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THE HIGHLAND CLANS
OF SCOTLAND
ARMORIAL BEARINGS OF THE CHIEFS
The Highland CLANS of
Scotland: Their History and
"Traditions. By George £yre-Todd
With an Introduction by A. M. MACKINTOSH
WITH ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY-TWO ILLUSTRATIONS,
INCLUDING REPRODUCTIONS Of WIAN'S CELEBRATED
PAINTINGS OF THE COSTUMES OF THE CLANS
VOLUME TWO
A
•
D. APPLETON AND COMPANY
NEW YORK MCMXXIII
Oft
o
PKINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN
CONTENTS
THE MACDONALDS OF KEPPOCH
THE MACDONALDS OF GLENGARRY
CLAN MACDOUGAL
CLAN MACDUFP .
CLAN MACGILLIVRAY .
CLAN MACINNES . .
CLAN MACINTYRB .
CLAN MACIVER .
CLAN MACKAY . . t
CLAN MACKENZIE . .
CLAN MACKINNON
CLAN MACKINTOSH
CLAN MACLACHLAN
CLAN MACLAURIN
CLAN MACLEAN .
CLAN MACLENNAN
CLAN MACLEOD .
CLAN MACMILLAN
CLAN MACNAB . . *
CLAN MACNAUGHTON .
CLAN MACNICOL
CLAN MACNIEL .
CLAN MACPHEE OR DUFFIE
CLAN MACPHERSON
CLAN MACQUARIE
CLAN MACRAE
PAGE
26l
268
278
284
290
297
299
302
306
314
328
334
347
353
359
365
368
378
382
389
394
398
403
406
415
420
vi CONTENTS
PAGE
CLAN MATHESON ....... 427
CLAN MENZIES ........ 432
CLAN MUNRO . . . . . . . . 438
CLAN MURRAY ........ 445
CLAN OGILVY ........ 454
CLAN ROSE . . • • • • • • 460
CLAN ROSS ........ 467
CLAN SHAW . . . . . . . -473
CLAN SINCLAIR ........ 479
CLAN SKENE ........ 488
CLAN STEWART ........ 492
CLAN SUTHERLAND ....... 499
CLAN URQUHART . . . . . . .508
INDEX ......... 513
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Armorial Bearings ....
MacDonald of Keppoch
Cairn on Culloden Moor
MacDonell of Glengarry
The Well of the Heads
Invergarry Castle ....
MacDougall .....
Duustaffnage Castle . . .
The Mouth of Loch Etive .
MacDuff .....
MacGillivray .....
Well of the Dead, Culloden Moor .
Maclnnes .....
Maclntyre . . .
Old Clansmen's Houses
Maclver .....
MacKay . . .
Mackenzie .....
Brahan Castle .....
Castle Leod, Strathpeffer .
Mackinnon .....
Mackintosh .....
Inverlochy Castle ....
MacLachlan . . .
Castle Lachlan ....
MacLaurin .....
Loch Voil and the Old MacLaurin Country
Maclean .....
MacLennan .
MacLeod . .
Macmillan .....
vii
Frontispiece
. Facing page viii
„ „ 264
• „ „ 268
» 272
» 274
» 278
» „ 280
„ „ 282
„ „ 284
„ 290
» 294
„ 296
„ 298
» 300
„ 302
„ 306
» „ 3i4
» » 316
» » 320
» „ 328
» » 334
>» ., 340
» 346
» „ 348
» » 352
» » 354
» » 35S
» 364
„ 368
» 378
viii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Lawers, Loch Tay ..... Facing page 380
MacNab . . . . „ „ 382
Francis, Twelfth Chief of MacNab . . „ „ 384
Kinnell House . . . . „ „ 386
MacNaughton . . ,, . „ „ 388
MacNicol . . . * . „ „ 394
MacNiel . . . . . / . „ „ 398
Kismul Castle .....„„ 400
MacPhee or Duffie .....„„ 402
Macpherson . . • „ -'. . „ „ 406
MacQuarie . . . \ . , „ „ 414
MacRae ... „ „ 420
Matheson . . . . „ ,,426
Menzies . . . . „ ,,432
Weem Castle ... „ „ 434
Munro . . . ..... „ 438
Murray . .. „ 444
Tullibardine Kirk . . . . „ ,,448
Ogilvy ... . 454
Inverquharity Castle . . . . . „ „ 456
Rose .......„„ 460
Kilravock Castle, Nairnshire . . „ „ 464
Ross . . „ „ 466
Shaw .... „ 472
Sinclair. ... . „ 478
Sir John Sinclair, Bart., of Ulbster . . „ „ 484
Skene . . . . „ „ 48F
Stewart . . . . „ ,,492
Garth Castle, Glenlyon . . . . „ ,,494
Sutherland „ „ 498
Ur(luhart „ 508
MAC DONALD OF KEPPOCH
•eding page 261.
THE MACDONALDS OF KEPPOCH
BADGB : Fraoch gorm (erica vulgaris) common heath.
SLOGAN : Dia 's Naomh Aindrea.
PIBROCH : Ceapach na fasaich, and Blar Mhaol rua'.
AN interesting subject for the pen of the Scottish his-
torical student would be the mass of evil consequences,
extending for centuries afterwards, which flowed from the
moral indiscretion of Robert II., first of the Stewart
kings. As a warrior and a statesman the Stewart was in
every way worthy of his grandfather, King Robert the
Bruce. It was his private conduct, in the matter of his
conjugal relationships, which entailed such endless woes
upon his descendants and upon Scotland. Though
legitimated by a Papal dispensation in 1347, eight years
before his second marriage, there can be no question that
the Stewart's early connection with Elizabeth Mure of
Rowallan was irregular. Out of this fact arose the claim
of the children of his later marriage with Euphemia
Ross, the Earls of Strathearn and Atholl, to be the proper
heirs of the Crown, a claim which brought about the
assassination of James I. and the terrible Douglas Wars
against James II. At the same time, by their own acts
the children of Elizabeth Mure brought a heritage of woe
on Scotland. The eldest son, John, ascended the throne
as Robert III., but the third son, the ambitious, able
Robert, Duke of Albany, ruled the country, secured the
death of Robert III.'s elder son, by starvation, at Falk-
land, and the capture and long imprisonment of the king's
second son, afterwards James I., by the English, for
which betrayal a fearful nemesis was suffered by his own
son and grandsons on Stirling heading hill. Elizabeth
Mure's fourth son was the savage Alexander Stewart,
Earl of Buchan, better known as the Wolf of Badenoch,
vhose defiance of the laws of God and man kept the
rthern half of Scotland in fire and bloodshed for more
•nan twenty years. To mention only one other of the
twenty-one children of Robert II., his eldest daughter
Margaret, who was married to John, Lord of the Isles,
35o, carried with her what seems to have been nothing
s than a curse. To make way for her, the Lord of the
Isles set aside his first wife, Amy MacRuari, with her
VOL. II 26l A
262 THE MACDONALDS OF KEPPOCH
children, and from that day the misfortunes of the great
House of the Isles began, and the downfall of the whole
race of Macdonald. It was Margaret Stewart's son,
Donald of the Isles, who married a sister of the Earl of
Ross, and on that Earl's death claimed the Earldom.
This was claimed also by his uncle, Robert, Duke of
Albany, for his own younger son. To assert his claim
Donald, in 1411, marched across Scotland and fought the
bloody battle of Harlaw, where he was defeated by his
cousin, Alexander Stewart, Earl of Mar, eldest natural son
of the Wolf of Badenoch. It is true that in 1431 the tables
were turned, when the same Earl of Mar was defeated by
the Islesmen, under Donald Balloch, in the fierce battle
of Inverlochy ; but the victory brought down upon
Alexander, the next Lord of the Isles, Margaret Stewart's
grandson, condign punishment at the hands of his other
cousin, King James I., and the misfortunes of the house
went from less to more, till in 1493 John, " fourth and
last " Lord of the Isles, died a forfeited and landless
man in Paisley Abbey or Dundee.
In these matters the Macdonalds of Keppoch shared
the misfortunes of the great House of the Isles from which
they had sprung. Their ancestor was Alastair, third son
of John, Lord of the Isles, and Margaret Stewart, daughter
of King Robert II. Angus Og, the father of John of
the Isles, who figures as the hero in Scott's poem, had
received from King Robert the Bruce, as a reward for
loyal support, the lands of Morven, Ardnamurchan, and
Lochaber, forfeited by his kinsmen the MacDougals of
Lome, and John of the Isles made his third son Lord of
Lochaber. In a deed of 1398 Alastair is termed " Mag-
incus vir et potens," and for three hundred years his
cendants were known as the race of Alastair Carraich
s not till the end of the seventeenth century that the
Keppoch Chief, Colla MacGillieaspuig, on the persuasion
his kinsman, the Glengarry Chief, Lord MacDonell
os, resumed the family name of Macdonald. Th
onghold of the Macdonalds of Keppoch stood on hig
I at the meeting of the Roy and the Spean, where,
rirdrn ™ ** ^^ ***** the fruit trees °f their old
garden continued to blossom and bear fruit
th» i lTi5!lC fmiJCh Wax?r had flowed Past the walls of
o d ^f ttr uUn- N°tabl? in '«'. while Alexander,
,K ^ lHy a prisoner in Tantallon, and
Inch^m A±fl^rnteSSu°f.RoSS' was immur*d on
m. Alasair Carraich joined the formidable in-
the Islesmen under his cousin, Donald Balloch,
THE MACDONALDS OF KEPPOCH 263
Chief of Clanranald, which routed the Royal forces under
Alexander Stewart, Earl of Mar, and the Earl of Caith-
ness at Inverlochy. For this the lordship of Lochaber
was forfeited and bestowed by James I. on his loyal sup-
porter, the Mackintosh Chief, Captain of Clan Chattan.
This grant proved a cause of trouble for several centuries.
Like the MacGregors further south, the Macdonalds
resisted the Mackintosh's parchment tenure, and con-
tinued for the most part to hold their lands by the ancient
coir a glaive, or right of the sword.
Alastair Carraich's son Angus, the second Keppoch
Chief, had two sons, Donald and Alastair. Of these,
Donald was slain in 1498 in a battle with the first Appin
Chief, Dougal Stewart, and his son John earned the
enmity of his clan by an act which the Highlanders
invariably regarded as unpardonable. One of his tribe,
having committed some offence, fled to him for protec-
tion. John, however, weakly handed the man over to the
Mackintosh Chief, as Steward of Lochaber. By this act
he sealed his own fate. The clan deposed him from the
chiefship, and made his cousin and heir-male presumptive,
Donald Glas, chief in his place. Ranald, the son of
Donald Glas, met a still more tragic fate. Along with
the Captain of Clan Cameron he took part, in 1544,
in supporting the stout and capable John Moydertach,
natural son of the late Chief of Clanranald, in his claim
to the chiefship, which had been conferred upon him by
his clan, in despite of the weak and unpopular legitimate
heir, Ranald Gallda. For a time, while Moydertach was
imprisoned by James V., Ranald was placed in possession
of the Moidart estates by his mother's people, the Frasers ;
but on James's death and Moydertach's return, Gallda
fled, and his rival, helped by Keppoch and the Camerons.
carried fire and sword through the Fraser country. These
disorders brought into action the Earl of Huntly, as
King's Lieutenant in the North. With a force of the
Frasers, Grants, and Mackintoshes, he drove out Moyder-
tach and his raiders, and replaced Ranald Gallda in
possession of his estates. On their way back Huntly's
forces separated in Glen Spean, and Lovat with 400 men
went homewards by the Great Glen. There, at the head
of Loch Lochy, he was intercepted by the Macdonalds,
and in the terrible battle of Kin-Loch-Lochy, or Blar-na-
leine, had his force completely cut to pieces, and was slain-
himself, with his eldest son and the luckless Ranald
Gallda. It was in the following year that the Earl of
Lennox invaded the West of Scotland in the interest of
264 THE MACDONALDS OF KEPPOCH
Henry VIII., and he found it easy to gain over John
Moydertach and his allies. These transactions proved
disastrous to Keppoch. In 1546, along with the Captain
of Clan Cameron, he was secured by Mackintosh as
Deputy Lieutenant and handed over to Huntly, who first
imprisoned them at Perth, and afterwards carried them to
Elgin, where they were tried and beheaded in 1547.
Ranald's son and successor, Alastair of Keppoch, was
mixed up with the affairs of that turbulent chief, Sir James
Macdonald of Islay and Kintyre, chief of clan Ian Vor,
and last representative of the second son of John of the
Isles and the daughter of King Robert II. When Sir
James, after trying to burn his father and mother in their
house of Askomull in Kintyre, was imprisoned in Edin-
burgh Castle, he made several attempts to escape. After
the first of these he was confined in irons, and in the
second attempt the irons severely injured his ankle as he
leapt from the wall. At last, however, in 1615, by the
help of Alastair of Keppoch and his eldest son, he suc-
ceeded in getting away. His estates in Islay had by this
time been feued to Sir John Campbell of Cawdor, brother
of the Earl of Argyll, and Sir James proceeded to raise
his forces to make a last stand against the usurpations of
the Campbells, who for centuries had been ousting the
ancient House of trie Isles from its heritage. In the
struggle he was vigorously helped by Keppoch, and the
affair caused an immense commotion in the Western Isles.
In the end, however, the Earl of Argyll himself was
brought from England, whither he had fled, it is said, to
escape his creditors. Armed with the King's commission
he gathered his forces at Duntroon on Loch Crinan, drove
Sir James and his supporters from Islay and Kintyre,
finally secured these territories as Campbell pos-
isions. Keppoch seems to have followed his leader to
Spam, and when they were recalled to London and
pardoned by King James VI. in 1620 he received a pension
merks, while Sir James got one of 1,000.
Twenty-five years later, during the Civil Wars, the
e of Keppoch was very active on the side of King
M ^en the Kin£>s general, the Marquess of
«c, made his astonishing march in the snows of
o overthrow the pusillanimous Marquess of Argyll
\lJnT M y: r Was a memt»er of the clan, John
nald, the famous Iain Lorn, the poet, who guided
Momro«je s army through the difficult mountain passes.
> death of Montrose the bard of Keppoch
>mposed a lament in his honour.
CAIRN ON CULLODEN MOOR
Facing page 264.
THE MACDONALDS OF KEPPOCH 265
At a still later day Iain Lorn played a dramatic part
in another tragic episode in the history of his clan. The
tradition runs that a Keppoch Chief, Donald Glas, sent
his two sons to France to be educated, and died during
their absence. On the return of the lads, Alastair and
his brother Ranald, they were barbarously murdered, in
September, 1663, by certain members of the clan, who
took possession of their land. No one seemed disposed
or powerful enough to avenge the crime : only the poet
seemed to feel the outrage, and he exerted himself un-
ceasingly to induce some chief to take the matter up. At
last he managed to enlist the interest of Glengarry, who
had recently been raised to the peerage as Lord MacDonell
and Aros. By this chief a body of men was sent to
Brae Lochaber, and the murderers were attacked in their
dwellings and slain. The sequel is told in the inscription
on a curious monument with an apex representing seven
human heads which stands near the south-west end of
Loch Oich. The inscription runs: — " As a memorial of
the ample and summary vengeance which, in the swift
course of feudal justice, inflicted by the orders of the Lord
McDonell and Aross, overtook the perpetrators of the foul
murder of the Keppoch family, a branch of the powerful
and illustrious clan of which his lordship was the Chief,
this monument is erected by Colonel McDonell of Glen-
garry, XVII. Mac-Mhic-Alaister, his successor and
representative, in the year of our Lord 1812. The heads
of the seven murderers were presented at the feet of the
noble chief in Glengarry Castle, after having been washed
in this spring, and ever since that event, which took place
early in the sixteenth century, it has been known by the
name of ' Tobar-nan-ceann,' or ' The Well of the
Heads.' "
In its chronology the inscription is somewhat astray,
as Iain Lorn was not born till about 1620. At the
Restoration in 1660 he received a pension, and he is some-
times referred to as the poet laureate of Charles II. He
was present with the Jacobite army under Dundee at
Killiecrankie in 1689, and celebrated the victory of the
Highland army on that occasion in a poem, " Rinrory."
Meanwhile the Macdonalds of Keppoch had been
making history vigorously in their own way. In 1682
Archibald Macdonald of Keppoch died and was suc-
ceeded by his son Coll, then a youth at St. Andrews.
After his father's funeral Coll went to Inverness and tried
to arrange terms to settle the old difficulties with the
Mackintosh Chief. The latter, however, replied by throw-
266 THE MACDONALDS OF KEPPOCH
in* Keppoch into prison, and it took an order from the
Privy Council to set him free. After this treatment
Keppoch naturally refused to have dealings with
Mackintosh, and in the end the latter procured a com-
mission of fire and sword against him. It was in July,
1688, that the Mackintosh Chief, irritated by Keppoch 's
refusal to pay rent and admit his authority, at last raised
his clan, and, accompanied by a body of Government
troops under Captain Mackenzie of Suddie, descended
upon Brae Lochaber, and encamped on the height of
Maol rua', near Keppoch 's stronghold. The upshot,
however, was far different from what he expected. His
force numbered about a thousand men, while Keppoch
had his own force increased by the Macdonalds of Glen-
garry and Glencoe and some Camerons. At dawn on
the 4th of August Mackintosh beheld his enemies
descending upon him from the ridge above. They
charged without shoes, stockings, or bonnets, and did
dreadful execution with their swords and Lochaber axes.
Suddie was killed and Mackintosh himself taken prisoner,
while his banner only escaped by its bearer leaping a
chasm over which no one could follow him. The battle of
Mulroy, which was the last clan battle in the Highlands,
was celebrated with characteristic vigour by Ian Lom.
Mackintosh complained to the Privy Council, which
sent two companies of foot and a troop of dragoons into
Lochaber to destroy the Macdonalds, " man, woman
and child " and burn their houses and corn. The Mac-
donalds, however, managed to escape to the hills, from
which they witnessed the destruction of their homes and
crops. In the following year, Mackintosh having refused
to join the Jacobite forces under Dundee, Macdonald had
the satisfaction of driving off his cattle, and burning his
new mansion of Dunachton. For his activity in cattle-
raiding for the Jacobite army Dundee nicknamed Keppoch
as " Coll of the Cows."
In the interest of King James, Coll threatened Inver-
with a force of 800 men, but was drawn off by
J'SSSS1 and he led a thousand Highlanders to the battle
ecrankie. After the building of Fort William in
jo, however, he saw it to his interest to become recon-
to the law, and he entered into an arrangement with
osh to pay a regular rent for his lands in
He still, however, remained loyal to the
>ite cause, and at the rising of 1715 he joined the
tarl of Mar and fought at Sheriffmuir.
*•• the son of Coll of the Cows, Alexander
THE MACDONALDS OF KEPPOCH 267
Macdonald of Keppoch, who played a very notable part
in the rising under Prince Charles Edward in 1745. At
the Prince's landing he was one of the first of the High-
land Chiefs to declare for him, and it was in his country,
at the bridge over the Spean, that the first shots of the
rising were fired and two companies of Government
soldiers taken prisoners. Keppoch himself led three
hundred clansmen to the raising of the Prince's standard
at Glenfinan, and having been an officer in the French
service he proved of very great value throughout the
campaign, till the last onset at Culloden. Since Bannock-
burn the Macdonalds had claimed the place of honour
on the right of the Scottish armies. At Culloden this
was denied them, and from their assigned place on the
left they refused in consequence to charge. As the critical
moment was passing, Keppoch, who was their colonel,
uttered the cry, " Have the children of my tribe forsaken
me? " and rushing forward himself, sword and pistol in
hand, received a bullet through the breast and fell dead.
Following the battle, Lochaber was burned, houses,
corn-stacks, and woods, with ruthless barbarity, by the
red soldiers under the Duke of Cumberland, and two of
the clansmen who went to Fort William to deliver up
their arms and avail themselves of the proffered pardon
were immediately hanged at a spot still pointed out near
the mill. In 1752, however, Keppoch's son, Ranald Og,
petitioned for the restoration of his property on the ground
that his father had fallen before the passing of attainder.
He served in the Fraser Fencibles, each company of which
was commanded by a chief, and he distinguished himself
very highly at the siege of Quebec. The chiefs remained
tenants of the lands of Keppoch till Major Alexander
Macdonald had to leave, in consequence of quarrels with
Sir JEneas Mackintosh. The representative of the ancient
chiefs was afterwards lost sight of in America.
Only less celebrated than Ian Lorn was a poetess of
the clan, Sheila Macdonald, daughter of Gillespie Mac-
Alaistair Buidhe, sixteenth chief, who became the wife
of Gordon of Baldornie in Aberdeenshire. In addition
to her poetry she was a noted performer on the harp, and
is said to have had the gift of improvisation.
SEPTS OF CLAN MACDONALD OF KEPPOCH
MacGillivantic MacGilp
Macglasricli MacKillop
MacPhilip Philipson
Ronald Ronaldson
THE MACDONELLS OF GLENGARRY
BADGE : Fraoch gorm (erica vulgaris) common heath.
SLOGAN : Craie an fitheach.
PIBROCH : Faille Mhic Alastair, Cille chriosd, and Blar Sron.
IT is not many years since there lived in an old house
with high-walled garden in the heart of Rothesay, two old
maiden ladies whose pride and regret were that they were
the last in this country of the great old house of the
MacDonells of Glengarry. They were women of noble
appearance and strong character, and one of them at least
took a considerable part in public affairs. Many stories
regarding them were told in the town. Among these one
may be cited as characteristic. When the late Marquess
of Bute, as a young man, called upon them on the eve of
his marriage to a daughter of the great Roman Catholic
house of Howard, it had become known that he was likely
himself to become a member of the Church of Rome. Of
this proceeding the Misses MacDonell did not approve,
and they took the opportunity to inform him that if he did
enter the Roman Communion they would " no longer be
able to call at Mount Stuart." Among the treasures which
the survivor of them took delight in preserving was a tall
shepherd's crook of hazel which had been sent home to
her by her nephew, the young Chief of the Clan in
Canada. That hazel staff represented the tragedy of the
race, for after the death in 1828 of the seventeenth Chief
of Glengarry, who is said to have been the model in part of
Fergus Maclvor in Sir Walter Scott's \Waverley, his
impoverished successor, gathering together between 500
and 600 of his clansmen, emigrated with them in a body
to Canada, where they still perpetuate the traditions of the
race which had its headquarters on the lovely shores of
Loch Oich in the Great Glen.
On the shore of Loch Oich still stand the ruins of the
noble and picturesque ancient stronghold of Invergarry,
which was the seat of the chief. Among the many
memories of its days of magnificence and hospitality, the
IMC is not the least striking. It was the day of his defeat
mt Culloden, and Prince Charles Edward was in full flight
before the "Red Soldiers" of the Butcher Duke of
268
Facing page 268.
THE MACDONELLS OF GLENGARRY 269
Cumberland. Hungry and almost alone he reached
Invergarry, and was there entertained to a meal which
consisted of a brace of salmon which had been taken from
the loch by the forester only an hour or two before. That
was the last hospitality which the noble old house of
Invergarry was to afford, for a few days afterwards the
" Red Soldiers " came ravaging down the loch, making
the country of the clans a desert with fire and sword, and
by order of the Duke of Cumberland, Invergarry Castle
was burned to the ground.
Of the noble old race which had its home here the
history is romantic in the extreme. Like the other two
great branches of the clan, the MacDonalds of the Isles
and of Clanranald, which contest with Glengarry the
supreme chiefship of the name, the MacDonells are directly
descended from Reginald, the younger son of the famous
Somerled, King of the Isles in the twelfth century. Their
patronymic of MacDonald they took from Donald, the
elder of Reginald's two sons. A common ancestor of all
three houses was Donald's grandson, Angus Og, who
supported King Robert the Bruce in the Wars of
Succession, entertained him in his castle of Dunavertie,
at the south end of Kintyre, when he was fleeing for safety
to the Island of Rachryn, and on whom in consequence
Bruce 's grandson, King Robert II., bestowed the
territories of Morvern, Ardnamurchan, and Lochaber,
forfeited by the Macdougals, descendants of Somerled 's
elder son, who had sided with Baliol and Comyn
against the House of Bruce.
A privilege claimed by all the MacDonalds in common
was the right to the post of honour on the right in all
Scottish armies on the day of battle. This right, it is
said, was conferred upon them by King Robert the Bruce
in recognition of the part they played on the field of
Bannockburn, and the ignoring of it, they declare, brought
about the disastrous issues of the battles of Harlaw and
Culloden. On other occasions, as at Prestonpans and
Falkirk, when accorded their proper position on the right
of the Scottish armies, they performed prodigies of valour.
Angus Og's son, John, first Lord of the Isles, had by
his first marriage three sons, John, Godfrey, and Ranald ;
and it is from the third of these, who inherited Moidart
and Glengarry, that the families of Glengarry and
Clanranald are descended. John of the Isles, however,
repudiated his first wife, married the Princess Margaret,
a daughter of King Robert II., and settled the Lordship
of the Isles upon his family by her. From her second
OT, THE MACDONELLS OF GL™|*™J
» if" T dS"S."l
f "T Xt d£« •£ Donkld oi Ito I*'. «"»
Btrs. ''
John, Kafl of Ross and Lord of the Isles, simply as " frater with-
out inv Qualifying word, e.g., the charter confirmed by James IV.
KSfffSSSK? Ca'risfimo fratri nostro Hugoni Alexandri de
nsuHs Domino de Slete,' and one of the witnesses is Celesfano
de Insnlis de Lochalch fratre nostro' (Reg. Mag. Sig., Vol. xm.,
No. 186). A contrary opinion was at one time expressed L m
consequence of Hugh and Celestine being designed by John, Earl
of Ross and Lord of the Isles, in a charter granted in 1470, as
• Iratribus carnalibus.' But a fuller knowledge of ancient writs
has rendered any such inference of little or no value. Carnaiis,
it is now well known, is frequently applied to persons whose
legitimacy is not open to question. A curious instance of the
application of this word even to a brother uterine may be noted.
" After the death of James I. of Scotland his widow, Joanna
Beaufort (daughter of the Earl of Somerset), was married in 1439
to Sir JttMS Stewart, known as the Black Knight of Lorn. They
had three sons who were : (i) John; (2) James, afterwards Earl of
Bucban; (3) Andrew, who became Bishop of Moray. These three
were thus half-brothers to King James II. of Scotland. The eldest,
John, who was created Earl of Atholl on 25th March, 1459-60,
received a charter of Balvany from King James II., ' fratri suo
Johanni Stewart comiti Atholiae.' Here it will be seen, he is
nmnly styled /rater. On i8th March, 1481-82, in a re-grant of the
Earldom of Atholl from King James III., he is designed ' f rater
carnal i* (not of the blood royal) quondam progenitoris sui Jacobi
" The position, so far as is known, seems to be fairly stated
by Donald Gregory, in his History of the Western Highlands
and ItUt o/ Scotland (1881 Ed., Vol. ii., pp. 40-1), as follows :
Countess, Elizabeth, daughter of Alexander Seton, Lord
«* Gordon and Huntly, Alexander, Earl of Ross and Lord of the
**. had issue, John, his successor. He had likewise two other
legitimate tons (but whether by the same mother or not is
THE MACDONELLS OF GLENGARRY 271
judge for himself of the justice of the claims made by the
heads of the three houses, of the Isles, Glengarry, and
Clanranald, to be supreme chief of the MacDonalds.
By way of evidence that their house was regarded as
the head of the great MacDonald race, the Glengarry
family cite many facts. Among these is the circumstance
that in 1587, when the Scottish Parliament passed an Act
for the keeping of the peace in the Highlands, MacDonald
of Glengarry and Knoidart was made responsible for the
peaceable behaviour of those of his name.
For a time Glengarry was regarded as the deer forest
belonging to the royal castle of Inverlochy, and the Mac-
Donalds held as royal tenants, but they afterwards
obtained a crown charter. In the year of Flodden they
took part with MacDonald of Lochalsh in an attack on the
royal castle of Urquhart, on Loch Ness.
This connection led to one of the fiercest of the High-
land feuds. Alexander MacDonald, sixth Chief of
Glengarry, married Margaret, daughter of Sir Donald of
Lochalsh, and when the latter died in 1519 he left half of
his estate, Lochalsh, Loch Carron, and Attadale, with
Strome Castle, to the pair. The other half was purchased
by Mackenzie of Kintail. Soon the two were at each
other's throats. Mackenzie's forester in Glen Affaric
killed a Macdonald poacher. The MacDonalds in return
murdered the brother of Fionnla Dubh of Gairloch. The
Mackenzies next trapped Glengarry himself at Kishorn,
slew his followers in cold blood, and seized his castle of
Strome. His uncles also were murdered with all their
uncertain), Celestine, Lord of Lochalche, and Hugh, Lord of Sleat '
— and he adds in a footnote : ' I call these sons legitimate, not-
withstanding that Celestine is called " Filius naturalis " by Earl
Alexander (Ch. in Ch. Chest of Macintosh, 1447) and " f rater
carnalis " by Earl John (Reg. of Great Seal, vi., 116, 1463), etc., etc.
They are, however, both called " f rater " without any qualification
by Earl John (Reg. of Great Seal, yi., 116; xiii., 186). The history
of Celestine and Hugh and their descendants . . . sufficiently
shows that they were considered legitimate, and that consequently
the words " naturalis " and " carnalis " taken by themselves, and
without the adjunct " bastardus," do not necessarily imply
bastardy. It is probable that they were used to designate the
issue of those handfast or left-handed marriages which appear
to have been so common in the Highlands and Isles. Both
" naturalis " and " carnalis " are occasionally applied to individ-
uals known to be legitimate in the strictest sense of the
word. . . .'
" A further question which might have been of importance,
viz., as to the respective seniority of Hugh and Celestine, has
now only an academic interest, through the extinction in the
male line of the family of Lochalsh."
272 THE MACDONELLS OF GLENGARRY
people except two sons. Glengarry was released by the
Privy Council, but the sons of his uncles grew up to waste
Applecross with fire and sword, while Glengarry's own son,
Angus Og, harried Kintail, killed every man, woman, and
child he could find, and drove a great spoil south to
Glengarry. Mackenzie in return procured a commission
of fire and sword, and with seventeen hundred men harried
the MacDonald territory as far as Moray, and drove away
the greatest spoil ever seen in the Highlands. Angus
Og retaliated by ravaging Glenshiel and Letterfearn as far
as Loch Duich, while his cousins again burned Apple-
cross. During the raid one of them, forsaken by his
followers, set his back to a rock and defended himself
magnificently till a Mackenzie, climbing the rock, hurled
a boulder on his head. The feud came to an end with two
of the most famous incidents in Highland history. In
November, 1602, Angus Og with seventeen birlinns set
out to harry Loch Carron. As he returned, in passing
through Kyle Akin he was attacked by a Mackenzie galley
sent out from Eileandonan by the heroic Lady of Kintail,
his birlinn struck a rock and capsized, and all his sixty
warriors, with Angus Dubh himself, were slain. The
final event took place in the following year, when the Mac-
Donalds invaded Easter Ross, burned the church of
Kilchrist with a party of Mackenzies inside, while their
pipers marched round the blazing pile playing the tune
which became the pibroch of the clan. But the lands
of Loch Carron and Lochalsh were lost to Glengarry.
-/Eneas the ninth Chief was out with Montrose
in 1645 and for his pains had his new house of
I nvergarry burned by General Monk; but was after-
wards compensated by Charles II. who made him
Lord MacDonell and Aros. A notable figure in the
campaign was Ian Lorn, the famous bard of the house
of Keppoch. At the battle of Inverlochy, in which the
forces of Argyll were utterly defeated and cut to pieces by
the Royalist clansmen under Montrose, Ian Lom placed
himself on the battlements of the old castle to stimulate the
royalist clansmen and witness the incidents which he was
ifienvards to weave into stirring verse. After the death
itrose he composed a lament in his honour. At the
storation he became a sort of Highland poet laureate,
was pensioned by Government. He lived to be
sent at the battle of Killiecrankie in 1689, and to cele-
brate the .triumph of the Highlanders in his poem,
But perhaps the most striking episode in ,
his career was that which brought him into direct touch
THE WELL OF THE HEADS, NEAR INVERGARRY,
ON LOCH OICH
Facing page 272.
THE MACDONELLS OF GLENGARRY 278
with the Glengarry Chief. The incident has already
been recounted in the article on the MacDonalds of
Keppoch.
In 1672, as Chief of the MacDonalds, Lord MacDonell
and Aros was ordained to find caution for the good
behaviour of " the whole name and clan.M He died with-
out issue in 1682, and the title accordingly became extinct.
At a later day, " James VIII.," the Old Chevalier,
granted a warrant for the restoration of the peerage, but
as he never became king de facto, this did not take effect.
Only, since the date of the peerage the family has adopted
MacDonell as the spelling of its name.
Lord MacDonell and Aros was succeeded as chief by
his cousin, Ranald of Scotas. At the revolution in 1689,
as befitted the tradition of his family, the next chief,
Alastair Dubh MacRanald, took the side of the Stewarts,
and commanded the clan at Killiecrankie. Lord Macaulay
in his History describes how " at the head of one large
battalion towered the stately form of Glengarry, who bore
in his hand the Royal Standard of James VII." Later he
was seen mowing down two men at every stroke of his
broad sword. On that occasion the Chief's brother,
Donald Gorm, performed heroic deeds, and, when attacked
by an overwhelming number of the red-coated soldiers,
he continued to catch their pikeheads in his target, and
hew off the poles, till at last he fell, when no fewer than
twelve pikeheads were found fixed in his buckler.
Glengarry himself afterwards reluctantly took the oath
of allegiance to William III. in 1691, and when that
monarch and his successor, Queen Anne, had passed away,
the chief might have continued in allegiance to George I.
As a matter of fact, his name appeared first among the
signatures to the loyal address of the Highland chiefs,
which was presented by the Earl of Mar to the new king
when he landed at Greenwich in 1714. But King George
slighted the document, and turned his back on the Earl.
The latter, thereupon, scenting danger to himself, fled
disguised in a coaling vessel to the north, and called the
great meeting of the chiefs which became known as the
" Hunting of Mar." At the meeting at Braemar, Glen-
garry attended to ascertain the Earl's plans, and let him
know what the Highlanders were prepared to do for King
James. At that time the clan could furnish 800 fighting
men, and Glengarry led them throughout the campaign
and fought at Sheriffmuir. For this he had his house
burned down, and was so reduced that he had to let his
woods to an English company for iron smelting. He was
274 THE MACDONELLS OF GLENGARRY
afterwards, in 1720, appointed a trustee for managing the
Chevalier's affairs in Scotland, and he died in 1724.
At the time of Prince Charles Edward's landing in
1745 the head of the clan was one of the most ardent
supporters of the Stewart cause. It was at Invergarry
that Prince Charles lay and gathered his forces on the
night before setting out to encounter General Cope at
Corryarrack, and it was here, as we have seen, that on
the night after Culloden the Prince enjoyed his first sub-
stantial meal, and for the political opinions and active
services of the chief, the house was presently given to the
flames.
At Falkirk Angus MacDonald, the Chief's second son,
who led his clansmen, was killed by the accidental dis- i
charge of a musket, and the incident is said to have so
discouraged the clansmen that they did not regain their
native spirit. At Culloden, as already mentioned, the
MacDonalds were not appointed to their usual place of
honour on the right, and in consequence stood sullenly
aloof when the Highland army was ordered to charge.
Their leader, MacDonald of Keppoch, advancing alone,
fell with the bitter words on his lips, " Have the children
of my tribe forsaken me? " and MacDonell of Scotas,
who was reckoned the bravest man of the clan in the
Prince's army, and had fifty men under his command, fell
with his lieutenant, ensign, sergeant, corporal, and
eighteen privates.
A very different personage was his elder son, Alastair
Ruadh, who was to succeed as thirteenth Chief of Glen-
garry nine years later. This is the individual who
remained known to posterity by the unenviable name of
4 Pickle, the Spy." Like Murray of Broughton, who was
the Prince's secretary, he lies under the suspicion of
having played a double part from first to last. In 1738,
when he was perhaps thirteen years of age, the estates
being heavily burdened and the free income only ^330)
sterling, he went to France, and in 1743 he joined Lord!
Drummond's regiment of Royal Scots Guards in the I
French service. Before the landing of Prince Charles
Edward in Scotland in 1745, he was employed by the I
lighland chiefs on a secret mission to the Prince. He!
was, however, captured by the English, and imprisoned1
in the Tower of London from 1745 till 1747. Finally,
from 1749 till 1754, when he succeeded as Chief of the1
in, he acted, under the pseudonym of " Pickle," as a
the Prince. The whole history of his exploits was
n recent years brought to light in a volume by the late
THE MACDONELLS OF GLENGARRY 275
Andrew Lang, under the title of " Pickle, the Spy."
Alastair Ruadh was one of the most polished men of
his time, in outward appearance one of the most chivalrous,
and in reality perhaps the most unscrupulous. He was
probably the original of Stevenson's *' Master of
Ballantrae."
At the time of the latest Jacobite rebellion the clan was
reckoned to be 700 strong.
Duncan, the next chief, restored the family fortunes
by marrying an heiress and introducing sheep-farming on
his estates, but his policy led to the emigration of large
numbers of his clansmen. From ^"700 per annum in 1761
his rental rose to .£5,000 before the end of the century.
Not the least notable of the long line of Glengarry
j chiefs was his son, the last who retained a footing in the
Highlands, Alexander Ranaldson MacDonell. A colonel,
and major of the Glengarry Fencibles, he was an
enthusiastic upholder of the old Highland games, and gave
prizes yearly to the winners at the great sports at Inver-
ness and Fort William. He set much store upon keeping
up the historic memories and feudal splendours of his
house. It was he who set up the monument at the Well
of the Heads in 1812, his own name being inserted upon
it as " Colonel M'Donell of Glengarry, XVII. Mac-mhic-
Alaister." When Gustavus, eldest son of the King of
Sweden, deposed in 1809, during his education in Edin-
burgh, made an excursion to the district, " Glengarry
awaited the Prince's arrival at the boundary of his. property
with a numerous following in full Highland garb, with
bagpipes, broadswords, and targets, and a barrel of
whisky." Likewise, when George IV. paid his visit to
Edinburgh in 1822, Glengarry took a body of his clansmen
to the city, where they excited the wonder and admiration
of the people. In his youth he had killed in a duel a
young officer who at a county ball was a rival for the hand
of Miss Forbes of Culloden, and later in life he picked a
quarrel with a doctor at Fort Augustus who in conse-
quence was severely mauled by his henchman. For this
he was fined ,£2,000. The Chief made a point of main-
taining the dress and style of living of his ancestors. He
travelled with the Luchd-crios, or body-guard, and when
he took up his quarters at any house these were posted as
sentinels with military regularity. His death, alas ! was
tragic. The steamer Stirling Castle, in which he was a
passenger on a day in 1828, having run ashore opposite
Fort William in Loch Linnhe, the Chief with rash
impetuosity leaped overboard, and was killed instantly
276 THE MACDONELLS OF GLENGARRY1,
on a rock. His brother, Sir James MacDonell, who died
in 1857, was a distinguished soldier in the Napoleonic
Wars. After fighting in Naples, Sicily, and Egypt, he
took part at the Peninsula, and was engaged at Waterloo.
He afterwards commanded in Canada for three years,
became a general in 1854, and G.C.B. in 1855.
The lavishness of the seventeenth chief, Alexande
Ranaldson, however, left his son and successor in seriou;
difficulties, and, in 1828, the estate was sold to th
Marquess of Huntly, from whom it passed successively t
the Earl of Dudley and to Honourable Edward Ellice
The Knoydart portion was sold in 1853 to James Baird c
Cambusdom.
Meanwhile, as already mentioned, the Chief trans
ferred himself with a large body of his clan to Uppe
Canada. For this enterprise the way had been prepare<
by a very notable personage and member of the tribe.
Alexander MacDonell, first Roman Catholic Bishop o-
Upper Canada. Educated at the Scots College a.
Valladolid, and ordained in 1777, this individual, while
a mission priest in his native district, helped to embod>
the clansmen into the first Glengarry Fencibles, and when
the regiment was disbanded in 1801 he obtained for the
men a grant of land in Canada. There he again raised a
regiment of Glengarry Fencibles, which was of much
service in Upper Canada during the war with the Unitec
States in 1812. He himself organised the colony, am
carried on valuable missionary work there, being made
Vicar Apostolic of Upper Canada in 1819, and Bishop of
Regiopolis or Kingston in 1826. He lived to see the
young Chief come over with the body of his clan, and a
his death in 1840 was buried in his own Cathedral a
Kingston.
The British public has of late been reminded of th
existence of this colony of pure-blooded Scottish High
landers in Canada by the appearance of a series of stories
?/T?anadian life> of whicn the first and principal was
The Man from Glengarry."
During the great war of 1914 not a few of ~
Highlanders, who so magnificently played
icir part in the conflict, paid a visit to the ancien
stronghold of the MacDonells on Loch Oich, to view fo
Jemselves the scene amid which the chiefs who prided
nselves in the name of Mac-Mhic-Alaister lived ir
state, and to stand on the rocky headland o
crea£an Nam Fitheach, whose name was the slogan of th
clan.
THE MACDONELLS OF GLENGARRY 277
With the death of Charles Ranaldson MacDonell, the
;, eighteenth Chief, in 1868, the line of the notorious
Alastair Ruadh (Pickle the Spy) came to an end. The
successor to the chiefship was ^Eneas Ranald MacDonell
of Scotas, descendant of the brave MacDonell of Scotas
who feil at Culloden, and himself great-grandfather of the
present Chief, British Vice-Consul at Baku in Russia.
SBPTS OF CLAN MACDONELL OF GLENGARRY
Alexander
Sanderson
VOL. II.
CLAN MACDOUGAL
BADGE : Fraoch dearg (tetralix) bell-heather.
SLOGAN : Buaidh no Bas.
PIBROCH : Moladh moradg.
No Highland clan has a history of more striking changes
than that of the MacDougals. While the chiefs of the
name were at one time sovereign princes in the Western
Isles, their representative to-day is a private gentleman of
moderate estate, and the race which once made treaties
and fought battles with the kings of Scotland is no^l
content to play a modest part as private citizens and loyal
subjects of the British Empire.
The early ancestor of the race was the mighty Somerled,
Thane of Argyll and Lord of the Isles, in the middle of
the twelfth century. Somerled was practically an inde-
pendent sovereign, or, if he owed allegiance at all, it was
to the King of Norway and not to the King of Scots.
During the reign of Malcolm IV. he made several
descents upon the Western Lowlands, and about the year
1157 made peace with that king upon the terms of an
independent prince. It was the time when the possession
of this north country still hung in the balance between the
Norse and the Scottish races. David I. of Scotland, known
to us by his descendant's epigram as the " sair sanct for
the croun," had laid far-sighted plans which were in the
end to decide the issue in favour of the Scots. He had
planted the threatened parts of his kingdom full with
feudal knights, and in particular had settled the Stewarts
at Renfrew for the purpose of blocking the waterway of
the Clyde against the threatened Norse invasion. The
Stewarts had carried the war into the enemy's country,
conquering Cowal and Bute, and being made Lords of these
regions in consequence by Malcolm IV. By way of
thanksgiving, it would appear, they had in 1 163 founded
the priory, now the Abbey of Paisley, when in the following
year, with a view to turning the tables, Somerled sailed up
the Clyde with a great fleet to attack them in their
own territory. The attack failed. Somerled and his son,
Colin, were slain, and another chapter in the great strife
was ended.
278
MAC DOUGALL
; page 278.
CLAN MACDOUGAL 279
Somerled left two ultimately surviving sons. To the
younger, Reginald, fell the Lordship of the Isles, held for
centuries by his descendants, the MacDonalds ; to the elder,
Dugal, fell Somerled's possessions on the mainland, and
from him were descended the powerful Lords of Argyll
and Lome. Somerled's wife was a daughter of Olaf,
King of Man, and it is just possible that the present last
remaining seat of the MacDougals, Dunolly, which is, of
course, " the fort of Olaf," may take its name from this
fact.
A century and a half after the days of Somerled the
MacDougal Lords of Argyll and Lome were probably the
most powerful family in the West. Alastair or Alexander
of Argyll had married the third daughter of John, the Red
Corny n, and, after the tragic death of King Alexander III.,
was a stout supporter of the claims of his father-in-law to
the throne of Scotland. The episode at the Church of the
Minorites in Dumfries, when Robert the Bruce stabbed the
Red Comyn, made the MacDougals most bitter enemies of
that king. Again and again Alastair of Argyll and his
son, John of Lome, came within a stroke of achieving their
purpose, and overthrowing and slaying the king. Shortly
after Bruce's first defeat at Methven, the little Royal army
was wandering among the western mountains when,
at Dalrigh near Tyndrum, it was suddenly attacked
by John of Lome with a powerful following, and forced to
retreat. John Barbour, the poetic historian of the Bruce,
tells how the king was guarding the rear of his retreating
company when, as he passed through a narrow way between
the river and the hill, three of the MacDougal clansmen
made a special effort to capture him. One seized his bridle,
but the king dealt him a stroke that severed his shoulder
and arm. Another thrust his hand between the king's foot
and stirrup, hoping to drag him from the saddle; but the
king, feeling the hand there, stood firmly up and struck his
spur into the steed, so that it dashed forward and the man
lost his footing. At that moment the third assailant leapt
from the steep hillside upon the horse behind Bruce, and
tried to garrotte the king. Bruce, however, bent suddenly
forward, pitching this man over his head, and cleft his skull
with his sword. Then he slew the man at his stirrup with a
third stroke. Though he had slain his assailants, however,
Bruce was not free, for one of them held the king's plaid
in his death grip, and it was only by undoing his brooch
and letting the plaid go that Bruce got rid of his burden.
This brooch, known as the brooch of Lome, remains in
possession of the MacDougals to the present day, and is
280 CLAN MACDOUGAL
the last tangible evidence of the ancient greatness of their
house.
More than once afterwards John of Lome came within
reach of slaying or capturing the king. On one of those
memorable occasions he pursued him with a blood-hound.
Bruce endeavoured to escape by dividing his forces again
and again, but on each occasion the hound followed the
party containing the king, and at last Bruce, left alone with
his foster-brother, seemed on the point of being taken, when
he remembered the device of wading a bowshot down a
running stream, thus throwing the hound off the scent, and
so escaped.
But the king's turn came at last. After his return from
Rachryn, his victory at Loudon Hill, and his taking of
Perth, he made a special incursion into the West to avenge
the hurt, hatred, and cruelty he had suffered from John of
Lome. The latter waited his coming in the steep, narrow
defile between Loch Awe and Loch Etive known as the
Pass of Awe. It was a difficult place, so narrow that two
men could not ride abreast, with Ben Cruachan towering
above and the river pools boiling below. Here Lome made
an ambush, but he was out-generalled by the king. The
latter sent the Lord of Douglas with Sir Alexander Fraser,
William Wiseman, and Sir Andrew Grey, higher along the
hillside, and the battle had not long joined when a shower
of arrows from this outflanking party above took Mac-
Dougal's forces in the rear. They were compelled to
retreat, and, crossing the Bridge of Awe, were slain in large
numbers at a spot still marked by their funeral cairns.
Bruce then captured Dunstaffnage, the ancient Royal
Scottish stronghold, which had been MacDougal's chief
seat, and proceeded to lay the country waste; whereupon
Alastairof Argyll surrendered and was received into favour.
But John of Lome remained a rebel, and after Bannock-
burn, when Bruce sailed into the Western Isles, " None
refused him obedience except only John of Lome." Very
soon afterwards, however, he was captured and imprisoned,
first at Dunbarton and afterwards in Loch Leven Castle.
After the death of Bruce, strangely enough, he was restored
to liberty and his estates, and married a granddaughter
of the^ king. When war broke out again in the days of
Bruce *s son, and Edward Baliol overran the country, the
UacDougals took the Baliol side. This was again the
sing side, and in consequence the MacDougals lost a large
part of their estates, which from that time passed more and
more into the hands of the Campbells.
The last MacDougal Lord of Lome was Ewen. He
CLAN MACDOUGAL 281
left two heiresses, who became the wives of John Stewart
of Invermeath, now Invermay, near Perth, and his brother
Robert. Those Stewarts were descendants of Sir John
Stewart of Bonkyl, who fell at the battle of Falkirk, and
was a son of the High Steward of that time. Robert
Stewart, the younger of the two, made a bargain with his
brother John by which John obtained the whole Lordship
of Lome while Robert secured the entire family patrimony
of Invermeath. From John Stewart and his MacDougal
wife, accordingly descended all the Stewart Lords of Lome,
the Stewart Earls of Athol, and the Stewarts of Appin.
The only part of the MacDougal Lordship of Lome
which did not pass to the Stewarts was Dunolly Castle,
with its dependent lands, which belonged to the Mac-
Dougals of Dunolly, the next cadet branch, descended from
Allan, son of John, brother of Ewen, last of the elder line,
already mentioned; and upon these MacDougals of
Dunolly the chiefship of the clan devolved.
The MacDougals continued to hold these decreased
possessions in more or less security till the time of the
Civil Wars in 1645. Meanwhile the Campbells, whose first
fortunes had been founded upon the downfall of the earlier
house, had continued to grow in power steadily from
century to century. At length, in 1645, the Campbell chief,
now Marquess of Argyll, found himself at the head of the
Government as the representative of the party of the
Covenant in Scotland. For a few brilliant months his
Royalist rival, the Marquess of Montrose, by a rapid
succession of victories for the cause of Charles I., threatened
to shake his power, but the battle of Philiphaugh practi-
cally ended his career and quenched the hopes of the
Royalists in Scotland. Then Argyll, finding himself
supreme, proceeded to turn the opportunity to account by
destroying the last relics of greatness possessed by the
families his own had supplanted. The army of the Cove-
nant was sent first to destroy the MacDonald stronghold of
Dunavertie in Kintyre, where three hundred of the garrison
were slain. The Lamonts of Cowal were attacked, carried
to Dunoon, and butchered bloodily to the number of some
two hundred and thirty. And General Leslie was sent to
attack and destroy the remaining MacDougal strongholds
of Gylen on the Island of Kerrera, and of Dunolly on the
northern horn of Oban Bay. This last commission was
duly carried out, the castles were destroyed never to be
restored, and the Brooch of Lome, last sign of former Mac-
Dougal greatness, mysteriously disappeared.
The MacDougals suffered again in 1715, when, as Sir
282 CLAN MACDOUGAL
Walter Scott puts it in a note to The Lord of the Isles,
" their representative incurred the penalty of forfeiture for
his accession to the insurrection of that period, thus losing
the remains of his inheritance to replace upon the throne
the descendants of those princes whose accession his
ancestors had opposed at the expense of their feudal
grandeur." At that time the strength of the clan is said to
have been five hundred fighting men, though, according to
President Forbes' report, it was reduced thirty years later to
two hundred.
The chapter of the family history which followed is as
romantic as anything in the memory of the Highlands.
The head of the family fled to France, and his son would
have been destitute had it not been for a member of the clan ,
at that time keeper of a public house in Dunbarton, who
took the young chief into his house, and maintained and
educated him till his sixteenth year. The lad proved clever
and intelligent, and turned whatever advantages he
possessed to good account. When the Jacobite rising of
1745 was afoot it was expected that Prince Charles Edward
would land near Oban. Instead, as is well known, he
disembarked at Lochnanuagh in Arisaig. Word of his
landing was sent to MacDougal by Stewart of Appin, and
MacDougal ordered his brother to have the clan ready to
rise while he himself went to consult the Chamberlain of
the Earl of Breadalbane. This individual threw cold water
on the enterprise, pointing out that Charles had not kept
his promise either as to his place of landing or in the matter
of bringing forces to support his cause. MacDougal then
proceeded to interview the Duke of Argyll at Rosneath.
While awaiting the interview there he saw a horseman
arrive at full gallop. Shortly afterwards the Duke,
entering the apartment, map in hand, asked MacDougal to
point out Lochnanuagh. MacDougal quickly perceived
that the secret was known, and seized the opportunity of
being the first to give details. By the Duke's advice he
took no part in the rising, and his reward was the restora-
tion of the estate of Dunolly, which his father had lost.
Such was the story told by a relation of the family at
Uunstaffnage to Sir Walter Scott when he visited the
neighbourhood in 1814.
The MacDougal who had the estate restored lived to a
great age, and it was his son who was in possession at the
time of Scott's visit. MacDougal had just then lost his
eldest son who had fallen fighting under Wellington in
Spam. The second son was then a lieutenant in the Royal
Wavy, and it was to him at a later day that the Brooch of
w
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CLAN MACDOUGAL 283
Lome was restored with much ceremony by Campbell of
Lochnell. On the occasion the Duke of Argyll himself was
present, and everything in the way of courtesy was done to
show that the ancient feud between the houses had at last
come to an end.
When Queen Victoria sailed along Loch Tay after
enjoying the resplendent hospitality of Taymouth Castle in
1842, Captain MacDougal acted as the steersman of the
Royal barge. It was pointed out to the Queen that he was
wearing on his shoulder the famous Brooch of Lome, and
at Her Majesty's request it was handed to her and examined
with the utmost interest. On the occasion of the Scottish
Historical Exhibition at Glasgow in 1911 the brooch was
lent for exhibition, and a copy of it in gold, half the size
of the original, was made and presented to Her Royal
Highness the Duchess of Connaught, who accompanied the
Duke on the occasion of his opening the Exhibition.
Along with other interesting relics the Brooch of Lome is
still cherished by MacDougal in the quiet mansion-house
behind the ruin of Dunolly Castle, which is now the seat
of the chief.
The principal cadet of the family was MacDougal of
Rara, who is believed to have been represented later by
MacDougal of Ardencaple. Other cadets are the families
of Gallanach and Soroba, both close by Oban, the former
having been represented by the late Sir James Patten
MacDougal, K.C.B., deputy clerk register, and Keeper of
the Records of Scotland, who assumed the name Mac-
Dougal in 1891 on succeeding his brother in possession of
the Gallanach estate.
SEPTS OF CLAN MACDOUGAL
Conacher Cowan
Dougall Dowall
MacConacher MacCoul
MacCulloch MacDowall
MacDowell MacDulothe
MacHowell MacKichan
MacLucas MacLugash
MacLulich
CLAN MACDUFF
BADCi: Lus nam braoileag (vaccineum vitis idea) red whortle
berry.
PIBROCH : Cu 'a Mhic Dhu.
ANDRO of Wyntoun, in his famous chronicle, tells the
story of the circumstances in which the early chief of this
clan rose to note and power. It was in the middle ot
the eleventh century, when Macbeth, one of the greatest
Scottish kings, afterwards to be so sadly defamed by
Shakespeare, was in the seventeenth year of his reign.
Macbeth, like the later James I., had made " the key keep
the castle, and the bush the cow " throughout Scotland.
As Wyntoun put it,
All hys tyme wes gret plente
Abowndand bath in land and se.
He wes in justice rycht lawchfull,
And till hys legis all awfull.
As was to happen afterwards in the case of James I.,
however, Macbeth 's strictness of rule and justice of govern-
ment made him many enemies among the nobles of his
realm, who found themselves subject to law equally with
the humblest peasant. In the end it was the king's
insistence on fair play which brought about his downfall.
The chronicler tells how Macbeth was building his great
new castle, of which the traces are still to be seen, on the
little mount of Dunsinnan in the Sidlaws. For this work
of national importance the lieges had to furnish teams and
working parties. As he watched the building, Macbeth
one day saw one of the teams of oxen engaged in drawing
timber fail at its work. On inquiry he was told that the
inferior oxen had been furnished by Macduff, Thane of
Fife, and with indignation he threatened to put the Thane's
own neck into the yoke and make him draw. Macduff
knew that the king was apt to be as good as his word, and
he forthwith fled. He went first to his castle of Kennachy,
then took boat across the Firth of Forth from the spot
still known from that circumstance as Earlsferry. At
Kennachy his wife, who seems to have been of stouter
284
MAC DUFF
Facing page 284.
CLAN MACDUFF 285
heart than her husband, kept the pursuing king in treaty
till she saw Macduff's boat safely reach the middle of the
Firth. From this occurrence arose the rule down to a
recent period that any .fugitive taking boat at Earlsferry
was protected from pursuit till he had made his way half-
way across the Firth. Macduff fled to the court of Siward,
Earl of Northumbria, where he represented to Macbeth's
cousins, sons of the late Duncan, King of Scots, that the
time was ripe for them to secure possession of their father's
throne. Duncan's legitimate sons held back, knowing
that they were Macbeth's natural heirs, who must shortly
succeed to the crown without effort. But an illegitimate
prince, Malcolm, son of King Duncan and the miller's
daughter at Forteviot, saw his opportunity, and seized it.
All the world knows how, helped by Siward and guided
by Macduff, he invaded Scotland, drove Macbeth from
Dunsinnan to Lumphanan on Deeside, and finally slew
him there. Afterwards, Malcolm III. being firmly seated
on his throne, Macduff asked, for his services, three
special boons : first, that in all time coming his descendants
should have the privilege at royal coronations of leading
the king to the coronation chair; second, that, when the
kings of Scots made war, the Thanes of Fife should have
the honour of commanding the vanguard; and third, that
if the Thane or his kindred to the ninth degree should slay
a man he should be entitled to remission on payment of
a fine, twenty-four merks for a gentleman and twelve for
a yoeman, while if anyone slew a kinsman of the Thane
he should be entitled to no such relief. As a result of this
last boon, as late as 1421 three gentlemen in Fife who
could claim kin with Macduff obtained a remission for the
slaughter of Melville of Glenbervie upon payment of the
stipulated fine. A more famous occasion on which the
Boon of Macduff came into play was at the coronation of
King Robert the Bruce. Duncan, the Earl of Fife of that
time, had married Mary de Monthermer, niece of
Edward I. of England, and was upon the English side,
acting as Governor of Perth. His sister Isabella, how-
ever, who had married John Comyn, Earl of Buchan, was
an ardent Scottish patriot, and at Scone in 1306 exercised
the right of her house, and brought the sanction of
ancient usage to the ceremony, by leading Bruce to the
place of coronation. Both the Thane and his sister suffered
from the contrasting parts they played. Falling into the
hands of the English, the Countess of Buchan was
imprisoned by Edward I. in a cage on the walls of
Berwick, while Earl Duncan and his wife were captured
286 CLAN MACDUFF
by Bruce and imprisoned in the castle of Kildrummie in
Aberdeenshire, where the Earl died in 1336.
Gilmichael, fourth Earl of Fife, who died in 1139, left
two sons, of whom the elder, Duncan, carried on the line,
while Hugo the younger, became ancestor of the house
of Wemyss, which now probably represents the early
thanes and earls of Fife.
Duncan, twelfth Earl of Fife, who was killed in 1353,
was the last of the direct line of these early thanes. His
daughter Isabella, who died without issue, conveyed the
property and title of the earldom to the third son of King
Robert II., who afterwards became notorious in Scottish
history as the first Duke of Albany. During the Duke's
lifetime the title of Earl of Fife was borne by his son
Murdoch, and upon the execution and forfeiture of this
Murdoch, Duke of Albany, by his cousin James I. in
1425, the earldom at last became extinct.
The name Duff is believed to be the Celtic Dubh, which
was given as a descriptive name to any Highlander who
might be dark-complexioned, like Sir Walter Scott's
famous character, Roderick Dhu. The numerous families
of Duff, therefore, who afterwards appeared as respectable
burgesses of Aberdeen and Inverness, may not all have
been descended from the original stock of the Thanes
of Fife.
The family of the name which was afterwards to attain
most consequence had for its founder a certain Adam Duff,
tenant in Cluny Beg. One of the two sons of this farmer,
another Adam Duff, born about 1598, by his remarkable
shrewdness and sagacity, laid the foundation of the future
greatness of his house. In the wars of Montrose and the
Covenanters, he took part on the Royalist side, and was
*o«d in consequence; but he died between 1674 and 1677
in possession of considerable wealth. His eldest son,
Alexander Duff, took advantage of the great depression
which prevailed in the country just before the Union with
^ngland, and purchased the lands of many of the old
Xft T Banffshire and Aberdeenshire. Among the lands
which he obtained on wadset or mortgage, and which the
proprietors were never able to redeem, was Keithmore, a
possession of the Huntly family, from which he took his
^nation as Alexander Duff of Keithmore. He also
further advanced the family fortunes by marrying Helen,
1" G^ rf Ballentomb, ancestor of the lairds of
h'S Iad7 S Prud€n<* and industry, not less
« VT11 far to raise the fortunes of *e fami'y-
son of the pair, again, Alexander Duff of Braco,
CLAN MACDUFF 287
continued to add to the family estates, which now included
Aberlour, Keith-Grange, and Mortlach. At the time of
the union he was Member of Parliament for Banffshire.
He and his son, William Duff of Braco, were men of great
importance in their district. Among other events in which
they were concerned was the arrest in romantic circum-
stances of the cateran James MacPherson.
William Duff, however, died without surviving male
issue, and the family estates passed to his uncle, another
of the same name. This individual had already acquired
immense wealth as a merchant in Inverness. According to
Cosmo Innes, in Sketches of Early Scottish History, " he
was a man of very general dealings — large and small. He
could take charge of a commission for groceries, or advance
the price of a barony, on good security. He had formed
extensive connections, and was the first man in the north
who dealt in money on a large scale, and he laid the
foundation of a very noble fortune." This highly success-
ful merchant acquired large estates in Morayshire,
including Dipple and Pluscardine, and was known as
William Duff of Dipple. On the death of his nephew,
William Duff of Braco, in 1718, the older family estates
also, as already mentioned, came into his possession,
and when he died himself in 1722 he left his eldest son the
landed proprietor with the largest rent-roll in the north of
Scotland ^6,500 sterling all clear.
As a result that son, still another William Duff " of
Braco and Dipple," was M.P. for Banffshire from 1727 to
1734. In the following year he was made Baron Braco of
Kilbride in the peerage of Ireland, and twenty-four years
later was raised to be Viscount Macduff and Earl Fife in
that same peerage. He continued the policy of his family
by purchasing further large estates in the counties of
Aberdeen, Banff, and Moray, and managed all his
possessions with much care and ability. Two years after
his father's death he rebuilt the castle of Balveny, and
between 1740 and 1745 he built the splendid mansion of
Duff House at a cost of ^70,000. During the Jacobite
rebellion in 1745 he joined the Duke of Cumberland, and
offered the Government his free services in any way that
might be desired. By his first wife, a daughter of the
Earl of Findlater and Seafield, he had no children, but
he married again, a daughter of Grant of Grant, and two
of his sons in succession inherited the earldom.
James, the elder of these, was Member of Parliament
successively for Banff and Elgin, and was made a peer of
the United Kingdom as Baron Fife in 1790. By careful
288 CLAN MACDUFF
purchase he nearly doubled the size of the family estates,
and he changed the name of the town of Doune, where
Duff House was situated, to Macduff, procuring for th
place at the same time a royal charter as a burgh. H
married the only child of the ninth Earl of Caithness, bi
died without male issue, when his peerage of the Unite
Kingdom of course expired. His brother Alexander, wh
succeeded as third Earl in 1809, married a daughter o
Skene of Skene, and in consequence his son James, wh<.
became the fourth Earl, succeeded to the estates of Skene
and Cariston in 1827. This Earl distinguished himself
during the Peninsular War. He volunteered his services,
became a Major-General in the Spanish army fighting
against Napoleon, and was twice wounded, at the battle of
Talavera and at the storming of Fort Matagorda near
Cadiz. In consequence, he was made a Knight of the
Order of St. Ferdinand of Spain and of the Sword of
Sweden. He was also made a Knight of the Thistle and
G.C.H., and in 1827 was made a peer of the United King-
dom as Baron Fife. In private life he was notable as an
art collector, and the towns of Elgin, Banff, and Macduff
owed much to his generosity. He died, however, without
issue, and was succeeded by James, son of his brother, Sir
Alexander Duff of Delgaty Castle, as fifth Earl. This
Earl's wife was a daughter of the seventeenth Earl of
Errol and Lady Elizabeth Fitz Clarence, daughter of King
William IV. He was Lord-Lieutenant of Banffshire, and
was made a peer of the United Kingdom as Baron Skene
in 1857 and a Knight of the Thistle in 1860.
The only son of this peer, who succeeded him in 1879,
was Alexander William George, sixth Earl Fife, who was
to be the last male of the more modern line. Before suc-
ceeding to the peerage he became Lord-Lieutenant of
Elginshire, and he was M.P. for Elgin and Nairn from
1874. He was also Captain of the Corps of Gentlemen at
Arms, and was a highly popular peer. The climax of
the fortunes of his family was reached when in 1889 he
married Her Royal Highness the Princess Louise, eldest
daughter of the Prince of Wales, afterwards the late King
Edward. Already, in 1885, he had been created an Earl
United Kingdom, and two days after his marriage
e was made a Duke. In 1900, seeing he had no sons, he
was further created Earl of Macduff and Duke of Fife,
with special remainder to his first and other daughters
He Princess Louise, and their male issue, and in 1905
s wife received the title of the Princess Royal, while her
daughters were ordained to bear the title of Princess and
CLAN MACDUFF 289
to rank immediately after all members of the Royal Family
bearing the style of Royal Highness. A great sensation
was caused, when in 1912, the vessel in which the Duke
nd his Duchess, with their two daughters, were sailing
.'p the east, was shipwrecked in the Mediterranean. None
;^f the family was drowned, but the Duke's health gave
vay, and he died shortly afterwards. He was succeeded
>n the honours and estates of the dukedom by his elder
laughter,. Her Highness the Princess Alexandra Victoria
puff, who in the following year married H.R.H. Prince
Arthur of Connaught. The ancient line of the Duffs,
therefore, has now merged in a branch of the reigning
house of these realms.
Among distinguished people of the name of Duff has
been the famous Indian missionary and publicist,
Alexander Duff, D.D., LL.D., Moderator of the General
Assembly of the Free Church in 1851, and one of the
framers of the constitution of Calcutta University, who
founded the Missionary Chair in the New College,
Edinburgh, and was the first missionary professor.
During the Irish insurrection of 1798 it was General Sir
James Duff, commander of the Limerick District, who
rendered the important service of keeping Limerick quiet.
It was Robert Duff, who, as senior officer of a squadron
in 1759, drew the French into the main body of the British
fleet, and brought about the battle of Quiberon Bay. He
became Commander-in-Chief in Newfoundland in 1775,
and as Vice-Admiral co-operated at the siege of Gibraltar
in 1779. And Sir Robert William Duff, who for a time
bore the name of Abercrombie, was successively M.P. for
Banffshire, a commander in the Navy, a member of the
Liberal Government, a Privy Councillor, and was made
G.C.M.G. and Governor of New South Wales in 1893.
SEPTS OF CLAN MACDUKP
Duff Fife
Fyfe Spence
Spens Wemyss
CLAN MACGILLIVRAY
BADGE : Lus nam braoileag (vaccineum vitis idea) red whortle
berry.
SLOGAN : Loch Moy, or Dunma'glas.
PIBROCH : Spaidsearachd Chlann Mhic Gillebhrath.
MR GEORGE BAIN, the historian of Nairnshire, in one of
his many interesting and valuable brochures, The Last of
Her Race, recounts a tradition of the battle of Culloden
which was handed down by members of an old family of
the district, the Dallases of Cantray. At the time of the
last Jacobite rising, it appears, two beautiful girls lived
in the valley of the Nairn. At Clunas, a jointure house
of Cawdor, high in the hills, lived Elizabeth Campbell,
daughter of Duncan Campbell of Clunas. She was a
highly accomplished young woman, having been
educated in Italy, whither her father had fled after taking
part in the Jacobite rising of 1715, and she was engaged
to be married to young Alexander MacGillivray, chief of
the clan of that name. Anna Dallas of Cantray, on the
other hand, was a daughter of the chief of the Dallases,
and her home was the old house of Cantray in the valley
of the Nairn below. She likewise was engaged to be
married, and her fiance" was Duncan Mackintosh of
Castleledders, a near relative of the Mackintosh chief.
These were said to be the two most beautiful women in
the Highlands at the time. Old Simon, Lord Lovat,
who, with all his wickedness, was well qualified to
criticise, is said to have declared that he did not know
which was the more dangerous attraction, " the Star on
the Hilltop," or " the Light in the Valley." There was
doubtless something of a rivalry between the two young
women. Now, Angus, chief of the Mackintoshes, was on
the Government side, and in his absence his wife, the
;roic Lady Mackintosh, then only twenty years of age,
had raised her husband's clan for Prince Charles. On
the eye of the battle of Culloden it was thought that
Mackintosh of Castleledders might lead the clan in
rf 'W dl"Jubatt]e- That night, however, Elizabeth
Campbell told her fiance that unless he led the Mackin-
290
MAC GILLIVRAY
Facing page 290
CLAN MACGILLIVRAY 291
tosh clan for the Prince on the morrow, he need come to
see her no more. The young fellow accordingly hurried
off to Moy Hall, and told " Colonel " Anne, as the
pressmen of that time called Lady Mackintosh, that the
MacGillivrays would not fight on the morrow unless he
was in command of the whole Clan Mackintosh. Now
the MacGillivrays were only a sept of the clan, though
the mother of Dunmaglass was descended from the
sixteenth Mackintosh chief, but they made a considerable
part of the strength of Clan Mackintosh. Lady Mackin-
tosh, therefore, became alarmed, sent for Castleledders,
and begged him for the sake of the cause which was at
stake to forego his right, as nearest relative of its chief,
to lead the clan on this occasion. Moved by her entreaty
he agreed, with the words, " Madam, at your request, I
resign my command, but a Mackintosh chief cannot serve
under a MacGillivray "; and accordingly he went home
and took no part in the battle. Next day, it is said, the
heart of Elizabeth Campbell was filled with pride when she
saw her sweetheart, Alexander MacGillivray, yellow-
haired young giant as he was, marshalling the Mackin-
toshes 700 strong in the centre of the Prince's army, and
it is said she rode on to the field to congratulate him.
