: =ffoif%: by the general
rule; then frwr^+s^ + ar + frrr^jwirftj: by tbia rule, the ^ being
-dropped; and also a third form 5ur^r%: ( vide 22, sec. d.
below ).
(b) A consonant of the first five classes except ^coming
after a semivowel is optionally doubled; so aJffrETf: also be-
comes y$K:, (TC&CT?: and ff^&Kv 4 forms altogether.
v
Exceptions : Vrddhi substitute takes place in the follow-
ing cases f
(a) When a word ending in 37 is followed by ;$?, and sr by
3T* 3S and grf; 9. ra + 3rS: = S*te:> chief guess (or this
may be the ace. pi. of srgTTTiT a young bull trained to the yoKe);
sr+3T?~J?fl?: principal reasoning. Similarly sfor: full grown;
snr%:; but nfe^n^ ( & 3 3^?r^ is not mentioned in the Sutra ).
(&) 3?^-fgrf^fr=3^f)rf5afr a complete army .J (The change
of ^[ to or^ will be explained further on ).
(c) When ^ is followed by f ^ and %r& both derived from
ik to 8J e - 9 **+%*'=&* '> one acting wilfully, self willed.
5 Pan. VIII. 4. 65.
I Pan. VI. 1. 89. The first part of the sfitra (mz.
) forms a counter-exception to 21. a ( which see );
r, > Virtikas on the above Sutra.
t Properly an army consisting of El 870 chariots, as many
elephants, 65610 horse and 109350 foot.
3
3 1 JT^mTR Tsfrsrs^rft ^fn^ ^i^^n: u bnt
rtmrS: very adorable ( ^srssrefi 3t*%ZT ).
() When the word ^oi comes after sr, qroa?, q&Hfcj, T*R"
and =ffUT; sr+qt,& + 3?HT=^2T one who move* from one
mansion to another, a woman of bad character;
Vartik. f 3Tta#T* *>*" VI. 1. 95.
^RT% m \* 513^^1135 :=^5; + g ff 3 H ^ ;==
: by the general rule-, and optionally 53334313*17: =
: ( Hari's experience ) by this rule; so
and ?r
23. fa) f , s, ^t or cj, short or long, at the end of a word
followed by a dissimilar vowel except in a compound, are optio-
nally not combined, and when so they are shortened if
long x e. 0/xT5N-3*3r = 5 grijnr;r, Vishnu here, and ^rfip 3^; but
r: a horse iu a well, tft^r + tft (a
VIII. 4. 47.
t war TO IT | Pan. 4. 53. qojttft % ^r^ Vlft.
t 3T% ^^% I P4n. VIII. 4. 46
X
25-24 | RULES OF SANDHI. 19
(&) 3T ?> 3" and eg, short or long, at the end of a word
followed by a short ^ , are also optionally not combined, and
when not combined are shortened if long*; e. g. aTRrr 4- 3tfo'' =
TSTPT A Brahmana saint, and flTgr^tRr, ^ffnfflTrC o the seven
sages, and TOftt'fluilH ( a eomp. expression ).
24. 7, 3rr, + V=17^
produced from a cow as milk, ghes &c. ;ft -I- ^"rr^rsq^ accessible
by a boat, navigable.
N. E. This rale holds good, in the case of roots, only whan
the afr or 3?r is brought in by virtue of a termination; x 0.
fit to be lopped off. 3Wa5 + 4
which ought necessarily to be cat off,
(c)The 3ft ot the word if) 1 is also changed to 37^ when followed
VII. 1. 1J7,
t *fhwn8C and *nmn* a
multitude of cows or chief among cows; but if it be followed by
and ar$r it recessarily changes its aft to sra; ift+f^^
an excellent bell; TOTtgr: & lattice-window, similarly.
26. No sandhi is possible in the case of x
1 What are called the Pragrnya exceptions; vis.
(a) When a dual from (whether of a noun, pronoun or verb)
in f , 37, or o;^-; e. g. ffV qftj f%^ frfh nf ^^5 TtIfT Coma
Krshna ; here is the cow gMing.
A vowl becomes pluta under the following uitpumstances:-|
( 1 ) The last vowei of a sentence uttered in reply to a
salutation from a male person othor than a 8 x udra when the
. 1. 11. 12.
I tf5gt 5Tl^^R^?Tra^i^ I Pan. I. 14-H
T: I HHrfw^8& P^&D. VIII. 2. 82-88.
^r^i Vartikas on the 4atter
tra. { ^ l%fR^tt^l I P^ VIII. 2 84-86.
SANSKEIT GRAMMAR [ 26-28
name or tfee" family is actually mentioned* e. g.
\ live long, O Devadatta, which is said in reply to
** 3Tft*T3[*r fS^fJ " I, Devadatta, bow to you; but the last
* in *rt 3ff5RCr *& *nft" or in 3TT5r^T% is not pluta, for
in the 1st we have the name of a female and in the 2nd no
name at all.
But if the sentence end in the word tff : or in the name of
a Kshatriya or Vaishya the -last vowel becomes optionally
pluta e. y. au^m 3 * ifo W or * ^ WSWWfrWlhc or 9* ^ ^
srrs^f^r^ft^sr^n^cr or ^ ^ i
(2) The final vowel of a sentence addressed from a distance
to a person; and that of the particles % and % used in such a
sentence; e. g. fn* (3*^*9* , % *TR; WT; t \
27 The particle g-, preceded by a letter of the fiwt five
classes except 3^ and followed by any vowel, is optionally
changed to a;*; f%g &$ i%^rf^[ and f^ ^ (by 26 c. ).
II. HALSANDHI, OB THE COALESCENCE OP FINAL CONSONANTS
WITH VOWELS AND CONSONANTS.
28 Wfien ^ or a consonant of the dental class comes in
contact with:
(a) t$r or a consonant of the palatal class, the correspond-
ing letter of the ktter class is substituted for the former, and
5T for CT
Rama colkcts: ^tH-f%9[=^n%^ Reality and knowledge;
3ro"= : = WlffoSra Be yon victorious, Oh Krshna.
Exception :-(!) '"Dentals coming aftercare not changed into
the corresponding palatals; e. g. f%%r: that which spreads
lustre;
Pan. vill. 3-38.
I Pan. VIII. 4, 49 1 44, 41:
28-31 ] BTTLES OF SANDHI. 23
(b) w or a consonant of the lingual class, 3 is substituted for
^ and the corresponding letter of the latter class for the
former; nw+TO^Tm^TO: R&nia who is sixth.
Rama goesj
A commentary jon that;
OhKrshna, thou
one who pounds.
Exception *(1) If a letter of the lingual class coming at tie
end of a word be followed by ^ or a letter of the dental class,
the ^ as well as the dentals except the ST of srp^, JTf frT and 5f*rfr
remain unaffected; ^7 + ^^:=^!^: six good men } ( ees
eleo 30. ); ^-f ff:=^?ff these lixj but | ( since the 5^ of f^is
not at the end of a word ) he praises. So qporeffl Ninety-six,
WGririf: six towns; but ^f^+ffST^flffei*^ abundance of
ghee; as the exception excludes ?r.
