Hindústáni as it Ought to be Spoken

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I

.1

'V.

Hindustani

AS IT ODGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

BY

J. TWEE DIE,

Bengal Civil Service,

'•• It is really surprising, when you come to think of it, how ungrammati-
cally people do talk."

Third Edition.

Calcutta

Thacker, Spink & Co.

London : W. THACKER& CO., 2, Creed Lane, Ludgate Hill.

1900.

\All rights reserved?^

LOAN STACK

PRINTED BY THACKER, SPINK St CO., CALCUTIA.

^

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.

The Author must express his regret at this little work
having been out of print for a time. His excuse is the
unexpected rapidity with which the First Edition was
absorbed by the public. It is, however, satisfactory to
know that the book is fulfilling the purpose for which it
was written ; and has already become, in a great measure,
/Ae dook, which even those who must eventually know
the vernacular character, read, in order to gain a rapid
knowledge of the construction of the language, and a large
stock of guaranteed words and phrases. Nothing is then
left but to study the Vernacular Alphabet.

The present volume is larger than its predecessor. This
is because many complaints reached the Author that there
was too little in the book. The cry was for more. This
is a good sign. But, on the other hand, there were com-
plaints of inability to remember words only * once given '
in the course of the "Lessons." The collecting of all
words given in the body of the book into the Glossaries at
the en<1, is one cause of the increase i size.

Another is that the number of Exercises has, on demand,
been largely added to, implying the introduction of many
additional words.

It has been considered proper to retain in the body of
the book the lists of words there given, though now also
to be found in the Glossaries. They are selected words

€52

VIU PREFACE.

which, in the opinion of the Author, one must know ; and
whether one learns them or not as they stand above the
Exercises— one certainly would never learn them, if they
stood only in a ** Dictionary."

Perhaps the humble ** Index " deserves mention. Thus
by turning to the proper Sub-Head under the General
Head " Vocabularies," you will find where all the words
relating to anyone subject, (as * Animals,' * Birds,' * Vermin,'
and so on,) are to be found collected in the body of the
book.

Another feature which certainly deserves notice here is
that in both Glossaries, nouns which are masculine but have
feminine terminations are marked (m.), while feminine
nouns not ending in the recognised feminine terminations
(see page 8,) are marked (f.). At page 105 you will find a
useful (but of course incomplete) list of such feminine
nouns. False genders grate horribly on the ear; ^ Mon
soeur est trh-beau,^

But the chief new feature of this Edition is "The
Reader," which contains a collection of modern extracts
of fable, story, dialogue and oratory. These should be
enough to satisfy all those who have ventured to * ask for

more.'

As the First Edition was complete in its exposition of
the grammatical structure of the language, much could not

be added on this subject. Some sections however have

been now more fully treated than before ; as for example,

the Pronoun * apna,' on page 30.

Thus has the Author endeavoured to give some return

to the public for its kind reception of the First Edition, by

making the Second Edition more copious, more complete

and more convenient than the First.

k

PREFACE. IX

The Author also hopes to be able to give the student
— very soon — a translation of all the Exercises, and of
•The Reader.' This will both shorten labour, and render
a correct acquisition of the language more certain and
easy.

It remains for the Author to acknowledge the services
rendered by Moulvi Zdhir-ud-dfn of Patna in perusina; the
Hinddstdni additions, as they passed through the press.

Patna, February 1893.

PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.

This little book has been written at the request of ladies,
so that no apology for its appearance is called for. Their
complaint was that no book exists from which they can
gain a complete and correct knowledge of the Hindustani
language suited to their daily requirements; and so they
have to struggle with books which give them both too
much and too little. Therefore they requested that a
small book should be written by aid of which the true
grammatical structure of the language might be learned,
and a stock of words acquired which are actually in daily
use. It is hoped, that those who have learned the lessons
of this book vivd, voce with the Author will remember him
kindly when they see these lessons in print.

The scope of the book is not ambitious. Thus, there
are no dissertations on the origin of the language, or on
the derivation of words, or on philological analogies. Very
little will be found of ornate Persian or Arabic phraseo-
logy. Even some of the refinements of the alphabet— -for
instance, the distinction between ^alif and *«/«' — */^'
and ^toe\^ have not been insisted on.

The aim has been to make the book a thoroughly
practical one, suited to all and every, whose midlife has
to be spent in India. The lessons remain in the form of
familiar oral teaching, dry rules being, as far as possible,
avoided. It is hoped that the book will thus be interest-

PREFACE. XI

ing to read, as well as easy to learn. A special feature will
be found in the lists of English and other foreign words
which have become naturalised, at least among those
natives who come much in contact with Europeans.

It is believed that the Alphabetical Vocabularies — in
combination with a grammar — supply what does not at
present exist in any form. Each of these contains about
two thousand five hundred words and phrases, for the
most part additional to the copious lists of words and
phrases given during the course of the Lessons. All these
have been selected and teste(i with the greatest care ; so
that the reader may feel quite sure that he is getting in
all cases the words actually used by natives of ordinary
education when speakiny; of the common affairs of daily
life. The spelling is everywhere uniform; and may be
said to be the Government system of transliteration. Thus
is the student of Hindustani (as is believed for the first
time) provided with an adequate and readily accessible
stock of really colloquial, every-day words; alphabetically
arranged in Roman type, both Hindiistdni-English and
English-Hindiistdni, on a uniform system of spelling
approved by Oriental Scholars and by Government, com-
bined with a short and easy grammar.

It cannot be denied that by far the greater number of
Englishmen and Englishwomen in India speak a very
peculiar language under the name of * Hindiistdni' — and
this, both as regards grammar and pronunciation. The
excuse is sometimes made, that they hear natives speak as
they speak. There is some truth in this; but it is for-
gotten that the natives referred to learned the language
which they so speak from their masters and mistresses, and
that if credit is due to anyone, it is due to the natives who

XU PREFACE.

have had the wit to understand, and the skill to acquire
the dialect which they hear addressed to them.

That dialect is occasionally spoken of in the following
pages as * Anglo-Hinddstdni.' It is the Author's hope that
by means of this little book, it will — in some degree at
least— be replaced by Hinddstdni as it ought to be spoken.

The contents of the book may be mastered in one
month's study, even by those who are *not good at
languages.' It is recommended that at the first-reading
little or no attempt should be made to translate English
into Hindiistdni. This should be made at the second
perusal. At the first perusal, the twelve lessons should be
completely mastered, the Hindiistdni exercises carefully
analysed, pronunciation practised aloud, and as large a
stock of words learned as the reader can possibly retain.

It only remains for the Author to express his obliga-
tions to Sayad Wdjid Hossen, K. B., and to Baboo Sheo
Darshan, learned scholars of Bihdr, for their kind labours
in revising, and, in some resDects amending, the letter-
press of these lessons, — labours which render it probable
that the book contains nothing which will mislead the
student.

Patna^ December 1889.

\

PUBLISHERS' PREFACE TO THIRD

EDITION.

Owing to the lamented death of the Author, Mr. Tweedie,
before the present edition was completed, the Publishers
have had to seek other aid in passing it through the press.
The work was entrusted to a distinguished linguist, and
the very careful manner in which he has performed his
task leads the Publishers to hope that the present edition
will receive the same cordial support that was accorded to
its predecessors. The features of the book remain in all
respects the same, and no trouble has been spared to make
the work as complete and accurate as possible.

Calcutta, 1900.

PARADIGM of the Verb ' Hona/ fo be, or become.

According to the forms most commonly used; but see Page 14, Sect. 9.

To be read before the PARADIGM on page 16.

The second of two bracketted lines gives the Feminine forms.

See Page 10, Sect. 6.

Various Parts ^
Stem, Ho. Infinitive, Ho-na. Pres. Part,, Ho-ta, Past Part., Hu,a.

(fern. hii,i; ^ hu,in.')
Tenses,
Singular. | ^. Plural.

Subjunctive and Imperative, / may be ; Be thoicy <Sr*f.
Ho-iin, Ho-we, Ho- we. | Ho- wen, Ho, Ho-wen.

Future, / shall or will be^ <5r»f.
fHun-ga, Ho-ga, Ho-ga. Hon-ge, Ho-ge, Hon-ge.

iHiin-gi, Ho-gi, Ho-gi

same as the Masc. - -

Present, I am^ &^c.
Hun, Hai, Hai. | Hain, Ho, Hain.

Past, I was, <5r»<r.

The, The, Tne.

/Tha, Tha, Tha.

LThi, Thi, Thi.

Thin, Thin, Thin.

The Compound Tenses are the same in formation as those shown
Dn page 16, viz. :— Ho-ta hiin, &c., lam being, Ho-ta tha, &c., /
was being. Hu,a hiin. cSi:c., I have been. Hu,a tha, &c., I had been,
Hu,a hiinga, &c., I shall have been.

Special Parts.
Ho-ke, or ho-kar, having been.
Hc-te-hi, immediately on being.
Hujiye, be pleased to be.

1 Singular. 2 piural.

CONTRACTIONS

USED IN THE BODY OF THE BOOK.

The ordinary grammatical ones, as * Sing.* for * Singular ' ; * Plur.'
for * Flnral/ and so on, speak for themselves. * Anglo-Hind.' stands
for * Anglo-Hindustani.* (See Preface to the First Edition.) (E.)
meaDs that the word beside which it is placed is an English* one in
common use by natives. ' £x :^* stands for ' Example.* ( H.) means
that the word may only be used of Hmdus. (•^'I.) means that the
vrord may ^e used of Muhammadans. (L.H.) means that the
word is current only or chieHy in Lower Bengal.

♦ Some words, e.g. 'frikasi,' *dspik,' &c., are so obviously English, (or any-
how not Hindi!ist4ni,) that they have been printed without the (E.).

CORRIGENDA.

The following corrections should be made, as far as
possible, before beginning the perusal of the book : —

Wherever ' Huzur ' occurs, reeui * Huzur.* See page 28, also page 51 ,

Exercise No. 16, &c
Wherever * tarah * occurs, read ' tarah.'

Page 16, after the line beginning ' Girta hun,' insert : —
Imperfect, / ivas fallings ^c.
Gir-U tha, tha, tha. | Gir-te the, the, the.
i> 43* pl<'ue an asterisk before * sath.'
,, 47, Note I, For * It is also ' read 'Another particle,' ^tho^ is...

Next line but one, for * to ' read * tho. *
,, ,, (last two notes,) for * v ' and * vi.' read * iv * and * v.'
It 103, (first line,) for ' Ordinal,' read * Cardinal.'
,, 121, (second line,) for ' ghisarta, ghisarta,' read * ghisatta,

ghisatta.'
„ 149, (line 17,) for * ghisarna,' read *ghisatna.'

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Page.

1ST Lesson. The Alphabet and Pronunciation... i

2ND

3RD

4TH
5TH

6th

7TH

8th

9TH
IOTH
IITH

»
»>

Nouns ; their Cases, Numbers and

vjiENUILKo ... ••• ...

Agreement

X HE VERB .•• a*. ...

The Pronouns...

... • I

... ••■

5

lO

13
28

Various Words allied to Pronouns 38

Prepositions ... ... 43

Conjunctions and Allied Words ... 46

>•• ...

•*.

I2TH
I3TH
I4TH
15TH

• • • • I

••• •••

Adverbs and Allied Words
Interjections

Arrangement of Words in a Sen-
tence
Numeration
Time

Miscellaneous
Supplementary Vocabularies and

J1«X.£RCISES ••. ••• ••• •«« oO

Appendix No. I. Numerals ... ... ... 103

„ „ II. Relative and Co-relative Words 104

„ „ III. List OF SOME Feminine Nouns ... 105

54
56

61
64
66
72

A Hindustani Reader

A Glossary of Useful Words. Hind.-English
„ „ „ English-Hind.

General Index

...

>»

.«•

109

129

209

... ... 343

\

HINDUSTANI

AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

FIRST LESSON.
The Alphabet and Pronunciation.

The Consonants.

1. These, in Hindiistani, correspond closely with the
English Consonants ; but in Hinddstdni there are some
additional sounds. There is no x ; its place is supplied
by " ks." There is also no " c " whether soft or hard ;
" q " does not occur in the Hinddstdni in this book.

2. The unmarked " t " and "d"must be pronounced
with the tip of the tongue touching the teeth. When
these letters have a dot under them, pronounce with the
tongue against the bars of the roof of the mouth ; so with
"r''and"r."

T.. H, I

2 HINOrfsxiNI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

3. Pronounce "ch" as in " church,"..." sh" as in
" short,"..." g" as in "get,"..."ng" as in /'king,"...
"j" as in "jet,"..."y" as in "yet,"..."w" aV in "wet,"
theugh- sometimes the sound of "v" in ^^vet," is given
to this letter. You should be careful also to pronounce
even a single " s," with a full hissing sound, not confound-
ing it with '*z." In Hindilstdni, we have both an "f,"
and "ph;" "f." as in English; "ph" as directed in the
next section; "h" is as much a consonant as any other;
it is to be lightly sounded like an ordinary English "h."
When it is the last letter of a word, and is preceded by
another consonanty the "h" is to be sounded like "ha,"
cut short as you pronounce it ; " b," (with dot) is a rough
aspirate, such as is commonly heard in the border-country
at home ; " k " (without a dot) is sounded from the root
of the tongue; "k" (with a dot) is sounded low in the
throat.

4. Many words and syllables begin with a consonant
followed by "h." This "h" must not be ignored, as it
nearly always is by Europeans. By ignoring it, you may
call in a "loafer" when you merely want your "horse;" or
a native woman instead of your brother. The effect of this
" h," is to give sounds not familiar in English. You may
acquire them by separating the consonant and the "h"
with a very faint echo of any short vowel sound ; and
practising the gradual withdrawal of that sound, till you
can pronounce the consonant and the " h " as one sound.
Any plan is preferable to leaving out the " h." As laid down
in the last preceding section, "ch" is sounded as in
''church;'' and " sh," as in ''short;'' "th" and "ph"
also "kh" when not underlined, fall under this section.
* Ch ' and * sh * are single letters in Hinddstdni.

hindtJstIni as it ought to be spoken. 3

5. Kh (underlined) is used to express a hard guttural
sound. No English word begins with it. The Scotch
word "loch" ends with it. The "ch" in the German
word ** ach ! " comes still nearer it.

6. Gh represents a sound hardly attainable by adult
Western throats. The most you will be able to do, is to
treat it as a plain "gh," under Section 4 above; or you
may try and catch its true sound by gietting a^ more or less
educated Muhammadan to give you the word for a " domes-
tic fowl."

7. N (with dot) gives a strong nasal twang to the 7vhole
syllable in which it occurs.

The Vowels,

1. The short ones : —

a pronounced as the " u " in ^^fun. "
i pronounced as the " i " in ^^fin, "
u- pronounced as the "u" in ^^ full. "

2. The long ones : —

e always long (and to be pronounced at the end of
a woni, as well as elsewhere) : like the " e " in
the German word niehr ; or the Scotch pronun-
ciation of words like ^^ there,^^ ^^fare^"^ ^^dare,^^

o always long, pronounced as " o " in pole ; but
more protracted in sound.

d pronounced as the " a " vafar,

i pronounced as the " i " in machine.

li pronounced as the "u" in the German "du,"
or "00" in ^'fool;^^ but more protracted in
sound than the latter.

4 HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

Throughout this book when "a," "i," and " u," are j/4«^r/,
they are not marked ; nor are they marked 7vhen final letters^
for then they are nearly always long ; when not final letters
and longy they are marked ', " e" and " o," being always long,
are never marked. The instances in which words end in a
short vowel are shown by an ** h" following the vowel.

Diphthongs,

8. Take * it that there are no diphthongs : when one
vowel follows another and the two are not separated by the
mark " ," pronounce the second rapidly after the first as in
Italian. When that mark occurs, the two vowels belong to
different syllables.

VOCABULARY No. I.

admi, a human being} bahin, a sister,

mard, a man. bhd,i, a brother, \i^g girl,

aurat, a woman. bd,i, a native woman ; a danc-

ma, a mother, bibi, a native lady,

bap, a father. gbora, a horse,

md-bdp, parents ; a benefactor, gora, a European,"^

beta, a son. khidmatgar, a table-servant.^

beti, a daughter. murghi, a hen,

khasam, a husband. ghusl, a bath,

joru ; zaujah, a wife. khdna, dinner, [composition,)

larke-bdle, children, khanah, a room {much used in

* But translate it, ordinarily, by * man^^ or * woman,* according to
the context. ^ "R^dWy mtaxis ^ fair-compUxiomd^* oiien means a Euro
pean soldier ; is not applied to Europeans of rank. * So among Euro-
peans ; among natives, the word is applied to any domestic servant.

SECOND LESSON.

Nouns : their Cases, Numbers, and Genders.

Cases.

1. "Cases," are marke(i by certain small words, which
follow the original word. The original word, however, some-
times undergoes a slight modification before the word indi-
cating the **case" is written. For this modification, see
next section ; but note here, in anticipation, that there are
two accusative cases, the " simple acaisativey^ which is al-
ways the same as the nominative ; and an accusative formed
with the particle " ko."

2. The words used to indicate case-relationship are
these : —

ka, ke, ki, of ; se, by ; with (of ti)e instrument) ;

ko, to ; at. also from; also ^* since ^^ (of

time) ; ago,
par, on; at; mei^, in; into.

ne, by (of agency) tak ; talak, up to ; as far as.

3. The selection to be made from ka, ke, ki is a diffi-
culty which should be mastered once for all, as there are
many analogies to it in the language. Note, therefore, the
following explanations : —

6 hindi^stAni as it ought to be spoken.

i. The thing owned regulates the selection,
ii. If that thing be feminine, always use * ki.'
iii. If that thing be singular, masculine and nomina-
tive, or simple accusative, always use *ka.'
iv. If that thing be (a) singular, masculine and any
case except the nominative or simple accusative :
or: {b) plural, masculine, and any case: then
always use * ke. '

4. The English style with ^^ apostrophe s," will always
give the correct Hinddstdni order of the words. An inver-
sion is required in our form with " of."

Modifications informing Cases and Numbers,

5. Proper names and words expressing family relation-
ships do not change in the Singular; Ex. Khuda, God:
Chacha, a paternal uncle : Bdba, a father: also, in Bengal,
a child.

6. Note again that the nominative and the simple
accusative - both singular and plural — are always the same.

7. As regards the other cases Singular : —

i. Most masculine nouns ending in "a," also many
ending in ** ah," change these into " e."

ii. No change is made in any other word, masculine
or feminine.

8. As regards the Nominative (and simple ace.)
Plural : —

i. Most mascuHne nouns ending in "a", and many

ending in " ah " change these into " e."
ii. No other masculine noun changes at all.
iii. Feminine nouns ending in "i," add "a^i."
iv. Feminine nouns ending in any letter other than
"i," add" en."

hindtSstIni as it ought to be spoken. 7

9. The OBLIQUE cases of the Plural (including the
ace. in **ko") are formed by adding "on," to the Nora.
Sing, of nouns not ending in " a," or " ah "; or by sub-
stituting "on" for "a" or "ah" in nouns which do end
in these vowels.

Note^ — Plurals are sometimes further formed by adding the word
"log" /dtf^/d, (oblique cases, logo^i) to the Nom. Plural, parti-
cularly to express the idea of a * class.' Confer the use of
* Leute ' in German. Ex larke-log, the children. This idiom
is used only of human beings.

The Accusative in " ^^."

10. This, in form, is the same as the dative. Its effect
is often said to be to particularize a special thing. But this
is not always so. The selection as between the two accusa-
tives is a nicety of the language, for which no rule can be
given. Avoid using the form with "ko" so as to cause
confusion in the sense as to which won! is dative and
which accusative.

»

The Vocative,

11. The Vocative Singular is the same as the Nomi-
native, except that "a" or "ah" becomes "e." The
Vocative Plural ends in "o."

Gender,

12. Names of males are masculine. Names of females
are feminine.

Things called 'neuter' in English, are either masculine
or feminine in Hinddstdrii. They should be taken to be
masculine, unless known to be feminine.

8 hindiJstAni as it ought to be spoken.

13. No detailed rules for gender can be given ; but
most nouns which end in * i/ *t/ * t ' and *sh ' are feminine.
Even to this rule, such common words as "/£f«/," water ;
*^ghi" a sort of butter; "moftV* a pearl ; ^^ da/ii" curd, are
exceptions ; these being masculine. See Appendix, No. 3.

Paradigm of Nouns.

i. Afasc notins ending in " ^," and some in " ah " .• —
Cases. Sing. Plur.

Nom. and simple ace. larka (poy) larke.

Oblique crises, larke larkoQ.

So ; liandah, slave, bande ; bande, bandon, &c.

ii. Any other Masc. noun : —

Cases. Sing. Plur.

Nom. and simple ace. mard (man) mard.

Oblique cases, mard mardon.

So; ddmi, man; moti, a pearl; guru, a spiritual
teacher, &c. But ^ ddmi'' has also a Nom. Plural,
ddmi^dn,

iii. Fern, nouns ending in "/"• —

Cases. Sing. Plur.

Nom. and simple ace. bibi (lady) bibf,dn.

Oblique cases, bibi C)ibi,on.

So ; any other feminine noun ending in " i."

iv. Fem. nouns ending in any other letter : —
Cases. Sing. Plur.

Nom. and simple ace. rdt inight) rdte^.

Oblique cases, rat rdtoi?.

So; any other feminine noun not ending in "i."

hindustXni as it ought to be spoken.

VOCABULARY No. II.

Note* — There are no "Articles" in Hindustani; they are either

is translated by

" an "

omitted in translation, or **«*' or
**tf^" = one ; and *Uhe^^ by the demonstrative pronoun, which
you have not yet learned. N.B. Verhs are placed at the end
of a clause or sentence. See page 6i.'

larka, a boy.
larki, a girl,
roti, bread.
pdni, water,
diidh, milk.
taiydr, ready.
hdzir, present.
do, give.
1^0, bring.
j4o, go.
d,o, come.
leja,o, take away.
suno, listen to me.
bolo, speak ; say.

hai, is.

hain, are.

aur, and.

bhi, also.

magar, but.

kitab, a book (fem.) i

\2\z.vci^ a pen.

buIa,o, call ; summon.

chup raho, hold your

tongue.
rahne do, let alone ; leave.
sabr karo, have patience ;

wait a little.
hat-jd,o, get out of the way.

Exercise No. i. Translate.

Mard ki ma hdzir hai. Aurat ka beta aur mard ki bahin
hdzir hain. Larke ki roti taiyar hai. Ek ddmi buld,o.
Ek ddmi ko buld,o. Suno ! ba,i ke bete ko bula,o.
Suno ! bd,i ki beti ko lejd,o. Ba,i ka bhd,i \yiz\x hai.
Gore ka ghora taiydr hai. Ghusl ka pdni taiyar hai.

Sabr karo ! Chup raho. Hat-jd,o. Rahne do.

Account to yourself in writing for all the ka, ke, ki's, and
for the changes of a into e, in the foregoing sentences.

\

THIRD LESSON.
Agreement.

1. "Ka, ke, ki" agree wM the thing owned^ according
to the rules above given.

2. Adjectives ending in a consonant, or any vowel
except * a/ agree without change.

3. Adjectives used in making compound-verbs (see
posty page 21) do not change.

4. Adjectives in " a," become " i " in the feminine, and
then never change further, whether singular or plural.

5. If the noun be masculine^ "a" of the adjective
remains unchanged in the nominative and simple accusa-
tive singular. It changes into "e" in all other cases of
the singular, and in every case of the plural.

6. Such parts of verbs as end in "a" also "agree,"
under the same rule as applies to adjectives ending in
" a,'' and one rule more : for the feminine plural of verbs in
" agreement " is in " fn." But note, that if there be more
than one word thus changeable, only the last takes the
"n": the other stop at the **i." The agreement is, ordi-
narily, ^ with the nominative.

' See posty Fourth Lesson, page 19, section 25.

HINDl5STiNJ AS IT OUGHT, TO BE SPOKEN. 1 1

£xampie of a Verb agreeing in Gender with its Nominative,

With Singular Nominative Masculine*

tha, tha, tha, was,

hota I ha, hota tha, hota tha, was becoming,
. With Plural Nominative Masculine.

the, the, the, were,

hote the, hote the, hote the, were becoming.
With Singular Nominative Feminine,

thi, thi, thi, was,

hoti thi, hoti thi, hoti thi, was becoming.
With Plural Nominative Feminine.

thiij, thfn, thin, were^

hoti thfn, hoti thfn, hoti thfn, were becoming.

VOCABULARY No. III.

dhan, rice in the field, or achchha, good,

in the husk, khardb -, bura, bad,

chdwal, uncooked rice, lamba, tall ; long.

bhdt, cooked rice, lincha ; baland, high.

ddl, a kind of pea. kotdh, short,

ddl-bhdt, a native phrase bara, great,

for native food generally. chhoXZy smalL

makkhan, butter. bahut, much,

dahi, rurd, thora, a little,

ghi, native butter much used bas, enough ; thafs enough,

for cooking purposes, chhoti haziri, early tea,

chd,e, tea. bari \yki\x\, breakfast,

kdfi, (E.); kahwah, cojfee. nahiij, not,

chfni, sugar, nahfn, to, if not ^ then.

Note, — When two things are intimately connected, a/i</ is omitted, as
ddl'bhdti roti-makkhan {bread and butter), &c.

12 hindustani as it ought to bk spoken.

Exercise No. 2.

Cha,e taiydr hoti hai. Thora ddl-bhdt do. Ghi achchha
nahin haii Sabr karo ! niakkhan nahin hai. Dahi le-ja,o,
diidh ld,o. Khidmatgdr.hdzir nahin hai. A,o, kdfi taiydr
hai. Admi lamba hai, magar aurat kotdh hai. Aurat ka
bhdji bura hai. Mard ki beti achchhi hai. Bas ! jd,o.

Exercise No.

«

Call the good boy. Call good boys. Take away the
little girl. Take away little girls. Take away the bread and
butter of the little girls.* The little girls are present. The
men are ready. The horses are ready. The women are
good. The boy is tall. The girls are tall. Call the table-
servant. Call the table - servants. The early tea is very
good. Give (me) (some) dal-bliat. Give dal-bhdt to the
women. Bring the cooked rice. Bring the uncooked-rice.
Give (me) a little* cooked-rice. The man was bad. The
woman was good. Early tea was getting {=ibec6ming) ready.
Have patience, the rice is getting ready. A good book.
Breakfast is ready. All right ! {=. very good).

* Genitives and datives come, in order, befoie accusative .
See />osif page 61.

FOURTH LESSON.

The Verb.

1. There is only one conjugation, and very few irregu-
larities.

2. Simple tenses are those in which no "auxiliary
verb," (as " am," " have," " shall," '' will,") is used to
form them.

3. Compound tenses are those which are made of (gene-
rally) the present or the past participle of the chief verb,
and an ** auxiliary.^'

4. The future tense, the present subjunctive, and the
imperative, (with * let ') though compound in English, are
simple in Hindilstani.

5. Nearly all languages use the verhs ^^ to ^f " and " /<?

have" as their chief auxiliary verb. Ex. "1 <iw speaking,*'

" I have spoken." In Hinddstdni, there is no verb " to

have."' The verb ^^ to be " is therefore used as the only

** <i2/je///(fl;ry," and must be generally translated by our verb

** have " in all compound tenses of the past participle. This

is a little difficult at first, as the tenses look like tenses with

the sense of a passive voice, but it will soon become familiar

to you. Compare the German " Ich bin gewesen " and the

t

* See posi^ page 75.

[

14 hindiJstXni as it ought to be spoken.

Italian, lo sono stato^ literally, I am been, but, \n English,
French and Spanish " I kave been."

6. Subject to what has just been said as to translat-
ing the Hindustdni auxiliary by "^^ " or ^^ have^^ as the
English idiom may require, compound tenses are got by a
literal translation of the English, Remember, however,
that the auxiliary verb comes last in Hindiistdni — " I speak-
ing am " : " They spoken had^^ See, also, clause 4 above.

7. Every verb consists of an invariable "stem ; " and a
variable termination. Starting with the "Infinitive," which
always ends in " na," it is to be noted that that part of the
word which precedes " na," be it only a single letter, is the
" stem " to which the terminations are added.

8. The terminations are these : — (only masculine forms
are given, but see Third Lesson, section 6, page 10).

-dn -e -e -en -o -en, Imperative and Subjunctive.

-ilpga -ega -ega -enge -oge -enge. Future.