The Prince noticed her, and asked who she was, and, on
being told, remarked that MacGillivray was a lucky fellow
to have so beautiful and so spirited a fiance'e.
Alas ! a few hours later young MacGillivray lay dying
on the field. His last act, it is said, was to help a poor
drummer boy, whom he heard moaning for water, to the
spring which may still be seen at hand, and which is
known to this day from the fact as MacGillivray 's or the
Dead Men's Well. There he was found next morning,
his body stripped by the cruel Hanoverian soldiery, and
it was remarked what a beautiful figure of a young fellow
he was. His body was buried in the Moss where it lay,
and six weeks later, after the English had gone, when it
was taken up, to be buried under the doorstep of the kirk
of Petty, people marvelled that it was still fresh and
beautiful, and that his wounds bled afresh.
Young as he was, Dunmaglass had played his part
splendidly in the battle. In the furious attack which he
led, the Mackintoshes almost annihilated the left wing of
the Duke of Cumberland's army, and before he fell, with
four officers of his clan, MacGillivray himself encounters!
the commander of Barrel's regiment, and struck off some
of his fingers with his broadsword. Next day, in the
streets of Inverness, this commander met a private soldier
292 CLAN MACGILLIVRAY
^S^^^S^I^s^
the Dallases account-
i was me laiimy nc«j.i !•»«-"» ~* *••*• , , , . ,
ing tor the fact that Dunmaglass led ^e Mackintoshes a^
Culloden But it must be remembered that he had seen
foreign service and had led the clan from the first meeting
the Prince at Stirling with seven hundred men at his back
on Charles's return from England, and commanding the
regiment at the battle of Falkirk.
^Meanwhile poor Elizabeth Campbell, though her
ambition had been gratified, was stricken to the heart.
Her big beardless boy lover— he was six feet five inches in
height— with light yellow hair, and a complexion as fair
and delicate as any lady's— was dead, and he would indeed
come to see her no more. A few months afterwards she
died of a broken heart. On the other hand, Anna Dallas
had lost her father. The chief of the Dallases was killed
in the battle by a bullet through the left temple. But she
married her lover, Duncan Mackintosh of Castleledders,
and their son, Angus, by and by, succeeded as chief of
the Mackintoshes and the great Clan Chattan.
Of the MacGillivrays it may be said, as was said of the
great house of Douglas, that no one can point to their first
mean man. A tradition recorded by Browne in his
History derives the name from Gillebride, said to have
been the father of the great Somerled. But of the origin
of the family nothing is known definitely except that so
far back as the thirteenth century the ancestor of the race,
one Gilbrai, Gillebreac, or Gillebride, placed himself and
his posterity under the protection of Ferquhard, the fifth
Mackintosh chief. The name MacGillivray probably
means either " the son of the freckled lad," or " the son
of the servant of St. Bride." In any case, for some five
centuries, down to the last heroic onset on the field of
Culloden, just referred to, the MacGillivrays faithfully
and bravely followed the " yellow brattach," or standard,
of the Mackintoshes, to whom they had allied themselves
on that far-off day. An account of the descent of the race
of Gilbrai is given in the history of The Mackintoshes and
Clan Chattan by Mr. A. M. Mackintosh — one of the best
and most reliable of the Highland clan histories extant.
CLAN MACGILLIVRAY 293
Mr. Mackintosh quotes the Rev. Lachlan Shaw's History
of the Province of Moray, the Kinrara Manuscript of 1679,
and various writs and documents in the Mackintosh
charter-chest at Moy Hall, and his account is not only the
latest but the most authoritative on the subject.
The first of Gilbrai's descendants to attain mention is
Duncan, son of Allan. This Duncan married a natural
daughter of the sixth Mackintosh chief, and his son Ivor
was killed at Drumlui in 1330. A hundred years later,
about the middle of the fifteenth century, the chief of the
MacGillivrays appears to have been a certain Ian Ciar
(Brown). At any rate, when William, fifteenth chief of
the Mackintoshes, was infefted in the estate of Moy and
other lands held from the Bishop of Moray, the names of
a son and two grandsons of this Ian Ciar appear in the list
of witnesses. Other Mackintosh documents show the race
to have been settled by that time on the lands of Dunma-
glass (the fort of the grey man's son), belonging to the
thanes of Cawdor. Ian Ciar was apparently succeeded by
a son, Duncan, and he again by his son Ferquhar, who,
in 1549, gave letters of reversion of the lands of Dalmigavie
to Robert Dunbar of Durris. Ferquhar's son, again,
Alastair, in 1581 paid forty shillings to Thomas Calder,
Sheriff-Depute of Nairn, for " two taxations of his ^4
lands of Domnaglasche, granted by the nobility to the
King." It was in his time, in 1594, that the Mac-
Gillivrays fought in the royal army under the young Earl
of Argyll at the disastrous battle of Glenlivat. Alastair's
son, Ferquhar, appears to have been a minor in 1607 and
1609, for in the former of these years his kinsman Malcolm
MacBean was among the leading men of Clan Chattan
called to answer to the Privy Council for the good
behaviour of Clan Chattan during the minority of Sir
Lachlan Mackintosh its chief; and in the latter year,
when a great band of union was made at Termit, near
Inverness, between the various septs of Clan Chattan,
responsibility for the " haill kin and race of the Clan
M'lllivray " was accepted by Malcolm MacBean, Ewen
M'Ewen, and Duncan MacFerquhar, the last-named being
designated as tenant in Dunmaglass, and being probably
an uncle of young Ferquhar MacGillivray.
This Ferquhar, son of Alastair, was the first to obtain
a heritable right to Dunmaglass, though his predecessors
had occupied the lands from time immemorial under the
old thanes of Cawdor and their later successors, the
Campbells. The feu-contract was dated 4th April, 1626,
and the feu-duty payable was £16 Scots yearly, with
VOL. ii. c
294 CLAN MACGILLIVRAY
attendance on Cawdor at certain courts and on certain
occasions.
Ferquhar's eldest son, Alexander, died before his
father, and in 1671 his three brothers, Donald, William,
and Bean MacGillivray, were put to the horn, with a
number of other persons, by the Lords of Justiciary for
contempt of court; at the same time Donald, who, three
years earlier, had acquired Dalcrombie and Letterchallen
from Alexander Mackintosh of Connage, was designated
tutor of DunmaglasSj being probably manager of the
family affairs for his father and his brother, Alexander's
son.
Alexander MacGillivray had married Agnes, daughter
of William Mackintosh of Kyllachy, and his son
Farquhar, was in 1698 a member of the Commission
against MacDonald of Keppoch. Three years later he
married Amelia Stewart. Farquhar, his eldest son and
successor, was a Captain in Mackintosh's regiment in the
Jacobite rising of 1715, while the second son, William,
was a Lieutenant in the same regiment and was known
as Captain Ban. Their kinsman, MacGillivray of
Dalcrombie, was also an officer, and, among the rank and
file forced to surrender at Preston, and executed or
transported, were thirteen Mackintoshes and sixteen
MacGillivrays.
It was Alexander, eldest son of the last-named
Farquhar, who, having succeeded his father in 1740,
commanded the Mackintosh regiment and fell at Culloden
as already related. Among those who fell with him on
that occasion was Major John Mor MacGillivray. It was
told of him that after the charge he was seen a gunshot
past the Hanoverian cannon and killed a dozen men with
his broadsword while some of the halberts were run
through his body. Another clansman, Robert Mor
MacGillivray, killed seven of his enemies with the tram
of a peat cart before he was himself overpowered and
slain.
The young chief, Alexander MacGillivray, was suc-
ceeded by his next brother, William, who, in 1759, became
a captain in the 89th Regiment, raised by the Duchess of
Gordon. He served with that regiment, mostly in India,
1 it was disbanded in 1765. His next brother, John,
was a merchant at Mobile, and a loyalist colonel in the
American Revolution. With his help William added to
family estate the lands of Faillie, and half of
Inverarney, with Wester Lairgs and Easter Cask, the two
last having previously been held on lease.
w
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CLAN MACGILLIVRAY 295
His son, John Lachlan MacGillivray, succeeded not
only to the family estates but to the property of his uncle,
Colonel John, the wealthy Mobile merchant. As a young
officer in the i6th Light Dragoons, he had been given to
much extravagance, but on inheriting his uncle's money
he was able to clear the estate of debt. At his death,
however, in 1852, he left no family, and the chief ship
devolved on the representative of Donald of Dalcrombie,
the tutor of Dunmaglass in the seventeenth century.
The tutor's grandson, Donald, was one of those murdered
in cold blood by the Hanoverian soldiery after Culloden,
but his son Farquhar, also an officer of the Mackintosh
regiment, survived the battle. He married Margaret,
daughter of y£neas Shaw of Tordarroch, and it was his
son John who, in 1852, succeeded to Dunmaglass and the
chiefship.
This succession was disputed by a kinsman, the
Reverend Lachlan MacGillivray, descended from William
MacGillivray of Lairgs, brother of Donald, the tutor, the
question being whether Donald, the tutor, or his brother
William of Lairgs, had been the elder. In 1857 the court
decided in favour of Donald and his descendants. Two
years before this, however, John MacGillivray had died.
He had been a well-known man in Canada, where he was
a member of the Legislative Council. The eldest of his
four sons, Neil John, found himself in financial straits,
and after selling Wester Lairgs and Easter Gask, took
steps to dispose of Dunmaglass itself, and the rest of the
property which had been possessed by his family from
time immemorial. His eldest son, John William, born in
1864, is the present chief of the MacGillivrays.
The ancient property of this family lies about the
sources of the river Farigaig in Stratherrick. When the
Thane of Cawdor, in 1405, procured an act incorporating
all his lands in Inverness and Forres into the shire of
Nairn, Dunmaglass was part of the territory included. It
forms an oblique parallelogram about seven miles long and
sixteen square miles in extent. In " the forty-five " the
chief's own followers numbered about eighty men.
Besides the family of Dunmaglass and its following
there was in the Island of Mull a sept of the MacGillivrays
which took its name from the residence of its head and was
known as " Og Beinn-na-gall." They were believed to
have been descended from the main stem in Lochaber,
and to have been dispersed after the discomfiture of
Somerled, Lord of the Isles, in 1164. They were also
known under the name of MacAngus, or Maclnnes.
296 CLAN MACGILLIVRAY
In the line of ancestors from whom these island clans-
men claimed descent was a certain Martin MacGillivray,
a parson of about the year 1640. This individual,
according to Logan, author of the letterpress of Maclan's
Clans of the Scottish Highlands, was in the habit of
carrying a sword. Upon one occasion he happened to
call on a son of MacLean of Lochbuie for part of his
stipend. The latter refused to pay, and asked whether
his visitor meant to enforce his demand with his sword.
'* Rather than lose what is my due," answered Mac-
Gillivray, " I shall use my weapon, and I am content to
lose the money if you can put my back to the wall." In
the upshot, however, he quickly brought his opponent to
his knees, and the latter thereupon gave in, paid the
amount due, and declared that he liked well to meet a man
who could maintain his living by the sword.
Another anecdote of this house is told by the same
writer. At the battle of Sheriffmuir, in 1715, he says, the
Laird of Beinn-na-gall happened to stumble, whereupon a
friend standing near, thinking he was shot, cried out,
" God preserve ye, MacGillivray ! " He was no doubt
startled by the reply, " God preserve yourself," exclaimed
Beinn-na-gall, " I have at present no need of His aid."
These island MacGillivrays or Maclnneses, however,
followed, not the chiefs of Clan Chattan, but the
MacDougal Campbells of Craignish, as their chiefs.
Details regarding them are to be found in Cosmo Innes's
Early Scottish History and in Skene's Highlanders of
Scotland.
SBPTS OF CLAN MACGILLIVRAY
Gilrojr MacGillivour
MacGilroy MacGilvra
MacGilvray Macilroy
Macilvrae
CLAN MACINNES
BADGE : Cuileann (Ilex aquifolium) Holly.
IOT a great deal appears to be known about this West
Highland clan. The common derivation of the name is
from Angus, one of the most ancient of Christian names
among the Gael. In the genitive the " g " of this word
is aspirated, and the name is left with the sound
MacAon'es or Maclnnes. Who the original Angus was,
however, appears to be unknown, and as the name
Maclnnes also means " Son of the Islet," many of the
bearers of it are no doubt descendants of individuals who
dwelt in such a spot, and in the usual way took their name
from their location. The ancient family of Innes of Innes
in Moray, of which the Duke of Roxburghe is head, no
doubt derives its name from such a circumstance.
Skene, in his Highlanders of Scotland, says, " The
oldest inhabitants of Morven, Ardgour, and Lochaber
consisted of two clans, the MacGillivrays and the
Maclnneses, who were of the same race. The statement
is confirmed by an old MS. History of the MacDonalds
written in the reign of Charles II. in the Gregory
collection. Before the defeat of the Lord of the Isles and
the dispersion of the clans by Alexander II. a single
confederacy, the Siol Gillivray, appears to have included
the MacGillivrays, Maclnneses, MacEacherns, and Mac-
Masters.
Clan Maclnnes had its headquarters in the heart of
Morven, and at the head of Loch Aline, which winds away
into the hills from the Sound of Mull, the ruin of an old
square tower is still pointed out as the ancient seat of the
chiefs.
Tradition avers that this old tower of Kinlochaline was
built by a lady of the name of Dougall. This tradition is
corroborated by an old saying — MacAonghais an Dun's
MacDhughil an Laorn, " Maclnnes of the Fort of Mac-
Dougall of Lorn." The stones of which the stronghold
is erected are remarkable for their size, even to the top of
the wall, and it is said that the cost of the building was
equal to that of a mass of butter of the same extent.
297,
298 CLAN MACINNES
Whatever the cost, the builder chose a site for the fortalice
that was both picturesque and of great natural strength.
From the summit of a 'bold rock overhanging the loch the
ruin still romantically lords the scene. Kinlochaline was
within a short distance of Ardtornish, on the Sound of
Mull itself, one of the principal seats of the all-powerful
Lords of the Isles, and the Maclnneses were probably,
therefore, closely allied with and dominated by these
potentates. The seat of the Maclnnes chiefs, however,
was still a place of strength in the middle of the seventeenth
century. In 1645, during the wars of Montrose, Kin-
lochaline was besieged by the Irish auxiliaries of that
leader. The siege was pressed with much vigour, but
Clan Maclnnes held out with great bravery till a breach
was made in the wall and defence became hopeless. The
castle was then taken and garrisoned for King Charles I.
The Maclnnes chiefs sleep their last sleep in the little
burial-ground of Kilcolumkil, a short distance away.
Several of their monuments are there to be seen, slab
stones beautifully sculptured with intricate designs of
foliage and tracery. No inscriptions, however, remain to
tell the names of the sleepers or the deeds which they
performed.
In early times the Maclnnes clansmen were famous for
their skill in archery, and one of their families held the
office of hereditary bowman to the Chiefs of MacKinnon.
This official had the duty of instructing the MacKinnon
clansmen in the use of the weapon, and for its services the
family enjoyed a hereditary farm, Dal na Saighdear —
" the Field of the Archer." Many characteristic anec-
dotes are related regarding these hereditary bowmen.
SEPTS OP CLAN MACINNES
Angus Innes
MacAngus MacCainsh
MacCansh MacMaster
MAC INTYRE
Facing page 298.
CLAN MACINTYRE
BADGE : Fraoch gorm (erica vulgaris) common heath.
SLOGAN : Cruachan.
PIBROCH : Gabhaidh sinn an nathad mor.
LIKE Gow, MacNair, and others, the name Maclntyre is
one of the Highland cognomens derived from a handi-
craft. Its holder was " the son of a carpenter." Whether
cr not all holders of the name are derived from a single
origin appears doubtful, though common tradition asserts
that they are a branch of the great Clan Donald. A
romantic story which accounts for the conferring of the
name is of a Macdonald at sea alone in an open boat, who
found his craft suddenly spring a dangerous leak. Being
without other means to stop it he thrust his thumb into
the hole, and as it was impossible to keep the thumb there
and at the same time navigate the boat to land he cut the
thumb off. For this drastic expedient he was ever
afterwards named " the Carpenter." Such a story looks
like a device of the Highlander to escape from the necessity
of deriving his name from an actual handicraft, which was
looked down upon as unbefitting the character of a gentle-
man. Holders of the name, however, seem never to have
taken the field under a single chief or leader, and from their
appearance in widely separate parts of the country, there
is room for the supposition that the name was derived not
from one but from many individuals who each in his own
district, were actual workers in wood. Maclntyres, at
any rate, held lands under different chiefs of other names,
and fought under different banners.
Perhaps the most notable ancestor claimed for the clan
is a certain Paul, who is described as a personage of great
power in Sutherland towards the close of the thirteenth
century. Dun Creich, a vitrified fort in that county, is
said to have been built by him, and to have been his
stronghold. Even this tradition, however, seems seriously
open to question, for vitrified forts, the construction of
which is a long lost art, are believed to belong to a much
earlier date than 1290 or thereabout. If Paul himself is
not altogether a myth, he can hardly have been more than
the builder of a wooden fort on the remains of a much
299
300 CLAN MACINTYRE
more ancient vitrified foundation. To the fact that his
fort was of wood, like Macbeth's Dunsinnan, and
Lumphanan and other strongholds of the middle
centuries, Paul may have owed his name of Carpenter.
But the name of Maclntyre has been much more
illustrious in the arts than in the crafts. In the district of
Rannoch a family of Maclntyres were famous for centuries
as musicians. From the year 1680 they were pipers to
Chiefs of Clan Menzies, who owned the district, for
whom, among other airs, they composed the salute. Ian
MacDhonuill Mor, who was the Menzies piper at the time
of the battle of Sheriff muir, in 1715, was the composer of
the fine pibroch, " Cath Sliabh an t-Siorra," which
commemorates that event.
Most celebrated of all the holders of the name,
however, was Duncan Ban Maclntyre, the Gaelic poet of
the eighteenth century, who ranks next to Ossian himself
as the bard of the Gaelic race. Born in Glen Orchy in
1724, Fair Duncan had none of the advantages of
education, yet for originality and sweetness his songs
remain unsurpassed in the language of the Highlands.
During the Jacobite rising of 1745 many Maclntyres
fought under the banner of Stewart of Appin; but
Duncan was on the side of Government, and took part
against the Jacobites at the battle of Falkirk. He cannot,
however, have been a very convinced Hanoverian, for,
after the battle he composed a humorous poem on General
Hawley's defeat. When, a little later, as a result of the
rebellion, an Act of Parliament was passed forbidding the
clansmen to wear arms and the tartan, thus depriving
Hanoverian and Jacobite clans alike of their national dress
and weapons, he gave voice to a strenuous indignation,
declaring that the Highlanders were made the Saxon's
jest, and that, should Charles return, they were ready to
stand by him. For this he was thrown into jail and only
saved from a long imprisonment, or perhaps worse, by
the solicitations of powerful friends. Thirty-five years
later, when, at the instance of the Duke of Montrose and
General Fraser, the Act against wearing Highland dress
was repealed, Duncan burst forth in joyous strain with his
Jram na Bnogas, " the Song of the Breeches. Wearing
these garments, the sons of the north, he declared, blushed
when in presence of the fair. But now, he exclaimed,
n of the hills appear again in their loved tartans,
iJl?ati^, e ?rife of colours; gracefully stream our
»lted plaids, pur hose reach not the knee, nor hinder the
tep. lo the Highland Society, of which he was
H
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CLAN MACINTYRE 301
appointed Bard, Duncan at the annual meetings addressed
many stirring harangues in the Gaelic tongue. To the
present hour the sweet singer of Glen Orchy remains the
greatest glory of the name of Maclntyre.
The clan is generally believed to be an offshoot of
the MacDonalds. A family of the name was in possession
of Glenoe near Bonawe in Lorn from 1300 till 1810, and
acted as hereditary foresters to the Stewart and Campbell
Lords of Lorn. In 1556, under the name of Clan Teir, the
Maclntyre's are mentioned in the Black Book of Taymouth
as giving a bond of good behaviour to Sir Colin Campbell
of Glenurchy after the murder of one MacGillenlag.
Branches were dependents of the Campbells of Craignish
in 1612, and of the Mackintosh chiefs in Badenoch in
1496. The weaving village of Cladich on Loch Awe was
once almost entirely peopled by holders of the name, and
Maclntyres were the hereditary pipers to the Chiefs of
Clanranald and Menzies.
The representative of the Chiefs of the name is now in
America.
SEPTS OF CLAN MACINTYRE
MacTear
Tyre
Wright
CLAN MACIVER
BADGE : Garbhag an t-sleibh (lycopodium selago) fir club moss.
ACCORDING to Highland record and tradition the great Clan
Campbell took its origin about the beginning of the twelfth
century with the marriage of Gillespie Campbell with Eva,
daughter of the Treasurer of Scotland, Paul O'Duin, Chief
of the race of the famous Diarmid. This marriage made the
Campbells lords of Lochow. Half a century later, in the
reign of Malcolm IV., Duncan Campbell of Lochow had a
younger son, Iver, who became the ancestor of the separate
clan of that name. This was a hundred years before the
birth of the great Sir Colin Campbell of Lochow, knighted
by Alexander III., and slain on the Sraing of Lome, from
whom the Campbell chiefs to-day take the patronymic of
MacCailein Mor. A different origin is given in Principal
Campbell's book Clan Iver, published about 1870. That
author makes out that the Maclvers were holding lands as
a distinct and separate clan in Argyll prior to any Campbells
being known there, having come from Glenlyon in Perth-
shire about 1222 and having been awarded lands in return
for services rendered in the conquest of Argyll at that
period. The Maclvers, however, maintained allegiance to
the House of Argyll. In turn they were regarded with
high affection and were entrusted with such posts as the
Keepership of Inveraray Castle after that stronghold was
built in the middle of the fifteenth century.
In 1564 Archibald, fifth Earl of Argyll, he who com-
manded Queen Mary's forces at the battle of Langside,
recognised the separate authority of the Maclver chiefs.
By formal deed the Earl resigned all direct claim upon the
Maclver dependants. The document declared that the
Earl relinquished for ever, to his cousin Iver Maclver and
his successors, of " his awin frie motife, uncompellit, and
for special cause and favours," all " ryght, title, and*
kyndnes, quhatsomever, we, or our predecessoris had, has.
or in any manner of way may claim, of the calpis aucht and
wont to come to our house, of the surname of MacEver,
with power to use, uplift, intromit, and uptak the said calpis
to thair awin utilitie and profile, and to dispone thairupon as
302
CLAN MACIVER 303
they sail think expedient, as anie uther freehalder, and as we
was wont to do of before, providing that we haif the said
Ever's calpe."
The " calpe," it should perhaps be mentioned, was a
death duty, in the shape of a horse, cow, ox, or other
chattel, payable to a chief out of the possessions of a
deceased clansman. The fact that the calpe of Maclver
himself remained to be paid to Argyll, was an acknowledg-
ment that the Maclvers were a branch or sept of the
Campbell clan.
The original possessions of the Maclvers were Lerga-
chonzie, Ashnish on Loch Melfort, and certain lands in
Cowal. To these they made great additions, while branches
of the family settled as far afield as Caithness, Inverness-
shire, and the Lewis. They are said to have been expelled
from Glen Lyon in the end of the fourteenth century by
Cuilean Cursta, the fierce Wolf of Badenoch. The Chiefs
also held the honourable office of Crowner within a certain
district. In the middle of the seventeenth century, how-
ever, the properties of the Maclvers suffered considerable
alienation. A Chief of that time, Gillespie Ban Maclver,
had an only daughter, whom he married to Campbell of
Barchbeyan, ancestor of the Campbells of Craignish, and
by way of dowrie he bestowed on her the lands of Lerga-
chonzie and others. From that date the Maclver Chiefs
were known as of Ashnish only. At the same time
Gillespie Ban, having no male heir, resigned the rest of
the family possessions to his cousin, " a man of remark-
able courage and intrepidity." The latter was heir-male
to Duncan Maclver of Stronshira, and so the two estates
of Stronshira and Ashnish came into the same hands.
In the latter part of the same century the Maclvers
suffered a still more serious eclipse. It was the time of the
Solemn League and Covenant. The Marquess of Argyll,
as head of the Covenanters and opponent of King
Charles I., had misused his powers for the extinction of the
hereditary rivals of his house, such as the Macdonalds of
i Kintyre, and Macdougalls of Gylen and Dunolly, and the
Laments of Cowal, and at the Restoration he had been
i brought to trial and executed. His son Archibald, the
i ninth Earl, who was restored to the family estates and
1 honours in 1663, got into similar trouble eighteen years
later. In 1681 he refused to sign the Test Act, was found
j guilty of treason, and sentenced to death. While awaiting
cution in Edinburgh Castle he contrived to escape
5 disguised as a page, holding up the train of his step-
i< daughter, Lady Sophia Lindsay, and reached Holland.
304 CLAN MACIVER
Four years later, simultaneously with the rising of the Duke
of Monmouth in the south of England, Argyll landed in
the Kyles of Bute and raised the standard of rebellion
against James VII. and II. He was promptly joined by
Iver Maclver, chief of that clan, at the head of a hundred
men. After crossing the Water of Leven, however, the
expedition went to pieces in a night march over Dunbarton
Muir, and the Earl was captured at Inchinnan, and carried
to Edinburgh, to sleep the " last sleep of Argyll." The
Argyll estates were then forfeited to the Crown, and Mac-
Iver's possessions suffered the same fate. After the
Revolution in 1689, however, the Argyll forfeiture was
rescinded, and Maclver obtained a new grant of his lands
from Archibald, the tenth Earl and first Duke of Argyll.
This grant contained a serious stipulation. In the deed of
1564 by which the fifth Earl recognised the chief ship, it had
been stipulated that the heads of the house should be
known, not as Campbells but as Maclvers. The new grant
changed this. For his favour the Duke imposed the
condition that Maclver's son, Duncan, and his heirs, should
assume the name of Campbell, and should quarter the
Campbell arms with their own.'
This Duncan Maclver or Campbell of Ashnish, who was
the eighth Chief, married a daughter of MacAlastair of
Loup, and distinguished himself in the early years of the
eighteenth century by his well-directed exertions to
" civilise " the Highlanders. His second son and successor
married Catherine Campbell, daughter of the Captain of
Dunstaffnage, and his son and heir, again, Angus Campbell
of Ashnish, the tenth Chief, who was spoken of for a
century afterwards with great respect, married Elizabeth,
daughter of MacLachlan of Craigentary, and had six sons,
all of whom attained honourable positions in life, as well as
four daughters who married well, and all had families.
The eldest of these sons, Robert Campbell of Ashnish,
attained an excellent reputation as an advocate in the Court
of Session. He married in 1769 a daughter of Mail of
Maghide in Lancashire, but had only one daughter.
Meanwhile, apart from the main body of the clan, a
branch which had settled in Lochaber had attached itself
the following of Macdonald of Keppoch. From th
patrimony of its progenitors in Argyll it was often referreu
3 as the race of Maclver Glasrich, which name in time was
iprtened to MacGlasrich. In the keen spirit of clanship
J's race maintained its separate identity, and at the battle
I Cu loden, though acting under Keppoch, they insisted
on being drawn up as a separate clan, under their own
CLAN MACIVER 805
officers. They also, mindful of their origin and of the fact
that they wore the Campbell tartan and carried the
Campbell colours, refused to be marshalled in such a
position as would have compelled them to engage the
Argyll militia.
In his first great romance of Waverley Sir Walter Scott
introduced as a tragic figure the handsome young Fergus
Maclver, who looked to a success of the Jacobite cause to
enable him to realise certain dreams of setting up an inde-
pendent chiefship and founding a clan. It is usually
supposed that Scott's model for this personage was the
handsome young Glengarry, whose visits to the Scottish
capita! in full Highland panoply and with a formidable
41 tail " of clansmen created something of a sensation at
that time. But Scott could not have been unaware of the
existence of an actual Maclver Chief, and of the disabilities
under which he lay in being compelled to use the name
Campbell. This seems a much more likely suggestion for
the character of Fergus Maclver than that which has been
commonly accepted.
1 In August, 1919, Captain Maclver Campbell of Ballochyle
wrote from Vancouver as follows : " As far as my family is con-
cerned our title deeds were all in the name of Maclver until 1599,
when they appear as Maclver or Campbell and then gradually
as Campbell only. My father, the late Lieutenant-Colonel Wm.
Rose Campbell of Ballochyle, when entailing the property, made
it imperative that the laird should take the name of Maclver-
Campbell so as to preserve the ancient patronymic of the family."
BADGE : Bealnidh (vSarothamnus scorparius) broom.
PIBROCH 7 Brattach bhan Clan Aoidh and Donald Duaghal Mhic
Aoidh.
SLOGAN : Bratach Bhan Chlann Aoidh.
ONE of the finest songs by that fine song writer and
musician, Dr. John Park, deals in an allusive way with
an episode characteristic of the past of the far north-west
of Scotland, in the region of Cape Wrath, which was the
ancient country of the warlike Clan MacKay.
" This howling wind o'er sea and sky
Careers wi' dule and sorrow,
And many a woeful heart and eye
Shall weep the coming morrow ;
But yet I dream amid this tide
So furious, wild, and wintry,
Of the fairest eyes on any side
Of the Lord Reay's country.
Now lulls the gale, but upward fly
The roaring surges round us;
Nor e'er could reach a drowning cry
To the wild shores that bound us;
Where soon for us the dirge may rise
From caves, the sea-sprites' chantry
Whose sound now dims the bluest eyes
In the Lord Reay's country.
The moon shines out. Oh! pale and fair
Is she whose lamp is burning,
Through lonely night and stormy air,
To welcome my returning,
And see, how dearly yonder lies
The well-known bay's old entry,
Where our sail shall greet the fairest eyes,
In the Lord Reay's country."
The district anciently occupied by the Clan MacKay,
and known from the name of its chief as the Lord Reay's
country, extended along some two-thirds of the broken
north coast of Scotland, from Reay itself on Sandside
Bay, some ten miles west of Thurso, along the wild loch-
indented coast to Cape Wrath, and as far southward as
306
MACKAY
'acing page 306.
CLAN MACKAY 307
Edrachills Bay on the West Coast. It is a pathetic fact
that this great stretch of country is no longer in possession
of its ancient owners; but the story of how the MacKays
came into possession of Strathnaver, of how they held it
through the stormy middle centuries, and how at last it
passed out of their hands, remains one of the most
interesting in the Highlands.
On the east the territory of the MacKays marched with
that of the Sinclairs and the Gunns, while on the south it
marched with that of the MacLeods and the Murrays of
Sutherland, and naturally much of the story is of feud and
friendship with these neighbouring clans.
According to Skene in his Highlanders, " there are
few clans whose true origin is more uncertain than that
of the MacKays." But while this origin cannot be
altogether definitely ascertained, tradition carries it back
to the first Gaelic inhabitants of the country. The
Norwegian sagas declare the ancestor of the race to have
been a jarl, which is probably a Norse translation of the
Celtic Maormor, or governor of a province. From the
similarity of badge and armorial bearings, some writers
have counted the clan a branch of the Forbeses. Accord-
ing to Sir Robert Gordon, the first of the MacKays who
obtained possessions in Strathnaver was named Martin.
This Martin, he says, " wes slain at Keanloch-Eylk in
Lochaber, and had a son called Magnus. Magnus died
in Strathnaver, leaving two sons, Morgan and Farquhar.
From this Morgan the whole of MacKay is generally
called Clan-vic-Morgan. From Farquhar the Clan-vic-
Farquhar in Strathnaver are descended." Nisbet in his
Heraldry derives the MacKays from Alexander, a
younger son of Ochonochar, the ancestor of the Forbeses,
who came from Ireland about the end of the twelfth
century; and this theory is followed by Robert MacKay,
historian of the Clan, who says the ancestor of the Mac-
Kays was Alexander, who lived between 1180 and 1222.
When King William the Lion, at the end of the twelfth
century, marched northward to repel the Norse invaders,
he is said to have had with him one body of men from
the province of Moray under Hugh Freskin, ancestor of
the Murrays of Sutherland, and another body from Gallo-
way under Alexander, ancestor of the MacKays. Skene
believes the progenitors of the clan to have been the old
Gaelic Maormors of Caithness.
In any case from an early period the MacKays played
a striking part in Scottish history. Magnus, the great-
grandson of Alexander, fought on the side of Robert the
808 CLAN MACKAY
Bruce at Bannockburn. It was from Morgan, the son of
this Magnus, that the clan took its appellation of Siol
Mhorgain, the race of Morgan. Donald, the son of
Morgan, married the daughter of MacNeil of Gigha on the
Kintyre coast, and from the son of this pair, named Aodh,
the clan derives its patronymic of MacAodh, or MacKay.
The clan seems rapidly to have become very powerful, and
from an early date to have been engaged in feuds with its
neighbours. In 1395, at Dingwall, in the course of one
of these feuds, the Earl of Sutherland killed the MacKay
chief and his son with his own hand; and a few years
later, in the course of a family quarrel with the MacLeods
of Lewis, a bloody battle was fought in Strathoykell on
the marches of Ross and Sutherland, from which, it is
said, only one solitary Lewis man escaped, seriously
wounded, to tell the tale in his native island.
In 1411 the chief, Angus Dubh, was able to muster no
fewer than 4,000 men to oppose Donald of the Isles in his
campaign to seize the earldom of Ross, which ended at
the battle of Harlaw. MacKay was bold enough to face
Donald single-handed at Dingwall, but was defeated and
taken prisoner. After a short time, however, he was
released, and the Lord of the Isles gave him his daughter
Elizabeth in marriage, with certain lands by way of tocher.
In the charter of these lands he is called " Angus Eyg
de Strath naver."
This alliance with the Lord of the Isles proved
disastrous to MacKay, for when, to curb the disturbances
raised by the island prince, King James I. marched into
the north, he arrested Angus MacKay and his four sons,
and only set the Chief free on condition that one son
became a hostage for his father.
There was trouble again when Thomas, one of the
MacKays, for an act of outrage and sacrilege, was outlawed
by the king, and his lands in Sutherland were offered to
any person bold enough to kill or capture him. With the
help of MacKay 's own brothers, Angus Murray of Cubin
seized the outlaw and executed him ; but when Murray
came further, at the instignation of the Earl of Sutherland,
to invade Strathnaver, his force was defeated, and he and
the two MacKays who had helped him were slain. This
was the battle of Druim na cuip, at the top of a pass near
Ben Loyal. The leader of the MacKays was young Iain
Aberach, a son of Angus MacKay by his second wife, a
Macdonald of Keppoch in Lochaber. From him descended
vJC Aberach MacKays. After the fight old Angus
MacKay had himself carried to the field to view his son's
CLAN MACKAY 309
victory, when a lurking Moray man shot him with an
, arrow.
Later, in 1437, when the hostage Neil MacKay returned
from his captivity on the Bass, the MacKays invaded
Caithness, defeated the Sinclairs, and plundered the
country. A later feud among the MacKays of Strath-
naver, the Earls of Sutherland and Caithness, and the
Gunns, brought about a pitched battle in 1517 at Torran
Dubh, in which hundreds of men on both sides were slain,
and the MacKays were routed. After several further
struggles the MacKay chief made his peace with the Earl
of Sutherland in 1522. Twenty years later Donald Mac-
; Kay again invaded Sutherland, but was captured and
imprisoned, and in 1549 gave his bond of service and
manrent to the Earl.
These were only a few of the feuds, excursions, and
alarms in which the MacKays were engaged for 150 years,
and something of their warlike temper may be guessed
from the fact that they fought no fewer than ten pitched
battles, between that of Tuttumtarmhich in 1406 and
Garuarrai in 1555. Part of the reason for this turbulence
of the MacKay chiefs is probably to be found in the fact
that they were among the last in Scotland to hold their
lands as allodial or entirely independent territory. They
did not come under the feudal system and accept a charter
to hold their lands of the King till 1499.
Among notable events in the story of that time Aodh
or Hugh MacKay fell at Flodden with James IV., and his
second son and successor Donald MacKay, "a great
general and a wise and political gentleman," took part in
the battle of Solway Moss, and, returning to Edinburgh
with James V. three days after the conflict, had certain
fortified lands bestowed upon him by the King. In the
feuds of the days of Queen Mary and James VI. between
the Earls of Caithness and Sutherland, the MacKays took
an active part. One day in 1586 while returning from
a raid on the Macleods of Assynt the MacKays found
, themselves pursued by the Sutherland men, who, with the
Sinclairs, had set out to harry the Gunns. Just before
I dawn, they met the Gunns and the two clans joining in
; Dnset first overthrew the Sinclairs and then drove off the
Sutherland men, on the field of Aultgawn.
Amid such exploits, Aodh, the son of Donald, mentioned
above, was imprisoned for a time in Edinburgh Castle
because of his turbulence, but his son, another Hugh,
married first Lady Elizabeth Sinclair, daughter of the
, fourth Earl of Caithness, and secondly Lady Jean Gordon,
VOL. H, D
810 CLAN MACKAY
daughter of the fifteenth Earl of Sutherland, and lived in
prodigal fashion on his ancestral estates.
The MacKay chiefs were zealous supporters of the
Reformation, and in the beginning of the seventeenth
century the chief, Donald MacKay of Far, son of the
above Hugh, raised 3,000 men, mostly of his own clan,
and sent half of them, under the command of Colonel
Robert Munro, to the help of the Protestant King of
Bohemia. On the death, almost immediately, of that
monarch, the company entered the service of Gustavus of
Sweden, and its exploits and famous deeds of valour were
made the subject of a notable book, Munro's Expedition
with the Scots' Regiment, the MacKeyes, published in
1637. The chief himself, Donald MacKay, after some
trouble with the Sutherland family at home, carried a rein-
forcement to the regiment in Germany, and won a high
reputation there, while his territory at home enjoyed an
unwonted period of repose. After the death of Gustavus,
MacKay returned to this country, where, as a reward for
his loyal services to Charles I., he was first of all created
a Baronet of Nova Scotia in 1627, then raised to the
peerage by the title of Lord Reay in 1628. The King
also gave him a patent, creating him Earl of Strathnaver,
but the title was never completed, owing to the Civil War
and the refusal of Parliament to homologate the creation.
Unfortunately the MacKay Chief gained his honours at
considerable cost, for the enterprise of raising the company
which he sent abroad, and the losses which he sustained
in support of Charles I., plunged him into money
difficulties, which in the end forced the family to part with
all its great territories in the North.
Lord Reay himself was one of those excepted from
pardon in the treaty between the Covenanters and the
King, and was forced to retire to Denmark, where he died
in 1649. His wife was the daughter of Lord Kintail, and
their son married a daughter of Lieutenant-General Hugh
MacKay of Scourie, the famous leader who commanded
the troops of William of Orange against the Highland
Jacobites under Viscount Dundee at Killiecrankie ia
1689.
General MacKay was a sterling soldier if not a brilliant
general, and his overthrow at Killiecrankie was perhaps
as much the result of the rawness of the levies he com-
manded as of his own rashness in attempting an almost
impossible task. The soundness of his ideas as to th
best means of pacifying the Highlands may be judge<
from the fact that, after wellnigh insuperable difficulties
CLAN MACK AY 311
he found the means, by private enterprise, of erecting a
fort at Inverlochy, which, in honour of the King, he
named Fort-William, and which is represented by the
town of that name to the present day. And it was owing
to MacKay's activity in the months which followed that
the efforts of the Jacobite generals, Buchan and Cannon,
were again and again rendered futile. By sheer ability
he made himself military master of the Highlands, and
did so with the least possible bloodshed and without sully-
ing his success by vindictive measures of retaliation. He
fell at the battle of Steinkirk in 160,2.
During Mar's rebellion in 1715 the MacKays took arms
for George I., kept the castle and town of Inverness from
capture, and held the Jacobite clans of the North in check.
Again, in 1745, there were 800 of them under arms on the
side of the Government. Still later, in 1795, the Reay
fencible regiment, or MacKay Highlanders, were embodied,
and on being sent to Ireland, distinguished themselves by
a gallant defeat of the rebels at the Hill of Tara.
It was in the time of the seventh baron, Sir Eric Mac-
Kay, that a serious change came over the fortunes of the
family. During his sail round the coasts of Scotland in
the yacht of the Lighthouse Commissioners in 1814, Sir
Walter Scott paid a visit to Cape Wrath, where the Com-
missioners had to fix the site for a lighthouse. It was the
day when sheep-farming was being introduced to the
Highlands, and in the diary of his voyage Scott makes an
interesting entry. " Lord Reay's estate," he says, " con-
taining 150,000 acres, and measuring eighty miles by sixty,
was, before commencement of the last leases, rented at
£1,200 a year. It is now worth ,£5,000, and Mr.
Anderson says he may let it this ensuing year (when the
leases expire) for about ;£ 15,000. But then he must
resolve to part with his people, for these rents can only be
given upon the supposition that sheep are generally to be
introduced on the property. In an economical, and
perhaps in a political point of view, it might be best that
every part of a country were dedicated to that sort of
occupation for which nature has best fitted it. But to
effect this reform in the present instance, Lord Reay must
turn out several hundred families who have lived under
him and his fathers for many generations, and the swords
of whose fathers probably won the lands from which he
is now expelling them. He is a good-natured man, I
suppose, for Mr. A. says he is hesitating whether he shall
not take a more moderate rise (^"7,000 or ^"8,000), and
keep his Highland tenantry. This last war (before the
312 CLAN MACKAY
short peace), he levied a fine fencible corps (the Reay
fencibles), and might have doubled their number. Wealth
is no doubt strength in a country, while all is quiet and
governed by law, but on any altercation or internal com-
motion, it ceases to be strength, and is only the means of
tempting the strong to plunder the possessors. Much may
be said on both sides."
The Reay estates, however, as has been already
mentioned, were in difficulties, and in the upshot, Eric,
seventh Lord Reay, disposed of the whole property to the
Earl of Sutherland, by whom were carried out the great
" Sutherland clearances," of which so much has been said
and written since.
On the death of this Lord Reay the title and chiefship
reverted to his cousin, Eneas MacKay, a descendant of the
second baron. That second Baron's second son Eneas
had followed the first baron's example, carried his sword
to the Continent, and become a Brigadier-General and
Colonel-proprietor of the MacKay regiment in Holland.
His son Donald succeeded him in command of the
regiment, and fell at the siege of Tournay in 1745. Each
generation had married a daughter of a noble house of the
Netherlands, and the family had attained the title of Baron
MacKay d'Ophemert. Among his other honours in the
Netherlands, Baron MacKay was Minister of State, Vice-
President of the Privy Council, and Grand Cross of the
Netherland Lion. His wife was a daughter of Baron
Fagel, also a Privy Councillor. The new Lord Reay, who
remained a Dutch subject, died in 1876, and was
succeeded by his son Sir Donald James, the late peer.
Lord Reay was naturalised as a British subject in 1877,
and played a highly distinguished part in the affairs of
this country. Among his honours he was a Knight of the
Thistle, G.C.S.I., G.C.I.E., LL.D., D.Litt., and a Privy
Councillor. He was Lord-Lieutenant of Roxburghshire,
and Rector of St. Andrews University. He was also
Governor of Bombay from 1885 to 1890, Under Secretary
for India from 1894 to l895, and Chairman of the London
School Board from 1897 to 1904. He was President of the
Royal Asiatic Society, and of University College, London,
and was the first 'President of the British Academy.
Besides Lady Reay's seat of Carolside at Earlston in
Berwickshire, he retained Ophemert in the Netherlands;
but his chief interest throughout lay in this country, and
his warmest pride was in the fact that he was Chief of the
ancient and honourable Clan MacKay.
Not least famous of the name in the eighteenth century
CLAN MACKAY 313
was the poet, Rob Don MacKay. Born in the year
before Sheriffmuir, he earned his living as herd, game-
keeper, and boatman, and was a member of the Reay
Fencibles from 1759 till 1767. His poems are chiefly
satires and elegies.
In modern times the Clan has led the way in a move-
ment which promises, more than anything else, to
perpetuate the old clan spirit and comradeship. On 2ist
July, 1806, there was instituted a " M'Kays Society,"
which was probably the first genuine clan organisation
ever formed in the Lowlands. Its purpose was " to raise
a fund for the mutual help of each of us in the time of
afflictive dispensations," and as "a happy means of
establishing unity and good order amongst us." That
Society carried on its useful work for fifty years. The
present Clan MacKay Society was founded in 1888. It
carries on a highly useful benevolent and educational work,
has a fund of over ^"1,600, and counts its influential
membership in every part of the world.
SEPTS OF CLAN MACKAY
Bain Bayne
MacCay MacCrie
Macghee Macghie
Mackee Mackie
MacPhail Macquey
Macquoid Macvail
Neilson Paul
Poison Williamson
CLAN MACKENZIE
BADGE : Cuilfhion (Ilex aquifolium) holly.
SLOGAN : Tullach ard.
PIBROCH : Failte mhic Choinneach, Fear Coinerach, or Applecross,
and Cumha mhic Choinneach.
FROM the seventeenth century down to the later nineteenth
the origin of the great Clan Mackenzie was commonly
supposed to be from a certain Colin Fitzgerald of the great
Norman family of the Earls of Desmond and Dukes of
Leinster in Ireland. This Colin or Cailean is said to
have been driven from Ireland in 1262, and to have found
refuge at the Court of Alexander III. of Scotland, under
whom he distinguished himself by his valour at the battle
of Largs in the following year. So much is stated in the
Record of Icolmkill. After that battle he is said to have
been established by the King as Governor of Eileandonan,
a strong castle in Kintail at the junction of Loch Duich
and Loch Long, which has been identified as the Itus of
Ptolemy and Richard of Cirencester. The charter of
1266 on which this statement is founded is quoted by Sir
George Mackenzie of Tarbat, first Earl of Cromarty, in
his MS. history of the Clan Mackenzie written in the
seventeenth century, and it has been quoted from his work
by later historians of the clan, including the Laird of
Applecross in his genealogy of the Mackenzies in 1669.
This last writer proceeds to tell how Cailean acquired
the coat of arms first used by the Mackenzie chiefs. The
King, it appears, was hunting in the forest of Mar, when
a furious stag, brought to bay by the hounds, made
straight at him, and he would doubtless have been slain
had not Cailean Fitzgerald stepped in front of him, and
shot the beast with an arrow through the forehead. For
this, it is said, the King granted him for arms a stag's
head puissant, bleeding at the forehead, on a field azure,
supported by two greyhounds, with, as crest, a dexter
arm bearing a naked sword, surrounded with the motto
1 Fide parta, fide aucta." At a later day the Mackenzies
changed this crest and motto for those of the MacLeods
of the Lews, to whose possessions they had succeeded in
that island.
.MACKENZIE
Facing page 314.
CLAN MACKENZIE 815
According to the Earl of Cromarty, Cailean Fitzgerald
married a daughter of Kenneth MacMhathoin, the Mathie-
son chief, and had by her one son whom he named
Kenneth after his father-in-law. Cailean was afterwards
slain by MacMhathoin out of jealousy at the Irish
stranger's succession to his ancient heritage, and it was
from the son Kenneth that all the later members of the
family and clan took their name MacKenneth or Mackenzie.
Cosmo Innes, however, in his Origines Parochiales
Scotiae, vol. ii, pp. 392-3, points out that the original
charter on which this Norman-Irish descent is founded
does not exist, and is not in fact genuine, and Skene in
his Celtic Scotland, quoting an authenic Gaelic MS. of
1450, printed with a translation in the Transactions of the
lona Club, shows the Mackenzies to be descended from
the same ancestor as the old Earls of Ross. Their
common ancestor, according to the MS. genealogy of
1450, was a certain Gillean of the Aird, of the tenth
century. Mr. Alexander Mackenzie, author of the latest
history of the clan, quotes unquestioned Acts of Parliament
and charters to show that the lands of Kintail, with the
Castle of Eileandonan, were possessed by the Earls of
Ross for a hundred years after the battle of Largs. It
seems reasonable that the Mackenzie chiefs, as their near
relatives, were entrusted with the lands and castle at an
early date, and in any case there is a charter to show that
the lands of Kintail were held by Alexander Mackenzie
in 1463.
The first chief of the clan who appears with certainty
in history is " Murdo filius Kennethi de Kintail " who
obtained the charter from David II. in 1362. According
to tradition, filling out the Gaelic genealogy of 1450, the
name of the clan was derived from this Murdoch's great-
grandfather, Kenneth, son of Angus. This Kenneth was
in possession of Eileandonan when his relative William,
third Earl of Ross who had married his aunt, in pursuit of
his claim to the Lordship of the Isles, demanded that the
Castle be given up to him. The young chief, however,
refused, and, supported by his neighbours the Maclvers,
Macaulays, and other families in Kintail, actually resisted
and defeated the attacking forces of the Earl. He married
a daughter of Macdougall of Lome, and granddaughter
of the Red Comyn slain by Bruce at Dumfries, but his
son Ian, who succeeded him in 1304, is said to have taken
the part of Robert the Bruce, and actually to have sheltered
that monarch for a time within the walls of Eileandonan.
He is said to have fought on Bruce's side at the battle of
816 CLAN MACKENZIE
Inverury in 1308, and to have waited on the King at his
visit to Inverness in 1312, and he also led a following
said to be five hundred strong of the men of Kintail at
the battle of Bannockburn, three years later. His loyalty
to Bruce is better understood when it is known that he
was married to Margaret, daughter of David de Strath-
bogie, Earl of Atholl, the warm supporter of that monarch.
lan's son, Kenneth of the Nose, had a severe struggle
against the fifth Earl of Ross. According to Wyntoun's
Chronicle, Randolph, Earl of Moray, paid a visit to
Eileandonan in 1331, for the punishment of misdoers, and
expressed himself as right blythe at sight of the fifty heads
" that flowered so weel that wall," but whether the heads
were those of Mackenzies or of Ross' men we do not know.
In 1342 the Earl of Ross granted a charter of Kintail to
a son of Roderick of the Isles, which charter was con-
firmed by the King, and in 1350 the Earl actually dated
a charter at Eileandonan itself, from which it may be
gathered that he had seized the castle. Finally, the Earl's
men raided Mackenzie's lands of Kinlochewe ; Mackenzie
pursued them, killed many, and recovered the spoil; and
in revenge the Earl had him seized and executed at Inver-
ness, and granted Kinlochewe to a follower of his own.
Mackenzie had married a daughter of MacLeod of the
Lews, and on his execution his friend Duncan Macaulay
of Loch Broom sent Murdoch, his young son and heir,
to MacLeod for safe keeping, and at the same time
prepared to defend Eileandonan against the attacks of the
Earl of Ross. He kept the castle against repeated attacks,
but a creature oflhe Earl's, Leod MacGilleandreis, the
same who had procured the death of the late chief, and had
received a grant of Kinlochewe, laid a trap for Macaulay's
only son, and murdered him. At last, however, the young
chief Murdoch, having grown up a strong brave youth,
procured one of MacLeod's great war galleys full of men,
and with a friend, Gille Riabhach, set sail from Storno-
way to strike a blow for his heritage. Landing at Sanachan
in Kishorn, he marched towards Kinlochewe, and hid his
men in a wood while he sent a woman to discover the
whereabouts of his, enemy. Learning that MacGilleandreis
was to meet his followers at a certain ford for a hunting
match, Murdoch fell upon him there, and overthrew and
slew him. He afterwards married the only daughter of
his brave friend and defender Macaulay, and through her
succeeded to the lands of Loch Broom and Coigeach.
Then, after the return of David II. from his captivity in
England, he obtained in 1362 a charter from that monarch
m
CLAN MACKENZIE 317
confirming his rights, and he died in 1375. He was
known as Black Murdoch of the Cave, from his resort to
wild places for security during his youth and while laying
his plans for the overthrow of his enemies.
His son, Murdoch of the Bridge, got his name from a
less creditable incident. His wife having no children,
and he being anxious to have a successor, he had her
waylaid at the Bridge of Scatwell, and thrown into the
river. She, however, managed to escape, and made her
way to her husband's house at Achilty, coming to his
bedside, as the chronicler puts it, " in a fond condition ";
whereupon, pitying her case and repenting of the deed, he
took her in his arms. A few weeks afterwards she gave
birth to a son, and they lived together contentedly all their
days. Murdoch was one of the sixteen Highland chiefs
who took part under the Earl of Douglas at the battle of
Otterbourne, and against all threats he refused to join the
Lord of the Isles in his invasion of Scotland which ended
at the battle of Harlaw. Murdoch married a daughter of
MacLeod of Harris, and as that chief was fourth in descent
from Olaf, King of Man, while his wife was daughter of
Donald Earl of Mar, nephew of King Robert the Bruce,
the blood of two royal houses was thus brought to mix
with that of the Mackenzie chiefs.
The next chief, Alastair lonric, or the Upright, was
among the Highland magnates summoned by King
James I. to meet him at Inverness in 1427. With the others
he was arrested, but, while many of them were executed
for their lawless deeds, he, being still a youth, was sent to
school at Perth by the King. During his absence his three
bastard uncles proceeded to ravage Kinlochewe, where-
upon Macaulay, constable of Eileandonan, sent a secret
message to the young chief, who, leaving school forthwith,
and hastening north, summoned his uncles before him,
and, on their proving recalcitrant, made them " shorter
by the heads," and so relieved his people of their ravages.
In similar case, Alexander, Lord of the Isles, had been
sent to Edinburgh by the King, but, escaping north, raised
his vassals, burned Inverness, and destroyed the crown
lands. On this occasion the young chief of the Mackenzies
raised his clan, joined the royal army, and helped to over-
throw the island lord. Later, during the rebellion of the
Earl of Douglas, the Lord of the Isles, and Donald Balloch,
against James II., Mackenzie again stood firm in loyalty
to the Crown. For this in 1463 he received a charter con-
firming him in his lands of Kintail, and in various other
possessions. So far these possessions had been held of
318 CLAN MACKENZIE
the Earls of Ross, but after the rebellion of the Earl of
Ross in 1476, when he was compelled to resign his earldom
to the Crown, Mackenzie, who again had done loyal service,
became a crown vassal, and received a further charter of
Strathconan, Strathbran, and Strathgarve, which had been
taken from the Earl.
Of Alexander Mackenzie as a young man a romantic
story is told. This is to the effect that Euphemia Leslie,
Countess Dowager of Ross, set her fancy upon him, and
desired him to marry her. Upon his refusal she turned
her love to hatred, and made him a prisoner at Dingwall.
Then, by bribing his page, she procured his ring, and
sending it to Eileandonan induced Macaulay the constable
to yield up the castle to her. To secure his master's free-
dom Macaulay seized Ross of Balnagown, the countess's
grand-uncle. He was pursued by the vassals of the Earl
of Ross, and at Bealach na Broige a desperate conflict took
place. Macaulay, however, carried off his man, and
presently, managing to surprise Eileandonan, kept the
countess's governor and garrison, along with Balnagown,
in captivity until they were exchanged for the Mackenzie
chief. The conflict of Bealach na Broige, the Pass of the
Shoe, took place in 1452, and was so named from the
Highlanders tying their shoes to their breasts to defend
themselves against the arrows of their opponents. Many
other romantic stories are told of the sixth chief. He
was so far the greatest man of his name, and when he
died at the age of ninety in 1488 he left the house of
Mackenzie one of the most powerful clans in the north.
Till now the succession to the Mackenzie family had
depended always upon a single heir. Alexander the sixth
chief, however, was twice married. By his first wife,
Anna daughter of MacDougall of Dunolly, he had two
sons, the elder of whom succeeded him, and by his second
wife, daughter of MacDonald of Morar, he had one son,
Hector who became ancestor of the Gairloch family.
The seventh chief, Kenneth of the Battle, got his name
from his part in the battle of Blair na pairc, fought during
his father's lifetime near their residence at Kinellan, a
mile and a half from the modern spa of Strathpeffer. To
close the old family feud, Kenneth had married Margaret
daughter of John of Isla, Lord of the Isles, but John of
Isla s nephew and heir, Alexander of Lochalsh, making
a feast at Balcony House, invited to it, among other chiefs,
Kenneth Mackenzie. On Mackenzie arriving with forty
followers he was told that the house was already full,
but that a lodging had been provided for him in the kiln.
CLAN MACKENZIE 319
Enraged at the insult, he struck the seneschal to the
ground, and left the house. Four days later he was
ordered with his father to leave Kinellan, which they held
as tenants of the island lord. Kenneth returned a message
that he would stay where he was, but would return his
wife, and he accordingly sent the lady back with the
utmost ignominy. The lady had only one eye, and he
sent her on a one-eyed horse accompanied by a one-eyed
attendant and a one-eyed dog. A few days later, with
two hundred men he besieged Lord Lovat in his castle,
and demanded his daughter Anne in marriage. Lord
Lovat and his daughter agreed, and ever afterwards
Kenneth and the lady lived as husband and wife.
Meanwhile MacDonald had raised an army of sixteen
hundred men, marched northward through the Mackenzie
lands, burning and slaying, and at Contin on a Sunday
morning set fire to the church in which the old men,
women, and children had taken refuge, and burned the
whole to ashes. Then he ordered his followers to be
drawn up on the neighbouring moor for review. But
Kenneth Mackenzie, though he had only six hundred men,
proved an able leader. He succeeded in entangling his
enemies in a peat bog, and when they were thrown into
confusion by a discharge from his hidden archers, fell
upon them and put them to flight. This invasion cost the
Macdonalds the Lordship of the Isles, which was declared
by Parliament a forfeit to the Crown.
Kenneth was on his way with five hundred rtien under
the Earl of Huntly to support James III. when news
reached him of his father's death, and Huntly sent him
home to see to his affairs, and so he missed taking part
in the battle of Sauchieburn, at which James fell. He
was afterwards knighted by James IV., and died in 1491.
The eighth chief, Kenneth the Younger, was the son of
the daughter of the Lord of the Isles whom his father
had so unceremoniously sent home. Along with the young
Mackintosh chief he was secured in Edinburgh castle by
James IV. as a hostage for his clan. After a time the two
lads escaped, and reached the Torwood. Here they met
the Laird of Buchanan, then an outlaw, and he, to secure
the remission for his outlawry, surrounded the house at
night with his followers and demanded surrender. Mac-
kenzie rushed out sword in hand, and was shot with an
arrow.
This was in 1497. The next chief, John of Killin,
Kenneth's half-brother, was considered illegitimate by
many of the clan, though the marriage of his mother had
320 CLAN MACKENZIE
been legitimated by the Pope in the last year of her
husband's life. The estates were seized by the young
chief's uncle, Hector Roy, ancestor of the Gairloch family.
But Lord Lovat procured a precept of clare constat to
protect his nephew's interest, and Munro of Fowlis,
Lieutenant of Ross, proceeded to Kinellan to punish the
usurper. As Munro was returning, however, he was
ambushed at Knockfarrel by Hector Roy, and most of
his men slain. Hector also defeated a royal force sent
against him by the Earl of Huntly in 1499. At last, how-
ever, his nephew John, with a chosen band, beset him in
his house at Fairburn, and set the place on fire. Hector
thereupon surrendered, and it was agreed that he should
possess the estates till the young chief was twenty-one
years of age, whereupon Eileandonan was delivered up
to the latter. Both the chief John and his uncle Hector
Roy took part in the battle of Flodden, and, strange to
say, both escaped and returned home, though most of
their followers fell. The chief was taken prisoner by the
English, but escaped through the kindness of the wife
of a shipmaster with whom he was lodged, and whose life
had been saved in dire extremity by a clansman in the
Mackenzie country, who by killing and disembowelling
his horse and placing her inside during a terrible storm
had preserved her and her new-born child.
Upon coming into possession of Eileandonan John
Mackenzie made Gilchrist MacRae constable of the castle,
and before long the MacRaes had an opportunity to show
their mettle in this post. In 1539 MacDonald of Sleat
laid waste the lands of MacLeod of Dunvegan and his
friend the Mackenzie chief, killing the son of Finly Mac-
Rae, then Governor of Eileandonan. Mackenzie there-
upon despatched a force to Skye which made reprisals in
MacDonald's country. MacDonald, hearing that Eilean-
donan was left ungarrisoned, made a raid upon it with
fifty birlinns. The only men in the castle were the
governor, the watchman, and Duncan MacRae. Presently
the governor fell, and MacRae found himself left with a
single arrow. Watching his chance, however, he shot
MacDonald in the foot, severing the main artery, and
causing him to bleed to death. For the overthrow of the
MacDonalds King James conferred further possessions
on Mackenzie. Old as he was, Mackenzie fought for the
Id-Queen Mary at the battle of Pinkie, where he was
taken prisoner. His clansmen, however, showed their
affection by paying his ransom. John Mackenzie added
greatly to the family estates in Brae Ross, and many a
CLAN MACKENZIE 821
quaint story is told of his shrewdness and sagacity before
he died at the age of eighty in 1561.
Like so many of the early chiefs John had an only son,
Kenneth of the Whittle, so named from his dexterity with
the skian dhu. He was among the chiefs who helped
Queen Mary to get possession of Inverness Castle when
refused by the governor, Alexander Gordon; and on the
Queen's escape from Loch Leven, his son Colin was sent
by the Earl of Huntly to advise her retreat to Stirling
till her friends could be gathered. The advice was
rejected, and Colin fought for the Queen at Langside.
In Kenneth's time a tragedy occurred at Eileandonan.
John Glassich, son and successor to Hector Roy
Mackenzie of Gairloch, fell under suspicion of an intention
to renew his father's claim to be chief of the clan.
Mackenzie therefore had him arrested and sent to Eilean-
donan, and there he was poisoned by the Constable's
lady. This chief married a daughter of the Earl of Atholl,
and from his third son Roderick was descended the family
of Redcastle.
The eleventh chief, One-Eyed Colin, was a special
favourite at Court, and, like all his forebears, an able
administrator of his own estate.
The Mackenzies were now strong enough to defy even
the Earl of Huntly. This great noble was preparing to
destroy Mackintosh of Mackintosh, whose wife was Mac-
kenzie's sister. Mackenzie sent asking that she should be
treated with courtesy, and Huntly rudely replied that he
would " cut her tail above her houghs." The Mackenzie
chief was at Brahan Castle in delicate health, but next
day, his brother Roderick of Redcastle crossed the ferry of
Ardersier with four hundred clansmen, and when Huntly
approached the Mackintosh stronghold in the Loch of Moy
he saw this formidable force marching to intercept him.
' Yonder," said one of his officers, " is the effect of your
answer to Mackenzie." The effect was so unquestionable
that Huntly found it prudent to retire to Inverness.
In One-Eyed Colin's time, about 1580, one of the most
desperate feuds in Highland history broke out, between
the Mackenzies and the MacDonalds of Glengarry, whose
chief owned considerable parts of the neighbouring
territories of Lochalsh, Loch Carron, and Loch Broom.
The feud began by Glengarry ill-using Mackenzie's
tenants. It came to strife with the killing of a Glengarry
gentleman as a poacher, and before it was ended, in the
next chief's time, it had brought about some of the most
tragic events in Highland history.
322 CLAN MACKENZIE
This next chief Kenneth, twelfth of his line, was a man
of singular ability, who managed to turn the MacDonald
and other feuds directly to the increase of his house's
territory and influence. While Mackenzie was in France,
Glengarry's son, Angus MacDonald and his cousins,
committed several outrages, slaying and burning Mac-
kenzie clansmen, and, on the Mackenzies retaliating, had
the chief summoned at the Pier of Leith to appear before
the Council on pain of forfeiture. Through the prompt
action of a clansman, however, Mackenzie managed to
return in time, turned the tables on his enemy, and had
him declared an outlaw, and ordered to pay him a very
large sum by way of damages. He then marched into
Morar, routed the MacDonalds, and brought back to
Kintail the largest creagh ever heard of in the Highlands.
The MacDonalds retaliated with a raid on Kinlochewe,
killing women and children, and destroying all the cattle.
Angus MacDonald also proceeded to raise his kinsmen in
the Isles against Mackenzie, and while the latter was
absent in Mull, seeking help from his brother-in-law,
MacLean of Duart, he made a great descent, burning and
slaying, on Kintail.
Then a notable incident occurred: Lady Mackenzie at
Eileandonan had only a single galley at home, but she
armed it and sent it out to waylay MacDonald. It was a
calm moonlight night in November, with occasional
showers of snow, and Mackenzie's galley lay in wait in
the shadows below Kyle-rhea. Presently as the tide
rose a boat shot through. He let it pass, knowing it to be
MacDonald's scout. Then they saw a great galley coming-
through, and made straight for it, firing a cannon with
which Lady Mackenzie had provided them. In the
confusion MacDonald's galley ran on the Cailleach rock
and every one of the sixty men on board, including Angus
MacDonald himself, was slain or drowned.
Mackenzie also took and destroyed Glengarry's strong-
hold, Strome Castle. Then Allan Dubh MacDonald,
Glengarry's cousin, made a raid on Mackenzie's lands of
Brae Ross, and on a Sunday morning, while all the
people were at divine service in the church of Cillechroist,
set fire to the fane, and burnt men, women, and children
to ashes, while his piper marched round the building,
drowning their shrieks with a pibroch which ever since,
under the name of " Cillechroist," has remained the
family tune of Glengarry. As the MacDonalds returned
home they were pursued by the Mackenzies, who came up
with them, as morning broke, oh the southern ridge of
CLAN MACKENZIE 323
"Glen Urquhart above Loch Ness. Like Bruce on a
famous occasion, Allan Dubh divided his men again and
again, but the Mackenzies were not thrown off his track,
and presently he found himself alone with Mackenzie
of Coul at his heels. In desperation he made for the
fearful ravine of the Aultsigh Burn, and sprang across.
Mackenzie followed him, but missed his footing, slipped,
and hung suspended by a hazel branch. At that
MacDonald turned, hewed off the branch, and sent his
pursuer to death in the fearful chasm below. He himself
then escaped by swimming across Loch Ness. The feud
was ended by Mackenzie, in 1607, obtaining a crown
charter of the MacDonald lands in Loch Alsh, Loch
Carron, and elsewhere, for which he paid MacDonald ten
thousand merks, while MacDonald agreed to hold his
other lands off him as feudal superior.
Another great addition to Mackenzie's territories
occurred in the time of the same chief. Torquil MacLeod
of the Lews had married as his second wife a daughter of
John Mackenzie of Killin, but he disinherited her son
Torquil Cononach, and adopted his eldest son by a third
wife as his heir. Torquil Cononach was protected by
Mackenzie, and recognised as the heir by the Government,
and upon his half-brother raiding Mackenzie's territory
the latter obtained letters of fire and sword against him.
At the same time Torquil Cononach, his two sons being
slain, made over his rights in the island to Mackenzie.
Then came the attempt of the Fife adventurers, who
obtained a grant of the Lews and tried to colonise and
civilise it. After much disturbance they were ruined and
driven out, and a later effort of the Earl of Huntly fared
no better. Mackenzie then in virtue of Torquil Cononach's
resignation, had his possession of the Lews confirmed by
charter under the Great Seal, and, proceeding there with
seven hundred men, brought the whole island to sub-
mission. In recognition of this service to law and order
James VI. in 1609 conferred a peerage on the chief, as
Lord Mackenzie of Kintail.
Only a small band of MacLeods kept up resistance in
the Lews, and this was brought to an end in a dramatic
way. On the death of Lord Mackenzie in 1611 he was
succeeded by his son, Colin the Red. During his
minority the estates were managed by Sir Roderick
Mackenzie of Coigeach. The remnant of the MacLeods
had held out on the impregnable rock of Berrissay for
three years when the tutor of Kintail gathered all their
wives, children, and relations, placed them on a tidal rock
824 CLAN MACKENZIE
within sight of MacLeod's stronghold, and declared that
he would leave them there to drown unless MacLeod
instantly surrendered. This MacLeod did, and so the last
obstacle to Mackenzie's possession was removed, and
" The inhabitants adhered most loyally to the illustrious
house, to which they owed such peace and prosperity as
was never before experienced in the history of the island."
This latest addition vastly increased the possessions of
the Mackenzie chief, who was moreover a great favourite
at the court of James VI., and in 1623 he was created
Earl of Seaforth and Viscount Fortrose. The Earl lived
in his castle of Chanonry in the Black Isle in great
magnificence, making a state voyage with a fleet of vessels
round his possessions every two years. He built the
castle of Brahan and Chanonry while his tutor, Sir
Roderick of Coigeach, ancestor of the Earl of Cromartie,
built Castle Leod.
His brother George, who succeeded as second Earl
and fourteenth chief in 1633, played a very undecided and
self-seeking part in the civil wars of Charles I., appearing
now on the Covenant's side and now on the King's, as
appeared most to his advantage. He fought against
Montrose at Auldearn, but afterwards joined him. Upon
this he was excommunicated and imprisoned by the
Covenanters for a time, and he died while secretary to
King Charles II. in Holland in 1651, upon news of the
defeat of the young King at Worcester.
His eldest son, Kenneth Mor, the third Earl, joined
Charles II. at Stirling in his attempt for the crown,
and after the defeat at Worcester had his estates forfeited
by Cromwell and remained a close prisoner till the
Restoration, when he was made Sheriff of Ross. He died
in 1678.
His eldest son, Kenneth Og, the fourth Earl, was made
a member of the Privy Council and a companion of the
Order of the Thistle by James VII.
It was the time of the later Covenanters, and two of
Seaforth's relatives had the chief direction of affairs in
Scotland — Sir George Mackenzie of Tarbat, afterwards
first Earl of Cromartie, as Lord Justice-General, and Sir
George Mackenzie of Rosehaugh as Lord Advocate.