29. If a letter of the group 3^ be followed by qr^it does not
substitute its corresponding ^gual[; ^+^s-: = *i?qe > : sixth
good man.
30. If a consonant; except ^ or *r, coming at the end of a
word ; be followed by a nasal, the ncsal of its class is optionally
substituted for it}; he thinks, as sj
is followed hereby q- which is a semi-vowel; irrRT^+*l^i?fil=
as sj ia at the end of a pada ( grammatical form).
(b) This change is optional in the case of ^ when followed
by ^ comes after it; e. g. f%n + r$5; bnt if this * be followed by ^, and if by
the nasalised ^ , ar, s^ , are optionally substituted for
or % what does he conceal?
and ^^ what ! yesterday ! so
and f%9T^i|Q} but
37. An Anuswara followed by any consonant except ^ q ,
^ or ^ is changed to the nasal of the class to which the follow-
ing letter belongs, necessarily when in the middle, and
optionally when at the end of a word*; e. g. 3ra;3r + frr:=ai + cF
+ ?H : (^7 tne preceding rule and then) arr^rT: marked (by tlih);
so 3T^r- f frT : = 3 Tf^rrT: honoured; $i%?n obstructed; ^\\^(:
calmed; grPffrT: woven; f^-f ^f^=?^ ^Ifq or f?*if% thou
doest; similarly 4^-ffT or ^H^TT a reutrainer; ^TCTrKT: or
: year ; it ai*>H or T^ff^T to which people.
38. If 5: and or bo followed by a sibilant, ^ and % respec-
tively are suffixed to them optionally; and hard unaspirates are
optionally changed into hard aspirates when followed by a.
Pan. VIII. 4. 48-52.
26 SANSKUIT GRAMMAR, [ 38-41
sibilant Uq+q\'=ST3FS-: XTTTO mttg 1 .- the Bixta
man gone before; g*TOT+ TO: =Wf *!*:, *MIUs3l8:j ^u^g:, the
sixth good counter.
39. If ^or j at the end of a word* be followed by 3, %r
( changed to ^ ) is optionally inserted between them; * e. g*
*i:+*F*n=W5*ntf: or ^+ g+*reT;=^rqfft six good men;
so OT +w:=w?e: or^r^r: that good man.
(a) gr, or and q[ at the end of a word and preceded by a short
vowel double themselves when followed by a vowel |; e. g.
the individual soul; so ^qcroir^: the
best reckoner; B^r^gft: good Achyuta.
40. Ob. If the ending ^ of a word be followed by sr , 3; is
optionally inserted between them ' J e. g. ^+3nj:=*|^fg: and
Sambhu existing for all times 5 and ^^35: = ^5=^3:
' (by 35); then by 28 (a) j being changed to ^
^5^t^ ^rs^fg: and ^5:^5: and finally by
dropping ^ optionally (by 20 a. ) tfs^rg:, ?T5^^5; and
41. ^ coming after ^, ^r, or ^p short or teng ; in the same
word is changed to r^ even though A vowel, a semi-vowel
except c^ , a nasal, or a letter of the guttural or labial class or
if comes between ^, q^or ^ and qfi-r*. g. ^THT = ^ror; ^T N -f 5TT
OTrby the sun, f^nm^&c.; but ^Tir+3?n?=TW SHT (as these
are two separate words). This change does not take place
when f IB at the end of a word x frJTTC-
I p ^ VIII. 3. 28.
* ^: fir ^ I fc I Pan. VIII. 3. 22. 32.
t ft fW?1% ^T%?^ I Pao. VIII. 3. 32.
t $T 5^ I Pan. VIII. 3. 31.
T? ^Tf 5 ^ t ai$<4l<'o4Hftft PaD. VIII. 4. 1. 2.
\ Pan. VIII. 4. 37.
42-43 ] BULBS OF SANDHI. 27
42. ^ belonging to a aubstitue ( 3Tr%5T ) or a termination
( &jr * semivowel,
a letter of the guttural class or 3*; e. g. rrfr + g= ^ 9 %\ OT < t^ which is itself followed by a vowel, a semi-
i 3T/fcrs!r*R*ft: I Pan. VIII. 3. 55
57, 59.
rfl' I Pan. VIII. 3. 58.
. 1 Vart.
Pan. VIII. 3. 6.
28 SANSKRIT GBAJOIAR. [ 43-45
vowel, a nasal or g, undergoes the same changes*; . g.
sec. a ) ^rrf^f*Rgr^j[ and ^rff|ff^f^[ Oh Krieapa, vat off;
eimilarly ^%^+^rc?=xTrlF3IT*rc3 > and ^fifmmq; save, Oh
Krshna; but 5 prT as the ^ is not at the end of a word, ^^n?,
a fine handle of a sword. sr$TRrTnT^ a good man spreads.
(e) The ^ of ^ when followed by q; undergoes this change
optionally; sf q[-f trn? = H *-y \{% f ^ and r:T r ff.
(d) The { of ^f;j followed by ^\^j also undergoes this
change optionally, ^T^ 4- ^f^[=^t^f? , ^t^T^ to whom? ^
or ^ is substituted for the visarga when the following sets
are combined: ^: + ^:=^^:; similarly 3nd*$d** wherefrom,
the present time- CTqc^fa^r a ghee-pot ;
I^^TaTH; a sacrificial vessel;
magnet; rm^|U<3; great darkness- snr^nr^:; ^T^
the sun.
44. ^ is necessarily inserted between & and the preceding
vowel, short or long; and optionally when a long vowel at
the end of a word, except that of the particle JIT and the pre-
position srr, precedes it f ; e. g, %? + amr-lljiq^iqT Siva's
shadow-, so fgr^JTTT*, %fW^rl what is cut again and again;
may he not cut; 3Hl-\-tt3[m'=3tt^&f%iTfft he covers.
VlSABGASANDEI.
45. CT at the end of a word followed by any letter or not, the
i Pan. VIII. 3. 7.
f d ^ I Pan. VI. 1. 73. Properly l^ I q^T^l I Pan. VI.
I-
45-46J] KULBB OF BANBHI. 29
Q^ of THT^ and ^r followed by a hard consonant or by nothing,
are changed to a Vitargaj aa ft!T : 77% Ha ma reads.
Oh father, ^fr: !fc-qfr| a brother's daughter.
40. Vinarga, followed by =gr, ^, ?, ^ and ^, ^ them-
selves not followed by a sibilant, is changed to w* 0.
WrTT Vishnu, the protector : fffra%, Hari walks:
Rama goes; ( Vide 28 ); but ^: f^nj: ( as the ^ is followed
by *r ); and optionally when followed by -sr, ^rf^^T, 'HflvfclWj^. If the visarga y how-
ever, is a substitute for a final ^, it is not changed to 5- be-
fore $!**; ft: q?Tnff apeecn desires.