-ta. Present Participle.

-a. Past Participle.

-ke, kar, or karke, . Perfect Participle.

-te hi, A special form, meaning ^immediately on^ or,

* immediately after,^
-iye, A respectful or polite form of the 2nd person of the

imperative ; meaning, ^please to^ &c.

Note. — The Imperative, the Subjunctive and the last three never
change ; * a * agrees under the rules already given.

9. The Future, the Subjunctive, and the Imperative of
" bona," to be^ are usually written in a contracted form.
The Future is as follows : the Subjunctive and the Imper-
ative being reached by dropping ** ga " and "ge."

hind^stIni as it ought to be spoken. 15

Sing.^ hiinga, hoga, hoga. Piur,^ honge, hoge, honge.

10. Sometimes these words are met with in the regular
form, ho,unga, ho,ega, &c, ; sometimes a euphonic " w " is
inserted, and then the words would be " howiinga, &c. " ;
but the contracted forms are, perhaps, the most common.

So also the *'e" of the stem of "dena" to give^ is
generally omitted ; also, the " e " of the stem of " lena,*'
to take: so we get **diinga" or "de,unga," &c. ^^ I shall
give:^^ and "do," or **de,o" Imperative, ^^give:^' so,
liinga, or le,ilnga ; lo, or le,o, I shall take ; take,

11. Only the following parts of ^^ hona^^ therefore, can
be considered as materially " irregular " :—

Past Part., hti,a, been,

Pres. Tense,— hai, hai; hain, ho, hain, ant^ &^c.
Past Tense, — tha, tha, tha ; the, the, the, was, dfc.
[Always bear in mind Section 6 of the Third Lesson.]

12. The compound tenses of "hona" are made with
hona as the auxiliary, the same as any other verb. Ex. : —
Main hiS,a hiiiji ; ham hil,e the. / have been ; we had been,

13. All " Infinitives " are Verbal Nouns, Present Parti-
ciples are never verbal nouns.

14. When, by inflection, two " a "s meet, they are sepa-
rated by a " y," as dna to come ; stem d ; past participle d,a ;
but written " aya." ' '

15. When by inflection, an **a" and an "e" meet, they
are «j«^tf//y separated by a "w." Thus from "dna,*' we may
write "d,ega," or **dwega."

16. The plain stem is sometimes used as a 2nd per-
son of the Imperative ; but it is insulting to the person to
whom it is addressed. Ex : — ^ja, go,

17. On the next page is given a Paradigm of a Hindii-
stdni Verb.

t t

1 6 hindustani as it ought to be spoken.

Paradigm of a Hindi^stAni Verb.

Active Voice : Gir-na, to fall^ Stem, gir.

Various Parts,

Infin. Gir-na, to fall

Pres. Part. Gir-ta, Jailing.

Perf. Part. Gir-ke, or Gir-kar, having fallen.

Past. Part. G\r-2L, fallen.

Tenses.

Singular. Plural.

Subj. and Imperative. / may fall. Fall thou^ d^c,
Gir-up, -e, -e. | Gir— en, -o, -en.

Future. 1 7vill faJl^ ^c.
Gir-unga, -ega, -ega. | Gir-enge, -oge, -eiige.

Present. I am fallings ^c.
Gir-ta hiS?, hai, hai. - J Gir-te hain, ho, hain.
C,....U -,.. ^'. -■•;■.■ "Past //./r.^i- 'i ^ ^ ^'^
Gir-a, -a, -a. | Gir-e, -e, -e.

Perfect. / have fallen^ dr'c.
Gir-a hiin, hai, hai. | Gir-e hain, ho, hain.

Pluperfect. / had fallen^ &*€,
Gir-a tha, tha, tha. | Gir-e the, the, the.

Fut. Perfect. / shall have fallen^ &*€.
Gir-a hiinga, hoga, hoga. | Gir-e honge, hoge, honge.

Special Parts.

Gir-te-hi, immediately on falling.
Gir-iye, be good enough to fall ; fall.

So with nearly all other stems in the language.

HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 17

16. The present participle, used without the auxiliary,
forms the tense which is usually called *' The Conditional."
It expresses a condition with reference to past time. The
next clause, which gives the consequence, is also thrown
into the same tense. Ex. :— If the man had come, (then)
I would have given him one rdpi : ( = Agar admi ata, to,
main us-ko ek riipiya deta).

ii. The same tense also expresses continuity of action
in past time or what usually happened ; as, ** whenever the
king visited the town, he gave gratuities to the poor;"
here also both clauses are put into this tense: Jab raja
shahar ko ate, tab gharfb logon ko bakhshish dete.

[The verb is here made plural, out of respect to the raja.]

1 7. The past participle, used without the auxiliary, forms
a tense which expresses an absolute, completed action in
past ii«iie. Ex. : — " He wrote a letter yesterday." It also
expresses a hypothetical future event. The ordinary future
or subjunctive, expresses the same sense ; so you may
use any of the forms noted. When this participle is used
as an adjective, it is followed by " hu,a," both words agree-
ing with the noun : as, pisa hii,a chawal, ground rice ; mix'i
hiiji larki, a beaten (female) child,

18. The future perfect tense, (see Para.ligm) is much
used to express what you think must have occurred, though
you don't actually know that it has occurred. Hence the
common phrase, " hd,a hoga," literally •' if will have been ; "
but meaning " no doubt it has so happened, though I don't
know it," and so, in similar senses. Ex. :— " pahuncha
h)ga," ** no doubt he has arrived," *'diya hoga," "it will
have been given," />., no doubt, it has been given.

19. ''Shall have^'' is often equivalent to ''must''

being used either where we give a peremptory order, or

T., H '

1 8 hindi^stIni as it ought to be spoken.

recognise what is inevitable. The phrase is translated

by the Verbal Noun (infinitive) followed by " hoga^ Ex. : —

Eng. We shall have to go in the carriage to-day (dj).

Note^ Main, /. Ham, we» Ham-ko, to us.

Hind. To-day, to us in the carriage going will-be. Aj
ham-ko gdri mei^ jdna hoga.

Eng. The table-servant must bring dinner.

Hind. To the table- servant, bringing dinner is obliga-
tory. Khidmatgar-ko khdna Idna hoga.

20. " Jl/wi/" w^hen used politely, and not peremptorily,
is rendered by the word " chdhiye^'' which is (in effect)
an irregular 3rd personal verb — meaning "///> «^^^jj<7rv,"
"/r^/^;'," ** ^<?j/>tf^/f " or the like. It is also used (with-
out any polite sense) of what applies to one's self. Ex. : —
Admi-ko jdna chdhiye, (to the man going is-proper) the man
must go, Ham-ko rt^ti chahiye, (to vie bread is-necessary^
I must have some bread,

21. " Ought^^ which is a sort of modified " must," may
be translated i)y the same word "chdhiye ; " or by appro-
priate adjectival phrases, e.g,^ *'it is necessary " (zariir) ;
" proper," (mundsib) that I, you, the man, should do such
and such. The easiest construction is the same as that
given above, * ham-ko jdna chahiye.'

22. " May " and " ^^«," denoting permissmi and ability
are translated by the verb " sakna," to be able. This is
properly added to the " stem " of the principal verb : but
is often used (incorrectly) even by natives with the geni-
tive of the infinitive. Ex. : —

He can speak [bolna] = wuh bol-sakta hai.

The children may remain = bdba-log rahne sakte hain.

23. To " have done^^ or ^^finished^^ with a thing is trans-
lated by " chukna " added to the " stem " of the principal

HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKENi

19

verb. Ex.: — He has done speaking = wuh bol-chuka hai.
Sometimes it is found added to the past participle.

Hence, the common "ho-chuka" meaning ^'^ if s finished ^^
" ifs donCy^ " ifs ail over^ " Ho-gaya," irregular past from
the compound verb " hojana," to become^ is often used as
equivalent to " ho-chuka." You maj' use eitlier word ; and
when used alone, /.^., not as part of a sentence, you need
not alter the word in any way. But you would say, ** chhoti
hdziri ho-chuki hai, if you wished to make a sentence of it.

24. The language abounds in verbs intensified in mean-
ing by one verb being added to the " stem" of another, the
latter only being conjugated. They should be used rather
than simple verbs. Here are some examples : —
d.2\u2i, to throw, plus dtn2iy to give, gives, dal-dena, to throw

down,
dena, to give, „
lena, to take, „

dena, to give,
dekhna, to see.

kahna. to tell,
khdna, to eat,
khdna, to eat,
lena, to take,

lena, to take.

>»

»

>>

>>

7)

»

dena,
lena,
jana,
dna,

to give,
to take,
to go,
to come,

)>

>>

»

>»

marna, to strike, „
rakhna, to place „

jdna, to go,

m

ddlna, to throw,
dena, to give.

))

>>

pfna, to drink,
pfpa, to drink.

})

»

>>

))

de-dena, to give up.
dekh-lena, to take

a look at a thing,
kah-dena, to infortn.
kha-lena, to eat up,
kha-jana to eat up,
leana or lana, to

bring,
le-jana, to take

away.
mdr-dalna, to kill,
rakh-dena, to put

a thing down,

pi-lena, to drink up,

pf-j4na, to drink up.

lena, to take,
jdna, to go,
and very many more.

25. The (so-called) Nominatives in the tenses of the

20 hindustIni as it ought to be spoken.

past participle of transitive verbs are peculiar : but this is
what you have to do : —

i. Change the nominative into the case with "ne."
ii. Take the accusative, and consider it to be a nomin-
ative,
iii. Make /V, so looked upon as a nominative, and the
verb " agree," according to Section 6 of the Third
Lesson.
Ex. :—The man struck a boy^ mard-ne ek larka mdra.*
The man struck a girl, mard-ne ek larki mari.
The man has struck ttvo boys, mard-ne do larke mare

hain.
The man had struck two girls, mard ne do iarki,an
mari thip.
The explanation of this strange construction which is
usually given is that it is equivalent to ** by a man, a boy
was struck'^ But the explanation is faulty \ for that Eng-
lish phrase is in the passive voice, while the Hindustani is
in the active voice. You must just accept the construction
as it stands.

26. Whenever it is possible to use the accusative with
" ko^^ you partly avoid the difficulty ; for then the verb
is always in the third person singular, masculine.
Ex. : — Mard-ne larke ko mara, the man struck the boy,
Mard-ne larki ko mdra, the man struck the girl,
Aurat-ne larki ko mdra hai, the woman has struck

the girl,
Auraton-ne larki,on ko mara tha, the women had
struck the girls.
Also note that verbs such as those given on page 19, of

1 (I

Marna " may also mean to kill.

HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

21

which the last part is got from "ana," or **jana" (e.^.
Una, to bring) (though transitive) follow the ordinary rule,
and not the rule given at Section 25.

27. By ad<iing "karna," or "dena" to certain a<1jec-
tives and nouns, you can reach a large number of corre-
sponding verbs, Ex. : —

taiydr, read}', taiyir karna, to prepare ; make ready,

saf, clean, saf karna, to clean,

kala, black, kdla karna, to blacken.

hazir, present^ hdzir karna, to bring one in ; intro-
duce,
supiird, trust, supurd karna, to entrust,
bdwar, belief, bawar karna, to believe,

and many more.

28. Other forms of derivative verbs are such as the
following : —

bulana, to call.

marna, to die,

khildna, to give to eat ; to feed,^

pildna, to give to drink ; to water, ^

dilwana, to cause to be given,

dikhlana, to show.

bolna, to speak,
marna, to strike,
khdna, to eat,
pfna, to drink,
dena, to give,
dekhna, to see.

and many more.

29. There are some irregular forms of the " respectful
imperative," Viz. : — i. Dfjiye, from dena, be pleased to give.
ii. Kijiye, from karna, be good enough to do or make, iii.
Lijiye, from lena, be pleased to take. iv. Pijiye, from pina,:
drink ; v. HiSjiye, from bona, he or become.

30. One other useful idiom should be learned, viz., the
use of the pres. part, to express that you do one thing while

' Governs the accusative

2 2 HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

also doing another thing. Ex. :— Wuh mard bolta chali-
jdta hai, thai man goes alongy talking.

Note, — This idiom is often strengthened by doubling the participle.
With a fern. nom. it will be {e,g.) boltiy and in the plur. masc
holte^ according to the ordinary rules of agreement.

The Irregular Past Participles,

31. There are six irregular past participles (includins;
**hil,a" from "hona" already given). They are as follows : —

jmg.

Plur.

Masc.

Fern.

Masc.

Fern.

From jana, to go

gay^

ga,i.

ga,e

ga,!^.

„ karna, to do

kiya,

ki.

kf,e

km.

„ dena, to give

diya,

di.

^i,^

din.

•

„ lena, to take

liya,

li.

lf,e

Ifn.

„ hona, to be

hti,a,

hti,i.

hii,e

hiijin.

„ marna, to die

mu,a

mii,i

1 md,e

md,in.

Note. — **In Bengal, gaya is frequently corrupted into giya" in ordi-
nary talk. Mama has also a regular past participl«r, mar a.

The Passive Voice,

32. Never use the passive voice, if you can express
your meaning in the active voice.

In making the passive voice, use "jdna," to go, where
English uses the verb **to be." Confer Italian, which
makes. much use of ^ venire^ in forming the passive; also
the German, verloren gegangen, Ex. : —

The man is struck = The man is going struck. Mard
mdra jdta hai. ... The woman was struck = The woman
was going struck. Aurat rrdri jdti ihi. . . . The horse will
f^e beaten = The horse will go beaten. Ghora mdra jd,ega.

HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

23

VOCABULARY No. IV.

About the House.

House, ghar ; (not * gar ')

makan ; kothi.
The verandah^ bardnidah.*
Office, afis (E.) daftar ; ka-

chahri.
Room, kamra.
The stairs, sirhi.
The floor, zamin.
The roof, chhappar ; chhat.
The Walls, dfwdr.
The door, darwazah.
The window, khirki.
The glass-door, shishe ka

darwdzah.
The Venetians, jhilmili.
The dining-room, khdne ka

kamra.
The drawing-room, hi\-ka m ra.
The private room, khas-ka mra.
Thebed-room, sone ka kamra.
The bath-room, ghiisl-khanah
The furniture, sdman; chfz

sab.
The pictures, taswfren (fem.)

The carpet, dari.

The mat, chata'i.

The curtains, pardah.

A table, mez (fem.)

A chair, kursi ; chauki.

An easy-chair, drdm-kursi.

A bracket, brdket. (E.)

The books, kitdben (fem.)

The ornaments, drd,ish.

The vases, gul-ddn.

The store-room, god dm (cor-
rupted from **godown").

The stables, astabal.

The cook-house, bdwarchi-
khdnah.

The hen-house, murghi-khdnah.

The cow-shed, gdo-sdlah.

The flower-garden, phul-bdgh
{or bdghcha).

The vegetable-garden, sabzi-
bdgh {or bdghcha)

The orchard, bdgh.

Land in which a house stands,
* compound.' '

* Derived from the Persian, ** bar'dmadan,^'' to come out.
' Pronounce as in English ; the derivation of this word is not known
to the author. The word is used only by English people*

24

HINDlJSTiNI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

VOCABULARY No. V.
Useful Verbs.

Toopen^ khulna (/Vr.).
To open^ kholi>a ; khol-dena

{trans!).
To close, band-karna.
To read^ p<rhna.
Topush^ thelna.

To do accounts, hisab likhna.

To sew, sina; sila,i karna.

To learn, sfkhna.

To teach, sikhdna, or sikhldna.

To dance, ndchna.

To sing, gana.

7b/////,khichna,(L.B.)tii>na. 71? put on clothes, kapre

To sleep, nfndlena.

To He down, sona, often used

to mean *to sleep/
To get up, uthna.
To raise, uthana.
To take a walk, sair karna ;

hawa khana.
To ride, savvar hona.
To go in a carriage^ gari men

swar hona.
To run, daiirna.
To wash, dhona.

pihinna ; orhna.
To take off do flies, kapre

utarna.
To drive, hankna.
To get out of the ivay, hat-

jana.
To laugh, liansna.
2^0 weep, rona.
To take the air, hawa khana.
To go away\ no, ctialajana.
To put into vwtion, or cause

to go faster, thalana.
To run off, bhag-jana.

To write, hkhna.

The master of the house, «:har ka sdhib.

The lady of the house, ghar ki mem-sahibah.

The young lady of the house, gh^r ki mis-sdhibah.

Jhe youfig gentleman of the house, chhota sdhib.
Note. — The first three phrases are required by the exigencies of Euro-
peans ; but are not good Hindustani. The profer feminine of
*^sdhib^* is *^ sdhibah ; " but ^sdhib^ is often used as if of both
genders. Never allow ^^ mU-hdba^^ for si grozvn- up your\g lady.
Mem-sdhibah is used to mean a manied lady, plur. mem-log^ the
ladies. * Chhota sdhibJ used in an official sense, fheans * the
Assistant Magistrate,* junior partner, or the like.

hindiJstXni as it ought to be spoken.

25

khula, oten,

band, shut.

baland, high.

nicha, low.

achchha, good.

khatab ; bura, bad.

nahin, not^ often com rivet-
ed, na\

nahin to, otherivhe ; if not^
then,

b^kim, ^iler ; judge.

tajwiz, investigation ; justice
(fem.)

naukar, a servant.

naukarlog, the servants.

larke-log,

baba-log

bdl-bachch

khabar, news,

khabar ka kaghaz ; akhbar,

tJie newspaper.
bakhshish, a gratuity ; a ^^iip"
khurak, /<9^^, (fem.)

VOCABULARY No. VI.

zor ^^^ forcibly ; " hard."
agar, if^

kih, that (of narration),
ek sath ; bdhani, together.
juda ; alag, separate.
aksar, fr< qufntly.

''' \ the chil-

^\ I dreji.
iche, )

jab, 1 2 when.

tab, / then.

khusdsan, especially.

poshak, dress ; fine clothing.
(fem.)

sharm, shame (fem.)

janam, birth.

nikah ; sliadi, marriage.

zindagi, life.

maut, death (fem.)

huziir. Your Honor.

band-o-bast, arrangements
(of any kind).

koshish, endeavour ; strug-
gle ; attwipt.

apna-e-i, own, reflexive ; all*
persons, both numbers.

Exercise No. 4.

Ghar ki rais-sahibah ghar men nahin hai. Jhilmili

khuli hai. Darwdze ko . band karo. Pankha tano. Pan-

kha zor se khicho. Naukar log hazir nahfn hain. Baba-

* Always followed by ** to " at the beginning of the second clause :
Ex.: —If he comes, (then, ** to ") I shall leave.

• **/a^** of the first clause is followed by tab in the second : Ex.:—
When he came, (then, ** tab ") I left. See Appendix No. II, page 104.

J

26 hkxdustAni as it ought to be spoken.

Jog gari men hawa khdte hain. Darwdzah band hai.^
Agar ddmi ka bhd,i ^we, to bolo, kih darwazah band hai.
Agar adini dta, to band-o-bast achchha hota. Mard-ne larki
bula,i hai. Mard-ne larki ko buldya hai. Mard-ne apni
joni ko poshdk di hai. Hdkim-ne achchhi tajwiz ki hai.
Naukaron-ko buld,o. Mfs-sdhibah ghar ka hisab taiyar
karti hai. Roti do, diidh dijiyc, pdni h'jiye. Larke log-ko
le-ja,o. Khana taiyar.^ Hdl-kamre men jdta hiln. Chup
raho, so,enge. Huziir md-bdp.

Exercise No. 5.

N.B. — Datives come before accusatives.'' Wuh = he,
she, it, that.

Put the book on ihe floor. Shut the glass-door. Open
the Venetians. Please to bring bread, water, milk. Take
away the children mto the dining-room. Push hard, the
door will opf n. Open the door. Please give bread to the
European. Water ihe horse. If the man had called out,
the children would have come into the house. Immedi-
ately after speaking, he called the servants. The Sahib^

* This phrase is use«i in India as equal to ** not at home^^ (as well as
in its plain material sense).

* *• Hai," is often left to be ** understood," but it is better to
express it.

' For full instructions as to arrangement of words, the reader may

refer to page 61.

* Custom warrants the use of this word by itself, or after a personal
name, with reference to any European of fair social position Its cor-
rect use is (not after a personal name but) after a designation, or name
of office, whether Europetm or native: as Judge-sahib, the Jud^e ;
Diwan-sahib, the diwdn ; yiunshi sahib the {Mtihammedan) 7vriter,'
&c. The phrase ** call my Baboo," meaning ** call writer, &c.,"
should be cut out of our Anglo- Hindiisldnj.

hindijstani as it ought to be spoken. 27

lias given a gratuity to the table-servant. He .is striking
the boy. She will strike the boy. The man has struck a
boy. The man has struck a girl. The man has given food
10 the woman. The woman has made many attempts. Fm
going. He has gone. Keep quiet ! the * saljiib ' is lying
down; the * mem-sabibah ' is sleeping: the * mfs-sdbibah '
is learning Hinddstdni. Wait a little ! I am reading the
newspaper. The children will go into the garden. The
children may (can) go into the drawing-room.

FIFTH LESSON.

The Pronouns.

These seem at first intricate ; but if you will notice
the analogies which run tlirough them, they will become
easy.

2. To begin with a simple point. There is the pro-
noun of respectful address to be used to equals and
superiors, " ap." The word is unchangeable ; but takes the
case-signs after it. With the case-signs of the genitive, it
of course means " your." — It is joined to the third person
plural for politeness sake.

3. If you are addressing a person of not less rank than
"raja," you may use the noun **lTiuziir" (with the third
person plural). Ex. : — " Huziir ka mizaj kaisa hai ? " Your
Honouf^s healthy how is it ? Huziir nahiii jante hain (kih
&c.) Does your Honour not know (that &c.). The ordinary
address to inferiors is made by the second person plural.
The second person singular is used only in abusive or
contemptuous address, and therefore ought to be always
avoided.

HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 29

4. The Personal Pronouns are as follows : —

The First Person,

Sing. Plur.

Nom. ... ... main, /. ...ham, we.

Gen. ... ... mera.' ...hamara.*

Form to which to add all Darticles, excei)t * ne' : —

mujh. ...ham.

The Second Person.

Nom. ... ... tu, thou, ...tum.

Gen. ... ... tera.' ...tumhdra.'

Form to which to add all particles, except * ne ' : —

tujh. ...tum.

Notes ;—

i. ** ne " is always added to the Nominative forms,
ii. You will never be wrong if you use only these forms ; but
there are also these other forms :—

Dat. and Ace. Sing, " mujhe," ** tujhe." \ no parti-
Dat. and Ace. Plur, **hamen," ** tumhen." J cles.
Oblique plur. forms, " hamon," ** tumbon " These take
the particles, including ** «^."
iii. Never use the Sing, of the 2ncl personal pronoun. Always

use the plural throughout. (See para. 3, above.)
iv. You will never be wrong in using also only the plur. of
•* main ; '' but when speaking; to an equal or superior, it
is better to use the singular.
v. Even natives of rank, when speaking of themselves, gen-
erally use a noun of humility, with the 3rd person
singular. Persons of inferior rank to you, ought
always so to speak to you of themselves. Such words
are : — ** Ghulam," your servant ; '* Bandah," your ser-
vant ; •* Fidwi," your faithful one; Tdbiddr," your
subordinate.

* These follow the rules for ** ka, ke, ki,'* but, being already
genitive^ they do not take these particles after them.

30 HINDlJsTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

The Third Personal Pronouns.
Nom. and simple accusative, yih, he, she, it, ye, they.
Oblique ioxm% for ail particle:, is, htm, her, it, j in, them,
Nom. and simple accusative, wul), he, she, it. we, they.
Oblique forms, as abt>ve. us, him, her, it, un, them.

*Yih* is he, she, it of a person or thing near you;
* wuh,' of a person or thing more or less distant.

The Demonstrative Pronouns.

5. Yih and wuh are also the Demonstrative Pro-
nouns; this, that ; these, those.
Notes : —

1. You will never be wrong if you use only these forms ; but
there are also these other forms : —
Dat. and Ace. 6'i«^., ** ise," *'use." j

Dat. and Ace. Plur., ** inhen," ••unhen." f "° parlicles.
Oblique plur, forms. ** inhon," *'unhon." These take the
particles, including ** w^."
ii. When ** yih '* and ** wuh '* are fersonal pronouns, the case-
particles are added to the oblique forms direct ; when they
are demonstrative pronouns, these particles are added to the
noun only. Ex. i—is-ko do, give {it) to him ; is admi ko
do, give it {to) this man,
iii. It is polite to use the plural for the singular of these personal
pronouns. Ex :- un-ko do, give (it) to him.

The Possessive Pronouns.

6. These are the Genitive cases of the three personal
pronouns, used as adjectives in agreement with the thing
owned. Ex.: — Mera ghora, my horse; mere ghore, my
horses; tumhdri khdshi, your pleasure ; is-ka ghar, ^/> (or,
hef^ house ; is-ka rang, its color ; un-ki bahin, his sister.

The Reflexive Pronoun * Apna.'

7. This word is a stumbling-block to Europeans.

HINDdsxiNI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 31

8. It is a plain Adjective agreeing with a person or
thing owned, according to the rules of ka, ke, ki; but when
it means '^ self,'' it is necessarily used without a noun.
It never takes any of the terminations of the oblique cases
in the plural. We have, therefore, only the three words

* apna/ *apne' and *apni.'

9. It means my own, thy own, his own, her own, its own ;
our own, your oivn and their own, whenever these words

* refer back ' to a preceding Nominative, relating to the
same person or thing.

10. It also means *'j^^," ^^ selves,'' as these words are
added to ;;/>', thy, his, her, its ; our, your, them, when they

* refer back' to a Nominative of the same subject. Ex. :

I want that horse for myself,

11. When ''myself etc., follow a personal pronoun
merely as strengthening adjuncts, they cannot be translated
by *apna.' You must use the indeclinable word ' kJiud'
Notes : —

i. Not to use *apna' where it is the proper word, or to use
where it is not the proper word, is sure to give a meaning
which you do not wish to express.

ii. Observe that the Nominative is nearly always left to be
* understood' in the second person of the Imperative Mood j
and that pronouns, as Nominatives, are also very generally
omitted. These facts make no difference in the necessity
for * apna. *

iii. * Own ' is generally omitted in English, but if the context re-
quires it, the omission does not remove the necessity for
*apna.* Thus, the sentence * he wants his horse "* will be
translated according as * his * means his own horse, or
the horse of another man. In the former case, the trans-
lation will be, wuh apna ghora chdhta hat ; in the latter,
wuh is-ka (or, us-ka) ghora chdhta hai. Everything turns
on the second pronoun relating back (or not) to the same

32 HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BK SPOKEN.

person or thing as the Nominative, When it does so
relate back, use *apna'; when it does not so relate Ixick,
use an ordinary possessive pronoun.

Exercise No. 6.

Yih ghora mera hai. Yih niera ghora hai. Mai^ apna
ghora pasand karta hiin. Main us-ka ghora pasand karta hiii^.
Hamara ghora la,o. Mera ghora mere wdste la,o. Main,
apna ghora, apne wdste, chahta hiln Main, apna ghora, us-ke
waste, chahta hiln. Wuh admi apne bha,i ke waste am le-ata
hai. Wuh ddmi us-ke bha,i ke wdste am le-ata hai. Apna
kam chhor-do ; mera kam karo. Apne ba,en jd,o. Apna
khana kha,o. Us ka khana khd,o. Us-ne apna khana
khaya hai. Usne us-ka khana khdya hai. Teri bat se
teri badzati maaliim hoti hai. Main-ne, apne wdste, bahut
koshish ki* hai. Wuh aurat, apne waste, bakhshish mangti
hai. Main khud ja,ilnga.

Exercise No. 7.

Pull your own rope; leave his alone. He calls his (own)
servant. H e calls his (another person's) servant. Turn to your
right-hand. He, by his labour, has become rich. He, by his
(another person's) assistance, has got promotion. He will
eat his (own) dinner. He will take his (another man's) place.
He fetched a chair for his (own) mother. He has brought
ten (das) Rupees for his (another person's) servant. I wish
this for myself. This is my hat He has brought my pony.
I myself will do it. The raja himself said.

* * Ki * is either from * ka, ke, ki ' or is the fem, past part, of
^karna.' Here, it is the latter.

hindustani as it ought to ije spoken. 33

The Interrogative Pronouns.