Both were, in private, amiable and learned men, but as
officials they showed little mercy to rebels, as they
considered the upholders of the Covenant.
At the Revolution the Earl accompanied King James
France, and after taking part in the siege of London-
derry and the battle of the Boyne, was created a Marquess
CLAN MACKENZIE 325
at the exiled court. But the fortunes of his house had
reached their climax, and he died an exile.
It was his only son, William Dubh, the fifth Earl, who
took part in the Earl of Mar's rebellion in 1715. As a
Jacobite he raised three thousand men, and fought at the
battle of Sheriffmuir. For this his earldom and estates
were forfeited. Four years later, on the breaking out of
war with Spain, he sailed with the Spanish expedition,
and landed in Kintail, but was wounded and defeated by
General Wightman at Glenshiel. During his exile after-
wards in France the Government completely failed to take
possession of his estates. These were defended by his
faithful factor, Donald Murchison, who had been a colonel
at Sheriffmuir, and who now skilfully kept the passes and
collected the rents, which he sent to his master abroad.
At last, in 1726, on his clansmen giving up their arms
to General Wade, they and Seaforth himself received a
pardon. Sad to say, on the chief returning home he
treated Murchison with rude ingratitude, and the factor
died of a broken heart.
The Seaforth title remained under attainder, and the
Earl's son Kenneth, the eighteenth chief, who succeeded
in 1740, remained known by his courtesy title as Lord
Fortrose. The estates were purchased on his behalf for
^26,000, and on the outbreak of the Jacobite rebellion
of 1745 he remained loyal to the Government. His kins-
man, the Earl of Cromartie, who had then probably more
influence with the clan, took the side of the Prince with a
considerable number of men, and in consequence lay under
sentence of death for a time. It was one of the name,
Roderick Mackenzie, son of a goldsmith in Edinburgh,
who, on being cut down in Glen Morriston, called out,
' You have slain your Prince ! " and from his likeness
to Charles threw the scent off his royal master for a space,
and so helped his escape.
Lord Fortrose died in 1761. His only son Kenneth,
known as " the little Lord," was created Earl of Seafortfi
in the peerage of Ireland in 1771. Seven years later he
raised a regiment of 1,130 men, but on his way with it
to India died near St. Helena in 1781.
The Earl was without a son, and in 1779, being heavily
embarrassed, had sold the Seaforth estates to his cousin
and heir male, Colonel Thomas F. Mackenzie Humberston.
The father of the latter was a grandson of the third Earl,
and had taken the name Humberston on inheriting the
estates of his mother's family. Colonel Humberston had
been chief for no more than two years when he was killed
VOL. II. E
826 CLAN MACKENZIE
in an attack by the Mahrattas on the " Ranger " sloop of
WaH°e7as sucked by his brother Francis Humberston
Mackenzie, as twenty-first chief. In the war with France
this chief raised two battalions pf his clansmen which
were known as the Ross-shire Buffs now the Seaforth
Highlanders, and as a reward was made lord-lieutenant of
Ross-shire, and a peer of the United Kingdom, with the
title of Lord Seaforth. As Governor of Barbados he put
an end to slavery in that island, and altogether, though
very deaf and almost dumb, achieved a great reputation by
his abilities. These drew forth from Sir Walter Scott
an eloauent tribute in his Lament for the last of the
Seafortns :
In vain, the bright course of thy talents to wrong,
Fate deadened thine ear and imprisoned thy tongue,
For brighter o'er all her obstructions arose
The glow of thy genius they could not oppose;
And who in the land of the Saxon or Gael
Could match with Mackenzie, High Chief of Kintail.
It was in the person of this chief that the prediction of
the Brahan Seer was fulfilled. This prediction, widely
known throughout the Highlands for generations before
it was accomplished, declared that when a deaf Mackenzie
should be chief, and four other heads of families should
have certain physical defects, the house of Seaforth should
come to an end. So it happened. At this time Sir Hector
Mackenzie of Gairloch was buck-toothed; Chisholm of
Chisholm was hare-lipped ; Grant of Grant was half-witted ;
and MacLeod of Raasay was a stammerer. So it came
about. Lord Seaforth's four sons all died before him
unmarried; from his own indulgence in high play he was
forced to sell, first a part of Lochalsh, and afterwards
Kintail and other estates, and when he died the remainder
passed to his eldest daughter, Lady Hood, then a widow.
This lady afterwards married Stewart of Glasserton, a
cadet of the house of Galloway, himself distinguished as
a member of parliament, governor of Ceylon, and lord
High Commissioner to the Ionian Islands. He took the
name of Mackenzie, and at his lady's death at Brahan
Castle in 1862, she was succeeded in possession of
the estates by her eldest son Keith William Stewart
Mackenzie, of Seaforth.
Meanwhile the chiefship of the clan passed to James
Fowler Mackenzie of Allangrange, as lineal representative
of Simon Mackenzie of Lochshin, seventh son of Kenneth,
CLAN MACKENZIE 827
first Lord Mackenzie. It is interesting to note that the
eldest son of Simon Mackenzie was Sir George Mackenzie
of Rosehaugh, Lord Advocate, author of the famous
Institutes of Scots Law, founder of the Advocate's Library,
and well known as " the Bluidy Mackenzie " of Covenan-
ting folklore. Sir George's sons, however, all died without
male heirs. Through his daughter Agnes, who married
the Earl of Bute, his estates passed to that family, and
the succession was carried on by his younger brother,
Simon. Since the death of Allangrange some years ago
the title to the chief ship has been uncertain. It probably
remains with a descendant of the Hon. Simon Mackenzie
of Lochshin by his second wife, until recently Mackenzie
of Dundonnell ; but several of the sons of this family are
untraced. Besides this line there are many cadet branches
of the ancient house, and it remains for one of those
interested to trace out the actual chiefship. In several
instances, such as those of the houses of Gairloch and of
Tarbat, the latter of whom became Earls of Cromartie, the
history is only less romantic than that of the chiefs
themselves; but for these the reader must be referred
to the work already quoted, The History of the Clan
Mackenzie, by Alexander Mackenzie, published in
Inverness in 1879.
SEPTS OF CLAN MACKENZIE
Kenneth Kennethson
MacBeolain MacConnach
Maclver Maclvor
MacKerlich MacMurchie
MacVinish MacVanish
Murchison Murchie
CLAN MACKINNON
BADGE : Giuthas (pinus sylvestris) pine.
SLOGAN : Cuimhnich has Alpin.
A POETICAL derivation of the name Mackinnon has been
suggested from Maclonmhuinn, the Son of Love, and the
monkish writers of feudal centuries Latinised it as
Findanus. Several Finans or Finons are to be found in
the list of Culdee saints, and one of the Pictish kings,
of the year 645 was named Loceni MacFhinnon or
Mac'innon. But universal tradition attributes the name
and the origin of the clan to Fingon, grandson of Gregor,
son of Alpin, King of Scots, beheaded by the Picts on
Dundee Law in the year 834. This tradition is supported
by the fact that the clan badge is the same as that of other
clans claiming descent from Gregor and Alpin, and also
by two bonds of manrent executed in the seventeenth
century. In one of these, of the year 1606, Lauchlan
Mackinnon of Strathardle and Finlay Macnab of Bowain
having met at Uir in Breadalbane, declared that " being
come of ane house, and being of ane surname and
lineage," bound themselves to support each other in all
time coming. In the other, at Kilmory in 1671, James
MacGregor of that ilk and Lauchlan MacFingon of
Strathardle, " condescending that they are descended
lawfullie frae twa brether of auld descent," obliged
themselves, their successors, kin, and friends to support
each other against all men, the King only excepted.
The tradition runs that the original Fingon brought
his following from the mainland to the island of Mull, and
that he also owned Mackinnon 's or Findanus' Castle in
Skye. The early chiefs also owned lands in the island of
Arran. Gribun, in Mull, appears to have been their
original seat, and their property in this island was of
considerable extent. They had lands as well in the island
of Tiree. Strathardle in Skye, which was afterwards to
become their chief seat, they acquired through a custom
then very prevalent among the Highland and Island
chiefs. A Mackinnon heir had been sent to Skye to be
" fostered " or brought up in the house of Gillies, the
328
MACKINNON
Facing page 328.
CLAN MACKINNON 329
owner of that extensive property. Gillies had an only
son and a nephew, and on one occasion these two young
men, while hunting on the island of Pabay, quarrelled and
came to blows. In the conflict both of them were slain.
Being then without heirs, Gillies, having become attached
to young Mackinnon, left him the whole of his estate.
To this Mackinnon by excambion added the islands of
Pabay and Scalpa. Apparently at an early date the clan
was powerful enough to be a menace to the Macdougall
Lords of Lorn. According to Gregory, " The first
authentic notice of this ancient tribe is to be found in an
indenture between the Lord of the Isles and the Lord of
Lorn. The latter stipulates, in surrendering the Island of
Mull and other lands to the Lord of the Isles, that the
keeping of the castle of Kerneburg, in the Treshnish Isles,
is not to be given to any of the race of Clan Finnon."
Under the Lords of the Isles, the Mackinnons were
hereditary custodians of the standards of weights and
measures.
The first check which the fortunes of the family
received was brought about by an act of the Mackinnon
chief himself. On the death in 1380 of John, Lord of the
Isles, Mackinnon took arms in an endeavour to secure
the succession for his younger son, Ian Mor. In this
attempt Mackinnon was joined by the Macleans and
Macleods, but their united forces proved unsuccessful
against the elder son, Donald, who vindicated his right
to the Lordship of the Isles. Iain Mor, afterwards known
as " the Tanister," was driven into exile in Ireland, but
was afterwards pardoned and founded the Clan Iain
Mhor, or Clan Donald South, of Islay and Kintyre.
Mackinnon was less happy. As leader of the formidable
insurrection he was put to death.
Meanwhile the Clan Maclean had increased in power
in the island of Mull, and almost inevitably came into
rivalry and collision with the Mackinnons. Lachlan
Lubanach, first of the Macleans of Duart, had become
Steward to the Lord of the Isles, had married his
daughter Mary, and had received charters of Duart,
Brolas, and other lands, and apparently there was bad
blood between him, his brother, Hector Reaganach, and
Mackinnon. The climax came on a day in the year 1400,
when the Lord of the Isles, who had been hunting in Mull,
set out to return to Ardtornish Castle, his stronghold on
the opposite shore of the Sound of Mull. As Mackinnon
was stepping into his galley to follow, Lachlan and Hector
Maclean fell upon him and slew him. They then disarmed
830 CLAN MACKINNON
his men, and hastening after the Lord of the Isles, seized his
galley and forced him to grant them an indemnity for the
deed.
Of the feud with the Macleans which followed many
incidents are related. On one occasion the young Chief
of the Mackinnons was forced to seek refuge in Ireland.
There the Earl of Antrim gave him forty young gentlemen
to support him. The party landed at Camus na fola, the
Bloody Bay a couple of miles north-west of Tobermory in
Mull, and to discover the whereabouts of his enemies
Mackinnon paid a visit to an old woman of his clan who
lived in a certain lonely glen. He told her he had forty
men to carry out an attack. She replied, " Do as I tell
you, and you will have possession of your lands by
sunrise." Following her counsel he took to the woods
with his party, where each man cut and stripped a caber.
Surrounding Ledaig House, where Duart and Lochbuie
lay asleep, they planted their cabers in the ground, the
Chief placing his before the door with his naked sword
hung on it. In the morning the astonished Macleans,
realising who had been their visitor, and that he could
easily have taken their lives if he had wished, sent for
Mackinnon and restored his lands.
On another occasion the Mackinnon chief, then a mere
lad, was entrusted to the care of Maclean of Brolas, who
was his godfather, who took charge of his titles and
charters. By and by, hearing that Maclean had gone to
Edinburgh to settle his affairs, and had returned,
Mackinnon went to see him. At Brolas, however, he
found at the door-side a burning stick, the sign that there
was sickness in the house and that no visitors were being
admitted. On returning next day he found that Maclean
was dead, and when he asked the new laird for his papers
the latter said he knew nothing about them, but was quite
sure that, if his father had them it was because Mackinnon
owed him money, and that, if ever he found them he
should keep papers and lands together. The papers were
never returned.
An appeal to arms was not more fortunate. In a
desperate battle between the two clans at Doire Shuaig,
the day was going for the Mackinnons when one of them,
who had married a Maclean, deserted with all his
followers. Mackinnon fled to a cavern fastness at
unban, but presently Maclean discovered it and proceeded
to smoke the place. Some of the Mackinnons, however,
managed to get a boat in time, rowed him to Staffa, and
hid him in the great cavern there which is still known
CLAN MACKINNON 881
from this fact as Mackinnon's Cave, till he could escape to
Skye. In this way the Mackinnons lost their lands of
Gribun and Inchkenneth, as well as Mishnish, their later
possession near Tobermory.
In those stormy and eventful centuries several of
the race became Abbots of lona. The last of them
was John, who, with his father, Lachlan, raised the
sculptured monument known as Mackinnon's Cross, over
the graves of his family in the Reilig Oran, and whose
effigy is still to be seen on an altar tomb in the chancel of
the cathedral. He died in the year 1500.
Thenceforth the seat of the Mackinnon chiefs was at
Strathardle in Skye. The twenty-sixth of the line, Sir
Lachlan, was a man of much importance in the islands,
and in 1628, the year before his death, his estate was
erected into a barony by Charles I.
A few years later, in 1639, the Covenanting Govern-
ment under Argyll considered it desirable to check the
pretensions of the Island chiefs. Accordingly in a court
held at lona, it was enacted that Mackinnon and others
of his rank should sustain and entertain no more than three
gentlemen in their retinue. None must carry hagbuts or
pistols, and only the chiefs and their immediate house-
holds were permitted to wear swords and armour. A
chief was to keep no more than one birlinn or galley of
eighteen oars ; no bards or seannachies were to be retained,
and gentlemen of Mackinnon's rank were to use no more
than one tun of wine in a year.
In the Civil Wars of Charles I., the Mackinnons
were staunchly loyal. Joining the gallant Marquess of
Montrose in 1645, they played a brilliant part at the
desperate battles of Auldearn and Inverlochy, in the latter
of which Argyll's force was cut to pieces with a loss of
fifteen hundred men.
The chief of that time, Lachlan Mor Mackinnon, had
been brought up at Inveraray by Argyll, but had married
a daughter of Maclean of Duart. In 1649 he was induced
by that chief to join in an attack with two hundred
followers on the lands of his former guardian. The
enterprise proved disastrous. Recognising the assailants
by the badge in their bonnets, the Campbells attacked
furiously, giving no quarter, and the Mackinnons were cut
to pieces.
Two years later, the young King, Charles II., having
landed in Scotland, Mackinnon raised a battalion from
his lands in Skye, and marched to Worcester. There he
is said to have saved the King's life and to have been
332 CLAN MACKINNON
knighted on the field in consequence, but the honour was
not confirmed at the Restoration.
In the Jacobite rising of 1715 the Mackinnons joined
the Earl of Mar, and took part at the battle of Sheriffmuir,
and in 1745-6 they marched to Derby with Prince Charles
Edward, and helped to win the battle of Falkirk. Half of
them fell at Culloden. The other half on the same
day completely broke up Lord Loudoun's force in Suther-
landshire.
In the romantic adventures of the Prince which
followed, Mackinnon bore an outstanding part. It was
on 2nd July that Charles took refuge with them in Skye.
That night they rowed him over to the mainland, and
after many adventures handed him safely to Angus
Macdonald at Borrodale. Next day Mackinnon was
taken prisoner, and after a year's confinement in Tilbury
Fort, was tried for his life. He had been attainted, and
was excepted from the Act of Indemnity passed in 1747,
but was pardoned on account of his years and of the fact
that he had acted rather from a spirit of chivalry than of
rebellion. As he was leaving the court the Attorney-
General asked him, " If King George were in your power,
as you have been in his, what would you do? " To which
Mackinnon replied, " I would do to him, as he has this
day done to me; I would send him back to his own
country."
As a result of these events the Mackinnons had to
part with Strathardle in 1765. Since then they have
been landless in the ancient country of their clan, and
the last Chief of the senior line died unmarried and in
reduced circumstances in 1808. He was the great-
grandson of John, elder son of Lachlan Mor, who fought
for Charles II. at the battle of Worcester. On that event
the chiefship passed to the representative of Lachlan
Mor's second son Donald. At Worcester this Donald
was taken prisoner. On his release he went to Antigua
in the West Indies, where, by a common corruption he
was called Daniel, and it was his great-great-grandson,
William Alexander Mackinnon, who became thirty-third
3hief in 1808. He sat in Parliament almost uninter-
ruptedly from 1819 till 1865. His representative, the
present Chief, who resides at Gollanfield near Inverness,
> an enthusiast for all things Highland. His wife is the
daughter of the late Lord Hood of Avalon
and a niece of Sir Fitzroy Donald Maclean, Bart., of Duart ;
rns sons the elder at the beginning of the war of
1914 held a commission in the ist Battalion Cameron
CLAN MACKINNON 333
Highlanders, and the second was a sub-lieutenant in the
Royal Navy.
In the tale of members of the clan who have
distinguished themselves in the service of their country
in recent times, must be included Major-General Henry
Mackinnon, who fell leading his brigade at Ciudad
Rodrigo in 1812, and Colonel Daniel Mackinnon who
commanded the Coldstream Guards at Waterloo and held
the farm of Hougomont till he fell severely wounded.
He afterwards wrote the History of the Coldstream
Guards. Others have been General George Henry
Mackinnon of the Grenadiers, who fought in the Kaffir
War of 1846-7, and became Chief Commissioner of British
Kaffraria; Colonel Lionel Mackinnon of the Coldstreams,
killed at Inkerman ; and Colonel William Alexander
Mackinnon, who distinguished himself in the Indian
Mutiny, while in another field was Sir William Mac-
kinnon, Bart., founder of the British India Steam
Navigation Company.
SEPTS OP CLAN MACKINNON
Love MacKinney
MacKinning Mackinven
MacMorran
CLAN MACKINTOSH
BADGE : Lus nam braoileag (vaccineum vitis idsea) Red whortle-
berry.
SLOGAN : Loch Moidh !
PIBROCH : Cu'a' Mhic an Tosaich.
Two chief authorities support different versions of the
origin of this famous clan. Skene in his Highlanders of
Scotland and in his later Celtic Scotland, founding on a
manuscript of 1467, takes the clan to be a branch of the
original Clan Chattan, descended from Ferchar fada, son
of Fearadach, of the tribe of Lome, King of Dalriada,
who died in the year 697. The historian of the clan, on
the other hand, Mr. A. M. Mackintosh, founding on the
history of the family written about 1679 by Lachlan
Mackintosh of Kinrara, brother of the eighteenth chief,
favours the statement that the clan is descended from
Shaw, second son of Duncan, third Earl of Fife, which
Shaw is stated to have proceeded with King Malcolm IV.
to suppress a rebellion of the men of Moray in 1163, and,
as a reward for his services, to have been made keeper of
the Royal Castle of Inverness and possessor of the lands
of Petty and Breachley, in the north-east corner of Inver-
ness-shire, with the forest of Strathdearne on the upper
Findhorn. These, in any case, are the districts found
in occupation of the family in the fifteenth century, when
authentic records become available. The early chiefs are
said to have resided in Inverness Castle, and, possibly as a
result, the connection of the family with that town has
always been most friendly.
Shaw's youngest son, Duncan, was killed at Tordhean
in 1190, in leading an attack upon a raiding party of Isles-
men under Donald Baan, who had ravaged the country
almost to the castle walls. Shaw, the first chief, died in
1179. His eldest son, Shaw, was appointed Toisach, or
factor, for the Crown in his district, and died in 1210.
His eldest son, Ferquhard, appeared in an agreement
between the Chapter of Moray and Alexander de Stry-
veline in 1234 as " Seneschalle de Badenach." His
nephew and successor, Shaw, acquired the lands of Meikle
Geddes and the lands and castle of Rait on the Nairn.
He also obtained from the Bishop of Moray a lease of the
lands of Rothiemurcus, which was afterwards converted
334
MAC INTOSH
Facing page 331.
CLAN MACKINTOSH 835
into a feu in 1464. He married the daughter of the Thane
of Cawdor, and while he lived at Rothiemurcus is said to
have led the people of Badenoch in Alexander III.'s
expedition against the Norwegians. There is a tradition
that, having slain a man, he fled to the court of Angus
Og of Islay, and as the result of a love affair with Mora,
daughter of that chief, had to flee to Ireland. Subse-
quently, however, he returned, married Mora, and was
reconciled to his father-in-law. In his time a certain Gille-
bride took service under Ferquhard. From him are
descended the MacGillivrays of later days, who have
always been strenuous supporters of the Mackintosh
honour and power. In keeping with his stormy life,
shortly after his marriage, Ferquhard was slain in an
island brawl, and his two children, Angus and a daughter,
were brought up by their uncle Alexander, their mother's
eldest brother.
During the minority of Angus the family fortunes
suffered from the aggressions of the Comyns. In 1230
Walter Corny n, son of the Justiciar of Scotland, had
obtained the Lordship of Badenoch, and he and his
descendants seem to have thought the presence of the
Mackintoshes in the district a menace to their interests.
During the boyhood of Angus they seized his lands of
Rait and Meikle Geddes, as well as the castle of Inver-
ness, all of which possessions remained alienated
from Clan Mackintosh for something like a hundred
years.
Angus took for his wife in 1291 Eva, only daughter of
the chief of Clan Chattan, a race regarding whose origin
there has been much discussion. According to tradition
he received along with her the lands of Glenlui and Loch-
arkaig in Lochaber, as well as the chiefship of Clan
Chattan. According to another tradition, however, Eva
had a cousin once removed, Kenneth, descended, like her,
from Muireach, parson of Kingussie, from whom he and
his descendants took the name of Macpherson or " Son
of the Parson." It is through this Kenneth as heir-male
that the Macpherson chiefs have claimed to be the chiefs
of Clan Chattan.
Angus, sixth chief of the Mackintoshes, was a
supporter of King Robert the Bruce. He is said to have
been one of the chief leaders under Randolph, Earl of
Moray, at the battle of Bannockburn, and as a reward to
have received the lands of Benchar in Badenoch. Also,
as a consequence of the fall of the Comyns, he is under-
stood to have come again into possession of the lands of
336 CLAN MACKINTOSH
Rait and Meikle Geddes, as well as the keepership of the
Castle of Inverness. From younger sons of Angus were
descended the Mackintoshes or Shaws of Rothiemurcus,
the Mackintoshes of Dalmunzie, and the Mackintoshes in
Mar. He himself died in 1345.
His son William, the seventh chief, seems to have been
almost immediately embroiled in a great feud with the
Camerons, who were in actual occupation of the lands of
Locharkaig. Mackintosh endeavoured to secure his
possession of these old Clan Chattan lands by obtaining
a charter from his relative John of Isla, afterwards Lord
of the Isles, who had been made Lord of Lochaber by
Edward Baliol in 1335, and afterwards by a charter from
David II. in 1359; but the Camerons continued to hold
the lands, and all that Mackintosh ever really possessed
of them was the grave in which he was buried in 1368, on
the top of the island of Torchionan in Locharkaig, where
it is said he had wistfully spent Christmas for several
years. From a natural son of this chief were descended
the Mackintoshes or MacCombies of Glenshee and
Glenisla.
Lachlan, William's son by his first wife, Florence,
daughter of the Thane of Cawdor, was the chief at the time
of the clan's most strenuous conflicts with the Camerons.
In 1370 or 1386, four hundred of the Camerons raided
Badenoch. As they returned with their booty they were
overtaken at Invernahaven by a superior body under
the Mackintosh chief. A dispute, however, arose in the
ranks of Clan Chattan, the Macphersons claiming the
post of honour on the right wing, as representatives of
the old Clan Chattan chiefs, while Davidson of Inverna-
haven claimed it as the oldest Cadet. Mackintosh decided
in favour of Davidson ; the Macphersons in consequence
withdrew from the field, and as a result the Mackintoshes
and Davidsons were all but annihilated. Tradition runs
that in these straits Mackintosh sent a minstrel to the
Macpherson camp, who in a song taunted the Macpher-
sons with cowardice. At this, Macpherson called his men
to arms, and, attacking the Camerons, defeated and put
them to flight.
Closely connected with this event appears to have been
the famous clan battle before King Robert III. on the
North Inch at Perth in 1396. According to some
authorities this battle was between Clan Davidson and
Clan Macpherson, to settle the brawls brought about by
their rival claims to precedency. The weight of evidence,
however, appears to favour the belief that the battle was
CLAN MACKINTOSH 837
between Clan Chattan and Clan Cameron. The incident
is well known, and is recorded in most of the Scottish
histories of the following1 and later centuries. It has also
been made famous as an outstanding episode in Sir Walter
Scott's romance The Fair Maid of Perth. On a Monday
morning near the end of September, thirty champions
from each clan faced each other within barriers on the
North Inch. Robert III. was there with his queen and
court, while round the barriers thronged a vast crowd of
the common people from near and far. Before the battle
began it was discovered that Clan Chattan was one man
short, and it seemed as if the fight could not take place;
but on the chief calling for a substitute, and offering a
reward, there sprang into the lists a certain Gow Chrom,
or bandy-legged smith of Perth, known as Hal o' the
Wynd. The battle then began, and was fought with
terrific fury till on one side only one man survived, who,
seeing the day was lost, sprang into the Tay and escaped.
On the victorious side there were eleven survivors, among
whom Hal o' the Wynd was the only unwounded man.
It is said he accompanied Clan Chattan back to the High-
lands, and that his race is represented by the Gows or
Smiths, who have been ranked as a sept of Clan Chattan
in more recent times.
For a generation after this combat the feud between
the Mackintoshes and the Camerons seems to have
remained in abeyance. In 1430, however, it broke out
again, and raged intermittently till well on in the seven-
teenth century.
Lachlan, the eighth chief, died in 1407. His wife was
Agnes, daughter of Hugh Fraser of Lovat, and their son
Ferquhard held the chief ship for only two years. He
appears to have been slothful and unwarlike, and was
induced to resign his birthright to his uncle Malcolm,
reserving to himself only Kyllachy and Corrivory in
Strathdearn, where his descendants remained for a couple
of centuries.
Malcolm, the uncle who in this way succeeded as tenth
chief, was a son of the seventh chief, William, by his
second wife, daughter of Macleod of the Lewis. He was
a short, thickset man, and from these characteristics was
known as Malcolm Beg. Two years after his succession,
Donald of the Isles, in prosecution of his claim to the
Earldom of Ross, invaded the north of Scotland. Of the
mainland chiefs who joined his army Mackintosh and
Maclean were the most important, and at the great battle
of Harlaw, north of Aberdeen, where the Highland army
338 CLAN MACKINTOSH
was met and defeated by the Earl of Mar and the chivalry
of Angus and Mearns, both of these chiefs greatly dis-
tinguished themselves. Maclean fell in the battle, as also
did many of the Mackintoshes, including James, laird of
Rothiemurcus, son of Shaw, who was leader of Clan
Chattan in the lists at Perth; but the Mackintosh chief
himself appears to have escaped, and there is a tradition
that at a later day he conducted James I. over the field of
battle. There is also a tradition that, for yielding the
honour of the right wing to the Maclean chief in the attack,
Mackintosh was granted by Donald of the Isles certain
rights in the lands of Glengarry.
It was in the time of this chief that the Mackintoshes
finished their feud with the Comyns. During the lawless
times under Murdoch, Duke of Albany, Alexander Comyn
is said to have seized and hanged certain young men of
the Mackintoshes on a hillock near the castle of Rait.
Mackintosh replied by surprising and slaying a number
of the Comyns in the castle of Nairn. Next the Comyns
invaded the Mackintosh country, besieged the chief and
his followers in their castle in Loch Moy, and proceeded
to raise the waters of the loch by means of a dam, in order
to drown out the garrison. One of the latter, however, in
the night-time managed to break the dam, when the waters
rushed out, and swept away a large part of Corny n's
besieging force encamped in the hollow below. Thus
foiled, the Comyns planned a more crafty revenge. Pre-
tending a desire for peace, they invited the chief men
of the Mackintoshes to a feast at Rait Castle. The tradition
is that the Comyn chief made each of his followers swear
secrecy as to his design. It happened, however, that
his own daughter had a Mackintosh lover, and she took
the opportunity to tell the plot to a certain grey stone,
when she knew her lover was waiting for her on the other
side of it. As a result the Mackintoshes came to the
feast, where each one found himself seated with a Comyn
on his right hand. All went well till the moment for
the murderous attack by the Comyns was all but reached,
when Mackintosh suddenly took the initiative, and gave
his own signal, whereupon each Mackintosh at the board
drew his dirk and stabbed the Comyn next him to the
heart. The Comyn chief, it is said, escaped from the table,
and, guessing that the secret had been revealed by his
daughter, rushed, weapon in hand, to her apartment. The
girl sought escape by the window, but, as she hung from
the sill, her father appeared above, and with a sweep of
his sword severed her hands, whereupon she fell into the
CLAN MACKINTOSH 889
arms of her Mackintosh lover below. Whatever were the
details of the final overthrow of the Comyns, the Mackin-
tosh chief in 1442 established his right to the lands of
which his family had so long- been deprived, and secured
a charter of them from Alexander de Seton, Lord of
Gordon. The Mackintosh chief was also, as already
mentioned, restored to his position as constable of the
castle of Inverness by James I. in 1428. He defended the
castle in the following year against Alexander, Lord of
the Isles, when the latter burned Inverness, and, when the
king pursued and defeated the Island Lord in consequence
in Lochaber, the issue is said to have been largely
brought about by the Mackintoshes and Camerons taking
part on the side of the king against their former ally.
In 1431 the tables were turned. The royal army under
the Earls of Mar and Caithness was defeated at Inverlochy
by Donald Balloch, a cousin of Alexander of the Isles,
who forthwith proceeded to devastate the lands of Clan
Chattan and Clan Cameron for their desertion of him.
For his loyalty Mackintosh obtained from the king certain
lands in Glen Roy and Glen Spean.
Though the Mackintoshes and the Camerons fought on
the same side in this battle they were not really friends.
There is a tradition that in the following year the Camerons
made a raid upon Strathdearn, and that the Mackintoshes
fought and all but exterminated a sept of them in a church
on Palm Sunday.
Afterwards, when the Lord of the Isles was made
Justiciar of the North of Scotland, he set the Mackintoshes
against the Camerons, and though the latter were victorious
in a conflict at Craigcailleach in 1441, when one of Mackin-
tosh's sons was slain, in the end Donald Dhu, the Cameron
chief, was forced to flee to Ireland, and his lands were
forfeited for a time.
Malcolm Beg lived to an extreme old age. In his time
a number of septs came into the clan, including the Mac-
Queens, Clan Andrish, and Clan Chlearich, while his
second son Alan was the progenitor of the Kyllachy
branch of the clan. One of the last events of his life was
a brush with the Munroes. On returning from a raid in
Perthshire, the latter were driving their booty through the
Mackintosh country, when they were stopped by the
demand of Malcolm, a grandson of the chief, that they
should deliver up not only the usual share in name of toll,
but the whole of their booty. Munro thereupon refused
to pay anything, but at Clachnaharry, beyond the River
Ness, he was overtaken, and a bloody battle took place in
340 CLAN MACKINTOSH
which young Mackintosh was slain, and Munro, tutor of
Fowlis, was left for dead on the field.
Malcolm Beg's eldest son Duncan, the eleventh chief,
who succeeded in 1464, was in favour with King
James IV., and devoted himself largely to securing his
family possessions by means of charters from the Crown
and other superiors. But though Duncan, the chief, was
a peace-lover, his son Ferquhard was not. He joined
Alexander of Lochalsh, nephew of John of the Isles, in his
attempt to regain the earldom of Ross, and in the course
of the attempt stormed the castle of Inverness, obtaining
possession by means of a " sow " and by sapping. After
ravaging the Black Isle, they proceeded to the Mac-
Kenzies' country, where they were surprised by the chief,
and utterly routed at the battle of Blair-na-Park, with the
result that the Lord of the Isles was finally forfeited and
Ferquhard Mackintosh imprisoned in Edinburgh Castle
and in the castle of Dunbar till after the battle of Flodden.
After his father's death in 1496, Ferquhard in prison
had his affairs managed by his cousin William, who ably
defended the Mackintosh lands against raids of the
Camerons, Macgregors, and Macdonalds of Glencoe, and
who was finally infefted in the Mackintosh lands and
chiefship, and succeeded to them on the death of Ferqu-
hard without male issue. Meanwhile, during his long
imprisonment, Ferquhard proved his ability in another
way by compiling a history of his clan. When he was
set free after Flodden, in 1513, he was received on the
haugh at Inverness by eighteen hundred of his clansmen,
but he died in the following year.
The marriage of William, who succeeded as thirteenth
chief in 1514, was characteristic of the time. In 1475
the Earl of Huntly had granted his father the marriage
of the sisters MacNaughton or MacNiven, co-heiresses of
Dunachton, on condition of receiving a bond of manrent.
Lachlan's son William was accordingly married to the
elder heiress, with the result that for the next hundred
years the Mackintosh chiefs were styled " of Dunachton."
William, however, had no children, and his brother
Lachlan was unmarried. Accordingly, his cousin, John
Ruaidh, who was next heir, proceeded to hasten his
fortune. Learning that the chief lay sick at Inverness, he
entered the house and murdered him in May, 1515. The
assassins, however, were pursued through the north by
another cousin, Dougal Mhor, and his son Ferquhard, and
finally overtaken and executed in Glen ness.
William's brother, Lachlan, who succeeded as four-
CLAN MACKINTOSH 341
teenth chief, had a similar fate. First Dougal Mhor set
up a claim to the chiefship, having seized the castle of
Inverness, but he was slain with his two sons when the
castle was recaptured for the king. Next a natural son of
the chief's elder half-brother took to evil courses, and
murdered the chief while hunting on the Findhorn.
Lachlan Mackintosh had been married to the daughter
of Sir Alexander Gordon of Lochinvar and Jean, sister
of the first Earl of Cassillis, who was mother also of
James IV. 's natural son, the Earl of Moray; and on the
death of Lochinvar at Flodden, the son of Mackintosh
quartered the Lochinvar arms with his own. This son,
William, was an infant when he succeeded to the chief-
ship, and during his minority Hector, a natural son of
Ferquhard, twelfth chief, by a Dunbar lady, was chosen
as captain by the clan. Fearful for the safety of the infant
chief, his next-of-kin, the Earl of Moray removed him
with his mother to his own house, where he caused the
latter to marry Ogilvie of Cardell. In reply, Hector
Mackintosh raided the lands belonging to Moray and the
Ogilvies, and slew twenty-four of the latter, as a result of
which his brother William and others were hanged by
Moray at Forres, and he himself, having fled to the south,
was assassinated by a monk of St. Andrews.
It was now Queen Mary's time, and in the person of
William, the young fifteenth chief, the most famous
tragedy in the history of the Mackintosh family was to
take place. The young chief appears to have been well
educated, and distinguished by his spirit and enlighten-
ment. On the death of his early friend the Earl of Moray,
his most powerful neighbour became George, fourth Earl
of Huntly. This nobleman at first acted as his very good
friend, and on the other hand was supported by Mackin-
tosh in some of his chief undertakings, notably the
expedition to replace Ranald Gallda in possession of his
father's chiefship in Moidart, which had been seized by
the notorious John Muydertach — the expedition which led
to the battle of Kinlochlochie, in which the Macdonalds
and the Frasers all but exterminated each other. But on
Huntly becoming feudal superior of most of the Clan
Chattan lands, trouble appears to have sprung up between
him and his vassal. First, the earl deprived Mackintosh
of his office of Deputy Lieutenant, as a consequence of the
latter's refusal to sign a bond of manrent. Then Lachlan
Mackintosh, son of the murderer of the chief's father,
though the chief had bestowed many favours upon him,
brought an accusation against his chief of conspiring to
YQL. II, ?
842 CLAN MACKINTOSH
take Huntly's life. Upon this excuse the earl seized
Mackintosh, carried him to Aberdeen, and in a court
packed with his own supporters, had him condemned to
death. The sentence would have been carried out on the
spot had not Thomas Menzies, the Provost, called out his
burghers to prevent the deed. Huntly, however, carried
his prisoner to his stronghold of Strathbogie, where he
left him to his lady to deal with, while he himself pro-
ceeded to France with the Queen Dowager, Mary of Guise.
Mackintosh was accordingly beheaded on 23rd August,
1550.
Sir Walter Scott, following tradition, invests the
incident with his usual romance. Mackintosh, he says,
had excited the Earl's wrath by burning his castle of
Auchendoun, and afterwards, finding his clan in danger
of extermination through the Earl's resentment, devised a
plan of obtaining forgiveness. Choosing a time when the
Earl was absent, he betook himself to the Castle of
Strathbogie, and, asking for Lady Huntly, begged her to
procure him forgiveness. The lady, Scott proceeds,
declared that Mackintosh had offended Huntly so deeply
that the latter had sworn to make no pause till he had
brought the chief's head to the block. Mackintosh replied
that he would stoop even to this to save his father's house,
and, as the interview took place in the kitchen of the castle,
he knelt down before the block on which the animals for
the use of the garrison were broken up, and laid his neck
upon it. He no doubt thought to move the lady's pity by
this show of submission, but instead she made a sign to
the cook, who stepped forward with his cleaver, and at
one stroke severed Mackintosh's head from his body.
The historian of Clan Mackintosh points out the flaw
in this story, the burning of Auchendoun not having taken
place till forty-three years later, at the hands of William,
a grandson of the same name.
It is interesting to note how Mackintosh was indirectly
avenged. Four years later Huntly was sent by the Queen
Regent to repress John Muydertach and Clan Ranald.
Chief among the Highland vassals upon whom he must
rely were Clan Chattan ; but, knowing the feelings1
cherished by the clansmen against himself, he thought
better of the enterprise and abandoned it ; upon which the
Queen, greatly displeased, deprived him of the Earldom
of Moray and Lordship of Abernethy, and condemned
him to five years' banishment, which was ultimately com-
muted to a fine of .£5,000.
But Huntly was to be still further punished for Ms
343
deed. Lachlan Mor, the son of the murdered chief,
finished his education in Edinburgh, and was a member
of Queen Mary's suite, when in 1562 she proceeded to the
north to make her half-brother Earl of Moray. This pro-
ceeding was highly resented by Huntly, who regarded the
earldom as his own, and who called out his vassals to resist
the infeftment. When Mary reached Inverness Castle she
was refused admittance by Alexander Gordon, who held
it for Huntly. At the same time she learned that the
Gordons were approaching in force. Here was the oppor-
tunity of the young Mackintosh chief. Raising his
vassals in the neighbourhood, he undertook the Queen's
protection till other forces arrived, when the castle was
taken and its captain hanged over the wall. Mackintosh
also managed to intercept his clansmen in Badenoch on
their way to join the army of Huntly, their feudal
superior, and, deprived of their help, the Gordons retired
upon Deeside. Here, on 28th October, Huntly was
defeated by Mary's forces at the battle of Corrichie, and
died of an apoplectic stroke. It is believed that the young
chief, Lachlan Mor, afterwards fought on Mary's behalf
at Langside.
In the faction troubles of the north in the following
years Mackintosh played a conspicuous part, and at the
battle of Glenlivet in 1594, commanding, along with
Maclean, the Earl of Argyll's right wing, he almost
succeeded in cutting off the Earl of Errol and his men.
Lachlan Mor died in 1606. Of his seven sons the
eldest, Angus, married Jean, daughter of the fifth Earl of
Argyll, and their son, another Lachlan, becoming a gentle-
man of the bedchamber to the prince, afterwards Charles I.,
received the honour of knighthood in 1617, and is said
to have been promised the earldom of Orkney, but died
suddenly in his twenty-ninth year. His second brother,
William, was ancestor of the Borlum branch of the clan,
and his second son, Lachlan of Kinrara, was writer of
the MS. account of the family upon which the earlier part
of the modern history of the clan is based.
In the civil wars of Charles I. the Mackintoshes took
no part as a clan, on account of the feeble health of
William, the eighteenth chief, though large numbers of
Mackintoshes, Macphersons, and Farquharsons fought for
the king under Huntly and Montrose, while the chief him-
self was made Lieutenant of Moray and Governor of
Inverlochy Castle in the king's interest.
At the same time, the Macphersons, who, through
Huntly's influence, had been gradually, during the last
344 CLAN MACKINTOSH
fifty years, separating themselves from the Mackintoshes,
first took an independent position in the wars of Montrose
under their chief Ewen, then tenant of Cluny, and pro-
ceeded to assert themselves as an independent clan. A
few years later, in the autumn of 1665, the dispute with
the Camerons over the lands of Glenlui and Locharkaig,
which had lasted for three hundred and fifty years, was
brought to an end by an arrangement in which Lochiel
agreed to pay 72,500 merks. Still later, in 1688, the old
trouble with the Macdonalds of Keppoch, who had
persisted in occupying Mackintosh's lands in Glen Roy
and Glen Spean without paying rent, was brought to a
head in the last clan battle fought in Scotland. This
was the encounter at Mulroy, in which the Mackintoshes
were defeated, and the chief himself taken prisoner.
Lachlan Mackintosh, the twentieth chief, was head of
the clan at the time of the Earl of Mar's rising in 1715,
and with his clan was among the first to take arms for
the Jacobite cause. With his kinsman of Borlum he
marched into Inverness, proclaimed King James VIII.,
and seized the public money and arms, and he afterwards
joined Mar at Perth with seven hundred of his clan. The
most effective part of the campaign was that carried
out by six regiments which crossed the Forth and made
their way into England under Mackintosh of Borlum as
Brigadier. And when the end came at Preston, on the;
same day as the defeat at Sheriffmuir, the Mackintosh
chief was among those forced to surrender. He gave upj
his sword, it is said, to an officer named Graham, withj
the stipulation that if he escaped with his life it should
be returned to him. In the upshot he was pardoned, bu
the holder of the sword forgot to give it back. A numbe
of years later the officer was appointed to a command a
Fort Augustus, when the sword was demanded by the
successor of its previous owner, who declared that if i
were not given up he would fight for it. The weapon
however, was then handed back without demur. Thi
sword is a beautiful piece with a silver hilt, which was
originally given to the Mackintosh chief by Viscoun
Dundee. It is still preserved at Moy Hall, and is laid on
the coffin of the chief when he goes to his burial. Fo
his part in Mar's rising Lachlan Mackintosh received
patent of nobility from the court at St. Germains.
Angus, the twenty-second chief, was head of the clar
when Prince Charles Edward raised his standard in 1745
In the previous year he had been appointed to command
a company of the newly-raised Black Watch, and his
CLAN MACKINTOSH 345
wife, the energetic Anne, traversing the country, it is
said, in male attire, had by her sole exertions in a very
short time raised the necessary hundred men, all but
three. She was a daughter of Farquharson of Invercald
and was only twenty years of age. Though hard pressed,
Mackintosh kept his military oath. Lady Mackintosh,
however, raised two battalions of the clan, and it was
these battalions, led by young MacGillivray of Dunma-
glass, who covered themselves with glory in the final
battle at Culloden. There, charging with sword and
target, they cut to pieces two companies of Burrel's
regiment and lost their gallant leader, with several other
officers and a great number of men.
A few weeks before the battle the Prince was sleeping
at Moy Hall, when word was brought that Lord Loudoun
was bringing a force from Inverness to secure him. Like
an able general, Lady Mackintosh sent out the smith
of Moy, with four other men, to watch the road from
Inverness. When Lord Loudoun 's force appeared, these
men began firing their muskets, rushing about, and
shouting orders to imaginary Macdonalds and Camerons,
with the result that the attacking force thought it had
fallen into an ambush, and, turning about, made at
express speed for Inverness. The incident was remem-
bered as the Rout of Moy. A few days afterwards
Charles himself entered Inverness, where, till Culloden
was fought, he stayed in the house of the Dowager Lady
Mackintosh.
The battle of Culloden may be said to have ended the
old clan system in Scotland. The line of the Mackintosh
chiefs, however, has come down to the present day.
^Eneas, the twenty-third, was made a baronet by King
George III. Before his death in 1820 he built the chief's
modern seat of Moy Hall, entailed the family estates on
the heir-male of the house, and wrote an account of the
history of the clan.
The tradition known as the Curse of Moy, which was
made the subject of a poem by Mr. Morrit of Rokeby,
included in Scott's Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border,
refers particularly to this period, when from 1731 till 1833
no chief of Mackintosh was succeeded by a son. The
story is of a maiden, daughter of a Grant of Urquhart,
who rejected the suit of a Mackintosh chief. The latter
seized her, her father, and her lover, Grant of Alva, and
imprisoned them in the castle in Loch Moy. By her tears
she prevailed upon Mackintosh to allow one of his
prisoners to escape, but when, at Her father's entreaty, she
346 CLAN MACKINTOSH
named her lover, Mackintosh, enraged, had them both
slain and placed before her. In consequence she became
mad, wandered for years through Badenoch, and left a
curse of childlessness upon the Mackintosh chiefs. The
drawbacks to the story are that Moy was not the seat of
the Mackintosh chiefs in early times, and tfiat there were
no Grants of Urquhart.
Alfred Donald, the twenty-eighth and present chief, is
one of the best known and best liked heads of the High-
land clans, one of the best of Highland landlords, and one
of the most public-spirited men in the country. At his
beautiful seat of Moy Hall he frequently entertained the
late King Edward, and his grouse moors are the best-
managed and most famous in Scotland. His only son,
Angus Alexander, was among the first to go to the Front
in the great war of 1914, where he was severely wounded
in one of the earlier engagements. He was afterwards
secretary to the Duke of Devonshire when Governor-
General of Canada, and married one of the Duke's
daughters, but died in the following year. The Mackintosh
is one of the most enthusiastic upholders of Highland
traditions, and, in view of his own family's most romantic
story, it will be admitted that he has the best of all reasons
for his enthusiasm.
SEPTS OP CLAN MACKINTOSH
Adamson Ayson
Clark Clerk
Clarkson Crerar
Combie Doles
Dallas Esson
Elder Glennie
Glen Hardy
MacAndrew MacAy
MacCardney MacChlerich
MacChlery MacCombe
MacCombie MaComie
M 'Conchy MacFall
Macglashan MacHay
Machardy M'Killican
Mackeggie MacNiven
MacOmie MacPhail
Macritchie MacThomas
Macvail Niven
Noble Paul
Ritchie Shaw
Tarrin Tosh
Toshach
CLAN MACLACHLAN
BADGE : Faochag, no Gillefuinhrinn (Pervinca minor) lesser
periwinkle.
PIBROCH : Moladh Mhairi.
FROM its location on the western coast of Scotland, Clan
Lachlan might straightway be assumed to be either of
early Scottish or of Norse origin. Its name might point
to the latter source. Lochlin or Lochlan was the name
under which the Norwegian invaders of the early centuries
were known to the people of western Scotland. They
appear constantly under this name in the poems of Ossian,
Further, in the traditions of the clan, and in a manuscript
of 1450, published by the lona Club, the MacLachlans
are closely associated with the Lords of the Isles. The
usual traditional account of the origin of the Clan, how-
ever, is that they are descended from the early Scottish
race in the north-east of Ireland. There are many refer-
ences to them in the Annals of the Four Masters, and
from this it is believed they were the elder branch of the
Irish Hy Niall, who were kings in Ireland for a thousand
years. The lona Club manuscript already referred to,
which was preserved in the family of the MacLachlans of
Kilbride, gives the early genealogy of the race as follows :
" Kenneth, son of John, son of Lachlan, son of Gille
Patrick, son of Lachlan Mor, son of Patrick, son of Gille
Christ, son of Dedalan, son of Andadan, from whom are
descended also the children of Niall." The probability
is that they were among the early Scottish settlers who
came over from Ireland with the renowned Fergus and
his two brothers, in the early years of the sixth century,
to make the first beginnings of the little Scottish kingdom
of Dalriada, and give the part of the country in which
they settled its new name of Earrha Gael, Argyll, the
Land of the Gael. According to one tradition, dealt with
at length by Buchanan of Auchmar in his famous work,
the earliest settlement of the MacLachlans was in Loch-
aber, where for several centuries the senior cadets of the
clan, the MacLachlans of Coire-Uanan, held the hereditary
office of standard-bearers to the Lairds of Locheil. A
347
848 CLAN MACLACHLAN
tradition of the MacLachlans of this region is recounted
in Maclan's Clans of the Scottish Highlands as follows :
" A story is told of one of this branch which we do
not recollect having met with in any publication. A
quarrel having arisen between a young man and one of
the Camerons of Glen Nevis, he took his revenge by the
slaughter of his enemy, which was accomplished in a
somewhat singular manner. Glen Nevis passing the fold
where the young women were milking the cattle, he was
presented, according to custom, with a draught. Mac-
Lachlan, who had been lying in wait for him, and was
celebrated for his skilful archery, let fly an arrow which
simultaneously split Cameron's head and the vessel which
contained the milk. MacLachlan instantly fled, and was
obliged to wander through the Highlands and isles for
many years, in constant dread of being captured or slain
by his enemies. During this time it was his practice to
sleep in caves, or the least accessible mountains, and even
when in the shelter of a house, he always rested his head
on his naked dirk, a weapon peculiarly convenient in case of
sudden or close attack. He is represented as having been the
last of his family, and perhaps was therefore more reckless of
his life ; however, in process of time, he ventured to revisit
his native hills, and as he passed by the house of Glen Nevis,
he observed by looking through an open window, a very
fine gun, which he resolved to appropriate to himself. A
broad ditch intervened between him and the building, but,
being remarkably athletic, he cleared it at a bound, and
silently entering, seized the gun. At the moment when
he was retreating by the window, Glen Nevis entered the
room, and, pouncing on the depredator, seized him by
the arm with an iron grasp, exclaiming, ' You are now
in the talons of the mountain eagle, and a death struggle
alone shall disengage them ! ' A minute's portentous
pause ensued, when MacLachlan, with unsuspected dex-
terity, stabbed Cameron with his dirk, and then, relieved
from his hold, leaped across the ditch and escaped ! The
gun, a very curious piece, is still preserved by Glen
Nevis."
There is a tradition that when King Alexander II., in
the thirteenth century, was making his way into the West
Highlands in prosecution of his campaign against the
Norsemen, in which he declared his intention to plant his
standard on the walls of Thurso, he ordered the Mac-
Lachlan chief to send him his tribute by the swiftest
messenger. MacLachlan, it is said, complied by tying
the bags of tribute to a roebuck, which he despatched by
CLAN MACLACHLAN 349
a trusty and swift-footed messenger to the king, at which
Alexander was so impressed that he conferred upon the
chief a pair of roebucks as supporters to his coat of arms.
There was long treasured in the family of the
MacLachlan chiefs a custom which was said to have taken
its origin during one of the crusades. Upon that crusade,
it is said, the chiefs of Strath Lachlan and of Strachur,
who were close friends as well as neighbours, made a
promise to each other that, if one of them were slain in
battle, the other would see to it that his body was carried
home and duly laid in the family burying-place. For
centuries afterwards the custom remained that when a
Laird of Strath Lachlan or a Laird of Strachur died his
neighbour laid his head in the grave.
According to tradition the chiefs of Clan Lachlan at
one time owned very extensive lands in Argyllshire, and
even yet their possessions run eleven miles along the shore
of one of the most beautiful parts of Loch Fyne. Their
present estate is said to have been acquired by marriage
with the daughter and heiress of one of the chiefs of Clan
Lament. The manuscript above mentioned puts it that
" Caitrina, the daughter of Duncan Mac Lamain, was
the mother of Kenneth, Patrick, and Gille Easpuig, and
Agais, daughter of MacDonald, was mother of John, and
Culusaid, daughter of the Maormar of Cowal, was the
mother of Lachlan Oig." In whatever way their present
possessions on the western coast of Cowal were acquired,
the MacLachlan chiefs are believed to have possessed
Strathlachlan since the eleventh century. The first docu-
mentary evidence of their ownership appears in 1292,
when the lands belonging to Gilleskel MacLachlan were
recorded as included in the Sheriffdom of Argyll or Lome,
and King John Baliol granted Gilleskel a charter of them.
The same chief also received a charter later from King
Robert the Bruce, and appears on the roll of the Scottish
magnates who sat in the first Parliament of Bruce at St.
Andrews. The chief's name also appears on one of the
seal tags of the letter sent by the Scottish barons to King
Philip of France. From Gilleskel the direct line of the
chiefs is declared to be clearly traced to the present day,
and, though they never played a leading part in the great
affairs of the realm, their history has not been without its
tincturing of adventure, heroism, and romance.
During the disorders of the Douglas Wars in the reign
of James II., when Lauder, the Fifeshire Bishop of
Lismore, was endeavouring to dominate the clansmen witH
the law of the Church, Sir Gilbert MacLachlan and Sir
350 CLAN MACLACHLAN
Morier MacFadyan, respectively chancellor and treasurer
of the diocese, raised the whole strength of Clan Lachlan,
attacked the bishop and his train on the way to his cathe-
dral, stripped them of their robes, plundered the church
of its treasures and charters, and forced the bishop himself
to promise to make no reprisals.
Archibald MacLachlan of Strath Lachlan appears in
the Rolls of 1587 and 1594. Tne chiefs were Jacobites,
and as their possessions were situated in the midst of the
territory of the powerful Campbell race, who were upon
the other side, their position must at all times have been
precarious, and their opinion must have required more
than the usual courage and loyalty to express.
During the civil wars, when the Marquess of Montrose
raised an army for King Charles I. in the Highlands,
Colonel MacLachlan was one of his most active officers.
At the battle of Alford he led a regiment of foot, and
routed the enemy's cavalry. His fate was as grievous as
it was undeserved. After the surprise and defeat of
Montrose's little royalist army at Philliphaugh, he was
taken prisoner, carried to Edinburgh, and executed by
the Covenanters.
After the Revolution in 1689 the Chief of MacLachlan
took the field with King James's general, Viscount
Dundee, and as a result he figures in the curious Latin
poem of the time, " The Grameid." Fifty-six years later,
when Bonnie Prince Charlie raised the Stewart standard
in the Highlands for the last time, Lauchlan MacLachlan,
the fifteenth chief, raised his clan and marched to join
him. This chief had evidently all the courage of his
convictions, for, notwithstanding the danger of the pro-
ceeding, with the Campbells at his door, he is said to
have proclaimed his intentions at Kilmichael market,
where he openly summoned his clan ; and it says much
for his leadership that he made his way successfully
through the heart of the Argyll country, to join the Prince
in the north. The military and other esteem in which he
was held may be gathered from the fact that he acted as
aide-de-camp to Prince Charles; and his career ended in
the gallant fashion such a brave man might desire, for
he was killed at Culloden.
A pretty story is told in connection with this event.
The chief, it is said, owned a favourite dun horse. When
he was slain at Culloden this dun horse escaped, and
made its way home to Strath Lachlan, where it was the
first to bring the terrible news. A few months later the
castle was bombarded and destroyed by a Government
CLAN MACLACHLAN 851
frigate, but the horse took up its quarters in one of the
ruined apartments, which, from that fact, is still known as
The Dun Horse's Stable.
As a result of the part taken in the Rebellion by the
chief, the lands of Strath Lachlan were forfeited, but the
next heir succeeded in recovering them in 1749.
It says much for the finer spirit of the clan in a rude
and warlike time that they were among the few who
cherished the literary memorials of their race's past.
When James Macpherson produced his translation of
Ossian in the sixties of the eighteenth century, the erudite
and unbelieving Dr. Samuel Johnson declared in scorn
that there was not in the Highlands a Gaelic manuscript
more than a hundred years old. Among the evidences
which were forthcoming to refute this statement was a
wonderful collection of ancient manuscripts which had
been preserved by the MacLachlans of Kilbride. Besides
the manuscript of 1450 above quoted, this collection in-
cluded many details throwing light upon Highland
history and the authenticity of the Ossianic poems. It
attracted much attention at the time, and was eventually
purchased by the Highland Society and deposited in the
Advocates' Library.
A few years later Clan MacLachlan itself produced a
Gaelic poet and scholar of considerable repute. Ewen
MacLachlan, headmaster of Aberdeen Grammar School,
was the author of at least two volumes of poetry, pub-
lished in 1807 and 1816. And in more recent days
Thomas Hope MacLachlan, barrister of Lincoln's Inn,
abandoned law for the painter's art, in which he attained
considerable reputation. His picture, " Ships that pass
in the night," has a place in the National Gallery.
In recent times the MacLachlans have also won dis-
tinction in other ways. In 1810 Captain MatLachlan of
the Royal Marines distinguished himself in the Basque
Roads at the storming of the battery on the Point du
Chee, where with conspicuous bravery he spiked the
guns.
The present head of the Clan is one of the most
popular of the Highland chiefs, an enthusiast for all
things pertaining to the traditions and welfare of the
Gaelic race, and possessor of perhaps the most character-
istic designation and address of any landowner in the
Highlands — MacLachlan of MacLachlan, Castle Lachlan,
Strath Lachlan, Argyllshire.
352 CLAN MACLACHLAN
SEPTS OF CLAN MACLACHLAN
Ewing Ewen
Lachlln Gilchrist
MacEwan J;au?lan
MacGilchrist MacEwen
CLAN MACLAURIN
BADGE : Labhrail, or Buaidh craobh (laureola) laurel.
SLOGAN : Craig Tuirc !
IT is a melancholy fact that many of the clans of the
Scottish Highlands are at the present day without a chief.
Considering that the feudal system was substituted for
the patriarchal so many centuries ago, it is perhaps a
marvel, on the other hand, that so many clans have
retained a record of the descent of their patriarchal heads
to the present day; but undoubtedly interest is added to
the story of a tribe when that story can be traced through
a succession of leaders who have been the recognised
main stem of their race from an early century.
Of recognised chiefs of the clan MacLaurin there have
been no more than faint traces within modern times, and
the attempt of the Scottish judge, John MacLaurin, Lord
Dreghorn, in 1781, to establish his claim to the chiefship,
can be regarded as little more than a verification of the
mystery surrounding the disappearance of the chiefship
a couple of hundred years before. The last record of the
existence of these chiefs appears to be in the rolls of the
clans drawn up in 1587 and 1594 for James VI., when
that monarch hit upon the excellent plan of making the
Highland chiefs responsible for the good behaviour of
the members of their tribes. But the clan MacLaurin,
nevertheless, claimed a highly interesting origin, and
achieved a record of doughty deeds in its time, which
was strenuous and heroic enough.
Romantic legend has associated the origin of the clan
with the romance of a mermaid who appears in the
armorial bearings assigned by the Lion Court to Lord
Dreghorn when he claimed the Chiefship. Another more
plausible derivation is that from Loam, one of the three
sons of Ere, who crossed from Ireland in 503, and founded
the infant Kingdom of the Scots. From these settlers
the district about Loch Awe got its name of Earrha Gaid-
heal, or Argyll, the " Land of the Gael," and from Loam
or Lorn, the youngest of the three brothers, the district
of Lome immediately to the westward is said to have
353
854 CLAN MACLAURIN
taken its name. The name Loarn or Laurin, in the first
instance, is understood to represent Laurence, the
Christian martyr who is believed to have suffered under
the Emperor Valerian in 261 A.D. Whether or not the
chiefs MacLaurin were actually descended from the early
son of Ere, families of the name appear to have been
settled at an early date in the island of Tiree and in the
upper fastnesses of western Perthshire, about the Braes
of Balquhidder and the foot of Loch Voil. Tradition
declares that three brothers from Argyllshire came east-
ward and settled in these lands in Balquhidder, named
respectively, from west to east, the Bruach, Auchleskine,
and the Stank. The descendants of these three brothers
had their burial-places divided off in the little kirkyard
of Balquhidder, in agreement with this tradition. While
the chiefs of the clan appear to have had their seat in
Tiree, and it was to them that Lord Dreghorn made his
claim of descent, the history of the race appears mostly to
have been made by the families of the name settled in
Balquhidder. In keeping with this fact Tiree long ago
passed into possession of the great house of Argyll,
though down to a comparatively recent date there were
landowners of the name of MacLaurin at Craiguie and
Invernentie on the shores of Loch Voil.
In Balquhidder the MacLaurins were followers in
early times of the great Celtic Earls of Strathearn, and
by some authorities they have been taken to be cadets of
that ancient house, settled in the district possibly as early
as the days of Kenneth MacAlpine. At the great battle
of the Standard, fought by David I. in 1138, it is recorded
by Lord Hailes in his well-known Annals that Malise,
Earl of Strathearn, was the leader of the Lavernani. And
a century and a half later, in 1296, when the notables of
Scotland, in token of submission to Edward I. of England,
were compelled to sign the Ragman Roll, three of the
signatories, Maurice of Tiree, Conan of Balquhidder, and
Laurin of Ardveche in Strathearn, have been assigned
as cadets of the Earl's house.
From an early period the MacLaurins figured in the
battles of their country. Whatever were the undertakings
extorted by Edward I., it is recorded in a later document
that the clan fought by the side of Bruce at Bannockburn.
They were also among the followers of the luckless
James III., when that monarch fought and fell at Sauchie-
burn seventy-five years later. Three-quarters of a century
later still, through a romantic episode, they became mixed
up with one of the great family dramas of the West High-
CLAN MACLAURIN 855
lands, which, drawing down upon them the animosity of
the ambitious house of Argyll, may have done not a little
to darken the later fortunes of the clan. About the middle
of the fifteenth century, John, third and last of the
Stewart Lords of Lome, as a result of a love affair with a
lady of the MacLaurins of Balquhidder, became father of
a natural son, Dugal. He had at the same time two
legitimate daughters, the eldest of whom, Isobel, was
married to Colin, Lord Campbell, first Earl of Argyll,
while the younger became the wife of the Earl's uncle,
Campbell of Glenurchy. On the death of his father in
1469, Dugal Stewart claimed the Lordship of Lome.
Against him he had the powerful forces of the Campbells.
Nevertheless he gathered his friends, among whom were
his mother's relatives, the MacLaurins of Balquhidder.
The two forces met at the foot of Bendoran in Glen Urchy,
when a bloody battle ensued. In the end the Stewarts
were overcome, and among the dead on their side, it is
recorded, were 130 of the MacLaurins. As a result Dugal
Stewart had to content himself with only a part of his
father's possessions, namely Appin ; and he became
ancestor of that well-known house, the Stewarts of Appin.
Stewart, however, did not forget the MacLaurins,
among whom he had been brought up, and who had
served him so well in his great attempt. In 1497 they
made a sudden appeal to him for help. According to the
custom of the time the MacLaurins had made a foray on
the lands of the MacDonalds in Lochaber. On their way
home, driving a great spoil of cattle, they were overtaken
in Glen Urchy by the wrathful MacDonalds, and the spoil
recaptured. Thereupon the MacLaurins appealed to
Stewart of Appin, who instantly raised his men and joined
them. The united forces came up with the MacDonalds
in the Black Mount, near the head of Glencoe, where a
fierce struggle at once began. Many were slain on both"
sides, and the dead included the two chiefs, MacDonald
of Keppoch and Stewart of Appin.
The MacLaurins, however, had enemies nearer home —
the MacGregors on one side and the Buchanans of Leny
on the other. A story well remembered in Balquhidder,
and told with many circumstantial details by the
inhabitants of the district at the present day, is that of
their great conflict with the Buchanans. Local tradition
assigns the incident to the twelfth or thirteenth century,
but the Buchanans were not then in strength at Leny,
and it seems much more probable that the event occurred
sometime in the days of James V. According to tradition
356 CLAN MACLAURIN
the episode began at a fair at Kilmahog, at the foot of the
Pass of Leny. Among those who attended the fair was
a certain " natural " or " innocent " who was one of the
MacLaurins of Balquhidder. As this wight strutted
along he was met by one of the Buchanans, who, by way
of jest, slapped his face with the tail of a salmon he was
carrying, and knocked off his bonnet. In the way of at
weakling the MacLaurin innocent dared his assailant to
do this again at the fair at Balquhidder. The natural
then went home, and promptly forgot all about the inci-
dent. On the day of the fair at Balquhidder, however,
when the MacLaurins were busy buying, selling, and
enjoying themselves, word was suddenly brought that a
considerable body of the Buchanans were marching up
through Strathyre, and were already no farther away than
the Clachan of Ruskachan. Then the idiot suddenly
remembered what had happened to him at Kilmahog, and
the challenge he had given. There was no time to lose;
but the fiery cross was at once sent round the MacLaurin
country, and the clan rushed to arms. The MacLaurins
had not all come in by the time the Buchanans arrived on
the scene, but those who were present, nothing daunted,
began the attack. At first the Buchanans carried every-
thing before them, and drove the MacLaurins for a mile,
to the place where the manse now stands. There one of
the MacLaurins saw his son cut down, and, being sud-
denly seized with battle madness, turned, shouted the
slogan of the clan, " Craig Tuirc," and, whirling his
claymore, rushed furiously at the enemy. The clansmen
followed him, and before this new furious attack the
Buchanans went down like corn. Only two escaped, by
swimming the river Balvaig, but even these were followed,
one being cut down at Gartnafuaran and the other at the
spot since known from the circumstance as Sron Lainie.
The whole episode is typical of the ways of the Highlands
at that time.
In their encounter with the MacGregors, their enemies
on the other side, the MacLaurins were not so fortunate.
It was in 1558 that the event occurred. Mention of it
appears in the indictment of the MacGregors for the
slaughter of the Colquhouns at Glenfruin in 1602, and
an account of it is to be read on a tombstone in Balqu-
hidder kirkyard at the present day. The MacGregors, it
appears, who by this time had become the Ishmaels of
the West Highlands, made a sudden and unprovoked
descent on Balquhidder, and murdered and burned no
fewer than eighteen householders of the clan MacLaurin
CLAN MACLAURIN 857
with their wives and families. The attack seems to have
been a disabling one, for the MacGregors remained in
possession of the farms of their slaughtered victims, and
from that time appear to have been dominant in the
district.
It was at any rate in the little kirk of Balquhidder that,
towards the end of the century, the dreadful ceremony
took place which has since been known as Clan Alpine's
vow. The story of this is told by Sir Walter Scott in
the preface to his Legend of Montrose, and, as it belongs
rather to the story of the MacGregors, than to that of the
MacLaurins, it need not be repeated here. It was one of
the chief acts, however, which brought Nemesis upon the
Clan MacGregor, and in view of the fact it may seem
strange to find a MacGregor at all in possession of lands
in Balquhidder at the present day. These lands, how-
ever, some of them the possession of the MacLaurins of
early times, were purchased by the Chief of the
MacGregors from the Commissioners of Forfeited Estates
jn 1798.
Meantime the MacLaurins had not failed to play a
warlike part in the greater struggles of the nation. The
clan fought for James the Fourth at Flodden, and for the
infant Queen Mary at Pinkie, and when Prince Charles
Edward raised his standard at Glenfinnan in the autumn
of 1745, considerable numbers of the clan rallied to his
cause under the banner of their distant kinsman, Stewart
of Appin. Under that banner during the campaign
thirteen MacLaurins were killed and fourteen wounded.
The story of one of the clan, MacLaurin of Wester Inver-
nentie, who was taken prisoner after Culloden, afforded
>the subject for the episode of "Pate in Peril" which
! appears in Sir Walter Scott's novel, Redgauntlet. This
young man was being marched south, like so many others,
to take his trial at Carlisle. As the party made its way
: through the defiles of the Lowthers above Moffat, the
i prisoner, who had formerly driven his cattle southward
to the English market by the same route, and knew the
spot, where the path passed along the edge of the curious
; hollow now known as the Devil's Beef Tub, asked to be
' allowed to step aside for a moment, when, seizing the
' Dpportunity, he disappeared over the edge of the abyss.
! Hiding himself up to the neck in a bog, with a turf on
tyiis head, he eluded the search of his pursuers till night-
I all, then, returning to Balquhidder, lived disguised as &
°:voman till the Act of Indemnity set him free to show
Hiimself again.
VOL. II. G
858 CLAN MACLAURIN
Among the most famous personages of the name have
been two sons of an Argyllshire minister, John and Colin
MacLaurin. The former, born in 1693, was a famous
preacher and controversialist, a leader of the Intrusionists
in the Church of .Scotland, and author of Sermons and
Essays, published in 1755. His brother Colin, five years
younger, is regarded as " the one mathematician of first
rank trained in Great Britain in the eighteenth century."
He was Professor of Mathematics successively at Aber-
deen and Edinburgh. In 1745, when Prince Charles
Edward was marching on the Scottish Capital, he
organised the defence of the city, and in consequence,
being forced presently to flee, he endured such hardship
that he died in the following June. It was his son John,
an advocate and senator of the. College of Justice, with
the title of Lord Dreghorn, who made a claim to the Chief-
ship of the clan in 1781. Another of the name, though
spelling it differently, was Archibald MacLaren, soldier
and dramatist. Entering the army in 1755, he served in
the American war. On his return to Scotland he joined
a troupe of strolling players, and was author of a number
of dramatic 'pieces and an account of the Irish Rebellion.
Ewen MacLaurin, again, a native of Argyll, on the out-
break of the first American war, raised at his own expense
the .force known as the South Carolina Loyalists. There
was also Colonel James MacLaren, C.B., son of the
" Baron MacLaurin," and a distinguished Indian soldier,
who played a distinguished part at the head of the i6th
Bengal Infantry at the battle of Sobraon. And it was
Charles MacLaren who established the Scotsman news-
paper in 1817, edited it from 1820 till 1845, and, besides
editing the 6th edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica in
1823, published several geological works.