(b) x The Visarga of ST>TJ and 5^: when prefixed as indec-
linablea to verbs beginning with ^ or IT and t|- or ^ is
optionally changed to H in the case of the former and neces-
sarily in that of the latter . g. sm^urorw q*YnT, S^JStflK
puts in the front; but TT; ar%S5qr: towns fit to be entered ( aa
^r is a noun ).
. VIII. 3. 34-35.
| Pan. V. 3. 36.
I Pan. VIII. 3. 38.
Vartikaa. for: f: Pan. VIII. 3. 39.
ir*Wt I Vart.
: I Pan. VIII. 3. 40.
30 SANSKRIT GRAMME. [ 46
( fair: and ^:; all of them adverbs showing frequency,
change their Visaing* to ^ optionally nuder the same circum-
stBncesJ; l^^ftfff or 7%:q?ftfir does twice; but ^gc^TTH^ hav-
ing four parts ( where t^Tg: is not an adverb ).
(e) The ending 5-: or sr: of a word changes its visarga to
^ optionally under the same circumstances when the presence
of the following word ia necessary for the completion of the
sense. fWfUft or ^r^^ifk turns into ghee; ^g^% or
VT5:^rm makes a bow; but mBTg ^w: f^T **53>?% as there is
no connection here between the words ^rfqr and fifr.
And necessarily when at the end of the first member of a
compound; as ^rrq^^ju^-^T a pot for clarified butter; but qrriT-
^r1?> ^f"4^i'l a big ghee-pot ( as the word ^rf^: is an uttara
pada ).
(/) Visarga coming after the 3? of a word other than an
indeclinable and forming the first member of a compound is
changed tog- when followed by a derivative of the roots f,
q?H, and by c$r, ^*, ^ift: and
obeys 48; e.g. ?ft + 3r^=*jr sr^T or ^fnrs^ Oh Achyu.
ta 5 nft 5TR^r Bhago ! a bow to thee ; 3TOV *lff Oh you go.
(b) The ^ of 3ff^, not followed by a declensional tormina
tion, ia always changed to ^ but if followed by viearga is substituted for it 5 3f$:, 3TfTf ' day by day.
3*5:iffT* or 3^%: the lord of the day, the sun; *f)Ml5: or
*frrfff: Brhaspati; or Rg. II. 24. I.
THfT ^jrtle> V. ,,
I. 3TT *n*C ft^ The rest like the mas.
D.
Ab.
O.
L. f ,, B:
58. The Vocative is considered to be a different aspect of
the nom. and is identical with it in the dual and plural, It is.
therefore, supposed to have no separate terminations of its
own. In the sing, it sometimes coincides with the original stem,
sometimes with the nom., at others, it differs from both.
DECLENSION OF NOUNS ANI> ADJECTIVES.
59. Declension is for the sake of convenience divided into
two classes:
I I. BASES ENDING IN VOWELS.
II. BASES ENDING IN CONSONANTS.
60. The declension of adjectives does not, in general, diner
f zom that of substantives. It will not, therefore, be given here
separately; the points of difference only will be noted.
SECTION I.
1. BASES ENDING* IN VOWELS.
Not*: The variations and modifications, which the general
termination* given above undergo when applied to several of
the vowel bases are so numerous, that it has been thought
60-63 ] DECLENSION. 35
advisable not to notice them here, as being tedious, but simply
to give the forms and leave the students to find them out for
themselves. Every word declined here should be considered a
model and words alike in form should be declined similarly to it.
Nouns ending in 37 Mas. and Neu.
61. TTJT m. Rama. 5TPT . knowledge.
Sing. Dual. Plural. Sing. Dual. Plural.
N. fnr: TTm ti*n. N. 31 inn, ^FT^
V"\T i ji
^I*^ )9 99 * 3111 f9 j;
A* ti*in ,, rmin. A. 3nTnV
The rest like nrr.
G.
1- TTR
^ 62. Decline all nouns ending in 37 mas. and nen.
similarly.
(a) The Loc. sing, of words ending in 3*3 ( substituted for
3T$^ a day, at the end of a Tat. oomp. ) is optionally formed
like that of nouns ending in 3- . g. 90$ has serf*, ssifg or
o4jgfH- So 3q^ f oi|f^ or otjgQ &c. See p. 73.
Nouns ending in an Mat and
63. iftqr mas. a cow-herd.
(a) Mas. nouns ending in 3PTT take the general terminations.
The final 3ft is dropped before a vowel termination beginning
with the Ace. plu.
* The ^ of & is changed to or by 41. Ins. sing, of ^ is
36 SANSKRIT GBAMMAK. [ 63-61
N. V.
Ab.
64. Decline similarly f^qr the protector of the world r
^FOTCTT a couch-shell-blower, ^tR^T one who quaffs the some-juice,
-vgOTT one who inhales smoke, sr^r strength-giver or Indra ; and
other comp. no and derived from roots ending in an*-
(a) If the latter member be not a root the final an* is not
dropped; e. g. fffT name of a Gandharva, Ace. plu. ^TfT^; D-
Ab. G. and L. sing. 5$, fr^:, 5^: and ff^ respectively. The
rest like
'65. WT fen. the goddess of wealth.
N. fin fit
V. W >r
A.
D.
Ab.
JCi.
g 66. Decline all other fsn. nouns ending in 3ft similarly*
67. Irregular bases: The Voc. ding, of
> all meaning 'a mother' ' is rf , 315 and ^^ respectively
68-69 ] DECLENSION. 37
68. Several adjectives ending in 3T follow the declension
of pronouns, for which see the chap, on pronouns.
Noons ending in f and 7 mas. fern, and neo.
69. jft &c.
3R mas. Hari.
Sing. Dnal. . Plural
N.
V.
A.
I.
Ab.
G,
Ufa fern, inteller'
Sing.
N.
V.
A.
I. HWT
D. fffliroi
Ab. ift: or
* or
N.
Dual,
inft
tfftj,
Plural.
preceptor.
38 SANSKRIT OBAMMAB.
V.
A.
I.
D.
<*. snft
$3 fern, a cow,
N.
V.
A.
I.
D.
Ab.
i. water.
N. ',
V.
A.
Ab.
G.
I P4n. VII. 1. 73. Nieu. nouns ending in
or ij take the augment -^ before vowel case terminations.
09-70 ]
DECLENSION.
neu. honey.
or
V.
A.
D.
Ab.
70. Adjectives ending in $ and ^ when used with neuter
are optionully declined like mas. nouns in f and 3 in the
Da. Ab. Gen. and Loc singolars and Gen. Loc. duals^ 0. ff.
. white, pure; &$ nen. heavy :
neu
N.
V.
Ac.
D.
Ab.
G.
L.
N.
V.