12. These are "kaun?" whol which 1 what? and
"kya?*'^ what?

13. "Kaun" is used, properly, of persons only; but is
often used for animals or things. It n)ay either stand
alone, or be followed by a noun.

14. "Kya"' is used of animals or things. It may either
sland alone, or be followed by a noun.

15. Declensions.

Sing. Plur.

Nom. and Simple Ace. kaun ? kaun ?

Form for the oblique cases kis ? kin ?

Nom. and Simple Ace. kya ? kya ?

Form for the oblique cases kdhe ? kdhe ?

The Relative Pronoun.

16. This is "jo," who, which,

A little attention is here needed. In Hindustani the
" relative " pronoun is put before the noun to which it relates ;
and so we form the first clause ; then we pick up the thing
by a personal pronoun in the second clause.
Ex, : — Eng. Call-in the man, who is at the door.
Hind. "What-man is at the door, him call-in.
„ Jo idmi darwdze par hai, us-ko-buIa,o.

1 7. The easiest declension of this word is as follows :
Nominative and Simple Accusative, singular and pluraiy<?.
Form to which case-signs of the singular are added . . Jis,
Form to which case-signs of the plural are added ,,.jin.
The "correlative" or word with which the second

clause begins is, ordinarily, the demonstrative "wuh," see

* Hence the common phrase ** kya hai?" ^^what is it ?^^ what dp
yfu 7vant, &^c,

T., H. 3

/ . f .

34 HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

the example above: — '* jo admi darwaze par liai — us-ko^
bula,o;'

For things, *so' (indeclinable,) is often used.

Note.— Yoxx will sometimes find ihe Relative Pronoun used in Hindus-
tdni foUoiving its antecedent as in English. Especially when a
clause stands as antecedent.

VOCABULARY No. VII.

Giving some English (and other) words, which (generally
in a more or less corrupted form) have become common
in English houses : and which may be freely used. They
are both singular and plural.

[The word '* kamis," (fem.) a shirt, or chemise, is of Arabic origin.]
brush, a brush, * siil-drdz, body-drawers,

baks or bakkas,^ a box, kdlar, a collar.

botal, a bottle (fem.) shdl, a shawl,

bir-shardb,2 beer (fem.) dares, a ladfs dress.

brandi-sharab,= brandy {Um.) fardk, a frock ; dress.
wiski-shardb,- 7vhiskey (fem.) piti-kot, a petticoat.
tost, toast. kantar, a decanter.

biit, a boot ; boot.^ lamp,^ a lamp,

pin, a pin. almari ; almaira, a wardrobe.

draz, a chest of drawers. glds, a glass.

patliin, pantaloon ; trousers, tamblet,' a tumbler.
sllpat ; slipat, slippers, wain-glds, a wine-glass.

minat, a minute, peg, a mixture of spirits and

butdm, a button, soda-water ; a ^peg.^

1 Hence ** bakkas-wdla" a **box-wala," a pedlar.
- Also with **sheri" (sherry), **pot" (port), "simkin (cham-
pagne), &c.

* Preserve your pronunciation of the Hindi!istani short * a \

HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 35

VOCABULARY No. VIII.

House Servants.

sirdar or sarddr-berer or sim- chaukfdar, the watchman ; a
ply * berar,' the head house- police officer of inferior grade,

servant not connected with niashdlchi, the scullion,

the table or food. bheri-wdla, the shepherd.

khansdman, the butler. mihtar, the sweeper.

bdwarchi, the cook. mihtrdni, the female sweeper.

grass-cut, (E.) he who cuts khidmatgar, the table-servant,

fodder for the horse. <iarzi, the tailor.

sa,is, the groom. bihishti, the waterman.

mdli, the gardener. dhobi, the washerman.

darbdn, the gate^porier. dhobin, the washerwoman.

ch2^^xis\Jhe messenger. {\J\itX' dd,i, the tvet-nurse.

ally wearer of a "chapras" kirdni, the Hindu writer.

or badge.) munshi, the Muhammadan

i.-^^^ the female attendant on writer; also, a teacher of
a lady or children. languages.

pankha-wala, the punkha- "met" (E. mate) is used to
puller. express " under"-servant, as

kochbdn ; (half E.) gariban, met-mdli, met-berer, met-
the coachman. bawarchi, &c.

VOCABULARY No. IX.

dj, to-day. bimdr, sick,

kal, to-morrow or yesterday bimdri, sickness,

(according to context). hdn, yes,
pahuQchna ; a-jdna, to arrive, na, no,
chald-jdna, to depart. kab ? when ?

safar, a journey, kyiin, why f

36 hindiJstAni as it ought to be spoken.

Exercise No. 8.

Fidwi aj safar se pahu^cha hai. Ap ka mizdj achha hai ?
Ap kab chale-jd,enge? Ghuldm kal jd,ega. Kal main,
bfmar tha. Kal mera bhd,i bfmdr h\S,a ; dj achchha hai.
Uski beti hazir hai. Kab })ii\r hd,i ? Us ddmi-ko roti aur
bir-shardb do. Main-ne ek larkf buM,i hai. Hdzir hai ?
Hdn, hdzir hai. Ham ko ek sdf kalar do. Is larki ka bap
mar-gaya hai. Us larke ki ma mar-ga,i hai. Wuh ddmi
khardb hai. Nahfn ! Wuh khardb nahf^ hai Yih khardb
hai. Kyiin jdte ho ?

Exercise No. 9.

\\ hen did you arrive [are you arrived] from your jour-
ney ? I arrived yesterday. I shall leave to-morrow. My
sister became sick yesterday : to-day her health is good
(or, she's all right to-day). That man's son is here (hdzir^
present), I called him. The house-lamps ( = lamps of the
house) are not clean. Khidmatgar* ! bring (me) a peg.
Yes, sir ! (sahib).

Exercise No. 10.

Pyar karna, to make dtar^ fondle, pet^ love,

Jo admi darwdze par hai — usko buld,o. Jis ddmi ka
ghora hazir hai — us ka bdp buld,o. Jo larke khardb haip.
— unko saza do. Jo larki, dn achchhi hain, — unko pydr karo.
Jo pdni glds men hai — wuh ham-ko do. Nahfn sdhib ! wuh
pdni sdf nahfn hai ; saf pani ghuldm le,dta hai. Kauit
buldta hai ? Kaun ddmi buldta hai ? Kya hai ? Jo gora
darwdze par hai, — usko pani do. Jo larki dj pahunchi hai
—wuh bfmdr hai.

* Never call this servant your '* kitt."

hindt^sti^ni as it ought to be spoken. 37

Exercise No. ii.

Pet that good girl who is in the drawing-room. Call the
man whose father arrived yesterday. {Hind, Of what
man the father arrived yesterday — him call.) Bring me
the collars which are in the drawers. The washerman has
not brought the shirts which I gave (him) yesterday,
{ = what shirts I (main — ne) gave yesterday — these the
washerman has not brought). Who is there* ? What boy
is there ? What children are there ? Which is a good
house? (=which house is good?) The European's house
is a good one {say^ only, * is good ').

^Hazir.

i

SIXTH LESSON.

•Various Words allied to Pronouns.

1. " Ko,i " and " kuchh " should first be noted. They
may stand alone, or be followed by a noun. They are not
interrogative ; though the sentence in which they stand
may be interrogative.

2. " Ko,i " is used of persons, and of things specifically
indicated. It may be translated, some, any — "ko,i" followed
by " nahiii " gives us *' no " or " nobody'^ Ex. :-7-ko,i nahin
hai, nobody is there. Ko,i admi nahin hai, There is no man
present. Sab ko,i, evetyone. Sab ko,i chale-ga,e hain,
every one has gone away.

3. " Kuchh " is used of matter or mental feelings, and
has generally an abstract sense. It is unchangeable and is
also translated some, any. With " nahin " added, we get
" no'' " none, " and ** nothing^'

4. Declension of Ko,i.

Sing. Plur.

Nom. and Simple Ace. ko,i. ko,i.

Form for the oblique cases kisi. kin.

Examples: — Ko,i hai, someone is there. Ko,ihai^? is any one
there ? Ko,i admi hai, some man is there. Ko,i admi hai ? is any man

^Kaun hai? Means ivho is there?— yow knowing or believing
that some one is there.

HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 39

there? Ko,i kursi Ia,o, bring some chair or other. Kuchh roti hai, there
is some bread ; kuchh roti hai? is thert any bread? Kuchh nahin hai,
there is none, [Kya hai? What's the matter?] Kuchh nahin, nothing,
Kuchh parwah nahii? hai,* there is no matter ; pray donU trouble
yottrself.

5. With " jo," and *ko,iand * kuchh/ compound pro-
nouns are made as in English— viz : —

jo ko,i, whoever ... ... jo kuchh, whatever.

Note. — Both * jo,* and ' ko,i* cimnge in the oblique cases according to
the declensions of these words already given. Of course, lu 'jo
kuchh,* only the "jo ** can change.

6. The words given below are plain adjectives. They
follow the rules of ka, ke, ki.

(iusra, another^ whether meaning a different thing of
the same kind, or an additional thing of the same
kind. In the latter sense ** aur ek " (meaning one
more^ may be used and ambiguity avoided.

aisa, like thiSy waisa, like that,

kaisa? like what! what like ? what sort of a? how ?

kitna? how much? how many?

itna, this much,

jaisa, taisa, as^ so,

jitna, titna, {or itna) as much as ; or as many as — so
much, so many,
Notes : —

i. Aisa. ..waisa and the two pairs last given are used correlatively.
As :— Jaisa malik, taisa naukar, as is the master, so is the
servant. Jitna dudh hai, titna {or itna) do, give me as
much milk as there is. See Appendix No. 2, page 104.

ii. Here notice the useful phrase 'Jaisa chihiye,* as you please ;
' taisa kijiye' {so do) being 'understood.'

7. The following words do not change : —

ek, one, or *«' or *^«/ also, ^^about^^ or "£?/• j^," in such phrases
as * about ten rupees ;' * there were a dozen men or so,^

40 HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

har, each ; har-ek, each one, donon, both,

bahut, much^ many, aur, more,

chand ; baaze, several, aur ek, one more ; another.

aur do, aur tfn, aur clidr, &c. two more, three more, four

more, &»€.

sab, ail ; the whole, may be used without change, and either
with or without a noun. Ex.: — Hani sab log, all we
people. When used without a noun you may say " sab "
or "sabhon," in the oblique cases.

8. Distribution is marked by doubling the numeral :
or by the use of " har-ek," each, Ex. : —
Ek ek ddmi ko, ek rdpfyah do, or, )
Har ek ddmi ko ek rdpfyah do. } ^'"^^ '""'^ '"^^ ^ '''^'•

VOCABULARY No. X.

Furniture and some things about a house.

chatdji, matting for floors, pardah, a curtain; hangings

shatranji ; ghdlfcha ; dari, a in a doorway, dr^c.

carpet, tsisvfir, picture (fem,)

mez, a table {fern.) chfz, a thing {of any sort),

*khaneki mez,* the dinner- if em.)

table ; * likhne ki mez, ' ard,ish, the ornamentation.

a writing-table ; 'kitdb ki kitdb ; bahi, a book (fem.)

mez,' a table with books on Ijialam, a pen,

it J *tdsh ki mez,^ a card- pensil, ^ /^««7 (E.)

table, and so on. kdghaz, paper ; Idl-kdghaz,

chhiX,^, an umbrella; parasol. red paper ; i.e,, blotting-

kursi, {also, chauki), a chair, paper,

sdil-bod, (E.) a sideboard, siydhi; roshna,i, ink; blacking.

\,\'^,\,atea-poy; any small table, batti, a wick.

HINDtrSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 4I

vdom-hziXS^ a wax-candie, pd,o-ddn;morha;ishtiil, (E.)

X.e\-h2Xi\^ an oil-light ; a night- . a footstool,

light. palang, a bed,

baja, any musical instru- kauch, (E.) a couch,

ment ; par excellence, as pankha, a pankha ; a fan,

regards European houses, kunji ; chdbi, a key,

a piano, pauti, a work-basket,

Ddn, a termination which means a vessel for holding any-
thing, as : "gul-ddn," a flower-vase ; chd,e-dan, a tea-caddy ;
dg-ddn, afire-holder (for e.g,^ lighting cigars), &c., &c.

VOCABULARY No. XL

jalna, to burn (Jntr,) patthar ka ko,ila, stone-coal,
jaldna ; jald-dena, to burn or i.e., coals,

kindle {trans.) asbdb, goods and effects,

bujhna; bujh-jdna, to go out kahna,* to say a thing.

{as a light.) ya, or,

bujbdna ; bujhd-dena, to ex- ydi, yz., either ,. .or,

tinguish, jaldi ; shitdbi, haste ; speed.

dtash-khdnah ; the fire-place ; jald, quickly,

grate, darakht, per ; gdchh, a tree.

^,fire {fern.) par, a feather,

hezam ; lakri, fire-wood. loha, iron or steel.

kOjila, charcoal, lohu, blood.

Exercise No. 12.

Sirddr ! dtash-khane men ag do. Lakri diin, ya patthar
ka ko,ila ? Patthar, ka ko,ila. Kaun mez taiydr kariln ?

' Governs the Ace. so has Nom. with ** ««." ** 7b," after this verb,
is translated by " j^ " — Us-ne mujh-se kaha.

42 HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BK SPOKEN.

Tash ki mez. Sarddr se kaho kih sab hamdra asbdb jald
bakkas men rakh-de. Tel-batti nahfn jalti hai, mom-batti
jald la,o. Par ka l^alam (^«/7/) U,o, yih lobe ka kalam
achchha nahin hai. Sab ghar, chatd,i, shatranji, mez, taswir,
aur dusre dusre ' asbab sdf karo. Turn kaise ddmi ho ?
Jaise sdhib, taise naukar.

Exercise No. 13.

VVhat sort of a fellow is that ? Bring me all the milk in
the house ( = as much milk as is in the house ^ so much bring to
me,) How many things are (there)' in the wardrobe ? There
are* many men present ( = many men are present.) Light
the fire. There is no fire-wood. Bring some from the
cook-house. Please give me (/>., to me) some blotting-paper.
This night-light has gone out : bring another. Put (it) on
the chair, and go away.

^ Doubling an adjective idiomatically enhances its force.
- See page 75, section 12.

SEVENTH LESSON.
Prepositions.

1. These generally follow their noun or pronoun.

2. Most of them follow the genitive with ke ; a few
follow the genitive with ki.

3. Of course, when a word is itself a genitive^ the |)re-
position follows it directly, without ke or ki. Ex. : — Mere
wdste, for me ; for my sake ; tumhdre liye, for your sake, for
you, Kis waste, on what account ? why ?

VOCABULARY No. XIL

I. Prepositions which follow the genitive with ke, or

a genitive word in e. Those with an asterisk may also be
used as adverbs.

* dge, in front. pds, near ; beside.

* andar ; bhftar, inside. mutdbik ; mu,dfil^, like ; in

* ilpar, up ; above. conformity with : accord-
baad, after (time). ing to.

bd,is, by reason of ba-mdjil>, according to ;

* bdhar, outside. agreeably to.
badle, instead of * nazdfk, near,

* bich, among ; between. * pichhe, behind.
par, over ; across. sdth, along with

44 hindtJstXni as it ought to be spoken.

* sdmne, in front of. * nfche, under.
sabab, by reason of wdste, for the sake of

siwa ; siwd,e, ^ATi?//. * darmiyan, in the midst;

ewaz, as a substitute for. by the way (i.e.^ road)

* Ijarib, near, between ; among.

* gird, around. yahdn, beside; in presence of
Wye, for the sake of; for. (the French ^Uhez;^' Ger-
mare, by reason of; on ac- man ** bei:^)

count of

2. Of these which follow ki^ or genitive word in /, you
need only learn these : —
bdbat, concerning.
jihat, on account of
khdtir, for the love of; for the sake of
tarab, like : is tarah, in this manner : us tarah, in that

manner. *
taraf, towards : is taraf, this way, {i.e., direction) ; us

taraf, that way* {i.e., direction),
mdrfat, by the hands of ; through a person,
nisbat, concerning; relative to; ba-nisbat is ki, in com-

parison with this.

* Note. — In such quasi-adverbial phrases as these, made with **fj"

and ** us " demonsiraitves, the ** ke" ox **^«" is omitted before
the preposition. Other examples are "is itye," on this ac-
count ; *^us liyCf^ on that account.

Exercise No. 14.

Ghar ke dge bara darakht hai. Dar ke mdre bdhar nahfn
ga,e the. Mere nazdik ek riipfya bhi nahfn hai. Tumhdre
liye sab ko,i koshish karega. Is taraf mat a,o ; us taraf jd,o.
Ba-nisbat is ki, wuh achchha hai. Yih kam kis tarah kardnga?
Jaisa chdhiye. Mere yahdn bahut ghore hain.

hindustani as it ought to be spoken. 45

Exercise No. 15.

The European soldiers have gone across the river. Under
the lamp (is) darkness.* By the way, I saw two tigers. He
was going towards the city. In this manner he became
rich. For my sake he underwent much labour. Compared
with this, dying is better. Among friends, quarrelling is
bad. There are many good pictures in the Judge's house.'
He has done the work, agreeably-to my orders,

* Andhera. The sentence is an Eastern proverb. ■ Use * yahan.'

^

EIGHTH LESSON.

Conjunctions and Allied Words.

VOCABULARY No. XIH.

These present no difficulties. Those which suggest a
** subjunctive " sense (as, * if^ * though^) are often, but not
always, followed by the Subjunctive Mood. The principal
conjunctions are as follows : —

agar ; jo, if. nahfp, to, if not ; othenvise.

agarchih, although, bhi ; ham, also.

aur, and ; also, harchand, although.

balkih, rather; on the contrary, pas, therefore ; so.
chilnkih, in as much as ; io, then. (See iVJ^/iff, p. 47.)^

as ; since ; because. tau bhi, even then ; still.

kih, thai (of narration). warna, and if not ; or else.

Sometimes it has the sense hanoz, ^^/; still ; up to this

of * or,^ as * kih na,' or not. time.
khwdh..,khwdh, either... or. ya, or.
kydnkih, because. ya...ya, either... or,

go-kih, given that ; although, na . . . na ; na yih . . . nah wuh,
m agar ; lekin ; par, ^«/. neither... nor.

See also Appendix No. II, page 104.

* Both. . .and ' ; — * Both ' is not translated ; * and ' is
usually translated by * o,' sometimes emphasised by adding

J

f I

HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 47

* bhi' afier the second word. Ex. :— * Adml wahan the,' o

lafke bhi the, Both men and boys were there.

Notes. — 'To' is used in the second clause to introduce the conse-
quence, result, &c„ of the first clause. Ex, : — Agar turn yih kam
nahfn karoge, to main ghussah hunga, If you donU do this work,
I shall be angry ^

i. As a particle ' to ' has several idiomatic uses. Thus, it is used
to emphasise an Imperative. Ex.: — dekho to, /^^^ //«?«/ /
ssxTiO io, just you listen ! It is also used after a numeral,
instead of a repetition of the thing spoken of. Ex. : — Ap-ko
kitne rupiye darkar hairt ? Das. to kafi horige, Ho^v many
rupees does Your Honor require ? Ten will be etiough,

ii. ' Kih * is much more frequently introduced in narration than
• is * that ' in English. It is generally pronounced as if spelt
with a short ** e," like our " e " in kennel,

iii. There is a peculiar idiom in the use of * jab tak ' (or, talak) and
* tab-tak ' (or, talak) — words which, taken together, give us
one sense of the English * while,' and * till'. The idiom is
that you must always insert a negative before the verb of
the first clause. We fix our minds on (for example) the
moment of our return ; the natives, on the duration of the
absence. Ex. : — jab-tak main nahin phir-a,un, tab-tak
baithiye, so long as I do not return, so long take-a-seat,
\,t.i till I return, take a seat. Jab-tak ghora taiydr nahin
hoga, tab-tak ek kitdb parhiye, as long as the horse is not
ready — so long read a book, or, read a book, while the horse
is getting ready ^

v. When two unrelated events are spoken of, as happening at
the same time, use * jis-wakt ' and *us-wakt.' Ex.: — ^Jis-
wakt main chitthi likhta tha, us-wakt wuh akhbdr dekhta
tha, while 1 ruas writing a letter, he was taking a look at the
ne^vspaper.

vi. * Chunkih ' of the first clause is followed by * is waste* in the
second clause.

48. hindiJstAni as it oucjht to be spoken.

VOCA BULARY No. XIV.
Useful Verbs {continued) and Notes on Some.

bajna, to sound {inir,)

bajdna, to sound ; to play
{trans.)

bdz-rakhna, to keep back;
withhold ; conceal,

bintna, to divide,

bant-lena, to divide and ap-
propriate.

bdndhna, to bind ; tie,

baithna, to sit ; sit down,

bithdna, to seat,

bajd-ldna, to carry out ; per-
form,

bachna ; bach-jdna, to escape.

bachdna, to rescue ; save,

barhna, to grow ; increase,

barhdna, to cause to grow^ or
increase; advance {trans.)

barasna, to rain,

bdjhna, to understand.

bujhdna, to explain,

bhdgna ; bhdg-jdna, to flee ;
escape ; bolt,

bhejna ; bhej-dena, to send.

bhdlna, to forget ; to make
a mistake (bhitl).

bhdl-jdna, to forget ; to be
forgotten.

chdhna, to wish ; desire.

charhna, to ascend.
charhdna, to cause to ascend ;

raise.
chilldna, to scream.

(jdbna, to sink ; be drowned.
dubdna, to cause to sink ;

immerse ; lower.
daurna, to run.
ddlna ; ddl-dena, to throw ;

throw doivn.
darydft karna, to find out

about a thing.
dhdndhna, to search for.

fardmosh - karna, to forget.

gdna, to sing.

guzarna ; guzar-jdna, to pass

over (e.g., a river.)
girna ; gir-jdna, to fall.

girdna ; gird-dena, to cause to

fall ; to throiv down.
gumdn-karna, to fancy ;

opine.
ghabrdna, to be confused ;

perplexed ; put out ; (also

trans.)
ghulna, {intr.) to melt.
ghuldna, (trans.) to melt,

hdnkna, to drive.

hindi5stAni as it ought to be spoken.

letna, to lie down ; rest

49

jagna, to be awake,
jagdna, to waken {trans.)
jdnna, to know.
jina, to live,
jftna, to win.
jhagarna, to quarrel.

Ijiabiil karna, to agree to ; con
sent ; admit a charge, dr'c.

kdm-ana, to be serviceable,

kirdya-lena, to borrow ; hire.

kasna, to pull ; make tight.

khujlana, to scratch ; tickle.

khodna, to dig.

khulna, to be open ; after rain
&c. ; to clear.

kholna, to open ; unfasten.

khelna, to play ; sport.

khojna, to search for.

ladna, to be laden.

Iddna, to load, [paper.)

lapetna, to wrap up {as with

latkdna ; latkd-dena, to sus-
pend ; hangup,

lajdna, to be ashamed.

larna, to quarrel,

lagna, to touch ; be in contact
with ; reach ; also begin,

lagdna, to apply one thing to
another ; to cause to touch ;
to lay on {and, so, to moor
a boat, d^c, c^c.)
t., h.

go

mdngna, to ask; demand;
want.

[puchhna, is to ask a question.]

mangwdna, to send for,
mdnna, to obey, also, to be-
lieve ; acquiesce-in,
inalna, to rub ; chafe.

nikalna; nikal-jana, to

out ; sally forth,
nikdlna, nikdi-dena, to ex

tract ; take out ; turn out ;

show-the-door-to.

pana, to get ; obtain,

parhna, to read,

parhdna, to instruct,

pa karna, to catch hold of.

pakna, to grow ripe!

pakdna, to cause to ripen ; to

cook,
pukdrna, to call out,
pdchhna, to ask a question,
ponchh-dena, to wipe ; dust.
phdrna, to tear {trans.)
phatjdna, to split; burst,

{intr,)

pahchdnna, to recogfiise one ;

know one again,
phir-dna, to come back,
phir-jdna, logo back,

4

so

hindiJstIni as it ought to be spoken.

pahunchna, to arrive,
pahunchdna, to escort ; con-
duct; cause to arrive,
paithna, to enter.

rahna, to stay ; remain ;
dwell.

samajhna, to comprehend.
samjhdna, to explain.
sochna, to meditate on.

tdkna, to turn ; look this
way ; guard ; watch.

talab-karna, to seek for ; send
for.

tardshna ; kdtna, to cut.

thaharna, to wait; stay where
you are.

torna, to tear ; break ; destroy.

utarna, to descend.

utdrna, to cause to descend.

uthna, to rise ; stand up.

uthdna, to raise.

uth-jina, to get up and go ;

to depart.
urna, to fly.
urdna, to dissipate; to fly ^ e.g.,

a kite (guddi.)

wdkif-hona, to be, or become
aware of anything.

ydd-rakhna, to remember.
zikr-karna, to mention.

Notes : —

i. The verb * milna ' occurs most frequently as a 3rd personal
verb only. What is our Nominative becomes a Dative,
and our Accusative becomes the Nominative. Confer the
Latin, * Liber est mihif' I have a book.

With this construction always preserved, * milna ' means
every phase of a thing coming-^o, teaching, meeting a
person or thing. Its precise English must vary with the
context, and includes have, find, get, procure, meet, come-
across or whatever else suits.

* Mila"* (3rd pers. past tense,) is a handy word — used alone —
to mean * Pve found it ;* * Vve got itj* Or you may say —
more fully — ^ ham-ko mila hai.^ * Ham mile,' * wuh
milega,' and so on, are not Hindtlstdni,

Examples :— J angal men ham-ko do sher mile the, /» M^yaw.^
/ met two tigers. Mujh-ko bakhshish milegl, / shall get a reward.

HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 5 1

Us-ko hukm-ndmah mila hai, he has got a written-order. Darmiydn
rab ke, ek naddi mili thi, In the middle (or, by the way^ they
came-an a river ; (* unhon-ko * being * understood.')

ii. From * pakna/ comes the Anglo-Hindi. * pucca.*

iii. * Lagna,' when it means to begin, is preceded by the inflected
form of the Infinitive : Ex : — Wuh bolne laga, he began to say.

iv. * Darna,' to fear y requires ^ se'* of the thing feared. Ex —
main tum-se darta hun, I am frightened for you,

V. * Kahna,' to say^ tell^ also takes * se ' where we use to, Ex. : —
Us-ne ham-se kaha, kih, &c , he told {Jo) us^ that, &*c. So
with *puchhna ' ; — us-se puchhiye, ash of him, ask htm,

vi. To express ^urfose, intention 01 object, the inflected form of
the Infinitive followed by * ho* or * he wdste,* is used
Ex : — Wuh khane ko jata hai, he is going to dine. Khelne
ke waste bahar jata hun, I am going out to play. Or you
may say — * ke matlab se * = with the intention of Ex :— Us
shakhs-ne, mujh-ko nuksdn pahunchdne ke matlab se, yih
bdt kahi hai, that Jellow has told this story in order to

cause injury to arrive to me, i.e., to injure me.

«

Exercise No. i6.

In donon men se, ap kaun pasand karte hain ? Meri
rd,i vcitn, yih achchha hai. Huzdr Ifjiye ; fidwi ke pdsdilsra
hai. Bahut achchha! Ghulam aj shdm ko huzCir ke pds bhej-
dega ; nahin to kuchh kdm ka nahfn hoga. Achchha ! bhej-
dijiye.

Khet men dhdn hai ; bdwarchi-khdne men chdwal hai ;
mez par bhdt hai. Agarchih main us-ko phir dekhdn, tau-
bhi nahfn pahchan-sakdnga. Main us bdt ko ydd nahi^
rakhta hti9. Baaze ddmi kahte hain, kih shahr men bahut
chor-log rahte hain. Main Hindilstdni zabdn men hoshydr
hoti htin.

52 hindiJstIni as it ought to be spoken.

VOCABULARY No. XV.

]^isar-i-hind,' the Empress of \k% Sd^ib, the Lieutenant-
India. Governor,
bddshdh, or pddshdh, a king, zamin, land,

(M.) 2amfnddr, a land-holder,

malikah, a queen, (M.) mulk, a country.

mahdrdja ; ' rdja* a king, (H.) milki, landed property,
mahdrdni ; ^ rdnl^ a queen, (H.) khet afield.
shdhzddah, a prince. (M.) kheti, cultivation,
kiinwar ; jub-rdj, a/r/wrif. (H.) raiyat ;^ kdshtkdr ; kisdn, a
difiin^ a minister of state, cultivator, [(fern.)

arkdn-i-daulat,* tke nobility. fasl, the crops ; the hardest
khds-o-dm,* the people gener- rabi, the spring crop,

ally, kharlf, the autumn crop,

khud, (indec.) self, dpas men, among themselves,

bara Ldt^Sd^ib, the Governor- bdt, {fem,) word ; affairs ;
General, business ; news.