From first to last it is a sufficiently varied record, this
of the clan MacLaurin, from the days of Loarn son of
Ere to the present hour, and it was one of the regrets of
those interested in "old unhappy far-off things" when,
a few years ago, the Corporation of Glasgow proposed to
annex Loch Voil as a reservoir, that the undertaking would
entail the disappearance of many spots associated with
the tragic and romantic memories of the clan.
SEPTS OF CLAN MACLAURIN
MacFater MacFeat
MacPatnck , MacPhater
Paterson MacGrory
MacRory
"acing page 358.
CLAN MACLEAN
BADGE : Cuilfhionn (ilex aquifolium) Holly.
SLOGAN : Bas no Beatha, and Fear eiP air son Eachainn Ruaidh.
PIBROCH : Caismeachd Eachuin mhic Aluin an sop.
THERE are various legends of the origin of the Clan
Maclean — that its ancestor was a hero of the days of
Fergus II., that he was a brother of Fitzgerald, the
traditional progenitor of Clan Mackenzie, and that the
race was one of the tribes driven out of Moray by
Malcolm IV. in the year 1161. As a matter of fact,
however, from its earliest days the Clan Maclean has been
associated with the island of Mull. Its progenitor is said
to have been a noted warrior who flourished early in the
thirteenth century. The story runs that one day, hunting
on Ben Talla, he lost his way in a fog. Some days later
his companions found him in the last stage of exhaustion
lying beside his battle-axe, which he had stuck into the
ground near a cranberry bush to attract attention.
From this he became known as Gilleain na Tuaighe, the
Lad of the Battle-Axe. With his redoubtable weapon this
chief played a distinguished part at the battle of Largs.
Among the notables set down in the Ragman's Roll,
who did homage to Edward I. of England in 1296,
appears " Gilliemoire Mackilyn," otherwise Gilliemoire
MacGilleain or Gilmory Maclean. The son of this
Gilmory, Eoin Dubh, appears in charters of the time
of David II. about 1330, as possessor of lands in Mull.
This Eoin Dubh, or John the Black, had two sons,
Lachlan Lubanach and Hector Reaganach. The former
of these was ancestor of the Macleans of Duart, and the
latter of the Maclaines of Lochbuie, and it has been a
matter of dispute which of the two was the elder son.
The brothers lived in the time of Robert II., and at first
appear to have been followers of MacDougall of Lorn.
Some trouble having arisen, however, they cast in their
lot with Macdonald of the Isles. Lachlan Lubanach
became steward to the Lord of the Isles, married his
daughter Mary in 1366, and in 1390 received from him
charters of Duart, Brolas, and other lands in Mull.
These charters brought the Macleans into collision with
359
360 CLAN MACLEAN
the Mackinnons previously settled in the island, but,
backed by the powerful alliance with the great house of
the Isles, the fortunes of the Macleans never went back.
When Donald of the Isles marched across Scotland in
1411 to enforce his wife's claim to the great northern
earldom of Ross, the second-in-command of his army
was his nephew, Lachlan Lubanach's son, Eachuin
ruadh nan cath, Red Hector of the Battles. In the great
conflict at Harlaw in which the campaign ended, the
Maclean Chief engaged in a hand to hand encounter with
Irvine of Drum, a powerful Deeside baron. After
terrific combat the two fell dead together, and in token of
that circumstance, for centuries the chiefs of the two
families when they met were accustomed to exchange
swords.
Meanwhile Red Hector's cousin Charles, son of
Hector Reganach, settled in Glen Urquhart on Loch
Ness, where he founded Clann Tchearlaich of Glen
Urquhart and Dochgarroch, otherwise known as the
" Macleans of the North," a sept which joined the Clan
Chattan confederacy about the year 1460. Besides these
Macleans of the North there were, before the end
of that century, four powerful families of the clan.
Descended from Lachlan Lubanach were the Macleans of
Duart, the Macleans of Ardgour, and the Macleans of
Coll, while descended from Hector Reganach were the
Maclaines of Lochbuie.
The forfeiture of the last Lord of the Isles, who died in
1493, seems to have affected the fortunes of the Macleans
very little. The event made them independent of the
Macdonalds, and at the battle of the Bloody Bay near
Tobermory in 1484 the royal fleet was led by the galley of
Maclean of Ardgour. The battle went against him and
Ardgour was made prisoner, his life being spared only on
the good-humoured plea of Macdonald of Moidart that if
he were slain there would be no one left for the Moidart
men to fight with.
Meanwhile the son of Hector of the Battles, Lachlan
Bromach of Duart, married Janet, daughter of Alexander
Stewart, Earl of Mar, leader of the royal army which
opposed Donald of the Isles at Harlaw, and which
suffered defeat at the hands of Donald Balloch and the
Islesmen at Inverlochy. The earl was the natural son
of the Earl of Buchan, otherwise known as the Wolf of
Badenoch, son of King Robert II., so that, although
under the baton sinister, the Macleans inherited the blood
of the Royal House of Stewart.
CLAN MACLEAN 861
It was the grandson of this pair, Hector Odhar Maclean
of Duart, who led the clan at the battle of Flodden in
1513. It is said he fell in an attempt to save the life of
James IV. by throwing his body between the king and the
English bowmen.
The son of this hero remains notorious in Island
history for a very different act. For a second wife
Lachlan Cattenach Maclean had married Elizabeth,
daughter of the second Earl of Argyll. The marriage was
not a success, and by way of getting rid of her he exposed
the lady on a tidal rock in the Sound of Mull, expecting
that nothing more would be heard of her. But, attracted
by her shrieks, some fishermen rescued her, and on
Maclean making his way to Inveraray to intimate his sad
loss, he was to his horror confronted with his wife. The
incident has been made the subject of poems by Joanna
Bailie, Thomas Campbell, and Sir Walter Scott. Maclean
fled to Edinburgh, but was followed there and stabbed
in bed by the brother of the injured lady, Sir John Camp-
bell of Cawdor. The event took place in the year 1523.
This chief's younger son was that Alan nan Sop, or
Alan of the Wisp, whose story will be found in the
account of Clan MacQuarrie, who as a freebooter became
notorious for his use of the wisp in setting fire to the
places he plundered, and who finally made conquest of
Torloisk in the west of Mull, and founded the family of the
Macleans of Torloisk.
Alan nan Sop's elder brother, Hector Mor, carried on
the line of Duart. He married a daughter of Alexander
Macdonald of Islay, but this connection did not prevent
differences arising between the Macdonalds and Macleans,
regarding which a bloody feud was carried on between the
years 1585 and 1598, " to the destruction of well near all
their country."
Hector Og, the son of Hector Mor, married in 1557,
the Lady Janet, daughter of Archibald, fourth Earl of
Argyll, and as the Campbells had for nearly three
centuries been striving to supplant the Macdonalds as the
most powerful family in the West, it may be understood
that this alliance was not likely to discourage differences
between these Macdonalds and the Macleans.
Hector Og's son, Sir Lachlan Mor Maclean of Duart,
was a gallant and distinguished chief. He married a
daughter of the sixth Earl of Glencairn, and in 1594 fought
under his kinsman, the young seventh Earl of Argyll, in
the disastrous battle against Huntly and Errol at Glen-
livet. It was the policy of that Earl to sow strife among
362 CLAN MACLEAN
neighbouring clans, and then avail himself of their
differences and weakened state for his own aggrandise-
ment. In this way he incited the MacNabs and Mac-
gregors to attack their neighbours, then with letters of
fire and sword proceeded to seize their lands. Whether or
not Argyll was at the bottom of the strife, the feud between
the Macleans and MacDonalds came to a head in 1598.
The immediate issue was the possession of certain lands
on Loch Gruinart in Islay. Before setting sail with a
strong force to seize these lands, it is said that Sir Lachlan
consulted a famous witch as to his prospects of success.
The witch told him that he must not land in Islay on a
Thursday, and must not drink out of the Tobar Neill Neo-
naich, Strange Neil's Well. Unfortunately, being caught
in a storm, he was forced to land on just that day of the
week, and being thirsty he drank from a spring near the
spot, which turned out to be just that well. The tragic
issue was helped by another act of Sir Lachlan Mor
himself. Just before the battle a dwarf from Jura offered
his services to the Maclean Chief and was scornfully
rejected. Burning with indignation the dwarf, Dubh-sith,
offered his services to the opposite side, and received a
hearty welcome. In the battle which ensued, being unable
to fight on equal terms, the Dubh-sith climbed into a tree.
Presently he saw, as Sir Lachlan climbed a knoll, the
joints of his armour open, and instantly letting fly an arrow,
he slew the chief. This battle of the Rhinns of Islay
ended the feud, as along with their chief the Macleans
lost eighty gentlemen and two hundred other clansmen.
Sir Lachlan's elder son, still another Hector Og,
married a daughter of the eleventh chief of Kintail, and
their son Lachlan was the first baronet of Duart. By a
second marriage, with a daughter of Sir Archibald
Acheson of Gosford, he had another son, Donald of
Brolas, whose son Lauchlan became M.P. for Argyllshire,
and whose descendants were to inherit the chiefship as
sixth and successive baronets.
Sir Lachlan Maclean was created a baronet of Nova
Scotia, with the designation " of Morvern," by Charles I.
in 1632, and from that time onward, through the Civil
War and all the troubles of the Stewarts, the Macleans
remained strong and faithful supporters of the Jacobite
cause. Sir Lachlan himself joined the Marquess of
Mont rose, led his clan at Inverlochy, where he helped to
win that signal victory over the Marquess of Argyll, and
took part in the arduous campaign and battles which
followed.
CLAN MACLEAN 868
Two years after his death, his son, Sir Hector
Maclean, fell fighting in the cause of Charles II. at
Inverkeithing. It was after the defeat of the army of the
Covenant by Cromwell at Dunbar. The Scottish forces
fell back on Stirling, and to prevent them drawing
supplies from Fife, Cromwell sent a force of four
thousand men under General Lambert across the Forth
at Queensferry. To encounter this force the Scots sent
Holborn of Menstrie with twelve hundred horse and
fifteen hundred infantry, and an encounter took place at
Inverkeithing on Sunday, 2Oth July. At the beginning
of the battle Holborn, who was both a coward and a
traitor, fled with his cavalry, and the little force of infantry
under Sir Hector Roy Maclean of Duart and Sir George
Buchanan, chief of his clan, were shortly hemmed round
and cut to pieces. The English made a continuous series
of attacks on the spot where Sir Hector stood, severely
wounded but still encouraging his men. The clansmen
who survived, flocked round their chief, and again and
again, as an attack was aimed at him, another and
another gentleman of the clan sprang in front of him
with the cry " Fear eil* air son Eachuinn I " — " Another
for Hector I " to be cut down in turn. When no fewer
than eight gentlemen of the name of Maclean had given
their lives in this way Sir Hector himself fell, covered
with wounds. As the ballad has it :
Sir Hector Roy, the stout Maclean,
Fought one to ten, but all in vain,
His broad claymore unsheathing.
Himself lay dead, 'mid heaps of slain,
For Charles at Inverkeithing.
It is from this incident that the clan derives one of its
slogans, " Another for Hector! " The proceeding was
used with telling effect by Sir Walter Scott as a feature of
the combat on the North Inch, in his romance, " The
Fair Maid of Perth."
Sir John Maclean, the fourth baronet, led his clan under
Viscount Dundee in the cause of the Stewarts at the battle
of Killiecrankie, and also, twenty-six years later, under
the futile Earl of Mar at the battle of Sheriffmuir.
His son, Sir Hector, the fifth baronet, "was arrested in
Edinburgh in 1745, on suspicion of being in the French
service, and of enlisting men in the Jacobite cause. He
was confined in the Tower of London for two years, till
liberated by the Act of Grace in 1747. Meanwhile the
clan was led throughout the campaign by Maclean of
Druimnin, and fought, five hundred strong, at Culloden,
364 CLAN MACLEAN
where at least one of the mounded trenches among the
heather may be seen at the present day marked with
the name " Maclean."
Sir Hector died unmarried at Rome in 1750, and the
chief ship, baronetcy, and estates then went to the great-
grandson of Donald Maclean of Brolas, half-brother of
the first baronet. Sir Allan died in 1783, also without
male issue, and was succeeded in turn by two grandsons
of the second son of Donald of Brolas. The latter of
these, Sir Fitzroy Jeffreys Graf ton Maclean, was colonel
of the 45th regiment, and a lieutenant-general, and was
present at the capture of the West Indian islands of
Martinique and Guadeloupe. His grandson is the
present chief, Sir Fitzroy Donald Maclean, Bart., K.C.B.
Born in 1835 Sir Fitzroy served, as a young man, in
Bulgaria and the Crimea, and was present at the battle
of the Alma and the siege of Sebastopol. Through lack
of food and shelter he fell into dysentery and fever, and
would have died had he not been discovered by a friend
of his father, who carried him on board his ship. He
lost a son in the South African War. One of the most
memorable days of his life was when he returned to Mull
in August, 1912, and took possession of the ancient seat of
his family, Duart Castle, amid the acclamations of Maclean
clansmen from all parts of the world, and unfurled his
banner from the ramparts. The castle dates from the
thirteenth century, and was repaired and enlarged by
Hector Mor Maclean, who was Lord of Duart from 1523
till 1568. In 1691 it was besieged by Argyll, and Sir
John Maclean, the chief of that time, was forced to
surrender it. After that date, though occasionally
occupied by troops, the stronghold gradually fell to ruins,
and the Duart properties passed to other hands till Sir
Fitzroy repurchased Duart itself in 1912.
SEPTS OF THE MACLEANS OP DUART
Beath Beaton
Black Lean
Bowie MacBheath
MacBeath Macilduy
MacBeth MacRankin
MacLergain MacVey
MacVeagh Rankin
SEPTS OF THE MACLAINES OF LOCHBUY
MacCortnick MacFadyen
MacFadzean MacGilvra
Macilvora
MAC LENNAN
Facing page 364.
CLAN MACLENNAN
BADGE : Conasg (Ulex Europaeus) furze.
SLOGAN : Dmim nan deur.
THE romantic district of Kintail, with its steep mountains
and deep sea-lochs, on the western coast of Ross-shire,
must be regarded as the heart of the old Mackenzie
country. Eileandonan in Loch Duich was their chief
stronghold, and far to north and south and east of it their
word was law throughout a territory as extensive almost
as that of the Campbell chiefs in the south. Yet Kintail
was peopled almost entirely by two races which, so far
as tradition or Highland genealogies declare, had no
blood relationship with the Mackenzies themselves.
Neither the MacRaes nor the MacLennans were conquered
clans. Rather, to judge from their bearing and their treat-
ment by the Mackenzies, do they appear to have held the
position of honourable and valued allies. The MacRaes,
we know, were known as " Seaforth's shirt of mail," and
for generations held the office of Constable of Eilean-
donan, and it would appear as if the MacLennans were
held in similar trust and esteem, and were Mackenzie's
standard-bearers. The districts occupied by these two
clans were separated only by a river running into Loch
Duich ; frequent intermarriage took place between them ;
but throughout the centuries they nevertheless remained
unfused and distinct. Among other matters, the tartan
of the MacLennans was quite different from that of the
Mackenzies and Mac-Raes. The clan has laboured under
the distinct disadvantage of being unable to name the
head of any particular family as Chief; and while not
reckoned a " broken " clan it has been accustomed to
take the field under chiefs of other names. The Mac-
Lennans fought under the banners both of the Erasers
and of the Mackenzies, and for this reason it is not
possible to ascertain the actual strength of the clan, but
there is no question that their valour was of the highest
quality.
Under the Marquess of Montrose at the battle of Auld-
earn in 1645 the MacLennans as usual were entrusted with'
the banner of Lord Seaforth, the Mackenzie Chief.
365
366 CLAN MACLENNAN
Round that standard, the famous " Caber feidh," so
called from its armorial bearing of a stag's head, a large
number of them were cut down. It is on record that
eighteen of the widows of those who fell afterwards married
MacRaes from the neighbouring district of Kintail.
According to one derivation, the name MacLennan
means simply the son of a sweetheart or young woman,
but the sole authority seems to be a similarity of sound,
and is not sanctioned by Highland usage. A tradition
likely to be much more authentic carries the origin back
to a certain Gilliegorm, Chief of the Logans of Druim-
deurfait in Ross-shire at the end of the thirteenth century.
After a bloody battle with the Erasers near Kessock, in
which Gilliegorm fell, his widow was carried off, and soon
afterwards gave birth to a son. The story runs that the
boy was deliberately deformed in order to prevent his
ever attempting to avenge his father. Educated in the
monastery of Beauly, he was known from his deformity
as Crotach (or Hump-backed) MacGhilliegorm, and on
becoming a priest he travelled through the West Coast and
Skye, founding churches at Kilmory in Sleat and Kil-
chrinan in Glenelg. Pope Innocent III. had issued the
decree strictly enjoining the clergy of the Roman Church to
celibacy; but whether MacGhilliegorm belonged to the
older Columban or Culdee Church which allowed its clergy
to marry, or whether he simply did not conform to the
Papal edict, it appears that he was married and had several
children. One of his sons was named Gillie Fhinan after
the famous St. Finan. That son's son was of course
MacGil'inan, which name was shortened by his descendants
to MacLennan.
In the annals of the MacLennans considerable space is
taken up with the exploits of a member of the clan who
was as remarkable for the ingenuity with which he planned
his fraudulent enterprises as for the audacity with which
he carried them out. On a dark night, for instance, when
a certain dealer was leading a string of horses to a distant
tryst or market, MacLennan waylaid the convoy, and,
cutting the rope, made off unperceived with a number
of the animals. To complete the transaction he rapidly
trimmed the stolen horses, altogether altering their
appearance, and at a later stopping-place on the journey,
actually succeeded in selling them at a good price to their
original owner. On another occasion, it is said, he joined
a party of smugglers preparing on a stormy and moonless
night to transport their illicit product over the mountains.
Passing as one of themselves, he was entrusted with the
CLAN MACLENNAN 367
carrying of one of the kegs, with which he presently con-
trived to drop behind and disappear. Yet again, in the
character of a seannachie or bard, he was employed by a
certain laird, after the fashion of the time, to lull him to
sleep by the recitation of ancient poems. Having sent
his unsuspecting employer into a sound slumber, he betook
himself to the stable, untied several horses, and silently
swam them to the opposite side of the loch. Leaving
them in a place of concealment he as silently returned, and
was still going on with his poetic recitation when the laird
awoke. Next day, when the theft was discovered, he
remained unsuspected, but presently another person having
been arrested for the offence and in danger of hanging,
MacLennan handsomely confessed his exploit, and,
restoring the horses with a flourish of generosity, was
allowed to go unpunished.
About the same time another member of the clan made
a name for himself in a different way. The Rev. Murdoch
MacLennan was minister of Crathie on Deeside at the
date when the Earl of Mar raised the standard of
" James VIII. and I." in that neighourhood. The rising,
which with vigorous and able leadership, might have
succeeded in replacing the Stewarts on the throne, was
denied all promise of success by the inefficiency and
indecision of Mar himself, and when at long last it came
to blows with the forces of George I. under the Duke of
Argyll on the Sheriffmuir above Dunblane, the conflict
was as inconclusive as all the other acts of the campaign.
The event roused the Rev. Murdoch MacLennan to satire,
and in a humorous poem of twenty-one verses, in an
original form of stanza, he not only enumerated the
leaders on both sides and their parts in the flight, but
chronicled the result in singularly appropriate lines —
" And we ran and they ran,
And they ran and we ran,
And we ran and they ran awa' man."
A more modern author is Mr. J. F. M'Lennan, whose
Studies in Ancient History, Exogamy, Primitive Marriage,
The Patriarchal Theory, and other works contain much
learning and information.
SEPTS OF CLAN MACLENNAN
Lobban
Logan
CLAN MACLEOD
BADGE, MacLeod of Harris : Craobh aiteann (juniperis communis)
juniper bush.
MacLeod of Lewis : Lus nam Braoileag (Vaccinium vitis
idea) red whortleberry.
PIBROCH : lomradh Mhic Leoid.
MANY hundreds of visitors to the Outer Hebrides to-day
— yachtsmen and passengers by Messrs. MacBrayne's
steamers — are familiar with the noble old towers of Dun-
vegan at the head of Loch Bracadale on the western side
of Skye. The ancient seat of the MacLeods towering on
its rocks is not only the most romantic dwelling in the
Isles, but the oldest inhabited mansion in Scotland,
having been one of the sea-eyries built by the Norse rovers
in the ninth or tenth century, and continuously inhabited
to the present day. Nothing more picturesque could well
be imagined than its cluster of square towers and embattled
walls rising above the wild crags of the shore, and there
is nothing more interesting in the record of the Western
Isles than the story of the chiefs of MacLeod who, for so
many centuries, have made it their stronghold and home. *
Probably no better description of the castle is to be found
than that given by Sir Walter Scott in his diary of the
voyage he made in the yacht of the Lighthouse Com-
missioners in August, 1814. This runs as follows :
" Wake under the Castle of Dunvegan in the Loch of
Folliart. I had sent a card to the Laird of MacLeod in
the morning, who came off before we were dressed, and
carried us to his castle to breakfast. A part of Dunvegan
is very old; 'its birth tradition notes not.' Another
large tower was built by the same Alister MacLeod whose
burial-place and monument we saw yesterday at Rodel.
He had a Gaelic surname, signifying the Humpbacked.
Roderick More (knighted by James VI.) erected a long
edifice combining these two ancient towers ; and other
pieces of building, forming a square, were accomplished
at different times. The whole castle occupies a pre-
cipitous mass of rock overhanging the lake, divided by
two or three islands in that place, which form a snug little
harbour under the walls. There is a court-yard looking
368
MAC LEOD
Facing page 368.
CLAN MACLEOD 869
out upon the sea, protected by a battery — at least a succes-
sion of embrasures, for only two guns are pointed, and
these unfit for service. The ancient entrance rose up a
flight of steps cut in the rock, and passed into this court-
yard through a portal, but this is now demolished. You
land under the castle, and, walking round, find yourself
in front of it. This was originally inaccessible, for a brook
coming down on the one side, a chasm of the rocks on the
other, and a ditch in front, made it impervious. But the
late MacLeod built a bridge over the stream, and the
present laird is executing an entrance suitable to the
character of this remarkable fortalice, by making a portal
between two advanced towers and an outer court, from
which he proposes to throw a drawbridge over to the high
rock in front of the castle. This, if well executed, cannot
fail to have a good and characteristic effect."
On the first night of his visit Scott slept in the haunted
chamber of the castle, which is still pointed out, and he
gives an account of his impressions in the last of his
" Letters on Demonology and Witchcraft." He had
previously slept in the haunted chamber of the ancient
castle of Glamis in Strathmore, and his impressions here
were somewhat similar. " Amid such tales of ancient
tradition," he says, " I had from MacLeod and his lady
the courteous offer of the haunted apartment of the castle,
about which, as a stranger, I might be supposed interested.
Accordingly I took possession of it about the witching
hour. Except, perhaps, some tapestry hangings, and the
extreme thickness of the walls, which argued great anti-
quity, nothing could have been more comfortable than the
interior of the apartment ; but if you looked from the
windows, the view was such as to correspond with the
highest tone of superstition. An autumnal blast, some-
times clear, sometimes driving mist before it, swept along
the troubled billows of the lake, which it occasionally con-
cealed, and by fits disclosed. The waves rushed in wild
disorder on the shore, and covered with foam the steep
pile of rocks, which, rising from the sea in forms some-
thing resembling the human figure, have obtained the
name of MacLeod's Maidens, and, in such a night, seemed
no bad representative of the Norwegian goddesses, called
Choosers of the Slain, or Riders of the Storm. There was
something of the dignity of danger in the scene ; for, on
a platform beneath the windows, lay an ancient battery of
cannon, which had sometimes been used against privateers
even of late years. The distant scene was a view of that
part of the Quillen mountains which are called, from their
370 CLAN MACLEOD
form, MacLeod's Dining-Tables. The voice of an angry
cascade, termed the Nurse of Rorie Mhor, because that
chief slept best in its vicinity, was heard from time to
time mingling its notes with those of wind and wave.
Such was the haunted room at Dunvegan."
Among the characteristic relics in the castle, which'
Scott saw, and which are still treasured there, were the
drinking horn of Rorie Mhor, an ox's horn tipped with
silver, which each chief of the MacLeods, on coming of
age, was expected to drain at a single draught; the Dun-
vegan cup, a beautifully chased and ornamented silver
chalice of the fifteenth century, which Scott by a mis-
reading of the inscription round its rim made out to date
from 500 years earlier ; and the famous Fairy Flag said to
have been given to a Chief of the MacLeods either by an
Irish princess or a fairy bride, but which is most likely a
trophy brought home from one of the crusades by some
early warrior. "It is a pennon of silk with something
like round red rough berries wrought upon it, and its
properties," as, described by Scott, were that " produced
in battle it multiplied the number of the MacLeods ; spread
on the nuptial bed it ensured fertility; and, lastly, it
brought herring into the loch." According to tradition
the flag has already been twice displayed, and produced
its expected results. When displayed for the third time
it will have the same effect, but it and its bearer will forth-
with disappear from earth.
The Chief of MacLeod of Scott's time was busily
engaged in planting trees and improving his estate. " If
he does not hurry too fast," said the novelist, " he cannot
fail to be of service to his people. He seems to think and
act much like the chief, without the fanfaronade of the
character." When Scott and his party left they were
accompanied to the yacht by MacLeod himself, with his
piper playing in the bows in proper style, and were sent
off with a salute of seven guns from the castle. The
episode concludes with the entry, " the Chief returns
ashore with his piper playing ' The MacLeods' Gather-
ing,' heard to advantage along the calm and placid loch,
and dying as it retreated from us."
Fifty years before Scott's time Dunvegan was visited
by Dr. Samuel Johnson and his biographer Boswell, both
of whom have left characteristic records of their impressions
of the place. Also at a more recent day a brief visit was
paid by the poet Alexander Smith, who has left some
account of it in his well-known book, A Summer in
Skye. More recently still, a very full and excellent
CLAN MACLEOD 871
account of the castle and its chiefs is to be found in Canon
MacCulloch's charming volume, The Misty Isle of
Skye.
According to popular tradition, cited in Douglas's
Baronage, the MacLeods were descended from the
Norwegian kings of Man ; but there is equally strong
reason to believe that, in the male line at least, they
belonged to the ancient Celtic inhabitants of the country.
They come first out of the mists of the past as allodial
owners of Glenelg, the possession of which was confirmed
to them in the person of Malcolm, son of Tormod, by
David II. in the fourteenth century, in a charter under
which the chief obliged himself to provide a galley of
thirty-six oars for the king's use when required. Dun-
vegan and the lands of Skye came into MacLeod's
possession by marriage with a daughter of MacRaild, the
heiress of a Norwegian chief. At the same time, the
MacLeod chiefs appear to have been owners of lands in
Harris and the Lewis.
A younger brother of Tormod, already mentioned,
Torquil MacLeod of the Lewis, married the heiress of the
Chief of the MacNicols, and through her came into
possession of the district of Assynt and other lands in
Wester Ross, for which he obtained a charter from
David II. His descendants became independent chiefs,
and were known as the Siol Thorcuil or Race of Torquil,
while the descendants of his elder brother were known as
the Siol Thormod or Race of Tormod. At a later day the
MacLeods of Assynt were represented by MacLeod of
Raasa. These MacLeods of Lewis and Assynt had their
own history, which was stirring enough. There is in
particular the much-disputed episode of the arrest of the
great Marquess of Montrose in 1651, which by some is held
to have cast a stain upon the name, and by others is
believed not to have been the work of MacLeod of Assynt
at all, but of his wife or one of his clansmen in the ordinary
course of duty in his absence.
Meanwhile the MacLeods of MacLeod, the race of
Tormod, with their seat at Dun vegan, played a most
notable part in the history of the Western Isles. They
were among the chiefs who fought on the side of Bruce,
and a son of the Chief accompanied Donald of the Isles
in the raid which ended at the battle of Harlaw in 1411.
A typical incident of that history was the feud with the
MacKays, of which the most outstanding incident was a
bloody battle on the marches of Ross and Sutherland in
Ihe first years of the fifteenth century, from which the
372 CLAN MACLEOD
onry survivor on MacLeod's side was a solitary clansman
who made his way, seriously wounded, home to his native
Lewis, told his tale and died in the telling of it. Another
famous feud was that which followed the marriage of
MacLeod of the Lewis with the widow of the Chief of
the Mathiesons of Lochalsh, executed by James I. at
Edinburgh in 1427. Disputes arose between MacLeod
and his stepsons, the young Mathiesons. John, the elder
of these, sought the protection of his maternal grandfather,
Chief of the Macintosh's, and by and by, with the help
of the latter, returned to claim his possessions. He
attacked the castle of Lochalsh in which MacLeod and
his wife defended themselves. When the stronghold was
set on fire Mathieson, anxious to save his mother, stationed
himself at the gate, and gave orders that she was to be
allowed to pass. When she did so in the darkness and
tumult, it was not noticed that she was taking with her,
hidden under the wide folds of her arisaid or belted plaid
the person of her husband, MacLeod himself. Presently
the latter returned with a force of his own men from the
Lewis, but was repulsed by young Mathieson, chiefly by
the help of his bowmen, from which fact the battle is still
called Blar nan Saigheadear. Making still another
attempt to recapture the castle, MacLeod was slain and
the feud ended.
One of the great battles in which the MacLeods
engaged with their enemies of the Isles is commemorated
in the name of the Bloody Bay, on the coast of Mull, two
miles north of Tobermory, where the Macdonalds, under
Angus Og, son of the last Lord of the Isles, about 1484,
overthrew the fleet of James III., fitted out by the Earls
of Atholl and Argyll, and Macleod of Harris was slain.
The MacLeods, however, were still to perform an act
of friendship towards the MacDonalds. At the end of the
fifteenth century, when James IV. was endeavouring to
put an end to the constant clan troubles in the Hebrides,
caused by the efforts to revive the broken power of the
Lord of the Isles, Torquil MacLeod of the Lewis was the
most notable of the chiefs who resisted the efforts of
the king's lieutenants, first the Earl of Argyll and after-
wards the Earl of Huntly. It was only by "the efforts of
James IV. himself that the Islesmen were finally brought
to peaceful submission. Last of them all, Torquil
MacLeod — who, by the way, was Argyll's brother-in-law,
and had been forfeited by command of Parliament — retired
to his stronghold of Stornoway Castle. He had with him
his relative, Donald Dubh, son of that Angus Og who had
CLAN MACLEOD 878
won the battle of the Bloody Bay, and claimant of the
Lordship of the Isles. But in the end Stornoway Castle
was captured by the Earl of Huntly, Donald Dubh driven
to Ireland, and the insurrection of the Islesmen brought
to an end.
Perhaps the most tragic incident connected with Dun-
vegan took place in the middle of the sixteenth century.
In 1552 William, the ninth chief, died. In the absence of
his two brothers, Donald and Torquil, the clansmen
acknowledged as chief Ian the Fair-haired, a descendant
of the sixth Chief of the MacLeods. Qn the return of
Donald a meeting was held at Lyndale, when Ian the
Fair-haired was again chosen chief. Donald thereupon
retired to Kingsburgh. Here he was approached by Ian
Dubh, a son of Ian the Fair-haired, with offers of friend-
ship, and, being enticed to a meeting at midnight, was
forthwith slain, with six of his followers. Ian the Fair-
haired ordered the arrest of Ian Dubh, but died before it
could be effected. His eldest son Tormod was dead, but
had left three sons, to whom Donald Breac, the brother of
Ian Dubh, was guardian. When Donald Breac and the
three boys returned from the funeral they found Dun-
vegan in possession of Ian Dubh, with the boys' mother
a prisoner within. On Donald demanding possession,
the doorway at the top of the narrow stair above the
landing-place opened, and Ian Dubh appeared in full
armour. Donald rushed up to the attack, but was presently
slain. The three sons of Tormod were also put to the
sword by Ian Dubh, who proceeded to shut up his remain-
ing brothers, with the wives and children of the other
leaders of the clan, in the castle dungeons.
The Campbells now stepped in as guardians of Mary,
the only child of the ninth chief, William. They landed
with a large force at Roag in Loch Bracadale, met Ian
Dubh in the church of Kilmuir, and arranged terms. Ian
Dubh then invited the eleven Campbell chieftains to a
feast at Dun vegan. The feast is said to have taken place
in what is now the drawing-room of the castle. There
each Campbell found himself seated between two
MacLeods. At the end of the feast, instead of a cup of
wine, a cup of blood was set before each guest, and forth-
with at the signal each Campbell was stabbed in the throat
by a MacLeod.
The final scene in the drama took place in 1559.
Torquil MacLeod, brother of the ninth Chief, then arrived
to claim the chiefship, and a warder, Torquil MacSween,
was induced to betray the castle. Hearing a noise, Ian
VOL. n, H
374 CLAN MACLEOD
Dubh sprang from bed. Seeing all was lost he fled to his
galley and escaped to Harris. Thence he made his way
to Ireland, where presently he was seized by the O'Donnell
chief, and horribly slain by having a red-hot iron thrust
through his bowels.
But the main feuds of the MacLeods were with the
MacDonalds of the Isles, who were their own near neigh-
bours in Skye. Already in the days of King Robert III.
they had signally defeated that powerful clan, but it was
towards the close of the sixteenth century that the most
notable events in the feud occurred. In the latter part of
the century the MacLeans of Mull were at bitter feud with
the MacDonalds of Islay. In that feud they were
generously helped by the MacLeods. One of the
traditions of Dunvegan of that time is told in A Summer
in Skye. On a certain wild night MacDonald of Sleat
was driven on his barge into the loch, and forced to ask
shelter from MacLeod. He was admitted with his piper
and twelve followers, but at dinner, noticing the ominous
boar's head upon the table, refused to leave his men and
sit above the salt. Over the wine after dinner some bad
blood was occasioned by MacDonald's boasting about his
dirk and his powers of using it, and a serious tragedy
might have occurred but for a sweetheart of one of the
MacDonalds, who, as she passed her lover with a dish,
whispered to him to beware of the barn in which he was
to sleep. The man told his master, and, instead of going
to sleep on the heaps of heather which had been prepared
for them in the barn, the MacDonalds spent the night in
a cave outside. At midnight the barn was a mass of
flame, and the MacLeods thought they had killed their
enemies; but presently, much to their astonishment they
sawr MacDonald march past the castle with his twelve men,
his piper playing a defiance to Dunvegan, and, before
anything could be done, the barge set sail and sped down
the loch.
In the course of the warfare with the MacDonalds the
most terrible event took place on the Isle of Eigg. The
tradition runs that a small party of MacLeods had landed
on that island, and ill-treated some of the women. They
were seized, bound hand and foot, and set adrift in their
own boat, but managed to reach Dunvegan. Forthwith,
to avenge them, the MacLeod Chief sailed for Eigg.
Seeing his overwhelming force the inhabitants of the
island, some 200 in number, took shelter in a great cave
which had a single narrow entrance. Their plan seemed
successful. Macleod searched the island, but failed to
CLAN MACLEOD 875
find them, and at last set sail. Looking back, however,
the MacLeods spied a man on the top of the island.
Returning immediately, by means of his footsteps in a
sprinkling of snow which had fallen, they traced him to
the mouth of the cave. There they demanded that the
persons who had set their men adrift should be given up
for punishment. This was refused; whereupon MacLeod
ordered his men to gather heather and brushwood. This
was piled against the mouth of the cave and set on fire,
and the blaze was kept up until all within were suffocated
to death.
By way of retaliation for this massacre, on a Sunday
when the MacLeods of Vaternish were at service in the
church at Trumpan, a body of MacDonalds from Uist,
having landed at Ardmore, set fire to the fane, and burnt
it with all its worshippers except one woman, who escaped
through a window. The MacDonald galleys, however,
and the smoke of the burning, had been seen from Dun-
vegan, and MacLeod had sent out the Fiery Cross. As
he came within sight, the MacDonalds rushed to their
boats; but the tide had left them high and dry, and as
they struggled to launch them the MacLeods rushed to the
attack, and everyone of the MacDonalds was slain. The
bodies of the dead were laid in a long row beside a turf
dyke at the spot, and the dyke was overthrown upon them,
from which fact the battle is known as Blar Milleadh
Garaidh, the Battle of the Spoiling of the Dyke. A few
years later the MacDonalds made another raid and swept
off all MacLeod's cattle; but they were overtaken near the
same spot, a terrible fight took place, and nearly every-
one of the MacDonalds was killed. It is said that on each
side, on this last occasion, a blacksmith remained fighting
in full armour. The MacLeod blacksmith was beginning
to faint from loss of blood when his wife came upon the
scene, and with a cry struck the enemy with her distaff.
MacDonald turned his head, and at the moment was run
through and slain. In the same battle a son of MacLeod
of Unish was fighting valiantly when a MacDonald rushed
at him, and hewed off his legs at the knees. Nevertheless
MacLeod continued to fight standing on his stumps, and
the spot where at last he fell is still known after him as the
Knoll of the Son of Ian.
Again, at Cnoc a Chrochaidh, the hanging-hill in the
same neighbourhood, another act of justice took place.
A son of Judge Morrison of the Lewis had been on a visit
to Dunvegan, and afterwards on Asay island had killed
some MacLeods. He was pursued and overtaken here,
376 CLAN MACLEOD
and hanged on three of his own oars. Before the hanging
he was told to kneel and say his prayers, and long after-
wards some silver coins found in a crevice of the rocks
were believed to have been treasure concealed by him
during his devotions.
It was at one of the battles near Trumpan that the fairy
flag is believed to have been last displayed.
Perhaps most famous of the MacLeod chiefs was
Roderick or Ruarie More of Dunvegan, from whom the
waterfall beside the castle takes its name. Along with his
contemporary, Roderick MacLeod of the Lewis, he had
resisted the order of King James VI. that all landowners
in the Highlands must produce their charters. Accord-
ingly the property of the two chiefs was declared forfeited,
and an attempt was made to settle Lewis and Skye
by a syndicate from the East of Scotland. The Fife
Adventurers reached the Western Isles late in 1598, but
they were not long allowed to remain at peace. In the
Lewis, Neil MacLeod rushed the settlement at dead of
night and slew fifty of the colonists, and after a renewed
attack and slaughter the rest were forced to depart home.
A second attempt of the same kind was made in 1605, and
a third in 1609, with the same disastrous consequences.
Also in 1607 an attempt was made to form a contract with
the Marquess of Huntly to effect the civilisation of Lewis
and Skye by exterminating the inhabitants, and it only
failed because the Privy Council would not accept
Huntly's offer of .£400 Scots for the island. At the same
time, Spens of Wormiston, who had received a grant of
Dunvegan, was prevented by the MacLeod chief from
obtaining possession, and at last in 1610 MacLeod was
enabled to procure a free pardon, and was knighted by
King James. It was this Chief who built Rorie More's
Tower, and placed on it the effigies of himself and his
lady, a daughter of Glengarry. He also added much to
the family estates, and did his best to put an end to the
ancient feuds with his neighbours.
In the Civil Wars the clan fought on the Royalist side,
and at the battle of Worcester it suffered so severely that
the other clans agreed it should not be asked to join any
warlike expedition until its strength was restored. As a
result of his loyalty, in 1655 MacLeod was fined .£2,500,
and obliged to give security to the amount of ,£6,000
sterling for his obedience to the Commonwealth.
The MacLeods were reported by General Wade in
1715 to be 1,000 strong; and in 1745 MacLeod, it was said,
could put 900 men in the field. He did not, however.
CLAN MACLEOD 877
join Prince Charlie, though many of his clansmen fought
on the Jacobite side.
A strange episode of that time, in which MacLeod was
concerned, was the abduction of the unhappy Ladv
Grange. The lady's husband, a judge of the Court of
Session, was a brother of the Jacobite Earl of Mar. The
marriage was most unhappy, and the lady is said to have
threatened to reveal her husband's Jacobite plots. Then
in 1731 it was given out that Lady Grange had died, and
there was a mock funeral in Edinburgh. Meanwhile, with
the aid of the MacLeod Chief and Lord Lovat, she was
carried off, kept first on the Isle of Heiskar, to the west of
North Uist, and afterwards at the lonely St. Kilda. In
1741 she managed to send letters to her law agent, Hope
cf Rankeillor, and the latter fitted out an armed vessel for
her rescue. MacLeod, however, was forewarned, and had
Lady Grange removed first to Harris and afterwards to
Skye, where she wandered imbecile for some seven years.
At last, in 1745, the year of Charles Edward's landing,
she died. Another mock funeral then took place at
Durinish, but she was really buried at Trumpan, where the
Earl of Mar set up a monument to her memory a few years
ago. Among the papers at Dunveg^an are still extant the
accounts of the unfortunate lady's board and funeral.
In later days the MacLeod chiefs have been noted for
their benevolence, their endeavours for the improving of
their estates, and their interest in the welfare of their
clansmen. Among them none has been held in more
affectionate regard than the present owner of Dunvegan.
No Chief in the Highlands more faithfully cherishes the
best traditions of the past, or more faithfully fulfils the
obligations of the present, and none is more beloved by
his people, or more worthy of their affection and esteem.
SEPTS OF CLAN MACLEOD OF HARRIS
Beaton Bethune
Beton MacCaig
MacClure MacCrimmon
MacCuaig MacHarrold
Macraild Norman
SEPTS OP CLAN MACLEOD OF LEWIS
Callum Lewis
MacAskill MacAulay
MacCallum MacCaskill
MacCorkindale MacCorquodale
MacLewis MacNicol
Malcolmson Nicholl
Nicol Nicoll
Nicholson Nicolson
Tolmie
CLAN MACMILLAN
BADGE : Dearcag monaidh (Vaccineum uliginosum) bilberry.
ACCORDING to universal tradition the Macmillans are of
the same blood as the Buchanans, and Skene in his
Highlanders of Scotland derives both, along with the
Monros, from the Siol O'Cain — the race of O'Cain, other-
wise O'Cathan of Clan Chattan. According to Buchanan
of Auchmar, the immediate ancestor of the Macmillans is
believed to have been a certain Methlan, second son of
Anselan, seventh chief of Buchanan, who flourished in the
reign of Alexander II., in the first half of the thirteenth
century.
Their original home, to which Skene thinks they must
have been removed from North Moray by Malcolm IV.,
was at Lawers, on the north shore of Loch Tay, but from
that possession they were driven in the reign of David II.,
the middle of the fourteenth century, by the Chalmerses,
Chamberses, or Camerarii, who obtained a feudal charter to
the lands, and who were themselves afterwards forfeited
for the part they played in the assassination of James I.
The Macmillan chief who was thus expelled had ten sons,
certain of whom became progenitors of the Ardournag and
other families in Breadalbane; but the chief migrated to
Argyllshire, where he obtained a property from the Lord
of the Isles in South Knapdale, and became known as
Macmillan of Knap. Macmillan is said to have had his
charter engraved in Gaelic on the top of a rock at the
boundary of his land.
The Macmillans are believed to have increased their
possessions in Knapdale by marriage with an heiress of the
MacNeil chiefs, and there is evidence that they became of
considerable importance in the district. One of the towers
of Sweyn Castle on the loch of that name is known as
Macmillan 's Tower, and in the old kirkyard of Kilmorie
Knap, where the chapel was built by the Macmillan chief,
stands a cross more than twelve feet high richly sculptured
with foliage, and showing a Highland chief engaged in a
deer hunt, with the inscription, " Haec est crux Alexandri
Macmillan."
378
MAC MILLAN
Facing page 378.
CLAN MACMILLAN 870
Among traditions extant regarding these Macmillans of
Knapdale is one of a certain Gillespie Ban. This indi-
vidual was unfortunate enough while attending a fair to
quarrel with a personage of some importance and to slay
his man in hot blood. He fled and was instantly pursued.
Managing to reach Inveraray Castle he rushed in, and
making his way to the kitchen found the cook engaged in
baking. Instantly procuring a change of clothes and an
apron, he proceeded busily to kead barley bannocks, and
when his infuriated pursuers came to the castle they took
him for a regular domestic of the earl. The necessary
respite being thus allowed him, a composition was made
with the family of the man he had slain, and he was allowed
to live thereafter in peace. He settled in Glendaruel, where
his descendants were known, from the circumstances of his
escape, by the patronymic of MacBacster, or " sons of the
baker."
Another tradition runs that the line of the Macmillans
of Knap ended with a chief who had a tragic experience.
In order to defend the honour of his wife from the advances
of a too powerful admirer he attacked and slew the man,
and in consequence was forced to abscond.
The main line then becoming extinct, the chiefship was
assumed, rightly, it is believed, by Macmillan of Dunmore,
on the south side of Loch Tarbert. This family also,
however, died out, upon which a contention arose between
the Campbells and MacNeils as to possession of the
Macmillan lands. The matter was finally arranged, by
means of mutual concessions, in favour of the Campbells,
and in 1775 the estates were purchased by Sir Archibald
Campbell of Inverneil.
Meanwhile, at an earlier day, a branch of the chief's
house had settled elsewhere. The reason for this occur-
rence is the subject of a well-known tradition. A stranger,
it appears, known as Marallach More, established himself
in Knapdale and proceeded by his overbearing disposition
to make himself objectionable to the Macmillans. He made
himself especially obnoxious, it would appear, to one of the
chief's sons, who lived at Kilchamag. The affair came to
an open rupture, and at last, either in a duel or in a general
fight, Macmillan killed the aggressor, but in consequence
had to leave the district. With six followers he migrated
to Lochaber, when he placed himself under the protection
of Cameron of Lochiel and was settled on certain lands
beside Loch Arkaig.
Another tradition runs that the earliest seat of the
Macmillans was on both sides of Loch Arkaig; that, on
380 CLAN MACMILLAN
Lochaber being granted to the Lord of the Isles the clan
became vassals of that powerful chief ; and that, when the
Cameron's obtained possession of the district, the Mac-
millans became in turn their dependants, in which situation
ever after they remained. This tradition, however, seems
to be negatived by the fact that Macmillan of Knap was
recognised as Chief of the clan.
Latterly, according to Buchanan of Auchmar, the Mac-
millans in Lochaber, known from the district of their
residence as the Clan Ghille Mhaoil Aberaich, dwelt in Muir
Laggan, Glen Spean, and Caillie. Their military force was
reckoned at one hundred fighting men ; they were among
the trustiest followers of Lochiel, and were employed by
him generally in the most desperate of his enterprises.
One incident is on record which shows the esteem in
which they were held by the Cameron chief. Late in the
seventeenth century some cause of trouble arose between
them and the MacGhilleonies, a sept of the Camerons, and,
in a fight with twelve of these latter, one of the Macmillan 's
was killed. In fear of consequences the twelve MacGhille-
onies fled to the fastnesses of the hills, hoping to maintain
themselves there till the Macmillans could be appeased.
But the Macmillans demanded from Lochiel permission to
pursue the aggressors, and threatened that if this permission
were not granted, they would wreak their vengeance on the
whole offending sept. Lochiel perforce gave leave, and
the Macmillans set about the hunting of the fugitives with
such energy, that in a short time, without the loss of life to
themselves, though many of them were sorely wounded, all
the twelve MacGhilleonies were either slain or captured.
In more recent times one of the Lochaber Macmillans
returned to the south, and taking up residence at
Badokennan, near the head of Loch Fyne, became ancestor
of the Macmillans of Glen Shera, Glen Shira, and others.
Still another branch of the Macmillans have been for
centuries settled in Galloway. According to tradition they
are an offshoot of the Macmillans of Loch Tayside who
went south when the chiefs of the clan were driven from
Lawers by the Chalmerses. These Galloway Macmillans
played a notable part on the side of the Covenanters in the
latter part of the seventeenth century, and their doings are
recorded by Wodrow, the chief historian of that page of
Scottish history. The most noted of them was the Rev.
John Macmillan, who published several controversial
pamphlets, and was deposed for schismatic practices in 1703.
He was the first pastor of the " Reformed Presbyterians,"
and ministered to the " remnant " from 1706 till 1743.
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CLAN MACMILLAN 881
Even to the present time the Covenanters in Galloway are as
often called Macmillanites as Cameronians.
Another noted member of the clan was Angus Mac-
millan, who emigrated to Australia in 1829, and discovered
and explored the country south-west of Sydney, afterwards
called Gippsland.
Celebrated in yet another way was Daniel Macmillan,
son of a small farmer at the Cock of Arran, who with
his brother Alexander founded the great publishing firm
of Macmillan & Co. in the middle of the nineteenth
century, publishing Kingsley's Westward Ho in 1855
Tom Brown's School Days in 1857.
SEPTS OF CLAN MACMILLAN
Baxter Bell
Brown MacBaxter
CLAN MACNAB
BADGE : Giuthas (Pinus sylvestris) pine.
PIBROCH : Failte mhic an Abba.
IT is recorded by Lockhart in his Life of Sir Walter Scott
that the great romancer once confessed that he found
it difficult to tell over again a story which had caught his
fancy without " giving it a hat and stick." Among the
stories to which Sir Walter was no doubt wont to make such
additions were more than one which had for their subject
the somewhat fantastic figure of Francis MacNab, chief of
that clan, whose portrait, painted by Raeburn, is one of the
most famous achievements of that great Scottish artist, and
who, after a warm-hearted and somewhat convival career,
died at Callander on 25th May, 1816. It was one of these
presumably partly true stories, fathered upon the Chief,
which Scott was on one occasion telling at the breakfast table
at Abbotsford when his wife, who did not always understand
the point of the narrative, looked up from her coffee pot,
and, with an attempt to show herself interested in the matter
in hand, exclaimed " And is MacNab dead? " Struck of a
heap by the innocent ineptitude of the remark, Scott, says
Lockhart, looked quizzically at his wife, and with a smile
replied, " Well, my dear, if he isn't dead they've done him
a grave injustice, for they've buried him."
Another story of MacNab, told by Sir Walter, this
time in print, had probably truth behind it, for it was in
full agreement with the humour and shortcomings of the
Chief. The latter, it is said, was somewhat in the habit of
forgetting to pay all his outstanding debts before he left
Edinburgh for his Highland residence at the western end of
Loch Tay, and on one occasion a creditor had the temerity
to send a Sheriff's officer into the Highlands to collect the
account. MacNab, who saw the messenger arrive at
Kinnell, at once guessed his errand. With great show of
Highland hospitality he made the man welcome, and would
not allow any talk of business that night. In the morning,
when the messenger awoke and looked from his bedroom
window, he was horrified to see the figure of a man
suspended from the branch of a tree in front of the house.
382
MAC NAB
acing page 582.
CLAN MACNAB 883
Making his way downstairs, he enquired of a servant the
meaning of the fearful sight, and was answered by the man
casually that it was " Just a bit tam messenger body that
had the presumption to bring a bit o' paper frae Edinburgh
to ta Laird." Needless to say, when breakfast time came
the Sheriff's officer was nowhere to be found.
Many other stories not told by Sir Walter Scott, were
wont to be fathered upon the picturesque figure of the
MacNab Chief. One of these may be enough to show their
character.
On one occasion, it is said, MacNab paid a visit to the
new Saracen Head Inn in Glasgow, and, on being shown
to his room for the night, found himself confronted with a
great four-poster bed, a contrivance with which he had not
hitherto made acquaintance. Looking at it for a moment
he said to his man, " Donald, you go in there," pointing
to the bed itself; " the MacNab must go aloft." And with
his man's help he made his way to the higher place on the
canopy. After an hour or two, it is said, he addressed his
henchman. " Donald," he whispered; but the only reply
was a snore from the happy individual ensconced upon the
feathers below. " Donald, ye rascal," he repeated, and,
having at last secured his man's attention, enquired, " Are
ye comfortable doun there? " Donald declared that he was
comfortable, whereupon MacNab is said to have rejoined,
" Man, if it werena for the honour of the thing I think I
would come doun beside ye! "
The little old mansion-house of Kinnell, in which
Francis, Chief of MacNab, entertained his friends not wisely
but too well, still stands in the pleasant meadows on the bank
of the Dochart opposite Killin, not far from the spot where
that river enters Loch Tay. It is now a possession of the
Earl of Breadalbane, but it still contains many curious and
interesting pieces of antique furniture and other household
plenishing which belonged to the old chiefs of the clan.
Among these, in the little old low-roofed dining-room,
which has seen many a revel in days gone by, remains the
quaint gate-legged oak table with folding wings and
drawers, the little low sideboard, black with age, with
spindle legs and brass mountings, the corner cupboard with
carved doors, the fine old writing bureau with folding top
and drawers underneath, and the antique " wag at the
wa' " clock still ticking away the time, between the two
windows, which witnessed the hospitalities of the redoubt-
able Laird of MacNab himself. Among minor relics in a
case in the drawing-room are his watch, dated 1787, his
snuff-box, seal, spectacles, and shoe buckles, while above
884 CLAN MACNAB
the dining-room door are some pewter flagons bearing the
inscriptions, probably carved on them by some guest :
Here's beef on the board
And there's troot on the slab,
Here's welcome for a'
And a health to MacNab.
and
For warlocks and bogles
We're nae carin' a dab,
Syne safe for the night
'Neath the roof o' MacNab.
Besides old toddy ladles of horn and silver, great cut-glass
decanters, silver quaichs, and pewter salvers, and a set of
rare old round-bowled pewter spoons, some or all of which
were MacNab possessions, there is the Kinnell Bottle
bearing the following inscription: " It is stated the Laird
had a bottle that held nine gallons (nine bottles ?) which was
the joy of his friends. This holds nine bottles, the gift of
a friend." The late Laird of Kinnell, the Marquess of
Breadalbane, took great pains to collect and retain within
the walls of the little old mansion as many relics as possible
of its bygone owners, and amid such suggestive relics as
" the long gun " of the MacNabs, a primitive weapon of
prodigious length and weight; the old Kinnell basting-
spoon, known as Francis's Porridge Spoon — long enough
to be used for supping with a certain personage ; and the
actual brass candlestick which belonged to the terrible
Smooth John MacNab presently to be mentioned, it is not
difficult to picture the life which was led here in the valley
of the Dochart by the old lairds of MacNab and their house-
holds.
Kinnell is famous to-day for another possession, nothing
less than the largest vine in the world. This is a black
Hamburg of excellent quality, half as large again as that at
Hampton Court. It has occupied its present position since
1837, and is capable of yielding a thousand bunches of
grapes in the year, each weighing a pound and a half,
though it is never allowed to ripen more than half that
number.
Kinnell House of the present day, however, is not the
original seat of the MacNab Chief. This was situated some
hundreds of yards nearer the loch than the present mansion-
house, and though no traces of it now exist, the spot is
associated with not a few incidents which remain among the
most dramatic and characteristic in Highland history.
Most famous of these incidents is that which terminated
the feud of the MacNabs with Clan Neish, whose head-
Photo. T. &• R. Annan & Sons. From ike Painting fry Si> Henry Raeburn.
FRANCIS, 1 2th CHIEF OF MACNAB
'acing page 384.
CLAN MACNAB 885
quarters were at St. Fillans on Lochearnside, some twelve
miles away. The two clans had fought out their feud in
a great battle in Glen Boltachan, above St. Fillans. In
that battle the Neishes had been all but wiped out, and the
remnant of them, retiring to the only island in Lochearn,
took to a life of plunder, and secured themselves from
reprisals by allowing no boats but their own on the loch.
After a time, however, encouraged by immunity, they went
so far as to plunder the messenger of MacNab himself, as he
returned on one occasion from Crieff with the Chief's
Christmas fare. On news of the affront reaching Kinnell,
MacNab became red with wrath. Striding into the room
where his twelve sons sat, he told them of what had occurred,
and ended his harangue with the significant hint, " The
night is the night, if the lads were the lads." At that, it
is said, the twelve got up, filed out, and, headed by Smooth
John, so called because he was the biggest and brawniest
of the household, proceeded to vindicate the honour of their
name. Taking a boat from Loch Tay, they carried it in
relays across the hills and launched it on Loch Earn. When
they reached the island fastness of their enemies in the
middle of the night, all were asleep but old Neish himself,
who called out in alarm to know who was there. " Whom
do you least wish to see? " was the answer, to which he
replied, " There is no one I would fear if it were not Smooth
John MacNab." " And Smooth John it is," returned that
brawny individual, as he drove in the door. Next morning,
as the twelve young men filed into their father's presence at
Kinnell, Smooth John set the head of the Neish Chief on the
table with the words, " The night was the night, and the
lads were the lads." At that, it is said, old MacNab looked
up and answered only " Dread nought 1 " And from that
hour the Neish 's head has remained the cognisance
and " Dread nought " the motto of the MacNab Clan. A
number of years ago, as if to corroborate the details of this
narrative, the fragments of a boat were found far up on the
hills between Loch Tay and Loch Earn, where it may be
supposed Smooth John and his brothers had grown tired of
carrying it, and abandoned their craft.
Many other warlike incidents are narrated of the clan.
It has been claimed that the race were originally Mac-
Donalds ; but from its location and other facts it seems now
to be admitted that the clan was a branch of the Siol Alpin,
of which the MacGregors were the main stem. From the
earliest time the chiefs possessed extensive lands in the lower
part of Glendochart, at the western end of Loch Tay. A
son of the chief who flourished during the reign of David I.
386 CLAN MACNAB
in the twelfth century, was abbot or prior of Glendochart,
and from him the race took its subsequent name of Mac an
Abba, or MacNab, " the son of the abbot." At the
beginning of the fourteenth century, however, the MacNab
Chief took part with his powerful neighbour, the Lord of
Lome, on the side of the Baliols and Comyns, and against
King Robert the Bruce. The king's historian, John Bar-
bour, records that Bruce's brother-in-law, Sir Christopher
Seton, was betrayed to the English and a fearful death by
his confidant and familiar friend MacNab, and it is said
the MacNabs particularly distinguished themselves in the
famous fight at Dal Righ, near Tyndrum, at the western
end of Glendochart, in which John of Lome nearly
succeeded in cutting off and capturing Bruce himself. For
this they came under Bruce's extreme displeasure, with the
result that they lost a large part of their possessions. The
principal messuage of the lands which remained to them
was known as the Bowlain, and for this the chief received a
crown charter from David II. in 1336. This charter was
renewed with additions in 1486, 1502, and at other dates.
Already, however, in the fifteenth century, the MacNabs
had begun to suffer from the schemes and encroachments
of the great house of Campbell, which was then extending
its possessions in all directions from its original stronghold
of Inch Connell amid the waters of Loch Awe. Among
other enterprises the MacNabs were instigated by Campbell
of Loch Awe to attack their own kinsman, the MacGregors.
The upshot was a stiff fight near Crianlarich, in which the
MacNabs were almost exterminated. After the fight, when
both clans were considerably weakened, the Knight of
Lochow proceeded to vindicate the law upon both of them,
not without considerable advantage to himself.
In 1645, when the Marquess of Montrose raised the
standard of Charles I. in Scotland, he was joined by the
Chief of MacNab, who, with his clansmen, fought bravely
in Montrose's crowning victory at Kilsyth. He was then
appointed to garrison Montrose's own castle of Kincardine,
near Auchterarder in Strathearn. The stronghold, how-
ever, was besieged presently by a Convenanting force under
General Leslie, and MacNab found that it would be
impossible to maintain the defence. Accordingly, in the
middle of the night, he sallied forth, sword in hand, at the
head of his three hundred clansmen, when all managed to
cut their way through the beseiging force, except the Chief
himself and one follower. These were made captive and
sent to Edinburgh, where MacNab, though a prisoner of
war, was accorded at the hands of Covenanters the same
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CLAN MACNAB 887
treatment as they meted out at Newark Castle and elsewhere
[ to the other adherents of Montrose, who had been captured
j at the battle of Philiphaugh. MacNab was condemned to
death, but on the night before his execution he contrived to
escape, and afterwards, joining the young King Charles II.,
he followed him into England, and fell at the battle of
1 Worcester in 1651.
Meanwhile his house had been burnt, his charters de-
stroyed, and his property given to Campbell of Glenurchy,
kinsman of the Marquess of Argyll, then at the head of the
; Covenanting party and the Government of Scotland. So
reduced was the state of the house that MacNab 's widow
was forced to apply for relief to General Monk, Cromwell's
plenipotentiary in Scotland. That General ordered Glen-
urchy, one of whose chief strongholds was Finlarig Castle,
close to Kinnell on Loch Tay side, to restore the MacNab
possessions to the widow and her son. The order, however,
had little effect, and after the Restoration only a portion of
the ancient lands were restored to them by the Scottish
Parliament.
These lands might still have belonged to the MacNabs
but for the extraordinary character and exuberant hospi-
tality of Francis, the twelfth Chief, already referred to.
Two more stories of this redoubtable personage may be
repeated. He was deputed on one occasion to go to
Edinburgh to secure from the military authorities clothing
and accoutrements for the Breadalbane Fencibles, then
being raised. The General in Command ventured to express
some doubt as to the existence of the force, and MacNab
proceeded to further his case with the high military authority
by addressing him again and again as " My little man.
MacNab himself, it may be mentioned, was a personage of
towering height, and, with his lofty bonnet, belted plaid,
and other appurtenances, made a truly formidable figure.
The Fencibles being raised, he marched them to Edinburgh,
and was much mortified on being stopped by an excise
party, who took them for a party of smugglers carrying
a quantity of whisky, of whom they had received intimation.
MacNab, it is said, indignantly refused to stop, and on the
excisemen insisting in the name of His Majesty, the Chief
haughtily replied, " I also am on His Majesty's service.
Halt! This, my lads, is a serious affair, load — with ball."
At this, it is said, the officers perceived the sort of personage
they had to do with, and prudently gave up their attempt.
By reason of the burdens accumulated on the estate by
the twelfth Chief the greater part of the possessions of the
family passed into the hands of the House of Breadalbane.
388
CLAN MACNAB
Then the last Chief who had his home at Kinnell betool
himself to Canada. At a later day he returned and sold the
last of his possessions in this country, the Dreadnought
Hotel in Callander. When he died he bequeathed all his
heirlooms to Sir Allan MacXab, Bart., Prime Minister
Canada, whom he considered the next Chief. But Su
Allan's son was killed by a gun accident when shooting
in the Dominion, and since then the chief ship has beei
claimed by more than one person. Sir Allan MacNab'j
second daughter, Sophia Mary, married the seventh Earl
AJbemarle.
The chief memorial of the old MacXab family in Glen-
dochart to-day is their romantic burying-place among the
trees on the rocky islet of Inch Buidhe in the Dochart,
little way above Kinnell. There, with the Dochart in it
rocky bed singing its great old song for ever around theii
dust, rest in peace the once fierce beating hearts of th(
old descendants of the Abbot of Glendochart and the roval
race of Alpin.
SETS OF CLAN MACNAB
Abbotson
Dewar
Macandeoir
Abbot
Gilfillan
MAC NAUGHTOX
Facing page 3§S
CLAN MACNAUGHTON
BADGE. : Lusan Albanach (azalea procumbeus) trailing azalea.
SLOGAN : Fraoch Eilean.
THROUGHOUT the legend-haunted Highlands, where every
island, glen, and hillside has its strange and tender story
of the past, no district is more crowded with old romance
than that of Loch Awe. Here lay the heart of the old
Oire Gaidheal, or Argyll — the Land of the Gael — head-
quarters of the Scots after their early settlement in this
country in the days of St. Columba. Even at that time
the islands and shores of Loch Awe seem to have been a
region of old wonder and story, and from then till now
traditions have gathered about these lovely shores, till the
unforgotten deeds of clansmen long since dust would
make a book of which one should never tire of turning
the pages.
The origin of the loch itself is the subject of a legend
which must have been told to wondering ears a thousand
times in the most dim and misty past. According to that
legend the bed of the loch was once a fair and fertile valley,
with sheilings and cattle and cornfields, where the reapers
sang at harvest time. It had always upon it, however, the
fear of the day of fate. High on the side of Ben Cruachan,
that mightier Eildon of the Highlands, with its strange
triple summit, was a fairy spring which must always be
kept covered. For generations this was jealously done,
but as time went on and no trouble came, the folk grew less
careful. At last one day a girl who went to draw water
forgot to replace the cover on the spring. All night the
water flowed and swelled in a silver flood, and when morn-
ing broke, in place of the fertile valley, a far-reaching-
loch, studded with islands like green and purple jewels,
stretched away through the winding valleys of the hills.
Each of the islands, again, has its own tradition more or
less strange or romantic. Of these tales one of the earliest
is that of Inis Fraoch. In English to-day the name is taken
to mean the Heather Isle, but another origin is given to
it in one of the early songs of Ossian, to be found in old
Gaelic manuscript and tradition. According to this legend
there grew on the island a tree, the apples of which possessed
the virtue of conferring immortal youth. This tree and
VOL. n. 389 i
390 CLAN MACNAUGHTON
its fruit were jealously guarded by a fierce dragon. The
hero, Fraoch, loved and was loved by the fair Gealchean,
and all would have gone well had not the girl's mother,
Mai, also become enamoured of the youth. Mai herself had
once been a lovely woman, but the years had robbed her
of her charms, and, moved by her passion, she became
consumed with a desire to have these restored. She had
heard of the apples of immortal youth which grew on Inis
Fraoch, but the fear of the dragon which guarded them
prevented her trying their efficacy. Driven at last to
desperation, she induced Fraoch himself to go to the
island and bring her the fruit. Fraoch set out, while Mai
gave herself up to dreams of the effect which her restored
charms would have upon him. As he secured the apples
he was attacked by the dragon, and a terrible combat
took place. In the end the beast was slain, but in the
encounter Fraoch also received a wound, and the eager
Mai had only received the fruit from his hand when she had
the mortification to see him expire at her feet.
At a later day Inis Fraoch became the stronghold of the
MacNaughton chiefs. According to the Gaelic manuscript
of 1450, so much relied upon by Skene in his Highlanders
of Scotland, the clan was already, in the days of David I.,
a powerful tribe in the north, in the district of Moray.
The name is said to be identical with the Pictish Nectan,
and a shadowy trace of its importance in an earlier time is
to be found in the names of Dunecht and Nectansmere in
Fife, the latter famous for the great victory of the Picts
in the year 685 over the invading forces of Ecgfrith the
Northumbrian king, from which only a solitary fugitive
escaped. Thirty-two years later, Nectan, son of Deriloi,
was, according to Bede and Tighernac, the Pictish king
who built Abernethy with its round tower on the lower
Earn, and made it the capital of the Pictish Church.
According to tradition, however, the clan took its name
from Nachtan, a hero of the time of Malcolm IV., in the
middle of the twelfth century.
In keeping with the tradition of their Pictish origin, the
chiefs are said to have been for ages Thanes of Loch Tay.
Afterwards they are said to have possessed all the country
between Loch Fyne and Loch Awe, and in 1267 King
Alexander III. appointed Gilchrist MacNaughton heredi-
tary keeper of the island and castle of Inis Fraoch on con-
dition that when the king passed that way he should be
suitably entertained by the MacNaughton chief. At the
time of the wars of Bruce, Donald, chief of the MacNaugh-
tons, being closely related to the great MacDougal Lords
CLAN MACNAUGHTON 391
of Lome, at first took their side against the king. At the
battle in the pass of Dalrigh, however, as described in
Barbour's Bruce, MacNaughton, who was with the Lord
of Lome, was a witness of the king's prowess in ridding
himself of the three brothers who attacked him all at once
as he defended the rear of his little army retreating through
a narrow pass. The MacNaughton chief expressed his
admiration of Bruce's achievement, and was sharply taken
to task by the Lord of Lome :
" It seems it likes thee, perfay,
That he slays yon gate our mengye ! "
From that time MacNaughton took the side of the king,
and in the days of David II., Bruce's son, the next chief,
Duncan, was a strong supporter of the Scottish Royal
house. As a reward for the support of the clan, David II.
conferred on the next chief, Alastair MacNaughton, all
the forfeited lands of John Dornagil, or White Fist, and
of John, son of Duncan MacAlastair of the Isles. The
MacNaughton chief thus became a great island lord as well
as the owner of broad lands in old Argyll.
Another Alastair MacNaughton, who was chief in the
time of James IV., was knighted by that king, and led his
clan to battle in that great rush of the men of the High-
lands and Isles which carried all before it at the beginning
of the battle of Flodden. There, however, he himself fell.
He was succeeded by two of his sons in turn, John
and Malcolm of Glenshira.. This Malcolm's second son,
another John, was noted for his handsome person. His
good looks attracted the attention of James VI., who, while
not particularly prepossessing himself, appears to have had
a keen appreciation of a good presence in other men, and
to have had a penchant for retaining them about his court.
In this way the king " who never said a foolish thing and
never did a wise one " kept near his person such men as
the Bonnie Earl of Moray, Francis, Earl of Bothwell, Esme
Stewart, Duke of Lennox, and George Villiers, Duke of
Buckingham. For the same reason, on succeeding to the
English throne, he made Glenshira's son one of his pages
of honour. In this position John MacNaughton became
a man of means, and, returning to his native district,
purchased a good estate in Kintyre.
The chiefs of MacNaughton were now at the summit of
their fortunes. Alexander, Malcolm's eldest son and suc-
cessor, was a well-known figure at the court of Charles I.
In 1627, during the war with France, that king gave him a
commission, " With ane sufficient warrant to levie and
392 CLAN MACNAUGHTON
transport twa hundrethe bowmen," to take part against
the country's enemies. This warrant is curious evidence
of the use of an ancient weapon at that late period in the
Highlands. The Laird of MacKinnon contributed part of
the force, and the two hundred were soon got together and
set sail. On the passage, however, they came near to
disaster, their transport being twice driven into Falmouth
and " Hetlie followit by ane man of warr " of France.
The Highlanders happened to be accompanied by their
pipers and a harper, and, according to Donald Gregory
in the Archceologia Scotica, the Frenchman were prevented
from attacking by the awe-inspiring sound and sight of the
" Bagg-pypperis and marlit plaidis." In the civil wars of
Charles I. MacNaughton remained a staunch Royalist,
and at the court of Charles II., after the Restoration, as
Colonel Macnachtan, he was a great favourite of that king.