: or
or
: or 5T%*ft-'
or
40 SANSKRIT GRAMMAR. [ 70*72
Ac. fj^r gftftfr
D. g^- or
Ab. : or
71. Decline all other nouns and adjectives ending in
or 3- mas. fern, and neu. similarly.
72. Irregular bases :
mas. friend.
D.
Ab.
n
Ob. (a) The words 33% a good friend ( $Tfr*rar: ^rwf ),
3fl$fTf% a close friend ( arfifcaftfa: TWT ), TOfrftr a great
friend, or one having a great friend ( q^R: fr^r q^> TW ^nar
rr ), are declined like ^rr% in the N. Y. and A. and like gft in
other cases; but arftflrf^T (qr^fr*TfrioRI*ff: one who has abandoned
a female companion ) is declined like yfc A r . 5. ^T^fjr fom. is
declined like sr^r-
" 7io8. a master.
q*-
v. q^r
A.
73-75 ]
DECLENSION
41
i.
D.
73 Compound nouns ending with qft such as rqft &c.
are declined like $ft regularly, nfafar ( firn: 3W* 1W ?TfTT *T )
is declined like ?ft mas. & ir^ fern., the Gen. plu. ia optionally
like that of f& ; mnjimm, or osnrrorr^.
74 06. ( a ) aftgoftlQ a descendant of Uduloman (
) is declined like $ft in the sing, and du*l and like
the plural, the original word vj
42 SANSKRIT GRAMMAR. [ 75-76
Decline all other fern, nouns in f similarly.
( a ) The words STOT a woman in her monthly coarse,
wealth, fffr a boat, *?rfr smoke, and fc*^ a pblegmatic woman, JJ^TIJ rice-gruel, q^; a clats
of compositions, and other f sminine nouns in gj- similary. 3^1^-
^FT mas. and fern, is declined like ^i except in the Ace. plu.
mas. which is aif^jpj.
$ 76. Mas. nouns ending in :
2TRT srfmffiT 3TWr ifmsnfr: ' n antelope as fleet as the windj
| Un&di IV. 1.
v.
D.
A. b.
76-77 ] DECLENSION. 43
L.
Decline ( qrrar 3^ ffa ) WH a way or horse, (TTT&
qrfr the sun, &c. similarly.
Ob*. Decline (^gq: *WW *7W) T^W^fr mas. one having
many good wives, and ( cJ$lfr?3ii?rauifT fem.
N. tfr:
V. , V.
A. f^nr V.
Pan. VI. 4. 77.
I t: 5'T P^n. VI. 4. 82. 83.
Var. ^ ^giw^'r: I Pan. VI. 4. 85.
44 SANSKRIT GBAMHAB. [ 77
I. fan tftar* tfrft: I. g*r
D. *-$
Ab. far:-irr:, Ab.
Decline similarly r, ^r. E*> Decline similarly $, ^,
ir,
. (
N.V.
A.
I.
D. snftr
Ab.
L.
Decline similarly %ifr
&c. mas. and fern.; the Loc. sing, of nouns ending in ;ft is
made np by adding arraf I*
N.V.
A.
I.
D.
Ab.
See * on page 45.
77]
DECLENSION.
Decline similarly g^ (
Indra or the god of death),
and fern.
new. like
N. A.
V.
I. Jreqi-ftsn &o. option-
ally like the mas. before the
vowel terminations.
), p^( the thunderbolt of
*<9TC> & c - mas. and mas.
like
A.
V.
7TT &o. option-
ally like the mas. before the
vowel terminations.
m. mas.
' fern. ST5OT
A. R*<4v3frc >, >, ^t: G. f^rOT ftnfr
i. finn ^fiv^rf^
../.
mas.
N. grf^f%r".
V 3tfH%
H.
D. u7te*T 99 3ifii%w
Ab. 4 3rf8f%niT"
^ respectively; the rest like the mas.
neu
except in the Gen. and Loc. duals forms which
are grftf^qt: *:.
80. Mas. words ending in 37 not derived from roots; 0. g.
; name of a Gandharva.
N.V.
A.
I fWfret: i Pin. VI. 4. 79. 80.
80.81 ] DECLENSION. 49
Decline similarly ?vig; ( |*rift ffir one who strings together ).
Nouns ending in ^ mat. fern, and ti.
SI. Nouns derived from roots with the affix 3 (raand
^fr PAn. III. i. 133. and 2. 135 ), snch as ^ a maker, &o. ant
the worda *?n?/, ^ ^ ^^, ^3, qnj, and sn$n^ as also ^rjg
change their ^ tc arr in the Nom. sing, and to 3*n; in the first
five inllectious. The ;& is lengthened in the Aoc. and Gen. r 1
and changed to &% before the Ab. and Gen. sing; the Voc. air
eiida in 3?^.
mas. the creator.
v.
A.
Decline similarly ^3, 33, ^, 511*** 3$Tf &c
c
TaflrJ neu
A.
V.
A.
I.
D.
P4n. VI. 4. 11.
Sid. Kau.
H 8 o 4
50 SANSKRIT GRAMMAR [ 81-83
Ab. vrrg:-3
A. fqRV-^ R?|^ A. RfffT^
The rest like ^r? . The rest like ^Q*
Decline similarly ?TT<. Decline similarly q-jij a hua-
r, ^N^i 'HSTO and.., band's brother's wife, gffc a
The Gen. plu. of ^ ia daughter, and HHT^ or
or iTr^* a husband's sister.
\83. The woid ^r? a jackal, is declined like a word ending
in 3 necessary in the first five inflections and optionally before
the vowel terminations beginning with the Inst. sing, except
that of the Gen. plu.J . g.
\ Tan. VI. 4. 9. ^ f?^T^ ^im ^C $*-. W1<{ \ Sid. Kau.
^ 5f^: I Un. II 97 5f ^F?I% ^nr^ri f^- ti^fa^ f?^ '
3 wr Tr^^^r 5rf^=ft ^w 7 ff^ 5151^: i Sid. Kau
: finm rfi^Rr i P&n. VII. I. 95. 97.
83-84 ] DECLENSION
N.
v.
A.
I.
D. -
Ab. gftjr :-^reY*
G.
(o) SBlj becomes 5Rf in the^iw. also ( by T%T3T
VIII. 1. 96.) which with the^fli. torm. f becomes 3?t^T and is
declined like
Ois. The word frogKTJ neu. is declined like H$ and option-
ally like tKJrc mas. before the vowel terminations from the I.
sing.; . g. D. uing. r5WaCT^-S% %
Words ending in 5j and ^5.
84. There are no words ending in ^ or <; therefore, the
imitative sounds of the roots ,
D. ^Ir %ViT- Ab. ^m: ,,
Ab.%: G.
G. | 9 ^^t* ^n^ I j -
L.
*The Kau. does not specially mention this form. Just as it
stopa miter giving the Nom. forms in the case of words like
% *tt, *g3t &c., BO does it do in the case of % also, implying
thereby that the Yoc. forms of % are also like the Nom. ones.