Notes :— * This " i " is Persian for ** of**,..* lliese words are best left
untranslated.... 'Literally, ** tAe Pillars of the State,",,. * Liter-
ally, The Exclusive and the Common. ** o " is Persian for " and. '
* i.e. " Lord." • The Anglo-Hind, * ryot ' The plural is ri,4ya,
tenants; subjects.

When speaking of persons of distinction, you put the Verb in the
Plural, even though the Nom. be singular.

Exercise No. 17.

Kaisar-i-Hind ke bete is mulk men d,e the. Bare Lid
Sdhib ke sdth rahe the. Kaisar-i-Hind khud nahfn

• • — •

d-saki thin. Sab Bddshdh, Mahdrdja, Rdja, Khds-o-dm,
Kaisari-Hind ke bete-ko dekhne ke wdste, Kalkatta ga,e

^ Calcutta.

HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 53

the. Sh4hzdde-ne bhi logon-ko dekhne ke wdste, sab raulk
me9 safar kiya tha. Is-se sab ko,i nihdyat khush hu,e.

Agar yih bdt dp-ko pasand nahin hai, to, main chaU-
jd,tinga. Yih ddmi daulatmand nahin hai, balkih gharib
hai. Chilnkih tum-ne yih kdm nahin kiya hai, is wdste
tum-ko saza milegi. Jab barsdt achchhi hai, tab ri,aya khush
hain. Jab main taiydr hdnga, tab dp ke sdth bahar ja,ilQga.
Mujh-ko khush k'arne ke matlab se, bakhshish di hai.

Exercise No. i8.

Given that Your Honor is unwell, still there is no fear of
death. Although Your Honor has given the order, still I
will not do this work. Just you listen ! I shall go to Cal-
cutta, an«i you shall stay here till I come back. Don't
come till I shout. While I say a word to this man, you
take-a-look-at to-day's paper.

The land-holders of this country are rich, and often
quarrel among themselves. Their tenants get excellent crops
when the rains are good. This year,* the rains have not
been sufficient ; therefore {pas) the crops are bad.

I am frightened for tigers. I saw two in the forest.
They, becoming frightened at me, ran-off, making a loud
cry. In the way, we also reached a river ; we crossed-over
in a boat.

* The Persian ' im sal * is in common use. It is an accusative of
time, and must not be used as if it were a Nominative.

NINTH LESSON.

Adverbs, and Allied Words and Phrases.
VOCABULARY No. XVL

These do not change. You may make up adverbs, by
putting * se ' after any noun which will make sense.
Ex. : — * Zor-se (Anglo-Hind. * jorsy,') with fore: ; forcibly,
* Khabarddri se ' with care ; carefully. Learn also : —
ab, now ; at present.
dhistah, slowly,
alb^ttahy certainly; ''no doubt, ^
aslan-mutlakan, by no means ;

most certainly not,
bd,en, to the left hand,
be-shak, without doubt,
bihtar better,

bil-fel, immediately ; at once,
bil-kul, entirely,
ddhine, to the right hand,
ek dam, this instant.
hameshah, always. [haps
ho sakta hai, // may be ; per-

itiifdlj:an, // so happened that ;
by chance.

is wakt, at this time ; now.
jald, quickly ; soon. \at once,
j hat-pat, very quickly ; now ;
kabhi-kabhi, sometimes,
mat, the negative always used
with the Imperative Mood,
masalan, for example,
I . ihdy at, exceedingly,
raftah-raftah, gradually,
siidyad, perhaps,
thora thora, by little and little,
turat, at once ; now,
us walct, at that time ; then.
zartir, of necessity,

ziyddah, more^ often with the
sense of, * too much,^

HINDljSXiNI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 55

Exercise No. 19.

Mai^ nihdyat khush hil^; mere bdp-ne ham-ko bahut
riipae di,e haiii; main bil-fel ghore moMiinga. Kapre
almdri men jald latka-do. Zariir jdna ho;4a. Ittifikian,
murgh-ko ek moti mila tha ; kaha, kih " yih chiz kis kdm
ki hai ? main bhdkh se be-tdb hiin ; moti, jauhari, on ki
chiz, hai ; mere wdste ek danah ja,i bihtar hoga ; " bolte-hi,
bhiikh se mar-gaya.

Exercise No. 20.

I met a friend on the road. On his journey he came
upon a river. A cock came upon a pearl. It came to pass
that^ the king's daughter found a child on the bank of the
river. He began to say (that) *I met two tigers on the
road ;' but his friend said (that) * ihere are no tigers in
this place,' so he shut-up. ^

* Ittifakan. ' Chup-rahna.

TENTH LESSON.

Interjections.

Those in common use are as follows : —

are, (// a female is addressed^ *ari/) hey you !

kya bat, what a statetnent ! stuff! nonsense !

wah-wdh ; shdbdsh, bravo ! well done I

achchha ; khdb; khair ;* good I zvell !

bahut achchha, 2 very good / all right!

wd,e-wa,e, woe is me ! oh dear^ oh dear !

bdpre-l)dpre, expresses astonishment at some disagreeable

news, or the like,
bdp-bdp, help ! mercy !
duhd,i, or duhd,i-duhd,i,/W//V^ /
duhd,i Mahdrani ki, grant justice, oh Great Queen !
afsos, or afsos hai, what a pity ! how sad!

* We, in telling a story, often begin a sentence with the exclamation
' well ! ' Natives, in like circumstances, often end a sentence in the
same way. Their word is * khair. '

^ 'Bahut achchha' or * bahut khiib ' is also a common answer given
by a servant on receiving orders. Or he may answer, 'jo hukm/
whatever your orders (be) — * I shall attend to them ' being understood.
Or he may say, simply, * Han, khuddwand,* or, Ji ! han, Yes, Your
Honor I

hindijstAni as it ought to be spoken.

57

chhi-chhiV ^gly f nasty I

diir ; diir-ddr ; diir ho ! be off! get out!

VOCABULARY No. XVII.

Useful Adjectives — (continued.)
achha ; khiib, good. karwa, strong^ {as liquor, or

khardb ; bura, dad.

dncha ; baland, high.
nicha, low.

bara ; bazurg, great.
chhota, small.

bahut, much.
thora ; zarrah, little.

mota, thick ; coarse ; stout.
patla, thin ; weak in texture^

or in body.
bdrik ; wvCcAxi^fine in texture.

dubia, thin ; scraggy.
mazbdt ; strong ; firm.
kam-zor, weak^ {deficient in

strength.)
ndtdkiat, infirm ; shaky.
zordwar, strong in body;

oppressive.

tea.)

lamba, long.
kotdh, short.

chaura, broad.
kam-arz, narrow.

gol, round.
chau-kona, square.

kharkhara, rough.
chikna, smooth.

garm, warm ; hot.
thandh : thandha, cold.

saf, clean.
maila, dirty.

sakht, hard, also, difficult.
narm ; muld,im, soft.

dsdn ; salfs, easy.
mushkil, difficult.

* This word must never be used as an adjective describing any of
Her Majesty's subjects ; or their dialect ; as in these lines from the
*• Ijuyn of Ind"—

** What though upon her lips there hung
The accents of the ehhi-ohhi tongue."

58

hindiJstAni as it ought to be spoken.

bhdri, heavy,
halka, light,

tdzah, fresh,

sara ; purina, decayed,

naya ; nau, neiv,
purdna, old,

gaihra, deep.
uthla, shallow,

tez ; lezrau, fast,
tez nahfn, slow,

nazdik, near,
diir, distant.

pydra, dear (of affection.)
mahnga, dear (of price.)
sasta ; raanda, cheap.

tang ; narrow ; too tight.
tez, sharp (as a knife.)
kund, blunt.

kdfi, sufficient ; enough,
kam, deficient ; ^ short, ^

daulatmand, rich,

gharfb ; kangdl ; muflis, poor,

maghriir, proud,
gharib ; miskin, humble ; poor
in spirit.

andha, blind.
bahra, deaf.

gii^ga, dumb,
langra, lame,
lunga, naked,

maalilm, known,
nd maaliim, unknown,
khush, pleased ; happy.
na-khush, displeased ; un-
happy,

pasand, agreeable ; approved,
ndpasand, disagreeable ; dis-
approved,

., ( clever ; sharp-

aklmand ; )

ddna, ivise,
be-wukdf, foolish,
kund-zihn, dull oj intellect.
diwanah, mad,

hoshyar, skilful ; up in your
work,

be-hosh, senseless ; stupid;
* no good; also, Hna swoon ^

umdah, great ; noble,
pdji, mean ; base ; contemp-
tible,

alim, learned.
jdhil, ignorant,

saf, clear.
andhera, dark.

hindxJstIni as it ought to be spoken. 59

siikha, dry, kdla, black.

bhinga \ tar, wet, barun (E.), brown.

sach ; sachcha; xisX^true ; just. ^* * ^*

jhdtha, untrue. "/'^ ^'«^-

nd-rdst, unjust ; wrong. a , re .

zard, yellow.
durust, r/:^>i// proper. ^^^^^ . gj^j^^^j^ ^^^ ^^^^^

nd-durust, not right; im- d.khan ; janiib, M^ ^^//M.
P^^P^^^ piirab ; mashrik, the East.

sufed, white. pachchham ; maghrib,/>^g West.

Notes : —

* Kam ' is much used as a prefix, signifying deficiency. * Maa-
liim,' *Na-maalum,' are much used colloquially, by themselves
alone, to mean * I know it^ ' * / donH know it? * Muflis ' is said
also to mean *« bachelor^ but there is probably some error in this
use of the word.

The words * uttar,' *dakhan,' * piirab,' and * pachchham,' are
those most commonly used. From ' dakhan ' comes the Anglo-
Hind, *Deccan.'

All natives know the points of the compass ; and all direc-
tions should be given by them. Thus you may tell your servant
if you want him to bring you an article, (and know yourself where
it lies,) that it is, e.g.^ on the North-West corner of your table.
He is then sure to find it, if there.

Exercise No. 21.

Are ! kidbar jdte ho ? * Ap kydn pdchhte hain ? Kya bdt !
turn jawdb nahin de,oge? Hdn khuddwand ! fidwijawdb
dega ; fidwi bdzdr jdta hai. Bahut achchha ! kusdr nahf^
hai, chalo* Duhd,i Mahdrdni ki ! chor logon-ne mere sab
mdl liit-liye hain ; hukm dfjiye kih polfs (E.) ke sipdhi,dn
fouran tabtftdt kare^i. Wd,e ! wd,e. Afsos hai! chdron taraP

* 'Charop taraf '—(char, /^//r) idiomatic; on all sides; "char"
is made plural ; * taraf ' is unchanged ; no preposition is required.

6o hindi^stXni as it ought to be spoken.

uttar, dakhan, pilrab, pachchhatn, taldsh karenge, kaho !
kya kya mdl gum ho-gaya hai ?

Yih admi al^lmand hai ; wuh, be-wul^df hai. Yih aurat
bahut dubli hai ; lekin uska khasam bahut mota hai. Yih
kapra patla aur kam-arz hai, mujh ko kapra mazbilt aur
chaura darkdr hai ; tumhdre pds aisa kapra hai ? Kdla kapra
msubilt hai. Be-wul^ilf ! mai9 sufed kapra mdngta hdn, turn
kdla kapra bdhar karte ho— jd,o I Berar ! Hdn khuddwand !
barun ghora bimdr hai. Bdpre ! bdpre ! kaisa hil,a ? Mai^
kya jdnta ! Jald dauro— bdzdr-se julldb ki dawa ma9gd,-do.
Tabiddr chaprdsi bhej-dega. Nahfn ! turn sust ddmi ! is
darniiyan men, ghora mar-jd,ega ; khud dauro ; di3r !

Exercise No. 22.

Hey you ! what are you up to? { = doing.) Nothing.
Then, what is all this noise ? We are only chatting among
ourselves. Don't chatter in the verandah ; by reason of the
noise, I cannot work. Who are these men ? They are culti-
vators. What do they want ? They say that owing-to (se)
the oppression of their (own) landlord, iheir crops have
been attached ; they desire justice. But is their story true ;
God knows ! as a rule, there is some truth and some false-
hood on both sides. Certainly these poor people won't tell
lies. Your Honour has been six months in the country
and knows everything ; but (your) slave's opinion is that
whoever believes only half will do good justice.*

* From * nisf,* half^ is derived * insaf,' justice ; also * Munsif,* a
dispenser 0/ justice t a * Moonsiff (Anglo- Hind).

ELEVENTH LESSON. .
Arrangement of Words in a Sentence.

The arrangement of words in a sentence is left a good
deal to taste, subject to one fixed rule that your Verb must
come at the end of the clause or sentence ; and if there
be an auxiliary, it is the last word. You cannot divide the
parts of a verb ; making such a sentence as * He had, after
some delay, made a full confession.' All the component
parts of a compound tense come together.

2. Taking the ordinary words and clauses which occur
in a sentence, the following order will be found idiomatic : —
Nominative, preceded by the qualifying word, or words, if
any; Object, purpose, intention, or the like; ..Dative....
Adverbial, or participle clause ;... Accusative; ... Verb.'
Ex. : — Us khardb ddmi-ne — nul^sdn pahunchdne ke matlab
se — mujh-ko — nihdyat baland awdz se— gdli di thi, TAaf bad
man, with the object of causing (me) loss, to me, in a very
loud voice, gave abuse. If you wish to state the place, you
might say, e,g, 'bdzdr me^i' before *gdli.' The time would
probably stand first of all: as, dj, din-ko, tin pahar ke
wa^t, (us khardb ddmi, &c.,) to-day, by day, at the time of
three-watches^ i.e., at three d clock this afternoon, d^•^.

3, Interrogation is expressed in several ways —

If/, — By the mere inflection of the voice ; the words

62 HINDliSTiNI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

remaining in the same order as in an affirmative sentence.
Ex. : — Turn nahf9 jdnte, kih, &c. DorCt you know that r^cJ

2nd, — By the use of a plain interrogative word. Ex. :—
kyiin deri karte lio? Why are you delaying 1 why art you so
slotv ?

^rd — By first naming a thing, and then asking about it ;
as often occurs in French. Ex. :— Ap ka mizaj — kaisa hai?
Your Honoris health — how is it ?

[Hai admi bdzir? and the like, are not Hindiistdni.]

Some Interrogative Words.

Kab, when? Kahdn, where? Kidhar, whither? Kyiin,
why? Kaun, 2vho? Kva, which? what? Kab-tak, how long?
Ka,eber ; ka,e dafah, how often ? Kis-wdste, on what account;
why? Kyiin-kar; kis-iarah; kaisa, in what manner; how?
Kitna, or ketna, Plur: kitne, t?r ketne, how many? how
much ?

VOCABULARY No. XVIII.

The Boi>y and some of its Parts.

badan ; 'ys^va^ the body, ankh ; chashm, the eye.

sir, the head. nak, the nose.

bdl, the hair. rukh ; gal, the cheek.

zulf, curly hair. miinh, the mouth.

miichh, mustachios. talu, the palate.

darhi, the beard. ddnt or dant, a tooth,
ru ; chihrah ; miinh,^ the face, jibh ; zabdn,* the tongue.

peshdni, the Jorehead, , jabra, the jaw,

abru, the eyebrow, lab, a lip.

' Pronounce, nasally, * moo.' * Zaban means also * a language,'

HlNDdSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

63

thuddi : zanakh, the chin.
kan, an ear,

gardan, the neck,
gala or gula, the throat,
bazu, an arm,
hath \ dast,' a hand,
hatheli, the palm,
ungli, a finger,
nakhun, a nail.

kandha, the shoulder,
chhati, the breast,
sinah, the bosom,
godi, the lap,
panjar, the side.
pith, the back,
chdtar, the buttocks.

tang, the leg.
jdngh, the thigh,
pindh', the calf.

pdjOn, the foot,

talwa, the sole of the foot,

eri, the heel,

pdjOn ki ungli, a toe,

haddi : hdr, a bone,
panjari, a rib,
khiin ; lohq, blood,
pit, bile,

pasinah, perspiration,
dam^ ; sdns, the breath.

rag ; nas, a vein,

maghz ; dimdgh, the brain.

dil, the heart,

pet ; shikam, the belly.

midah, the stomach.

phepre, the lungs.
tilli, the spleen,
giida, the marrow,

chamra, the skin,^

* Hence, dast-anah, (»^/ clas-tanah,J a glove,

■ Not to be confounded with * dum,' the tail of an animal.

■ Means also * leather*

TWELFTH LESSON,

Numeration.

The first things to learn here are the following frac-
tions : —

pd,o, a quarter. derh, one and a half.

ddha, a half, arhd,i, two and a half.

also these : —

sdrhe, one half ^iore than the unit named.

sawa, one quarter more than the unit named.

paune, one quarter less than the unit named.

2. Then learn these words : —

ganda, a bundle of 4. hazdr, a thousand.

kori, or kuri, a score, ]dkh, a hundred thousand.

sau, a hundred. karor, ten millions.

3. There are separate words from *one' to *one hundred,'
but it will be sufficient foryou to learn the words only from
* one ' to ' twenty.' They are as follows : —

I, ek.

8, ath

15, pandrah.

2, do.

9, nau.

16, solah.

3, tin.

10, das.

17, satrah.

4, chdr.

II, igydrah.

18, athdrah.

5, pdnch.

12, bdrah.

i9j unis.

6, chhah.

13, terah.

20, bis.

7, sdt.

14, chaudah.

HINDdsxlNI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 65

4. The other numbers up to loo will be found in Ap-
pendix No. I, page 103. With the materials now given
you, you can express any number, in a perfectly idiomatic
way : by using karors, Idkhs, thousands, hundreds, scores,
and units. Ex.: — 557 = five hundred, two scores, and'
seventeen, pdnch sau, do kiiri, satrah. 9,991 = nau hazdr,
nau sau, char kilri, unfs.

5 The ORDINAL numbers are as follows :— ,Paihle, first;
diSsra, or, doyum, second; tfsra, third; chautha, fourth.
These, when ending in *a,' follow the rules of ka, ke, ki.
After * chautha, /?«r//4, ' the ordinals are got by adding
*wdn' to the cardinals. *The sixth' is, for euphony's
sake, *chhatwdn.'

6. *Once,' 'twice,' * thrice,' &c., are expressed by *ek
dafah,' *do dafah,' *tfn dafah,' and so on.

7. *A,' in such phrases as *a yard,' *a foot' is ex-
pressed by the word ' fi.' or by * ek ek ' Ex. : — fi — or ek
ek — gaz kitne riipae honge ? how many rupees a yard,

8. As there are sixteen annas in a Rdpi, 16 is much
used to give the idea of a 'whole,' *a unit,' or *full quantity,'
of anything; ''^ eight annas'' meaning a half ; ^ four annas,'
a quarter ; two annas, an eighth, and so on. Confer the
words 'quadroon,' 'octoroon.'

1 (

And ' is never expressed with numerals.

T., H.

THIRTEENTH LESSON.

Time.

The English Months are sure to be known by all your
servants, and are also known to natives generally. But you
must catch the pronunciation in use in your locality.

The following is pretty near the ordinary pronun-
ciation : —

Janri. Julai.

Fabri. Agast/

Marich. Saptambar.

April. Ok lobar.

Mai. Navambar.

Jtln. Dichambar.

2. The Days of the Week are not known by their
English names.

The names most commonly used are these —
Itwdr; rabibdr, Sunday,
Sombdr ; pir ka roz, Monday,
Mangal, Tuesday,
Budh, Wednesday.
Brihaspat; biphe, Thursday.
Shukrbdr; jumah, Friday.
Sanichar; sanibdr, Saturday.

^ Accent on the last syllable.

hindt^stIni as it ought to be spoken. 67

3. The Hours are now-a-days always counted by the
English watch when possible. But the native division
assigns so much time to the day-light, and so much to the
night. The reckoning is by the "pahar," (pronounced
in Lower Bengal, *prohor,') which consists of three English
hours; four "pahars" being counted to the day, and four
to the night. Then the word 'ghanta' — which means a bell^
or gong — is used to mean *an hour,' as in many parts of
India a gong is struck after each hour. Again, there is a
word.'ghari,' which is said to be equal to about one-third of
an English hour; but is often used very vaguely; as indeed
all words of time are, when not referred to a watch or clock.
* Ghari' is also used for the English * clock,^ or * watch ^
itself.

4. * The clock ' is known to all servants as well as to
superior natives. The verb *bajna' (intr,) to sound; or the
verb * bolna' (tnir,) to say, is used with reference to a clock
or watch. If you will study the following clauses you will
be master of • the clock' in Hindilstdni : —

kya baja hai, what has sounded ? what o'clock is it ?
do baje hain, two have sounded; two o^clock.
arhd,i baje bain, a half more than two has sounded,
sawa do baje hain, a quarter more than two has sounded,
paune do baje hain, a quarter less than two has sounded.
do baj-ke, bis minat, two having sounded, twenty minutes

(more have passed), twenty minutes past 2,
bfs mfnat ke baad, do bajega, after twenty minutes, two
will strike; twenty minutes to 2, Or this may be ex-
pressed thus: — bis minat kam, do baje, (^^ 20 minutes
less, two 0^ clock,
derh baje, half past one, . . . arhd,i baje, half fast two,
ka,e baje? at what d clock ? tin baje, at three 0^ clock.

68 hindijstAni as it ought to be spoken.

5. Time in a vague sense is expressed by an accusative
without government, as in English. Ex: — guzashte sdl, last
year ; pari roz, on the following day,

6. When precision is aimed at, * at,' or * by,' (of time)
is translated 'ko,' or *ke waljit' Ex: — Aj, shdm-ko, to-day y
at evening ; this evening, Rdt ke wal<:t, by night, at night.

7. * Ago,* * since,' * for,' are translated by * se,' or by
* hd,a ' in agreement. "When * since ' can be resolved into
that I have not, you must use a negative. Ex, : — Tfn haras
hii,e, main Kalkatte men raha tha, three years ago, I was
living in Calcutta, Kal se, main is-ko khojta \vln, I am
searching for it since yesterday, Chdr mahfnon-se, wuh
bfmdr hai, he is {has been) sick Jor four months, Pdnch
barson se, main-ne apna watan nahfn dekha hai, since five
years, 1 have not seen my native country, or, in good English,
it is five years since I have seen my native country,

8. In naming a date (tdrikh, fem.) you use *ko.' Ex.: —
Navambar mahine ki pdnch tdrfkh ko, Kalkatte jd,iinga,
I shall go to Calcutta on date §, of the month November,

9. * Men ' is also often used for * in,' or * during,' ex-
pressed or understood.

10. In using the numbers, ^ and^ is always left untrans-
lated. Ex. '.-—five hundred and forty-three, pinch sau, do
kiSri tin.

k

hindtJstani as it ought to be spoken. 69

VOCABULARY No. XIX.

Words and Phpases relating to Time, Money,

Weight, and Measurement.

Time.

tdrfkh (fem.), a date, yih baras {or sdl), this year,

baras; sdl, a year ; in dating, (Nom.)

san. is baras; is baras men; im sdl,
mahinah, a month, this year; during this year,

haftah, a week, (Ace.) * im ' is Persian ; but

roz; din, a day. * im sdl 'is in common use.

chaudah roz, fortnight. d,indah, the future,

ghanta; g\\2ix\, an hour, d,indah, baras, {or sal,) next
minat (E.), a minute, year, (Nom.)

lahzah, a second^ {lit, twink- d,inde baras ; d,inde baras
lin^ of an eye), me^i (or with * sal'), next

A] ; im roz, to-day, year. (Ace.)
kal, to-morrow^ or yesterday

(according to context ) ^^ ^ ^^^ > ^^ ^^^^> *^' ^'•^^^^'•

parson, the day after /^- ek din ndghah kark^; ek din

morrow, or the day before chhor-kar, every alternate

yesterday (according to ^^y

context.)

tarson, the fourth day (for- din ke wakt, by day,

wards or backwards.) rdt ke wakt, by night,

pari roz, the day after {any ala-s-sabdh, at early dawn.

event) ; next day, tarka ; fajr ; bhor ; subh, early
guzastah ; jo bft-gaya, the morning.

past, do pahar din, noon,

guzastah baras {or sdl), last do pahar rdt; ddhi rdt, mid-
year.) (Nom.) night.

guzashte baras {vr sil), last shdm, the evening,

year, (Ace.) shdm-ko, in the evening.

70

hindtJstXni as it ought to be spoken.

Money.
niablagh, a lump sum,
nSpiya, a rupee, Plur. rilpiye ;

rdpae ; rdpi ; rdpae is

also used to mean * money. ^
^nah, an ^ anna^ ^^ of a riipi.
pd,i, a ^pte' ^^ of an *dnah.*
riipi, a rttpi-piece,
ath-anni, an Z-dnah-piece
chau-anni a ^-dnah-piece.
do-anni, a 2-dnah piece.
paisa, a ^^ pa -^i- piece (4 make

an *dnah'), often means

^ money. ^

Weights.
man, a * 7nan ;' Anglo-Hind.

'maund/ equal to about

80 lbs.
ser, a ^ seer^ equal to about

2 lbs.
ddha-ser; ek paun (E.), half

a * ser^ or one pound.

chhitdnk, a * chittack^' ^^ of a

* ser.'

tola, a ^ tola A / Ihe weight of a
rtipi; by which letters, gems,
gold, silver, &c., are weighed.

Measurement.
ek kos, a * coss; ' about two

miles,
ddhd-kos, half a * kos / a mile,
bhiga, a land measure; varies

in different parts of India,
kattha, a Uottah^' ^^ of a * bf-

gha.' (square measurement),
rassi, a measure of length

about 60 yds.
gaz, a yard.
hdth, a cubit.
fUt (E.), a foot.
musht ; mutthi, afist^ />., a

* hand^ (as in measuring
horses.)

inchi (E.), an inch.

Exercise No. 23.
Jo haftah bit gaya hai, us men main-ne do gh< re mol-liye
hain, Guzashte sdl, ri.aya bahut gharfb the ; im sal, un-ki
fasl achchhi hai, is liye khush hain. Angrezi^ baras— Janri
ki paihli tarikh ko— shuru hota hai. Meri ghari bigar ga,i
hai. Us-ki ghari tez chalii hai, aur mere bhd,i ki ghari sust
chalti hai. Kuchh kam ki^ nahin hain. Main-ne paune

English.

• Agreeing with * ghari.'

HINDdST^NI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 71

chdr gaz mol-liye. Unhon-ne arhd,i man ko,ilakharidkiya.
Ham-ko paune pdnch baje jagd,o. Ka,e baje bdhar ja,enge ?
Aj, sham-ko, bahar jd,iinga ; ka,e baje raai^ ab nahin jdnta
hiin. Sab chiz thiik hai? Hdn khudawand ! Tel-batti
ghusl-khdne men rakh-do.

Exercise No. 24.

Her ear is small. Her breast is white. Her cheek is
red. Her heart is light. His jaw is large. There are
gloves on her hand. There was much perspiration. His
shoulder is strong. Give me one quarter. He has bought
fifteen horses. How much has he given for them ?
Rs. 9,786. Five hundred and forty-two men were present.
Give me 2^. He is first, and she is second. I spoke to
him three times. This year is hot. This year, the rains
are good. To-day at one pahar, I shall go to Calcutta.
At what o'clock did he go out ? At a quarter to three.

FOURTEENTH LESSON.

Miscellaneous.

The Pronunciation given in this book is the purest
known ; . but you must not expect that here, any more
than in England, pronunciation is everywhere the same; or
even the same in one locality, as uttered by educated and
by uneducated people. Thus you will often hear * z ' and
"j" confounded with each other; and will even learn to
know " nazdik," under the metamorphosis of * nagich.'

2. You must also remember that there is such a thing
as ACCENT in addition to * quantity.' Thus a long * a ' at
the end of a word will be sounded less strongly than the
same elsewhere.

3. Besides quantity and accent, there is also the
CADENCE of a sentence. This, and the appropriate action
of hands, face and body, can be acquired only by imitation.