When he died at last in London, Charles buried him at his
own expense in the chapel royal.
John, the next chief, was no less staunch a Royalist.
At the Revolution, with a strong force of his clan, he joined
James VII. 's general, Viscount Dundee, and is said to
have taken a leading part in the overthrow of King
William's troops at Killiecrankie in 1689. After the battle,
and the death of Dundee, he, with his son Alexander and
the other leaders of the little Jacobite army, signed the
letter of defiance sent to the commander of King William's
forces, General MacKay ; and he also entered into a bond
with other Jacobite chiefs, by which he undertook to appear
with fifty men for the cause of King James, at whatever
place and time might be appointed. The result of his
Jacobite activities was disaster to his house. In 1691 an
Act of Forfeiture was passed by the Scottish Parliament
which deprived him of his estates.
The wife of this chief was a sister of that crafty schemer,
Sir John Campbell, fifth baronet of Glenurchie, who
became, first, Earl of Caithness and afterwards Earl of
Breadalbane and Holland ; and his son Alexander, already
referred to, became a captain in Queen Anne's Lifeguards.
He might have restored the family fortunes, but was killed
in the expedition to Vigo in 1702. The chief ship then
passed to his brother John, but the latter also died without
heirs of his body, and the chiefship became extinct.
Both Charles II. and James VII. had intended to confer
substantial honours on the MacNaughton chiefs, the former
with a charter of the hereditary sheriffship of Argyll, and
the latter with a commission as steward and hereditary
bailie of all the lands which he and his ancestors had ever
CLAN MACNAUGHTON 89.3
possessed; but in the former case the patent, by reason
of some court intrigue, never passed the seals, and in the
second case, though the deed was signed by the king and
counter-signed by the Earl of Perth, its purpose was
defeated by the outbreak of the Revolution.
In 1747, in the report made by Lord President Forbes
on the strength of the Highland chiefs, the MacNaughtons
appear as a broken clan, being classed with several others
who inhabited the district. Like the MacArthurs, Mac-
Alisters, MacGregors, MacNabs, and Fletchers, who had
formerly flourished on the shores of Loch Awe, they had
no longer a chief to lead them and further their interests,
and the broad MacNaughton lands had passed for the most
part into the hands of their shrewd neighbours, the
Campbells. Memorials only of their ancient greatness
are to be seen in the ruined stronghold of Inis Fraoch in
Loch Awe, of Dunderaw, now restored, on the shore of
Loch Fyne, of MacNachtan Castle in the Lews, and others
— in particular, belonging to a still earlier day, that of
Dunnachton in Strathspey.
SEPTS OF CLAN MACNAUGHTON
Kendrick Hendry
Maceol MacBrayne
MacHendry MacKendrick
MacKenrick Macknight
MacNair MacNayer
MacNiven MacNuir
MacNuyer MacVicar
Niven Weir
CLAN MACNICOL
OF the ancient races of the West and North which have
been dignified with the title of the Great Clans, only one
may be said to have fallen entirely to pieces in the course
of time. The fact speaks volumes for the vitality of these
warrior tribes, and the healthiness of the seemingly hard
conditions amid which they lived and struggled. The
conclusions of Skene in his Highlanders of Scotland have
not always been approved by later writers, but it is worth
noting that he identifies Clan Nicol with the Kairinoi of
the early geographer Ptolemy. Skene identifies the Ness
district of the Norwegian sagas with the region in the
north-west of Scotland now known as Edyrachillis,
Duirinish, and Assynt, and he declares that " the most
ancient Gaelic clan which can be traced as inhabiting these
districts is the clan Nicail or MacNicols." In the article
on " Assynt " in the Statistical Account of Scotland, the
Rev. William Mackenzie records that " Tradition and
even documents declare that it was a forest of the ancient
Thanes of Sutherland. One of these Prince Thanes gave
it in vassalage to one Macrycul, who in ancient times held
the coast of Coygeach, that part of it at the place presently
called Ullapool. The noble Thane made Assynt over in
the above manner, as Mackrycul had recovered a great
quantity of cattle carried off from the county of Sutherland
by foreign invaders." Mackenzie adds in a note,
" Mackrycul is reputed by the people here to be the potent
man of whom are descended the Macnicols, Nicols, and
Nicolsons." According to the Gaelic genealogical manu-
script of 1450, on which Skene founds so much of his
writing regarding the clans, this account is probably
correct, for in that manuscript the descent of the Clan
Nicail is traced in a direct line from a certain Gregall, who
is obviously the Krycul of the tradition. Further, as the
letters r and n are interchangeable in Gaelic, it can easily
be seen how Macrycul became MacNicail or MacNicol, of
which the English translation is of course Nicolson. The
recovery of the great herd of Sutherland cattle from
Norwegian invaders is believed to have been accomplished
by Macrycul or MacNicol of Coygeach some time in the
394
MAC NICOL
Fatfng page 394.
CLAN MACNICOL 395
twelfth century. To accomplish such a feat he must have
been at the head .of a considerable army or clan, so the
probability is that the race of Krycul or Gregall had been
chiefs at Ullapool for a long period before that. This
would take their ancestry back to the days of Malcolm
Canmore at least.
About the time of the battle of Bannockburn the line
of the MacNicol chiefs ended in an heiress who married
Torquil, a younger son of MacLeod of the Lewis, and the
pair obtained a Crown charter of the lands of Assynt and
others which had been the MacNicol property. From this
marriage descended fourteen successive MacLeod lairds
of Assynt. It was one of these MacLeods of Assynt who
in 1650 earned the execration of the Highlanders by
handing over the Great Marquess of Montrose to the
Covenanting Government at whose head was his
implacable enemy, the crafty Marquess of Argyll.
MacLeod was then in money difficulties, which perhaps
explained his willingness to earn the Government reward.
Ten years later his chief creditor, the Earl of Seaforth,
foreclosed his wadsets and took possession of the Assynt
estates. Still later Assynt was purchased by the Suther-
land family. The more northern part of the old MacNicol
country remained in other hands till MacLeod of
Edyrachillis and Morison of Duirinish took occasion
to engage in a feud, whereupon their neighbours the
MacKays, then at the height of their power, stepped in
and wrested these estates from both families, and from
that time Edyrachillis and Duirinish became parts of the
Lord Reay's country.
Meanwhile, on the death of the last MacNicol of
Coygeach, Assynt, Edyrachillis, and Duirinish, the
chiefship of the clan had by patriarchal law, passed to the
nearest male of the race, and the seat of this line was
afterwards removed to Scoirebreac, a beautiful spot on the
coast of Skye near Portree. Here they appear to have
shown their piety, prevision, or ostentation by benefactions
to the religious house, of which the ruins may yet be seen
on an island at the head of Loch Snizort. A small chapel
on the south side of the main buildings is still known as
MacNicol's Aisle, and within it is to be seen the effigy of
a warrior in conical helmet and long quilted coat or
habergeon, who must have been a man of much power in
his time.
Of one of these chiefs of Scoirebreac a tradition is
recorded which furnishes a curious illustration of the
ancient ideas of clan honour and the rules of blood
396 CLAN MACNICOL
vengeance. The chief concerned, known as MacNicol
Mor, from his great size, was one day engaged in a warm
discussion with MacLeod of Raasay, his neighbour across
the sound. At the height of the debate MacLeod's
servant came into the room. The two were talking in
English, so the man did not know the meaning of what
was said, but under the impression that a serious quarrel
was on foot, he drew his sword and dealt MacNicol a blow
from which he died. To decide how the deed should be
avenged and a feud between the two families avoided, a
meeting of chiefs and elders was at once called. These
men of wisdom decided that as the MacNicol chief had
been slain by the hand of a menial MacLeod, the Laird of
Raasay should be beheaded by the meanest of MacNicol's
clansmen. The humblest of the latter was found to be
one Lomach, a maker of horse panniers, and by him
Raasay was duly put to death. The execution took place
near Snizort. At the fatal moment the victim was in the
act of speaking, and so deftly did Lomach take off his head
that as it rolled down the hill the onlookers distinctly
heard the sounds " ip ip " from its lips. From this
circumstance the little mount was afterwards known as
Cnoc an h-ip. It is satisfactory to know that the sacrifice
of the Laird of Raasay prevented all further shedding of
blood between the MacLeods and the MacNicols.
Stories of the MacNicols of Scoirebreac come down to
the beginning of the nineteenth century. About that
time, according to the author of the letterpress in M'lan's
Clans of the Scottish Highlands, at a banquet of the
clansmen given to celebrate some joyful occasion, there
was a call for the bards to come to the upper end of the
room. Convinced of the hopelessness of the summons
MacNicol of Scoirebreac exclaimed, " The bards are
extinct I ' He was promptly taken to task by one of the
company, Alastair bui' Mac Ivor, who retorted, " No,
they are not extinct, but those who delighted to patronise
them are gone."
While the seat of the MacNicol chiefs was in Skye
there were many of the name scattered throughout the
county of Argyll, and of these there were several
individuals whose characteristics or exploits have been
perpetuated in tradition. One of them, reputed to be a
seer, obtained the name of Gualan Crostadh from his rule
never to look behind him. For the same reason he was
also known as " an Teallsanach " or the Philosopher.
As might be expected of such a personage, a crop of
stories was long extant regarding him. Another of the
CLAN MACNICOL 397
clan, Gillespie MacNicol, attained fame by a rescue he
effected at somewhat serious cost to himself. After the
last Jacobite rising a widow's son had fallen into the
hands of the " red soldiers," as Government troops were
called, and they were carrying him off, when the redoubt-
able Gillespie came to the rescue. Attacking the soldiers,
he slew one or two, put the others to flight, and set the
captive free. Unluckily, as he did so, he received a
swordstroke in the face which carried off his nose.
Strangely enough, notwithstanding the evident import-
ance of the MacNicols in their early days, the clan seems
never to have had a tartan. After the beginning of the
fourteenth century, when the heiress of the early line of
chiefs married a MacLeod, they seem to have merged in
the following of that clan, and probably they adopted the
MacLeod tartan.
Among members of the clan who have attained more
than local repute was the Rev. Donald MacNicol, whose
best known work was his defence of the Highlands against
the accusations made by Dr. Samuel Johnson in his
lourney to the Hebrides. Of the same period also were
the Rev. Francis Nicoll, D.D., Principal of St. Leonard's
and St. Salvator's Colleges, St. Andrews, and Robert
Nicoll, the poet who became editor of the Leeds Times in
1836. Still later were the Nichols, father and son,
professors, one of astronomy and the other of English
literature at Glasgow University. There was also
Alexander Nicolson, the Gaelic scholar who died Sheriff-
Substitute of Greenock in 1893. He is chiefly remembered
by his revision of the Gaelic Bible and his collection of
Gaelic proverbs. One of the ablest journalists of recent
times, too, was Sir William Robertson Nicol, founder of
The British Weekly and " discoverer " of Sir J. M. Barrie
and other well-known writers.
It should be noted that the lowland name Nicholson,
once represented by the Nicholsons of Carnock, a family
now merged, with the Shaws of Greenock, in that of the
Stewarts of Blackball and Ardgowan, are not of the
MacNicol clan. Their name, like that of the English
Nicholls, is derived from the original form Nicholas.
CLAN MACNIEL
BADGB : Luibheann (Octopetala) Dryas; or Feamainn Algae.
SLOGAN : Biolacreag.
PIBROCH : Spaidsearachd Mhic Neill Bharra.
ONE of the most interesting places in the Outer Hebrides
at which the steamer puts in is Castle Bay in Barra. As
one of the safest harbours in the Minch this has, in recent
years, become a great fishing port. The island ordinarily
has a population of about 2,000, but during the herring
season this is increased several times over. The " land "
is nothing to speak of, for it consists mainly of absolutely
bare rocks worn by the Atlantic storms of thousands of
years. The houses of the old crofters and clansmen of
former days, which may still be seen, are almost as
primitive, being little more than oblong enclosures of
great stones piled together, their interstices merely filled
with peat, and their thatch roofs tied down with cords and
old fishing nets. They have the smallest of windows,
and, for a chimney, merely a hole to let the smoke out.
Probably the crofters always obtained their livelihood
chiefly from the harvest of the sea. In time of scarcity,
indeed, it is said they were able to subsist altogether on
the cockles which they obtained in hundreds of horse-
loads at a time from the sands of one famous beach. But
of late years, since the coming of the railway to Oban and
Mallaig, with a fleet of steamers in connection, to buy up
the fish and carry them swiftly to market, the profits of
this harvest have been vastly increased, and the results
are to be seen in the well-built stone cottages which have
sprung up, and the general air of business and prosperity
which fills the place. While heaps of herring barrels are
piled on the shore, the bay is full of fishing craft delivering
their catch of the previous night, and there are great sheds
full of active and happy women, cleaning, salting, and
packing the fish, to be shipped by and by on the waiting
steamers for transport to the great centres of industry.
In the midst of all this bustle and business appears,
strangely enough, the silent and significant monument of
an older time. Ciosmal, or Kismul Castle, on an island
in the bay, with its great square walls and scarcely broken
398
MAC NIEL
Facing page 7
CLAN MACNIEL 899
battlements, speaks of a time when the island lords and
chiefs of clans held their own in these outer isles, and
defied the power even of the king of Scotland himself to
enforce the law of the realm. The stronghold is stated
to have been an arsenal of the Norsemen during their
dominion in the Isles.
Kismul Castle was the seat of the MacNiels of Barra,
chief of one of the most ancient of the island clans, and
also one of the proudest and most independent. In his
Account of the Western Highlands, written early in the
eighteenth century, Martin describes a visit here, and his
failure to gain admission to this jealously guarded strong-
hold. " There is," he says, " a stone wall round it two
storeys high, reaching the sea, and within the wall there
is an old tower and a hall, with other houses about it.
There is a little magazine in the tower, to which no
stranger has access. ..." The tower was kept by a
gocman, or warder, who paced the battlements night and
day, and, without the express sanction of MacNiel himself,
would admit no one within the walls. Martin asked to be
ferried over to the stronghold, and was referred to the
constable of the castle. He accordingly sent a request to
that authority, but though he waited for some hours he
received no reply, and was forced to come away without
gaining access to the place. He learned afterwards that
MacNiel happened to be from home, and that the con-
stable and gocman could not admit a stranger on their own
responsibility. Though the proud old castle is now
inhabited only by ravens and hoodie crows, with perhaps
an otter or two which take their living, like the clansmen
themselves, from the shoals of fish in the waters around,
it is still a stern and stately old place, strikingly suggestive
of the bold and fierce life of its masters of other days.
The antiquity of the race of MacNiel is undoubted. It
is indicated in the jocular tradition that the chief of the
clan, on the occasion of the great flood of the Biblical
narrative, refused Noah's offer of hospitality, saying that
14 the MacNiel had a boat of his own I " The name Niel,
or Nial as it was originally spelt, is at any rate one of the
oldest Celtic personal names, and the clan which owns it
to-day may possibly bear some relationship to the Hy Nial,
or ancient royal race of Ireland. The first of the Scottish
race whose name appears in a charter is Nial Og, or the
younger. The charter is of the reign of Robert the Bruce.
The clan was at that time located in the Knapdale district
of Argyllshire, and the chiefs were hereditary constables
of the castle on Loch Swin. Along with their possessions
400 CLAN MACNIEL
in Knapdale, the MacNiel chiefs probably owned at that
time, and for centuries before, the island of Gigha, three
and a half miles off the Kintyre coast. Here, at any rate,
is the ancient burying place of the MacNiels. According
to Martin, already quoted, " most of all the tombs have a
two-handed sword engraven on them, and there is one
that has the representation of a man upon it." It was in
Gigha that in 1263 John of the Isles met Haco, the
Norwegian king, on his way to the battle of Largs,
and refused to join him and renounce allegiance to
Alexander III. MacNiel was possibly the host on that
historic occasion. In any case he would almost certainly
be present at the meeting, which was to have such far-
reaching consequences.
The son of MacNiel of Bruce's time was Murchadh or
Murdoch, and his son again was Ruari or Roderick. By
a charter of the time of James I., dated 1427, Ruari 's son
Gilleonan was settled in Barra. The charter conveyed to
him also the lands of Boisdale in Uist, but on his attempt-
ing to take possession of that property he was opposed
by Ian Garbh MacLean of Coll, who asserted a previous
right. In the struggle which followed Gilleonan was
slain. His son, however, another Gilleonan, on i2th
August, 1495, obtained another charter, confirming him
de novo in all his possessions, and for centuries the
clachan clustering round the head of the Castle Bay was
known as Baile Mhicneill, or Macneil-town. The son of
this chief, still another Gilleonan, played an active part in
the rebellious activities of his feudal superior, the Lord of
the Isles, which activities ended in the death of John,
fourth and last Lord of the Isles, as a landless and
impoverished wanderer in the purlieus of Dundee^ in 1498.
Though the MacNiels of Barra have invariably been
declared by tradition to be the chiefs of the clan, the
MacNiels of Gigha were, from an early time, owing to the
distance and the stormy seas separating Gigha and Barra,
forced to fend for themselves, and the Gigha family made
a claim to independent chiefship. In 1493 Malcolm
MacNiel of Gigha, the head of that house, was a personage
of much importance in the West Highlands.
Like the other supporters of the rebellious Lords of the
Isles, the MacNiel chiefs were the subject of many
attempts at suppression and control by the Stewart kings,
but, secure in their far western fastnesses, they laughed at
the royal summonses and flouted the royal commands to
attend trial, and accordingly the Parliamentary records
of that time again and again contain the note " MacNele
W
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W
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CLAN MACNIEL 401
saepe vocatus sed non compare!. " For a century after
the downfall of the last Lord of the Isles the MacNiels of
Barra continued this haughty demeanour. Upon the
forfeiture of John of the Isles they had become holders
direct of the crown, but this seems to have made no differ-
ence in their habit of disregarding the royal mandate.
As an instance of their pride the tradition may be recalled
that when the Laird of Barra had dined, a herald used to
sound a horn from the battlements and make proclama-
tion : " Hear, O ye people, and listen, O ye nations I
The great MacNiel of Barra having finished his meal,
the princes of the earth may dine ! '
Roderick MacNiel of Barra, chief of the clan in the
reign of James VI., was so well known for this
characteristic as to be named " Rory the Turbulent."
He went so far, at last, as to seize an English ship on his
island coast. News of this act being conveyed to the
English court, Queen Elizabeth complained to the Scottish
king of the act of piracy. Accordingly MacNiel was
summoned to Edinburgh to answer for his act. This
summons he treated with contempt, and several efforts
made to apprehend him proved ignominiously unsuccess-
ful. At last, however, MacKenzie, the tutor of Kintail,
undertook to effect his arrest. His plan was to use
stratagem where force had failed. Accordingly he came
ostensibly on a friendly visit to Kismul Castle. In the
interchange of hospitalities he invited MacNiel and his
retainers on board his ship. There they were treated so
well, especially with strong waters, that presently they
were all reduced to helplessness. The retainers were
then put on shore, and the vessel hoisted sail under cover
of night, and was soon far beyond reach, with the
unconscious MacNiel on board. The chief was carried
to Edinburgh, and immediately put upon his trial. He
confessed to the seizure of the English ship, but declared
that he had thought himself bound, as a loyal subject, to
avenge the injury done by the Queen of England to the
king's mother and to James himself. This answer secured
his life, but his estate was forfeited and given to Kintail.
The latter then restored it to MacNiel, on condition that
he should hold it of him, and pay sixty merks Scots as a
yearly feu duty. Some time afterwards, on the marriage
of a daughter of Kintail to Sir James MacDonald of
Sleat, the superiority of Barra was conveyed to MacDonald
as part of the lady's dowry.
Rory the Turbulent died as he had lived, though the
final act of his life was as conspicuous for its loyalty as
402 CLAN MACNIEL
his earlier behaviour had been for contempt of the royal
commands. When the young Earl of Argyll was com-
missioned by James VI. to proceed against the Catholic
lords, Angus, Errol, and Huntly, MacNiel joined the
royal army with his clan, and at the battle of Glenlivet, in
which Argyll was so signally defeated, he is said to have
displayed prodigies of valour before he fell at the head of
his followers.
The MacNiels of Barra intermarried with the families
of Clan Ranald, MacLeod, Cameron, Duart, and others of
chief consequence in the West and the Isles. In the
earlier part of the nineteenth century the chief of the clan,
Lieut.-Colonel MacNiel, who was a Deputy Lieutenant of
Inverness-shire, was one of the most enterprising of the
island landlords, introducing manufactures, promoting
agriculture, and improving the native breed of cattle. He
abandoned Kismul Castle as a residence and built the
mansion of Eoligearry at the north end of the island. He
was an extremely handsome man, adored by his people,
who ruined themselves to save him from ruin. In 1840,
however, he sold Barra to Colonel Gordon of Cluny for
,£38,050, and so severed the connection of his family with
the island which had existed for more than four hundred
years. The present head of the house of the Barra family
is the forty-fifth chief. He is a Fellow of the Society of
Antiquaries of Scotland and has his home in the United
States of America. In April, 1918, he received from the
United States Government the appointment of Assistant
to the Bureau of Imports, War Trade Board.
Thus far have we travelled from the old days when the
gocman challenged from the battlement of Kismul Castle,
and MacNiel from his island fastness defied the mandates
even of the Scottish kings. The fame of the ancient island
chiefs is likely to remain in memory, however, as long as
the music and song of the Isles are remembered, for one of
the most beautiful of the Hebridean songs lately collected
and given to the world by Mrs. Kennedy-Fraser, is that
known as " Kismul's Galley."
SEPTS OF CLAN MACNIEL
MacNeilage Neal
MacNelly Neill
,
MAC PHEE
Facing page 402.
CLAN MACPHEE OR DUFFIE
BADGE : Giuthas (pinus sylvestris) pine.
THE Siol Alpin, descended from the early Scottish king
of that name, and comprising the MacGregors, Grants,
ilackinnons, MacQuarries, MacNabs, and MacAulays,
jhave always prided themselves upon being the most
jancient and noble of the Scottish clans. In the well-
jknown Gaelic MS. of 1450, Clan Dhubhie is shown to
be of the same descent. The prefix " dhu " in their name
indicates that they were of a dark race, which corroborates
jtheir Celtic origin, in contrast with the fair-haired Nor-
wegians who for so many centuries colonised and
dominated the Western Isles. Though the 1450 MS.
j details their genealogy, little is known of their early
history, except that they were the most ancient inhabitants
I of the island of Colonsay. With that island Oronsay is
] connected at low water, the two together making a
pleasant domain some ten miles long by one to three miles
broad. Here St. Columba and his companion St. Oran
landed first on their way from Ireland in the year 563,
and gave their names to the islands. Here, in conse-
quence, a monastery of Canons Regular of St. Augustine
was founded at a later day, and colonised with monks
; from Holyrood. The priory, which still stands on Oron-
say, is, next to lona, esteemed the finest relic of religious
antiquity in the Hebrides. Martin, in his tour in the
Hebrides in 1703, describing it, says : " On the south side
of the church within, lie the tombs of Mac-Duffie and of
the cadets of his family : there is a ship under sail and a
two-handed sword engraven on the principal tombstone,
and this inscription ' Hie jacet Malcolumbus Mac-Dufrie
de Colonsay ' : his coat of arms and colour-staff is fixed
in a stone, through which a hole is made to hold it. ...
About a quarter of a mile on the south side of the church
there is a cairn, in which there is a stone cross fixed, called
Mac-Duffie's Cross, for when any of the heads of this
family were to be interred, their corpses were laid on this
cross for some moments on their way toward the church."1
1 In most accounts the location of this tombstone and cross is
erroneously stated to be lona.
403
404 CLAN MACPHEE OR DUFFIE
The Malcolm MacDuffie of Colonsay thus commemorated
corresponds with a chief of this name who appears in the
1450 MS., at the period to which experts assign the carving
of the stone. The " ship under sail " of the description
is the galley or lymphad which was the insignia of an
Island chief.
Martin also says, " There is an altar in this church and
there has been a modern crucifix on it, in which several
precious stones were fixed. The most valuable of these
is now in the custody of Mac-Duffiie in Black Raimused
village, and it is used as a catholicon for diseases."
Monro, Dean of the Isles, in his description of Colon-
say, says the island " was the property of ane gentle
Captain called Mac Phie, but perteined of auld to clan
Donald of Kintire." This writer seems, however, to have
put the cart before the horse. The MacPhees came before
the Macdonalds as owners of the island. In early times, as
was natural on account of their geographical situation, the
Chiefs of Colonsay appear to have been supporters of the
Macdonald Lords of the Isles. According to the Register
of the Great Seal (VI., 17), on i2th April, 1463, Donald
MacDuffie appears as witness to a charter by John Earl of
Ross and Lord of the Isles, executed at the Earl's castle
at Dingwall. In the time of the Lords of the Isles Mac-
Phee of Colonsay is said to have kept the records of the
Isles. After the forfeiture of the last Macdonald Lord
of the Isles in 1493, the MacDuffie chiefs appear to
have attached themselves to the Macdonalds of Islay.
In 1531, there is mention of a certain MacDuffie chief, who
bore the name of Murroch, or Murdoch.
In the beginning of the seventeenth century the Lairds
of Colonsay were probably at the height of their conse-
quence. In 1609, Donald MacPhee of Colonsay was one of
the twelve chiefs and gentlemen who met the Bishop of
the Isles, representing the King, and at lona gave assent
to the nine celebrated " Statutes of Icolmkill." Shortly
afterwards, however, the fortunes of the family seem to
have taken an unhappy turn. In 1615, on the escape of
Sir James Macdonald of Islay from Edinburgh Castle, he
was joined by Malcolm MacPhee of Colonsay, and in the
troublous times which followed, the latter was one of the
chief leaders of disturbance. The business ended tragic-
ally. Along with eighteen others he was delivered up to
the Earl of Argyll by Coll MacGillespie Macdonald, well
known afterwards in the wars of Montrose as " Colkitto,"
being Ciotach or left-handed. By Argyll he was brought
before the Priw Council. In the end he came to his
death by violence. In the Council Records for 1623
appears an entry detailing an accusation against Colkitto of
being " airt and pairt guilty of the felonie and cruell
slaughter of umquhill Malcolm Macphie of Collonsay."
From that time the estates of the Chiefs appear to have
passed into possession of the Macdonalds, and at a later
day they became a patrimony of the Macneils, while the
MacPhees became a " broken " clan, and their numbers
formed only a small proportion of the inhabitants of
Colonsay.
A branch of the clan then settled in Lochaber and
attached itself to the Camerons, by whom it was much
esteemed for its bravery. At the battle of Culloden, when
the Camerons made the furious onset which nearly annihi-
lated the Duke of Cumberland's left wing, the MacPhees
furnished part of their strength, and suffered proportion-
ately. The story is told of one of them, engaged in the
attempt to prevent the dragoons getting through the wall
which protected the right flank of the Highland army,
that he cut down a horse and its rider, but, failing to clear
himself in time, received a kick from the animal which
broke his spine. He was carried from the field next day
and lived long afterwards, but went through life to the
last bent to the ground and hobbling on a stick.
As late as the middle of the nineteenth century the
traditions of the clan were revived by a deserter from the
army, named Ewen MacPhee. This individual with his
wife and family took possession of an island in Loch
Oich in the Great Glen, and set up as an outlaw, paying
no rent, prepared to defend himself with a loaded rifle, and
supporting himself by means of a herd of goats and such
game and fish as he managed to secure. Still more lawless
was the career of Edward Duffy, the Fenian leader in
Connaught who was sentenced to fifteen year's penal
servitude in 1867.
More creditable to the clan was the career of Robert
Andrew Macfie, M.P. for Leith Burghs, from 1868 to 1874,
who was notable as an advocate of free trade, helped to
found Liverpool Chamber of Commerce, and published
several works dealing with patents, copyright, and political
questions.
SEPTS OF CLAN DUFFIE OR MACPHEE
Duffie Duffy
MacGuiffie MachafiSe
VOL. U,
BADGE : Lus nam braoileag (vaccinium vitis idaea) red whort
berry.
SLOGAN : Creag dim !
PIBROCH : Creag Dhubh Chlann Chatain.
GREAT has been the discussion, since ever an interest
came to be taken in these things, regarding the origin of
the famous Clan Chattan. Eager to derive the clan from
an antiquity as remote as possible, its historians have
claimed that it represents the early Catti of Gaul mentioned
by Tacitus. They aver that this tribe, driven from its
native lands by the Romans, settled in the remote north of
Scotland, to which it gave the name of Cattiness or Caith-
ness. Fantastic stories are told also of early settlers who
took possession of a district in the north formerly infested
by dangerous numbers of wild cats, which the new settlers
destroyed. Another derivation of the name is from cat or
catti, a weapon, and still another from Catav — Gaelic,
cad, high, and tobh, a side, the high land of the Ord of
Caithness. But the most probable appears to be the
theory of tradition which derives the name simply from
Gillecattan Mhor, " the big servant of St. Katan," who
appears as a fairly authentic personage of the time of
Malcolm Canmore, and whose ancestor, according to
tradition, was one of the Gaelic settlers who came ov<
from Ireland to Scotland in those early centuries. Th
elder line, descended from this Gilliecattan Mhor, came
an end in the person of an only daughter named Eva, wh
in 1291 married Angus, the young chief of the Mac
Intoshes. This individual received from his father-in-la\
not only part of the old Clan Chattan lands of Glenlui an
Loch Arkaig, but also, it is said, an investiture as chief c
Clan Chattan itself. There was, however, it appears,
younger male line descended from Gilliecattan Mhor. Th
representative of this younger line in the twelfth century wa
a certain Muirich, priest or parson of the Culdee church s
Kingussie. The priests of this church were not bound t
celibacy. Indeed one of the reasons for the introductio
of the Roman Church at that time was the abuse of t."
406
MAC PHERSON
Facing page 406.
CLAN MACPHERSON 407
office by the Culdee priests, who were accused of alienating
the church land in favour of their own families. The Mac-
phersons are said to be descended from Kenneth, son of
Ewen Baan, second of the five sons of this Muirich, from
whom they take their names of Macmhurich, son of
Muirich, or Macpherson, son of the parson. It is through
this descent that the Macphersons claim to be chiefs of the
old Clan Chattan, declaring that it was not in the power
of a Highland chief to transfer the chiefship through a
daughter to another family.
The Macphersons are said to have acquired their posses-
sions in Badenoch from King Robert the Bruce as a reward
for certain services in expelling the Comyns from that
district, but it is also possible that they had retained
possession of some of the lands of the old Culdee Church
cf which their ancestor Muirich had been parson there.
They emerge into history as a body of considerable strength
in 1370 or 1386. In one or other of these years, the
Camerons, who had retained actual possession of the old
Clan Chattan lands of Glenlui or Loch Arkaig in despite
of the Mackintosh chiefs, had made a raid, four hundred
strong, on the Mackintosh lands in Strath Nairn, and were
returning home through Badenoch, when they were over-
taken by Mackintosh, supported by his relatives, the chiefs
of the Macphersons and the Davidsons.
The fact that Mackintosh was in command has been
claimed by his clansmen to prove that he was recognised by
the Macphersons and Davidsons as Chief of Clan Chattan.
But the fact that the personal quarrel was his might
sufficiently account for his leadership there, and it is
significant that both the Macphersons and the Davidsons
found occasion to assert the seniority of their descent on
the spot. The question arising as to who should have
the place of honour on the right flank, the Macpherson
chief claimed it as chief of the old Clan Chattan, and
the Davidson chief claimed it as head of the senior cadet
branch of that clan. Mackintosh assigned the post to
the Davidsons, and as a result the Macphersons straight-
way withdrew their assistance. In the battle which
followed at Invernahavon, Mackintosh, thus weakened,
suffered defeat. There is a tradition that he then sent
to the Macpherson camp a minstrel who taunted these
clansmen with cowardice, and that, enraged in consequence,
they flew to arms, attacked the Camerons, and completely
routed them.
According to some it was the difference between the
different septs of Clan Chattan at Invernahavon which
408 CLAN MACPHERSON
directly led to the famous fight of the " Threttie against
Threttie " before King Robert III. on the North Inch
of Perth in 1396. Some assert that the clansmen arrayed
against each other in that fight were the Macphersons and
the Davidsons, but it seems more likely that the battle
really was between the Mackintoshes and the Camerons.
That the Macphersons remained of consequence in
Badenoch is shown by entries in the Exchequer Rolls,
which refer to supplies received by James II. from Hugh
Macpherson at Ruthven in that district in 1459. Accord-
ing to family tradition the chief, Ewen Macpherson, was a
staunch supporter of Queen Mary, while his son Andrew
Macpherson and his clan certainly took part in the battle
of Glenlivet in 1594, after defending the Earl of Huntly's
castle of Ruthven successfully against the young Earl
of Argyll, commanding the invading forces of King
James VI.
During the events which led up to the battle of Glen-
livet, and at the battle itself, the chief of the Mackintoshes
was ranged with his clan on the side of the Earl of Moray
and the King, while Macpherson with his men were on
the side of the Earl of Huntly. Andrew Macpherson, the
young chief, was at that time only tenant of Cluny, which
property then belonged to the Earl of Huntly, and on
1 6th May, 1591, Huntly had obtained from him and
nine of the chief men of his clan a bond securing their
support. These circumstances may be taken as illustrative
of the rivalry which appears always to have existed between
the two great branches of Clan Chattan.
In the civil war of Charles I.'s time the Macphersons
played a gallant part on the side of the King. From the
register of the provincial synod of Moray it appears that
Dougal Macpherson acted as Captain of Ruthven Castle,
and that Ewen Macpherson of Cluny had joined with
Alastair Macdonald, the Marquess of Huntly, and the
Great Marquess of Montrose in their daring military
enterprise ; that he had been present at the battles of Tibber-
muir and Aberdeen, in which he had been in command of
all the loyal forces of Badenoch. It was during one of the
headlong attacks of this campaign, when the little Royalist
forces were about to engage a party of the Covenanting
Horse, that an incident occurred which is related effectively
by Sir Walter Scott. A gentlemen of Clan Macpherson
was noticed to be crouching somewhat in the rear, and
Macpherson of Nuid, taking the action to be one of
cowardice, ran up to him and indignantly upbraided him
with setting so bad an example. The clansman, however,
CLAN MACPHERSON 409
answered, " I have only been fastening a spur to the heel
of my brogue, for I mean in a few minutes to be mounted
on one of these horses." And in a few minutes, sure
enough, he had fulfilled his intention.
It was shortly after this that the dispute between the
heads of the Mackintoshes and Macphersons as to the
chiefship of Clan Chattan found its way into a court of
law. It was true that in 1609 Andrew Macpherson in
Cluny had, with several other Macphersons, subscribed
a bond of manrent, undertaking to maintain and defend
the Chief of Mackintosh, " as it was of old according to
the King of Scotland his gift of chieftainrie of the said Clan
Chattan granted thereupon, in the which they are, and is
astricted to serve Mackintosh as their captain and chief."
But such bonds were common instruments of the feudal
centuries for temporary purposes, and did not necessarily
mean the admission of a hereditary right. On the opposite
side, in 1665, when the Mackintosh chief was preparing
an expedition to assert his rights to the lands of Glenlui
and Loch Arkaig against the Camerons, he asked the
help of the Macphersons, and to prevent their action being
construed into an admission that he was their chief, he
executed a notarial deed declaring that they did so merely
of their own good will and pleasure, and added on his
own part, " I bind and oblige myself and friends and
followers to assist, fortify, and join with the said Andrew,
Lachlan, and John Macpherson, all their lawful and
necessary adoes, being thereunto required." The trouble
with the Camerons having, however, been settled, Mack-
intosh proceeded again to assert his chiefship of Clan
Chattan, including the Macphersons. Once already the
dispute between the rival chiefs had been on the point of an
appeal to arms. In 1660 Mackintosh had begun to erect a
mill, which was likely to injure one belonging to Macpher-
son of Cluny lower on the same stream. The fiery cross
was sent through the Macpherson country, and Clan
Vurich rushed to arms, stimulated by a traditional
prophecy that at this time a great battle should be fought
between the rival clans. The Mackintoshes and Macpher-
sons faced each other at the site of the proposed mill.
There Mackintosh, finding himself inferior in numbers,
nt for help, first to the chief of the Grants and after-
ards to the chief of the Farquharsons, but both of these
iefs refused to take arms against their neighbour
acpherson. In the end Mackintosh drew off his men,
the Macphersons demolished the half-built mill, and its
erection was finally abandoned.
410 CLAN MACPHERSON
In 1672, to end the dispute, Duncan Macpherson of
Cluny applied for and obtained from the Lord Lyon the
matriculation of arms as " the laird of Cluny Macpherson
and the only and true representer of the ancient and honour-
able family of Clan Chattan." He proceeded, however,
to carry the assertion of his rights too far. The Lyon
Office had admitted him to be Chief of Clan Chattan.
He now undertook under an order of the Privy Council to
be responsible for the good behaviour of all the holders of
his name; then, to protect himself, issued a requisition to
landowners of his name in Badenoch to give him letters of
relief undertaking to answer to him for the good behaviour
of themselves and their own people. These gentlemen, not
being his feudal vassals, naturally resented the assumption
of feudal authority, and appealed against it to the Privy
Council, and that body thereupon released him from his
bond of cautionary and required him only to become
responsible for his own tenants and servants and the
persons of his name descended from his family, while the
Laird of Mackintosh was required to become responsible,
among others, for such of the name of Macpherson as
might be his feudal vassals. Further, at the instance of
the Laird of Mackintosh, the Lord Lyon withdrew Cluny's
previous matriculation of arms, and granted him a coat
as a cadet of the Mackintoshes. The right to use sup-
porters, the heraldic sign of chiefship, was also denied him,
and it was not till 1873 that this right was conceded by the
Lyon Office, the person to whom it was conceded being the
late Ewen Macpherson of Cluny, who succeeded in 1817
and died in 1885.
Meanwhile the Macpherson chiefs paid little attention
to the ruling of the Lord Lyon. In 1673 Cluny signed a
contract of friendship with Macdonald of Glengarry " for
himself and taken burden upon him for the haell name
of Macpherson and some others called Old Clanchatten
as cheefe and principall man thereof." It is true that
in 1724, on consideration of receiving from the Mackintosh
chief certain lands about Loch Laggan, the chief of the
Macphersons signed an agreement renouncing in favour of
Mackintosh all claim to be chief of Clan Chattan ; but
this deed is open to the suggestion that it refers only to
the more modern Clan Chattan confederacy, which origin-
ated with the heiress Eva and Angus Mackintosh in 1291.
There can be little doubt that if the descent from Muirich,
parson of Kingussie, is authentic, Macpherson of Cluny
is the actual heir-male of the older Clan Chattan chiefs,
and since the battle of Invernahavon the existence of
CLAN MACPHERSON 411
a chiefship of the Macphersons can never really have
been in doubt.
It was the chief, Duncan Macpherson, who had the
transactions with the Lord Lyon, who in 1680 at last
procured from the Marquess of Huntly the permanent
ownership of Cluny, which had been possessed by his
ancestors only as removable tenants. At the revolution
in 1689, when Viscount Dundee opened his campaign in
Scotland for King James, Cluny Macpherson was com-
missioned by the Estates to call together all the friends,
kinsmen, vassals, and tenants under his command or
influence, and reduce them into troops, companies, or a
regiment, with power to name his inferior officers. Upon
his death without male descendants in 1722 the repre-
sentation passed to Lachlan Macpherson of Nuid, and it
was he who signed the deed of 1724 above mentioned.
In 1704 he married Jean, daughter of the famous Sir
Ewen Cameron of Lochiel, and from this pair the later
Cluny Macphersons have descended.
Lachlan Macpherson of Cluny lived till 1746, but it
was his eldest son Ewen who figured so conspicuously
as the Cluny Macpherson of the Jacobite rebellion of 1745.
Only a short time previously had occurred the tragic
incident of the Black Watch, which is one of the most
pathetic in Scottish military history. The regiment, which
had been enrolled to keep order in the Highlands, was
marched to London, and a rumour spread that, contrary
to its terms of enlistment, it was to be sent abroad.
Suddenly and secretly the whole body set off for the
north, but they were intercepted in Northamptonshire
and marched back to the Tower. After trial many of them
were banished to the Colonies, and three were shot, of
whom two were Macphersons. This event had produced a
strong feeling among the clansmen against the Government
of King George. Before the landing of Prince Charles
Edward, Cluny Macpherson had been granted a com-
mission in Lord Loudon's regiment, but at the outbreak of
the rebellion in 1745 he was captured by the Jacobites, and,
shortly after the battle of Prestonpans, threw in his lot
on the side of the Stewarts. With a hundred and twenty
Macphersons he took part in the march to Derby, and at
Clifton, during the retreat, it was he and his men who
bore the chief brunt of the Hanoverian attack. During
the winter Macpherson and his clan were allowed by the
Prince to remain at home, and they were only on their
way to rejoin the Prince's army when at Dalmagerry, near
Moy, they were met by news of the defeat at Culloden.
412 CLAN MACPHERSON
Had Cluny with his six hundred men reached the field in
time it may well be believed they might have changed
the fortunes of that day. As it was, the issue meant ruin
for the chief. In the months which ensued his seat at
Cluny was burned and his estate was forfeited. For some
months he lived with his cousin, the younger Lochiel,
in the famous hiding-place known as the cage on Ben
Alder, where for a time he afforded shelter to the hunted
Prince himself; and when Charles finally left for France
he confided his military chest to the chief, and gave him
a letter acknowledging his services and promising reward.
For nine years Macpherson lived in caves and other hiding-
places among his own people, whose affection for him
may be judged by the fact that none was ever tempted
by the Government reward to betray him. During these
years, in 1750, his wife, a daughter of the notorious Simon,
Lord Lovat, gave birth to his son and heir in a kiln for
drying corn. When at last Macpherson escaped to France
in 1755 he carried with him the Prince's military chest
containing a considerable sum of money, which he had
preserved intact, and his name remains among the most
highly honoured of those who took part in the unfortunate
Jacobite cause.
Duncan Macpherson, the chief born in the corn kiln,
became Colonel of the 3rd Regiment of Foot Guards,
and the forfeited estates were restored to him in 1784.
He married Catherine, daughter of Sir Ewen Cameron
of Fassifern, another famous Jacobite, and died in 1817.
His son Ewen was made a Companion of the Bath in 1881.
He died in 1885, having been chief of the Macphersons for
sixty-eight years, and the representation of the family has
since been held in succession by his three sons, Duncan,
Ewen, and Albert, the last of whom is the present chief.
Cluny Castle, Macpherson 's seat, is a handsome modern
building a few miles south-west of Kingussie. Its chief
treasures are several highly interesting relics of the clan
and of Prince Charles Edward Stewart. Among these
last is the Prince's target, lined with leopard skin and
richly and beautifully mounted with silver trophies and
ornaments. There are also the Prince's gold-inlaid pistols,
and silver-mounted sealskin sporran, as well as his lace
ruffles given to Cameron of Fassifern, the farewell auto-
graph letter already mentioned, and a plate from which
it tfas intended to print notes for the use of the Jacobite
army. Another relic is the Bratach-uaine, or green
banner of the clan, regarding which an old woman is said
to have told the Duke of Cumberland that if he awaited
CLAN MACPHERSON 418
its arrival he would certainly meet defeat. The Crios
Breac, again, is a leathern belt of red morocco with silver
studs representing the Agnus Dei and head of St. John
alternately, and believed to have been brought from the
Holy Land by one of the early chiefs. But perhaps the
chief treasure of the house is the Feadun Dhu or Black
Chanter of Clan Chattan, which is said to have fallen
from heaven to supply the loss of the chanter used by the
piper who played in the famous battle of the " Threttie
against Threttie " on the North Inch in 1396, and on the
preservation of which the prosperity of the house of Cluny
is believed by every true clansman to depend.
Of other famous members of the Clan, two have been
noted for their connection with Indian affairs. Sir John
Macpherson, Bart., began life as a writer in the service
of the East India Company at Madras in 1770, was dis-
missed for his conduct on a secret mission to this country
for the Nabob of the Carnatic, but was reinstated in 1781.
He was twice a member of the British Parliament, became
a member of the Supreme Council of Calcutta in 1782,
and was Governor General of India from 1785 to 1786,
when he was created a baronet.
Sir Herbert Taylor Macpherson, as a Major-General
of the Bengal Staff Corps, served under Havelock at Luck-
now, where he gained the V.C. in 1857. He commanded
a division in the Afghan War of 1878, was made K.C.B.
in 1879, was present at Tel-el-Kebir in 1882, and was
Commander-in-Chief at Madras in 1886, when he was
sent to organise the pacification of Burma.
A more interesting character than either, however,
was Sir ^Eneas Macpherson, the historian of the clan.
Born in 1644, he became successively a writer and advocate,
and was Sheriff Depute of Aberdeen in 1684-5. As a
Jacobite, after the revolution he suffered imprisonment
at home, and afterwards attached himself to the court
in exile at St. Germains, where he appears to have been
active as a confidential agent. Besides his history of the
clan he was the author of various interesting pamphlets
and other papers, which were printed by the Scottish
History Society in 1902.
Most famous perhaps of all was James Macpherson,
the young tutor to Ross of Balnagown, who began by
collecting fragments of Gaelic poetry in the Highlands,
and published between 1760 and 1764 the famous transla-
tions of Ossian, which have given rise to the greatest literary
controversy the world has ever seen, and which, whatever
their authenticity, played a vital part in the origin of the
414 CLAN MACPHERSON
great Romantic movement in literature which followed
their time. As a historian, a pamphleteer, and a civil
servant Macpherson acquired a handsome fortune, and,
returning to Scotland, purchased an estate of the old
clan lands on the Spey below Kingussie, where he built
a fine mansion named Belleville or Balavil. One of his
daughters married the famous Sir David Brewster, Prin-
cipal of Edinburgh University, and their grandson, Mr.
Charles Julien Brewster-Macpherson, is the owner of
Balavil at the present day.
SEPTS OF CLAN MACPHERSON
Cattanach Clark
Clarke Clarkson
Clerk Currie
Fersen Gillespie
Gillies Gow
Keith Lees
MacChlerich MacChlery
MacCurrach MacGowan
MacKeith Maclerie
MacLeish MacLise
MacMurdo MacMurdoch
MacMurrich MacVurrich
Murdoch Murdoson
MAC QUARIE
Facing page 414.
CLAN MACQUARIE
BADGE : Giuthas (pinus sylvestris) pine.
SLOGAN : An t-Arm breac dearg.
PIBROCH : An t-Arm breac dearg.
IN Scottish school-books there used to be, and perhaps
there is yet, no more popular poem than " Lord Ullin's
Daughter." One would seek far for a Scotsman who
does not know the lines :
A chieftain to the Highlands bound
Cries, " Boatman, do not tarry,
And I'll give thee a silver pound
To row us o'er the ferry."
" Now who be ye, would cross Lochgyle,
This dark and stormy water? "
" O I'm the chief of Ulva's isle,
And this Lord Ullin's daughter."
Thomas Campbell got the inspiration for the poem
when resident as a tutor near Crinan on the west coast of
Knapdale, where every day before his eyes raged the
stormy waters of the Sound of Jura, and he could almost
hear the roar of the famous whirlpool of Corrievreckan.
Whether he had in his mind any actual tradition of these
legend-haunted shores is not known, but, so far as the
present writer is aware, there is no incident to correspond
with the poem in the actual history of the MacQuaries,
who were " Chiefs of Ulva's Isle."
The island of Ulva itself, with its wonderful columnar
terraces, lies on the west coast of Mull, in the great bay
which has for its inner continuation the beautiful Loch
na Keal, immortalised as Lochgyle in Campbell's poem.
From time immemorial this island was the home of the
MacQuarie chiefs. Like the MacGregors of the central
Highlands, whose exploits and sufferings are so much
better known, those chiefs could make the proud boast,
' Is Rioghal mo dhream," " my race is royal," for both
traced their descent from Gregor, son of Alpin, king of
Scots, who was beheaded by the Picts, in sight of his
own army, on Dundee Law in the year 837. The second
415
416 CLAN MACQUARIE
son of Gregor was named Cor or Gor-bred, Latinised as
Godfredus or Godfrey, and transmitted by the Culdee
chroniclers as MacGotherie, MacGofra, and MacGorrie.
The proper Gaelic spelling is said to be MacGuarai, and
from this are derived the common modern forms of
MacQuarie in Scotland and MacGuaran or MacGuire in
Ireland.
In the chapel of St. Oran on lona is still to be seen
the effigy of one of the ancient MacQuarie chiefs. It is
of unknown date, but is executed in superior style, and
the mere fact of its existence among the tombs of kings
and chiefs in that most sacred shrine declares that at one
period the MacQuaries were among the notables of first
importance in the Western Isles.
The great man of the race in early times appears to
have been Cormac Mor, who was Chief in the reign of
Alexander II. When that king was making his great
endeavour, in the middle of the thirteenth century, to over-
throw the Norwegian power in the Western Highlands
and Isles, he was joined by Cormac with a force of three
birlinns or galleys of sixteen oars each. This loyalty to
the Scottish king brought disaster upon the MacQuarie
chief. On Alexander's death at Dalrigh in the island of
Kerrera in 1249, his great expedition to " plant his
standard on the walls of Thurso '-' was abandoned, and
those among the islesmen who had taken his side were
left to the vengeance of their neighbours who supported
Norway. MacQuarie was attacked, defeated, and slain,
and his island domain subjected to all the horrors of
western savagery of that time. From the general slaughter
and ruin the chief's two sons, Alan and Gregor, found
refuge in Ireland. The latter settled in that country, and
the name of his descendants there is said alternatively to
be derived from the personal characteristic from which he
was surnamed, of " garbh," or the rough. This Irish
branch afterwards, under the Earls of Enniskillin, became
exceedingly powerful in the sister isle.
Meantime in Scotland itself the tables had been turned
by the defeat of the Norwegian King Hakon at the battle
of Largs in 1263, and the MacQuarie chief was enabled
to come to his own again. In the wars of Bruce for the
independence of Scotland, Eachuin, or Hector, who was
chief at that time, consistently with the tradition of his
family, took the patriotic side, and led his clan at the
battle of Bannockburn. The same thing cannot be said,
however, of the later chiefs of the sixteenth century.
Another Eachuin, who was chief in the days of James
CLAN MACQUARIE 417
IV., was among the turbulent islesmen whom that king
was forced to take strong measures to bring to obedience,
and made more than one personal expedition to the
Hebrides to subdue. The judicial records of 1504 con-
tain repeated summonses to " MacCorry of Ullowaa " to
appear before Parliament to answer a charge of rebellion.
MacQuarry, in his distant island fastness, laughed at
these summonses, and no serious effort to arrest him seems
ever to have been made by Government. In 1517, four
years after the battle of Flodden and the death of James,
when the country was occupied by the bickerings of the
Douglases and other families who sought power by
obtaining possession of the person of the Queen-Mother
and the boy-king James V., Lachlan MacLean of Duart
took occasion to secure a remission for his misdeeds, and
at the same time stipulated for a similar favour to the
" Chief of Ulva's Isle."
This chief married a daughter of MacNiel of Tainish,
and the bride's dowry, which remains on record, reflects a
curious light on the tastes and social curcumstances of the
time. It consisted of a piebald horse, with two men and two
women. The latter appear to have kept somewhat to them-
selves amid their new surroundings on Ulva, and their
descendants were long recognised there as a separate race.
In 1545, during the childhood of Queen Mary, when
Henry VIII. was making a strong effort to harass and
overthrow the Scottish Government, Donald MacQuarie,
son of the last-named Chief, was one of thirteen heads of
clans denounced for entering into traitorous correspond-
ence with the English king. Henry's schemes, however,
came to nothing, and in the disturbed state of Scotland
at that time nothing appears to have been done to punish
the island chief.
It was probably during that troubled century that the
incident occurred which is still commemorated in the name
of a wild headland on the south coast of Mull. One of
the Maclaine chiefs of Lochbuie, the tradition runs, had
seized a certain Gorry or MacGorrie, and inflicted upon
him an unusually severe punishment by flogging. When
the punishment was over, and MacGorrie was restored to
liberty, he took a fearful vengeance. Seizing Lochbuie's
infant son and heir he rushed to the top of the precipice,
where he threatened to throw the child over unless Loch-
buie consented to undergo the same chastisement as he
had suffered. In the midst of all his clansmen the agonised
parent was forced to bare his back and submit to the
torture, his exulting enemy, when the blows slackened,
418 CLAN MACQUARIE
constantly shouting out " More! More! " When at last
Maclaine sank fainting under the stripes, and MacGorry's
vengeance seemed complete, he turned, and, the boy in
his arms, with a yell leapt over the precipice to destruction.
From this incident the headland is still known as Gorrie's
Leap.
To the same period belongs the story of the famous
pirate of the Island seas, Alan a Sop. Alan was the
natural son of Maclean of Duart by a beautiful girl of his
clan. She afterwards married Maclean of Torloisk on
the western coast of Mull. Torloisk treated his stepson
badly, and on one occasion thrust into his hands a
burning cake which his mother was baking for him, so
that he fled from the house. Years afterwards, having
become the chief of a pirate flotilla, and hearing his mother
was dead, he returned to avenge himself on his cruel
stepfather. The crafty Torloisk, however, received him
well, and, gaining his goodwill, suggested that he should
attack and slay Macquarie of Ulva, and seize that island.
By this means he hoped to get rid of Macquarie, against
whom he had a grudge. The Chief of Ulva, however,
also received Alan hospitably, and when the latter, on
leaving, said the hospitality had cost him dear, and con-
fessed what his errand had been, Macquarie turned the
tables on his enemy, Torloisk, by reminding Alan of the
incident of the burning cake, and suggesting this as a
proper object of vengeance. Thereupon the pirate re-
turned to Mull, brained Torloisk with a battle-axe as he
came down the beach to hear of Macquarie's death, and
took possession of his estate.
In the seventeenth century Donald's son, Alan, took
part on the side of Charles II. in the attempt of that
young monarch to recover for himself his father's throne
in Scotland. After the defeat of the Covenanting army
by Cromwell at Dunbar, Charles had been crowned by
Argyll at Scone, and assuming personal command of the
Scottish army, had held Cromwell at bay before Stirling
for a month. The Protector then tried the plan of turning
the Scottish flank by sending a force under Colonel
Overton into Fife. To defeat this attempt Charles sent
forward a contingent under two officers, Holborn and
Brown, and a battle took place on the north shore of the
Forth at Inverkeithing. In that encounter Holborn
showed himself a knave and perhaps a traitor, and though
Brown fought bravely, he was defeated and his force was
cut to pieces. Among those who fell was Alan MacQuarie,
with most of his followers from far-off Ulva.
CLAN MACQUARIE 419
From that time the fortunes of the MacQuarie Chiefs
seem to have taken a downward turn. The last of the
line to inherit Ulva was Lachlan, the sixteenth chief. In
1778, finding his financial embarrassments overpowering,
he sold his estates to pay his debts, and though sixty-
three years of age, entered the army. He died in 1818
at the great age of 103.
The greatest of the race, however, was still to play
his part in history. Major-General Lachlan MacQuarie
was either the eldest son or the nearest cadet of the six-
teenth Chief. Entering the army in 1777 he saw active
service in India as the sieges of Cannanore and Seringa-
patam, and from 1809 till 1821 was Governor of New
South Wales. There he became famous by encouraging
exploration, by ameliorating the condition of the convicts,
by the erection of public buildings and works, and by
laying out the town of Sydney. In his honour the rivers
Lachlan and Macquarie received their names, as well as
an island south of Tasmania discovered in 1811. His
policy regarding the convicts, however, was severely
criticised in the House of Commons, and he was recalled
in 1821. Then he bought back Ulva, and when he died
in London in 1824 his body was carried north and buried
with his ancestors. He married, first, Miss Baillie
of Jerviswood, and secondly, a daughter of John Camp-
bell of Airds, and he was succeeded by Lachlan, his son
by the latter. Lachlan, however, died without issue, and
the estate of Ulva passed to another name.
SEPTS OP CLAN MACQUARIE
MacCorrie MacGauran
MacGorrie MacGuire
Macquaire Macquhirr
Macquire MacWhirr
Wharrie
BADGE : Garbhag an t-sleibhe (L,ycopodium selago) club moss.
SLOGAN : Sgtir Urain.
PIBROCH : Spaidsearachd mhic Rha.
As with so many others of the Scottish clans, traditions
differ as to the actual origin of the Clan MacRae. The
name MacRath, pronounced MacRa, or corruptly Mac-^
Raef the^son of good fortune," is said to have been the
exclamation of a FaTrrer regarding his son, who had
performed some fortunate exploit. According to some,
the clan was indigenous in the district of Kintail in Ross-
shire, where the race is numerous to the present day.
According to others, the ancestor of the MacRaes came
over from Ireland in the thirteenth century with Colin
Fitzgerald, son of the Earl of Desmond, to whom the
same tradition attributes the origin of Clan MacKenzie.
MacRae, they say, fought under Fitzgerald at the battle
of Largs in 1263, and while Fitzgerald was appointed
Constable of Eilandonan Castle on Loch Duich, MacRae
settled in the Aird of Lovat, from which his descendants
afterwards migrated to Glenshiel in Kintail. This
tradition hardly agrees with another, equally popular.
According to the latter, Mary, daughter of the last chief
of the Bissets, was fostered in the family of MacRae of
Cluns. Marrying the ancestor of the Frasers, she carried
the estates of Lovat into her husband's family, and in
token of the respect which she and her husband enter-
tained for her foster-parents, a stone, it is said, was set
up at the door of Lovat's castle declaring that no MacRae
should lodge without while a Fraser resided within. As
the Bissets were forfeited in the reign of Alexander II.,
this story, if true, would show that MacRaes were sub-
stantial people in the north a considerable time before
the reputed Colin Fitzgerald and his henchman fought
at the battle of Largs.
Whatever the actual origin of the Clan and name
MacRae, however, it seems clear that, from their earliest
appearance in history, a close and most friendly relation-
ship existed between the MacRaes and the Chiefs of the
420
MAC RAE
Facing page 420.
CLAN MACRAE 421
MacKenzie clan. When the ancestor of the Earls of
Ross was still only Colin og, son of Colin of the Aird,
the MacRaes were probably his faithful adherents, and
when Black Murdoch, son of Kenneth of Kintail, from
whom all the MacKenzie chiefs were descended, received
his charter from David II. in 1362, the MacRaes were no
doubt part of his following. When the MacKenzie chief
was arrested by James I., on his visit to Inverness in
1427, he is said to have been able to raise a force of 2,000
men. Of this host a considerable number must have been
MacRaes, for it is said that, while MacKenzie owned
Kintail, there were very few of his own name in the
district, the majority being MacRaes. The latter were,
in fact, known as MacKenzie's Lein chrios, " mail shirt,"
or bodyguard. Their privileged and honoured place,
nearest the Chief, continued even after his death, for at
his funeral they took the first " lift " of his coffin as it
left the castle on the way to burial. This last right was
exercised even so late as the year 1862, when, after the
death of the Hon. Mrs. Stewart-Mac Kenzie, daughter and
representative of Lord Seaforth, her coffin was borne out
of Brahan Castle by a contingent of MacRaes.
As evidence of the high trust and esteem in which they,
were held by the Chiefs of Kintail, the MacRaes were
again and again appointed Constables of MacKenzie's
stronghold of Eilandonan. The office was not hereditary
or continuous, for MacKenzie appears to have been
anxious to retain personal control of the castle. A list
of the successive constables, which has been given as
follows, will best show the position.
Malcolm Maclan Charrich MacRae, circa 1509.
Christopher MacRae, circa 1511.
>John dubh Matheson of Fernaig, killed 1539.
i^ Duncan MacRae, " Donnachadh MacGillechriosd,"
temporary Constable 1539.
John Murchison, " Ian MacMhurchaidh Dhuibh,"
Priest of Kintail, 1539.
v Christopher MacRae, 1580.
^Murdoch Murchison, Vicar of Kintail, 1614.
to ftFarquhar MacRae, 1618-1651, Vicar of Kintail, son
of Christopher MacRae, and born at Eilandonan
in 1580, when his father was Constable.
As followers of the MacKenzie Chiefs the MacRaes
performed many famous feats of war. Some of the most
notable of these were achieved during the struggle with
VOL. II. L
422 CLAN MACRAE
the MacDonalds, which followed the resignation of the
Earldom of Ross by the last Lord of the Isles in 1476.
A sequel to that event was the feud between MacKenzie
and Alexander MacDonald of Loch Alsh, nephew of the
island lord. In an endeavour to recover the earldom and
the lands transferred to MacKenzie by the King,
MacDonald had invaded the country, burning and slay-
ing. He was met and overthrown on the banks of the
Conon by the son of the MacKenzie chief at the battle
of Blar na Pairc. In this battle one of the MacRaes,
Duncan More, a man of immense strength, is said to have
played a very conspicuous part, and contributed largely
to the defeat of the MacDonalds. It was said of this
warrior that, though engaged in many conflicts, and
invariably victorious, he never escaped without a wound.
Another MacRae warrior, known as Surachan, after
slaying a notable personage in the MacDonald ranks, was
seen by MacKenzie to seat himself calmly on the body
of his fallen foe. On MacKenzie asking why he had
ceased fighting while so much depended on his efforts,
Surachan replied, " I have done my day's work. If
every man does as much the day is ours!" "Kill
more," exclaimed MacKenzie, " and I shall not count |
your work by the day ! " Thereupon Surachan leaped to
his feet, and dealt out a terrible slaughter upon the enemy.
In consequence the battle was commemorated in the
famous tune, " Spaidsearachd mhic Rha'," which to the
present day, as its name imports, is the march of the clan.
A few years later, in 1509, when Hector Roy
MacKenzie was trying to wrest the chiefship from his
nephew, John of Killin, whom he accused of illegitimacy,
Eilandonan was held for Hector by its Constable, Malcolm
Maclan Charrich MacRae. The besiegers brought
MacRae's cattle d»wn to the shore and slaughtered them
in his sight for food, but MacRae still refused to sur-
render, and held out till Hector made an arrangement
with his nephew.
Another episode of the feud with the MacDonalds
which followed the transference of ancient MacDonald
lands to the MacKenzies, took place in 1539. On this
occasion Donald Gorm MacDonald of Sleat, learning that
Eilandonan was slenderly garrisoned, laid siege to the
island stronghold with fifty birlinns or galleys. John
Dubh Matheson of Fernaig, the Constable of the Castle7
had been killed, and only two men were left, Duncan.
MacGilchrist MacRae and the watchman. The defenders
were nearly exhausted, and MacRae was reduced to his
CLAN MACRAE 428
last arrow, when he saw Donald Gorm going round the
walls to decide on the best place to make his final assault.
Drawing his bow, MacRae sent out his last arrow. It
struck MacDonald in the foot. In the pulling of it out
an artery was severed, and the bleeding could not be
stopped. The wounded man was carried some distance
away, to a reef still known as " Larach tigh Mhic
Dhomhnuill," and there died. His followers afterwards
burned the castle and its boats, but this could not make
up for the loss of their leader.
x Still another famous exploit was that performed by
DuncajL-MacRae, grandson of Duncan MacGilchrist. In
the chief's "absence in Mull, MacDonald of Glengarry had
raided MacKenzie's lands of Strath Carron, and was
\returning home with his galleys heavily loaded with
lunder. Only a few men were left at Eilandonan, but
ady Kintail sent them out under the intrepid Duncan
acRae. It was a night in November, and the sea was
aim, while there were occasional showers of snow, as
acRae waited under the shadow of the headland at Kyle-
rhea. At last, on the rising tide a boat shot through the
narrows. Recognising it as MacDonald's scout, MacRae
let it pass. A great galley next appeared, and, firing a
cannon he had brought with him, MacRae dashed against
it. Many of its oars were broken, and in a damaged state
it ran upon the Cailleach Rock, where its entire crew of
sixty, with MacDonald himself, were slain or drowned.
In the Civil War of Charles I., when Montrose raised
the Royalist standard in the north, the MacRaes took the
field under Seaforth, the MacKenzie chief, and many of
them fell in the campaign. By way of counterpoise to
these losses they are said to have added to their numbers
in a somewhat curious way. While the MacRaes were
nown as Seaforth's " shirt of mail," the MacLennans,
heir neighbours in Kintail, were his standard-bearers,
[n this capacity, at the battle of Auldearn, a large num-
ber of the MacLennans were cut to pieces. As a result
here were many MacLennan widows left in Kintail. No
ewer than eighteen of these widows were married by
VlacRaes.
The MacRaes, again, were out with Seaforth in the
larl of Mar's rebellion in 1715. For that campaign
Seaforth raised two regiments. Of these, two companies
vere raised in Kintail and one in Loch Alsh, and accord-
ng to tradition were mostly comprised of MacRaes. It
3 said that, on the night before they marched away, they
anced to the music of the pipes on the leaden roof of
424 CLAN MACRAE
Eilandonan. Alas ! in the battle of Sheriffmuir, on I3th'
November, at which the Jacobite cause collapsed for the
time, many of them were slain. Among those who fell,
along with two of his brothers, was a certain Duncan
MacRae, who was notable both as a poet of no little merit
and as a man of extraordinary physical strength. His
claymore, known as " the great Highlander's sword," was
long preserved in the Tower of London, and on the farm
of Auchnangart, in the MacRae country, is still to be
seen a stone of immense size, which he is said to have
carried a considerable distance and deposited where it
now lies.
In the subsequent Jacobite attempt of 1719, when
Cardinal Alberoni sent a fleet of thirty ships with 6,000
troops and 12,000 stand of arms to Scotland, under the
Duke of Ormond, and only two vessels with three
hundred Spaniards reached these shores, the MacRaes
were again concerned. But the affair collapsed after the
skirmish at Strachells, known as the battle of Glenshiel,
in which Seaforth was wounded, and on loth May, three
British men-of-war, the Worcester, Enterprise, and
Flamborough, under Captain Boyle, sailed up Loch Alsh,
stormed Eilandonan, and, after the surrender of the
Spanish garrison, blew up the stronghold.
To the same period belongs the story of one of the
most famous members of the clan. James MacRae is
said to have been the son of a humble washerwoman in
the town of Ayr. Against his mother's entreaties and
advice he ran away to sea, and nothing was heard of him
for forty years. Then he returned, a nabob of immense
wealth, after having been Governor of Madras. Ascer-
taining that his mother had been cared for in her last
days by a niece, he sought out the latter, and finding that
the niece and her husband, one MacGuire, a country
fiddler, had four attractive daughters, he undertook the
education of these girls. When they became of marriage-
able age he saw them all well married and dowered them
well. Lizzie MacGuire, the eldest, was married to the
Earl of Glencairn, and received from MacRae as a
marriage portion the estate of Ochiltree. To the second
he gave the estate of Alva, and her husband, an eminent
lawyer, became Lord Alva. A third, who married the
son of Dalrymple, the minister of Ayr, received the estate
of Orangefield, and the fourth married a natural son of
his own, to whom he gave the lands of Houston in Ren-
frewshire. It is worth remembering that it was Lizzie
MacGuire's son, the Earl of Glencairn, who gave Robert
CLAN MACRAE 425
Burns his chief lift when he went to Edinburgh to find
•p&_tflilunep~the-peet having "been recortTTiiended^Io his
notice by his cousin, Dalrymple of Orangefield. So
much had this member of the clan MacRae to do with
the raising to name and fame of the great national bard.
Governor MacRae also in 1734 presented to Glasgow its
first statue, the equestrian monument to King William III.,
which still dominates the Trongate at Glasgow Cross.
A monument was afterwards erected to the memory of
MacRae himself in the parish of Prestwick, near Ayr.
From an early date the MacRaes have been noted not
only for exploits of arms, which brought them the title
of the "wild MacRaes," but also for excellence in the
gentler art of letters. From the early part of the fifteenth
century some member of the race appears always to have
held the office of Vicar of Kintail. John MacRae, the
first vicar, is said to have studied with the monks of
Beauly, and was much respected for his learning. The
Rev. Farquhar MacRae, born in 1580, and last of the
^onstaHTe§~ol Eilandonan, was both an energetic church-
man and a great Latin scholar. On his first visit to the
island of Lewis he is said to have baptised all the inhabit-
ants under forty years of age, no clergyman having
resided on the island during that period. His .second
son, John MacRae, who became minister of Dingwall in
1640 and dlecPln 1704, was author of a genealogical
account of the clan, formerly in possession of Lieutenant-
Colonel Sir John MacRae of Ardintoul, and now in the
hands of Sir Colin MacRae, W.S., representative of the
Inverinate family. Another of the clan, John MacRae,
better known as MacUirtsi, was last of a race of bards
who handed on a poetic tradition for several generations.
A poem which he composed on a heavy loss of cattle
which he suffered, is considered one of the classics of the
Gaelic language. Disgusted with the modern decadence
of Highland customs and the introduction of new-fangled
" improvements," he emigratedtoA.merica. and his lament
for the necessity ofdoing~so is also~a notable composition.
In our own time the late Rev. David MacRae was
no less remarkable for his fighting qualities as an exponent
of advanced opinions in theology, and for his upholding
of the rights and honours of Scotland, than for his contri-
butions to English literature. His Americans at Home and
America Revisited furnish perhaps the best accounts of
the manners and conditions of the great Republic of the
West after the civil war between North and South.
A few years ago the actual position of the clan with
426 CLAN MACRAE
respect to its chiefship formed the subject of an interest-
ing case in the Court of the Lord Lyon. Sir Colin
MacRae, W.S., as representative of the family of
MacRae of Inverinate, made application in that court for
a grant of arms with supporters as the chief of the clan.