But the Sutra ^^WlrH^J: P*D. VI. 1. 69 ( , ^ , s^, ^ and ?. The declension of these bases
consists, for the most part, in adding the general case termi-
nations and observing the rules of sandhi.
88. Bases ending 3;, p^, and r.
S9-. (a) After final w the 3 of the loc. is changed to 3.
(6) ( optionally changeable to ? ) may be optionally
inserted between <^and fj.
mat. fern. neu. naming the goddess of wealth or a lotas
otT-OT-^fT )
Mas. and Fern.
N.&V.
A
I.
D.
Ab.
G. ^R^r:
I*. 3Tirf%
Decline similarly 3^qor^, grirror , m.f. one who counts well,
f. a door and other words ending in ^ or < The loc. plu.
of STT is ff*Trs-T?:S,-^?rff. The Norn. sing, of grrr is grr:.
N. N. &A.
The rest like the mas.
* See 91. a.
89-92 ] DECLENSION. 55
Decline similarly $ir*T, wnc and other words ending in or ,
or fj- 9. g.
N. A. *r:
90. Bases ending in f, or, IT, ^, , ?, f , 5, 3, r, v, g,
and*, <*>*[,*.
91. (a) As a general rule the f^ of the nom. singular ia
dropped. If there be a conjunct consonant at the end of a
word the first consonant only is retained.
(6 ) The final letter is changed to the first or third of its
class when followed by nothing, to the third when followed
by a soft consonant and first when followed by a hard
consonant and remains unchanged before a vowel termination.
( e ) ^ IB prefixed to the f of the N. & Ace. plural in the
case of neuter nouns ending in a consonant except a naaal or
a semi-vowel* but not in the case of a noun derived from the
frequentative base.
92. Paradigms :
^rii^I/. a holy stick.
N. & V. ^rffrj; *fff>ft *rfwvr: Ab.
A.
In.
N. V. A.
The rest like
Decline similarly
.} . g.
56 SANSKRIT GRAMMAR. [ 92-94
Norn. sing. Nom. dual. I. dual. LOG. plu.
Neu.
N." V. A. N. V. A.
The rest like the mas. So %?%3T? N. V. A. pi &o.
^ 93. Bases ending in ^ , ^, ^ , or |^and ^, ^, 5.
94. (a) ^ or ^ is changed to ^ when followed by a hard
Consonant or by nothing, and to IT when followed by a soft
consonant.*
(b) The ending ^ or ^ of root-nouns and the final of
^> ^% "^ ^r3T, ad w^ are changed to * when
followed by any consonant except a nasal or a semi- vowel or
by nothingf; tne ^ changed bo ; or ^ when at the end of
a word, and to 3- when followed by a soft consonant. The ^
o* T^TT^ is similarly changed to ^or ? .
(0) But the si of the root-nonns f^BT^,^! , *$5T, and ^sr^is
changed to 3? as also the qr of 3^ ' a bold or impudent man '
and the ^of snch words as f%tr^ &c The ^ of ^5^ is
optionally changed to g^or gp, as also the ^ of ^ar and
The XT of %-fe^ri is changed to ^.
* %: ^: i Pan. VIII. 2. 30. f
Pin. VIII. 2. 36.
94-97 ] DECLENSION. 57
(d) 3 may optionally be inserted between ^ and the loc. pi.
(e) Before vowel terminations final ^ may optionally be
changed to ^.
1)5. (a) * is changed to ^when at the end of a pada or when
followed by a consonant except a nasal or a semi-vowel, (b) In
the case of roots beginning with ^ it is changed to Bunder the
same circumstances; (c) when forming par* of the roots g^, g,
*j and fi^, it is optionally changed to q;*. . to ^or CTJ (d)
and in the case of the root r? it is changed to vj under the
above-mentioned circumstances.*
() The ij^of sfstJT^ /. a kind of metre is changed to ^ when
followed by a hard consonant or by nothing, and to TT before a
soft consonant ( Pan. III. 2. 59).
96. When a mono-sy llabio root (or root-noun) begin s with ? ,
ff or ^ and ends with tr, ^, \j , w or g, the ? f ir^or ^ is respecti-
vely changed to *r, ^ or^tr before ^ or ^o"r when followed by
nothing: or when the final soft aspirate is changed to an unaspi-
rate letterf.
97. Paradigms TT^(/. speech, fj^ shining, g^ becoming
faint &c.
KTT ^*i XT TT
- v . m%> ^r^rr ^r^r^ N. v.
A. 9TO*^ ,) A.
I. ^1^11 ^T^WT^ MiP^: !
T> ^ mn&t* Tl
Ab. ^T^: A!
* ft 5: I ?i^W: I fl 'gg^^^l^l^'H' ^ff^ I P^. VIII,
. 31-34.
t 'J^T *tfl ^!W*?fW f*: I Pan. VIII. 2. 37.
58 SANSKRIT GRAMMAR [ 97
G. sre: srrer: ?rarq( G.
L. *TT% *TJ L.
Decline similarly ^nfrg^[, mx&t^ Decline similarly
;, |^and words ending in 3?
t^[ ; 37*If> f^n^j ft^T^, the sun, f^CT f
f^T^> f%fi^. and words ending fj[^, jj^j SJT^^> f%^.*> XC^eaTj * n ^
in ^ and *r. root nouns in ^, ^r , ^ and ir.
Kg.
N. Sing. N. dual I. dual. Loc. plu.
is
fgrf^'vrrT
&C. *Ki| ffffi mentioned in the qjoni^ g'oup.
f Hereafter only the first letter will be given, the third
letter should always he supposed to be understood.
79 ] DECLENSION. 59
N. Sing. N. dual. I. dual. Loc. pin.
W^
ft*
fo ^tf*!^ &c. The
Ace. plu., Inst. sing. &c. of ^[^, are ij$:, ij^ &*-*
101. The ^ of g^TRg/ .-'a shoe' is ohaoged to q^ before
fT and to ^ before the vr of the termination; e. g, Norn. ^^rf^f.
xJMMg: 7 Ins. sing, and dual TTT^F, ^TTvqr^i Loc.
102
ox.
V.
A.
Ab.
N. V. A.
The rest like
103. The words 3re^ becomes Q<^ under
similar circumstances. In other respects these words are
declined like words ending in .
104]
DECLENSION
63
srnat
N.V.
A.
I.
Ab.
L.
N.V.
A.
I.
D.
Ab.
G.
L.
N.V.
A.
t
L.
The forms of the rest should be similarly made up; e. g.
N. sing. N. pin. A. plu. lust. duel. Loo. plu,
64 SANSKRIT GRAMMAR [ 104
Neu.
The neu. forms should be similarly made up.
N. V. A.
The rest like the mas.
(b) When 3*5^ means < to worship ' or ' honour' the nasal of
JHo-T^ is not dropped and these words are regularly declined. *
They drop their final ^ only before the consonantal termina-
tions* . g.