4. The great fault of Europeans — next to leaving
out the non-initial *h' — is "clipping" their words as
they speak, ignoring double consonants, and forgetting that
Hindiistdni, when well spoken, is a language of vowels and
double consonants, and must be vocalized like Italian. It
is miserable to hear such sounds as hatnreh garry iow,^
pinny kypanny do, eggy barrow,^ sarty das bajy, and so on.

* Pronounce as in * how. * No doubt, for * age barha,o.'

HINDlJsTiNI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 73

4. In concluding the instructions of this little book, a
few matters which have not found place in the earlier
lessons will be gathered up here.

5. Idioms of a peculiar kind are not very numerous in
the language. You have already learned (page 47) that
you require * not ' in such phrases as * wait }ure till I come
back ;^ 2Sid. (page 68) * / / is three years since I saw you'
Note also that words of time, measurement, quantity and
so forth often stand in the accusative without any govern-
ment. "Of" is not translated in such phrases as * a cup
4)f tea,' * a yard of cloth,' * a piece of bread.' The words
stand in * apposition ' — ek piydlah chd,e — ek gaz kapra — ek
tukra roti. In such phrases, again, as * he fell from the wall,'
the natives say, he fell from on the wall (diwdr par se); also our
phrase * out of is taken in the reversed light, and becomes
* from in.' Ex. : — lomri bil men se nikli, the fox came out
of (from inside) its hole. There is also a favourite idiom
by which the pluperfect tense (with had) is used where we
use a plain past. See Example, Exercise 17, page 52 ;
and (as in many other languages), the Future Tense is often
used, where, strictly speaking, the Subjunctive Mood is
the correct thing. The omission of pronouns, where no
ambiguity will be caused, has already been pointed out.
Doubling words in order to strengthen the force is common
in Hindilstdni, and not unknown in English : * My love is
like the red red rose.' Ex. : — wuh achchha achchha ddmi
hai, he is a very good man,

6. You will sometimes find plurals in * an.' This is
from the Persian ; and occurs chiefly in words ending
in — ddr. It does not change in the oblique cases. Ex. : —
Zaminddr-dn, tdbiddr-dn, chaukiddr-dn, &c.

7. WiLA-wiLi (masc. and fem, ; declined like nouns in

74 HINDl5sTiNI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

* a ' and * i ') are very useful terminations. They are joined
usually to the Nom. Sing, of a common noun, or to the in-
flected form of the Verbal Noun. They indicate a person
connected with the thing the noun expresses, or one who
does the action expressed by the verb. Ex. : — pankhd wdla,
a pankha-puller ; roti-wdla, a baker \ machhli-wlla, the fish-
monger ; likne-wili, the (female) writer^ and so on, ad-
infinitutn. They are also added to Adverbs.

8. The DEGREES OF COMPARISON are made thus : —
For the comparative degree you compare the thing you are
speaking of with one thing of the same kind. For the

* superlative degree,' you compare it with all conceivable
things of the same kind. Your adjective has no change
indicative of 'degree;' but continues to 'agree,' as
usual. Ex. : —

Yih ghora , . . us ghore se ... achchha hai.
This horse . . compared with that horse . . is the good one.
Yih ghora . . . sab ghoron se . . . achchha hai.
This horse . . compared with all horses . . is the good one.

9. Occasionally you may find the Persian terminations
of the comparative and the superlative degrees, viz.^ * tar '
and * TARfN,' used with adjectives derived from the Persian
language. But this is not common. The only familiar
word is * bihtar,' better ; the 'positive degree' of which in
Persian is * bih,' good. Superlative, ' bihtarfn.'

10. In NARRATION, you must use the same pronouns
and verbs as the original speaker used : Ex. : —

Eng. : — He said he would go to Calcutta to-morrow.
Hind. I—He said, (that) * I will go to Calcutta tomorrow.'

11. So, in sending a verbal message (which you

HINDlJSTiNI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 75

should never do if you can help it) give your messenger
the very words he is to use. Ex. : —

Eng. : — Go and tell him, I can't come.

Hind. :— Go and tell him, (that) *The Judge sdhib (or
as the case may be) can't corrie.'

12. *Itis;' * there is;' * there are.' These idioms
do not occur in Hindiistdni. The plain noun and verb
only are used. Ex. : — kaun hai, ? rdja sdhib hain, who
is it ? // is%the rdja sdhib, Khabarddr ! dg hai, take care /
there^s fire.

1 3. To have. There is no verb for this. You must
use the verb * to be ; ' on the liber est mihi principle.
Ex. : — Ham-ko kuchh ummed nahfn hai, / have no hope.
Us ke pds bahut kitdbe^ hain, he has many books. Us-ke do
ghore hafn, (his are two horses) he has two horses. When

* have ' has the sense of * get,' * obtain,' &c. * milna ' may
be used. Ex. : — Us-ko ek bukm-ndmah mila hai, he haSy
holdsy has goty a pass,

14. " Thank you." To a servant this phrase is pro-
perly expressed by " bahut achchha ; " " achchha : " or even
" bas." The last word means ^ enough;^ ^ thafll do.^ To
equals and superiors the word " shukr-guzdr " (literally

* thanks-passing ') should be used — by itself — on all fitting

occasions.

Note. — Exaggerated civility to an inferior is regarded by him as
sarcasm. As you may never use any word of abuse, a little
exaggerated politeness may be used instead.

15. To SALUTE "Saldm karna;" " saldm bolna ; "
"saldmdena" " Saldm karna " is to perform an act of
salutation. ** Saldm bolna " and " saldm dena " are about
equal to each other in meaning. You will have to use

76 hindiJstXni as it ought to be spoken.

them chiefly in two instances : firsts as a polite mode of
sending for a person : Ex. : — **kirdni bdbu ko saldm do"
{or bolo), />., ^^give (or say) my * saldm ' to the (Hindu) cUrJ^^
— the rest is eliptic ; but the clerk will understand that he
is to come to you : so, secondly^ when a caller sends in his
card, you say "saldm do;" or "saldm bolo" to the servant.
He carries your saldm to the caller, who comes upstairs
and pays his visit, on receiving your " saldm " but not
before. A ^ visiting'Card^ is til^at (E.)

i6. The participle "in ke" or " kar,"' (sometimes
** karke " or " karkar^^ all being derived from karna, some-
times only the plain stem), is much used in Hindiistdni, to
lead up to the principal verb — and avoid the repetition of
"««^" Ex. ; — Yih bdt bolkar chald-gaya. Having said this
much (lit. this word)^ he went away : or. He said this much
und left,

17. This little book contains none of the high-flown,
and somewhat exaggerated style of phraseology which
abounds in Oriental languages ; nor any of the phrases
adopted from Arabic. These belong to an advanced
course. You should, however, provide yourself with two
phrases of a superior kind, to be used to native gentlemen
of rank. They are words meaning shortly, *' to arrive^^ and
"/<? depart ;^^ and are " tashrff.ldna," to arrive^ "tashrff
lejdna," to depart. Tashrif means " the honour of your pre-
sence ;" the first phrase (to arrive) therefore means " to bring
the honour oj your presence ^^ — and the second (to depart)—
to take that honour from us, " Huzdr," is the correct word
whereby to address natives of high rank. The verb will of
course be in the third person plural ; and so you will say :

Huziir kab tashrff ld,e haii;i ?= l^hen did you arrive ?

Huziir kab tashrff le-jd,enge ?= fVhen do you go away 9

HINDiJstInI as it OtJGHT TO UE SPOKEN. 77

i8. Then, the polite form by which to ask for a person's
healtli is, * mizaj sharff.' To which the answer may be
' huziir ki mihrbani se,' by Youir Honour's kindness^ or * huziir
ki inayat se,' by Your Honour's favour^ or * huziir ki du,a se,^
by Your Honour's blessings or * shukr Khuda ka hai,' thank
God^ — *I am well ' being understood.

19. Connected with this matter, I mention, in conclu-
sion, that in the middle of many names of Arabic origin,
you will find the syllable "^^/"or " «^," occasionally "wj."
They all mean," of the " and the whole name has generally
a grand significance. Thus Shams-ud-din means "The
Sun of the Faith;" Sirdj-ud-daulah^, "The Lamp of the
Commonwealth," and so on.

VOCABULARY No. XX.

Khuda, God. Khairat, alms ; charity to the
firishtah, an angel, poor.

auliya, the saints. rozah, a fast.

iblis ; shaitdn, the Devtl. rozah rakhn^, to fast

bihisht,^ heaven. namdz {itm.), prayer.

ardf or irdf, purgatory. namdz parhna, to say prayers.

jahannam, hell. gharib-log, the poor

riih, the soul. girja, a church.

dfn ; mazhab, religion. [I'erse. masjid, a mosque.

duniya, (fem.) the world ; uni- math, a temple. (H.)

neki ; bhald,i, righteousness. padri sdhib, an English mi-

gundh ; pdp, sin. nister; 2\%o^a Catholic priest.

* The ** Sir Roger Douler " of the British soldier of the last century.

' Hence is derived the name of that one of your servants whom you
will probably call — this little book not withstanding— your " Beasty.*'
(Bihishti.)

78

HINDl^SXiNI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

Idt Pddri Sdhib, the Bishop, bigar-jdna, to go wrong ; get

imdm, a Muhammadan min-

ister}
mahant ; guru, a Hindu priest.
bfbal (E.), the Bible,
kurdn, the religious book oj

the Muhammadan^,
bhagwat, ditto of the Hindus.

bij, seed,

chdra, a seedling.

out of order (as health, a

watch, &c.); to miscarry^

(as plans.)
kisdn, a cultivator.
bona, to sow.
ropna, to plant,
nirauni, weeding \ nirauni

karna, to weed,
gfdar ; siydl, a jackal.
zarrah', a little somewhat.
kheti-karna, to cultivate.

Note, — *Lat' is corrupted English for *Lord.'

Exercise No. 25.

Bhala admi gharib logon ko khairdt dega. Khairat dena,
namdz parhna, rozah rakhna, ye tfn chizen khuda ko
pasand hain. Is .girje ke pddri-sdhib ka ndm kya hai?
Ham nahin jdnte. Riib ka drdm bihisht men hai ; khardb
ddmi,on ki saza jahannam men hogi. Ko,i mazhab nahin
hai, kih us men bhale ddmi aur bure ddmi nahfn hain Ek
baras men barah mahine hain. Har ek baras men tfn sau

• • •

tin kilri panch din hain. Kisdn log paihle bfj bote hai9 ; is
ke baad, chdre khet men ropte hain. Agar pani kam ho,
to, fasl khardb hoti hai ; gharfb logon ko kabhi-kabhi
sirf chdr dne ya do dne ki fasl milti hai. Tab zaminddrdn
bhi bure hai men hain. Unhon-ko khazdnah nahin
milta hai ; sarkdri rndl-guzdri ndhin de-sakte hain ; pas,
un-ki zaminddrijdn nildm men bar-bdd hai^.

* Muhammadans have no ** priests. "

hindt^stIni as it ought to be spoken. 79

Exercise No. 26.

This year the ryots will get a sixteen annas crop. Every
one will be pleased ; tenants, landlords, and Government.
Satan is the enemy of man ; God is his friend. From
religion, is the peace of the soul. The Bishop will be here
the day after to-morrow. The church is open every
alternate Sunday.

Is my watch correct ? No. It is fast. How many riipis
are in the house ? Three hundred and ninety-three. In
the evening, jackals come into the garden. I have not
been here since ihe day before yesterday. On what date
did he go away ? On 7th July last.

FIFTEENTH LESSON.

The difference between words given in the body of this
book and words in the Glossary at the end, is that the
former are words which you must know^ and must learn up
as soon as possible ; while among the latter, are many words
which you may or may not require to use, and for which
you must search if wanted.

2. The following lists — among which Exercises are
placed by way of rests — complete the words which you must
know . Some of the words already given are allowed to
appear again here.

VOCABULARY No. XXI.

The Seasons and Weather.

mausam, or miisim, a season ; garmi ka mausam, the hot
weather, weather ; summer, *

jdre ka mausam {or miisim), barsdt ka mausam, the rainy
the cold weather; winter.^ weather,^

^ The durations of these three seasons may be roughly given thus :
*The cold weather,* 15th October to 15th March. * The hot
weather,' 15th March to 15th June. *The raius,* 15th June to
15th October. The cold weather is longer in North-Weastern India.
There is plenty of hot weather everywhere during * the rains.'

HINDl5sT-^NI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

8l

a^dhi ; tilfan, a storm.

sif ; khula, clear.

khula din, a fine day ; fair- andhera, dark.

weather,
dhdp ; tapish ; ^armi, heat,
jara ; sardi, cold,
barf, snow ; ice,
yakh, ice.

barsdt ; barish ; pani, rain,
patthar, hail.

abr ; badli, a cloud,

hawa ; batds, (L. B.) tvind,

kohdsah, fog,

garaj, thunder,

bijli, lightning,

garaj na, to thunder,

bijli chamakna, to lighten,

barasna ; pani bona, to rain.

Ncie, -'Adjectives* may be made by using a noun and ka, ki, ke. Ex. : —
Aj pani ka din hai, this is a rainy day^

VOCABULARY No. XXII.
Nature, the Landscape, Towns, &c.

asman. the sky,
sdraj ; dftdb, the sun,
chdnd, the moon.
tdra : sitarah, a star,

dunya, the world

mitti ; khak, earth,

pdni ; ab ; jal, water,

bawa, air.

ab-o-hawa, climate.

samiindar ; kala pdni, the
open sea,

darya ; naddi, a river,

kindrah, the shore ; bank,

ndla, a ditch ; * nullah^' (An-
glo-Hind.)

T., H.

nahr, a canal,

tdl, a lake.

tdldb ; talao, a reservoir ; a
* tank:

dhar ; khazdnah, a reservoir
made by damming up na-
tural supplies,

kil,a ; inddra, a ivell,

pahdr : koh, a mountain,
tardji ; ddman-i-koh, the land

at the base of mountains,
maiddn ; ramnah, a plain ;

meadow,
darakht ; gdchh ; per, a tree,
dbddi, cultivated land,

6

82

hindiJstJ^ni as it ought to be spoken.

parti, waste-land.; uncultivat-
ed land,

jsLngB,], forest ; hi^h-grass^ or
forest trees on land; a
weedy place ; ^ jungle,^

jhdr;jhari, underwood; scrub,

kfchar, mud,
bdlu ; ret, sand.
patthar, a stone,

patta, a leaf,

ddl ; shdkh, a branch,

jar, a root ; roots.

ghds, grass,

phal ; mewa, fruit,

phiil, flowers,

shahr; nagar, a city ; a town,
gdnw ; basti ; gram (L. B.)

a village,
ghar ; makdn ; kothi, a house,
hopri, a cottage.

rdh ; {fern,) rdsta, a road,

sarak, the highway, {fern.)

gali, a lane; a ^ gully, ^ (Anglo
Hind.)

chauk, a square (often used
as the market-place.)

bdzdr, a collection of shops,
or stalls ; a market; the
* bazaar^

hdt; mela, a fair,

dilkdn, a shop,

hotel, (E.) a hotel,

isteshan, (E.) the railway-
station,

jel-khdnah, (jel, E.) the jail.

kilah ; garh, a fort.

pul, a bridge.

rel-rdsta, (*rel,' E.) the rail-
way,

rel-gari, a railway carriage ;
a train.

Exercise No. 27.

Barsdt ke mausim men, jangal aur jhar bahut linche bote
hain ; darya sab bare hain ; gdchh, maiddn, ghas, sab chizen
sabz rang ki hoti hain. Garm dinon men, darkar hai kih
ko,i ddmi dhilp men nahin jdwe; m agar aksar hota hai kih
garmi ke mausim men, sab ko,i tandurust rahta hai; jdre ke
mausim men, db-o-hawa nihayat pasand hai ; lekin sardi
ke bd,is, zukdm aur chand kism ki bimdrl ddmi,on-ko
taklif deti hain.

HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

83

Exercise No. 28.
A storm is coming from the West. I see lightning there.
Listen ! there's thunder. I can't hear it. There are many
shops in the city; but the streets are narrow. There are
fogs in the cold weather.

There are no shops in this

The train will arrive at noon.

square. It is near the bazar,
therefore there are no shops. The water of the reservoir
is better than the water of the canal. There is a large
tank on the 'maidan.'^ A fair will take place (say, ^ there
will be a fair') on the loth of next January. Have you
been at (say, * ever gone to') the Sonpiir fair (mela) ?

VOCABULARY No. XXIIL
Common Animals.
janwar ; haiwdn, any animal, lint ; shutur, a camel,
hdthi ; fil or pil, an elephant,
sher-babar ; singh, a lion.

sher ; bagh, a tiger,
chita, a leopard,
bhdl ; bhalu, a bear,
jangli su,ar, a boar,
bheriya, a wolf,
gidar ; siyal, a jackal,
lomti, a fox,

haran or hiran, a stag ; a deer.
gilehri, a squirrel,
khar-gosh, a rabbit ; hare.

ghora, a horse.
madiydn, a mare^
gadha,^ gadhi, an ass,
tattu, a pony ; a Uatf (Anglo-
Hind),
kutta, kutti, a dog,
billi, a cat,
sand,^ a bull.
bail, an ox,

bhains ; bhainsa, a buffalo,
ga,o or ga,e, a cow,
bachra, a calf.

' Used as an English word ; especially in Calcutta.
^ Also used figuratively.

• The pronunciation of this word does not admit of being reproduced
by letters, you must hear it proHouncied before attempting it.

«4

hindistjIni as it ought to be spoken.

bheri, a sheep,

bakri ; chhagul, a goat.

Vermin

saQp, a snake,
bichchhu, a scorpion,
gojar, a centipede,
indilr, a rat.
chilha, a mouse.
chha-chhilndar, a musk-rat,
chan)-gfdar, a If at,
tiktikki, a lizard.

sd,ar,* a pig,
bandar, a monkey.

AND Insects.

til-chatta, a cockroach,
chilQti, an ant,
dfmak, a white ant.
machchhar, a musquiio,
niakkhi ; magas, a fly.
pissu, a flea.
khat-mal, a bug,
gandi, a ^gundy.^

Birds.

chiriya, a bird of any kind, murgh, murghi, cock^ hen.
murgh-abi, water fowl, pfru, a turkey.

gidh, a vulture.

chil, a kite.

chakwa, chakwi, the

miny goose.
mor, a peacock.
sdras ; bogla, a crane.
kauwa, a crow,
ullu,^ an owl.
ha^s, a swan.
rdj-hans, a goose,
bat ; battakh, a duck.

pekan, a capon (English word
with V and */' misplaced).
Brah- kabiitar, a pigeon,

chdha ; isnaip (E.) snipe,
bater, quail.
til, (E.) teal.
tota, tiiti, a parrot.
maina, a ^maina.^
bulbul, a bulbul (often con-
founded with a nightingale),
shdma, a nightingale.

Exercise No. 29.
Jangal men bahut janwar rahte hain. Sher-babar jangal
ke bddshah hain, Hindtlstdn men sher-babar kam hain.

1 2

c\l£Q used figuratively.

HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 85

Sher bahut hai^ : aksar adini,on-ko pakar-kar khate hain.
Sab ko, i uti-se darte hain. Barsat kemausim men sanp kabhi-
kabhi ghar men ate hain : bahut khabarddr bona chahiye.
Diwarmen sebichchhiinikal-dte hai^. Hindii>tdn ki chiriyd^
nahin gdti hai^. Mor ki awdz bahut ni-pasand hai. Sdhib
log bahut murghi,an khate hain ; is mulk men sasti hain.

Exercise No. 30.
When the grass is long, (then) there are many snakes.
At the base of the mountains, the hunter gets many tigers
and elephants. The bear lives in the hills. Pig-sticking
is the best sport in the country. A fast horse is necessary
for pig-sticking. Ponies are serviceable for children. In
this country, the three seasons are — the cold weather, the
hot weather, and the rains.

VOCABULARY No. XXIV.

The BAzAr.

bazdr, the market, P^njij capital,

hdz^r karna, to market, siid, interest,

mol-lena ; kharid-karna, to buy, diikdn, a shop,

bechna, to sell, ddkdnddr, a shopkeeper,

bikna, to be sold, sarraf, (Anglo-Hind. * shroff),
kimat ; ddm,/r/Vv?. a banker.

nirkh (Anglo-Hind nirrik); mahdjan, (//V. the great man),

bha,o, rate, a money lender ; merchant,

kharid-farokht, buying and sauddgar, a merchant;

selling; trafficking, trader^

sauda ; mat; chfz, merchan- sauddgari ; tijdrat, /ra</i^.

dize ; goods, dastiiri, discount; allowance
nafa, profit, given by the seller to your

nul^Lsdn ; ghati, loss, servant.

86

hindijstXni as it ought to be spoken.

rdj, the mason,
lobar, the smith,
ndl-band, the farrier,
barha,i, the carpenter,
bdlbar ; hajjdm, the barber,
sondr, the gold, or silver-
smith,
jUti-wdla, the shoe-maker,
mochi, the cobbler^ worker

in leather.
tardzu, a tveighing-tnachine,
bat khara, a weight for ditto,
taul ; wazn, the iveight of a

thing.
taul karna, to weigh.

kapra, cloth,

thdn, a piece ; a web.

namiinah, a pattern ; sample,

resbam, silk.

mal-mal, muslin,

katdn-kapra, linen^ calico,

riiji, cotton,

iln ; pashm, wool,

bdndt, broad-cloth.

fldlen, i^.) flannel.

mdrkin, {i.e , 'American')

calico.
Ianibd,i, length.
cbourd,i, breadth,
motdji, thickness.

VOCABULARY No. XXV.
The Dinner Table.

khdne ki mez, the dining-table.

mez ki chadar, the table-cloth^
also table-cover.

bartan, a plate ; dish,

kbdne ke bartan, the dinner
things. [service.

mewe ke bartan, the dessert-

dilnga, the dish in which a
side-dish or vegetables are
served; a side-dish^ which
servants are fond of calling
also *sai-dis.* (E.)

dis, {E.)the pihe de resistance

sekan or sfkan (/.tf., * second'
E.), the second course,

chhuri, a knife.

kdnta, a fork.

chhuri-kdnta, the knives and
forks.

chammach;chamchah,aj[/^<7<7ff.

dhakna ; sarposh, a cover ; lid.

bdth-boli, (half E.) a finger-
glass.

bdth ka tauliyah, a napkin.

k

hindiJstAni as it ought to be spoken. 87

glAs, (E,) a g/ass ; the glass- pench-kash, a ^(?r^-fr/rze;.

service, kdg, (for E. * cork') a cork,

piydlah, a cup, khildl, a tooth-pick,

pirich, a saucer, pik-dan ; ugdl-ddn, a spittoon.

VOCABULARY No. XXVI.

The Kitchen.

bawarchi-khdnah, the kitchen. fard,i pdn, (E.) the frying-pan,

diQgchx, a copper cooking vessel, sfkh, a spit.

kald,i, the tinning of the same, tandr, an oven.

(has to be done once a chAWiZ.^ a stove ; fire-place fot

month.) cooking.

hdndi, an earthen pot, ko,ila, charcoal ; coals,

ghara, a water-pot, hezam ; lakri, wood ; fuel.

rasil,i, cooking, doli, a hanging meat-safe.

rasil,i ke bartan, the cookifig thdli, a brass plate,

pots. lota, a native brass-vessel for
hdndi-bartan, vessels gener- liquids,

ally, thdii-lota, native brass-vessels
ketli, (E.) the kettle, generally.

VOCABULARY No. XXVIL
The Bed Room.
(See also pages 34 and 94.)

sonQk2i\i2Lmzx2i, the bed-room, hdth-boli, (E.) a washing-
singdr-mez, a dressing-table, basin,

d,f nah, a looking-glass (accent dftdbah, a water-jug ; a ewer.

on first syllable.) sdbun, soap.

1

I

88

HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

briSsh, (E.) a brush.
kanglu, a cotfib.
sdbun-<Un, a soaf-dish.
manjan, tooth powder or

paste,
khush-bu, scent,
bdl ka tel, hair-oiL
palang ; chdrpd,i ; kbdt, a bed,
musahri, musquito-curtains,
chddar, the sheets,
kammal ; kamli, the blankets.

raziji, the guilt,

takiyah ; hdlisb, apilla^v,

ghildf, a cover i I* g slip^ ^.^.,

case for a pillow,
toshak, the mattress,
tab, (E.) a tub.
tauliyah, a towel.
isfanj, a sponge,
tokri, a basket,
jharan, a duster.
jhdru, a broom.

VOCABULARY No. XXVIII.
Games.

anta ; gend ; goli, a ball,
khelne kilakri; thdpi, a bat ;

a cue or the like,
antd-ghar, the billiard room ;

the club.
khel-gdh, the play ground.
gend-gdh, the racquet court,
satar, a line,
rassi, a rope ; string.

jal, a net.

khamba, a post,

kbiinta ; mekh, a peg.

shatranj, chess.

tdsh, cards,

pdse, dice,

takhiah-nard, backgammon.

tenis, lawn-tennis.

polo, polo.

Note,— And so of other games. The English word must be used because
the natives not having the thing, cannot have a name for it.

Exercise No. 31.

Ayah 1 sab chfz taiydr hai ? Ha^ mem sdhibah ? sab durust
hai. Tum kaisi ddmi ho ! kuchh sdbun nahfn hai, aur turn
sab durust' bolti ho. Mera kustir! mu,df kijiye! Tab men

HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 89

pdni hai ? Nahin mem-sahibah ! bihishti aj bimar hai. To
ham kya karenge ? £k ]^uli ko char paise dljiye, to wuh pani
le-awega. Achchha ! achchha ! l^uli ko bula,o — aur sabun,
tauliyah bhitar rakh-do. Darzi bhi nahin aya hai! sab ko,i
aj bfmar hain ! Mem sahibah ! sach bat yih hai, kih aj bara
tamdshah hai ; is liye sab log bimdri ka bahanah karte
hain ; bandi b^zir hai.

Exercise No. 32.
Bring clean sheets for ^ the bed. All the sheets are at ^
the washernrian's ? Since when are they at the washer-
man's ? Since yesterday. Pat all the books on the table,
and clean the book-shelves. See ! how dirty (they) are :
clean (them) with warm water (and) soap ; (and) then rub
(them) with polish. Sometimes snakes come into the
house ; so^ one must always be careful. Scorpions also and
cock-roaches come out of the walls, an«l fleas and bugs
and mosquitoes are everywhere.

ExERcisE No. 33.
Do pahar ke wakt tumhdra bdp ghar men se nikal-aya.
Aijdhere ke wakt phir-gaya. Aj kaun tarikh hai ? Aj jula,i
mahine Id dth tdrikh hai. Hamara badan kainzor hai ;
mede men dard hai. Jfbh dekhla,o. Zard rang ki^ hai ;
daHa zarilr nahin hai : subh ko, shdm ko, ghore par hawa
khdna chahiye. Nahin ! chand roz hii,e, kih main apne
ghore par se gir-para ; bihtar hai, kih dp dawa den.
Achchha ! main ddnga.

Exercise No. 34.

One day, at evening, a fox, having come out of the

jungle, saw grapes in a garden. He said (that; " see there :

^ Ke waste. * Ke p^s, ^ Pas.

* Feminine, because * jibh, * which is feminine, is understood.

90

hindi^stXni as it ought to be spoken.

" certainly these grapes are large and sweet, I shall seize
* some. " But the grapes were on the roof of a house. The
fox began to jump ; but was not able to get up, ^ and could
not lay-hold-of * even one grape. ^ Becoming vexed, he said
(that) " no-doubt you are very sour, " and went away.

VOCABULARY No. XXIX.

The Stable and

istabal, the stable,

thdn, a stall,

sdz, the harness,

rds, the reins,

jot, the traces,

bdg : lagam, a bridle,

dahdnah, a bit,

nuktah, the head-stall,

zanjir, a chain,

dumchi, the crufper (strap).

zfn, a saddle,

zer-band, a martingale,

hallcah, a collar,

peti ; tang, a girth,

briish, (E) a brush,

kharkharah, a curry-comb,

rikdb, a stirrup,

rikdb-diwdl, stirrup-leathers,

kdnta, a spur,

chdbuk, a whip.

Harness-Room.

chauri, a fly flicker,

gdri, the carriage,

thikdgdri, a carriage for hire;
a ^fly ' / a cab,

tam-tam, (E.) a: dog-cart, *

fitan-gdri, (halfE.) a phae-
ton,

band-gdri, a brougham,

bariish-gdri, a barouche,

ghora, a horse,

mddiydn, a mare,

tattu, a pony,

jori, * the pair^ (of horses).

jori-gdri, the carriage ana

pair ready for use,
kampds, (E) the shafts ; a

one-horsed carriage,
nal, a horse-shoe,
ndl-bandi, shoeing a horse.