His application was opposed by Major, now Lieutenant-
Colonel, John MacRae-Gilstrap, whose elder brother, Mr.
Stuart MacRae, is representative of the family of MacRae
of Conchra. The contention of the objector was that the
MacRaes had never acknowledged any other chief than
Seaforth, and the upshot of the case was that the Lord
Lyon refused the petition.
The MacRaes of Conchra and the MacRaes of Inveri-
nate both claim descent from the ancient Constables of
Eilandonan. Recently Colonel MacRae-Gilstrap has
acquired the island and castle of Eilandonan, and
proposes to restore the ancient stronghold.
SEPTS OF CLAN MACRAE
Macara MacCraw
Macra Macrach
MacRaith MacRath
Rae
Facing page 426.
CLAN MATHESON
BADGE : Bealaidh (Sarothamnus scorparius) broom.
SLOGAN : Dail acha 'n da thear nai'.
CARE is taken by the historians of this clan to draw a
distinction between its patronymic and that of the Low-
land families whose original name was " Mathew's son."
The Highland name, they point out, is Mac Mhathain,
" the son of heroes," and the chiefs of the clan claimed to
have been settled on the shores of Lochalsh in the west of
Ross-shire as long ago as the time of Kenneth MacAlpin
in the middle of the ninth century. According to tradition
they were among the followers of that king in his wars
with the Picts, whom he finally overthrew at the great
battle of Cambuskenneth near Stirling in 838. They
claimed to be of the same blood as the MacKenzies, whom
they aver to have been the junior line. A certain
Coinneach, or Kenneth, who was chief in the twelfth
century, they say left two sons. From the elder of these
Cailean or Colin, the Mathesons were descended, and from
the younger, Coinneach or Kenneth, the MacKenzies took
their origin. In the beginning of the fifteenth century
the Matheson chief was strong enough to defy the Earl
of Sutherland, and upon the latter descending upon
Lochalsh, intent upon punishing so presumptuous a
person, he was actually defeated and slain by the
Mathesons. The scene of the encounter is still pointed
out at a spot known from the event as Cnoc an Cattich.
Alastair MacRuari, who achieved this feat of arms,
was among the turbulent chiefs of clans who supported
the Lord of the Isles in his claim to the earldom of Ross
and his struggle against the power of the Scottish kings.
In the struggles of those times he is said to have been able
to bring as many as 2,000 men into the field. Every
student of Scottish history knows how those troublers of
the peace were dealt with by James I. upon his return
from his long captivity in England. Summoning them to
a " Parliament " at Inverness, he promptly arrested the
most dangerous of them, executed some on the spot, and
427
428 CLAN MATHESON
carried others to Edinburgh, where a number more were
tried and condemned to the same fate. Alastair MacRuari
was among the latter, and was executed in 1427.
Alastair left a widow with two sons, and his widow
presently married again, her second husband being a son
of Macleod of the Lews. This individual took advantage
of the youth of his stepsons to endeavour to establish
himself in possession of their property, and at last, finding
themselves probably in actual danger, the lads fled from
Lochalsh. While the younger went to Caithness, John,
the elder of the two, betook himself to his mother's father,
the chief of the Mackintoshes. He did not, however, give
up the hope of recovering his patrimony, and by and by,
having arrived at years of manhood, he obtained from his
grandfather a force of men for his purpose, and set out
to surprise the usurper. It was night when the party
arrived at Lochalsh, and having observed the utmost
precautions of secrecy, young Matheson succeeded in his
purpose. Making a sudden assault, he set the castle on
fire, and as the garrison was forced to come out they were
slain or captured by the Mackintoshes. Anxious to save
his mother's life, Matheson took up a position at the gate,
and when she appeared, she was, by his orders, safely
passed through the lines of the Mackintoshes. In the
midst of the tumult, however, and flashings of the torches,
it was not perceived that she was walking in an unusual
way. She was wearing an arisaid, or wide plaited garment
with heavy folds doubled around the hips. Under this
she had managed to conceal her husband, and in a few
moments the latter was beyond the light of the torches and
able to escape in the darkness.
The Matheson chief then took possession of his patri-
mony, but he was not allowed to enjoy it long in peace.
MacLeod, hastening to the Lews, raised a considerable
force, with which he returned and deliberately invaded
the Matheson country. In the encounter which took place
he was finally forced to retreat, and as he fell back upon
his birlinns or galleys, his force suffered severely from the
flights of arrows poured into it by a company of Matheson
bowmen under a certain Ian Ciar MacMurghai Mhic-
Thomais. From this incident the battle is remembered
as Blar-na-saigheadear. But MacLeod was not yet
completely discouraged. Once more he gathered his
men on the Lews, and once more came back. But in this
second attempt he was defeated and slain, and the Mac-
Leods troubled the Mathesons no more.
Meanwhile the MacKenzies had gradually risen to be a
CLAN MATHESON 429
clan of great power in the region, and in their island fast-
ness of Eilandonan, at the mouth of Loch Duich, they
were able to resist the attacks of all their enemies. The
Macraes and the Mathesons in turn deemed it an honour
to be appointed constable of Eilandonan, and a later
Matheson chief, John, greatly distinguished himself in
discharge of this duty. It was at the time of the great
feud between the Macdonalds and the MacKenzies.
Again and again the savage Donald Gorm of Sleat, on
the coast of Skye, opposite, raided the MacKenzie country,
but in these attacks Eilandonan was successfully defended
by the Matheson chief. At last, however, as he stood by
a window watching the progress of the defence, Matheson
was struck down and slain by a Macdonald arrow. This
was in 1537.
By that time theMathesons had greatly diminished in
influence, and John Matheson 's son Dougal possessed no
more than a third of the ancient Matheson property on
Lochalsh. Even that property he was in danger of losing
by engaging in a dangerous feud on his own account with
Macdonald of Glengarry. This powerful chief had estab-
lished himself on the shores of Loch Carron at hand, and
he presently seized Matheson and threw him into prison,
where he died.
This incident brought about the final ruin of the Mathe-
sons. With a view to avenge his father's death, and
recover his lost territory, Dougal's son, Murdoch Buidhe,
relinquished all his remaining property, excepting the
farms of Balmacara and Fernaig, to MacKenzie of Kintail,
in return for the services of an armed force with which to
attack Glengarry. The lands thus handed over were
never recovered, and neither Matheson's generalship nor
the force lent him by MacKenzie seems to have been equal
to the task of forcing terms upon Glengarry. Murdoch's
son, Ruari, the next Matheson chief, had more satisfaction,
when, as part of the following of Seaforth, the MacKenzie
chief, he set out to punish Glengarry. On this occasion
Glengarry's stronghold of Sron, or Strome, on Loch
Carron, was stormed and destroyed. By this time the
Mathesons appear to have been merely the " kindly
tenants" of Seaforth; in course of time that kindly
tenancy, or occupation on condition of rendering certain
services, was changed into a regular rent payment, and
Balmacara and the other Matheson properties passed from
the hands of the chiefs of that name for ever. The family
was afterwards represented by the Mathesons of Ben nets-
field, and in 1822, it appears, from a MS. history of the
430 CLAN MATHESON
clan quoted by James Logan, author of the letterpress of
M'lan's " Clans of the Scottish Highlands," the lineal
representative of the ancient heads of the clan was a
certain Alexander Matheson who lived in Sallachie. The
Chiefship is now believed to be held by Hayling Matheson,
who is resident in England.
In the middle of last century, however, two members
of the clan succeeded in restoring the name to even more
than the distinction it had enjoyed in the Highlands during
the patriarchal and feudal centuries. Sir James Mathe-
son, Bart., a cadet of tacksman stock, who had acquired
vast wealth, and attained the distinction of a baronetcy by
commercial enterprise in the East, became the owner, first
of the great Highland estate of Achany, in the old clan
neighbourhood, and afterwards purchased the great island
of Lewis in the outer Hebrides. For the latter he paid
no less a sum than ;£ 190,000 and he afterwards spent some
^"340,000 in improving his purchase. Among other great
works he built the existing castle of Stornoway, on the
site of old Seaforth Lodge, formerly the residence of the
Earls of Seaforth who previously owned the estate. Half
a century ago it was truly said, " No instance of improve-
ment in recent times within the United Kingdom has been
more striking to the eye of an observer, more compensating
to the proprietor, or more beneficial to the population.
Its details have comprised draining, planting, road-
making, the reforming of husbandry, the improvement of
live stock, the introduction of manufactures, and the
encouraging of fisheries, all on a great scale, and with
good results." In the policies of Stornoway Castle alone
the work carried out included ten miles of carriage drives
and five miles of footpaths. Previously little more of the
land of the island than a narrow belt along the shore had
been in cultivation, the rest being a dismal expanse of
bog and moor. The improvements carried out by Sir
James Matheson, however, may be said to have literally
made the desert blossom like the rose. Alas for the
patriotic and altruistic efforts of Sir James, the island a
generation ago became the special field of the efforts of
land agitators, who introduced discontent and trouble.
Crofter's commissions and land courts have also played
their part in interference, with the result that in the spring
of 1918 Sir James's heir, Colonel Duncan Matheson, found,
it desirable to dispose of the island to Lord Leverhulme,
head of the great firm of Lever Brothers, soap-makers on
the Mersey. Happily Colonel Matheson still retains
Achany, and so the house of the clansman who did so
CLAN MATHESON 481
much for the welfare of the Highlands is still represented
in the old clan country.
Another notable figure is that of Sir Alexander Mathe-
son of Ardross, who promoted the Highland Railway,
and through the influence of the Sutherland family brought
about the extension of the line to the far north, an enter-
prise that brought new prosperity to the northern High-
lands. It is interesting also to note that the management
of the Highland Railway to-day, as part of the London,
Midland, and Scottish group, is in the hands of a
clansman, Mr. Donald A. Matheson.
Another branch of the ancient family of Matheson of
Lochalsh is represented in the district by Sir Kenneth
James Matheson, Bart., of Lochalsh, whose seats are at
Gledfield House, Ardgay, and Duncraig Castle, Plockton,
at the mouth of Loch Carron. Sir Kenneth is descended
from Farquhar Matheson, tacksman of Fernaig in Lochalsh
in the latter half of the seventeenth century, Farquhar
Matheson 's mother having been a daughter of Alexander
MacRae of Inverinate. Farquhar Matheson's eldest son,
John, acquired Attadale in 1730. John's grand-nephew,
another John Matheson, gave up Fernaig in 1810, having
married in 1804 a sister of Sir James Matheson, Bart.;
and his eldest son, Alexander, who was M.P. for the Inver-
ness burghs and Ross-shire from 1847 to 1884, acquired
the lands of Ardentoul and Inverinate, and in 1851 crowned
his purchase by securing the barony of Lochalsh, the
ancient patrimony of the chiefs of his clan. The present
baronet, Sir Kenneth James Matheson of Lochalsh, is his
eldest son.
Thus it will be seen that the fortunes of the Matheson
clan have been happily restored in that clan's ancient
country, though the lands may no longer be held by the
direct lineal representatives of the ancient chiefs.
SBPTS OF CLAN MATHESON
MacMath
MacPhun
Mathie
CLAN MENZIES
BADGE : (Dress) Fraoch na Meinnanich (Phyllodoce coerulea)
Menzies Heath, or (Hunting) Uinseann (Fraxinus excelsior) a
sprig of ash, or (Ancient) Garbhag nan gleann (Lycopodium
clavatum) staghorn or club moss.
SLOGAN : Geal 'us dearg a suas, The red and white for ever 1
PIBROCH : Failte na Meinnanich.
THOUGH the chiefs of this clan had their seat in the very
heart of Perthshire, the centre of the Highlands, cadets
of the clan were landed men far to the north and south.
The Menzieses of Pitfoddels in Aberdeenshire were a
separate branch as early as the fourteenth century, while
other houses of the name were located in Fifeshire,
Lanarkshire, and the Lennox, about the lower districts of
Kippen and Killearn. The valley of the Tay, however,
seems always to have been the headquarters of the race,
and the beautiful old seat of Weem Castle there still
remains to speak of the former greatness of the clan.
With its grey walls rising high among the trees in its
stately park, against the noble background of the Hill of
Weem, this romantic old house, dating from 1571, keeps
memories of a long line of chiefs and their varying
fortunes, which, as set forth in the Red Book of Menzies,
edited by the claimant to the chiefship, excite a wistful
regret in the mind of the student.
If one were to judge from a popular tradition of the
neighbourhood, the house of Menzies might seem to have
been settled here at a very early date indeed. The Hill of
Weem, and Weem Castle itself, take their name from the
Gaelic " Uamh," a cave, or a Pict's house. No cave is
now traceable in the neighbourhood, so the alternative
reading of " Pict's house " is more likely to be the origin
of the name. The tradition runs that a certain ogre who
inhabited this " Uamh," and who is described as going
about in the guise of a red-hooded monk of scowling visage,
carried off a daughter of the house of Menzies. The story
forms the subject of a well-known Gaelic ballad. If it
really goes back to the days of the Picts, this story would
infer that the Menzieses had been settled here as long ago
as the tenth century at least, and if it could be authenti-
432
MENZIES
Facing page 432.
CLAN MENZIES 488
cated would fully justify the claims made by writers like
James Logan, author of The Scottish Gael and the letter-
press of M'lan's Clans of the Scottish Highlands, for a
purely Celtic origin to this famous old clan. This writer
founds his contention on the fact that the Gaelic appella-
tion of the clan is Meinn, plural Meinnanich, often
corruptly written Meinnarich. This corruption he regards
as accounting for the fact that the name in old documents
and charters is frequently spelt Meyners. The general
view of genealogists, however, is that the name is
Norman, and that the family was an early offshoot of the
great house of Manners, whose head is now the Duke of
Rutland. The probability is that the founder of the house
of Menzies was one of those Norman or Saxon settlers
brought into the country in the eleventh and twelfth
centuries by Malcolm Canmore and his sons, when they
were introducing the feudal system as a support for their
dynasty, and as a means of establishing settled govern-
ment and improved methods of living in the country.
The first mention of the name appears in charters of
the reign of William the Lion, in 1213. By the middle of
that century the family already occupied a distinguished
position, as, in the reign of Alexander II., about 1250,
Robert de Meyners, Knight, appears as Lord High
Chamberlain. According to Douglas's Baronage,
Alexander, the son of this personage, appears in posses-
sion of wide lands in many scattered districts, including
Weem, Fortingal, and Aberfeldy in Atholl, Glendochart
in Breadalbane, and Durrisdeer in Nithsdale. Upon the
death of this chief the lands of Fortingal, with their
Roman traditions, went to his younger son Thomas, and
in the fifteenth century, by the marriage of the heiress to
James, natural son of the notorious Wolf of Badenoch,
son of Robert II., they became the property of the
Stewarts, with consequences which were almost disastrous
to the elder line of Weem. In 1428 there is mention of
Sir David Meigners of Weem. In later life this chief
became a monk of the Cistercian order, and in 1450-1,
following this event, his son and heir obtained a charter
putting him in possession of Weem and the other family
estates.
It was in the days of James IV. that the ambition of the
chief brought him into conflict of most serious kind with
his neighbours. Having acquired possession of the wild
and beautiful district of Rannoch, he obtained a charter
of that barony. On the very day on which the charter was
signed, 2nd September, the caterans of Rannoch, led by
434 CLAN MENZIES
Neil Stewart of Fortingal and Garth, descended upon the
headquarters of the chief at Weem, and, committing much
havoc on his lands on Tayside, burned his castle. The
stronghold of that time stood somewhat to the east, near
the village of Weem and the eastern gate of the park. The
blow was a serious one, and it was sixty-nine years before
the stronghold was rebuilt on its present site. This was
in 1571, three years after the overthrow of Queen Mary at
the battle of Langside. The Menzies chief, however,
retained possession of Rannoch, which remained part of
the family estates down to the twentieth century. Mean-
while, his family charters having been destroyed by the
fire, Robert Menzies of that ilk had obtained a re-grant
dated 6th October, 1510, of his barony of Weem and other
lands united into the barony of Menzies. In 1587, sixteen
years after the rebuilding of Weem Castle, according to
the Acts of the Scottish Parliament, " The Menyesses in
Athoill and Apnadull " (the abthanery of Dull further up
the valley of the Tay) are recorded as upon " The Roll of
Clans that hes Captanes, chiefs, and Chieftanes on whom
they depend."
The clan was long famous for the rearing of cattle, and
its possessions in consequence were a special mark for the
raids of less peaceably disposed tribes. " A fat mart from
the herds of the Menzies " was a reward often promised
for the performance of a deed of valour or for extraordinary
skill as a piper. In consequence, the Menzies lands were
the frequent subject of predatory raids. The clansmen,
however, proved themselves well able to defend their
property, and the skill in arms thus gained made them a
welcome addition to the righting forces of the country in
the field.
During the civil wars of Charles I., the Menzieses
suffered somewhat severely. In the wars of Montrose, for
the accidental shooting of a trumpeter whose blood was the
first shed in the campaign, the lands of the Menzieses were
ravaged and greatly destroyed. Menzies of Pitfoddels
was among the gentlemen who fought oh the King's side
against Montrose in the first fight of that general at the
Bridge of Dee, and later, in the last battle fought by
Montrose, himself now on the King's side, Gilbert Menzies
of this family carried the Royal standard, and, refusing
quarter, was slain rather than give up his trust.
In 1665 Alexander Menzies, eldest son of Duncan
Menzies of Weem, was created a Baronet of Nova Scotia
as " Princeps clarae familiae." The mother of this laird
was Jean Leslie, only daughter of James, Master of
'
/
<
-
CLAN MENZIES 485
Rothes, and his wife was Agnes, eldest daughter of Sir
John Campbell of Glenorchy. His eldest son, Robert,
died before him, and he was succeeded by his grandson,
another Alexander. In his time the Jacobite Rising of
1715 took place, and among those who were taken
prisoners at the battle of Sheriff muir were a number of
" Gentlemen vassals of the Menzies chief." Among these
were Menzies of Culdares and two of his brothers, but they
were fortunate enough all to be pardoned.
In 1745, again, the clan was out on the Jacobite side.
On this occasion the chief remained at home, and the clan
was led by Menzies of Shian, with the rank of Colonel.
On this occasion they brought into the field 300 fighting
men, which is said to be a much smaller number than the
ancient following of the chiefs. Menzies of Culdares, he
who had been captured at Sheriffmuir, did not take the
field on this occasion, but, to show his sympathy for the
Jacobite cause, he sent a handsome charger for the use of
Prince Charles Edward. The clansman who was sent with
the horse into England by Culdares was taken prisoner,
and condemned to death. In this situation he was offered
pardon if he would reveal the name of the person who had
made the gift to the Prince. The faithful Highlander,
however, refused to betray his master, and suffered the last
penalty in consequence.
This same cadet of the family, Menzies of Culdares, is
said by General Stewart of Garth to have introduced the
larch into Scotland in 1737, and to have given two plants
to the Duke of Atholl. These are still to be seen growing
beside Dunkeld Cathedral, and from them, it is said, have
been derived all the valuable plantations of larch in the
Atholl district.
Sir Robert Menzies, third baronet, married Mary,
eldest daughter of James, first Earl of Bute, the strenuous
opponent of the Union with England, the lady's mother
being Agnes, eldest daughter of James VII. 's famous Lord
Advocate, Sir George MacKenzie of Rosehaugh, founder
of the Advocates' Library, and the 4< Bluidy MacKenzie "
of Covenanting tradition. In November, 1778, Sir Robert
Menzies executed an entail of the estates and baronies of
Menzies and Rannoch, and at his death without issue in
1786 the title and possessions of the house reverted to his
kinsman, John Menzies, grandson of Captain James
Menzies of Comrie, second son of the first baronet. Sir
John Menzies married Charlotte, eldest daughter of John,
fourth Duke of Atholl, but in 1800 also died without issue,
when the family honours were inherited by Robert Menzies,
436 CLAN MENZIES
son of Neill, third son of Captain James Menzies of Comrie.
This Sir Robert was the fifth baronet, and from him the
honours and possessions of the house descended directly
to the late Sir Neill James Menzies, eighth baronet, who
succeeded in 1903, and died without issue some three or
four years later.
So far as at present recognised, Sir Neill Menzies was
the last baronet and chief of the clan. A claim to the
family honours and estates has, however, been made by
Mr. D. P. Menzies of Plean Castle, near Larbert. This
gentleman claims to represent Robert Menzies, yet another
son of Captain James Menzies of Comrie above referred
to, second son of Sir Alexander Menzies, first baronet.
So far, Mr. Menzies has been unsuccessful in proving his
case before the Lord Lyon and the Court of Session ; but
out of the mass of documents in his possession, and in the
possession of others interested, which were acquired at the
sale of the contents of Weem Castle after the death of Sir
Neill Menzies, it is still possible that some absolute proof
may be forthcoming in this interesting case.
The line of Menzies of Pitfoddels came to an end with
the death of John Menzies, Sir Walter Scott's acquaint-
ance, in 1834. This laird was an ardent Roman Catholic,
and, besides largely benefiting Saint Margaret's Convent,
Edinburgh, which was opened a year after his death, he
in 1827 conveyed to Bishop Paterson his estate of Blairs
for the education of secular priests. For a considerable
period of years the old mansion-house of Blairs served
for a college, but it has more recently been replaced by a
great modern building which ranks as the chief seminary
for Roman Catholic priests in Scotland.
Among others of the name who have earned a place in
public recognition have been John Menzies, who, in the
troublous times of Charles I. and Charles II., as minister
and professor of divinity at Aberdeen, acted with constant
inconsistency the part of a Scottish Vicar of Bray. There
was Michael Menzies, who died in 1766, and who, while
by profession an advocate, produced such useful inventions
as a threshing machine, a machine for conveying coal to
the pitshaft, and a machine for draining coal mines.
There was also Archibald Menzies, the famous botanical
collector (1754-1842). By profession a naval surgeon, he
accompanied a voyage of fur-trading and discovery to the
north-west coast of America and China in 1786-9. As
naturalist and surgeon he went with Vancouver to the
Cape, New Zealand, and North- West America in 1790-5,
making on the way ascents of Wha-ra-rai and Mauna Loa
CLAN MENZIES 487
in Hawaii, settling their altitude by the barometer, and
bringing home many interesting plants, cryptogams, and
natural history objects. Members of the clan have also
distinguished themselves in many other spheres, and the
name must always remain among those honoured in
Scotland.
SEPTS OF CLAN MENZIBS
Dewar Macindoer
MacMenzies MacMinn
MacMonies Means
Mein Meine
Mennie Meyners
Minn Minnus
Monzie
VOL. II.
CLAN MUNRO
BADGE : Garbhag an Ghlinn, otherwise Crotal a mada'ruadh
(Lycopodium clavatum) common club moss.
SLOGAN : Caisteal Foulis na theine.
PIBROCH : Failte Rothich and Beallach na Broige.
MUCH controversy has been excited regarding the origin
of the name Munro. Clan tradition, detailed by Sir
George MacKenzie, has it that the race, with others of the
original Celtic inhabitants, was driven out of Caledonia
by the Romans in the middle of the fourth century.
Settling in County Derry in Ireland, they took the name
from a mount on the River Roe there, and on returning to
Scotland in the reign of Malcolm II. to help in expelling
the Dar.es, they retained the name. According to the
same tradition the lands on which they settled, formerly
known as East Dingwall, received the name of Foulis from
association with the River Foyle in Ireland. The whole
story seems, to say the least, far-fetched. Sir George
MacKenzie says the name was originally Bunroe, but
there is nothing to confirm the statement. It seems much
more likely that the cognomen had the same origin as the
name of Montrose on the east coast of Scotland, which
was originally known as Munros — " the hill promontory "
or " the moss promontory." This would agree with the
location of the territory of the chiefs on the south of Ben
Wyvis in Ross-shire, the " promontory country," on the
northern shore of the Cromarty Firth.
The first known of the race is said to have been a
certain Donald O'Ceann, of the time of Macbeth. The
patronymic O'Ceann, Skene, in his Highlanders of
Scotland, ingeniously converts into O'Cathan, and so
makes out that the race is a branch of the great Clan
Chattan or Siol O'Cain. It seems much more likely,
however, that the name Donald O'Ceann is simply what
it says — Donald, son of the Chief. The same word is
found in the name of the contemporary Malcolm III., who
was known as Ceannmore or Canmore, " great Chief,"
by his Gaelic subjects. The Munroes are also known
among the Highlanders as Clan Rothich or Roich,
438
MUXRO
Facing page 438.
CLAN MUNRO 489
From this Donald O'Ceann, its first possessor, the
territory on the north side of Cromarty Firth came to be
known as Fearran Donuill, or Donald's Country. Foulis,
or Fowlis, the actual seat of the Chief from then till now,
is a local and personal name common in Scotland. There
are parishes of Fowlis-Easter and Fowlis-Wester in
Perthshire, and a family of Fowlises or Foulises were trie
owners from whom the ancestor of Lord Linlithgow in
the reign of Charles I. acquired by marriage the valuable
mining property of Leadhills in Lanarkshire.
Hugh Munro of Foulis, who died in 1126, is believed
to have been a son of George, son of Donald O'Ceann.
His son Robert, who is reckoned to have been the second
laird or baron of Foulis, took part in the wars of David I.
and Malcolm IV., and died in 1164. It was Robert's heir,
Donald (died 1 192) who built the old tower of Foulis, and
Donald's successor, another Robert, married a daughter
of the Earl of Sutherland. It was to George, son of this
pair, that, according to Nisbet's Heraldry, William,
Earl of Sutherland, in the reign of Alexander II. granted
a charter which runs, " carissimo et fidelissimo con-
sanguineo, Georgio Munro de Foulis."
On the introduction of the feudal system, however,
the Munroes had secured their possessions by accepting
charters, not from the Earls of Sutherland but from their
more immediate neighbours, the Earls of Ross. One of
these charters, about 1350, expressly states that the lands
of Easter Fowlis had belonged to the Munroes in free
possession from the time of Donald O'Ceann. The
reddendo mentioned for the lands of Pitlundie was a pair
of white gloves or three pennies if required.
Meanwhile the friendship with the Earl of Ross had
involved the Munroes in serious trouble. In 1282 the
clans Iver, Talvigh, and Laiwe, with others, had rebelled
against the Earl, the latter seized their leader and
imprisoned him at Dingwall, and the rebels, to safeguard
their chief, carried off the Earl's second son from Balna-
gown, and held him as a hostage. Thereupon, according
to Sir Robert Gordon, " the Munroes and the Dingwalls,
with some others, gathered their forces and pursued the
Highlanders with all diligence, so overtaking them at
Beallach na Croig, betwixt Ferrindonnel and Loch
Broom. There ensued a cruell fight, well foughten on
either side. The clan Iver, clan Talvighe, and clan
Laiwe were almost utterlie extinguished and slain, but the
Munros had a sorrowful victory, with great loss of their
men, yet carried back again the Earl of Ross his son.
440 CLAN MUNRO
The Laird of Kildun was ther slain, with seven score of
the surname of Dingwall. Divers of the Munroes were
slain in this conflict, and there were killed eleven of the
house of Foulis, that were to succeed one another, so that
the succession fell unto a child then lying in his cradel."
Thus ended " carrissimus et fidelissimus Georgius Munro
de Foulis."
Robert, the infant in the cradle, fought in Bruce's
army at Bannockburn. His only son, George, was slain
in the battle, but left an heir, another George, who fell at
Halidon Hill in 1333.
In 1341, while Robert, the son of this chief, was still an
infant, occurred an event which would seem to show that
the Munroes were certainly not regarded as kinsmen by
the Captains of the Clan Chattan. John Munro, the
" tutor " or guardian of Foulis, was treated with some
indignity by the inhabitants of Strathardle as he passed
through that country. For this his clansmen eagerly
desired revenge, and the tutor accordingly raised a force
of 350 picked men, with which he raided the Strathardle
lands. As he returned past the Mackintosh seat of Moy,
Mackintosh demanded his toll of the plunder. The tutor
offered a share, bift Mackintosh demanded nothing less
than half. " Wherewith John Munro would not hearken
nor yield, but goeth on his intended journie homeward,
Macintosh conveens his forces with all diligence, and
follows John Munroe, whom he overtook at Clagh ne
Hayre, besyd Inverness, hard by the ferry of Kessack.
John, perceaving Macintosh and his company following,
then hard at hand, sent fiftie of his men home to
Ferrindonald with the spoil, and encouraged the rest to
fight. So there ensued a cruell conflict, wherein Mac-
intosh was slain, with the most part of his companie.
Divers of the Munroes were also ther killed. John
Munroe was left as deid in the field, and was taken up by
the Lord Lovet, who carried him to his house, where he
was cured of his wounds, and wes from thenceforth called
John Bacclawigh becaus he wes mutilat of one of his
hands all the rest of his days."
Robert Munro of Foulis, the eighth laird, who was in
tutelage at the time of this conflict, and was slain in an
obscure skirmish in 1369, married a niece of Euphemia,
daughter of the Earl of Ross and second wife of King
Robert II. By this marriage the Munro chiefs became
nearly related, not only to the royal house of Stewart but
to Robert II.'s grandson, Donald, Lord of the Isles, who
married the sister of the last northern Earl of Ross, and
CLAN MUNRO 441
claimed the earldom in her right. When, therefore, the
Island Lord set out to make good his claim at the battle
of Harlaw in 1411 he was joined by Hugh Munro, the
next laird of Foulis, his wife's cousin. Hugh Munro's
successor, George, was killed in one of the conflicts of
these wars of the Isles and the Douglases in 1454, but
when towards the end of the century the troubles ended
with the forfeiture of the earldom of Ross and the ruin of
the last Lord of the Isles, the Munroes escaped scatheless,
and indeed rose in rank by having their vassalage trans-
ferred to the Crown. The fresh charters which they then
obtained from the King declared that they held their lands
on condition of furnishing a snowball at midsummer if
required. This condition they could easily fulfil, as snow
was to be found in some of the mountain corries of their
property all the year round.
William, second in succession to the chief slain in
1454, died, like so many of his ancestors, by violence in
1505. His successor, Hector Munro of Foulis, married
Katherine, daughter of Sir Kenneth MacKenzie of
Kintail, and their son Robert, the next chief, fell fighting
against the English aggression at the battle of Pinkie in
1547. His son, Robert More Munro, the fifteenth chief,
took the part of Queen Mary against the Earl of Huntly.
To judge from the narrative of George Buchanan, the
clan was now regarded as one of the chief in the north.
When Huntly 's henchman refused the Queen admission
to her castle of Inverness in 1562, the famous Latin
historian wrote, " When they heard of the Queen's danger
a great host of the Scottish notables, some under pressure,
some of their own accord, attached themselves to her,
foremost among them being the Frascrs and Munros,
among the most valiant of these tribes."
In view, probably, of the help afforded to the Queen's
cause and his own on that occasion, the Regent Moray
in 1569 entrusted the castle of the canonry of Ross to
Andrew Munro of Milntown, and this doughty castelan
defended the stronghold for three years, at the cost of many
lives, against the attacks of the MacKenzies, with whom
the Munroes were then at feud. It was only under the
later act of pacification that the castle was finally delivered
up to the MacKenzies.
Robert More Munro, the chief of that time, already
mentioned, became a Protestant in the early days of the
Reformation, and this fact practically decided the future
politics of the clan. It was probably in consequence of
this that Robert Munro. the eighteenth chief, remembered
442 CLAN MUNRO
in Highland tradition as " the Black Baron," proceeded
in 1626 to join the Protestant forces of Gustavus Adolphus.
He and six other officers of his name went over with the
Scottish corps raised by Sir Donald MacKay, first Lord
Reay, head of the other chief Protestant clan of the north,
and three years later he raised a regiment of 700 men on
his own lands. According to Doddridge, " The worthy
Scottish gentleman was so struck with a regard to the
common cause, in which he himself had no concern but
what piety and virtue gave him, that he joined Gustavus
with a great number of his friends who bore his own name.
Many of them gained great reputation in this war, and
that of Robert, their leader, was so eminent that he was
made colonel of two regiments at the same time, the one
of horse, the other of foot." In the service of Gustavus
there were at one time no fewer than " three generals,
eight colonels, five lieutenant-colonels, eleven majors, and
above thirty captains all of the name of Munro, besides
a great number of subalterns."
The Black Baron died from a wound in the foot at Ulm
in 1633. His brother Hector, who succeeded as nineteenth
Laird of Foulis, also distinguished himself in the wars of
Gustavus, and was created a Baronet of Nova Scotia by
Charles I. in 1634. His son, another Sir Hector, dying
in Holland in his seventeenth year in 1651, was succeeded
by his distant kinsman, Robert Munro of Obsdale. Sir
Robert was also a veteran of the wars of Gustavus
Adolphus. In our own Civil Wars he served Charles I.
chiefly in Ireland, from 1641 to 1645, when he was
surprised and taken prisoner personally by General Monk.
In the Royalist army he had one son a Major-General, two
of the rank of Colonel, and one a Captain. He was
afterwards Lieutenant-General of the Royalist troops in
Scotland, where he fought a duel with the Earl of
Glencairn. He afterwards joined the young Charles II.
in his exile in Holland, and at the Restoration was made
commander-in-chief of the forces in Scotland. He is
generally understood to have been the original of
Dugald Dalgetty in Scott's Legend of Montr ose. He
died before the Revolution in 1668. His eldest son, Sir
John Munro, the fourth baronet, was such a strenuous
supporter of Presbyterianism, that, being of massive
frame, he was known as " the Presbyterian mortar-piece."
He had been fined and imprisoned as a Covenanter, and
at the Revolution he naturally took the side of William of
Orange. His son, Sir Robert, though blind, was made
High Sheriff of Ross by George I. in 1725. During the
CLAN MUNRO
risings of 1715 and 1719 his clan did much to check the
activities of the MacKenzies and other Jacobite clans.
This chief further influenced the future policy of the clan
by marrying Jean, daughter of John Forbes of Culloden.
With these antecedents his eldest son, another Sir
Robert, naturally took the Government side against the
Jacobite risings of his time. He was Member of
Parliament for Ross-shire. When the Independent Com-
panies were, in May, 1740, formed into the 43rd Highland
Regiment, afterwards famous as the 42nd or Black Watch,
he was appointed lieutenant-colonel, the Earl of Crawford
and Lindsay being Colonel. Sir Robert's next brother,
George Munro of Culcairn, was one of the captains, while
another was John Munro, who became Lieutenant-Colonel
in 1745. The chief's youngest brother, Dr. James Munro,
was surgeon of the regiment. In the Jacobite rising of
1745 the Munroes, following their chief, took the side of
the Government, and played an important part in keeping
the remoter northern counties for King George. The
campaign, however, proved costly to the house of the
chief. At the battle of Falkirk in January, 1746, Sir
Robert himself fell, with his brother Dr. Munro. So
greatly were they respected that the Jacobite victors, after
the battle, buried them with military honours in Falkirk
churchyard. The fate of Sir Robert's other brother,
George Munro of Culcairn, was not less tragic. After
Culloden, at which the clan took part in full force, the
Highland clans were ordered to deliver up their arms.
In fulfilment of this order one of the Jacobite clansmen,
Dugald Roy Cameron, sent his son to Fort William to
surrender some weapons. As the young man passed
down Loch Arkaig, he was met by a party of soldiers
under an officer named Grant, by whom he was seized and
forthwith shot. Vowing vengeance upon the slayer of
his son, who, he learned, rode a white horse, Dugald Roy
lay in wait behind a rock above Loch Arkaig for the
officer's return. By and by, as the troop came back, he
took careful aim at the officer riding the white horse, and
shot him dead. Unfortunately, however, Captain Munro
had borrowed the horse, and it was he who was shot mstead
of Grant. On learning his mistake Dugald Roy gave up
his vengeance, and became a soldier in the Government
service.
Sir Robert's son, Sir Harry Munro, seventh baronet
and twenty-fifth Chief, was an eminent scholar and
Member of Parliament. His son, Sir Hugh, left no heir
to the baronetcy, and was succeeded by his kinsman
444 CLAN MUNRO
Charles Munro of Culraine, lineal male descendant of
Lieutenant-General Sir George Munro, next brother of the
third baronet. Sir Charles served with high credit under
Wellington in Portugal, Spain, and France, and was
wounded at the storming of Badajos. He also distin-
guished himself under Bolivar in the South American
War of Independence, and commanded a division at the
battle of Agnotmar, where the Spanish army surrendered
to the Colombian general. The present Chief, Sir Hector
Munro of Foulis, eleventh baronet and twenty-ninth laird,
is his grandson. Among his other honours he is A.D.C.
to the King and Lord-Lieutenant of Ross and Cromarty.
Among its cadets the house includes the family repre-
sented by Sir Hugh Munro, Bart., of Lindertis, in Forfar-
shire. This family is descended through younger sons
from the Foulis chief who fought at Harlaw. Its
immediate ancestor was General Sir Thomas Munro,
Governor of Madras from 1820 to 1827, whose father, a
wealthy Glasgow Virginia merchant, was ruined by the
American War of Independence in 1776. The General's
sister became the wife of the Hon. Henry Erskine, the
famous Scottish lawyer and wit.
Another distinguished cadet was Sir Hector Munro of
Novar, also an eminent Indian commander. He is said
to have spent ;£ 120,000 in improving his estate on the
Cromarty Firth. He died unmarried, but left three
natural children. Of these the elder son Hugh, an officer
in India, was killed by a tiger, and the younger, Alexan-
der, was devoured by a shark, both in their father's
lifetime. The daughter, Jane, married Colonel Sir Ronald
Crauford Ferguson of Raith near Kirkcaldy, and her
grandson is the present Right Hon. Sir Ronald Crauford
Munro-Ferguson, P.C., G.C.M.G., of Raith and Novar,
late Governor-General of Australia, created Lord Novar
in 1921, and now Secretary for Scotland.
The clan has also a distinguished representative in
literature in the person of Dr. Neil Munro the Celtic
novelist, of the Loch Fyneside sept of the name; in
archaeology by the late Dr. Robert Munro, the eminent
authority on lake-dwellings; and in politics by the Right
Hon. Robert Munro, K.C., P.C., late Secretary for Scot-
land, now Lord Justice Clerk of the Court of Session,
under the title of Lord Alness.
SEPTS OF CLAN MUNRO
Dingwall Foulis
MacCulloch MacLulich
Vass Wass
MURRAY
Facing page 444.
CLAN MURRAY
BADGE : Bealaidh chatti (Ruscus occiliatus) Butcher's broom.
PIBROCH : Failte Dhuic Athull.
IT is highly interesting, at a period when this country
has been brought into such close touch with the Belgian
people, as indomitable as they are industrious, to recall
the fact that more than one of our most illustrious Scottish
families derive their descent from the notables of Flanders
in earlier times. Among the Flemings who have left a
conspicuous mark in Scottish history one of the most
distinguished was a certain Freskin. Sir Robert Douglas
in his Scottish Peerage calls him " a gentleman of
Flemish origin " who came into Scotland during the reign
of David I., and obtained from that munificent sovereign
the lands of Strathbrock in Linlithgowshire. Soon after
the settlement of this individual the famous insurrection
of the Moraymen broke out. This was in the year 1130,
and Freskin by his skill and bravery is said to have con-
tributed vitally to the reduction of the rebellion. In
return, King David conferred upon him a large and
fertile district in the lowlands of Moray. Forthwith the
new owner built a strong castle at Duffus, where his
descendants flourished for many generations. William,
a chief of the family, who was Sheriff of Invernairn, and
died about 1220, is believed to have been the first to
assume the surname " de Moravia " or Moray. From him
descended the Morays, Lords of Bothwell, the Morays of
Abercairney, and Sir William de Moravia, ancestor of
the Dukes of Atholl of the present day.
Of the younger branches the Lords of Bothwell made
a great name during the Wars of Succession and Inde-
pendence. The sixth chief, Sir Andrew Moray of
Bothwell, was the first to join the patriot Wallace when
he raised his standard. When the other barons deserted
the national cause he alone remained steadfast. Along
with Wallace he acted as Governor of Scotland, and after
the battle of Stirling Bridge, where he was grievously
wounded, he signed along with Wallace the famous letter,
still extant, to the free city of Lubeck, which declared the
445
446 CLAN MURRAY
ports of Scotland open to foreign commerce. His son,
another Sir Andrew, was not less distinguished for his
support to the cause of King Robert the Bruce. He
married Christian, a sister of that King, and after the
overthrow of the Regent Earl of Mar at Duplin, was
appointed Regent by the Scottish Parliament. He was
a prisoner in England at the time of the battle of Halidon
Hill, but obtained his freedom in time to march to the
relief of his wife, who was bravely defending Kildrummy
Castle, one of the four strongholds which alone in Scot-
land held out for David Bruce against Edward Baliol and
Edward III. Curiously enough the besieger on that
occasion was David Hastings, Earl of Atholl, a title
which, in later days, was to become a distinction of the
Morays. In the upshot Hastings was overthrown and
slain at the battle of Kilblene on St. Andrew's Day, 1335.
It was in the same campaign that Sir Andrew Moray,
besieging Lochindorb, was almost surprised by the
English, and reassured his men, first by insisting upon
completion of the service of Mass which he was hearing,
and then by delaying to mend a strap of his armour which
had been broken, then led his force out of danger in
good time through the wild passes of the Findhorn. On
the death of Thomas Moray, of Bothwell, the estates of
this branch passed to his daughter Joanna and her
husband, Archibald the Grim, Lord of Galloway and
third Earl of Douglas, the natural son of the Good Sir
James of Douglas.
The Morays of Abercairney still own their ancestral
estate in Strathearn. It was saved for them on one
occasion by the stratagem of a retainer. Moray of Aber-
cairney was preparing to join the rebellion of Prince
Charles Edward, when, as he was drawing on his boots,
his butler dashed a kettleful of boiling water about his
legs, with the exclamation, " Let them fecht wha will,
bide ye at hame and be laird of Abercairney."
The main line of the Morays, however, was repre-
sented by Sir John de Moravia, Sheriff of Perth in the
time of William the Lion, 1165-1214. The son of this
individual is named in a charter of 1284, " Dominus
Malcomus de Moravia, Miles, Vicecomes de Perth." The
successor of the latter, Sir William de Moravia, married
Ada, daughter of Malise, Earl or Seneschal of Strathearn,
and got with her the lands of Tullibardine in that district,
from which his descendants took their title. In the same
way another daughter of the Seneschal of Strathearn
married the chief of the Grahams, bringing him the estate
CLAN MURRAY 447
of Kincardine, adjoining that of Tullibardine in Strath-
earn, and becoming the mother of the great Scottish hero,
Sir John the Graham, the friend of Sir William Wallace,
and ancestor of the great house of Montrose.
The son of Sir William de Moravia and Ada of Strath-
earn was Andrew Murray of Tullibardine. It was he who
in 1332 helped Edward Baliol to win the battle of Duplin
by fixing a stake to mark the ford in the Earn, through
which BalioFs army passed to surprise and route the
Scottish host under the Regent Mar. For this, when he
was made prisoner two months later, Murray was put to
death. He left a son, however, and his descendant Sir
John, the twelfth Murray of Tullibardine, was Master of
the Household and a member of the Privy Council of
James VI. In 1604 he was made Lord Murray of Tulli-
bardine, and two years later Earl of Tullibardine. His
son, William, the second Earl, had the good fortune,
along with his cousin David, Viscount Stormont, when
a very young man, to help in the rescue of James VI. at
Perth, when the Earl of Gowrie is said to have attempted
his life. For this he was made hereditary Sheriff of
Perthshire. He married the Lady Dorothea Stewart,
eldest daughter of John, fifth Earl of Atholl. By this
marriage the Murrays became inheritors of a title which
had an interesting story. On the overthrow of the Black
Douglas in the middle of the fifteenth century, James II.
had married Margaret, the Fair Maid of Galloway, heiress
of that great house, to his own half-brother, John Stewart,
son of the Black Knight of Lome and Queen Joan, widow
of James I. This pair the King made Lord and Lady
Balvenie, and afterwards Earl and Countess of Atholl,
and their direct descendant was the fifth Earl of Atholl,
whose eldest daughter carried the title and estates to the
house of Tullibardine.
Earl William arranged that the earldoms of Atholl
and Tullibardine should go respectively to his son and
his brother Patrick, but on the death of Earl Patrick's
son the earldom of Tullibardine came back to the main
line.
The second Murray Earl of Atholl, to whom the
Tullibardine title thus returned, was a strong supporter
of the cause of Charles I. during the civil wars. The
Marquess of Montrose was received by him at Blair Castle
in 1644; and he raised no fewer than eighteen hundred
men to fight for the King. It was this addition to his
forces which enabled Montrose to win his early victory at
Tibbermuir. Atholl's son also, in 1653, brought no
448 CLAN MURRAY
fewer than two thousand men to the royal standard when
it was raised by the Earl of Glencairn. These were the
Atholl men who swooped down upon the Argyll country
and struck an effective blow against the influence of the
Covenanting Marquess of Argyll, then at the head of the
Scottish Government. By way of return one of Crom-
well's officers, Colonel Daniel, penetrated the Atholl fast-
nesses, took Blair Castle by storm, and blew it up. It
was for these services and sufferings that in 1676, after
the Restoration, the Earl was made a Knight of the
Thistle and raised to the dignity of Marquess of Atholl.
Sixteen years later, however, the Revolution took place,
and then, possibly owing to his wife's relationship with
the House of Nassau, Atholl took the side of William of
Orange. An officer belonging to the Jacobite army of
Viscount Dundee seized Blair Castle, and refused to
deliver it to the owner's son, and it was to attempt the
reduction of the stronghold that General MacKay set out
on his march with the Government forces through the
Grampian passes. Dundee, who had come to the help
of the garrison, was ready for him, and as the Government
troops emerged from the narrow gorge at Killiecrankie
he swooped down upon them, cut them to pieces, and
himself fell in the moment of victory.
The first Marquess of Atholl married Lady Amelia
Sophia Stanley, only daughter of James, seventh Earl of
Derby, by his wife, Charlotte de la Tremouille. This
lady was the famous Countess of Derby who defended
Latham House against the army of the Parliament in 1644,
and for her energetic protection of the Isle of Man in
1651 figures in Sir Walter Scott's Peveril of the Peak.
Her mother was a daughter of the Prince of Orange, and
she could trace descent from the Greek emperors of Con-
stantinople in the eleventh century. It was in com-
memoration of the marriage of the Marquess of Atholl
with the daughter of the House of Derby that the name
of Stanley was given to the well-known village between
Perth and Dunkefd.
While the eldest son of this marriage succeeded to the
Atholl titles, the second son, Charles, was created Earl
of Dunmore, and became ancestor of the distinguished
family bearing that title. The fourth son, William,
having married Margaret, daughter of the first Lord
Nairne, became the second lord of that name. He was
out in " the '15," and his son, the Honourable John
Nairne, was out in " the '45 "; but the title was restored
in 1824 to the latter's grandson, whose wife was the
C/J
CLAN MURRAY 440
famous singer of the lost Jacobite cause, Carolina
Oliphant, Lady Nairne.
The second Marquess was created Duke of Atholl in
1703. Partly no doubt because of his mother's descent
from the House of Nassau, he supported the cause of
William of Orange; but he was a strong opponent of the
union between Scotland and England, and the Jacobite
influence was strong in his family, so his sons played
striking parts in the story of the Jacobite rebellions of
their time. His second son, William, who, on the death
of an elder brother, became Marquess of Tullibardine, was
one of the first to join the Earl of Mar in 1715. For this
he was attainted, but escaped abroad. He returned to
Scotland with the Spanish forces, took part in the battle
of Glenshiel in 1719, and again escaped. Twenty-six
years later he came again to Scotland with Prince Charles
Edward. After Culloden he made his way to the
shores of Loch Lomond, where, being taken prisoner by
Buchanan, Laird of Drumakil, he hurled a curse upon the
latter's house which, according to local tradition, took
effect for three generations. Eventually he was carried to
London, where he died in the Tower in 1746. Charles,
the Duke's fourth son, commanded a Jacobite regiment in
1715, was captured at Preston, and sentenced to be shot,
but was afterwards reprieved. Most distinguished of all
was Lord George Murray, the Duke's fifth son. Wounded
at the battle of Glenshiel in 1719, he escaped abroad and
served in the Sardinian army, but obtained a pardon and
returned home. He joined Prince Charles in 1745* and,
as Lieutenant-General of the Jacobite army, was the real
commander at the battles of Preston, Falkirk, and Cullo-
den. Notwithstanding various accusations which have
been made against him, he was without doubt the ablest
leader on the Prince's side, and, had his suggestions been
followed, a different turn might have been given to the
later history of the House of Stewart. As it was, his
eldest son succeeded as third Duke of Atholl.
Meanwhile James, third son of the first Duke, had
succeeded to the titles, and on the death of the tenth Earl
of Derby without issue had inherited the Stanley barony
of Strange as well as the Kingship of the Isle of Man,
which had been granted to Sir John de Stanley by King
Henry IV. in 1406. The lordship of the Isle of Man had
formerly been an appanage of the Scottish crown, but
was seized during the Wars of Succession by Edward I.
of England. There was an element of justice, therefore,
in its return to the possession of a great Scottish house.
450 CLAN MURRAY
The existence of an independent kingship within the
British Isles, however, became an anomaly, and in 1765
it was purchased from John, third Duke of Atholl, by
the British Government for ^70,000. Further payments
were subsequently made for the family's landed and other
interests in the island, and the entire sum ultimately
amounted to nearly half a million sterling, which may be
regarded as the redemption money for the seizure made
by Edward I. as Hammer of the Scots.
It was in the time of this second Duke that the larch
was introduced to Scotland and to the ducal estates from
the Tyrol in 1738. Five larch plants were brought to
Dunkeld, and a few others to Blair Atholl and Monzie.
The species had not previously been looked upon as a
suitable forest tree for Scotland, as it was thought to be
far too tender for the climate. Of the five trees planted at
Dunkeld, two are still to be seen near the eastern end of
the cathedral. In 1839 two of the others were felled.
One, containing 168 cubic feet of wood, was sold where
it lay to Leith shipbuilders for. £2$ 45. ; the otfier, con-
taining 147 cubic feet, was sent to Woolwich, and used
as beams in the repair of the store-ship Serapis. These
marked the beginning of great tree-planting operations
in the Atholl district, and before 1821 some nine thousand
acres had been placed under wood, converting a barren
district into valuable forest land, and rendering much of
the previously waste country between the plantations
available for natural pasture.
The son of the second Duke of Atholl died before his
father, and John Murray, who succeeded as third Duke,
was the eldest son of Lord George Murray, Lieutenant-
General of the Jacobite forces in " the '45." He married
the only surviving daughter of the second Duke, and with
her inherited the barony of Strange and the sovereignty
of the Isle of Man, which latter he disposed of as already
mentioned. It was his eldest son, the fourth Duke, who
was the famous improver of the Atholl estates, and to him
is attributed the saying " aye be putting in a tree, it will
be growing while ye're sleeping." It was he who finally
disposed of the family property and privileges in the Isle
of Man to the Crown for the sum of ,£409,000. And he
also began the building of the new palace at Dunkeld,
which was designed to be one of the most magnificent
residences in Scotland, but was never completed. The
park about it he converted into one of the finest landscape
gardens, planning it to include a famous home farm,
American gardens, and carriage drives thirty miles in
CLAN MURRAY 451
extent. It was he who received the poet Robert Burns at
Blair Castle, and of whose hospitality and pleasant fain
circle the poet has left so charming a picture. His second
son was created Lord Glenlyon in 1821. The second
Lord Glenlyon succeeded as sixth Duke. His mother
was the second daughter of the second Duke of North-
umberland, and his only son was the late holder of the
dukedom, who succeeded in 1864.
Needless to say, the House of Atholl and the great
family of Moray or Murray have always played a striking
and strenuous part in the history of the country. Their
feuds with their neighbours have not been so numerous
as those of many other clans, but one at least was long
continued and included one of the most tragic episodes
in clan warfare. It was the feud between the Murrays of
Auchtertyre and the Drummonds in Strathearn. A
mutual jealousy existed for centuries between the two
families, and it came to a head in 1490, when Murray of
Auchtertyre was induced to poind certain cattle belonging
to the Drummonds, for payment of a debt demanded by
the Abbot of Inchaffray. In revenge, William, Master
of Drummond, son of the first Lord Drummond, led an
attack against the Murrays. In the battle at Knockmary
near Crieff the Murrays were at first successful, but the
Drummonds, being reinforced, finally drove them off the
field. The fugitives took refuge in the little kirk of
Monzievaird, on the spot where the Mausoleum now
stands in the park of Auchtertyre, and for a time the
pursuers could not find them. But a too zealous Murray
clansman, seeing his chance, shot an arrow from the kirk
and killed a Drummond; whereupon the Drummonds
heaped combustibles round the little fane, and burned it
with all it contained to ashes. Eight score Murrays were
included in the holocaust, only one of those within the
kirk escaping by the compassion of a Drummond clans-
man outside, who was his relation, and who, for his kind-
ness, had to flee from the wrath of his own clansmen to
Ireland for a time.
Blair Atholl itself, we have seen, had also its own tale
of storm and battle. The oldest part of Blair Castle is
known as Comyn's Tower, having been built, it is said,
by John Comyn de Strathbogie, who enjoyed the Atholl
title in right of his wife. From its builder's time down-
wards the stronghold stood many a siege. Its last experi-
ence of this kind was in March, 1746, when Sir Andrew
Agnew defended it against the Jacobites, then on their
way north to their last struggle at Culloden. Some
452 CLAN MURRAY
curious details of the siege on this occasion are given in
the Scots Magazine for 1808. Many a famous visitor
has been entertained within these walls, as well as at
Dunkeld lower in the pass, where the Dukes of Atholl
also have a seat. Queen Victoria and Prince Albert
visited Dunkeld House in 1842, and in 1844 tne Royal
Family spent some weeks at Blair Castle. On these
occasions the illustrious visitors were received at the
boundary of the property by a guard of Atholl High-
landers several hundreds in number, and to the present
hour this body remains in existence. It has been called
the only private army in the British Isles, and when
it turns out on great occasions under the command
of the Duke of Atholl it forms indeed a notable sight
to see.
The late seventh Duke was Lord-Lieutenant of the
County of Perth from 1878. As a young man he was a
captain in the Scots Fusilier Guards, and was afterwards
Colonel of the 3rd Battalion of the Black Watch. During
the South African War he raised 1,200 men for the Scot-
tish Horse, and sent them out to the command of his son,
the Marquess of Tullibardine. From material in the
family charter room he compiled for private circulation
five volumes of Chronicles of the Atholl and Tullibar-
dine Families.
The present Duke is one of the most active men of
affairs in the country. While still Marquess of Tullibar-
dine, he won distinction in many fields. Holding a com-
mission in the Royal Horse Guards, he served with the
Egyptian Cavalry as Staff Officer to Colonel Broadwood
during the Nile expedition of 1898, and took part in the
battles of the Atbara and Khartoum, when he was men-
tioned twice in despatches, and received the D.S.O. He
also served in the South African War, first with the Royal
Dragoons and afterwards as Lieutenant-Colonel com-
manding the ist and 2nd Scottish Horse, which regiment
he had himself raised. For his share in this campaign
he was mentioned three times in despatches, received the
Queen's and the King's medal, and was made M.V.O.
For service in the great war of 1914 he raised two addi-
tional regiments of Scottish Horse for the formation of
a Highland Mounted Brigade, and is Commandant of the
Scottish Horse and a Brigadier-General. He also had a
distinguished career as Member of Parliament for Perth-
shire, and there is no more popular peer north of the
Border. Since the war he has raised ,£140,000 for a
Scottish National War Memorial ; he has acted as Lord
CLAN MURRAY 453
High Commissioner to the General Assembly, and has held
the post of Lord Chamberlain in the Royal Household.
SEPTS OF CLAN MURRAY
MacMurray Moray
Rattray Small
Spalding
VOL. II.
CLAN OGILVY
BADGE : Seorsa luibh (anchusa) evergreen alkanet.
THE Siol Gillichriosd, or Gilchrist — the Race of Gilchrist,
claims descent from a Maormor of Angus of that name,
one of the seven great hereditary chiefs of Scottish dis-
tricts who bore this designation. When the title of
Maormor came to be replaced by that of Earl in the time
of David I., Gillibride, son of Gilchrist, became Earl of
Angus. While the Earl's eldest son succeeded to his
father's title, and the second, Magnus, inherited, through
his mother, the Earldom of Caithness, the third son,
Gilbert, became ancestor of the Ogilvies. By Gaelic
enthusiasts the name is taken to mean a fair or yellow-
haired young man — Gille-Bhuidhe, but it is more likely
to be derived from lands so called, of which Gilbert
received a charter in 1172. There is a Glen Ogilvie in
the parish of Glamis, the Ogilvie country at the present
day.
Gilbert's descendant, Sir Patrick de Ogilvie of Western
Powrie, was a steady adherent of King Robert the Bruce,
and received from him a charter of the lands of Kettins
in Forfarshire. From his elder son Alexander descended
the Ogilvies of that ilk, now long extinct. The younger
son, Patrick, obtained from his nephew, Sir Patrick of
Ogilvie, the family estate of Western Powrie, and by
marriage with Marjory, heiress of Ramsay of Auchter-
house, added that estate to his possessions. His son,
Walter Ogilvy, on the death of his uncle, Sir Malcolm
Ramsay, in 1365, succeeded to the hereditary Sheriffdom
of Forfar. He is said also to have acquired the barony
of Cortachy in 1369, and it was his second son and heir,
Sir Walter Ogilvy of Auchterhouse, Sheriff of Forfar,
in whose person the family first made its way into the
limelight of history.
The incident took place in 1391. King Robert II.
had only succeeded to the throne in the previous August,
and the rule of Scotland was practically in the hands of
his unscrupulous brother, Robert, Earl of Fife, better
known by his later title of Duke of Albany. Another of
454
OGILVIE
Facing page 454.
CLAN OGILVY 455
the King's brothers, Alexander, Earl of Buchan, himself
better known as the Wolf of Badenoch, had already shown
his contempt for all authority by plundering the lands of
the Bishop of Moray, and burning the Bishop's Cathedral
and town of Elgin. Forthwith, following his father's
example, the " Wolf's " natural son, Duncan Stewart, at
the head of a raiding host of the Robertson clan and
others, suddenly burst out of the Grampians and proceeded
to plunder, burn, and slay in the shire of Angus. Ogilvy
of Auchterhouse, as Sheriff, promptly gathered his people,
and with Sir Patrick Gray and Sir David Lindsay of
Glenesk, came up with the raiders at Glen Brierachan,
eleven miles north of Gasklune. Though much inferior
in numbers, he did not hesitate to attack. But, though
clad in steel, he and his little party were no match for
the fierce caterans. And while Ogilvy and his half-
brother, with other lairds and some sixty followers were
slain, Gray and Lindsay were grievously wounded, and
only with difficulty carried from the field.
The gallant Sheriff's eldest son, Sir Alexander Ogilvy
of Auchterhouse, wr.s " the gracious gude Lord Ogilvy '
of the Ballad of Harlaw :
For faith and magnanimity
He had few fellows in the field,
Yet fell by fatal destiny,
For he nae ways wad grant to yield.
In that tremendous conflict north of Aberdeen against
Donald of the Isles in 1411, Sir Alexander and his eldest
son, George Ogilvy, were among the slain.
The line of Sir Alexander's next son, Sir Patrick,
ended with his granddaughter, who married James
Stewart, Earl of Buchan, half-brother of King James II.
His next son, Sir Andrew of Inchmartin, was ancestor of
the second Earl of Findlater (son-in-law of the first Earl),
who in strict line of blood carried on the Chieftainship of
the Clan. His descendant, the fourth Earl, was the dis-
tinguished Scottish statesman of the days of William and
Mary, and Queen Anne, and on his own merits was
created Earl of Seafield. That line ended, however,
at the death of the seventh Earl of Findlater and fourth
Earl of Seafield, when the latter title passed to the son
of his aunt, who had married the Chief of the Grants.
Meanwhile, Sir Walter, younger brother of the
"gracious gude Lord Ogilvy," had acquired the estate
of fcintrathen by marriage with an heiress, it is, believed,
of the Durward family, and had become High Treasurer
456 CLAN OGILVY
of Scotland under James I. Among his transactions he
conveyed to his youngest brother John the estate of Inver-
quharity. John's son, Alexander Ogilvy of Inverquharity,
by marriage and purchase acquired many valuable
estates, and was an excellent man of affairs. In the end
this ability was his undoing, and the tragic event in
which he was concerned came within measurable distance
of effecting the complete ruin of the Ogilvies. It was in
1445, when the House of Stewart was still fighting for
its sovereignty against an array of turbulent nobles, and
the lawlessness of the latter had not yet been brought to
an end by the decisive action of James II. It happened
that the wealthy monastery of Arbroath had appointed
Alexander Lindsay, afterwards to be known as the Tiger
Earl of Crawford, or Earl Beardie, to be their Justiciar.
Finding that ferocious personage a somewhat expensive
and troublesome protector, they deposed him and
appointed Ogilvy of Inverquharity Justiciar in his place.
To avenge the insult and repossess himself of the lucrative
office, Lindsay mustered his vassals, and, reinforced by a
large party of the Douglases, appeared before Arbroath.
Ogilvy also gathered his friends and followers, and was
helped by Sir Alexander Seton of Gordon, afterwards Earl
of Huntly, who happened at the moment to be a guest at
his house, and obliged by an ancient Scottish custom to
fight for his host so long as the food he had eaten under
his roof remained in his stomach. As the two forces faced
each other, Lindsay's father, the old Earl of Crawford,
anxious to prevent bloodshed, came galloping between the
lines. A common soldier, unaware of his rank, and
annoyed at his interference, shot him dead. This greatly
infuriated the Lindsays, who, rushing fiercely to the
attack, cut the Ogilvies to pieces. The latter made such
a gallant resistance that nearly every man fell, including
Inverquharity himself, and Seton only narrowly escaped.
Lindsay then proceeded to lay waste the Ogilvy country,
burning, slaying, and plundering throughout the district.
The house of Inverquharity, however, survived the dis-
aster, and in 1626 was raised to the rank of baronetcy,
which it still enjoys, though its original patrimony was
disposed of in the eighteenth century, and its seat is now
Baldovan, near Dundee.
At the same time the elder line of Lintrathen was also
advancing in possessions and power. The son of the
Treasurer acquired the lands and castle of Eroly or Airlie
in 1459, and his son, Sir James Ogilvie of Airlie, who was
sent as Ambassador to Denmark in 1491, was made a Lord
mmi&'j&.3t-
Photo. Wm. Ritchie & Sons, Ltd.
INVERQUHARITY CASTLE, ANCIENT STRONGHOLD
OF THE OGILVIES
Facing page 456.
CLAN OGILVY 457
of Parliament as Lord Ogilvy in that year. The second
Lord Ogilvie of Airlie married a sister of the first Earl of
Montrose, and the third married Margaret, daughter of
David, eight Earl of Crawford. The fourth Lord s eldest
son fell at Pinkie in 1547, and the seventh Lord was made
Earl of Airlie by Charles I. in 1639.
A year earlier Lord Ogilvy of Deskford, representative
of the second son of the High Treasurer of James I.'s
time, had been made Earl of Findlater, so that the Ogilvies
had now two Earldoms to their name.
The Earl of Airlie was a devoted Royalist, who, joining
the little army of the Marquess of Montrose, distinguished
himself highly at that leader's crowning victory, the battle
of Kilsyth. He and his family suffered severely for their
adherence to the cause of Charles I. In 1640 the Earl of
Argyll, head of the Covenanting Party, procured a com-
mission from the Committee of Estates to proceed with fire
and sword against those who had not signed the Covenant,
and who were therefore termed " enemies to religion."
This commission he proceeded to turn to account for the
destruction of families whom he considered unfriendly to
his own. Among them were the Ogilvies. The Earl
of Airlie was in England at the time, but his house was
in the keeping of his eldest son, Lord Ogilvy, when it
and Forthar, another seat of the family, were taken,
pillaged, and burned by Argyll. Lady Ogilvy, it is said,
was near confinement at the time, and begged for delay
upon that account, but Argyll refused, and turned her out
remorselessly. The incident is commemorated in the
well-known ballad, " The Bonnie House o' Airlie." By
way of reprisal, when Montrose took the field, with the
Earl of Airlie in his company, they crossed the Ochils
and burned Argyll's own stronghold of Castle Campbell,
above Dollar, which still remains as they left it, a ruin.
Airlie's second son, Sir Thomas Ogilvy, raised a regiment
for the Royal cause, and fell at the battle of Inverlochy,
where Argyll, taking refuge in his galley, saw his forces
cut to pieces by Montrose. In the autumn of the same
year, when' Montrose suffered his first and last defeat at
Philiphaugh, below Selkirk, Airlie's eldest son James
was taken prisoner. While the Covenanters were butcher-
ing and hanging at Newark and elsewhere the captives
they had taken, Ogilvy was sentenced to execution at
St. Andrews, but on the night before the sentence was
be carried out he made a romantic escape in the attire
which his sister managed to exchange with him.
A member of the clan took part in another romantic
458 CLAN OGILVY
event of that time. George Ogilvy of Barras was governor
of Dunnottar Castle when that stronghold was besieged
by Cromwell's troops, and it was by his connivance that
the wife of the neighbouring minister of Kinneff saved
the Scottish regalia by carrying it through the English
army in a bundle of flax.
In 1715, when the Earl of Mar took arms for Queen
Anne's brother as " James VIII. and III.," he was joined
by James, Lord Ogilvy, elder son of the third Earl, and
after the collapse of the rebellion at Sheriffmuir he was
attainted. He received a pardon from the Crown in 1725,
but was not enabled to assume the family honours. On
his death without issue, however, in 1731, his younger
brother John assumed the title as fourth Earl, Lord Ogilvie
having been attainted before the death of his father, the
third Earl, in 1717. The family and clan, nevertheless,
remained strongly Jacobite ; and after the landing of
Prince Charles Edward in 1745 the Earl's eldest son,
David, Lord Ogilvy, joined the Prince at Edinburgh with
a following of 600 men, chiefly of his own name. After
the final overthrow of the cause at Culloden he escaped
through Norway and Sweden to France, where he com-
manded a regiment known as " Ogilvy 's," and rose to
the rank of lieutenant-general. His wife was imprisoned
after Culloden, but also escaped to France. Meanwhile,
also in his father's lifetime, he had been attainted, and
though he received a pardon in 1778, and a Parliamentary
removal of his disabilities in 1783, he was not empowered
to assume the honours of his house. His son, titular Earl
of Airlie, died unmarried in 1812. Thereupon the Earldom
was claimed by Walter Ogilvie, younger son of the fourth
Earl, but the English judges who were consulted by the
House of Lords were of opinion that the attainders of his
brother and uncle, though both of them had taken place
before they could inherit the titles and estates, operated
against him. It was not till 1826 that Parliament confirmed
and restored the family honours to his eldest surviving
son, who was then acknowledged as David, sixth Earl of
Airlie.
The seventh Earl was a Knight of the Thistle, a
representative peer, and Lord High Commissioner to the
Church of Scotland from 1872 to 1878. The eighth Earl,
who was lieutenant-colonel of the I2th Lancers, took part
in the Egyptian war, and was killed in action in the South
African War, at Diamond Hill, near Pretoria, in 1900, after
gallantly leading his regiment in a successful charge which
saved the guns. The present Earl is his eldest son. The
CLAN OGILVY 459
family estates comprise most of the old Ogilvy country,
and extend far up the Grampian glens, while the chief
seat is Cortachy Castle, overlooking the lovely and fertile
valley of Strathmore.
SBPTS OF CLAN OGILVY
Airlie
Gilchrist
MacGilchrist
CLAN ROSE
BADGE : Ros-rnhairi fiadhaich (Andromeda media) wild rosemary.
As with many other clans of the north, the origin of the
Roses of Kilravock has been the subject of considerable
debate. It has been urged that the name is derived from
the Gaelic " Ros," a promontory, in the same way as that of
the Rosses farther north ; but in Douglas's Baronage the
similarity of the coat armour of the chiefs to that of the
Rooses or Roses of Normandy and England is taken as
evidence that the race was of Saxon origin, and in his
account of the house in Sketches of Early Scottish History,
Mr. Cosmo Innes, who was closely connected with the
family, and had made an exhaustive study of its charters
and other documents, supports the Norman source. Innes
declares the history of the house written in 1683-4 by Mr.
Hew Rose, parson of Nairn, to be a careful and generally
very correct statement of the pedigree of the family.
The original patrimony of the Roses appears to have
been the lands of Geddes in the county of Inverness. In
the days of Alexander II., as early as 1219, Hugh Rose
of Geddes appears as a witness to the founding of the
Priory of Beaulieu, now Beauly. The founders of that
priory were the Byssets, at that time one of the great houses
of the north, the downfall of whose family forms one of the
strangest stories of Alexander's reign. The incident is
detailed in Wyntoun's Chronicle. In 1242, after a great
tournament at Haddington, Patrick, the young Earl of
Atholl, was treacherously murdered and " burnt to coals "
in his lodging at the west end of that town. Suspicion fell
upon the Byssets, who were at bitter feud with the house of
Atholl. Sir William Bysset had just entertained the King
and Queen at his castle of Aboyne, and on the night of the
murder had sat late at supper with the Queen in Forfar. In
vain the Queen offered to swear his innocence. In vain
Bysset himself had the murderers cursed t( Wyth buk and
bell," and offered to prove his innocence by the ordeal of
battle. All men believed him guilty. The Bysset s saw
their lands harried utterly of goods and cattle, and before
the fury of the powerful kinsmen of Atholl, they were finally
460
ROSE
Facing page 460.