I Pan. VI. 4. 30.
104-105] DECLENSION. 65
N. V.
A.
L
D.
&c. &c.
L, snftr Jnsafc srcs or
N.V.
A.
I.
&o. &c.
The reat should be similarly declined.
Neu.
N. V. A. ftfe fti,%^t
Irregular Bases.
105. ^3^ a heron &c. ( derived from K
a ^ ame man ^ an ^ E^T, beautifully bounding become
an d ^s^ before consonantal terminations; 0. y.
N. sing. N. dual I. dual. Loc. plu.
The remaining froms should be similarly made up.
Neu.
N. V. A.
The rest like the mas.
H. s. G. 5
66 SANSKRIT GEAMMAE. [ 106-108
106. 35-1^ n, t n. strength, is regularly declined; 0. g. a.
N.eu.
N.V. A. "3^ stfi 3rfSl; *the rest like the mat.
107. Nouns ending in q[. There are a few nouns derived
from the roots ending in '3. They have no other peculiarity
than this, that thej change their ^ to ^ before consonantal
terminations, 0. g. sr^rr^ m.f. one who is tranquil.
A.
or
N. V. A.
The rest like the not.
Bases ending in ^ :
108. The penultimate 3? of nouns ending in ^ is leng
thened in the Norn. sing, if it does not belong to root nouns, j
. the moon.
N.
V.
A.
Sid. Kau. t^^f ^fff^r? I 3W*iir intervenes.
70 SANSKRIT GEAMMAB. \ 114-115
The remaining forms should be similarly made up by adding
the terminations, ^^r and the following words should be simi-
larly declined.
N. sing. N. dual. I. sing. L dual. Loc. Plu.
Mk
3:
iff: PKf f^RT ffiwn\ 'fit
It '" ifr- ; 10
fipft*
N. V. A.
The remaining forms like those of the mas. or fern.
Nouns ending in 3^,, H^, and *q;:
115. 37 is lenthened in the Norn, sing.*, and 5j is inserted
between 3T and the final ^ in the first five inflections. The final
g; is dropped in the Nom. sing.* the 3? of JTf^ i* lengthened be-
fore this ^ except in the Yoc. sing.
. talented.
V.
A.
See ft. note p. 66
5 115-116 ] DECLENSION. 71
I. vftacu
D. tfraft
Ab. ifrjrff: f ,
G. *HtT.
Ncu.
N. V.A. vfnrg;
The rest like the mas.
Decline similarly jfttflt having cows,
mas. great.
The rest
N.V.A. TOCT iifift irfrf^ The reit like the mas.
116. Participial hues ending in 3*3; :
(a) The declension oi these does not differ from that of
noons in irg; except in the Norn. sing. mas. in which the 9f of
3KT is not lengthened. In the case of the dual of the Nom.
rr oc. and the Ace. neu. ^ is inserted before the final g- neoes-
larily in the case of the present participles of the roots of the
lit. 4th, and 10th classes, and of causal, desideraiive and
nominal verbs, optionally in the case of those of the 6th class,
of roots ending in aft of the 2nd class, and of those of the Fat.
in rot or q^, and not at all in the case of the remaining
participles of the present tense.
73 SANSKRIT GBAMMAB. [ 116
being. 3?^cJ eating.
mat.
N. V. inn* W like 3^^ wa*. & nw.
(5) 3 is not inserted at all in the case of the participle of the
Pre. of roots of the third class and of the Parasm. fre-
quentative and the participles ^rm^, 3T$r^, ^5TCn , 2[fbe^ *
3Tnnj, sf' 5 ^ an ^ ^oq^ ; in the case of the Norn. Voo. and Ace.
pin. neu., however, it is optionally inserted :
mat,
^ giving. siro^ awaking.
N. v.
A.
&o. & c .
116-117 ] DECLENSION. 73
iieu.
N. v. A. 55^ $5?ft ^fitT-ft STWJ. srnrar
The rest like
Nouns ending in sjg; and ^.
117. sj is dropped in the Norn. sing, and before all con-
sonantal terminations. In the case of mas. nouns the preceding
3T is lengthened in the first five inflections and f in the Nom.
sing. only. The 3T and f are lengthened in the pin. of the Nom.
Voc. and Ace. of neuter nouns. The 3f is dropped before the
vowel terminations beginning with that of the Aoc. plu. except
when it is preceded by a conjunct consonant having ^ or ^ for
its latter member; it is optionally dropped in the Loo. eing. of
mas. and neuter nouns and optionally in the Nom. Voc. and
Ace. dual of the latter.
In the Voc. sing, the ^ of neu. nouns is optionally retained.
Nouns ending in 373.
tfOT; TTios. the creator,
N.
V.
A.
D. argrdt
Decline similarly 3Wim the self, q-T^q; a sacrificer,
&c.
. name of a deity.
V.
A.
&c. &c. &c.
Neu.
N. v. A. >
119. The ^ of 5f^ mas. <& dog,' 5^ was. < a young man/
and TOF; ma. ' name of Indrs,' is changed to ^ before the
vowel terminations beginning with that of the Ace, plu,*
T
^*j[ It
A. "cnH 1 ^ 99
I.
D.
Ab.
G.
L.
^T I Pan. VI. 4. 133,
J 119-120 J DECLENSION. 77
N.
V.
A.
I.
&c.
L.
N.
V.
I.
&c. &c.
L.
N.V.A.
The rest like the maa.
120. ^f ^ n. meaning ' a day ' changes its final to
(and finally to risarge ) when followed by consonantal termina
tions or by nothing; in other cases it is declined like
N. V. A.
I.
Ab.
* Also the optional forms in 3 in the Voc. sing.
78 SANSKRIT GBAKHAB. [ 120-122
G.
Obs : jfiTrfe* when mas. is declined like ^fjw^ when it
takee the consonantal terminations and like *J3T* * nen
the vowel terminations; when n5. it is declined like
N.
V.
A.
I.
D.
The rest like the mas.
121. 3T&[ OT. a horse, except when preceded by the
negative particle 3^1 ( forming a neg. Tat. ) is declined like a
word ending in ^ in all cases except the Nom. and Voc.
singulars; e. a. N. a^f 3ffoft 3^^:j V. 3f^ 3R??fr, 3T^?T:;
A. JHJrdu, 3T^fr, 3?^: &c. But gw^ ( ^ T%rar^ r rw ) is
regularly declined like q^t^ ; 3R^Tf 3R^foft &c.
^q; MU. ie declined as ^J^ Frfefir .^iRtT' Nom. Voc.
Ace.; the rest like 3^5; mas.
122. Words ending in 53
The ^ may be optionally retained (3tai(i$ &o. ) by
Pan. VIII. 4. 11.
122-123 ] DECLENSION.
mas. an elephant
N.
V.
A.
I.
D.
Ab.
G.