•* Charhna.

Pakarna.

* Supposed to be the English * tandem. *

' £k angur bhi.

HINDl5^STitNI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

91

khol-bandi, taking off the
shoeSy paring the hoofs
(som) and putting the old
shoes on again,

thaili, a bag,

bdlti, a pail,

rassi ; bdgdor, a rope.

sdz ka ghorar a harness-stand.

mom-raughan, grease; oil;
harness-paste ; polish,

bdrnish, (E.) varnish.

rang, paint,

dinah, grain ; corn.

chand, gram,

ja,i, oats.

jau, barley,

bhilsi, bran.

sattu, a kind of flour ^ given

in water to horses when

tired^ &*c.
ghas, grass.
dub-ghds, a kind of grass

which is best for horses.
namak, salt,
bichhauna, bedding.
bichdli straw.

VOCABULARY No. XXX.
Articles of Food.

shorbah, (z/^/^. sdrwah) soup,
machhli, fish,
sdman-machhli, salmon.
chingri, shrimps,
gosht,' meat of all kinds,
katlis, (E.) cutlets,
mfnch, mince.

istew, (pronounce as in Eng-
lish, with-short * i ' before,)
stew.

airan-i-stew, Irish-stew.

frikasi, fricassee,

dspik, aspec,

murghi, a fowl ; fowls.

^ In English houses, the servants distinguish ' bif-gosht,* ' matan-
gosht,* &c. The parts of an animal, as used at table, are also gen-
erally called by the English names ; as, * hed,' * sholdar,' * leg,' * fore-
kdrtar; * 'sedli* {saddle^) *chdp,' {chop,) • istek * (j/tftfy&), &c. Many
English people drop the ' t' of gosht,' and so reach a word which
means 'an ear.' But the servants come to know what is meant.

92

hindijstXni as it ought to be spoken.

murghi-rost, (half E.) roast-
fowl.

murgh»-boil, (half E.) boiled-
fowl,

murghi-katlis, chicken-cutlets,

kdri, curry,

bhdt, cooked rice,

kdri-bhdt, curry and rice,

\i\i\^o^fowl cooked with rice
and condiments,

sassich, (E.) sausage,

pdtis, (J^.) potted meat,

anda, an egg.

ham, (E.) (pronounce as
English, * hem ') ham,

bekanj, bacon.

anda-bekam, ham and egg,

koftah, rissole,

piiding, {1^,) pudding.

panir, cheese.

rod, bread.

rol, (E.) dinner rolls,

tost, (E.) toast,

makkhan, butter,

chapdti, a scone,

kulchah ; *kek,' (E.) cake,

biskit, (E.) biscuit,

murabba ; \im^i^,)jam; jelly,

jeli,(E.) jelly ^ as taken with

mutton, &c., or as ^a jelly, ^
barf, {vulg,^ baraf) ice ; an

ice.

VOCABULARY No. XXXI.

Condiments.

masdlah, spices^ generally, wildyati^ tei, olive oil,

namak, salt, adrak, green ginger^ used also
rdji, mustard, to m^^n preserved ginger,

mircha {vulg, *mirich') pepper, sonth, dry ginger,

gol-mirch, black pepper, haldi, turmeric,

lal-mircha, cayenne-pepper, lahsan, garlic,

sirkah, vinegar, parsli, parsley,

sds, (E.) sauce, pudfnah, mint.

^ *WiIayatr means foreign ; especially, European^ or English, It
is the *belatee,' or *bilatty' of Anglo- Hindustani.

HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 93

chilli,^ chillies.

chatni, chutnee,

mitha,i, sweets, also, ^the

dessert.'
chfni ; shakar, sugar.

rnisri, cry si aased sugar.

tambaku, tobacco.
churut, (E.) <i cigar.
sigaret, (E.) a cigarette.

VOCABULARY No. XXXII.

Vegetables.

tarkari ; sabzi, vegetables, gen- sag, spinach; ^ sdg.'

erally.
dlu, potatoes.
matar, peas.
bora, a bean.
mdli, radish.
kobi, cabbage.
phiil kobi, caulifloiver.

shalgham, turnips.
gdjar; gajrah, carrots^
piydz, onions.
tamdtu, tomatoes.
hatichok, (E.) artichokes.
saldd, (E.) lettuce ; salad.
silari, (E.) celety.

Note — Many other vegetables are also used, and called by their native
names, some having no English equivalent. Among tl^ese are,
* kaddoo,' palwal,* * bhindi,* * brinjal' or * baigan,' * kachhu* (/^r«-
saiem ariichohe), &c., &c. Your ^mdli ' will point them out to you.

mewah, yW/// generally.
dm, a mango.
amrdd, guava.
anar, a pomegranate.

VOCABULARY No. XXXIII.

Fruit.

angiir, a grape ; grapes.
anjfr, a fig.
biddm, almonds.
bel, the * bei; fruit.

I V

Not a Hindustani word.

94

hindiJstIni as it ought to be spoken.

kathal, the jack fruit,
kela, plantains,
khajilr, dates,
kharbiizah, melon,
kishmish, raisins,
imli, tamarind,
jauz, a nut ; nuts,
lemu, or laimiin, a lemon,
lichi, the leechee.

naranui, an orange,
naryal, the cocoa-nut,
pistah, pistachio nuts,
seb, an apple,
shaft-alu, a peach,
sharifah, a custard-apple,
strabari, (E.) strawberries,
tipdri, cape gooseberries,
khdbani, apricots.

Note. — In *anuur' the * ng ' has not a nasal sound. Pronounce as
if the syllables were separate, * an-gur. ' You will not find on
European tables in India many more fiuits than those given above.
You may add ^paniah ' also anannas, pine-apple.

Wine and Drinks.

See page 34. Wines on English tables are called by their
English names, (generally more or less altered,) followed by
the word * shardb,' wine. * Claret' is generally called * lal
sharab.' Sometimes * kalarat' (without * shardb' added.)

VOCABULARY No. XXXIV.

barf-pdni, iced-water,
wildyati-pdni, soda-water,
mitha pani {sweet water),

lemonade,
tita pdni, bitter, i.e,, tonic

cha,e, tea,

kafi ; (E.); kahwah, coffee.

koko, (E.) coco,

diidh, milk,

mald,i, cream.

water.

Exercise No. 35.

Ek ddmi ke ghar men, ek sau nipiye, chori se, gum-ho-
ga,e the. Us-ne \i.z\ ko khabar di. Kdzi-ne sab naukaron
ko talab karke, ek ek ddmi-ko ek lakrii ndp men barabar,

HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 95

di ; aur kaha kih, *^ jo admi chor hai, us ki lakri ek ungli
barh-ja,egi." Tab sabhon-ko rukhsat di. Rit ke waljit,
chor-ne, apni lakri se, ek ungli kdt dali ; is taur se, kdzi-ne
chor pahchdna, us-se riipiye liye, aur saza di.

Exercise No. 36.
One man asked another, *you, on the sea have often
made journeys : say, what^ wonderful-things^ have you
seen ? He gave answer : * Than all,^ this is wonderful,^
that I, at the shore^ arrived in safety.

VOCABULARY No. XXXV.

(See also pages 34 and 87.)

The Toilet and its Accessories.

kapra ; kapre, clothes gene- kamar-band, a waist-band ;

rally, belt,

khdne ka kapra, dress clothes, belat (E.) a belt,

topi, a hat. moze, boots ; but used in

chhoti topi, a cap, English houses to mean

solah* topi, a pith hat. socks ; stockings,

pagri, a cloth head-dress ; a but (E.) boots,

turban ; also linen^ or silk, jiiti, or jiita, a shoe, [slipper,

bound round a *topi.' silpat or slipat (E.); pdposh,fl

kdlar, (E.) a collar, dastdnah, gloves,

gala- band, or gulu-band, a riimdl, a pocket-handkerchief,

neck-tie ; neck-scarf. resham ka riimdl, a silk ditto,

1 *Kya kya ;" doubling the pronoun gives the idea of number.

2 Wonderful things ; wonders, *aja,ib.'
' See page 74, section 8,

* *ajubah.'

^ Not derived from sol, solis, the sun.

96

hindijstXni as it ought to be spoken.

lahadah, a cloak,
kurli, a coat,

bdrdni-kurii, ' a great coat,
barsdti-kapra, waterproofs,
frdk, (E.) ; dares, (E.) a

ladys dress.
frak-kot, (E.) a frock-coat,
ddman, the skirt,
dstin, a sleeve,
waskat, (E.) <i waistcoat,
patliin, (E.) troivsers,
brichis, (E.) breeches,
gdlis, braces.
piti-kot, (F!,) a petticoat.
l^aiuis, a shirt ; chemise.
sul-dardz, drawers,
bani,en, an under-flannel shirt.
rit ka kapra, night dress ;

night things, S^pyj amahs, ^
pd-e-jamah, night drawers ;
rdt ki kurti, a short night-coat.
rdt ki kamis, a night-shirt.
baroch, (E.) a brooch.

augilthi, a ring.
sone ki angtithi, a gold ring,*
istad, (E.)* a stud ; studs,
pfn, (K.) a pin.
biiish, (E.) a brush,
bdl ka brtish, a hair-brush,
kapre ka brdsh, a clothes-
brush.
ddnt ka briish, a tooth-brush.
kanglii, a comb,
kainchi, scissors.
kalam-tardsh, a penknife.
Slit, thread ; string,
fitah, tape; shoe-lace; boot-
lace,
si1,i, a needle,

sd,i-tdga, a needle-and-thread.
sdbun, soap,

sdbun-ddn, the soap-dish.
isfanj, a sponge.
manjan, dentifrice.
bdl ka tel, hair-oil
khush-bii, jrf«/.

* Gentlemen generally call this their *brandy-kurti.* On the contrary,
it is derived from the Persian *baran,* which means ratn.

2 And so of other met;il or gem rings; use * ki* before 'a^igtithi.*
The principal jgems are : — Almas ; hira, diamond. Zamurrad ; panna,
emerald. Yakiit, ruby, Firozah, or pirozah, turquoise. Lahsuniya,
cat*s-eye. Diidhiya-patther, opal (from diidh, wilk). Moti, apearl.

* Uneducated natives require a preliminary * f,* to help them to
pronounce a word beginning with an *s,* followed by another con-
sonant. Another common word is, *istrlt,* street: and there are
many others.

t

k

hindfjstani as it ought to be spoken.

The Army.

97

English titles of rank, of course somewhat altered, are
used, followed by the word *sdhil).' The principal are : —
jarnail sdhib (the General)^ karnail sdhib, mejar sdhib,
kaptdn sdhib, sarjan sahib (the sergeant). Native officers
are called tlie siibadar sahib, hawaldar sahib, jamadar sdhib,
&c., though it is to be feared that * sdhib' is not always
used to native officers.

VOCABULARY No. XXXVL

fauj ; lashkar, the army,

paltan, a regiment.

gore ki paltan, a European
regiment.

sawdr, a horse-soldier.

sipdhi, afoot-soldier; a ^sepoy.^

bdja, the band. \standard.

jhanda ; nishdn, a flag ; the

dera, a tent.

dera karna, to eficamp.

ktich karna, to march.

chhauni ; ld,ins (E.); the bar-
racks ; the lines.

jang; lard,i, war.
roz-i-maiddn, the day of the

plain, i,e. of battle.
saff-i-jang, battle order.
lard,i; hamla; mul^dbalah,
• battle; attack; onset.

sdmdn-i-janc:, equipments of

war.
zarb, a stand of arms.
top, a cannon.
bandiilj:, a gum; musket.
talwdr ; shamsher, a sword.
ballam ; barchhi, a spear.
taghmah ; urdi,' a uniform.
goli, a ball ; bullet,
top ki goli, a cannon-ball.
tonta ; kdrtiis (cartouche), a

cartridge.
bdriit, powder.
chharra, shot.

mdrtaul, a hammer.

kuddl ; kuddli, a spade ;

pickaxe.
tdnga, an axe.
xzs,zA'^ forage ; provinder.

^ Not Hindustani ; but in common use.

T., H.

98 HINDUSTiNI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

£X£RCI$£ No. 37.

Nal^l hai kih barsdt ke mausim men, ek d^t aur ek gadha
sath sdth safar-ko ga,e the. Darmiydn rdh ke, unhon-ko ek
naddi mili. Pahle d^t pdni men paitha ; gadha kindre par
pfchhe raha. Unt-ne kaha, * Are ! dost*! kyd^ nahfn dte
ho ? pdni thora hal' Us-ne jawab diya, * albattah pdni
sirf tumhdre pet tak hai, lekin mere kdn tak hoga, maia
diib-jd,dnga, dge jd,iye, mujh-ko mu,af kijiye.'

Exercise No. 38.
A miser said to a rich man, ' Oh ! friend ! I am going
* on (ko) a journey ; give me your ring ; seeing (it) on my
•finger, I shall keep remembrance* of (se) you.' The
rich man said, * When you see your finger bare, you can
remember' me.* He did not give the ring.

VOCABULARY No. XXXVII.

The Telegraph and Post Office.

tar (wire)f the telegraph. ddk-ghar, the post-office,

tar-ghar, tht telegraph-office, chitthi-ddk, the letter-post.

tar ki khabar, ^r chitthi, a bahangi-ddk, the parcel post ;

telegram. (Anglo-Hind. . * bdnghi

faram (E.), a telegraph (or dawk.')

any other) 'form: mabsiil, postage.

ddk ; tappdl,* t lie post. ddk-tikat, a postage-stamp.

ddk-munshi, the postmaster. chitthi ddk men dena, or^

dak-wdla, the postman, [ner. ddlna, or, rakhna, to post

ddk piyadah,3 the postal-tun- a letter.

^ Yad-rakhna. ' Not used in Lower Bengal.

^ There is a word pi,an,' generally spelt * peon,' in very commoa
use for a * messenger ' of any kind. The natives think the word is
English ; Englishmen think that it is Hindustani.

HINDI^STiNI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 99

VOCABULARY No. XXXVIII.

Miscellaneous.

dram, comfort, kim, any business^ or work ■;

jawabi an answer, use.

jawdb dena, to answer ; dis- yih Ids kam ka hai, of what

miss, use is this ?

chitthi ; khatt, a letter; a note^, parwdh, importance ; ^matter,'

(Anglo-Hind, a * chit.') kuchh parwdh nahfn, ifs no

ndm, a name, matter ; * donU trouble

sust, lazy ; out of sorts, about it' (The * kuch-par-

bu, a smell, wanny' of Anglo-Hind.)

khush-bu, a nice smell ; scent, parwanah, a written order of

bad-bu, a nasty smell, command,

tab, or tap ; bukhdr, fever, kya kya, what {various)

tnuhri, a drain, things ; what sorts of,*?

Idkh ; Idh, sealing-wax, nazdfki, neighbourhood,

Iti'i, paste, roihrbani kar-ke (lit, doing

ndshtah* ; hdziri, breakfast, the kindness)^ * have the

tifin, lunch, kindness^' * goodness^ dr'<*

rokna; thdmna, to stop. mu,df kfjiye, means either

(trans, y ^ (seriously),' pardon me^ or

IshaTSL-rahnsi, to stop (intr.) . (courteously),' pray /excuse

chalna ; chaldna ; dge bar- me,' '/ beg your pardon,'

• hdna, to go on, ^h^^ . Bahddur : Khdn Ba-

shikAr, hunting; sport /game, hddur, native titles^ best

shikdr-karna, to hunt ; shoot, left untranslated,

&'c. waghairah, et cetera,

shikdri, a hunter, i2i\^x, finis.

^Not used in Lower Bengal.

too HINDt^ST^NI AS IX OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

Exercise No. 39.

Apni ma ke wdste drdm-kursi bardmde men rakh-do. Rdt
andheri hai, lamp bibar lejdna hoga. Achchha ! lejd,o. Yih
chithi jarnail sdbib ke pds le-jd-kar, jawdb ld,o. Hamdra
s£,fs bahut hoshyir hai : Aj shdm ko, hamdra ghora bhdga-
jdta tha ; usne, ek baghal se daurkar, lagdm-ko pakar-kar,
ghore-ko roka ; is-tarah ham bach-gaye.

Bdlu par ek bhdl chalta hai ; buzilr ke i\bi\ se, bandah
mdr-ddlega : to^ta-dfjiye.

Lard,i ke wal^t, ri,dya khush nahfn hain. Lashkar sab
ddmi,OD, sab chfzo9 ka mdlik hota hai ; bahut zulm karta
hai : khet ki fasl Idt le-jdta hai ; aur ddmi o aurat-ko,
bojhe uthdne ke wdste , zor se, chhfn-leta hai ; wd,e ! wd,e !

Yih chitthi d£k men rakh-do. Sdhib ! tikat nahfn hai.
Durust ! ham bhdl ga,e ; tikat ]agd-do, aur jald dauro !
paune pdijich baje ddk band hogi ; aur suno ! hamare
wdste, chdr tikat, chdr chdr dne ki, mol-lo. Fa]^t.

Exercise No. 40.

We shall go (gut) shooting to-day. What sort of game'
are there hereabouts ?" Tiger, leopard, and wild-pig. Any
water-fowl ? Yes ! duck ; and there 's also snipe. We shall
have to ride two kos. No matter ! it is the cold season.
Yes ! but the sun is hot at noon. We have solah-topfs !
That's true. Wait a little ! my gun is not clean.

When shall we be back ? At seven in the evening.
But what will the ladies do ? They can play lawn-tennis
with each other.3 That won't suit* my wife, — we must be
back by 3. All right ! we '11 come back together.
Khuda saldmat rakhe. Amfn.

May God preserve you I Amen I

■

^ Sbikir. * In this neighbourhood. ' Among themselves.

* Be agreeable

APPENDICES.

I.

Numerals from 21 to 100.

IL

Relative and Co-relative Words.

III.
A List of Feminine Words in various final letters.

fl

Appendix No. i.

Showing the Ordinal Numerals from 21 to 100.

(See page 64.)

From 21 to 30.
ikkis. ..ba'is... te, is. . .chaubis...pachfs. . .chhabbfs. . .sata,is . . .
athd,is...»un,tfs...tfs.

From 31 to 40.

iktis . . . battis ... tetfs . . .chautis . . . paintfs . . .chhattfs. . .saintis. ..
artis...untdHs...chdh's.

From 41 to 50.

iktih's ... be,dh's . . . tetdlfs . . . chau,dh's . . . pai^tdlis. . .chhf,aHs. . .
saintdh's...arhtdlfs...unchas...pacbds.

From 51 to 60.

ikdwan. . .bdwan . tirpan . . . chauwan . . . pachpan . . . chhappan
santdwan...anthawan...unsath...sdth.

From 61 to 70.
iksath...bdsath...tirsath .. chausath ...painsath...chhi,asath
sarsath...arsath. . .unhattar. . .sattar.

• • • •

From 71 to 80."
ikhattar ... bahattar .. tihattar ... chauhattar ... pachhattar...
chhihattar . . . sathattar . . .athatter . . . undsi . . . assi.

From 81 to 90.
ikisi ... be,dsi ... tirdsi ... chaurasi ... pachdsi ... chhi,asi ...
satdsi. . .athdsi. . .nau,dsi.. .nauwe.

From 91 to 100.
ikdnawe ... bdnawe...tiranawe...chaurdnawe.**pachdnawe...
chhi,dnawe...santdnawe...anthdnawe...nindnawe ...sau, or
sai.

104 HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

Appendix No. II.

Showing a list of Relative and Co-relative wiords, the
latter to be used in Hincidsidni, even though not required
in English.

agar ; jo, ifi to, then.

agarchi, although, tau-bhi, even then ; still,

jab, liihen. tab ; to, then,

jab-tak (pr^ talak), //// when, tab-tak {pr^ talak), till then,

jahdn, where ; wherever, tahdii, there,

jahan-tak, however for ; up tahan-tak, to far ; up to

to where,, there,

jaisa, as. taisa ; waisa, so,

jaun, whoever; ivhatever, taun : wuh, he ; she ; that,

jidhar, whithersoever. tidhar, thither,

jis-kadar, in whatever degree, us-kadar, in that degree,

jis-wakt, at what time; when, us vidiVXy at that time ; then,

jitna, or^ jetna, as fnuch as ; itna, or utna, so much ; so

as many as many.

}0f tf. - to, then. • [these,

jo ; jo-ko,i, who ; whoe'qer, ; wuh, he^ she ; that ; we, they;

^o-kuchh y tv^atever. sOy that.

E)tAMPLE.

** Jidhar dp ja,engi, tidhar bandi bhi ji,egi ; jahdn dp
rahengi, tahd^ bandi bhi rahegi. Jo log dp ke hain, we
bandi ke honge ; jo Khuda dp ka ho, wuh mera bhi hoga."

r

hindiSstAni as it ought to be spoken. 105

Appkndix No. III.

Giving a few common words, in various final letters,
which are feminine in gender,
dg, fire.

aljil, sense ; intelligence.
dnkh, an eye,
dstin, a sleeve,
dwdz, the voice ; a cry,

bandill^, a musket ; a gun.
bat, word; news ; affair,
bhiikh, hunger,
bu, smell,

chddar, a sheet,

chdl, one's conduct^ habits^ &'c.

chaukath, the frame of a
door,

chhappar, a toof; a thatch,

chilam, the part of a native pipe
(hul^l^ah) in which the fire
and the tobacco are placed.

dastdr, head-dress,

dawa, medicine,

dhdl, a shield; target,

dfwar, a wall,

dohar, a double-woven cot ton -

cloth,
du,a, benediction,
dunya, the world; universe.
dum, a tail,
^2ir,fear,

guft-o-gu, conversation.
bawa, air,

haya, modesty ; shame,

iba, a cloak,
i^t, a brick,

jibli, the tongue,

kitab, a book,

kiwir, a door; ^<ite ; en-
trance,
kamis, a shirt ; chemise,
khabar, news ; tidings,
khdk, earth,
khuidk, food ; victuals,

mez, a table,

misl, a file of papers,

nakl, a story ; a copy of a

writing, &*c,
namdz, prayer ; prayers.
nok, a point (e.g. of a stick).

palak, an eye-lid,
pal tan, a regiment,
pith, the back,
pixds, thirst,
poshak, dress,

rdh, a road.

I06 HINDdST^NI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

sarak, the high way,
saza, punishment
shardb, wine.
sharm, modesty ; shame,
shakl, shape ; form,

\.zzxiU praising ; praise,

taawfz, recourse to God ; an

amulet,

tahrir, a written statement,

tahsfl, collection of dues,

tdl^, a niche,

taljirfr, recital ; narration,
ta^sfm, division into shares,

taksfr, fault ; crime.

tdldb, a reservoir ; a tank,

talwdr, a sword,

taswfr, a picture,

tajwfz, investigation ; trial,

tfr, an arrow,

toshak, a mattress ; bedding,

tiifdn, a storm ; Hyphoon.^

ummed, hope,

umr, age^ i.e., period of life,

zabdn, the tongue; a language.
zamfn, land ; the ground,
zanjir, a chain.

zulf, curly hair.

A HINDUSTANI READER.

CONTENTS.

Page.
(y&dhsi 2iUT Shei 9 {Thg Ass and the Lion) ... ... 109

2. Murgh skUT Moii, (The Cock and ihe Pearl) ... ... 1 10

3. ViWe Siur G&dhsif (The Puppies and the Ass) ... ..ill

4. Sing ysL Tasigenf (fforns or Le^s) ... ... ... in

5. Buddhsi NsLviksiTf {The Old Servant') ... ... ...112

6. Kauwa, Akhrot aur Gilehri, (^The Crow, the Walnut and

the Squirrel) ... ... ... ... 113

7. Sher, Jangal ka Badshdh, ( The Lion^ the King of the

8. Bheriya aur Saras, (The Wolf and The Crane).,, ••• 115

9. Saudagaran aur Faujdar Sdhib, {The Merchants and The

Captain) ... ... ... ... ... 116

10. Maut Joru aur Ga,e ki, {^The Death of one^s Wtfe, and

one^s Cow) ... ... ... ... ... 117

11. ^Insii 'KiixndiHogz.,'' {yustice must be done) ... ... 118

12. Kachhua aur Khargosb, Bab Auwal, {The Tortoise and

The Hare ^ First Chapter) ... ... ... 119

13. Kachhua aur Khargosh, Bdb Doyam, {The Tortoise and

The Hare^ Second Chapter) ... ... ... 120

14. Khurshidi Begam, {A lady's name^ First Extract) ... 122

15. Khurshidi Begam, (.S^r^m/ iS'^r/rar/) ... ... ... 114

Note.

The following Extracts have been taken from several modern sources,
so as to give the student good samples of Hindustdni as written and
spoken at the present day. The modern style of composition is less
ornate than the older style, at least, when the subject in hand is of a
non-poetic kind. English words for which there are no vernacular equi-
valents are freely used ; and the Relative Pronoun is not unfrequently
found following its antecedent as in English, «.^., 'idmijo,' instead
of *jo idmi ..wuh.'

As regards further exercise in writing Hindustani, the student cannot
do better than translate these stories into English, and after some time,
retranslate them into Hindustani.

It only remains for the author to acknowledge the kindness of those
gentlemen who have allowed him to make Extracts from their several
Works.

A HINDUSTANI READER.

I. Gadha aur Sher.

Kisi gadhe-ko, barsdt ke mausim men, charne ke waste,
Mgh ki tar o tdzah ghds mill ; aur pine-ko,' chashme ka sdf
aur thanda aur mftha pdni muyassar dya. Gadha, khd-pl-
kar,'-khdb mota hil,a. Usi nawdh men, ek sher bhi rahta-
tha. Ek din, gadha sher ke sdth khush-tabd,i karne laga.
Sher-ne, nd-khush ho-kar, da^t dikhd,e. Gadhe-ne, usko
hansi samajh-kar3, aur ziyddah^ chher-chhdr shuruki.s Sher-ne
kaha : — ' agar yih gustdkhi, jo^ tu karta hai, a^l ke sdth hoti,7

' ^Vine-VOf for drinking,

* 'Kbd-pikar/ i.^., 'khd-kar, pi-kar/ having eaten and drunken,
' • Understanding laughter,* i.e,, taking it for laughter,

^ ' Aur ziyddah,' transl., still further,

^ Remember that ' ki ' may be the fern. : sing, past tense, or past part,
of • karna,' as well as the fem. of * ka,' * ke,* • ki.*

* Relative here follows antecedent, as in English ; contrary to the
ordinary mle.

' ' Agar. — akl-ke sath hoti,* trans!., if,.,werealong-v/ith, i.e., accom-
panied with, sense, or, understanding.

no HINDliSTlNI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

to main tujh-ko zardr saza deta; magar, mujhko, teri
be-wul^ilfi par, rabm dta hai.''

HXsiL : — Bare log, ahma|^09 ki bdto^ par, khiydl
nahfn karte.^

2. MURgg AUR MOTI.

£k murgh, bhiikh-se be-tdb ho-kar, ddne ki just-o-ju men
kdre ke ambdr ko' kured-raha tha. Bahut der ke bdd,
ndgdh, ek besh-l^f mat moti nikla. Moti-ko dekh-kar, murgh-
ne, bari b^srat ke sdth, kaha : — ' Afsos I itni jdnkani ke bdd,
mujh-ko mila bhi to^ moti — jis-se na mere dil-ko tashaffi ho
sakti hai, o na meri bhdkh-ko taskfn. Yih moti agar kisi
jauhari ya daulatmand-ko milta, to, is ki ^adar karta, aur
is-ko azfz-rakhta ; lekin, mere liye, aise zor ki bhilkh men,5
jo,dr ya chane ka ek ddnah, is-se,^ kahfn bihtar tha.'

HisiL : — Numdjish aur drd,ish ki chizeQ, zindagdni
ki asli zardraton men, kdm nahfn dtfQ.7

^ * Mujh-ko...rahin ata,' to nu comes compassion^ i.e., / have com-
passion en thy<i 6r»f .

2 *Khiyal karna ' is a verb which ha^ to be translated according to the
context. The idea is the cution of the mind in connection with any
subject. Here you may transl. ^ does not cUtcuh importance to.* In other
connections, it may mean * to remember;* or, — with • nahin,' ^to forget;*
and so on. ••Khiy^l" is one's ^ knowledge^ ^idea^ * notion^* on any
subject.