CLAN ROSE 461
banished the Kingdom. Sir John de Bysset, however, had
left three daughters, the eldest of whom inherited the lands
of Lovat and Beaufort, and became ancestress of the Erasers,
while the youngest inherited Redcastle in the Black Isle and
Kilravock on the River Nairn, and married Sir Andrew de
Bosco. Mary, one of the daughters of this latter union,
married Hugh Rose of Geddes, and brought him the lands
of Kilravock and of Culcowie in the Black Isle as her
marriage portion. This was at the latter end of the reign
of Alexander III., and from that day to this the Roses have
been lairds of Kilravock in unbroken succession.
No house in Scotland seems to have kept more carefully
its charters and family papers from the earliest times, and
from these Cosmo Innes derived many interesting facts for
his sketch of the intimate customs and history of this old
Scottish family.
From a very early time, even before there is evidence
of their lands having been erected into a feudal barony,
the Roses were known as Barons of Kilravock. They
were never a leading family in the country. The heads of
the house preferred to lead a quiet life, and though by
marriage and otherwise they acquired and held for many
generations considerable territories in Ross-shire and in the
valleys of the Nairn and the Findhorn, we find them
emerging only occasionally into the limelight of history.
For the most part the Roses intermarried with substantial
families of their own rank. William, son of the first Rose
of Kilravock, married Morella or Muriel, daughter of
Alexander de Doun, and Andrew, his second son, became
ancestor of the Roses of Auchlossan in Mar. William's
grandson, Hugh, again, married Janet, daughter of Sir
Robert Chisholm, Constable of Urquhart Castle, who
brought her husband large possessions in Strathnairn.
This chief's grandson, John, also, who succeeded in 1431,
married Isabella, daughter of Cheyne, laird of Esslemont
in Aberdeenshire, and further secured his position by
procuring from the King a feudal charter de novo of all his
lands. It was John's son Hugh who built the existing
old tower of Kilravock in 1460, and his energy, or his need
for protection, is shown by the fact, recorded as marvellous,
that he finished it within a year.
The family at this time was at serious variance with one
of its most powerful neighbours, the Thane of Cawdor.
This Thane's father, six years earlier, had built the present
keep of Cawdor Castle, and Thane William himself had
made one of the best matches of his time by marrying a
daughter of Alexander Sutherland of Dunbeath, whose
462 CLAN ROSE
wife was a daughter of one of the Lords of the Isles. Thane
William was an ambitious man. He had his estates
changed into a Crown holding by resigning them into the
hands of the King and procuring a new charter, and, to
make sure of the permanence of his family, he set aside with
a pension his eldest son, William, who had some personal
defect, and settled the whole thanedom and heritage of the
family on his second son, John, whom, to close the feud
between the families, he married to Isabella, daughter of
Rose of Kilravock. The marriage, however, was not
happy, and out of it arose one of the most curious romances
of the north.
The young Thane John did not long survive his
marriage; he died in 1498, leaving as sole heiress to the
Cawdor estates an infant daughter, Muriel. The old
Thane, William, and his four sons were naturally furious.
They did their best to have Muriel declared illegitimate ; but
their efforts were useless. By reason of the new charter
the child was a ward of the Crown, and the Earl of Argyll,
who was then Justiciar of Scotland, procured her wardship
and marriage from James IV. The Roses were no doubt
glad to have the keeping of the child entrusted to so power-
ful a guardian, but old Lady Kilravock was evidently not
without her doubts as to the good faiih of Muriel's new
protector. When the Earl's emissary, Campbell of Inver-
liver, arrived at Kilravock to convey the child south to
Loch Awe, the old lady is said to have thrust the key of her
coffer into the fire, and branded Muriel with it on the thigh.
Inverliver had not gone far on his way to the south when
he was overtaken by the child's four uncles and their
following. With shrewd ability he devised a stratagem.
Sending Muriel off hotfoot through the hills under a small
guard, he dressed a stook of corn in her clothes, placed it
where it could be seen by the enemy, and proceeded to give
battle with the greater part of his force. Seven of his sons,
it is said, fell before he gave way, and even then he only
retired when he felt sure the child was far beyond the reach
of pursuit. When someone afterwards asked whether he
thought the prize worth such sacrifice, and suggested that
the heiress might die before reaching womanhood, he is said
to have replied, " Muriel of Cawdor will never die as long
as there's a red-haired lassie on the shores of Loch Awe."
Muriel, however, survived, and indeed lived to a good old
age. The Earl of Argyll married her when twelve years
old to his second son, Sir John Campbell, and the Earls
of Cawdor of the present day are directly descended from
the pair.
CLAN ROSE 468
Hugh Rose of Kilravock, grandson of him who built
the tower, for some reason now unknown seized William
Galbraith, Abbot of Kinloss, and imprisoned him at
Kiiravock. For this he was himself arrested and kept long
a prisoner in Dunbarton Castle, then commanded by Sir
George Stirling of Glorat. A deed is extant by which,
while a prisoner, in June, 1536, the laird engaged a
burgess of Paisley as a gardener for Kilravock — " Thorn
Daueson and ane servand man with him is comyn man
and servand for all his life to the said Huchion."
The next laird was known as the Black Baron. He lived
in the troublous time of the Reformation, and in his youth
he fought and was made prisoner at Pinkiecleugh ; yet he
managed to pay his ransom, 100 angels, and to provide
portions for his seventeen sisters and daughters, built the
manor place beside his ancient tower, and reigned as laird
of Kilravock for more than fifty years. It was in his time
that Queen Mary paid her visit to Kilravock. The Castle
of Inverness, of which the Earl of Huntly was keeper, had
closed its gates against her and her half-brother, whom she
had just made Earl of Moray, and the Queen, while
preparing to storm the stronghold, took up her quarters
at Kilravock. Here possibly it was that she made the
famous remark that she " repented she was not a man,
to know what life it was to lie all night in the fields, or
walk the rounds with a Jack and knapscull." A few days
later, overawed by her preparations, the captain of Inver-
ness Castle surrendered and was hanged, and shortly
afterwards the Queen defeated Huntly himself at Corrichie,
and brought the great rebellion in the north to an end.
The Black Baron of Kilravock was justice depute of the
north under Argyll, sheriff of Inverness and constable of its
castle under Queen Mary, and commissioner for the Regent
Moray. He lived to be summoned to Parliament by
James VI. in 1593.
In the time of the eleventh and twelfth Barons we have
pictures of Kilravock as a happy family house, where sons
and grandsons were educated and brought up in kindly,
wise, and hospitable fashion. The thirteenth baron, who
died young in 1649, was well skilled in music, vocal and
instrumental. Hugh, the fourteenth baron, lived through
the trying times of Charles II. and James VII., but,
though sharing his wife's warm sympathy with the
persecuted Covenanters, managed himself to avoid the
persecutions of his time. The fifteenth baron, again,
educated in a licentious age, began life as a supporter of
the divine right of kings, but afterwards admitted the
464 CLAN ROSE
justice and necessity of the Revolution. He voted against
the Act of Union, but declared openly for the Protestant
Succession, and, after the Union, was appointed one of the
Scottish Commissioners to the first Parliament of Great
Britain. On the outbreak of the Earl of Mar's rebellion in
1715 he stood firm for King George's Government, armed
two hundred of his clan, kept the peace in his country side,
and maintained Kilravock Castle as a refuge for persons in
dread of harm by the Jacobites. He even planned to
reduce the Jacobite garrison at Inverness, and, along with
Forbes of Culloden and Lord Lovat, blockaded the town.
His brother, Arthur Rose, who had but lately been
ransomed from slavery with the pirates of Algiers, and
whose portrait in Turkish dress may still be seen at Kil-
ravock, tried to seize the garrison. At the head of a small
party he made his way to the Tolbooth, but was betrayed
by his guide. As Rose pushed past the door, sword in
hand, the fellow called out "An enemy! an enemy! "
Upon this the guard rushed forward, shot him through
the body, and crushed the life out of him between the
door and the wall. On hearing of his brother's end,
Kilravock sent a message to the garrison, ordering it to
leave the place, or he would lay the town in ashes, and
so assured were the governor and magistrates that he
would keep his word that they evacuated the town and castle
during the night, and he entered and took possession next
day.
In 1704 Kilravock 's following was stated as five
hundred men, but in 1725 General Wade estimated it at
no more than three hundred.
In 1734 the sixteenth baron was returned to Parliament
for Ross-shire, and he might have been elected again,
but preferred the pleasures of country life. He built the
house of Coulmonie on the Findhorn, and married Eliza-
beth Clephane, daughter of a soldier of fortune, and friend
of the Countess of Sutherland. He was engaged in the
quiet life of a country gentleman, hawking and shooting
and fishing, when in 1745 the storm of Jacobite rebellion
again swept over the country. Two days before the battle
of Culloden, Prince Charles Edward rode out from Inver-
ness to bring in his outposts on the Spey, which were
retiring before Cumberland's army, and he spent an hour
or two at Kilravock Castle. He kissed the children,
begged a tune on the violin from the laird, and walked out
with him to see some plantations of trees he was making.
Before leaving he expressed envy of the laird's peaceful
life in the midst of a country so disturbed by war. Next
(4
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:
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I
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!
CLAN ROSE 465
day the Duke of Cumberland arrived at the Castle, where
it is said he spent the night. His boots, a pair of huge
Wellingtons, are still to be seen there. In course of talk
he remarked to the laird, "You have had my cousin
here?" and on Kilravock hastening to explain that he
had had no means of refusing entertainment, the Duke
stopped him with the remark that he had done quite right.
The laird was then Provost of Nairn, and a silver-mounted
drinking cup of cocoanut still preserved at Kilravock bears
the inscription, " This cup belongs to the Provost of
Nairn, 1746, the year of our deliverance. A bumper to
the Duke of Cumberland."
For a hundred years the Sheriffship of Ross had been
all but hereditary in the family, and after the abolition
of heritable jurisdictions in 1746, Hugh Rose, the seven-
teenth baron, was still appointed sheriff depute by the
King. Books and music, gardening and hospitality, filled
up the pleasant life at Kilravock in this laird's time. He
himself was a good classical scholar, and was consulted
constantly by Professor Moore, of Glasgow, regarding his
great edition of Homer.
It was the daughter and heiress of this laird who was
known in so much of the correspondence of the north in
her time as Mrs. Elizabeth Rose. This lady succeeded
her brother, the eighteenth baron, in 1782, married her
cousin, Hugh Rose of Brea, the heir-male, and lived
through a long widowhood till 1815. Lady Kilravock, as
she was called, had a high reputation for taste in music
and literature, and when Robert Burns set out on his
Highland tour in the autumn of 1787, he carried an intro-
duction to her from her cousin, Henry MacKenzie, the
" Man of Feeling." The Poet's two visits to the castle
within a couple of days of each other are noted in his journal,
and referred to in a letter in the following spring.
Below the crag on which the castle stands, winds the
wild sequestered path known as the Fairy Walk, on which
Burns is said to have rambled with the ladies of the house.
The highly accomplished character of Mrs. Elizabeth
Rose is also attested in the writings of Hugh Miller and
other well-known authors.
From first to last, indeed, the Roses of Kilravock stand
distinguished among the chiefs of Highland clans for
their refined and literary taste. Something of the
popular impression of this is to be seen in the well-known
ballad of "Sir James the Rose," which had probably
some member of the house for its subject. Major James
Rose, the late laird and head of the house, was Lord-
466 CLAN ROSE
Lieutenant of Nairnshire from 1889 to 1904. His son,
the present laird, Colonel Hugh Rose, had just retired
from active service in the Army when the Great European
War broke out in 1914. He then again offered his services,
and shortly after the beginning of hostilities was
appointed Camp Commandant of one of the divisions of
the British Expeditionary Force in France. Among other
distinguished holders of the name in recent times have
been William Stewart Rose, the well-known scholar,
poet, and friend of Sir Walter Scott, and his nephew,
Hugh Henry Rose, Lord Strathnairn, who won his way
by distinguished services in India to the position of
Commander-in-Chief in that great dependency.
ROSS
Facing page 466.
CLAN ROSS
BADGE : Craobh Aiteann (Juniperis communis) juniper.
PIBROCH : Spaidseareachd larla Ros, composed in 1427.
THERE seems to be little doubt that the Chiefs of Clan
Ross took their name from the character of the district
in which they held their possessions. Ross is the descrip-
tive name for a certain type of promontory, and the district
of Ross in the north of Scotland is par excellence the
great promontory of the country. It is in somewhat
similar fashion that the Ord of Caithness and the Mull
of Kintyre have come to be known above all others as
" the Ord " and " the Mull " respectively.
There seems to be no record of the time or circum-
stances in which the chiefs of the clan now bearing that
name originally settled in the district. They may, there-
for, have been originally of Celtic blood, or they may,
like so many others of the Highland chiefs, have been
settlers introduced from the south in the time of Malcolm
Canmore and his son. In this latter case they would
originally be known under the appellation of De Ros, from
the name of their territory, and the appellation would, in
the course of time, as in other cases, come to be their
family name. The race was also known in the Highlands
as the Clan Gille Andras, or Tribe of the Follower of
St. Andrew, the tradition being that one of the early chiefs
had been devoted to the service of the Patron Saint of
Scotland.
The chief of the clan does not appear in history till
the reign of Malcolm IV., but when he does so, he is
termed by Wyntoun the chronicler, one of the seven
" Mayster men " or magnates of Scotland, and so must
already have occupied a position of high power and con-
sequence. According to the Register of Dunfermline, a
certain Malcolm was at that time Earl of Ross, and he
was probably the same individual with the Gille Anrias
Ergemauche whom Wyntoun describes as chief spokes-
man, along with Ferquhard, Earl of Strathearn, among
the seven magnates who conspired to overthrow the King,
and place his brother William on the throne. The cause
467
468 CLAN ROSS
of the conspiracy was the fact that King Malcolm, as
holder of an English fief, the Earldom of Huntingdon,
had followed Henry II. of England in his expedition
against Toulouse. Malcolm was holding his court at Perth
in 1160, soon after his return from France, when the
conspirators suddenly surrounded the city. The young
King, however, proved more vigorous than they expected.
Instead of waiting to be attacked, he took the offensive,
drove them from the field, and pursued them into Gallo-
way. There, at the third attempt, he overthrew his
enemies. Fergus, lord of Galloway, became a monk at
Holyrood and the Earl of Ross appears to have been
forfeited. Two years later, at any rate, according to
Documents, etc., illustrating the History of Scotland,
IV. 5, p. 20, the earldom of Ross was granted as part of
the dowry of the Princess Ada on her marriage with
Florence, Count of Holland.
It would appear, however, as if the earldom of Gille-
anrias had before long been regranted to the son of that
personage, for, shortly after the accession of Alexander II.
in 1214, Ferquhard Mac-in-Sagart (son of the priest),
Earl of Ross, appears performing a brilliant part in the
history of the north. Donald Bane, representative of the
legitimate line of " the gracious Duncan," appeared in
that region to assert for the last time the claim of his house
to the Scottish throne. He was promptly met there by
the Earl of Ross, who defeated the rebels, slew the leaders,
and, on presenting their heads to the king, received the
honour of knighthood from the royal hand. The story is
told in the Chronicle of Melrose.
From that time the Earls of Ross appear as strong
supporters of the Scottish King, and, holding Skye and
the Nordreys, or northern islands, in opposition to a
Norwegian nominee, seem to have done their best to com-
plete the overthrow of the Norse power in the Isles. The
" race of the priest," otherwise Gilleanrias, appear indeed
to have been among the great leaders of that time who,
under Alexander II. and Alexander III., finally defeated
and overthrew the Norse dominion which had been closing
its hold upon the north and west of Scotland for
500 years.
Twenty years after the attempt of Donald Bane, the
Earl of Ross did the King most substantial service in
another province of his realm. On the death of Alan
Fitz Roland, Lord of Galloway, that province seemed
upon the point of being divided between his three
daughters, Helen, wife of Roger de Quinci, Earl of Win-
CLAN ROSS 469
Chester, Christina, wife of William de Fortibus, and
Devorgilla, wife of John Baliol. Resisting this partition,
the people of the Province invited Thomas, a natural son
of their late lord, to assert his claim, and proceeded to
attack the neighbouring country with fire and sword.
King Alexander advanced into Galloway with an army,
and while his forces were entangled in marshy ground,
ill suited to the movements of mounted men-at-arms, the
insurgents rushed down from a hill, and would have over-
whelmed him, had it not been that the Earl of Ross, at
the head of his own light-armed mountaineers, came up
in time, attacked the Galloway men in the rear, and
scattered them in disorder. Alexander, it will be seen,
had good reason for his policy of confirming and support-
ing the Earl of Ross in his great possessions in the north,
as a buttress against the power of the enemies of the
throne.
The fortunes of the family of Ross thus rose upon the
decay of the ancient Norwegian earldoms of Orkney and
Caithness. By the middle of the century Alastair, Earl
of Ross, had attained the high position of Justiciar of the
Kingdom, and from that time, for two centuries and a
half, the Earls of Ross remained the most powerful nobles
in the north.
In the boyhood of Alexander III., when his father-in-
law, Henry III. of England, was scheming to secure a
suzerainty over Scotland, and actually effected a coup
de e"tat at Roxburgh, the heads of the Scottish Govern-
ment, whom he succeeded in displacing, were the great
Walter Comyn, Earl of Monteith, John Baliol, father of
the future king, and Robert de Ross, these personages
being too patriotic for the purposes of the English
monarch. The Robert de Ross who thus appears in a
heroic light on the historic page may have been a brother
or a son of the great northern Earl.
In the campaigns of Robert the Bruce and his brother
Edward, Sir Walter, the Earl of Ross of that time,
appears as the bosom friend of the latter, and he and Sir
William Vipont are recorded as the only persons of note
who were slain on the side of the Scots at the battle of
Bannockburn. At the battle of Halidon Hill, again, after
the death of Bruce, one of the four divisions of the
Scottish army was led by Hugh, Earl of Ross. When the
day was going badly against the Scots, who, as they
struggled through the marshy ground, were falling thick
as leaves in Vallombrosa under the arrows of the English
bowmen, the Earl proceeded to lead his division against
VOL. II. °
470 CLAN ROSS
the wing where Edward Baliol commanded, but was driven
back and slain.
Thirteen years later still, when David II. was gather-
ing a great Scottish army in preparation for the ill-fated
campaign which was to end in defeat at the battle of
Durham, the Earl of Ross took part in a transaction which
withdrew a large part of the Scottish forces from the royal
army. The muster took place at Perth, and was the>
greatest known for a considerable period. Unfortunately*
however, it afforded an opportunity for ancient feuds if
break out between the Highland chiefs. Among the*;
the bitterest occurred between the Earl of Ross and Rana(
of the Isles. This came to a head in the monastery c,
Elcho, where the Earl assassinated his enemy. Forth,
with, dreading the royal vengeance, the Earl withdre\y
his men, and retreated rapidly into the north. At the
same time the Islesmen, having lost their leader, dispersed]
in confusion. Not only did the king find his forces con-;
siderably reduced in consequence, but the event made a-
serious impression upon the spirits of the army, by whom
it was looked upon as an omen of disaster.
This Earl, William, left no male issue. His daughter,
Euphemia, married Sir Walter Leslie of Leslie, Aberdeen-
shire, and he, in her right, assumed the title of Earl of
Ross. Their son, again, was known as Alexander Leslie,
Earl of Ross. Alexander married a daughter of the
Regent Duke of Albany and upon his death, about the
year 1405, his only child, a daughter, having become a
nun, was induced by the all-powerful Duke of Albany
to assign the lands and earldom to her mother's brother,
the Earl of Buchan. Alexander Leslie's sister, Margaret,
however, had married Donald, Lord of the Isles, and he,
in her right, now claimed the earldom of Ross. Raising
an army of 10,000 men, he took possession of the Earldom,
and, marching southwards, reached Inverurie on the Don,
less than twenty miles from Aberdeen. There he was met
by the Regent's forces under the Earl of Mar, and on
St. John's Eve, 24th July, fought the bloody battle of
Harlaw. Ultimately, by a treaty with Albany at Loch-
gilp on the Firth of Clyde, Donald was forced to relinquish
the earldom ; but, after the return of James I. and the over-
throw of the house of Albany, Donald's son, Alexander,
who was the King's cousin once removed, was recognised
as Earl of Ross.
In this way the earldom of Ross became separated from
the chiefship of the clan, and it ultimately, after the for-
feiture of John, Lord of the Isles and Earl of Ross, at the
CLAN ROSS 471
end of the fifteenth century, was conferred upon the
second son of James III. and a succession of other holders.
Meanwhile, however, the chiefship had really passed to
a brother of the last Earl William, father of the Countess
Euphemia. This brother, Hugh Ross of Rarichies, in
1374 received a charter of the lands of Balnagown. The
influence of the Leslies, who as feudal superiors in right
^f the Countess Euphemia, claimed the services of the
loss-shire tenants as their vassals, prevented Balnagown
om openly exercising the powers of the chiefship, and a
ar relative, Paul MacTyre, a man celebrated for his
lour, took command of the clan, much in the same way
at a later day the famous Rob Roy took command of
ic MacGregors. When at last the Balnagown family
/as able to resume its proper authority, the power of the
.Ian had considerably declined, and in the feuds which
ollowed it suffered still further loss. The chief of these
"euds was with the Mackays of Strathnaver. Again and
again the Rosses had suffered molestation from these
enemies, and when at last, driven to desperation and
thoroughly infuriated, they gathered their forces and
marched against the Mackay Chief, they were in the mood
to teach a severe lesson. The Mackays, with Angus of
Strathnaver at their head, finding themselves fiercely
attacked, sought shelter in the church of Tarbat. There
several were slain, and, the church being set on fire, Angus
Mackay and many of his clansmen were burnt to ashes.
To avenge this "cruel slaughter," Ian Riach MacKay
gathered his men, and, helped by a force of the Suther-
lands, his neighbours on the south, invaded the territory
of the Rosses and proceeded to lay it waste with the
utmost fury. In defence of his people, Alastair Ross, the
Laird of Balnagown, gathered all his forces, and, meeting
the invaders, engaged in the long and desperate battle
of Blair alt na charish. In the end the battle went against
the Rosses, Alastair himself being slain, with seventeen
gentlemen of his clan and a great number of others. The
defeat proved a real disaster, from which the clan never
really recovered. In 1427 the Earl of Ross could bring
into the field 2,000 men; in 1715 the strength of the clan
was reckoned at no more than 360, and by 1745 it had only
increased to 500.
At the beginning of the eighteenth century the line of
Balnagown came to an end. David Ross, the
inding himself the last of his line, sold the estate
l^eneral Charles Ross, brother of Lord Ross of Hawkl
icar Glasgow, in whose family it has since descended.
472 CLAN ROSS
The Hawkhead family, however, were in no way related
to the Rosses of the North, their ancestor having come
from Yorkshire in the twelfth century, and settled in the
county of Renfrew. As a matter of fact the Rosses of
Balnagown of the present day are descended from the
Rosses of Hawkhead only in the female line, the estate
having been inherited by Sir James Lockhart, Bart., of
Carstairs, on the death of his cousin, William, fourteenth
and last Lord Ross, and the name Ross having been
assumed by the Lockharts in consequence.
Thus, though of an ancient race, the present house of
Balnagown can make no claim to the chiefship of the
clan. On the death of David Ross of Balnagown in the
eighteenth century, the chiefship passed to Ross of Pit-
calnie, who thus became representative of the ancient and
powerful race of northern Earls.
SEPTS OF CLAN Ross
Anderson Andrew
Dingwall Gillanders
MacAndrew MacCulloch
MacLulich MacTaggart
MacTear MacTier
MacTire Taggart
Vass Wass
SHAW
THIS FIGURE WAS COPIED BY M'I.\N FROM THAT OK AN
OFFICER OF A HIGHLAND REGIMENT IN A PRINT OK 1786.
THE TARTAN IS NOT AUTHENTIC.
Facing page 472.
CLAN SHAW
BADGE : Lus nam braoileag (Vaccinium vitis idaea) red whortle-
berry.
THE Rev. Lachlan Shaw, historian of Moray, declared
that he saw no reason to doubt that all persons of the
name, in the south country as well as the north, were
members of this clan. There is reason to believe, how-
ever, that many Shaws in the south take their name from
some ancestor's residence near a " shaw " or thicket, this
being a common local place-name either alone or with
some qualification, as in Pollokshaws, near Glasgow. The
Gaelic name, Na Si'aich, on the other hand, means " Son
of the Tempest " or " Son of the Snow." The same
author, and the Rev. W. G. Shaw, following him, in his
Memorials of Clan Shaw, quote unvaried tradition for the
statement that the Shaws held Rothiemurcus from the
Bishops of Moray in undisturbed possession for a long
period prior to 1350. In that year, these writers declare,
the Comyns of Strathdallas obtained a wadset or lease of
the lands, and on the Shaws refusing to give them up,
a combat took place in which James Shaw, the chief, fell.
By his wife, a daughter of Ferguson, a baron of Atholl,
this chief, say these writers, was father of a son who, on
coming of age, attacked and defeated the Comyns and
killed their leader at a place since called Laggan na
Chuiminaich. He then purchased the freehold of Rothie-
murcus and Baile an Easpuig, and so stopped further
dispute.
Still another statement was made, in a Genealogie of
the Far quhar sons, written about the year 1700. The
writer of that document derived his clan and that of the
Shaws from Shaw, third son of Macduff, who, he says,
" took his proper name for his surname, came north, and
possessed himself of Rothiemurcus, which was a part of
his father's inheritance."
All these writers appear to have" been misled by the
occurrence of the Christian name Seth or Scayth in early
documents. As a matter of fact, down to the seventeenth
century the owners of Rothiemurcus were known as
473
474 CLAN SHAW
Mackintoshes, and only then took the Christian name of
their doughty ancestor Shaw Mackintosh for a family
name. The entire matter is clearly discussed and set forth
in The Mackintoshes and Clan Chattan, by Mr. A. M.
Mackintosh.
The Mackintoshes themselves claim descent from Shaw
Macduff, son of the Earl of Fife, in 1163. The early chiefs
of the Mackintoshes in the thirteenth century were alter-
nately named Shaw and Ferquhard, and according to the
Kinrara MS., Shaw the fourth chief obtained in 1236 from
Andrew, Bishop of Moray, founder of Elgin Cathedral, a
lease of Rothiemurcus in Strathspey. Angus, sixth
Mackintosh chief, in 1291 married Eva, only daughter and
heiress of the head of the " old " Clan Chattan, and he
and his descendants became on that account Captains of
Clan Chattan. According to the Kinrara MS., the
founder of the family afterwards known as Shaws was a
great-grandson of this pair. In modern tradition he is
called Shaw Mor, or " the Great " ; by Bower and Major
he is designated Shaw Beg, or " Little," probably from
his stature; and otherwise he is known as Shaw Sgorf-
hiaclach or Coriaclich, the Buck-toothed. The Mackintosh
tradition is that his father's name was Gilchrist, but that
of the Shaws runs that his father was James. The latter
tradition seems the more likely, as Shaw Mor's son was
named James, probably so called in Scottish fashion, after
his grandfather. In this latter case the tradition would
agree with the account already mentioned of the fall of
James, an ancestor of the Shaws, in the struggle with the
Comyns for possession of Rothiemurcus, and Shaw Mor
would be the son who, on coming of age, avenged his
father's death at Laggan na Chuiminaich. A little later
he was to appear as a leader in a more extended warfare.
When Duncan, natural son of the Wolf of Badenoch,
following his father's lawless and evil ways, swept down
upon the lowland district of Angus in 1391, destroying
and murdering with reckless cruelty, and overthrowing
the royal forces under Ogilvie, Sheriff of Angus, at the
bloody battle of Gasklune, near the Water of Isla, the
Mackintoshes were led by Shaw Mor. Among the persons
put to the horn for that raid of Angus the Act of Parlia-
ment of the time mentions " Slurach and the haill Clan
Qwhevil." The " Slurach " is obviously a mistran-
scription of Sheach, or Shaw, while the Qwhevil of the
Act is, of course, the Clan Qwhewyl mentioned in Wyn-
toun's Chronicle as taking part five years later in the
famous combat of the " threttie against threttie "on the
CLAN SHAW 475
North Inch of Perth. Rothiemurcus was at the time
under the overlordship of the lawless son of Robert 11.,
and a good deal of interesting matter regarding Shaw
Mor is to be found in Sir Thomas Dick Lauder's romance,
The Wolf of Badenoch.
It was probably by reason of the reputation he had
gained in these affairs that Shaw Mor was chosen by his
chief, Mackintosh, as captain of the picked warriors of
the clan who took part in the battle on the North Inch
in 1396. On a Monday morning, the day before Michael-
mas, in the September of that year, a mighty multitude
gathered to see that fight to the death within the barriers
on the river side. King Robert III. was there, with his
queen, Annabella Drummond, and his crafty brother, the
Duke of Albany, in the Gilten Arbour specially built for
the occasion, as well as many of the nobles of Scotland
and even visitors from France. All the world is familiar
with the scene, as depicted in Sir Walter Scott's Fair
Maid of Perth. At the last moment Clan Quhele was
found to be a man short. His place was filled by an
armourer of Perth, Hal o' the Wynd, otherwise the Gow
Crom, or bandy-legged smith, who for his hire was to have
a piece of silver and maintenance for life if he survived.
Tradition runs that no sooner was the signal given than
this doughty individual drew his bow and shot an enemy
dead. He seemed disposed to make no further effort, and,
on his captain demanding why, declared he had earned
his day's wage. " Fight on," cried Shaw, " and your
wage shall not be stinted." At this the smith rushed
again into the battle, and by his fierce valour did much to
win the fight. When all was over, and the only survivor
of their opponents had plunged into the Tay and escaped,
there were only eleven of Clan Quhele left, and all except
the smith were wounded. According to the Kinrara MS.,
the stout armourer went home with the clan he had
supported, and became the ancestor of the Gows or Smiths,
who are counted a sept of Clan Chattan. At the same
time, according to the same authority, the captain of the
victorious party was handsomely rewarded by the Mackin-
tosh chief : " Lachlan gave to Shaw possession of the
lands of Rothiemurcus for the valour he showed that day
against his enemies." In the quiet graveyard which
surrounds the little kirk of Rothiemurcus the grave
Shaw Mor may still be seen. For centuries it was mark
by a grey stone on which were laid five roughly rour
smaller stones. But about 1870 an American individual
of the name of Shaw, who claimed to be a grand-nephew
476 CLAN SHAW
of Farquhar Shaw, shot as a deserter from the Black
Watch in 1743, laid on the grave a modern slab in which
the deeds of Shaw Mor are attributed to a Farquhar Shaw I
James, the son and successor of Shaw Mor, took part
in another and yet more important conflict. When
Donald, Lord of the Isles, was being ousted by his uncle
Robert, Duke of Albany, from his claim to the Earldom
of Ross, and set out on his great raid across Scotland, he
was followed, among other vassals, by Malcolm, tenth
chief of the Mackintoshes, and his clan. They played their
part valiantly in the great battle of Harlaw, fought on 24th
July, 1411, and among those who fell in the struggle, both
the ancient ballad and the historian Boece enumerate the
Mackintosh chief. There is evidence, however, in the
Kinrara MS., in charters and in the MS. History of the
Macdonalds, that the chief survived till 1457. The leader
who really fell was James of Rothiemurcus. The fact
that he was called Mackintosh in the ballad and by Boece
merely shows that the Rothiemurcus family were still
known by that name.
James left two infant sons, Alexander Keir (ciar,
brown) and Ai or Adam, ancestor of the Shaws of
Tordarroch. At that time the Comyns, who had once
been lords of Badenoch and of vast territories elsewhere
in Scotland, were still numerous in the region, and they
seem to have taken advantage of the infancy of the holders
to take possession of Rothiemurcus. On coming of age,
however, Alexander Ciar gathered his friends, surprised
and destroyed these Comyn enemies, and cleared his
territory. His father and grandfather had merely held
the lands as duchas, but Alexander secured the per-
manent rights. According to the Kinrara MS., the
eleventh Mackintosh chief, Duncan, disponed his right of
possession and tack of Rothiemurcus to his cousin, Alister
Keir Mackintosh, alias Shaw, and the conveyance was
confirmed by the Bishop of Moray, feudal superior of the
lands, who in 1464 gave " Alexander Keyr Mackintosy '
a feu charter. The bishop was to receive an annual rent
of twenty-four merks till Alister or his heirs should infeft
him in lands of ten pounds annual value nearer Elgin,
after which the payment for Rothiemurcus was to be a fir
cone annually, if demanded. Some trouble took place
with the Mackintosh chief over this charter, but in the end
Alister Ciar secured possession, and so became feudally
independent of Mackintosh. From that time onward he
seems to have acted as an independent chief, to have given
bands of manrent direct to the Earls of Errol and Huntly,
CLAN SHAW 477
and to have been recognised as the equal of the thanes of
Cawdor and the lairds of Kilravock.
While John, his eldest son, succeeded him in Rothie-
murcus, Alexander Ciar's younger sons became the
ancestors of the Shaws of Dell, the Shaws of Dalnavert,
the Farquharsons of Deeside, and the Maclvers of Harris
and the Western Isles.
John's son Alan succeeded in 1521. Three years later
Lachlan, chief of the Mackintoshes, was murdered while
hunting at Raigmore on the Findhorn. Shortly after-
wards the murderers were captured, and kept in chains in
the stronghold of Loch-an-Eilan in Rothiemurcus till 1531,
when they were tried by the Earl of Moray, and duly
executed. At the same period when Clan Chattan was
bringing trouble upon itself by raiding and slaughtering
on the lands of the Earl of Moray, who had assumed the
guardianship of his nephew, their infant chief, and by
supporting the Earl of Angus in his too close guardian-
ship of his stepson, the boy king, James V., " Allan
Keir " is found concerned. So serious was the trouble
that a mandate of extermination was issued against Clan
Chattan. Among others, Grant of Freuchie was com-
missioned to pursue the offenders.
These acts seem to have undermined the fortunes of
the house of Rothiemurcus. In 1539 Alan disposed of the
property to George Gordon, governor of Ruthven Castle,
and son of the Earl of Huntly. From the Gordons the
lands passed to the Grants in 1567. This alienation of
the lands was a bitter regret to the Mackintosh chief. He
appealed to Grant's generosity to let him have his " own
native country of Rothiemurcus " for the price he had
paid for it. But Grant was adamant, and a feud began
in consequence, which continued till 1586. Some of the
popular stories of that feud are recounted in Memoirs of a
Highland Lady, one of the Grants of Rothiemurcus. The
authoress describes how the new owner repaired the ruins
on Loch-an-Eilan in case of mishap, and destroyed the old
fort of the Shaws on the Doune Hill, " leaving his
malediction on any of his successors who should rebuild
it." One rather gruesome story is of the slaying of one
of the leaders of the Shaws. His followers " had to bury
him, and no grave would suit them but one in the kirk-
yard of Rothiemurcus beside his fathers. With such
array as their fallen fortunes permitted of, they brought
their dead, and laid him unmolested in that dust to which
we must all return. But, oh, what horrid times ! Hi
widow next morning, on opening the door of her house
478 CLAN SHAW
at Dalnavert, caught in her arms the corpse, which had
been raised in the night and carried back to her. It was
buried again, and again it was raised, more times than I
care to say, till Laird James announced he was tired of
the play. The corpse was raised, but carried home no
more. It was buried deep down within the kirk, beneath
the laird's own seat, and every Sunday when he went to
pray he stamped his feet upon the heavy stone he had laid
over the remains of his enemy."
Alan, who sold the estate, reserved possession to him-
self during his lifetime, and his son James and James's
son Alan continued in the district after him. In 1620
appears the first instance of the use of Shaw as a family
name, when Alexander Shaw in Dalnavert witnesses a
Mackintosh sasine, but by 1640 the name was in full use.
In 1645, the time of Montrose and the Civil War, the
chief, as Alan Shaw, witnessed a bond of defence against
the king's enemies.
According to tradition, Alan was outlawed for the
slaughter of his stepfather, Dallas of Cantray, and having
been seized and imprisoned in Castle Grant, died there
soon afterwards.
The Rev. Lachlan Shaw, in his History of Moray,
states that Alan's brother and associates " exiled into the
Western Isles and Ireland," the main line of the family
thus becoming extinct in the country. To the present day
there are many Shaws in Skye and Jura, who may be
descendants of these " exiles." The Rev. W. G. Shaw,
however, in his Memorials of Clan Shaw, quotes the
tradition of an Alasdair Ruaidh Shaw who resisted all the
attempts of the Grants to eject him from his tenancy of
Achnahaitnich, laughing at legal processes, and resisting
with sword and gun. This Alasdair he makes out to have
been Alan's brother, and to have continued the main line
of the family at Crathinard in Braemar and Crandard in
Glenisla. But the evidence seems doubtful. Sir Robert
Sibbald in 1680 described Rothiemurcus as formerly
belonging to " the Schaws, who still possess (i.e., occupy)
the parish, Alexander Schaw of Dell being head of the
tribe."
SINCLAIR
Facing page 478.
CLAN SINCLAIR
BADGR : Conasg (Ulex Europaeus) furze or whin.
PIBROCH : Spaidsearachcl Mhic nan Cearda.
EVERY Scottish schoolboy is familiar with the story of
the heroic fight with the Moors on a field of Spain in which
the Good Lord James of Douglas met his death. In that
fight, it will be remembered, Douglas noted that a Scottish
knight, Sir William St. Clair, had charged too far, and
had been surrounded by the enemy. " Yonder worthy
knight will be slain," he exclaimed, " unless he have
instant help," and he galloped to the rescue. Then, him-
self surrounded by the enemy, and seeing no hope for
escape, he took from his neck the casket containing
Bruce's heart, and threw it forward among the enemy.
'* Pass first in fight," he cried, " as thou were wont to
do; Douglas will follow thee or die!" and pressing
forward to the place where it had fallen, was himself slain.
The William St. Clair who thus comes into historical
note, and who, with his brother John, was slain on that
Andalusian battlefield, was the ancestor in direct male line
of the Sinclairs, Earls of Caithness, of the present day.
Like so many of the great Highland families, the St.
Clairs were not originally of Celtic stock. Their pro-
genitor is said to have been William, son of the Comte
de St. Clair, a relative of William the Conqueror, who
" came over " with that personage in 1066. He or a
descendant seems to have been one of the Norman knights
brought into Scotland to support the new dynasty and
feudal system of Malcolm Canmore and his sons. In the
twelfth century there were two families of the name, the
St. Clairs of Roslyn and the St. Clairs of Herdmonstoun
respectively, though no relationship was traced between
them. Sir William de St. Clair of Roslyn, who
flourished in the latter half of the thirteenth century, was
a guardian of the young Scottish king, Alexander III.,
and one of the envoys sent to negotiate the French
marriage for that prince. He was sheriff of Dumfries and
justiciar of Galloway, and, as a partizan of Baliol, was
captured by the English at Dunbar in 1294, escaping from
479
480 CLAN SINCLAIR
Gloucester Castle nine years later. His son, Sir Henry,
was also captured at Dunbar, but exchanged in 1299. He
was sheriff of Lanark in 1305, fought for Bruce at Bannock-
burn, and received a pension in 1328. It was his brother
iWilliam, Bishop of Dunkeld, who repulsed the English
at Donibristle in 1317 and crowned Edward Baliol in
1332.
Sir William St. Clair who fell in Spain in 1329 was the
elder son of Sir Henry St. Clair of Roslyn. His son,
another Sir William, who succeeded to the Roslyn
heritage, added immensely to the fortunes of his family by
marrying Isabella, daughter and co-heir of Malise, Earl
of Strathearn, Caithness, and Orkney. In consequence
his son Henry became Earl or Prince of Orkney at the
hand of Hakon VI. in 1379. He conquered the Faroe
Islands in 1391, wrested Shetland from Malise Sperra,
and with Antonio Zeno, crossed the Atlantic, and explored
Greenland. His son, another Henry Sinclair, second Earl
of Orkney, was twice captured by the English, at
Homildon Hill in 1402 and with the young James I. on
his voyage to France in 1406. He married Isabella,
daughter and heiress of Sir William Douglas of Nithsdale,
and the Princess Egidia, daughter of Robert II.; and his
son, William, third Earl of Orkney, was one of the most
powerful nobles in the country in the time of James II.
The Earl was one of the hostages for the ransom of
James I. in 1421, and in 1436, as High Admiral of Scot-
land, conveyed James's daughter to her marriage with the
Dauphin, afterwards Louis XI. of France. At his
investiture with the earldom of Orkney in 1434 he
acknowledged the Norwegian jurisdiction over the islands,
and in 1446 he was summoned to Norway as a vassal. In
this same year he began the foundation of the famous
Collegiate Church, now known as Roslyn Chapel, on the
Esk near Edinburgh, which is perhaps at the present hour
the richest fragment of architecture in Scotland, and in
the vaults of which lie in their leaden coffins so many
generations of " the lordly line of high St. Clair." Sir
Walter Scott has recorded in a well-known poem the
tradition that on the death of the chief of that great race
Roslyn Chapel is seen as if it were flaming to heaven.
At his great stronghold of Roslyn Castle at hand the
Earl of Orkney lived in almost regal splendour. In
1448, when the English, instigated by Richard, Duke of
York, broke across the Borders and burned Dumfries and
Dunbar, the Earl assisted in their repulse and overthrow.
In the following year he was summoned to Parliament as
CLAN SINCLAIR 481
Lord Sinclair. From 1454 to 1456 he was Chancellor of
Scotland under James V., whose side he took actively
against the Earl of Douglas, though Douglas's mother,
Lady Beatrice Sinclair, was his own aunt, and who, in
1455, on his relinquishing his claim to Nithsdale, made
him Earl of Caithness. This honour was no doubt partly
due to the fact that, through his great-grandmother, the
wife of Malise of Strathearn, he inherited the blood of the
more ancient Earls of Caithness, the first recorded of
whom is said to be a certain Dungald who flourished in
875. A few years later certain actions of Earl William
and his son may be said to have brought about the
marriage of James III. and the transference of Orkney
and Shetland to the Scottish crown. During some dis-
agreement with Tulloch, Bishop of Orkney, St. Glair's
son seized and imprisoned that prelate. Forthwith
Christiern, King of Denmark, to whom Orkney then
belonged, wrote to the young Scottish king demanding
not only the liberation of his bishop, but also the arrears
of the old " Annual of Norway " which Alexander III.
of Scotland had agreed to pay for possession of the
Hebrides. The matter was settled by the marriage of
James III. to Christiern's daughter, Margaret, the annual
of Norway being forgiven as part of the princess's dowry,
and the Orkney and Shetland islands pledged to James
for payment of the rest. St. Clair was then, in 1471,
induced to relinquish to the king his Norwegian earldom
of Orkney, receiving as compensation the rich lands
of Dysart, with the stronghold of Ravenscraig, which
James II. had built for his queen on the coast of Fife.
The earl was twice married. By his first wife.
Elizabeth, daughter of the fourth Earl of Douglas, he had
a son and daughter. Katherine, the daughter, married
Alexander, Duke of Albany, son of James II., and was
divorced, while William the son was left by his father
only the estate of Newburgh in Aberdeenshire and the
title of Lord Sinclair, by which title the earl had been
called to Parliament in 1449. In 1676 this title of Baron
St. Clair passed through a female heir, Katherine, Mistress
of Sinclair, to her son Henry St. Clair, representative of
the family of Sinclair of Herdmonstoun. Through t
daughter Grisel and two successive female heirs the
estates passed to the family of Anstruther Thomson of
Charleton, while the title of Lord Sinclair was inherited
by the descendants of his uncle Matthew, :he pres<
Lords Sinclair are therefore of the family of Herdmon-
stoun, and are not descended from the original holder of
482 CLAN SINCLAIR
the title, the great William, Earl of Orkney and Caithness
and Chancellor of Scotland, of the days of James II.
and III.
Earl William's second wife was a daughter of
Alexander Sutherland of Dunbeath, and by her, besides
other children, he had two sons. To one of these, William,
he left the earldom of Caithness, and to the other, Sir
Oliver, he left Roslyn and the Fife estates. It is from
the former that the Earls of Caithness of the present day
are directly descended.
William, the second Earl, was one of the twelve great
nobles of that rank who fell with James IV. on Flodden
field. So many of the Caithness men were killed on that
occasion that since then the Sinclairs have had the
strongest aversion to clothe themselves in green or to cross
the Ord Hill on a Monday; for it was in green and on a
Monday that they marched over the Ord Hill to that
disastrous battle. So great was the disaster to the north
that scarcely a family of note in the Sinclair country but
lost the representative of its name.
John, the third Earl, was not less unfortunate. In
1529, ambitious of recovering for himself his grandfather's
earldom of Orkney, and of establishing himself there as an
independent prince, he raised a formidable force and set
sail to possess himself of the island. The enterprise was
short-lived, most of the natives of the islands remained
loyal to James V., and, led by James Sinclair, the
governor, they put to sea, and in a naval battle defeated
and slew the Earl with 500 of his followers, making
prisoners of the rest.
George, the fourth Earl, has a place in history chiefly
by reason of the sorrows and indignities he had to suffer
at the hands of his eldest son. That eldest son, John,
Lord Berriedale, Master of Caithness, induced his father
in 1543 to resign the earldom to him. He married Jean,
daughter of Patrick, third Earl of Bothwell, and widow
of John Stewart, prior of Coldingham, a natural son of
James V., and he set out to aggrandise himself by most
unnatural means. Among other exploits he imprisoned
his father, and in 1573 strangled his younger brother,
William Sinclair of Mey. Earl George himself was
mixed up in the history of his time in a somewhat question-
able way. In 1555 he was imprisoned and fined for
neglecting to attend the courts of the Regent. As a Lord
of Parliament in 1560 he opposed the ratification of the
Confession of Faith, when that document was abruptly
placed upon the statute book. He was made hereditary
CLAN SINCLAIR 488
justiciar in Caithness in 1566, but that did not prevent
him taking part in the plot for the murder of Darnley in
the following year, nor again did this prevent him from
presiding at the trial of the chief conspirator, the Earl of
Bothwell. Among his other actions he signed the letter
of the rebel lords to Queen Elizabeth in 1570, and was
accused of being an instigator of crimes in the north.
His son, the Master of Caithness, being dead five
years before him, in 1577, he was succeeded by the
Master's eldest son, George, as fifth Earl. This
personage, in the days of James VI. and Charles I.,
engaged in feuds, raids, and other similar enterprises
which seemed almost out of date at that late period. It
was he who in 1616 instigated John Gunn, chief of that
clan, to burn the corn-stacks of some of his enemies, an
exploit which secured Gunn a rigorous prosecution and
imprisonment in Edinburgh; and it was he who in 1585
joined the Earl of Sutherland in making war upon the
Gunns, in the course of which undertaking, at the battle
of Bengrian, the Sinclairs, rushing prematurely to the
attack, were overwhelmed by the arrow-flight and charge
of the Gunns, aud lost their commander with 120 of his
men. The Earl's great feud, however, was that against
the Earl of Sutherland himself. The feud began with the
slaughter of George Gordon of Marie by some of the
Caithness men in 1588. By way of retaliation the Earl of
Sutherland sent into Caithness 200 men who ravaged the
parishes of Latherone and Dunbeath ; then, following
them up, he himself overran the Sinclair country, and
besieged the Earl of Caithness in Castle Sinclair. The
stronghold proved impregnable, and when Sutherland
retired after a long and unsuccessful siege, Caithness
assembled his whole clan, marched into Sutherlandshire
with fire and sword, defeated his enemies in a pitched
battle, and carried off much spoil. Sutherland retaliated
in turn, 300 of his men spoiling and wasting Caithness,
killing over thirty of thejr enemies, and bringing back a
great booty. The Sinclairs again made reprisals with
their whole force. As they returned with their plunder
they were attacked at Clyne by the Sutherland men to the
number of about 500, but maintained a desperate fight
till nightfall, and then managed to make off. On reaching
home, however, they found that the Mackays had raided
their country from the other side, and, after spreading
desolation and gathering spoil, had retired as suddenly
as they had come. When these raids and counter-raids
with the men of Sutherland were over, the Earl of Caith-
484 CLAN SINCLAIR
ness found other openings for his turbulent enterprise.
After committing an outrage on the servants of the Earl
of Orkney, he earned credit to himself by putting down
the rebellion of Orkney's son, and for this in 1615 received
a pension. Having, however, committed certain outrages
on Lord Forbes, he was obliged to resign his pension and
the sheriffdom of Caithness in order to obtain pardon.
For his various acts a commission of fire and sword was
issued against him, and he was driven to seek refuge in
Shetland. It was not long before he was allowed to return,
but he did so only to meet his creditors, and at his death
twenty years later he left his affairs still in a state of
embarrassment.
The son and grandson of the fifth Earl having died
before him, he was succeeded as sixth Earl by his great-
grandson, George. The career of this Earl and of his
rival, the astute and unscrupulous Sir John Campbell,
Bart., of Glenurchy, reads almost like the pages of a melo-
drama, and still forms the subject of many a tradition
repeated among the people of Caithness. The Chief of
the Sinclairs, helped, it is said, by the machinations of
Glenurchy, found himself more and more deeply involved
in debt. There are stories of his raising money upon
mortgage to help friends who were in turn in the power
of Glenurchy, and of the mortgages and loans alike find-
ing their way into Glenurchy's hands. Finally in 1672,
the Earl, finding himself involved beyond recovery, was
forced to make over to Glenurchy, as his principal creditor,
a wadset, not only of his lands, but also of his honours.
The wadset was to be redeemable within six years, but
after that time the right to the lands was to become
absolute and the title of Earl of Caithness was to pass
to Glenurchy. Four years later the Earl of Caithness
died, and two years later still Glenurchy married his
widow, Mary, daughter of Archibald, the notorious
Marquess of Argyle. At the same time, the period of the
wadset having arrived, Glenurchy laid claim to the lands
and title of the Earldom of Caithness. His claim was
resisted by the heir male, George Sinclair of Keiss, son
of the second son of the fifth Earl. King Charles II.,
deciding that the right belonged to Campbell, granted him
a new charter, including both title and estates, but when
Glenurchy tried to collect his rents he found the Sinclairs
refuse to pay. In order to enforce his right Glenurchy,
who was now Earl of Caithness, sent into the north a body
of men under his kinsman, Robert Campbell of Glenlyon,
afterwards notorious as captain of the force which carried
Photo. T. & R. Annan & Sons.
From Ike I'ainling by Sir Hfttf
SIR JOHN SINCLAIR, BART. OF ULBSTER
Facing page 484.
CLAN SINCLAIR 485
out the Massacre of Glencoe. The Campbells marched
northward till they were confronted by the forces of the
Sinclairs on the further bank of a stream. For a time, it
is said, they remained there, neither side venturing an
attack; but at last Campbell sent a convoy of French
wines and spirits along a road on which he knew it must
fall into the hands of the Sinclairs. That night there
were sounds of merrymaking in the camp of the latter.
When these sounds had died away, and Glenlyon judged
his opponents to be unlikely to make effective resistance,
he marched his men across the stream, and cut the Sinclairs
to pieces. As he did this, the pipers of the Campbells
played for the first time the pibroch, Bodach an Briogas,
the Lad of the Breeches, in derision of the Sinclairs, who
wore, not the kilt, but the trews. The tune has ever since
been the gathering piece of the Campbells of Breadalbane.
But though Glenlyon had routed the Sinclairs, King
Charles shortly afterwards became convinced that he had
made an error, and in 1680 he caused Glenurchy to
relinquish the earldom of Caithness, recompensing him at
the same time by creating him Earl of Breadalbane and
Holland. George Sinclair of Keiss who thus became
seventh Earl, died unmarried in 1698, and the family
honours devolved on John, grandson of Sir James Sinclair
of Murchill, brother of the fifth Earl. Sir James had
married Elizabeth, daughter of Robert, Earl of Strath-
earn and Orkney, a natural son of James V., so John,
who succeeded as eighth Earl, was a great-great-grandson
of the gay " guidman of Ballengeich."
At this period the Jacobite Rebellion of 1745 took place.
According to the estimate of President Forbes of Culloden,
the Sinclairs could then raise 1,000 men. Five hundred
of them actually took arms, and were on their way to join
Prince Charles when news of the defeat of the cause at
Culloden reached them and caused them to disband.
On the death of Alexander, ninth Earl of Caithness,
without a male heir, the earldom was claimed by a grand-
son of David Sinclair of Broynach, brother of the eighth
Earl. The claimant's father was understood to have been
illegitimate, but it was sought to be proved that he had
been legitimated by a subsequent marriage of David of
Broynach to his mother. Both in 1768 and 1786, how-
ever, the courts repelled this claim, and the earldom
accordingly passed to William Sinclair of Ratter, repre-
sentative of Sir John Sinclair of Greenland, third son of
the Master of Caithness, fourth Earl. The son of this
Earl was again the last of his line, and the earldom passed
VOL. II. P
486 CLAN SINCLAIR
to Sir James Sinclair, Bart., of Mey, representative of
George Sinclair of Mey, third son of the fourth Earl.
This peer, who was the twelfth Earl of Caithness, was
Lord Lieutenant of the county, and became Postmaster-
General in 1810. Alexander, his second son, who
succeeded him, was also Lord Lieutenant, and his son,
James, the fourteenth Earl, after being for a time a repre-
sentative peer, was created a peer of the United Kingdom
as Baron Barrogill in 1866. This honour became extinct
on the death of his only son, George, fifteenth Earl, in
1889. The Scottish honours then passed to James
Augustus Sinclair, representative of Robert Sinclair of
Durran, third son of Sir James Sinclair, first baronet of
Mey, grandson of George Sinclair of Mey, third son of
the fourth Earl ; and the present Earl of Caithness, who
in 1914 succeeded his elder brother as eighteenth Earl, is
his second son.
Probably none of the ancient peerages of Scotland has
passed so often to collateral heirs as has the earldom of
Caithness since the death of George, sixth holder of the
title, in 1676. The present chief of the Sinclairs is still,
however, representative by direct male descent of the
doughty Lords of Roslyn of the twelfth and thirteenth
centuries.
Of cadet houses of the name, the two most noted are
those of Sinclair of Ulbster and Sinclair of Dunbeath. The
former of these is descended from Patrick, elder legiti-
mated son of William Sinclair of Mey, second son of the
fourth Earl, who was strangled by his brother, the Master
of Caithness, in 1573. Of this family John Sinclair of
Ulbster became Hereditary Sheriff of Caithness at the
beginning of the eighteenth century, and Sir John Sinclair,
first baronet of Ulbster, whose mother was sister of the
seventeenth Earl of Sutherland, remains famous as the
greatest improver of Scottish agriculture, founder and
President of the Board of Agriculture, and compiler of
that indispensable work, the Statistical Account of
Scotland. He raised from among the clansmen two
Fencible regiments each 1,000 strong, and was the first to
extend the services of these troops beyond Scotland. Sir
John, who was a Privy Councillor and cashier of the
Excise in Scotland, died in 1835, and the present baronet
of Ulbster is his great-great-grandson.
The Sinclairs of Dunbeath, again, are descended from
Alexander Sinclair of Latheron, youngest son of George
Sinclair of Mey, third son of the fourth Earl, who married
Margaret, daughter of William, seventh Lord Forbes.
CLAN SINCLAIR 487
The baronetcy dates from 1704, and the house has been
notable for its distinguished services in the Army and in
Parliament, one of its members being the Rt. Hon. John
Sinclair, Lord Pentland, who was Secretary of State for
Scotland in 1905, married a daughter of the Marquess of
Aberdeen, was raised to the peerage in 1909, and has been
Governor of Madras since 1912.
Among other notable personages of the name have been
Oliver Sinclair, the notorious general of James VM who
was defeated and captured by the English at Solway Moss
in 1542, and released on condition of furthering the
English interest. His brother, Henry Sinclair, Bishop
of Ross, and President of the Court of Session, was a
member of Queen Mary's Privy Council, had the dis-
tinction of being denounced by John Knox, and wrote
additions to Boece's History of Scotland. Another
distinguished brother was John Sinclair, Bishop of
Brechin, who was believed to be the author of Sinclair's
Practicks, was also denounced by John Knox, and
officiated at the marriage of the Queen to Darnley in 1565.
There was, again, the famous Master of Sinclair, son of
the tenth Lord Sinclair. While serving with Marl-
borough in Flanders in 1708, he was sentenced to death
for shooting Captain Shaw, and fled to Prussia till
pardoned in 1712. During the rebellion of 1715 he dis-
tinguished himself by the capture, at Burntisland, near
his own family estates, of a ship with Government
munitions of war, destined for the Earl of Sutherland at
Dunrobin. He was attainted, but pardoned in 1726, and
was the author of Memoirs of the Rebellion, printed in
1858. A notable author of the name was George Sinclair,
who died in 1696. Professor of Philosophy at Glasgow,
he was compelled to resign for non-compliance with
Episcopacy, but was reappointed after the Revolution.
He was associated with the inventor in the use of the
diving-bell, was one of the first in Scotland to use the
barometer, and superintended the laying of Edinburgh
water-pipes in 1673.
SBPTS OP CLAN SINCLAIR
Caird
Clyne
CLAN SKENE
ACCORDING to a popular tradition, the founder of thi5
ancient Aberdeenshire family was a valiant individual who,
early in the eleventh century, distinguished himself b]
rescuing King Malcolm II. from the attack of a ferocious
wolf, which he slew with his skean or dirk. It is a ston
similar to that of the young forester, who, after carrying
off Malcolm's daughter Cora at the Falls of Clyde, save(
that king's life three times at the great battle of Mortlach,
and was rewarded with lands on the lower Cyde to whicl
he gave the name of Eri-Skene, or Erskine, which ha<
been his war-cry on the battlefield. It is much more
likely that the families of Skene and of Erskine took theii
names in the usual way from the lands on which the]
settled. From time immemorial Skene has been a place-
name quite apart from any connection with either of these
families. Loch Skene, the famous fishing loch in Moffat-
dale from which descends the highest waterfall ii
Scotland, the Grey Mare's Tail, has no such personal
association.
A much more believable tradition is that the Skenes are
a branch of the Clan Donchadh or Robertson. The
founder of the branch, according to the antiquary and
Highland historian, Dr. W. F. Skene, was the second son
of a Robertson Chief, and was himself known as Donchadh
mor na Sgine, or Big Duncan of the Skean. The latter
part of his designation, we may suspect, was derived, not
from his weapon, but from the lands on which he settled.
The Robertsons are believed to be the descendants of
Conan, second son of Henry, last of the old Celtic Earls
of Athol. Henry's eldest son had daughters only.
Through them the earldom and the lower lands of Athol
passes to Lowland families, while the Robertsons retained
the upper and wilder districts. The newer or Lowland
race of Earls, however, gradually ousted the Robertsons
from large parts of their inheritance, and it is believed to
have been during this process that Dunchadh Mor
migrated across the hills to Deeside, and settled there on
the lands about Loch Skene, which were to form the
patrimony of his descendants for so many centuries.
SKENE
Facing page 488.
CLAN SKENE 489
John le Skene and his son Patrick, who signed the
Ragman Roll in 1296, are believed to have been son and
grandson of Dunchadh Mor, and it is believed to have
been Patrick's son who received a charter of the family
lands from King Robert the Bruce in 1318. This charter
runs, " Roberto Skene, dilecto et fideli nostro, pro homagio
et servitio suo, omnes et singulos terras de Skene, et lacum
ejusdera, per omnes rectas antiquas metas et divisas suas,"
etc.
In warlike affairs the family was consistently loyal,
brave, and unfortunate. In 1411, when Donald of the
Isles with his Celtic host swept across the north of Scotland
with the intention of forcing the Regent, Robert, Duke of
Albany, to disgorge the Earldom of Ross, the Laird of
Skene raised an armed force, joined Albany's nephew, the
Earl of Mar, and fell with many others of the gentlemen
of the North at the bloody battle of Harlaw. To meet
the occasion, Adam de Skene had raised money by a
wadset on his estates, and for many years this proved a
serious burden to his successors.
A century later, when James IV. mustered his forces
on the Boroughmuir of Edinburgh to invade England,
Alexander Skene of Skene was among those who obeyed
his summons, and fell with the too chivalrous monarch on
Flodden Field. The grandson of this laird again, another
Alexander, fell at the battle of Pinkie in 1547, when the
Scots were endeavouring to protect their capital and save
the country and the infant Queen Mary from the " rough
wooing " of the English Protector, Somerset.
Still later, after Queen Mary's return from France,
when the Queen's brother Moray was at the beginning of
those insidious plottings which in the end were to bring
Mary to the scaffold at Fotheringay, and when, in the
north, the Earl of Huntly made his great effort to resist
these schemes, the Laird of Skene joined Huntly's forces
and fell with that Earl and so many of his friends and
vassals at the close-packed fight of Corrichie. Skene's
youngest son and several of his kinsmen also fell in the
same battle.
Notwithstanding these disasters the family survived,
and in the succeeding centuries, by marriage and purchase
added great areas to their possessions. Additions were
made to the grim stone tower which is said to have been
the first house built of stone and lime in the district of
Mar, and to which access could only be gained by means
of a ladder reaching the second floor. At the same time
several branches of the family established themselves in
490 CLAN SKENE
Aberdeenshire, notably at Dyce, Hallyards, and Cariston.
As the Macphersons cherished the Black Chanter of Clan
Chattan, while the Macleods treasured their Fairy Flag, and
other clans of the West kept certain relics as trophies,
charms, and incentives, the Skenes preserved a dirk, said
to be the original skean of the founder of their house,
Dunchadh Mor. This antique weapon was kept in the
family charter chest, and on its safe custody was believed
to depend the tenure of certain lands.
The senior line of the Skene family came to an end at
the death of George, the twenty-first chief, in 1824. On
that event, Skene and Cariston, the possessions of the
house, passed to his sister's son, the fourth Earl Fife,
who attained high distinction in the Peninsular War.
This peer's nephew, the fifth Earl Fife, was created Baron
Skene in the Peerage of the United Kingdom in 1857,
and it was his son who in 1889 married the eldest daughter
of the Prince of Wales, afterwards King Edward, and
was created Duke of Fife.
Apart from its territorial importance the family of
Skene has contributed a number of distinguished figures
to the annals of Scotland. Gilbert Skeyne, who died in
1599, was Professor of Medicine at King's College,
Aberdeen, in 1556. His Brief Description of the Pest,
printed in 1568, was the earliest Scottish medical work;
and he was appointed doctor of medicine to King James VI.
in 1581. Sir John Skene, who died in 1617, began as a
regent in St. Mary's College, St. Andrews, in 1564, became
an advocate in 1575, an<^ was granted a pension by the
Regent Morton for his digest of the Scottish laws. He
accompanied James VI. to Denmark and was ambassador
to Holland in 1591. As King's Advocate he took a
zealous part in prosecuting witches, and was made a Lord
of Session and Lord Clerk Register with the title of Lord
Curriehill in 1594. He was one of the Octavians, and a
notable author on Scottish law. His son, again, Sir James
Skene, became President of the Court of Session in 1626,
and was created a baronet of Nova Scotia in 1630. Sir
James's brother, John Skene, who died in 1644, was the
reputed compiler of "Ancient Scottish Melodies," printed
in 1838. James Skene, the friend of Sir Walter Scott, was
a member of the Scottish Bar, and Secretary to the Board
of Trustees and Manufacturers. He edited Spalding's
History of the Troubles, in 1828, produced a "Series of
Sketches of Existing Localities,-" alluded to in the
Waverley Novels, in 1829, and was the author of manu-
script memoranda utilised by Lockhart in his life of
CLAN SKENE 491
Scott. He lived for six years, from 1838 till 1844, in
Greece.
The daughter of this savant, Felicia Mary Skene, was
the authoress of a volume of poems, several novels, and
memoirs of her cousin, Alexander Penrose Forbes, and
rivalled the work of Florence Nightingale of the same
period by organising a band of nurses under Sir Henry
Wentworth Acland during the outbreak of cholera at
Oxford in 1854. And last of all, there was this lady's
brother, William Forbes Skene, author of The Highlanders
of Scotland, The Four Ancient Books of Wales, and Celtic
Scotland, and editor of Chronicles of the Picts and Scots,
and Fordoun's Scotichronicon. He held the office of clerk
of the bills in the Court of Session, was made a D.C.L. of
Oxford in 1879, and Historiographer of Scotland in 1881.
SEPTS OF CLAN SKBNK
Cariston
Dyce
Hallyard
CLAN STEWART
BADGES : Royal — Cluaran (carduus) thistle.
Clan — Darach (Quercus robur) oak.
SLOGAN : Creag-an-Sgairbh.
PIBROCH : Earrach an 'aigh's a' ghleann, and Creag-an-Sgairbh .
WHEN Shakespeare, in writing Macbeth, paid his great
compliment to King James VI. and I., he was drawing
attention to the popular tradition that the monarch's
lineage was at least as far descended as that of the
English nobiliity whose ancestors " came over with
William the Conqueror." Whether the Stewarts were
really descended from Banquo, Thane of Lochaber in the
eleventh century, may be disputed, but there can be no
question of their descent from Walter Fitz-Alan, the
Shropshire knight whom David I. settled at Renfrew
about the year H38.1
The purpose of that settlement is tolerably clear. The
burning question of the hour for the Scottish monarch
was the menace of Norse invasion in the Firth of Clyde.
To oppose this invasion, David planted Walter Fitz-Alan
where he could best bar the way to the heart of the
kingdom, and made him Steward of Scotland. Most
efficiently that guardian of the gate justified his appoint-
ment, driving the Norsemen out of Cowal and Bute, and
when the mighty Somerled of the Isles brought an army
to force the passage, overthrowing and slaying him at
Renfrew itself in the year 1164. It was possibly as a
thank-offering for this victory that Walter the Steward
founded Paisley Abbey in that year.
For exactly another hundred years the great struggle
went on, till in 1263, Walter's great-grandson, Alexander,
now Lord High Steward of Scotland, finally overthrew
the Norsemen under their king Hakon, at the battle of
Largs.
Alexander's son James, who died in 1309, was the fifth
High Steward or Stewart. From his brother, Sir John
1 Walter's elder brother William was the progenitor of the
Earls of Arundel ; his younger brother, Simon, of the Boyds,
Earls of Kilmarnock and now Earls of Erroll.
492
STEWART
Facing page 492.
CLAN STEWART
Stewart of Bonkyl, who fell fighting along with Wallace
for the cause of Scottish independence at the battle of
Falkirk in 1298, a number of famous Scottish families
took their origin. The line of his eldest son, Sir
Alexander, became Earls of Angus, and ended in a female
who carried the earldom to the Douglases, who are Earls
of Angus and Dukes of Hamilton at the present day.
From his second son, Sir Alan Stewart of Darnley,
descended the Stewart Earls of Lennox, whose heir, Lord
Darnley married Mary Queen of Scots, and became ancestor
of the later Stewart kings. From Sir Alan also descended
the Earls of Galloway, who are chiefs of the Stewarts at the
present hour. From Bonkyl's fourth son came the Stewarts
of Innermeath in Strathearn, from whom descended the
Stewart Lords of Lorn, the Stewarts of Murthly and
Grandtully, the Stewart Earls of Athol, and the Stewarts of
Appin. And from Bonkyl's sixth son, Sir Robert, came
the Stewarts of Allanton and their cadets.
Meantime Bonkyl's nephew, Walter, the sixth High
Stewart, had greatly distinguished himself in the cause of
King Robert the Bruce, at the great battle of Bannock-
burn, and at the heroic defence of Berwick, and as a
reward had received the hand of Bruce's only daughter,
the Princess Marjory. Their married life was rhort. As
she rode by the Knock between Renfrew and Paisley,
Marjory was thrown from her horse and killed, and the
life of her infant was only saved by the Cajsarean operation.
The spot was long marked by a monolith known as Queen
Bleary's Stone. The boy lived, however, and though he
inherited his mother's weakness of the eyes, played a
heroic part in Scottish history. From that old possession
of his family, the island of Bute, which his ancestor had
won from the Norsemen, he sallied forth to attack Dunoon
and overthrow the entire conquest of Edward Baliol, and
when he came to the throne as King Robert II. in 1371
he had earned it by his sword almost as heroically as his
grandfather Robert the Bruce himself.
It is a point which has not been sufficiently noted by
.Scottish historians that from the two marriages of
Robert II. a large proportion of the later troubles of the
Stewart kings and of the kingdom of Scotland took rise.
For centuries it was questioned whether his first union, with
Elizabeth Mure of Rowallan, had ever been legitimised.
In consequence the descendants of his second wife,
Euphemia Ross, again and again made claim to the
throne. From this cause arose directly the murder of
King James I. in 1437 and the Douglas wars against
494 CLAN STEWART
James II. in 1450. James I. was slain by the descendants
of King Robert's second wife, whom he had dispossessed
of the royal earldom of Strathearn ; and the ambition of
the Earls of Douglas was directly stimulated by the fact
that they had inherited the claims of the family of
Euphemia Ross and of the earlier great house of Comyn.
Other of the troubles of Scotland arose from the family
arrangements of King Robert II. in another way. One
of his daughters, Margaret, he married to John, Lord of
the Isles, and as John was already married to his cousin
Amy, he made him put her away, granted him a charter
of her lands, and made the title and great possessions of
the Lord of the Isles to descend to his own grandchildren,
Margaret's sons. From this arrangement came endless
trouble. Not even yet has it been settled absolutely
whether Glengarry or Clanranald, the descendants of
John's first wife, or Macdonald of the Isles, the descendant
of his second wife, is the rightful Chief of the Macdonalds.