Decline similarly ^rf^f the moon, 5^73 one having a stick,
a wealthy man, ^f^t an elephant, ^|7^< one haying a
garland, STRlirrfN d all other words in f^.
neu.
N. A.
V. ^T- 99
The rest like the mat. Decline similarly $n?^ .,
eloquent, imR^ & c -
Irregular Bases.
123. The first five forms of qr%I a road, j?f^[ a churning
handle, and 3$n$ft( name of Indra are irregular.* They drop
their f^[ before vowel terminations beginning with the Ace. plu.
N. V.
A.
I.
D.
* I ^W \ TO %fa : I Pan.
VII. 1. 85-88.
SO SANSKBIT GRAMMAR. [ 128-124
Ab.
O.
Decline similarly nfqig and ^t^n^f, the latter word, how-
ever. does not insert the sj in the first five inflections; *. g.
Nom. $r: *rif Heit? :-nijf-'F Ace.
Basea ending in
124. These are the perfect participles derived from roots
with the affix q^ to which the intermediate f is prefixed in
some cases. They have a 3 prefixed to their final ^ in the first
five inflections, the penultimate 37 being lengthened before it.
In the Nom. sing, m, the ^ is dropped and the Voc. sing, ends
in qig.3- is substituted for 5>, before which the preceding short
f, if any, is dropped, before the vowel terminations beginning
with those of the Ace. plu. and before the { of the Nom. Voc.
and Ace. dual of the neuter nouns. The final ^ of a root is
changed to 3 before q^ reappears before this 3*; final ^ is
changed to ^ before the consonantal terminations and in the
Nom. Voc. and Ace. sing of the neuter.
fij^rr m. a learned man.
N. f%5ra[ f^ffofr
V. . Orsn
A. ft^r^
Ab.
124-125 ] DECLENSION. 81
N. V. A. ft'** T%fT
The rest like the mas.
Decline similarly ^T?j^r^ or ^ Stfta^, Jl^^, &o. similarly.
Neu.
N. V. A. 3(|?^:-3^rri3r-3Tcg.
128. The words ^TTf/ old age, srvfT one not getting
old and f^r a god, optionally assume the forms
before the vowel terminations :
V.
A.
I.
D.
Ab.
VII. 1. 75.
128-129 ] DECLENSION. 83
Decline f^rar &o. like nw and
&c.
,
. like
V.
A.
The rest like the ma
S 129. The words ^Pcf,
optionally assume the forms q^, ^, ^ 7
all terminations beginning with the Ace. plu
^ft-^w. an arm.
N. V. if^-T^l^ 1^H
^T^( n. dung.
^- ?T^
A.
. water.
N.
A.
W. HiOutll.
, airc:
i flesh.
flfT
A-
120-132 ] DECLENSION.
*r
. an army.
A.
I.
D.
130. The following suffixes are sometimes added to
nominal bases to express the meanings of cases.
(a) The inffix ^^ added to the base of a noun gives it the
sense of the Ab.'*; as smr3[?T: , from carelessness'. ^^T: from
the real state of the thing, in reality, jjrRfT ' from knowledge/
(If) The suffix 5T is used . ^ denote the meaning of the Loc.*
case, and is generally added to pronominal adjectives; as ft-r
*in that place, there'; ^?nr ^cm (. e. the word form-
ed by the addition of the terminations 3TFTT *nd 3TfTW to the
1 ^ff"Tf^5 P^n. V. 3. 7. 10. * By
| Pan. V. 3. 14. ?riy , 5j^ &c. may stand for all cases ex-
cept the Nona, (though they may be used for the Nonx also },
88 SANSKRIT GRAMMAR. f 132-133
pronouns ffa% 9 q^ 7 and ?r^ which become ^, q- and & respec-
tively before these; e. g. ^?Tf, ^R, q-ffT? TcTR, and
, T^g[ and {%&.
1 Personal Pronouns.
133. The pronouns 3T*R^ 'I,' g$R[ 'thou', and
honour :'
JV. B. The declension of the first two of these pronouns
the same in all the three genders.
3^f^* m.f. n.
HT
Ab. R^
G. RR,
.. n.
A.
L
Ab.
G.
L.
i ^i^^r^f ^ i
i Pan. VIII. 1. 20-53.
133-134 ] PRONOUNS AND THEIR DECLENSION. 89
be declined like H*T^; *3T^ *nr?rfr H^cf: N.
A. &c. 3T^H^, ff^Wat( see Syntax < Pronouns ' )
fire similarly declined.
134. (a) The optional shorter forma of the pronouns
3^R^[ and 5JT^ &re never used at the beginning of a sentence
or of a foot of a metre; * nor can they be used immediately
before the particles ^r, g-f, 5 or 57, 3*5 and q^-f; aa TO ^If my
house, and not ^r ^5^;%!^: ^ftifrwrac *$&*'. *HrfT*3 (Sid-
Kau. ), < may Krshna, revered throughout or capable of being
known properly from all the Vedas, always protect us; and
not rf: ^sor: &o.j ff^r ^c^TffcTc^ * this is surely your deed/ and
not tf fTO 3T i; but must
be used when there is anvades' a*;
A. ?T^ m
I.
B.
Ab.
O.
L.
N.
A.
I.
D
Ab.
G.
L,
I V4rt.
135 ] PRONOUNS AND THEIR DECLENSION. 1
Decline HT^ which means the same thing as $T ( see g 137 ).
92 SANSKRIT GRAMMAR. [ 135
Notes: The visarga of ^: and trq 1 : is dropped when followed
by any letter except 8? in which case the usual Sand hi takes
place; ^r iFRS'g,
A.
I.
D.
Ab.
G.
L.
N. *T
A.
D. *W js
Ab. *FFir:
G.
L.
/^W
N. & A. T^ ^
The rest like tbe .
4 The Inter rogati ye Pronoun*.
| 139. The pronoun fa^mat.fem. & .; . Base
basest.
Afas.
N. ^. ^ *
A.
1.
D;
Ab.
G.
N.
A.
5 139-143 ] PRONOUNS AND THEIR DECLENSION. 95
B.
Ah.
and q*<^r^. These are generally used in the sing, and also
adverbially e. g. and mlTT in the
plu. before these; e. g.
Mas.
Sing.
Plural.
'my, mine'
'our, ours*
Sing.
my, mine'
Plural.
3rcR3ffcT 'our, ours*"
146-148 ] PRONOUNS AND THBIB DECLENSION. 97
mas. fern.
Sing. Plural. Sing. Plural.
*thy, gwtfv ' your, r^mf * thy, ^CR^pT
thine. ' yours.' thine.' yours.'
iHiMUi ,>
T. mas. fern.
N. B. These are declined like nouns ending in r, 3TT or f
regularly. ^ is a possessive pronoun by itself.
10 Pronominal Adjectives.
147. gfwr 'another/ 3t?*nrc 'either of two/ fflt 'other,'
q**
N. &. A. OT*
The rest like the mas.