8 *At,* or, 'in:

^ Indicates a unit ; also here contempt. * Mujh-ko mili bhi to moti,'
* to me has'come-to hand this thing called a pear ;* or * this wretched

pearV

* Aise zor ki bhukh men, • in hunger of such forced

« * Than this* (pearl).

7 • Ati^ ' (for ^ti hai^ ') 3rd pers. plur. pres. indie, feminine of
*ana ; * transl, • Things of appearance and ornament — in life*s real
necessities — are of no use,* The agreement is *chizen atin (hain).
See page 10, section 6.

HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. Ill

3. PiLLE AUR GaDHA.

£k kisan ke ghar-men ek gadha tha, aur ek kutiya bhi
pdli hii,i thi. Kutiya-ne bachche diye. Jab bachche bare hti,e,
tokhilb khdb kheldr,i,dn karte, aur uchhalte, kddte; o kisdn
in bachhoQ ki piydri piydri harkate9 dekhkar, bahut khush
hoia,* aur un-ko, apne hdth-se roti khildta,* aur chumkirta.'
Gadhe-ne dil men socha, kih ' in pillo^ ki nisbat,^ main
bahut kdm karta hiin ; magar hamdra mdlik in-par ziyddah
mihrbdni karta hai ; ld,o ! 3 mai^ bhi pillon ki tara]!>^ kildd-
kardn, td-kih mdlik mujhe bhi azfz-rakhe.'

Yih soch-kar, gadha,ek din, be-tarab dolatti,dn jhdrne laga.

Kisdn-ne pahle, to, gumdn kiya, kih 'shdyad makkhiya^ ya

machchhar is-ko satdte hain ;' magar dkhir-ko maalilm,hd,a,

kih sirf shardrat-se kiidta hai. Tab, to, kisdn-ne gadhe ki pf^h

men pdnch, chdr dande aise zor-se lagd,e, kih ilchhal kiid

sab bhill-gaya.

HisiL: — Be-samajhe-btijhe5 kisi ki ris karna zarilr

khardbi Idta hai.

4. Sing ya TIngen.

Ek bdrah-singene chashmah-^-db men apna aks dekha ;

to, apne sf^go^ ki shdn-o-khdbsilrati dekhkar, bahut khush

hil,a ; lekin jab us-ki nazar, patli patli^ tdngon par, pari, to

kahne laga : — ' kih khuda-ne roujh-ko we bad-shakl, tdngen

* • Would become^ S'cJ See page 17, section 16, ii.

* • As compared with these pups, "*

^ As interj. • Take it so.' * So be it:

* Ace. of manner. *^ After the manner of pvppies^ or, * as the
puppies do,*

* Be-samajhe-bujhe, * without considering (and) understanding;
* heedlessly ; ' • ivithout thought,*

* Doubling the adj. gives greater force.

112 HINDdSTiNX AS IT OUGHT TO BK SPOKEN.

kyti^ bakhshi hai^, jo^ mere singon ki khdbsiirati-ko bhi
aib lagdti hai^.' Yih dil me^ socb-kar raha tba ; kib^ itne
men. ko,i sbikdri d-pabu^cba. Bdrah-singa aisa tez bhiga,
kib sbikdri-ko uski bdtb-dne ki ummed narabi; lekin, tbori
ddr jd-kar, jangalki jbdri me^, sing atak-ga,e, aur pakra gaya.
Tab kabne laga, ' Hd,e ! meri bad-a]^li ! siQgon se mai^
kbusb tba : we meri haldkat ka sabab bil,e bain ; aur tdngon-
ko mai^ bura-jdnta tba, unbo^-nes mujbe, maut-se bacbdne
mei;L kuchb kami nahf^ ki.''^

HisiL : — Jo cblz wal^t par* kdm-ane-wdii bo, is-ko
azfz-rakbna cbdbiye, go-kih kbusb-numa na bo.^

5. Buddha Naukar.
£k sbakbs ke pds bara zabardast sbikdri kutta tba. Har
roz apne d^a ke waste shikdr Idta ; aur mdlik bbi us kutte-
ko babut azfz-rakbta tba. Akhir-ko,wub kutta buddhabd,a;
daurne ki tdljat bdki na rabi; ba-sar, zauf ke sabab-se,^ ddr ki
cbfz nabfn dekb-saka tba. Gharaz, shikdr-karne-se, sab tarah
maaziil bo-gay a. Aisi b^lat men, mdlik-ne bhi nazar-i-iltifdt
kam kar-di. Rdiib maukiif bd,a. Akhir-ko, gbar se babar
nikdl-diya. Jab kutta rukbsat bone^ laga, to, ro-kar, mdlik-
se^ arz ki, kib, * mai^-ne,9 jawani, dp-par nisdr ki ; barason

1 Refers to * tangen ; * transl.— wAiVA, or,/<?r they,
« So that,

* I'heyy i.e., the legs.

* Opportunely,

* A relative clause *jo...is-ko' transl., what thing — opportunely — a
service-bringing one may be — THAT to esteem — is proper^ although^ di*c

* • Ba-sar, zauf ke sabab se, ' at last (be-sar}» by reason of debility,
' • Rukhsat-hona,' to take leave ; depart.

* Observe, the prep, same as with puchhnd. See page 51, v.
. • Ace. of lime ; no prep.

HIND^SXiNI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. II3

se' shikdr ki just-o-ju men daura, aur bahut zakhm khd,e ;
lekin, kya ! is khud-gharaz dunya ka yihi dastdr hai, kih, ab
main Idchdr hiln,^ to, mere rahnetak3ka, ko,irawdddrnahin
hai ; ^ aur meri picbhli khidmaten sab akdrat haip.'

HisiL : — Buddhe naukar,5 jin-se*^ kdm nahfn ho-

sakta, un-ke pichhle hul^ilk-ko bhdl-jdna7 bari nd-ihsdn-

mandi hai.

6. Kauwa, Akhrot aur Gilehri.

Ek kauwa akhrot-ko chonch-se tor-raha tha ; magar
akhrot par kuchh asar nahin hota tha. Gilehri-ne dekha, aur
kauwe-se kaha : — * Kyii^ itni zal^mat uthdta^ hai* ? Kauwe-
ne kaha : — * mai^-ne suna hai, kih akhrot bahut maze ki
chfz hai ; aur jab Khuda-ne, is sakhti ke sdth, is-ko band-
kiya hai, zanlr is ke andar,9 kuchh bari niimat hogi ; so,
main — jis-taral? ban-parega*° — is-ko tor-kar rahilnga.'

Gilehri-ne kaha : — * Mai^ ek dsdn tadbfr batd,iln ; akhrot-
ko, bari diir, hawa meii lipar le-jdkar, patthar ki samne-wali
chatdn par" — chhor-de; girne ke sadme se, khud pdsh-pdsh
ho-jd,ega.'

' Since, transl., ^ for years back,''

'^^ Now {thai) lam helpless,^ or, * useless,^

• * Up to the point of my remaining,"*

*. Transl. : there is no consenter of ( Kng. to) even my remaining.
. ^ There is no verb to this Plur. Nom. It is left standing, and referred
back-to by * un-lce'; as We might say. * This man, why, he^s a fool.'

• Oblique form of plur. of *jo.'
' Verbal Noun.

8 • Uthina ' and * khdna ' are often used regarding mental feelings
or sufferings.

• * // must be that inside it.^

*• *In whatever way it may be practicable? j

" * On an opposite slab of stone,'

T., H. 8

114 HINDdST^NI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

Kauwe-ne aisa hi kiya ; lekin^ niche utar-kar, kya dekhta
hai ? Kih wdl^e me^ akhrot to pdshpish ho-»aya, magar
tnaghz' gilehri le-kar chal-di ; sirf chhilke chhor-ga,i.

9isiL : — Khud-yharaz ddmi, jo' saidh deta hai, us
nien3 kuchh-na-kuchh apna fd,idah zardr soch-leta hai>

7. Shek, Jangal ka BXdshXh.

Sher aur rfchh aur chfta aiir bheriya, chdro9^ shikdr ki
just-o-ju men the ; sab-ne sald^ kf^ : — * d,o, darya-kindre
men shikdr karep ; jo shikdr 7 milega, chdro9 bardbar bi^se
bd9t-le9ge.' — Ittifdl^n, nfl-gd,o-ko mdra; aur, ba-mdjib ahd o
paimdn ke, bardbar chdr bisse kiye ! I^rfb tha, kih har ek
apna apna^ bissah le •? itne men, sher, lapak-kar, bola : —
' $uno, bhdH 1 yih ek bissah, to,ba-mtijib ^ul-o-|^aiar-ke>
mera hai ; aur dusre bisse ka main is wdste ddwfddr hd^,
kih main jangal ka bddshdh hdn, kahln shikdr ho, mujh-ko
chahdrum, ba-taur khirdj ke, miltahai ; aur tfsra hissah ms^in
is wajah-se ldaga,kih us me9 dil aur jigar hai, jis-ko'° turn

' Ace. governed by * le-kar.'

' Instance of the Relative Pronoun used as in English.

' Namely, in his advice.

* • Admi * is Nom. to * soch-leta-hai ' {takes thought far ; considers).

• FA,idah.* is the Acq. after this verb : or it may l>e looked on as an

* ace. absolute ; ' and translated, takes thought regardinf, or, for his
awn advantage,

* The plural form of • chir/ transl., *a///our.*

* Fern, past part, of ' karna '
' * Hamoi;^ko,' understood.

' Doubled to express ' distribution.*
'3rd pers. sing. subj. of ' lena.'
*• • Regarding ivhiM

hindi^stXni as it ought to be spoken. 115

jdnte ho» kih meri ghiza hai ; raha^ chautha tiissah ; so* main
nah{9 jdnta, turn tfnon meii, us-ko kyilpkar ta^sfm kartl^ ;'
is-se^ bihtar hai, kih us-ko bhi apne hi sarf men id,iln.' Yih
kah-kar. sher, ch£ro9 hisse chat-kar, gaya ; aur sab ke sab,
mu9h dekhte ke dekhte,^ rah-ga,e.

HlsiL : — Zabardast ke sdth sdjha karne meQ, hame*
shah nuksdn hota,

8. Bheriya aur SAras.

Ek bhe^iye ke gale me9 ittifd^-se haddi atak ga,i. Har-
chand khd9si aur bahuteri ubkd,i,dn lin,^ magar haddi na
nikli ; par^ na nikli. Majbilr hokar, sdras ke pds gaya aur
kaha : — kih 'ydr ! ham turn dono9^ ek jangal me9 rahte hain ;
is wa^t bal^M- hamsayah^ ada karo ; mere balak men haddi
atak ga,i hai, aur jdn par bani hai ;^'' mihrbdni kar-ke, apni
Iambi gardan-se is-ko nikdl-lo, aur yih kdm main tum-se
muft bhi nahfn chdhta ; jo turn kahoge, so dilnga.' Sdras
rdzi ho-gaya ; aur bheriye ke halak men apni Iambi gardan
ddlkar, haddi-ko khat-se alag nikdl-liya.

Chand roz ke bdd, bheriya shikdr kar-ke gorkhar tdya ; aur
darya-kindre" baithkar, khdne laga, Sdras-ne dekha, aur

* * There regained,*
^' As to it.'

• * I da not know -^among you three — it — hctw 1 can divide,'
« • Than this:

* A phrase, equivalent to * looking dejectedly in each other's faces. '

* Fern. 3rd pers. plur. past tense ' lena ; ' agreeing with ' ubkd,i,d9.
^^StilV

• * Ham turn donori,' a phrase, ^both of us,'

• Adj. foUowing noun ; in imitation of the Persian.

•• See * banna, ' • is settling on my life, ' i.e., * is threatening^ * &*€,
*' Ace* of place ; without prep.

ii6 hindiJstXni as it ought to be spoken.

bahut khush-dmad se, pds jd-kar, kaha: — Kih 'dj main,
bhtikha hdn, gosht ka ek tukra mujhe bhi do.' • Bheriye-ne
ta,ammul kiya. Sdras ne — dabi zabdn se — haddi ka nikdlna'
ydd-diUya, To, bheriye-ne kaha :--* A,i ahmal^ ! yih indm
kya kam tha,' kih tu, mere l^alal^ se, teri gardan, sahfh-
saldmat nikdl-kar, le-gaya.'3

HisiL : — Zdlim aur mdzi ddmi ke sdth sulUk-karna,^
aur bihtari ki ummed rakhna' nd-ddni hai. Dunyake
log ihsdn-ko jald bhill-jdte hai^ ; zardrat me^^ admi jo
waadah karta hai,^ kamtar us-ko pdra-karta hai.

9. SaudIgarIn^ aur FaujdXr-SX^ib.
Lardji ke wa^t men, do sauddgardn, achchhe kapre pahin«
kar, apne mdl ke sdth, rdste men chale-jdte the. Ittifdkan,
un-ko chdr sipdhi,dn mile ; aur un bad-bakht saudagaroQ ka
sab mdl liit-kar, bhdg-ga,e. Sauddgardn, Idchar hokar, fauj^
ddr-sdhibkepds daure, aur apni bad-l^ismat ka hdl baydn kiya.7
Hdkim-ne un-se piichha, kih, 'jis-wa^t un sipdhi,on ne turn*
hdra mdl liit-liya, us-wakt tum log, yih kapra orhe,^ jdte the ? '
Unhon-ne jawdb diya, kih * Hdn ! sdhib. ' Tab faujddr-ne
kaha : — kih, * is-se Idiiib maaliim hai, kih we shaldis mere
ddmi nahfn hain ; lekin dushman ke log hain ; agar mere

* Vierbal Noun.

' 'Yih indm kya k6m tha.' idiomatic; lit. this gift {of) what use
was (it)f viz., that, dr'c,, equivalent to is it nothing that, dr'c,

• 'Le-gaya* (from * le-j&na') govs, 'gardan.'

* * In necessity ; * i.e., f under a strain^ or compulsion.*

' Transl. : — The man who makes a promise under compulsion y seldom
fulfils it, English idiom of Relative Pronoun.

• * An,* the Persian plural. See page 73.

' * Unhon-ne' uaderstood. Transl. : — They stated the circumstances
of their misfortune,

' Past part. Plur. * orhna ' to put on clothes ; agreeing with • tum log.'

HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. II7

ddmi hote^ to, yih achchha kapra kabhi nahfn chhor-dete;
Khuda ka shukr hai, kih tutn-ko mere admi nahfn mile the/
Bolte, bolte faujddr-sdhib-ne apne logon-ko ishdrah diya ;
aur jab sauddgaran, Udds hokar, phire^ jate the, tab faujddr
ke ddmi,on-ne un-ke kapre utdr-di,e, jis-se we be-nasib
saudagardn khdli jdnghie men apne ghar-ko pahui^che.

10. Maut Joru aur G1,e ki.

£k basti men ek kisdn rahta tha, aur sab kdm bahut nek-
ndmi o diydnat-se kiya-karta^ tha. Is-Hye, us-se aur gdnw-
wdlon-se,^ bahut dosti thi. Bad-nasibi-se, us-ka kdm achchhi
tarah nahfn chala. Pahle, us ki gd,e mar-ga,i ; tab us ki joru.
Is wajhe-se, bahut gham-gfn aur dil-gfr hd,a ; kyiSn-ki,
diisri ga,e inol-lene ke wdste, rdpfye nahfn the ; aur is-ki
joru har dam ghar ke kdm men madadgdr rahi thi.

Is dfat II -en, gd^w-wdlon-ne, us-ke dil bahldne ke wdste,
bahut koshish ki. Ek shakhs-ne kaha, kih, ' Are ! bhd,i!
kydn rote ho ? turn achchhe jawdn ho ; lum-ko jald diisri joru
milegi; dekho, to, meri beti bahut khdbsiirat larki hai,
main turn ko use khushi-se dil^ga.' Dilsre-ne, apni bahinke
bdre men, wohi bdt kahi. Tfsre-ne apni bhdnji ka hdl
batdya.

Akhir ko, kisdn-ne jawdb diya, kih, * is gd^w men, joru
ki maut bihtar hai, gd,e ki maut se.^ Bahut admi mujhe

^ Similar to 'orhe ;' here agreeing with ' sauddgardn.*

* « Kiya kama,* to be in the habit of doing a thing ; it is the same as
our idiom with 'always.*

' * Us-se aur ganw-wdlon se,' 7(/fM him and with the villagers;
or, between him and the villagers. Notice this idiom ; it occurs fre-
quently. Notice also that in Hindustani, you say • / and you* &c., not
*you and /.* * ham-se tum-se,* between you and m^ ; * Ego et rex mens.'

* Transl. ! — The death of a wife is better than^ ^f'Cp

A

Il8 HIND^STiNI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

diisri joni dene ko taiyir hain ; ko,i shakhs mujhe dilsri gd,e
dena ^abiil nahfn karta.'

II. *lNsiF Karna Hoga/

Patne ke zile ki ek basti men, ek lohdr, ba-ndm Rdm
Gopdl, rahta tha. Wuh bahut hoshydr kdrfgar tha ; lekin,
&Z1II Idiarchi ke sabab se, liameshah tangi se guzrdn kiya
karta' tha. Ek rdt, rdh men usko ek sauddgar mila ; us-ko
lohdr-ne jdn se mdr-ddla, aur mdl chord-liya. Magar yih
wuku chhipa nahf^ raha. Gdnw ke mahto^-ne, zaminddr
ke pds jd-kar, pdchha, kih ' huzilr ! kya niarzi hai ? hdkimdn
ko is ki'* ittila ki3-jdwe,* ya nahfn ? '*

Ittifdkan, zamlnddr se,^ aur R^m Gopdl se,® mdlguzdri ki
bdbat, takrdr thi ; is liye zaminddr-ne mahton ko hukm diya,
kih * us wul^u ki^ Uiabar hdkim logon ko do.' Pas, chaukf-
ddr-ne, thdne me^ jd-kar, apna iziidr likwd-diya. Is-par,
ddrogha sdhib, ma,i tin chdr barl^nddz, sar-zamfn par aya,
aur taddruk karne laga

Chd^kih Rdm Gopal gharfb tha, thdna-wdlon ko razi
nahfn kar-saka.^ Pas, un logo^-ne Rdm Gopdl ko, ma,i
subdt, hdkim ke pds chdldn kiya. Tajwlz ke bdd, hdkim-ne
fdrmdya, kih ' us kam-baldit-ko phd^si do.'

Jab is hukm ki khabar gd^w-wdlon ke pds pahunchi, nihi>
yat afsurdah hil,e ; aur bole, ' agar ham-logon ke lohdr-ko

* * Kiya-karna,' fo continuaify do a thing ; to keep doing it,
' Because ' ittila ' is fern.

' Fern. p. part. * karna.*

* Passive.

* The local Indian squire is generally consulted as to whether a
crime is to be reported to the authorities or not.

' Notice this idiom *se...se,' between A. and B. See preceding Story.
' Because * khabar ' is fern.

* Alluding to the vetiality which some people attribute to the police*

hindi5stXni as it ought to be spoken. 119

phd^si depge, to, hamara kdm kis-tarab se chalega ? hamdre
hal aur gdri,dn kaun marammat karega ? Bhilkh se mar-jd*
enge. '

Fikrmand ho-kar, l^dkini ke pds ga,e, aur apna }^i\ baydn-
kiya, aur darkhdst ki, ' kih Itidkim mausilf lohdrko Idialds
karen. Hdkim-ne nahfp l^abUl kiya, aur kaha kib, * insdf
karna hoga,^

Gd^wdr-log bdhar ga,e ; aur, plpal ke gdchb ke nkbe
tambdku plte, pite, tnasbwarab karne lage. Aldiir-ko (^dkim
ke pds pbir d,e, aur bole : — " Gharfb-parwar ! fcuzdr ki bdt
durust hai : ' insdf karna hoga '; lekin, insdf nahf^ hai
kih ham *be-i:u$iSr ddmi sab bhiikh se mar-jd,en ; gdnw
fhhotd hai, aur is men sirf ek lohdr rahta hai ; niagar do
jdldhe hai^ ; hamdre kdm ke wdste, ek jilldhah bas hai ; un
dono^ men se, ek shaldis le-kar, pbdnsi dljiye ; is taur se
insdf hoga. *'

Jab is bdt-ko bhi l;)dkim-ne nahln manzdr kiya, basti-wdle
chale-ga,e ; aur dpas men bole : — * Bhd,i ! bhd,i ! kal-yug*
bar, dunya ^ meipi insdf nahfn hai.'

12. Kachhi^a aur Khargosh.
Bdb Auwal.
Ek kachhde-ko safar darpesh tha. Is ki just-o-ju hil,i,4
kih * ko,i sdthi mile,^ to safar kardp. ' Ittifdl^ se, ek Idiaigosh
bhi usi taraf-ko jdne-wdla tha. Kachhtie-ne kaha : kih 'miydn

* Fein, past tense of ' karna. '

' The black era, t. ^., the evil days.

* The reader will have noticed that * dunya ' is a word of which the
* a ' does not change into ' e * ; so also ' darya, ' a river,

* * His search was^ ' i,e, , he was enquiring.

* Subj. understand 'mujh-ko,' transl., * Could any companion be
foutui^

lao HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

khargosh ! i,o ! ham turn sdth-chale^.'' Khargosh be ikhtiyar
ha^sa, aur kaha; — ' Abe ! abmal^! Kahdn' tu bhadda, phaph-
sa, reng reng-kar, pahdron me^^ ek bdlisht zamfn^ chalta.
hai, aur kahdn mait^^ bijli ki mdnind lapakta hiin, hawa ki
tarah urta hii^ ; — bhala ! meraaur tera kyasdth ?' Kuchhde
ne kaha : — * yih sahih hai ; magar manzil par (Khuda-ne
chdha) ap se dge hi pahunchil^ga. Ya^in na ho, to shart
bdndh-]fjiye.5 Chundnchih, yih shart hil,i, kih jo hdre,
us-ke kdn kdte-jd,e9.'^

13. Kachhua aur Khargosh.

Bab Doyam. *

Kachhtla, dhistah, dhistah, apni chal chalne laga. Khar>

gosh, do chhaldQgori men, nazar-se ghdib ho gaya.7 'Ihori

diir dge jd-kar, khargosh-ne socha, kih,' jitna maii^ chal-chuka

hdn, — shdm tak,'® to, kachhde ko, yahdn-ana mushkil hai ;

* Imperative, let you {and) me go together,

' Here begins a long sentence. Its purport is : where you^ being
such and such, do such and such ; and where / do such and such. The
sentence ends with a break-off at *urta huii/ and resumes : * well ! mera
aur tera ' * as to your {affairs) and mine ^^ *kya sath (hai).' * What (is
there) in common, "

* In the * pahars * or xvatches^ transl. , * in the 24 hours. '

* Ek balisht zamin : apposition : * a span of ground, '

* The sense is ; — * I (the tortoise) am sure to reach the journey's end
before you (the hare), — for God so wills it, — but if you think this
doubtful, then have a bet on it. '

•Passive.

' ^Became vanished from sight t* * was out of sights
' ' Tak' here (and often) expresses the idea of a time not yet arrived;
the mind being directed to the interval between now and then. The
sense here is that the hare thinks that he has now gone so far that it
will be difficult for the tortoise to reach the spot, ' sham tak, ' even by
evening.

HINDI^StInI as it ought to be spoken. 121

main jaldi kydn kardn? ld,o!' so-^ rahiln, Khargosh £rdm-se
so-^raha. Kachhda, bari der ke bdd, ghisarta, ghisarta, dya.
Dekha, to, )^siri( para? sota hai. Chup-ke chal-diya. Bari
rdt ga,i, khargosh jdga ; to, kachhila nazar na* dya.^ Ap hi
dpkahne lagaS:— *Alldh ! re!^ sustkiadam! miyd^ kachhile
ab-tak tashnf nahfn li,eJ Khair ! chale^ ! sard,e men
rdt-ko rahe^; kal, jo^ miydn kachhila yahd^ d,ega, to jd-
enge.'

Jo9 sard,e men kadam rakha, dekha to kachhila maujtld
hai. Khargosh-ko dekhte hi, kachhila lapka, kih 'ld,iye»
Hazrat ! kdn ! '9 Khargosh, dum dabd-kar, aisa^.bhdga,
kih aj tak, kdnoQ ke dar ke mdre, bhdga,-bhdga-phirta,
hai.'°

HisiL: — Kaisa-hi" dsdn kuchh kdm ho, jab uska
fhtirodm nahfn kiya-jdta,'^ to mushkil ho-jdta. Kund-
zihn, mihnati lai'ke, zahfn larko^-ko hard-dete hain.
Dushman-ko hal^ir nahfn samajhna chdhiye. Ghunlr^-
kamdl hdsil-karne se, rokta hai ; wa^airah.

^ As inteij. * take it so,*

• Stem of 'sona,* tb sleep: *so-rahna,' to remain sleeping,

• * Lain down,* or, as we say, * lying down.'

• Was, or, Jiad not come in sight,

• Be began to say to himself,

• God Almighty!

' See page 76, section 17.
■ fphen: or, if.

• * Bring (me) oh! Your Excellency !-- Your Ears!* (The mock
polite.)

'* Thus do Orientals account for the timorous movements of rabbits
and hares.

" ' Kaisa-hi,' ^however,*
^ Passive Voice.

122 HINDIJstXnI as IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEW,

14. KHl^RSHfoi BegAM.

The following; extract is taken from an excellent modem novel called
" Fisinah-c-Khurshldi," i>., " The Story of Khiirshidi"— a Muham-
madan lady of rank. The author is the well-known Saiyid Afzal-ud-
din Ahmad. In this book, English as well as nati.ve characters are in-
troduced. It recommends itself by the simplicity of its style, by its
jfreedom from all coarseness, and by the attempt which it makes to
fender Natives and Europeans better acquainted with each other than
they at present are. This extract consists mainly of a dialogue between
the English lady of the piece (Miss Thompson) and Khurshidi's father.

Mis Tdmsan sliahr-i-Landan ke bare sauddgar ki beti
thi. Apne bdp ke sdth Hinddstdu d,!?.' Us-wakt in'
kasinn bfs baras ka tha; chdlfs baras tak, Hindilstdn men
rahfQ.' Athdrah zabdnon se wdkif thfn.' Larkon ke par-
hdne ka nihdyat shauk tba. L'illdh,^ logon-ko parhdti thfn.'

[Then begins the dialogue.]

NawwIb. — Main dp se, kya kahUn ? Ap to3 jdnti his
hain,kih ham-logOQ ke yahan auratoi;! ki taalitn ki — kya hdlat
hai.* Auwal, ko,i aurat parhi, likhis niilti^ nahin, jo piSri
tarah se taallm de;7 diisre, yahdu ki md,en^ aisi ajhal o
nd-parwah hoti hain, kih is taraf kuchh khiydl hi3 nabfn karti

• Pronouns and verbs plural^ out of respect to the lady,
' Arabic, *for the lave of God,^

' Idiomatic strengthening particles. Transl. as best suits your
English : or leave untranslated.

• Begin with * kya hdlat hai ;' and go on * of the education of the
women resident-with us-peopIe* Trace the application of the rules for
•ka,' *ke,' 'ki,' by also translating ^ you know our people* s women* s
education's condition — what it is*

• ^Read-written^ i.e., * who can read andtvrite^*

• Understand * hamoi;^-ko.'
' Subj. *dena.'

• Plur, of * ma,' mother.

HINDlJsTiNI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 1 23

hain ; — main akela kya kar-sakta hd^P Kidhar dekhilU|
kidhar ' na dekhdn ? mujh-ko, uraiir-i-dunydwi se, itni
fursat kahdn hogi, kih khud apni larki-ko taalim diln ? *

Miss T. — Is men shakk nahfn hai, kih yahan ki auraten
bil-kull jahil aur aksar an-parh' haip ; is-liye auldd ki taalfm
achhi nahin hoti hai. Lekin, agar ko,i aurai aisi \iy\\^ nahfn
milti thi, to, ap ke yahdn maulavi to* hai^, un hi* se taalfm
dilwd,i hoti.^

NawwIb. — Yih bhi nahfn ho-sakta, — do wajho^ se : — ek
to yih, kih jab larki sydni hil,i, to, maulavi ke sdmne nahf^ jd-^
sakti j ddsri,^ kih hamdre yahdp ke maulavi bhi a^l\e putle
bote hain \ tarfl^ah parhdne ka, achchha nahf^ jdnte hai^.