From the first also there was trouble arriong the sons and
grandsons of Robert II. His eldest son, King Robert III.,
whose real name was John, was practically displaced by
his brother Robert, Duke of Albany, who first starved
the king's eldest son to death at Falkland, and then secured
the capture and imprisonment of the second son in
England. And by way of reprisals, when he returned
from his captivity, that second son, James I., sent to the
block the Duke's son and grandsons who had succeeded
to Albany's usurpation. Meanwhile the north of Scotland
had been laid waste by the wars between the Duke of
Albany and his sister s son, Donald of the Isles, for
possession of the rich Earldom of Ross — wars which only
came to an end with the terrific and bloody battle of
Harlaw, fought near Aberdeen in 1411.
The leaders in that conflict were Donald of the Isles
himself and his cousin Alexander Stewart, Earl of Mar.
The latter had obtained his earldom by slaying the
husband of Isabel, Countess of Mar, and then marrying
the lady. He was a natural son of the fierce " Wolf of
Badenoch," Alexander Stewart, Earl of Buchan, third son
of King Robert II., who is remembered solely by his
lawless deeds in the north, the burning of Forres and
Elgin, and countless other oppressions. He had many
illegitimate children, and many of the name of Stewart in
Atholl and Banffshire are his descendants.
A notable Stewart family in the south, that of Bute, is
directly descended from Robert II. himself. On succeed-
ing to the throne, that king appointed his natural son,
GARTH CASTLE, GLEXLYOX, BUILT BY THK
WOLF OE BADENOCH
Facing page 494.
CLAN STEWART 495
Sir John Stewart of Dundonald, known as the Red
Stewart, to be Constable of Rothesay Castle and Heredi-
tary Sheriff of Bute, thus handing to his son and that son's
descendants in perpetuity the islands which had been
captured by the sword of his ancestor, Walter Fitz-Alan,
the first of the Stewarts. After the execution of Murdoch,
Duke of Albany, and two of his sons at the instance of
James I. in 1425, a third son who had escaped took
vengeance by burning Dunbarton, and in it this same
Red Stewart of Dundonald, uncle of the king. But Sir
John Stewart's direct descendant is Marquess of Bute at
the present hour.
Two of the sons of Murdoch, Duke of Albany, also
left natural sons. Of them, Walter Stewart of Morphy,
son of Sir Walter Stewart, beheaded at Stirling, became
ancestor of the Earls of Castle-Stuart in Ireland, and also,
by the marriage of a descendant to the daughter of the
Regent Earl of Moray, half-brother of Mary Queen of
Scots, became ancestor of the Earls of Moray of to-day.
Another of Duke Murdoch's sons, Sir James Mohr Stewart,
had a natural son, James " beg" Stewart of Baldorran,
who became ancestor of the Stewarts of Ardvorlich on
Lochearnside, whose family history is recounted by Sir
Walter Scott in A Legend of Montrose.
Most romantic of all the memories of the Stewarts, how-
ever, is probably that connected with the settlement of the
race in Lorn, Appin, and Atholl. On the death of Ewen,
Lord of Lorn, of the days of Robert II., his estates passed
to his daughters and co-heiresses. These daughters had
married two brothers, John and Robert Stewart of Inner-
meath, descendants of the fourth son of Sir John Stewart
of Bonkyl, already referred to. These two brothers made
a bargain. Robert gave up his wife's share of Lorn in
exchange for his brother's share of Innermeath. Sir John
Stewart who thus relinquished his share of Innermeath
and became Lord of all Lorn, had a second son Sir James,
known as the Black Knight of Lorn. After the assassina-
tion of James I. at the Charterhouse of Perth in 1437, this
Black Knight married the widowed Queen Joan, and they
had a son, John, who was of course half-brother to the
king, James II. When that king in 1450 finally over-
threw the last Earl of Douglas, he found a fair lady on
his hands. This lady, known from her beauty as
Fair Maid of Galloway, was the heiress to all the great
Douglas estates, and, as a child, had been marrie
succession by William, Earl of Douglas, whom Jai
stabbed in Stirling Castle, and his brother, Earl James,
496 CLAN STEWART
who was overthrown at Arkinholme. While Earl James
fled into exile in England, from which he was only to
return to die a monk at Lindores, the king procured a
divorce for his fair young wife, and married her to his
own half-brother, John, son of Queen Joan and the Black
Knight of Lorn. He conferred upon the pair the Douglas
lordship of Balveny, and they became presently Earl and
Countess of Atholl. The Earl played a distinguished
part in three reigns. On the death of the fifth Stewart
Earl of Atholl, in 1595, the title passed first to Stewart
of Innermeath, and afterwards, on the Innermeath line
becoming extinct, to John Murray, son of the eldest
daughter of the fifth Earl, by his marriage with the second
Earl of Tullibardine. The direct descendant of that union
is Duke of Atholl at the present day.
Meanwhile through Robert, elder brother of the Black
Knight of Lorn, the line of the Stewart Lords of Lorn was
carried on. The line ended in two heiresses who married
Campbells, when this family secured the Lordship of Lorn.
A natural son of Stewart of Lorn, however, with the help
of his mother's people, the Clan MacLaurin, succeeded in
seizing and retaining the district of Appin, and founding
the family of the Stewarts of Appin. In the days of
James IV., Duncan Stewart of Appin built on an islet in
Loch Linnhe the stronghold of Castle Stalker in which
he entertained his " cousin " the King. During the
Jacobite rising in 1745 under Prince Charles Edward the
Appin Stewarts, led by Stewart of Ardsheal, played a
conspicuous part. Sir Walter Scott in Waverley tells
how Stewart of Invernahyle saved the life of Colonel
Whiteford of Ballochmyle, and how, after the overthrow at
Culloden, Colonel Whiteford returned the obligation by
obtaining a pardon for Invernahyle by a special and
chivalrous interview at Whitehall. In Appin itself a cave
is shown behind a waterfall, in which Ardsheal hid for a
time from the red soldiers, as well as the hollow in the top of
a great boulder in which he was afterwards concealed. As
a result the Appin estates were forfeited for a time, and
while they were under the management of Campbell of
Glenure the famous Appin murder took place which forms
the pivot of R. L. Stevenson's famous story Kidnapped.
The spot where Glenure was shot is marked by a cairn
behind Kentalen. The supposed murderer was Alan Breck
Stewart, who escaped to France, but as a victim James
Stewart of the Glens was seized, tried by the Campbells at
Inveraray, and hanged in chains on the little mount behind
Ballachu'lish Hotel.
CLAN STEWART 4117
The Chief of the Appin Stewarts is now Robert Bruce
Stewart, a lawyer in London.
From Alexander, younger brother of the Black Knight
of Lorn, are descended the Stewarts of Grandtully below
Aberfeldy in Perthshire. It was Sir James Stewart of
Grandtully who, before he succeeded to the family title and
estates, ran away with Lady Jane, sister of the first and last
Duke of Douglas, and whose son by her was the claimant
in the great Douglas Cause. The House of Lords declared
Archibald Stewart to be really Lady Jane's son, and he
accordingly came into possession of the great Douglas
estates, and was created Lord Douglas by George III.
Of the main line of the Stewarts, as represented by the
kings of that name, the history is too well known to need
recounting here. Of two of its members, Mary Queen of
Scots and Bonnie Prince Charlie, the careers are among
the most romantic and moving in the world's annals. From
first to last these Stewart kings were consistently unfor-
tunate, yet their lives give a brilliance and glamour to
history that is entirely lacking from the sedate annals of
other dynasties. Their legitimate male line came to an end
with Henry, Cardinal York, the younger brother of Prince
Charles, who died in 1807, but three of the great ducal
houses of the country, those of Buccleuch, Richmond and
Gordon, and St. Albans, are directly descended from
natural sons of King Charles II.
The spelling of the name Stuart, used by the royal
family and the Marquess of Bute was probably introduced
by Queen Mary on her return from France.
SEPTS OF THE ROYAL STEWARTS
Boyd France
Garrow Lennox
Menteith Monteith
SEPTS OP THE STEWARTS OP APPIN
Carmichael Combich
Livingston Livingstone
MacCombich Macktnlay
Maclae Maclay
Maclea Macleay
MacMichael
SEPTS OF THE STEWARTS OP ATHOLL
Crookshauks Crtrickshanks
Duilach Gray
Macglashan
498 CLAN STEWART
SEPTS OF THE STUARTS OF BUTE
Bannatyne Fullarton
Fullerton Jameson
Jamieson MacCamie
McCloy MacCaw
MacKirdy MacLewis
MacMutrie
SEPTS OF THE STEWARTS OF GALLOWAY
Cartnichael MacMichael
SUTHERLAND
Facing page 49^
CLAN SUTHERLAND
BADGE : Bealaidh chatti (Ruscus occiliatus) Butcher's broom.
PIBROCH : Piobaireachd nan Catach.
SLOGAN : Ceann na Drochaide Bige.
ONE of the many clans of Scotland which have never
been of Celtic blood, or have been so only by marriage,
the race of Sutherland has nevertheless always been one
of the most powerful in the north, and at the present
hour its real leader, if not its actual Chief, the Duke of
Sutherland, is the largest landowner and one of the
greatest nobles in the kingdom.
The district from which the clan takes its name, and
which was then of much less extent than at the present day,
was no doubt named Sudrland or Sutherland by the Nor-
wegians by reason of its position with respect to Caithness,
for long the only possession of these invaders on the main-
land of Scotland. Skene, in his Highlanders of Scotland,
supports the theory that Thorfinn, the Norwegian Jarl of
Orkney, on overthrowing Moddan, maormar of the region,
in 1034, expelled or destroyed all the Celtic inhabitants,
and that the Celts who afterwards formed part of its
population were chiefly of the Clan Ross, who migrated
into it at a later day from adjoining districts. There
seems, however, as little reason to believe that the
Norwegians drove the Celts out of Sutherland as to believe
that they drove them out of other parts of the country
which they conquered. Skene's idea is merely his means
of fitting facts to his general thesis, that the Scottish clans
are descendants of the ancient Picts, and not of a race of
Gaelic invaders from Ireland. It is his way of accounting
for the fact that no Highland clans whatever are to be
found descended from the ancient inhabitants of this
region. The truth, however, as now very well ascertained,
seems to be that the Gaelic invasion from the west and
the Norwegian invasion from the north went on at the
same time, that the people whom the Norwegians sub-
merged in Sutherland in the eleventh century were not
Gael but Picts, and that the later Gaelic incomers from the
west were the first of that race to set foot on the soil.
499
500 CLAN SUTHERLAND
In any case, it appears certain that the ancestor of the
Sutherland Chiefs was neither Gael nor Pict. That
ancestor was the famous Freskin, ancestor also of the
Douglases, and said to be a Fleming, who received from
David I. the lands of Strathbrock in Linlithgowshire, and
afterwards, for his skill and bravery in suppressing the
rebellion of the Moray men in 1130, certain fertile lands
in that region and those of Sutherland which they also
possessed. Freskin's second son, William, who was a
trusted attendant of William the Lion, got the Moray
estates on the death of his father in 1171, and became
ancestor of the Murrays of Tullibardine, whose Chief is
Duke of Atholl at the present day. Freskin's eldest son,
Hugh, succeeded to the greater estate of Sutherland,
granted the lands of Skibo to his cousin Gilbert, Arch-
deacon of Moray and founder of Dornoch Cathedral, and
died in 1214. His son William, styled Lord of Suther-
land, took an active part with Comyn the Justiciar in
suppressing the rebellion of Gillespie MacScolane, who in
1228 burned the crown lands in the North and set fire to
Inverness. For this service Sutherland was made an Earl
by Alexander II.
William, second Earl of Sutherland, was the hero who
overthrew a large force of invading Danes at the battle of
Embo in 1259, himself slaying their leader with the leg
of a horse, a circumstance commemorated in the name of
Dornoch — a horse's hoof, and by the Earl's Cross which
still stands on the spot. He was one of the Scottish nobles
who at Scone in 1284, settled the succession to the Scottish
Crown on the Maid of Norway, granddaughter of
Alexander III. His son, another William, was one of the
eighteen Highland chiefs who fought in Bruce's army at
Bannockburn, and six years later he signed the famous
letter to the Pope declaring Scottish independence. This
chief's brother, Kenneth, the fourth Earl, married a
daughter of the Earl of Mar, and fell at the disastrous
battle of Halidon Hill in 1333.
His son, William, fifth Earl, married Margaret,
daughter of King Robert the Bruce by his second wife,
Elizabeth de Burgh, and sister of David II. Following
this marriage King David raised the Earldom of Suther-
land into a regality, and plotted to make the son of this
union heir to his crown instead of Robert the Steward,
son of the Princess Marjorie, Bruce's daughter by his
first wife. In support of this plot, Earl William made
grants of land in the shires of Inverness and Aberdeen to
various powerful individuals, whose goodwill it was
CLAN SUTHERLAND 501
desirable to secure. But the plot came to nothing. The
son, John, died at Lincoln of the plague while a hostage
for the King's ransom, and the Earl himself, who had
been one of the Scottish commissioners for the release of
the King, and a hostage for him afterwards, only secured
his liberty in 1367, and died at Dunrobin three years later.
His second son, Robert, who became sixth Earl, was
present at the surprise of Berwick by the Scots in 1384.
He married Mabel, daughter of John, Earl of Moray, and
granddaughter of the famous Black Agnes, daughter of
Randolph Earl of Moray and Countess of March, who so
heroically defended Dunbar against the English. Their
son, Nicholas, the seventh Earl, married a daughter of the
Lord of the Isles. From his second son are descended
the Sutherlands of Berriedale, and from his third the
Sutherlands of Forse. In his time began the first of
the great feuds between the Sutherlands and the Mackays
of Strathnaver. To put an end to the trouble, the Earl in
1395 arranged a meeting at Dingwall Castle, in presence
of his father-in-law, the Lord of the Isles, and other
witnesses. At the conference, however, the altercation so
incensed the Earl that he slew the opposing chief, Hugh
Mackay of Fay and his son Donald with his own hand.
Sutherland escaped with difficulty to his own country, and
prepared for defence; but the Mackays were not strong
enough to attack him, and when he died, four years later,
his successor, Earl Robert, effected a reconciliation.
A few years later the Earl had an opportunity of still
further securing Mackay's adherence. The latter had
married a sister of Malcolm Macleod of the Lewis. On
his death his brother, Hucheon Dhu Mackay, became
tutor or guardian of his two sons. Macleod, hearing that
his sister, Mackay's widow, was not being well treated
by the tutor, invaded Strathnaver, and laid it waste with a
great part of the Breachat in Sutherland. The tutor asked
help from the Earl, who responded by sending a force
under Alexander Murray of Cubin, which, joining with
the Mackays, came up with the Macleods on the march of
Sutherland and Ross. Here a desperate fight took place.
Only one of the Macleods escaped to carry the news to
the Lewis, and died immediately afterwards of his wounds.
A little later, Thomas Mackay, a nephew of Hucheon
Dhu, burned Mowat of Freshwick and his people in the
chapel of St. Duffus at Tain. For this outrage James I.
declared Mackay a rebel, and offered his lands to anyone
who should kill or capture him. The enterprise was under-
taken by Angus, son of Alexander Murray of Cubin, who,
VOL. n. Q
502 CLAN SUTHERLAND
securing the help of Mackay's two brothers by offering
them his daughters in marriage, apprehended Thomas
Mackay, who was forthwith executed at Inverness.
Murray then obtained Mackay's lands of Palrossie and
Spaniziedale in Sutherland, married his daughters to the
two Mackays, and, with the consent of the Earl of Suther-
land, proceeded to invade the Mackay country in Strath-
naver, which his sons-in-law claimed should be theirs.
Angus Dhu Mackay, the Chief, their cousin, however,
raised his clan, and as he was old and infirm, gave the
command to his natural son, John Aberich. The two
forces met at Drum-na-Cuip, two miles from Tongue.
Before the battle Angus Dhu sent an offer to resign all
his other lands to his cousins if they would allow him to
keep Ringtail. This fair offer they rejected. In the
fierce fight which followed John Aberich was victorious,
though he lost an arm, while Angus Murray and his two
sons-in-law were slain. After the battle Angus Dhu had
himself carried to the field to seek the bodies of his cousins,
and while doing this was killed with an arrow by
Sutherland man from behind a bush.
Earl Robert was, in 1427, one of the hostages to
England for the payment of the ransom of King James I.
He married a daughter of the King's cousin, the Earl of
Buchan, and died at Dunrobin in 1442. His son, John,
the tenth Earl, married a famous beauty of her time,
Margaret, daughter of Sir William Baillie of Lamington,
a descendant of the Scottish patriot, Sir William Wallace.
In the time of this Earl John occurred the life and death
struggle between King James II. and the House of Douglas.
That struggle reached as far as Sutherland. Upon the over-
throw of the last Earl of Douglas by the King, Douglas
made an alliance with the King of England and the Lord
of the Isles, and while Donald Balloch, kinsman of the
Island Lord, invaded the Firth of Clyde with a great fleet
and laid waste Arran, Bute, the Cumbraes, and Inverkip,
the Lord of the Isles himself made an incursion into Suther-
land and besieged Skibo Castle. To raise the siege Earl
John sent a force under Neil Murray, son of the doughty
Angus slain at Drum-na-Cuip. Murray attacked the
Lord of the Isles and forced him to retreat to Ross with the
loss of one of his chieftains and fifty men. To avenge
this disgrace, Macdonald sent a force to lay waste the
Sutherland country. This invasion was met by a force
under the Earl of Sutherland's brother, Robert, and after
a bloody struggle on the sands of Strathfleet, the Islesmen
were overthrown with great slaughter.
CLAN SUTHERLAND .-,0:1
This feud with Clan Donald was ended by a marriage
between the Earl of Sutherland's son John and Fingob,
daughter of Celestine, brother of the Lord of the IMS.
John succeeded as tenth Earl in 1460. Twenty-seven
years later the Sutherlands were drawn into another of the
blood feuds which formed one of the strongest motives of
Highland life for many centuries. Angus Mackay, grand-
son of Angus Dhu, having been slain at Tarbert by a Ross,
his son, John Riach Mackay, asked the help of his feudal
chief, the Earl of Sutherland, to avenge the death. The
Earl sent a party under his uncle, Robert Sutherland.
This force of Mackays and Sutherlands, with whom was
William, son of John Aberich, invaded Strathoykell and
laid it waste. They were attacked at Aldicharish, by Ross
of Balnagown, chief of that clan, but Balnagown and
seventeen of his chief followers being slain, the rest of
his force fled and was cut to pieces. An immense booty
fell to the victors. This was divided on the same day,
but its value excited the greed of the men of Assynt, and
they induced John Riach Mackay to agree to a most
perfidious and diabolical plot — the murder of the friends
who had come to his help. Their scheme was to cut off
Robert Sutherland and his party, and give out that they
had fallen in battle. When the plot was broached to
William Aberich he was horrified, and took means to warn
Robert Sutherland, who at once got his men together
and prepared for attack. John Riach Mackay, however,
finding the Sutherlands prepared, abandoned his dis-
graceful plan and slunk home to Strathnaver.
Hugh Roy Mackay, brother of this John Riach, played
a part in another enterprise which concerned the Suther-
lands. A certain Sir James Dunbar of Cumnock had
married the beautiful Margaret Baillie, Countess Dowager
of Sutherland, and with others of his name had settled
in the north. Alexander Sutherland of Dilred had bor-
rowed money from him, and being unable or unwilling
to repay, was sued for the debt. Conceiving a grudge
at the Dunbars as incomers, he picked a quarrel with
Alexander Dunbar, Sir James's brother, and after a long
combat, killed him. Sir James went to Edinburgh a
laid the matter before James IV., who was so mcens<
that he outlawed Dilred and promised his lands to a
person who should arrest him. Dilred was arrested wit
ten of his followers by Hugh Roy Mackay, his uncle, a
was duly tried and executed, while MacKay rec
grant of his lands from the King.
It seems to have been either the tenth or eleventh t irl,
504 CLAN SUTHERLAND
both of whom were named John, who was the chief actor in
a tragic occurrence at the family seat of Dunrobin. The
Earl had two nephews, sons of a natural brother, Thomas
More. These young men often annoyed their uncle, and
at last one day invaded the castle and braved him to his
face. Their act so enraged him that he killed one on the
spot. The other escaped with some wounds, but was
overtaken and slain at a spot at hand, afterwards known
from the fact as Keith's Bush.
The eleventh Earl, dying without lawful issue, was suc-
ceeded in 1514 by his sister Elizabeth. She had married
Adam Gordon, second son of the Earl of Huntly, and he
accordingly took the title of Earl of Sutherland.
On this succession of a new family to the Earldom of
Sutherland, there began a series of conflicts, first with
the Mackays of Strathnaver and afterwards with the Earls
of Caithness, which kept the far north in turmoil for three-
quarters of a century.
The eleventh Earl had left a natural son, Alexander
Sutherland, who, pretending that his parents had been
married, laid claim to the title and estates. In July, 1509,
however, he was induced by the new Earl to sign a docu-
ment before the Sheriff of Inverness renouncing his claim.
Seven years later, fearing other trouble, Earl Adam
engaged the Earl of Caithness in a treaty of friendship,
and to secure his goodwill conveyed to him some lands
in Strathully. But these transactions only delayed the
storm. In 1517, while the Earl was absent in Edinburgh,
John Mackay of Strathnaver, a natural son of Hugh
Roy Mackay, who had beheaded his own uncle and seized
his lands, invaded Sutherland with a prodigious force
gathered throughout the north by promise of plunder.
In the emergency the Countess of Sutherland induced
her bastard brother, Alexander Sutherland, to oppose
Mackay. Assisted by John Murray of Aberscors and
the Chief of Clan Gunn, Sutherland raised a force, and
encountered the Mackays at Torrandhu in Strathfleet.
Sutherland's force was much the smaller of the two, but
he attacked vigorously, and after a severe and bloody
action entirely defeated his opponents, who lost about
three hundred men. Mackay next, attributing his defeat
to Murray of Aberscors, sent two kinsmen with a force to
destroy him. But Murray met them at Loch Salchie,
and cut them to pieces. Mackay, still further exasperated,
sent yet another party to burn Murray's village of Pitfour,
but it met the same fate, one of his nephews, who led it,
being slain, and the other taken prisoner. The Earl of
CLAN SUTHERLAND
Sutherland then returning from Edinburgh, Mackay
, thought it prudent to submit to him and give him i bond
of service; but he secretly tampered with the bastard,
Alexander Sutherland, to renew his claim to the Earldom
and estates. Sutherland, it is said, was further persuaded
by a witch's prophecy that his head should be the highest
that ever was of the Sutherlands. In consequence,
while the Earl was absent in Strathbogie, Sutherland
attacked and took Dunrobin. John Murray of Abersoors
promptly raised a force for defence, and, reinforced by a
body of men sent north by the Earl, besieged Dunrobin,
which surrendered. Alexander Sutherland had retired
into Strathnaver, but he now returned with a fresh body
of men, wasting the country and putting to death several
of his own kinsmen who had joined the Earl's party.
Flushed with success, he grew careless, and was lying at
a place called Ald-Quhillin, on the Sutherland coast, when
the Earl himself came upon him, took him prisoner, and
slew most of his men. Sutherland himself was immedi-
ately executed, and his head on a spear placed on the top
of the great tower at Dunrobin, thus dramatically fulfilling
the witch's prophecy.
The Earl, being now well advanced in years, retired to
his native country of Strathbogie and Aboyne, leaving the
conduct of affairs to his son Alexander, the Master of
Sutherland. John Mackay, still thirsting for revenge,
thought this a favourable chance to retrieve his losses.
Twice he attempted to invade Sutherland, but on each
occasion was driven out by the Master, who retaliated by
dispossessing him of his estates in Sutherland and plunder-
ing and burning Strathnaver. Finally, Mackay, attempt-
ing a third expedition, the Master came suddenly upon him
near Lairg, cut his force to pieces, and recovered
plunder he had taken. Mackay only escaped by swimming
to Eilean Minric and submitting once more to the Earl.
This was in 1522, and John Mackay himself died in 152^
These and the subsequent raids and burnings beti
the Sutherlands and Mackays and the Earls of Sutl
and of Caithness respectively are detailed with much quam
ness by Sir Robert Gordon of Gordonstown, the histori
the Sutherlands. Only two episodes of the feud chara
istic of the time need be noted here.
The Master of Sutherland dying in 1529. eight yei
before his father, the Earldom was inherited
John, known as the Good Earl. He was Lieute
Moray in 1547, and along with his cousin George, l<
Earl of Huntly, accompanied the Queen Regent, wid
506 CLAN SUTHERLAND
James V., to France in 1550. For taking part in Huntly's
rebellion in 1562 he was forfeited, and retired to Flanders,
but the forfeiture was rescinded in 1565. Two years later
he was staying with his countess, then pregnant, and his
only son, with Isobel Sinclair, widow of his uncle, Gilbert
Gordon of Gartay, at Helmsdale Castle. This lady's
son was next heir to the earldom, and, whether or not
she was instigated by her relative, the Earl of Caithness,
she conceived the diabolic scheme of opening the way
for her son's succession by poisoning her guests. The
poison was mixed with the ale with which the Earl and
Countess were supplied at supper, and they died five days
later at Dunrobin. The Earl's son only escaped by the
fact that he was late at a hunting party, and on his return
was warned by his father not to touch the repast. For
this crime Isobel Sinclair was tried and condemned to
death, but escaped execution by destroying herself in
prison at Edinburgh.
Alexander, the thirteenth Earl, who thus succeeded,
was committed by his sister to the care of the Earl of
Atholl, who disposed of his wardship to George, Earl of
Caithness, the house's enemy. This nobleman seized
the boy in Skibo Castle, carried him off to Caithness, and
forced him at the age of sixteen to marry his own
daughter, Lady Barbara Sinclair, a profligate woman of
thirty-two. Two years later the young Earl escaped from his
sinister guardian, who had taken up residence at Dun-
robin and formed a design upon his life, and on attaining
his majority in 1573 he divorced Lady Barbara. He
afterwards married his second cousin, Lady Jean Gordon,
sister of the fifth Earl of Huntly, who had been previously
married to the Earl of Bothwell, but repudiated when that
unscrupulous nobleman wished to marry Queen Mary.
It may be mentioned here that when Bothwell married
Lady Jean he was already the husband of a wife in Den-
mark. Earl Alexander died in his forty-third year, and
his countess afterwards married Ogilvie of Boyne, whom
also she survived. To the Earl of Sutherland she had
four sons, the youngest of whom was that Sir Robert
Gordon of Gordonstown who was created a Baronet of
Nova Scotia, the first of the order, in 1625, and became
the historian of the family. He was tutor to his nephew,
the fifteenth Earl, throughout a long minority, during
which, with much wisdom and skill, he kept the peace of
the country, greatly improved the fortunes of the Earldom,
and completely secured it against the intrigues of the
Earls of Caithness.
CLAN SUTHERLAND 507
The line of the Gordon Earls of Sutherland, who after-
wards held high offices and honours in the State, came to
an end with the death of William, nineteenth Earl, at
Bath in 1766. The title and estates were then claimed
by Sir Robert Gordon of Gordonstown and George
Sutherland of Fors, and the case, in which the celebrated
Lord Hailes took part, remains among the most famous
in our legal annals. It was finally decided, however, by
the House of Lords in 1771 in favour of the late Earl's
only surviving daughter, Elizabeth. This lady married,
in 1785, George Granville Leveson-Gower, Viscount
Trentham, afterwards second Marquess of Stafford, who
was, in 1833, created Duke of Sutherland. From that
time to this the distinguished holders of the Sutherland
titles have been of the Leveson-Gower family, and only
distantly related, through the two heiresses named Eliza-
beth, of the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries respectively,
to the original heads of the clan of the name of Murray
or Sutherland. Meanwhile the actual chiefship of the
clan by male descent was believed to be vested in William
Sutherland of Killipheder, who enjoyed a small annuity
from the Duchess-Countess, and died at a great age in
1832, and after him in John Campbell Sutherland of Fors,
in the county of Caithness. The last-named died about
1917, leaving five daughters but no son. In the course
of the intervening centuries the race of the famous Freskin
the Fleming has made a mighty record in the history of
Scotland.
SEPTS OF CLAN SUTHERLAND
Cheyne Federith
Gray Keith
Mowat Ohpbant
CLAN URQUHART
BADGR : Lus leth 'n t-samhradh (cheiranthus) native wallflower.
THE name Urquhart, -which is still widespread in the
counties of Ross and Cromarty, has been the subject of
much curious speculation. The family genealogist, Sir
Thomas Urquhart, Knight of Cromartie, of the days of
Charles I. and Charles II., declares it variously to be
derived from Ourohartos, " fortunate and well-beloved,"
and to have the same meaning as Adam, namely, " red
earth." He backs up the latter speculation with a pedigree
which traces the descent of the clan from the first parents
of mankind, and makes Ourohartos to have been the
familiar name of Esormon, of whom he himself was the
1 28th descendant. While the worthy if eccentric chief of
the seventeenth century was no doubt as amply justified
as other people in claiming descent from " the grand old
gardener and his wife," it may be feared that absolute
reliance is not to be placed upon the authenticity of all
the links in his long connecting chain.
More authentic, probably, is the origin of the clan and
name given by Nisbet in his Heraldry. "A brother,"
he says, " of Ochonchar, who slew the bear, and was
predecessor of the Lords Forbes, having in keeping the
castle of Urquhart, took his surname from the place."
Urquhart, or Urchard, is the name of a district in Inverness-
shire, and the ruin of Urquhart Castle, which was a royal
stronghold in early times, still stands at the foot of Glen
Urquhart, on the western side of Loch Ness, and was the
scene of a famous siege by the army of Edward I. of
England, during which the wife of the governor, about
to become a mother, escaped in the guise of a beggar
driven forth from the gate.
It should here be noted, however, that in the old county
of Cromarty itself, in the Black Isle, lies a district known
as the White Bog, or Glen Urquhart, and it seems possible
that this was the original seat of the Urquhart family, and
the property from which that family took its name. There
&re also parishes of Urquhart in Ross and Moray shires.
At the time of the siege of Urquhart Castle the ancestor
508
URQUHART
Facing page 508
CLAN URQUHAin
of the Urquhart Chiefs was Sheriff of Cromam I I
Hailes in his Annals describes how, durine
tion for thp SmttJch ,.,,«,
,
tion for the Scottish crown at the end f the
century, Edward I. ordered a list of the Sheriffs of
to be made out. In that list appears the name of
Urquhart of Cromarty, Heritable Sheriff of the county
Evidently therefore, even at that early date, the fam.ly
was already of considerable importance in Cromarty i
the north.
The Heritable Sheriff of the days of Edward 1. and
King Robert the Bruce married a daughter of Hugh Earl
of Ross, and his son Adam obtained charters ofviriow
lands. In the years that followed, the family estates wot
greatly enlarged by marriages with heiresses of the neigh-
bouring Mackenzies and others.
Thomas Urquhart of Cromarty, chief of the name in
the first half of the sixteenth century, had a family of no
fewer than eleven daughters and twenty-five sons. Of
these sons, seven fell at the battle of Pinkie in 1547, and
from another descended the Urquharts of Newhall, Mon-
teagle, Kinbeachie, and Brae-Langwell. The eldest of the
family, Alexander Urquhart of Cromarty, in 1532, under
a charter of James V., acquired the lands of Inch Rory
and others, in the shires of Ross and Inverness. He had
two sons, the younger of whom, John Urquhart of Craig-
fintry, born in the year of the disastrous battle above
mentioned, was afterwards known as the Tutor of
Cromarty, to be referred to presently.
The elder son's grandson, who succeeded to the chief-
ship was Sir Thomas Urquhart, the family genealogist of
the days of Charles I., already mentioned. During his
minority the estates prospered under the management of
his grand-uncle the Tutor, who died only in 1631 at ihe
age of eighty-four. Born in 1611, Sir Thomas was
educated at King's College, Aberdeen, and travelled in
France, Spain, and Italy. On the outbreak of the Cbfl
War he took the side of Charles I. and fought against the
Covenanters at Turriff in 1639. Two years later he was
knighted by the king and began a notable literary career
by the publication of his Epigrams. After returning from
London to Scotland to arrange his affairs in 1642, he again
went abroad, and remained there till 1645. On his return
he published Trissotetras, a work on trigonometry, and
for five years resided in Cromarty Tower, on his ancestral
estate. Then the news reached him of the execution of
Charles I., and he forthwith took part, along will
Mackenzies, Monroes, and other clans, in the Invrrom
510 CLAN URQUHART
rising of 1649, which proclaimed that monarch's elder son
as Charles II. After the young king's landing in the
north of Scotland in the following year Sir Thomas again
took arms, and as an officer in the royal army followed
Charles into England. At the battle of Worcester he was
made prisoner, and had many of his manuscripts destroyed.
During his captivity in the Tower of London and at
Windsor he published his True Pedigree and Lineal
Descent of the Most Ancient and Honourable Family of
Urquhart, since the Creation of the World, as well as an
invective against the Scottish Presbyterians. In 1652 he
returned to Scotland on parole, to find that his affairs
had gone to ruin in his absence. The trustees to whom
he had entrusted the care of his estates had pillaged
his lands and appropriated the rents. Believing him
to be dead they had even abstracted his title-deeds
and other documents, and one of them, Leslie of
Findrassie, had made a predatory raid on one of his
chief vassals.
His clansmen would have avenged his wrongs by force
even at that late day, but he would not hear of it, and
in the end his property was sequestrated, and to his great
grief a choice collection of books which he had formed
was dispersed. In 1653, he published his scheme for a
universal language, and also the first part of his most
important work, a translation of Rabelais. These were
only a moiety of the literary achievements he had planned.
" Had I not," he says, " been pluck'd away by the
importunity of my creditors, I would have emitted to public
view above five hundred several treatises on inventions
never hitherto thought upon by any." He afterwards
went abroad, and his death place is unknown. Tradition
says he expired of an inordinate fit of joyous laughter on
hearing of the restoration of Charles II. to the throne in
1660. A further part of his Rabelais was published in
1693, and his miscellaneous works were published in 1774
and 1834.
The senior line of the Urquharts came to an end with
the death of Colonel James Urquhart, an officer of much
distinction, in 1741. The chiefship of the clan then
devolved on a descendant of the Tutor. The latter's son
had married, in 1636, Elizabeth, heiress of the ancient
family of Seton, of Meldrum in Aberdeenshire, and his
descendants were known as the Urquharts of Meldrum.
Still later, the representation devolved on the Urquharts
of Brae-Langwell, descended from a brother of the Tutor,
but Brae-Langwell was sold, excepting a small portion,
CLAN URQUHART 511
which was strictly entailed, by Charles Gordon Urquhart,
an officer in the Scots Greys.
Among notable bearers of the name of Urquhart have
been Thomas Urquhart, the famous violin-maker of
London, who flourished about 1650, and David Urquhart,
the diplomatist and traveller, who after serving in the Greek
navy, and advocating Turkish autonomy, represented
Stafford in Parliament from 1847 to 1852, bitterly opposed
Palmerston, and died at Naples in 1877.
Meanwhile, after the sequestration of Sir Thomas
Urquhart in the middle of the seventeenth century, the
ancient possessions of the Urquhart chiefs passed into
possession of Mackenzie of Tarbat, and Sir George, second
baronet of Tarbat, the famous antiquary, Lord Justice
General, and Secretary of State, who was made Earl of
Cromarty by Queen Anne in 1703, had them included,
along with his other landed possessions, in the widely
scattered county of Cromarty, a territory fifteen times as
great as that ruled by the Heritable Sheriff of the days of
Edward I. and Robert the Bruce.
INDEX
ABBOT, 388
Abbotson, 388
Aboyne, Lord of, 134
Achalader, 39
Adam, 142
Adamson, 346
Adie, 142
Agincourt, g
Airlie, 459
, Earl of, 457, 458
Albany, Duke of, n, 28, 37,
78, 85, 93, 234, 262, 286,
338, 454, 470, 476, 489, 4Q4,
495
Albemarle, Duke of, 81
Alexander, 207, 277
II.. 15, 59, 74, 113,
145, 154, 166, 188, 209, 233,
348, 378, 416, 420, 431, 439.
460, 468, 500
III., 15, 26, 27, 36,
60, 66, 123, i 88, 209, 279,
3'4, 335, 390, 400, 461, 468,
469, 479, 481, 500
Allan, 98, 251
Allardice, 152
Alpin, Clan, 214
Alt-no-g-aun, battle of, 174
Altyre, Gumming- of, 66
Alwyne, 215
Anderson, 472
Andrew, 472
Andrish, Clan, 339
Angus, 298
, Earl of, 38, 48, 78.
99, 114, 119, 137, 192, 454.
477, 493
-, Master of, 78
Ardwill, Robert of, 15
Argyll, Alexander of, 63
- — , Duke of, 32, 66, 126,
207, 216, 228, 230, 304
, Earl of, 28, 30, 37, 54,
137, 167, 169, 198, 233, 239,
240, 264, 293, 302, 331, 343,
355, 361, 372, 404, 4o8, 457,
462
Argyll, Marquess of, n. »y.
387. 395, 448. '48*4 '* ***
Ardmcaple. 214. 21$
Ard Phadruic, 206
Arkil, 92
Arnpryor, 8, 10. la. 13
Arran, Earl of, 78
Arthur, 213
, Clan, 210
Atholl, Duke of, is. 43 J. 44)
449, 450. 453. 496. 500
— , Earl of. 30, 47. 6$. 84,
86. 155, 238, a8i, 446.
460, 488, 493, 4fl6, $06
Augustus, Fort, 59
Ayson, 346
BADENOCH. 50. 60. 7$
, Comyn of, 6$
, Wolf of. Sff Watf
Bain, 313
Bains of Tulloch. 222
Baliol Edward. 36
, King John, 61. tol
Ballindalioch, Laird of. tfi.
156
. Grant of. 161. 161
Ballinfreich, Guidmao of. to
Balvaiff, 14
Bannachra Castle. 63. of
Bannatyne. 35. 408
Bannennan. 121
Bannockburn. 7$, oa. 190. MO*
246. 308. 316. 33$. J»4. 39S.
Barca'ldine. 39
Bartholomew, 08
Baxter. 381
Bealach na Brotf*. 3»8
Bean, 323
"Beardie, Earl." 191. If*
Beath, 242. 3*4
Beaton. 242. VM. JT7
Beaufort Castle. i>g
BeauR#. battle of. 9
Bell. 381
513
514
INDEX
Ben an Tuire, 26
Bethune, 242, 377
Black, 172, 186, 364
Blar-na-saigfheadear, 428
Bontine, 152
Bourdon, 186
Bowie, 364
Boyd, 497
Braemar Castle, 103
Breadalbane, Earl of, 41, 254,
255, 383, 384, 387, 392, 485
Brown, 186, 381
Bruaich, Loch, 49
Bruce, Robert the, 9, 27, 29,
36, 66, 74, 75. 84, 99, 108,
114, 123, 133, 179, 188, 190,
202, 205, 206, 209, 211, 214,
252, 262, 269, 279, 285, 308,
315, 317, 335, 349, 354, 39O,
398, 407, 446, 454, 469, 479,
480, 489, 493, 500, 511
Buccleuch, Duke of, 24
Buchan, 66, 360
, Countess of, 59, 285
, Earl of, 63, 84, 285, 455,
470, 494, 502
Buchanan, Clan, 8, 355
of Auchmar, 8, 96, 380
of Leny, 13, 355, 356
, Sir George, 353
Bullock, 6 1
Buntain, 152
Burdon, 186
Burns, 35
Bute, Marquess of, 495, 497
CADDELL, 35
Cailean Mor, 27, 29
Caird, 487
Beag-, 87
Cairn-a-Quheen, too, 101
Caithness, Earl of, 40, 41,
288, 309, 479, 481, 482, 503,
505, 506
, Thane of, 47, 336, 461
Calder, 35
Cameron, 337, 339, 340, 344
348, 402, 407, 409, 412
, Clan, 18, 69, 218, 235,
247, 248, 263, 264, 266, 380,
405
Campbell, Captain Robert of
Glenlyon, 41, 42, 484, 485
, Charles W., of Boreland,
44
, Clan, 26, 208, 210, 211,
230, 253, 254, 304, 462
of Cawdor, 128, 219
of Glenlyon, 256, 257,
258
of Glenurchy, 38, 39,
180, 254, 355
Campbell of Loch Awe, 386
, Sir Robert, 43
Campbells of Breadalbane, 36,
485
Camus na fola, 330
Cannich, Glen, 46
Cariston, 49
Carlippis, Thomas, 56
Carmichael, 497, 498
Carrick Castle, 32
Cattanach, 414
Caw, 98
Cawdor, Earls of, 30, 36, 462
Chalmer, Thomas of Lawers,
38
Chalmers, 25
Charles I., 12, 21, 31, 82, 96,
101, 108, 139, 141, 146, 147,
157, 169, 176, 183, 194, 207,
229, 240, 241, 253, 310, 324,
331, 343, 350, 386, 391, 392,
408, 423, 434, 435, 439, 442,
447, 457, 483, 508, 509
II., 32, 40, 41, 80, 82,
101, 129, 150, 169, 254, 265,
272, 297, 324, 331, 332, 363,
387, 392, 418, 435, 436, 442,
463, 484, 497, 5o8, 510
— — Edward, Prince, 18, 47,
82, 119, 126, 139, 171, 226,
244, 245, 267, 268, 274, 281,
282, 332, 344, 350, 357, 358,
362, 377, 4", 412, 435, 44<>,
449, 458, 464,
Chattan, Clan, 20, 68, 69, 72,
100, 156, 161, 162, 163, 219,
222, 235, 248, 292, 293, 303,
334, 335, 336, 337, 338, 339,
341, 342, 360, 406, 407, 408,
409, 4.10, 413, 474, 475, 477.
490
Cheyne, 507
Chinese Gordon, 142
Chisholm Brothers, 45, 48, 49
— , Clan, 45
of Mucherach, 50
, Sir James, 57
" Chlann 'Ac-al-Bheath," 218
Chlearich, Clan, 339
Civil Wars. 12, 31
Clach na Bratach, 87
Clachnaharry, 339
Clann an Oiprhre, 96
" Clann Fhearg-uis of
Strachur," 106
«Clanranald, 46, 494
Clan-vic-Farquhar, 307
Clark, 25. 346, 414
Clarkson, 25
Clyne, 487
Coiraghoth Cave, 46
Coirskreaoch, Cave of, 46
INDKX
Colla, Clan, 229
Collier, QO
Colman, 17
Colquhoun, Clan, 52, 97, 215,
356
Combicn, 407
Combie, 346
Comer, 49
Comrie, 172
Comyn, Black, 61
- , Clan, 59
- , Robert de, 59
- , Sir Robert, 66
Conacher, 283
Connall, 242
Connochie, 35
Core, son of, 91
Corse, Patrick of, 120
Coutts, 105
Cowan, 58, 283
Craig Cluny, 104
- Coynoch, 99
Craigellachie, 160
Craigfievar, 119
Crawford, 199
- , Earls of, 20, 86, 192,
193, 194, 196, 197, 236, 237,
455
Crerar, 346
Cromartie, Earl of, 324, 3*5
Cromlix or Cromlics, 50
Cromwell, 21, 32
Crookshanks, 4Q7
Crossragnel Abbey, 12
Cuin, Clan, 229
Culloden, 332, 345, 4<>5, 4".
443, 457, 458, 464, 4»5
Currie, 251, 4M
DALLAS, 346
Dalraid Castle, 175
Darroch, 242
David I., 59, 67, 68, 75, °2'
134, 232, 278, 354, 386, 390,
^9n4S4,'5,49aV£ 48. ,08,
133, 145, 202« 2II» 234> 33 *
359, 371, 378. 386, 39', 42U
470, 500
Davidson, Donald, 7'
, Sir Robert, 73
- , ,
Davidsons, 20, 67, 33&, 4
408
Davie, 73
Davis, 73
Dawson, 73 ,
De Campo Bello, 26
Denoon, 35
Deuchar, 199
Devorgilla. 63
Dewar, 388, 437
Dhai, Clan, 69
Dingwall. 444. •
— . Ca
Docbart, Loch. 39
Doles, 346
Donaoue, op
Donachy, Clan. oa
Donald. CUn. ajj. »4». Ml.
250, aw. 5*4. $»3
- Dhu, 10. 21
Donaldson. 341
Di-nlcvy, 17
Donachadh. CUa. M. »5
DouRall. 28^
DouffUs. 470. 4*1. *fc 4^*
497, 500, $oa
- . Earl of. 1$. to,
133. «9«. 3J6. »37. 3«7.
Dove, 17
Dow, 17. 73
Dowai, $1
Dowall, 38^
DrcRhorn. Lord. 353. 354. 35»
Druim-an-dcur, aoo
Dnimdeurfait. 301
Druromond. Clan, 74
- , Lord. 57
Duff, 280,
Duffie, 405
Duffus, Baron of. 40
Dufral Ciar. 170
Duiiach, 407
Dunbar battle. 31
Duncan, oo
- , Clan, 84
Duncanson, Robert, •
Dunrhadh Mor, 400
Dundee, VUeoiuit. ». •.
363, 4>t
Dunfallandie, 108
Dunglass Castle. 53
Dunnacbie, 90
Dunphail. Ala»t«ir of. «4
- , Castle. 64
Dunollie, 314
Durham. Simeoa of. oa
Dyce, 491
EARRHA CAIU 347.
F.die, 143
IV., 135. »9*.
- VI..
n Ai|f«», «.
Kilcan Vow, 06, «•
vA w* «•*
EMfc. E«H «• "3-
516
INDEX
Erchless Castle, 49, 50
Ere, sons of, 107
Errol, Earl of, 31, 137, 343,
361, 476
Esson, 346
Ewan, 352
FARLAN, CLAN, 91
Farquhar, 105
Farquharson, 66, 99, 343, 345,
477
Fassalane, Walter de, 93
Fearquhard, 105
Federith, 507
Fenton, Lord, 49
Fergus, Clan, 106
Ferguson, David, no
of Raith, 97
Ferson, 414
Ferries, in
Fiery Cross, 14, 375, 409
Fife, Thanes of, 100
, Earls of, 285, 286, 288,
334, 474, 490
Findlay, 105
Findlayson, 105
Finlarig, 39
Finlay Mor, 100, 101
Finnon, Clan, 329
Fletcher, 172
Forbes, 112, 464, 486, 508
, Fergus de, 113
Forbhasach, 112
Fordyce, 121
Fort Augustus, 45, 46
Forth, Lord, 81
Foulis, 444
Fraser, Sir Simon, 61
Frasers, 122, 263, 341, 420,
461
Frissell, 131
Fullerton, 498
GALBRAITH, 98, 242
Gall-'aobh. 174
Galley of Lome, 29
Gallic, 178
Galloway, Fair Maid of, 38
, Lord of, 108
Garrow, 497
Gasklune, 85
George I., 33, 34, 5°, 103,
150, 273, 367
II., 79, 121, 126, 196
III., 73, 160, 227, 242
Georgeson, 178
Gibb, 17
Gibson, 17
Gilbertson, 17
Gilbride, 242
Gilchrist, 352, 454, 458, 474
Gilfillan, 388
Gillanders, 472
Gilleain na Tuaighe, 359
Gille Andras, Clan, 467
Gillespie, 414
Gilliecattan Mhor, 68, 406
Gillies, 414
Gilroy, 160, 296
Glasgow, Bishop of, 123
, Earl of, 197
Glas, Ian, 42
Glen, 346
Glencairn, Earl of, 94, 109,
no, in, 424, 442, 448
Glencoe, Massacre of, 41
Glenelg, 45
Glenfallpch, 37, 40
Glenfruin, battle of, 31, 216
Glengarry, 47, 265, 494
Glenlivat, 31
Glen Morriston, 45, 50
Glenorchy, 37
Glenurchy, 41
Gloucester, Earl of, 62
Gordon, John, of Brackley,
102
, Lord of, 339
of Coldingknowes, 141
•, Sir Robert, 47
Gordon-Gumming, Sir William,
66
Gordons, The, 132, 343
Gorm, John, 30
Gorrie, 242
Gow, 337, 414
Gowan, 242
Gowrie, 107, 242
, Earl of, 107
Graeme, Sir John, the, 143
Grahams, the, 61, 143
Granard, Earl of, 121
Grant, Castle, 63, 154
, Clan, 153, 161
, James of Pluscardine, 56
of Glenmoriston, Clan,
161
of Stratherick, 64
Gray, 497, 507
Greenwich, Duke of, 33
Gregor, 38, 172
, Clan, 38, 52, 161, 204
Gregory, 172
Greig, 172
Greusach, 105
Griantach or Plain of the
Sun, 153
Grier, 172
Grierson, 172
Griesch, 08
Grogan, Hugh, 73
Gruamach, 08
Grumach, Gillespie, 31
Gunn, Clan, 173, 504
INDIA
Gunning, Elizabeth, 34
Gunnson, 178
HALLYARD, 401
Hal o' the Wynd, 337
Hamilton, Duke of, 34. 403.
Hardy, 105, 346
Harperson, 17
Hauffh of Castletown, 103
Hawthorn, 242
Henderson, 259
Hendrie, 393
Henry I., 108
II., 78, 468
III., 60, 469
IV., 1 88, 44Q
V., 114
VII., 135
VIII., 115, 180, 248, 264,
417
Hewison, 242
Hill of Lundy, 45
Holland, Earl of, 40
Home, John, 46
Homildon Hill, battle of, 148
Hughson, 242
Huntly, 142
, Earl of, 21, 31, US.
116, 118. 134, '35. 136, 141.
162, 236, 237. 239, '••'••
264, 3iQ, 320, 321, 323. 340,
341, 342, 343, 301, 372, 408,
441, 456, 463, 476, 489, 504,
505, "?o6
Marquess of, 79, '49,
276
Hutcheson, 242
IAN MHOR. CLAN, 324
nan Caisteal. 102
Vor, Clan, 264
Inches, oo
Inch Lonaipr, 57
Tavanach, 57
Inchmarlo. 73
Inis Fraoch, 300
Inverlochy, 75. 219
Inverury, battle of, 03
lona Cathedral, 34
Irvine, Earl of, 32
Islay, Earl of, 33
Isles, 243
, Lord of the, 20,
206, 278, 317, 3i8, 3'0,
336, 339, 347, 360, 372,
401, 404, 427, 440, 462,
476, 494, SGI, 5°3
Jaroei I., 17, *. 37. >*. ».
66. 84. 86. 87, 93.
ijf. 146, 148. '
. 325. m a* ife PR
; . . * • * • < *
, 457. 47«. 4to, «Q* 4M.
21.
3!1'
1)6,
405. 501. S»
II., n
87. 103, 114. m. iu. «49»
163, IQ2. 211. 236. 1)7. SOI*
304, 3>7. 349. 40*.
-W^*
n4» '40. 163. ' '-•
3»0. 354, 373. 45*.
482
IV.. 10, jo. 38. 49.
78. 04. IU. 134.
• •.. 196. >97.
7*.
.
SS, 114. •»«.
JACOBITE, 23, 42, so, 70,
88, 104, 126. 127, 130.
158, 163, 196, 227, 244.
332, 363, 392, 397, 4".
435, 443, 449, 45L 458.
VOL. II.
470.
82.
157.
325.
412.
464
,
300. 3«0. 340. 34». 3W. Jp.
30L 417. 433. 4M. 4». 4ii.
V^o. it. 30. 3«. ?••
00. »5, 116. no. tej, lot.
.
ai6. 217. 263. 3g. 3M. 4IJ
, 481, 482. 4»J. 4»7. J^
509.
477,
__ vi.. 12. 31. $4- H. n»
78, 107. no, 129. «37.
149, 162. 103. »04. «07. »9».
109. 203, 21$. 3l6. 317. «JV
264. 300. 3»3. 3»4. 353. !«.
370, 30«. 401. 4". 40*. 447.
463. 4«3, 490. 491
_-- VlY. 21. 79. 1«. '03. »«*•
118. 163. 304. 3*4. 39*. 4»f.
_3VIII.. 88, I9J. m. 344.
307. 4$8.
Jameson. 178
Johnson.' 1787 f4». «»
Johnston, Sir JOM, X
KAY. 73
Kav. Clan, 69
Kr.^a. i:!*. ••*'» *W
Krith. 4M. 5«7
KHlv.
Kcndrifk. 393
Krnnr
Krnnrth. M7
II . t»3
'
K,1rh«n»
Kinchrk. -
Kindrochil Cat*.
518
INDEX
Kinloch Rannoch, 16
Kinnell, 243
Kinnoul, Earl °f, S1
Kippen, King1 of, 10
Kirkmahpe, 48
Kirkpatrick, 58
Knockmary, 77
LACHLAN, CLAN, 349, 350,
352
Lake of Thong's, 19
Lame, 186
Lammie, 186
Lamondson, 186
Lament, Clan, 177, 349
of Cowal, 281
Landers, 186
Langside, battle of, 96
Largs, battle of, 359
Lauder, Sir Robert of Quarrel-
wood, 48
Lean, 362
Leckie, 172
Lees, 414
Lemond, 186
Lennox, 98
, Earl of, 89, 91, 92, 93,
94, 215, 216, 263
, Thane of, 74
Lenny, 17
Limont, 186
Lindsay, Clan, 187
Linlithgow Palace, 76
Living-ston, 497
Lobban, 367
Lochaber, Thane of, 20, 21
Lochalsh, Alexander of, 239
Lochiel, 21, 23, 221, 380, 412
Lochindorb, 60
Lochnell, Campbell of, 283
Lochsloidh, 95
Logan, 200, 366, 367
Lome, John of, 63
, Lord of, 27, 37, 231,
355, 391, 493
, Marquess of, 34
Loudon, 35
Loudoun, Earls of, 29
Loup, Laird of, 207
Lovat, Lord, 21, 130, 223, 247,
290, 319, 377, 4io, 440, 464
Love, 333
Lucas, 1 86
Luke, 1 86
Lyon, 105, 410, 426, 436
MACADAM, 172
Macadie, in
Macachounich, 58
MacAindra, gS
MacAlastair, 205
of the Isles, 391
Macaldonich, 17
Macalduie, 186
MacAllan, 98, 257
Macandeoir, 17, 388
MacAndrew, 346, 472
MacAng^as, 298
Macara, 172, 426
Macaree, 172
MacArthur, 27, 84, 208
MacAskill, 377
Macaulay, 53, 161, 214
MacAy, 346
MacBacster, 379
MacBaxter, 381
MacBean, 218
MacBeth, 218, 243, 285, 364,
438
MacBrayne, 243, 393
MacBride, 243
MacBurie, 251
MacCaig-, 105, 377
MacCaihbre, 2^8
MacCailean Mor, 211, 212,
MacCainsh, 298
MacCalam. 17
MacCallum, 377
MacCamie, 498
MacCammond, 17
MacCardney, 105, 346
MacCartair, 213
MacCarter, 213
MacCash, 243
MacCaw, 98, 498
MacCawse, 98
MacCay, 313
MacCeallaich, 243
MacChlerich, 23, 25, 346, 414
MacChlery, 23, 25, 346, 414
MacChoiter, 172
MacChrtfiter, 17
MacCloy, 498
MacClure, 377
MacClymont, 186
MacColl, 229, 243
MacComas, 178
MacCombich, 497
MacCombies, 336, 346
MacConacher, 283
M'Conchy, 346
MacCondy, 98
MacConnechy, 35, 90
MacConnell, 243
MacCook, 243
MacCorkill. 178
MacCorkindale, 37, 377
MacCormack, 17
MacCormick, 364
MacCoul, 283
MacCowan, 58
MacCraw, 426
MacCrie, 313
MacCruimmin, 377
INDEX
SI9
MacCuag, 243
MacCuish, 243
MacCulloch, 444, 472
MacCutcheon, 243
Macdade, 73
MacDaniell, 243
MacDavid, 73
MacDawell. 283
MacDhaibhidb, Milmoir, 70
MacDiarmid, 35
MacDonachie, 90
MacDonald of Boisdale, 244
of Glengarry, 19, 50, 245,
268, 322, 410, 423, 429
of the Isles, 232, 243,
249. 253, 269, 301, 319, 374
MacDonalds, 27, 84, 106, 205,
229, 249, 341, 332, 355. 360,
362, 372, 375. 401. 404. 422,
423, 429, 494
of Clan Ranald, 2t, 244,
249, 250, 257, 263, 269, 271
of Glencoe, the, 252, 266,
341
of Keppoch, the, 247.
248, 261, 270, 274, 294, 305
308, 344, 345
— of Kintyre, 32, 303
McDonell and Aross, Lord,
265, 273
Macdonleavy, 17
MacDonnell, John, 45
MacDougal, Clan and
chiefs, 278, 303
of Lome, 27, 29, 232,
MacDouIra'lls of Dunolly, 32.
63, 318
MacDougals, 30. 253
MacDrain, 243
MacDuff, 284, 474
, Shaw, loo
MacDulothe, 283
MacEachern, 27
MacEachin, 257
MacEarachar, 105
MacElfrish. 243
MacEoin, 98
Maceol, 393
MacEwan, 35*
MacFadyean, 304
MacFall, 346
MaeFarlane, 53. Q»« *
216, 346
— , Duncan, 07
MacFarquhar, 105
MacFater, 3<;8
MacFeat, 35»
MacFergus. m . f g
MacFhearjniises. chie of.
MacFhinnon Loceni, 3>*
Macfie, Clan, 161
MacGtbbon. 17. »
MacGUchriM, ifCjlt
MacGilleu OttT Cha. If
MacGiUefovitTtM
no
atacGiUimy." 8a». aft W.
MacGtlkmi'
MacGilp. xoV
MacGilror. tte
MacGilvrroock. m
MacGiUra. 364
MacffUahaa, 346. 4W
Macfflashcb. 3). w. 5^4
MacGorrie. 243. 4i*. 4»7. 4*
4«0
MacGomaa. US
MacGregor, 30.
64. 153. '57. »|.
216, 230, 340, 3»'.
403. 4«$
Macffmuicb. oJ
Macghmr
MacffrowtMT. 171
Macrraoer. 171
MacGrurr. MI
MacGnilne. 409
MacGoire. 410. 4M
MacHafte. 405
Macbardie. 146
MarHanhr. lOi
MarHanold. 577
MacHay.
*»• Vfc* • "W"^-
MacHotcb«.
llaclaa, i?t, -
' of
HI
fe UJ
. ite.
M*cilwbo«.
520
INDEX
Macilwraith, 243
Macimmey, 131
Macinally, 17
Macindoe, 17
Macindoer, 437
Maclnnes, Clan, 297
Macinroy, go
Macinstalker, 98
Maclntyre, Clan, 299
Maclock, 98
Maclsaac, 35, 251
Maclver, 302, 327, 477
Maclvor, 35, 90, 327
Macjames, 98
MacKail, 23, 25
MacKames, 178
MacKay, 306, 471, 483, 501,
502, 503, 504
MacKeachan, 251
MacKeamish, 178
MacKean, 178, 243
MacKechnie, 251
MacKeith, 414
MacKellachie, 243
MacKellar, 35
MacKenning-, 333
MacKenrick, 393
Mackenzie, 222, 225, 246, 272,
314, 320, 35Q, 365, 420, 421,
422, 427, 428, 429, 438, 44i,
443, 465, 509
, Bernard, 71
MacKerdy, 498
MacKerracher, 105
MacKerras, in
MacKersey, in
MacKessock, 35, 251
MacKichan, 251, 283
Mackie, 313
MacKim, 131
MacKimmie, 131
Mackinlay, 17, 98, 105, 377,
403, 497
Mackinnon, Clan, 161, 328
Mackintosh, 20, 65, 68, 70,
135, 155. 218, 219, 226, 247,
263, 264, 265, 266, 290, 294,
335, 372, 406, 407, 409, 410,
428, 440, 474, 476, 477,
478
Mackintosh, Lachlan, 72
Mackinven, 333
MacLachlan, Clan, 437
Maclae, 497
MacLagan, 90
Maclaine, 418
MacLairish, 243
MacLamond, 186
MacLardy, 243
MacLaurin, Clan, 353, 496
MacLaverty, 243
Maclay, 497
MacLean, 30, 329, 330, 331,
338, 359, 417, 4i8
MacLeish, 414
MacLeister, 172
MacLennan, 365, 423
MacLeod, 222, 227, 228, 368,
395, 396, 402, 501
of MacLeod, 244, 329
of the Lews, 314, 316,
323, 324, 337, 372, 376, 395,
428
MacLergain, 364
Maclerie, 25
MacLewis, 377, 376
MacLise, 414
MacLiver, 172
MacLucas, 283
MacLulich, 444, 472
MacLymont, 186
MacMartin, 20, 23, 25
MacMaster, 17
MacMath, 431
MacMaiirice, 19
MacMenzies, 437
MacMichael, 497, 498
MacMillan, 378
MacMinn, 437
MacMonies, 437
MacMorran, 333
MacMurchie, 17, 243, 327
MacMurdo, 414
MacMurdoch, 243
MacMurray, 453
MacMurrich, 251, 414
MacNab, 161, 167, 382, 403
-, Findlay, 328
MacNair, 98, 393
MacNaug-hton, Clan, 389
MacNee, 172
MacNeil, 378
MacNeilag-e, 402
MacNeish, 172
MacNelly, 402
MacNeur, 98
MacNicol, 35, 377, 394
MacNider, 98
MacNiel, 398, 417
MacNiven, 66, 346, 390
MacNuir, 393
MacOmish, 178
MacOnie, 23, 25, 346
MacOran, 35
MacO'Shannon, 243
MacOurlic, 23, 25
MacPatrick, 186, 358
MacPeter, 172
MacPhail, 23, 25, 219, 313, 346
MacPharrie, Robert, 97, 205
MacPhater, 358
MacPhedron, 217
MacPhee or Duffie, 403
MacPheidiran, 217
INDIA
..l
MacPherson, 20, 335, 338,
343, 406
— i — , James, 240
, Sir .rCneas, 67
Macpherson, Alexander, 65
MacPhilip, 267
MacPhin, 431
MacPhorich, 186
Macquarrie, 16, 166. 361, 4O3.
4i5
Macqueen, 338
Macquey, 313
Macquhirr, 419
MacQuistan, 243
Macquoid, 313
MacRae, 365, 420, 43'
Macraild, 377
MacRaith. 243. 426
MacRanald, Alastair, 40
MacRankin, 364
MacRitchie, 346
MacRob, g8, 178
MacRobbie, go
MacRory, 243. 358
Macruarie, Alan, 246
MacShannachan, 243
MacShimes, 131
MacSimon, 131
MacSorley, 23, 186, 243
MacSporran, 243
MacSwan, 243
MacSymon, 131
MacTaRjrart, 472
MacTavish. 35
MacTear, 301
MacThomas, 35, 34O
MacTyre, 47'. 472
MacUlric, 23, 35
MacUre, 35 A
MacVail, 23, 25, 3'3» 34^
MacVarish. 251
MacVean, 223
MacVey, 364
MacVinish. 327
MacVourish, Neil. 24*
MacWalrich. 23, 25
MacWalter, 08
MacVVattic, 17
MacWhinnell, 343
MacWhirter. 17
MacWilliam. Q», 17°
, Donald, 7°
Maderty, Lord. 83
Malcolm II.. 448 g
III., 59, 74, »4. 285. *
IV., 02. 303. 378. 390
430
Hanson, 178 _.
Mar, Earl of, 12. 23. 5<>. 75-
7Q, 88, 104. 108. HO. i
220, 226, 235. 241, J44. 3W
263 266, 273. 332, 33». 330.
U4. JBO. *». +9,
376. 446. 440. **.
470, 480. «M. fOtt. |M
Martin, n.
Mary OMM ol Scott, it, m,
3>, $7. 7».M. i)f. i A ••»
172. 175. l>>. Itt. Iffc >A
309, ML MS* ))?* «"••
463. 4*5. <«. m. 4«.
$06
Matbesott. 4*7
Matbir. 4U
MathieMtt. 37*
May.
Mrdw>n. Lord. n«
M.-.klrham. i §5
.
Menttnc. ao
Mentcith. 407
. Earl of. n. 61
IMte < ••
. Clan. 300
•
Minna*. 4J7
Mochastcr. Cote of. 43
" :.. '. '
Monroe.. JOQ
Montaiffjw. n
MotlrtU*. '&» of. 44. 144.
l$0. IOJ. 100
. Eari of. 4$7 ^
loi. III. 140. 17*. •*• •*»•
350. j. 5*5.
ri*.. 4J7
Mor. Finlay. 101
^/Ea'rTof. .3.3..H. ^
uft. 157. isit •••• >n» *
raca wwr. *7
Mutrirh. 6j
Munro, 43*
Morthtt. $n
Morchitoo. ir. «4J. 99
.1-. 4-1
- . Dwt. «J
Mortar. 445. J«4, »
NAFtn. «•
Neat. 4M
Nebi. Ctoj, 3f4
o«. IT*. 3H
Nkkotoo^ J77. IV
Nkol. 377
Hitw. o*. M*» JW
522
INDEX
Noble, 346
Norman, 377
OCHILTREE, LORD, 94
O'Chonochar, 113
O'Choncar, James, 118
Odhar, Ian, 225
O'Drain, 243
O'Duibhne, Diarmid, 26, 36
O'Duibne, 209
Og-ilvy, 454, 457, 458, 474,
506
Oire Gaidheal, 26
O'Kyan, Anselan, 8
Oliphant, 507
O'May, 243
Oria, Bishop of, 53
Ormelie, Earl of, 43
O'Shaig-, 243
O'Shannachan, 243
O'Shannaig-, 243
Ossian, 19, 26
PARLANE, 98
Paterson, 358
Patrick, 186
Paul, 25, 313, 346
Pembroke, Earl of, 62
Perth, Duke of, 80, 83
, Earl of, 51, 78, 79
Peter, 172
Philip II., 31
Philiphaug-h, 32, 281
Pitslig-o, 119, 120
Pluscardine Abbey, 9
Poison, 313
Purcell, 243
QWHEWYL, CLAN, 474
RACE OF THE TROUGH, 158
Rachryn Island, 27
Rae, 426
Ragman Roll, 9, 354, 35Q
Ranald, Clan, 342, 402
Randolph's Leap, 65
Rand9lph, Thomas, 64
Rankin, 364
Ray, James, 18
Reformation, 38, 50
Reid, 90
Reoch, 86, 243
Revie, 243
Revolution, 16, 22, 33, 49, 79,
85
Riach, 105
Risk, 17
Robb, 98
Robert II., 9, 28, 36, 37, 75,
85, 93, M6, 1 80, 234, 246,
252, 261, 262, 264, 269, 359,
360, 433, 440, 454, 475, 480,
493, 494> 495
Robert III., 20, 28, 36, 68, 75,
84, 133, 148, 191, 261, 336,
337, 408, 475, 494
Robertson, Clan, 84, 169, 488
Robison, 178
Ronald, 267
Rorison, 243
Rose, Clan, 460
Ross, 467, 494
Ross Priory, 16
Rossdhu, 55
Roy, 90
Ruskin, 17
SALTOUN, LORD, 130
Sanderson, 277
Seaforth, Earl of, 46, 64, 455
, house of, 326
Seosal, 47
Seumas Lajfach, 69
Shannon, 243
Shaw, 346, 397, 473
Sheriffmuir, battle of, 33, 34,
88, 139, 170, 296, 325, 332,
0.344, 363, 424, 435
Sim, 131
Simon, 131
Simpson, 131
Sinclair, 479
Skene, Clan, 480
Sloichd an Eich Bhain, 96
Small, 453
Smith, 337
Somerled, Lord of the Isles,
Sorley, 25, 243
Soulis, Lord, 145
" Spaidsearach mhic Rha, 422
Spaldingr, 453
Spence, 289
Spens, 289
Spittal, 17
Sporran, 243
Srainjr of Lome, 36, 210
Sron Lainie, 356
Stair, Earl of, 255, 259
Stewart, James of Ardvorlich,
13
, Sir John of Darnley,
93
Stewarts, 61. 87, 363, 492
of Appin, 281, 282, 355
Strathallan, Viscount, 78
Strathbog-ie, Lord of, 60, 133,
138
Strathearn, Earl of, 146, 354,
480, 485
Strath Echaipr, 28
Strathglass. 46, 47
Struan or Strowan, 87
Sutherland, Clan, 498
, Earls of, 48, 483
INDEX
:ARILL, 346
Tavoy, House of, 116
fawesson, 35
fayler, 25
Taymouth Castle, 38, 40
Tchearlaich, Clann, 360
Thomas, 35
Thomason, Q8
Thomson, 35
"illiechewan, 56
iTolmie, 377
"onnochy, go
.'osh, 346
Toward, 1 86
"oward-an-Uilt, 182
Tower Lindsay, 189
'rail-the-Axe, 120
Train, 242
rullibardine, Earl of, 447.
449, 496
, Marquess of, 15
;ulloch Castle, 72
Burner, 186
yre, 301
IRE, 35
Urquhart Castle, 48
, Clan, 508
VASS, 444, 472
Vean, Clan, 219, 220, 2M
Vurich, Clan, 409
WATER OF ENDRICK, 8
Watson, 17
Wass, 444, 472
Weaver, 98
Weir, 98, 3Q3
Wemyss. 289
Whannell, 243
Wharrie, 419
White, 1 86
Whitemire, Earl of, 64
Whyte, 172
William II., 255
III., 255, 273
Williamson, 178, 3I3
Wilson, 178
Wolf of Badenoch. 85, 235,
261, 262, 433. 474, 404
YESTER'S, LADY, CHAPEL, 89
Yuill, 17
KTHVMBERLANU PKESS LU.IT.D, THORNTON STRK^T,
J
5 1 3
161907
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