( a ) CTT when it means 'equal 7 is not a pronoun and is
leolined like nouns in 3f; e. g. frtf: ^mV tfm: Norn.,
Jingo CTTTHTO G. plu. as in the Sutra of Pail.
I 1. 3. 10.
149. 03s : ?cr and ?w ( the 10th and llth ^wrRs ) the ore
( ud^tta), the other <^|^|^ (anudatta), both synonymb of
are declined like ^r$. The former is of the form f^g;
according to some and then it is declined regularly by adding
the terminations ; e.g. tQT?^ Pftft ?3tt: Nom. &c.
150. ^ when it does not mean " a class " or < wealth " is
a pronoun aod is declined like ^* m.f. n. but it forms its
150-154 ] PEONOUNS AND THEIR DECLENSION. 99
Nom plu. and Ab. and Loc. sing, optionally like rrtr when
mas.- as ^% or ^jj: 'one's own' Nom plu.; but $37: 'people of
one's class' only ( declined like ^ftr ).
151. 3jnU is a pronoun ( and therefore declined like ^m
n.f.) when it means " exterior, outer; or what is to be worn
out-aide, as a garment"* except when followed by 5^; it is
optionally declined like nouns ending in 3? in the Nom. pi. and
Ab. and Loo. sing, of the mas. 0. g.
*T STTOPT: ( garments ). But
152. %JT meaning 'half is a pronoun, but it is optionally
declined like TTO in the Nom. pin. mas in other respects it is
declined likd 37.
153. if$ 'prior, eastern', 3T*T 'posterior, western', ^t%ur
Southern,' g^R 'superior, northern, subsequent', 3HT 'other/
and aro?[ ^inferior, lower,' when they denote relation in space,
time or person with reference to a particular thing or point of
time &c. and are not a name, are pronouns f and are then declin-
ed like 9$; but they are optionally declined like rot in th*
Nom. plu. and' Ab. and Loc. siog. when ma*, e.g. Nom. ^}:
or
&c.. but ^T%UTT: i Pan. V. 3.
34. 36. 3. MK^^^Trl msi5 ; HWW \ P&n. V. 23-25.
157-158 ] PRONOUNS AND THEIR DECLENSION. 101
W^T, thenj d$|rflq, at that time;
then, therefore; TOT, so, ?nr, there;
Oft, thence, thereupon, therefore, &c.
, now,??*n*, thru; 3^, here,
therefore; f?r:, from this, hence;
now; f , here.
nowj frr^ thus; 3^: hence,
therefore; aw here.
*$, when; ^ when; *nrr s; q^
where; q^f:, whence J? since, because,
^f}, when; qp^r, when; sp*r^, how;
^5T, where 5 ^, where; ^r:, where,
whence; ^5, whence, how.
wf^, always; ?ar^f, always; ^ff:,
everywhere, on all sides; *rg=r every-
where, in all places.
q^f: further on, beyond, &c.
3*:, S^ffTec before, in front, &c.
or
own below.
,
or
behind, below, downwards.
T^cTRl, from behind, afterwards,
westward, &c.
or in
the south, on the right side.
SMS 3Tm^, ^^^mft to or in tne
north, &c.
158. When a pronominal word is used as the subordinate
member of a compound, or is at the end of an Inst. Tat. , or of
a sentence having the sense of the Inst. Tat., or at the end 01 a
Dwandwa, it is not declined like a pronoun*; 0. g. 3|
Pan. I. 1. 30. 31. *
I Vart. <{| >> >
25 9H
w yi >
26 ^ T^J^T^nn ^T^^T, o^fV ,, 99 ),
27 9v
"*( >/ >
F, o^ or
, oiff
30 ^o i^SJuiH^f l^ttfty $TT or fg^f^ffr oj^r
31 ^
32 ^^
33 ^^
34 3V
35 ^H
36 35
37 3\s>
38 3'i< or
59
or
63 53 3nr*i% or
04 sv
5
159 ] NUMERALS AND THEIR DECLENSION. 105
68 ^c
69 S^ *i*i^fe or
70 \So ti urn /<"? ttHmtiH* oift
71 vs^ it orff or
72 vs^ S'lfVHPf or
73 VS3
74 V9V ^
75 an IT
76 vs^
77 vsvs
78 vs i4 ^^ be fleen are made U P b
tr^, T%, &c. up to SCT; to the lower. The ninth intermediate
number may also be made up by prefixing q-^Ffr, 3T^ or q'*W
to the higher. In these compounds (5, |% and &&^ aie changed
ao ^r, 9. ), T% ( fitaV* )> "*
^gT ( ^TO/m. ), are all adjectives and takes the gender, num-
ber and case of the nouns they qualify.
165. <3 is declined in the sing. ( though it may have the
dual and plural also ), and ft * n tlie dmtl alone. For further
particulars see 154. f% and ^5^ are declined in the plu.
Alone. E. g.
mas. fem. mas. fern.
A. ?fa[ A.
D. Ab. fiinwp iffQW D. Ab.
G.
neu.
N.v. A. sfrflr N.V.A.
The rest like the mas. The rest like the mas.
166. 7333 ^T33R(. These are also adjectives agreeing
in case with the nouns to which they are applied. They are
dech'ned in the pi. and are uniform m all the three genders.
N.V.A.
I.
Dat. & Ab.
: ft^Tt m^^ Pan. VII. 2. 99.
166-169 ] NUMEBALS AND THEIB DECLENSION.
100
G.
L.
^[ and the following cardinals up to
to be declined like
167.
ought
and other cardinal numbers up to
are all feminine substantives, the numerals ^TrT, ^Kf5T,
&c. are all neuter, with the exception of $$r which is 72011. and
fern. OTTZ which is fern, and ^ and 3TWTO both of which are
mas. and have no declensional peculiarities. They are
declined in the sing, and so used with a plural noun; e. g.
25 Brahmanas; qfrl^irnre^nfa or
;*>: or ^frf*: by 111 men or women; q
: with Rs. 999 &c. They may be made to have duals
and plurals by being used as fixed standards of counting* 0. g.
STTSTOTRr f%5T?TT: many twenties of Br$hmanas ; \ ^
two hundreds of women &c.
168. The ordinals are declined regularly except:
( see 156 ) and fjrfor and ^fft^ which are optionally
declined like pronouns in the Dat. Ab. Gen. and LOG. sing ;
NUMEBAL ADVEBBS.
169. ( a ) ^^ once, f|: twice, T=T: thrice, ^5: four
times; from qn^ onwards adverbs of frequency are formed by
adding ^^: before which final ^ is dropped 0. g. q^i^jF^: five
times, ^nrfir^: seven times, &c.
( * ) ^T^n* or ^^q-ij; in one way or part, f|qr or gpjr or \$
in two ways or parts; fgTjr or g-qri or Ifir^in three ways, &c.;
? in four ways,