Miss T. — Sach hai ! Ap durust farmdte hain ; ^ lekin,
l^usUr mu,df !^ is-men ap ki9 bhi kuchh khata hai : main
sdlha'° sdl se yahdi;i hd^, aur dp-ne mujh-ko ittila nahf^ di."

NawwXb, — Main kahne hi ko tha :" lekin Tillah bura na
mdniega.'^ Ap jdnti ho^gi, kih yahd^ ki auratei;^ kis ^adr

* Subj. *dena.*

' * A ' or * an ' negative^ as in Greek ; * parh * from * parhna ; ' *an-
parh,' unread ; illiterate.

' Understand * hamop-ko.'
. * Idiomatic strengthening particles. Transl. as best suits your Eng-
lish : or leave untranslated.

* See page 17, section 16.

• Fem. I)ecause * wajh * which is fem, is understood.

' * Farmdna,' to order; but used of any utterance by a great man.
■ Excuse faulty* i.e., * you will excuse my saying,' &c.

• * Ap ki khata^ * ki * is used because * khata ' is fem.

'* * Ha ' is the Persian plural of neuter nouns ; as ' dn ' is of masc.
novxi^y\X2Si^,y* years on years, ^

" Past tense fem, of * dena/ * ittila ' being fem.

M « Was on telling,' 1.^., * was about tell you.*

'* An unusual form ; got by adding 'ga' of the future to the respect-
ful imperative ; the word is from ' mdnna.'

;. 124 hindi^stIni as it ought to be spoken.

ndl^is-ul-al^l' aur niuta,assib hain. Chundnchih, jab main-ne

apni bibi se, dp ka zikr kiya, to wuh kahne lagfn, kih dp

'^ meri larki-ko Kristdn band-ddlengfn.

Miss T. — Taubdh ! yih kya guft-o-gu hai 1 Ap dekhiye

to ! maiipL un logon-ko kis-tarab mildti hdn ! Mujh-ko

chdnkih dp-se dili-dosti hai, is-liye main dil-o-jdn se dp ki

larki ko taalfm dd^gi.
♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦

NawwIb. — Ab dp Khurshfdi begam-ko apni larki
samjhiye ; aur jis-tarah mundsib samjhiye, is-ko taalfm dfjiye.

Miss T. — Ap khdtir-jamah rakhiye ; dp ki larki bahut
zahin aur hoshydr hai^ ; aisi larki to l^ismaton se milti hai;'
jald ilm o hunar se wd^if ho-jd,egi.

15. KgURSHfpi Begam.

'v Second Extract from the same work.

The young lady has progressed with her education so well that
her . drawing gains the prize at the Calcutta Exhibition ; the Viceroy
makes a speech ; th^ young lady's father being present. She herself,
however, has not yet so far advanced in English manners as to allow
her pretty face to be seen.

The Viceroy's Sperch;

Main nihdyat khushi se, is bdt-ko kahta hUn, kih yih
naljLshah, kih mere hath mei). hai, is ikzibishan (E.) me^

umdah-tarin3 na^shah hai ; balki, kam aise dekhne men dte

■

' 'Ur is the Arabic ' ofihe.'

^ 'Milna' is here used as a fully personal verb. In this sense it
means ' to be mixed up with * or associated with^'' Uo be allied to ' or the
like. Translate, * such a girl is sure to have a good destiny before her^
but don't &il to analyse the clause literally.

' Persian superlative ; see page 74, section 9.

HINOdsxiNI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 1 25

hai^^ (tdli,dn). Main bahut khush hil,a, is amr se; kih dp
log meri rd,i se ittifil^ karte hai^, aur is nal^she-ko aur

na^shoi^ par^ — tarjfb dete hain. Mujh-ko ziyddah khushi is

bdt ki hai, kih yih nal^shah ek Hinddstdn ki larki ke hdth

se bandya hd,a hai. (suno ! suno !) Is larki ka sinn pandrah

ya solah baras ka hai ; lekin is kam-sinn mep, wuh bdt kar- '

dekhdji — kih jis-se ham log mahz nd-wdl^if the. Is larki-ne

yi}? bdt sdbit-kar-di, kih Hindtlstdn ki larki,dn bhi a^l o

ddnist mei;! Inglistdn ki larki,o^ se,^ kisi tarab kam nahi^ hai^

(khushi). Agar aisi hi taallm, Hindtlstdn ki kuU larkio^

ko, ho, to phir ko,i ddtni, in logo^ par, hans-na-sake. Yih-

larki mahz jdhil aur gum-ndm rahti ; agar hamdre ld,i]^ aur

mu,azzaz dost, Nawdb Bahddur, C. S. I.* is rishtah-e-

ta,assub-ko na' torte,^ aur apni beti ki taalfm is tarah se

ha' karte.^ Khuda kare, ki bar bdp-ki aisi hi larki ho ; aur

bar larki^ko aisa hi bdp mile, (bdra £.). Main Mis Tdmsan

ki bari taarff karta hdn, kih unhon-ne^ is mihnat o shafal^at

se — is larki-ko ilm o hunar sikhldya — ^jis ka natijah sab par

zdhir hil,a.

Ab mai^ is ta^rfr-ko khatm karta hiln ; aur dfsos ke sdth

karta hUn, kih mu,dfili: lasm Hindilstdn ke, wuh larki yahdn

nahfn d-sakti. Nahin-to, main khud, apne hdth se yih

* *Few such (pictures) come into seeing^ i.e., before one.

* • On^ or 'over other pictures : ' a form of the comparative degree.
' Namely, the ' bdt ' foreshadowed in the preceding sentence, and

now about to be stated ; a very common form of Hinddstini composi-
tion.

* * Se ' of comparison. See page 74, section 8.

* Companion of the Star of India, a British, not a native title of
honour,

* See page 17, section 16. *
' • Unhoi>-ne/ she.

126 HIND^STiNI AS IT OUGHT TO BK SPOKEN.

medal (£.) us-ke zeb-i-gulu^ karta. Lekin, main ummed

karta hd^, kih Nawwdb aur Mis Timsan yih medal us

lafki-ko pahind-de^ge, aur roeri taraf se bahut mubirakbdd
de^ge (tdU,^? tilijd?).

^*Her ornament of mck.* See page 52, Aiofg t ; also page 17,
section 16.

GLOSSARY OF USEFUL WORDS.

VA RT I.

H I N DUSTANI-ENGLIS H.

NOTE.

It is hoped that the following Glossary contains every
word which occurs in the Vocabularies, Exercises, and
" The Reader," — except those intentionally omitted, namely,
English words which have crept into the language, and
the 'numeraU* which are given on pages 64 and 103.
Numerals which occur in the Exercises or "The Reader"
are, liowever, given.

' There are also thousands of words given which do not
occur in the earlier part of the book.

The following Table shows the sequence of the letters,
' not only as the Head-Letters of the Glossary ; but through-
out the columns. Thus all words in 'Kat' are exhausted
before you find ' Kat,' &c., and so with other letters which
are different and yet similar, as * d ;' and " d ;" * h/
and • h.*

TABLE.

A.

B.

CH.

D:

p.

E.

F.

G.

. Gh.

H.

H.

I.

J-

K.

K.

•

Kh.

L.

M.

N.

0.

p.

R-

R.

•

S.

SH.

T.

T.

U.

V.

w.

Y.

Z.

T., H.

I30 hindi5stAni as it ought to be spoken.

The general arrangement is to give the shortest word —
Noun, Adjective or other word — as a * Head-word;' and to
range under it, longer words connected with the same
subject. The * head-word' is not, as a rule, reprinted ; but
is represented by a short line. Ex. :— -Diikdn (f.), a shop.
-ddr, a shop-keeper, -ddri, shop-keeping. Occasionally, the
•head-word' changes before additions can be made.
In such cases the short line represents the 'head- word'
down to the last permanent consonant, which consonant is
repeated in that part of the new word which is printed.
Ex. :— Azurdah, grieved, -dagi, grief.

Contractions are used as follows :—

i. The ordinary grammatical ones; as ^ M!],\ Adjec-
tive ; *Adv.' Adverb^ c^c, 'Sing.' Singular;
*P1.* Plural; * trans.' transitive; * intr.' in-
transitive^ and so on.

ii. Compound Verbs ending in *^tfr«a'and ^dena'
^ are very common. So these auxiliaries are

shown by -* k' and * d' respectively.

iii. When the meaning, of words following a ^head-
words is easily to be understood from the Eng-

I ^ lisli of the * head-word,' the words which follow

I are left untranslated. They are marked *A.'if

I • Adjectives ; * Adv.' if Adverbs ; * N.' if Nouns ;

j and * V.' if Verbs. Ex. : — Azurdah, grieved,

\ * N. -dagi, which must mean ^ griefs Fikr,

J anxiety ; care, A. -mand. Shuru, a beginning.

I V. -k.

iv. (p.) ... indicates a Persian word not in use in its
simple form ; but common in derivatives from
■ it.

HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 131

V. * Persian ' ...indicates that a phrase, though Per-
sian^ is in common use in Hindilstdni.

vi. (m.) Stands for masculine; {{.) iox femimne ; (vl.)
shows that a word (e g., light) is an adjective y
not a noun; (n.) means that a word (e.g.,
light) is a noun and not an adjective ; (n.a.),
means that the word is both a noun and an
adjective,

vii. (M.)... indicates that the word is to be used only
concerning things Muhammadan,

viii. (H.)...the same as regards things Hindu,

ix. (L.B.).... means that the word is current chiefly
or wholly, in Lower Bengal only.

X. (R)... Stands for English ; 'compos,' for composi-
tion ; * Lit. ' iox literally ; * fig. ' for figuratively,

> xi. The long word * Muhammadan ' is generally con-
tracted Muham,

Masculine Nouns ending in any of the feminine termina-
tions are marked (m.)

Feminine Nouns ending in anything except the recog-
nised feminine terminations are' marked (f) See Page 8,
Section 13.

. . . •■ \ V V -;

GLOSSARY OF USEFUL WORDS.

H indi^stXni-English

A.

A or an, a negative prefix^
e.g. an-parh (See *parhna'),
illiterate,

Ab, now; at present, -tak,
//// now,

Ab (p.), water, -ddr, a ser-
vant who attends to the
wines ^ &'c, -o-hawa (f.),
climate,

Abdd, cultivated ; peopled,
-i, cultivated land,

Abe, an interj, expressing
scorn,

Abr, a cloud, abri, clouded.

Abru (f.), dignity ; respect ;
inspired,

Abru (f.), the eyebrow,

Abwab (pi. of *bdb.*), chap-
ters ; readings ; columns ;
entries in detail in columns ;
hence^ payments ; cesses^ &'c.

Achchha, good ; well. Also as
interj, achhd,i, goodness,
achchhi-tarah, in good
style ; carefully,

Ada, payment, V. -k.

Addlat, a court of justice.

Adat, custom ; habit,

Adha (n. a.), a half; half,

Adil, just ; equitable,

Admi, a human being ; a
man ; a woman, -yat,
humanity ; the human
species,

Adrak, green ginger ; 'preserv-
ed ginger, ^

Afat, a calamity,
Afrln, bravo I

Afsdnah, a story ; tale ;

romance, \as interj.

Msos^ sadness ; a pity. Also

HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

Afsurddh, grieved ; sad. N. A-jina, to arrive.

^3i

-dagi.
Aftab, tAe sun.

Ajhal, vepy ignorant.
Ajib, wonderful.

Aftdbah, a waterjug; a ewer, Ajiibah, wonderful,

Agar,// -chih, flf//.^^//^^ Akela/«^«^.

Age, in front; forward, Aks, rc/f^f//^« (e.g., in water.)
-barhdna, (/r^«f.)/^j/«r/; Ak^^x, frequently ; general-
move forward, -chalna ; ly,
-]., to go in front, -pichhe, vi

Akl, (f.), sense; wisdom.
A. -mand.

Akhir, the end, -ko, at last ;

lastly,
Akhrot, a walnut.

in single file,

Ahar, a natural reservoir of
water,

Ahistah, slozvly,

Ahd-o-paimdn, mutual agree-
ment,
Abmal? (n. a.), a fool; foolish. ^^^^' separate ; separately,

Aib, fault ; blemish, -lagana,
to impute blame to ; to cast
discredit on,

A,fn, law; order ; rule,
A,fnah, a looking-glass,
AiSa, like this; such a.,,;

thus ; to such a degree,
Aj, to-day, -kal, (lit. to-day-

to-morrow), the present A\\m, learned.

Alahdah, separately,

Aldk:ah, jurisdiction ; rela-
tionships or connection, with
a person or thing, -ka-
ddr, a person in charge of
an *alakah.'

Ala-s-sabah, early in the
morning,

Albattah, for certain ; cer»
tainly.

time.

Ajd,ib, wonders; wonderful
things.

Alldh (M.), God -re! (interj.)

God Almighty,
Almds, a diamond.

134 hindiJstjIni as it ought to be spoken.

Alo, light (n.)
Alu, a potatoe.

Am, a mango. Also, common;
vulgar. Adv. umiiman.

Amad-o-raft, coming-and-go-
ing; intercourse.

Ambdr, a heap ; stock ;' store,

Amfn, Amen!

Amfn, a deputy ; a commis-
sioner.

Amir (pi. umara), a noble-

, man ; an ^ Amir,'

Amr (pi. umiir), any busi-
ness, matter^ or affair,

Amnid, guava (fruit).

Anah, i\ of a 'rtipiJ
And-jana, to come-and-go.
Anannds, a pine-apple,
Andr, a pomegranate,
Andar, within ; inside,
Andeshah, anxiety ; thought.
And ha, blind.
Andhera (n. a.), darkness;

dark,
Anda, an egg,
Angrez, an Englishman, -i,

English.
Angiir, a grape ; grapes,
Angiithi, a ring,
Anjir (f.), a fig,
Ankh(f.), an eye.

An-parh, illiterate, (See

parhna.)
Anta, a bail, -ghar, a bil-
■ Hard-room ; the club,

Ap, Your Honor, Ap-hi-ap,
by^ or, to oneself, Apas
men, among themselves,

Apna. See page 30.

A-pahunchna, to arrive' ; to
have arrived,

Ardf, purgatory,
Ardjish, ornamentation,
Aram, ease ; comfort, -kursi,

an easy-chair.
Are ! hey, you I
Arhdi, two and a half, '
Arkdn-i-daulat, the Pillars of

the State, i.e., the nobles,
Arsah, a space of time,
Arz (f.), petition; request';

what 1 want to say, V.-k.
Arzu, wish ; desire. A.

-mand.

Asa, a stick ; cane,

Asar, impression,

Asdmi, a tenant ; a client ;
a debtor ; a dependent ; a
prisoner. Also, agency;
substitution,

Asdh, easy, N. -i. /

Asbab, goods and effects.

HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

1 55

Asl, root ; origin, r-i, radical ;
reaL aslan, by no means,
aslan-mutlakan, by no man-,
ner of meafis.

Asmdn; the skyi

Astabal, a stable, .

Aslfii (f.), a sleeve.

Atish, or atash (p.), fire,
Aiizi, fireworks, -khanah,
afire-place ; a grate.

K\J3i^ flour, .

Atakna ; atak-jana, to be

stopped ; to stick.
Aithixah, eighteen ; a large

number.

Atkdna ; atkd-d, to stop ;
detain,

Auldd, offspring; descendants:
Auliya, the saints.

AuTyand; also; more, -ek,
one more/^o," two mor6^K

■ and so' on. -kuchh, some
more ; any more, -kya,
7vhat more ? what else ?
'what more do you wahtT

Aurat, a woman.

Auwal, the first ; first, -an,
in the first place,

Awdz (f.), the voice ; a cry.

Ayah, a female attendant,
A,yindah (n. a.), the future ;

future^
AiA^yfree; solitary ; inde-
pendent,

Aziz, dear; precious, -rakh-
na, to value ; esteem,

Azurdah, grieved; sad, N^
-dagi.

B.

Ba (a prefix), at ; with ; by^
e.g. -miijib, according to,
-nisbat, respecting ; about.
(prep.) -nisbat is ki, com-
pared with this, -sar, at, or
to a head, or end, -sar dna,
to reach an end. -sar-k.,
to bring to an end ; to pass
time, -taraf, aside; apart,
-taur, by way of ; as being,
and so on»

Baad, or bdd (ke.), after ;

{of time.)
Baaze, several,
Bdb, a chapter; heading,
Bdba, a father ; an old man%

In L. B., a child, -iog, ihe

children (L. B.)
Babat (ki.), concerning,
Bachcha, a child ; a young

specimen of any animal ;

e.g., a pupy a kitten, i2^c.

136 HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO HE SPOKEN.

Bachhra, a calf,

Bachna ; bach-jdna, to be
saved ; to escape, bachdna ;
bachd<d., to save; rescue;
protect.

Bad, bad, N.-i. -al^l, defective
common-sense. Adj. -alj:li.
-bakht, unfortunate ; wret*
ched, -bu (f.), a bad smell,
-lj:ismat, bad luck ; misfor-
tune, -ndm, evil refute;
slander ; abuse, -nasibi,
misfortune, -shakl, in-
formed ; unshapely. -sUrat,
ugly. -sUrati, ugliness.
-zdt, of low caste ; villa n-
ous, ^ziii, villainy ;

vice,

Bdd (ke.). See * Baad.*

Bad (p.), wind,

Badal, exchange. As prep,
(ke.), in exchange for.
-lena, to take in exchange ;
to exchange, -na, to change;
alter. Bad la, (also as prep.

, *ke badle,') same as
• badal.'

Bdddm, almonds,

Badan, the body.

Bddsh4h (M.), <i king, -i, the
royal state.

Bd,en, <?/!, or, to the left hand.

Bdg (f.), a bridle,

Bdgh, a tiger,

Bdgh; bdghdn; bdghichah.
a garden,

Baghal, the arm-pit ; side ;
direction,

Bahddur (« //V/tf), 'Bahddur.'
-i, bravery ; sivagger.

Bdham, together.

Bahdnah, a pretence; pretext,

Bahangi, a pole on which
burdens are carried, -dak,
. the parcel-post,

Bdhar (Adv.), outside. As
prep, (ke.) out. -jdna, to
go out.

Bahdr (f.), spring ; beauty.

Bah in, a sister,

Bahldna, to amuse; cheer
one up.

Bahna, tofloiv.

Bahra, deaf

Hahut, much ; very ; suffi-
cient, -achchha ! all right /
very well! -era, {^.)very
much, or very many,

Bd,i, a native lady ; a dan-
cing-girl.

Bail, an ox. -giri, an ox-
cart,

Bd,is (ke), by reason of,

Bai^hna, to sit ; sit donvn.

HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

137

Baja, a musical instrument.
bajana, to play on ditto.
bajna, to be played on ; to
sound, (intr.) See page 6*],

Bajd-lana, to perform ; carry-
through.

Bak-baK', chattering V -k.

Bakri, a goat.

Baici, what remains over.

Bakhil, a miser, -i, stinginess.

Bakhshna, to qive a present,
N.-bakhshi>h.

Bal, the hair, -wal, a barber.

Baland. See * Buland/'

Bal-bachche, children.

Baligh, one who has attained
majority, -a (f.), marriage-
able.

Bdlish, a pillow.

Bdlisht, a span.

Balkih, on the other hand ;
nay ! nay^ more !

Ballam, a spear.

Bdlti, a tent-can^ <>r bucket.

Bdlu, sand.

Bam, the pole of a carriage.

Bandna, to form ; construct.
band-dalna, to convert one
thing into another.

Bandt^ broad^cloth. '

Band, closed. V.-k, band-o-
bast (m.), arrangements.

Baiidab ; bandi, a servant ;

dependant ; slave, -dagi,

service ; attachment to a

person.
Bandar, a monkey.
Bandh, a closing \ an embank-
ment, -na ; -d. ; -kar-d. to

close \ fasten ; tie,
Bandill^ (f.), a musket.
Bdni; (f.), a noise; shout.

V. -d.
BannH, to be made, band-

rahna, to remain waiting.
Ban-parna, to succeed ; be able

to do,
Pans, a bamboo.
Bdntna, to divide, bant-lena,

to divide and take.
Bap, a father, bdp-bdp; and

l»dpre-bdpre ! See page 56.
Bar (p.), on ; upon. Much

used in compos.
Bara, great. As adv., very.

bara sdhib, the head of a

house^firm^ &^c.
Bardbar, breast to breast;

equal; ^all the same.^
Bdrah, twelve, -singa, having

twelve tines ; a stag.
Bardmdah, a verandah,
Bdrdn (p.). rain, -i kurti, a

great-coat.

I3S HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN;:

Baras, a year.

Barasna, to rain.

Bar-bdd-d, to squander,

-hona, to be sacrificed ox lost.

Barchlii, a spear.

Bare (ke.), in the matter of.

Barf, snow ; ice. -pdni, iced
water,

Barga, a rafter.

Barham ; barham-darham,
confused ; entangled.

Barik, fine in texture.

Barish, rain.

Barljiandaz, (lightning throw-
ing\ a police constable ; a
guard; a watchman.

Bar-khast, removing ; dismiss-
ing.; adjourning, V. -k. ;
kar-d.

Barsat, rain, -i kapre, water-
proofs.

Bartan, a plate ; dish.

Bdnlt, gun-powder, [tual.

Bar-wal^t, up to time ; punc-

Barha,i, a carpenter.

Barhdna {trans.) to advance ;
increase, barhna ; barh-j.
{intr.) to advance; increase.

Bas, enough ; * that HI do.^
Basan, a dish; a bowl.

Bastah, a bundle.

Basti, a village.

Bat ; battakh, a duck.

Bdt, word; affair; news;
business, -chit, conversa-
tion, \p^l J show.

Batdna or batldna, to point

Batds (L. B.), ivind.

Batti, a wick ; also, a light ;
candle ; lamp.

Bat-khara, a weight for
weighing with.

Bater, quail.

Batwdra, dividing property
into shares.

Bawar, belief ; trust, -chi, a
cook, -chi-khdnah, a kit-
chen.

Baydn, a statement. V.-k.

Bdz, a hawk.

Biz (adv.), back, -rakhna, to
restrain ; keep back.

Bdzdr, a market ; bazaar.

Bdze {See Baaze), several.

Bdzu, the arm.

Be (prefix), without, -fikr,
without care. -gdnah,
strange ; foreign, -ikhtiydr,
without power of control,
-hosh, senseless ; also, in
a szvoon. -hUdah, absurd;
ridiculous, -jdn, lifeless,
-jigar (without liver), cow-
ardly. -lj:arar, restless.

HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO DE SPOKEN. 1 39

-kiyam, unstable, -kusiir,
without blame, -khabar,
(^vithout neivs^) careless,
-nasib, destitute of good
luck, tarah, beyond the pro-
per manner ; improperly,
-sabab, without a reason.
-shakk, bey fid a doubt:
-sharm, shameless, -tdb,
weak ; faint, -wukiif,/?^/-
ish ; stupid. N. -wukiifi.
Bechna, to sell
^q\, the ' ber fruit.
Bhent, a meeting with a person,
Besh, more ; sufficient, -i, ex-
cess ; . surplus, -ki m at,
high-priced.
Beta, a son* Beti, a daughter,
Bhadda, dutl ; stupid.
Bhdgna; bbdg-jdna; bhdgi-
. j^na, to flee ; escape,
Bhagwat, the religious book

of the Hindus.
Bhd,i, a brother ; relation,
Bhainsa ; bhains, male and

female buffalo,
Bhdl, or bhdlu, a bear,
Bhala, good. bhald,i, good-

ness,
Bhdhja^ a sister^s son,
Bhdnji, a sister's daughter,
Bhdr, a load, -i, heavy:

Bhara; bharpiir, full,

Bharna, tofllL

Bhdt (m.), cooked rice,

Bhatti, a still,

Bhaui^kna, to bark.

Hhed, secrecy.

Bhejna ; bhej-d., to send.

Bhera ; bheriy a ram, a sheep,
bheri ka gosht, mutton,

Bheriya, a wolf,

Bhi, also {after a noun or
other zvord.)

Bhfga, a measure of area,
varying in different places,

Bhfnga, ivet. .

Bhor (f.), the dawn, -ko, at
dawn ; early,

Bhilkh (f.), hunger. A, -a.

BhUl, an error, -na; -jana, to
commit an error ; to for-
get,

Bhdsi, chaff, (lit.)

Bhiit, a ghost ; a demon.

Bhutta, Indian corn.

Bfbi, a native married lady ;
also applied to a female,-
European, or of the mixed
race,' working in the coun-
try, e.g., as keeper of a
boarding-house.

Bich (ke.), between \ among,

Bichaii, straw.

140 mindustj(ni as it ought to be spoken.

Bichhana, to spread,
Biclihauna, bedding,
Bigar-jdna, to go wrong ;

get out of order ; become

alienated,

B*h (P-)> S^^^' -tar, better^
.-tarfn (p.), />4tf best, -\slx\^
improvement.

Bihishr, heaven, -i, a water-
carrier,

Bfj, seed,

Bijii, lightning, V.-hona.

Bikna, to be sold, (See
bechna.)

B\%\ (Arabic prejlx,) in ; on,
bi-1-faur {on the heat)
instantly, bi-l-fel, in fact ;
on the fact ; instantly, bi-1-
kuW, on the whole ; entirely.
bi-l-aks, on the contrary,

Bil, the burrow of an animal.

Bila (Arabic prep,\ without^
(i,e, devoid of)

Billi, a cat,

Bfmdr, sick. N-i.

Biphe, Thursday.

Birni, a wasp ; a bee.

Bis, twenty, -i, a score.

Jiftjana (intr.\ to pass, (of
time.)

Bithana ; bitha-d, to seat.
Bo,d,i, sowint^,
Bodna, to coax ; wheedle,
Bogla, a crane, (bird.)
Bojh; bojha, a load, bojhna,

to load.
Bolna, to say ; speak ; tell.
Bona, to sozv.
Bora, a sack.

Bora, a bean,

Bosah, a kiss. V. -d.

Brihispat, Thursday.

Bu (f.), scent ; smell.

Budh, Wednesday,

Buddha, old. Also, an old
man. buddhi ; burhiya, an
old woman, -pan, old age,

Bdjhna, to understand, bu-
jhdna ; bujhd-d, to explain.
Also, to extinguish a light,

Biikhar, fever,

Bukhl, stinginess,

Buland, lofty.

Bulbu), a 'bulbui: (bird.)

Bura, bad. burd,i (n.), evil.
bura-janna, to consider bad.

Bilrha, bdrhi, burhiya, same
as * buddha,' &c.

Butd-d, to extinguish a light.

^ Pronounce as plain * bil. '

hindi5stXni as it ought to be spoken.

i4t

Ch.

Chdbi, a key,

Chdbuk, a whip,

Chabiltrah, a platform; a
^chabtitrah^ generally of
masonry : used in gardens
for enjoying the air.

Chha-chhiindar, a musk-rat,

Cl.ddar (f), a sheet; table
cloth, or cover,

Chd,e, tea, cha-ddn, a tea-
caddy, chd-pochi, a tea pot,

Chdha, snipe,

Chahdruni, the fourth part,

Chdhiye. Seepage i^, section

20.

Chdhna, to wish ; desire,
Chdkar, a servant,
Chakki, a wheel,
Chdl (f.), chdl-chalan, habit ;

behaviour,
Chdldk, clever ; too clever, — i,

cleverness ; sharpness ;

device,
Chdlin, a despatch note;

-kar-d, to despatch,
Chaldna, to set in motion;

despatch,
Chdlis, forty,
Chalna ; chala-jdna ; chal-d.,

to go ; proceed ; move ofi.

Also of affairs, io prosper.

Chammach ; chamchah, a

spoon,
Cham-gddar, a bat, (animal.)
Chamra, skin ; leather,
Ghana, gram, (for horses.)
Chand, several ; a few,
Chdnd, the moon,
Changul, a claw,
Chapdti, a thin flour-cake ; a

scone ; a * chapatty^
Chaprds, a badge,— \ a mes-
senger ; a ^ chaprassyJ
Chdr, four; oblique cases

charon. — pa,i, a four

poster; abed,
Chdra, a seedling,
Chardna (trans,), to graze,
Charkh, a wheel,
Charna {inter,), to feed ;

graze,
Charhdna; charhd-d., tocause

to ascend,
Charhna ; charh-jdna, to

ascend,
Chashm, an eye.
Chashmah, spectacles ; a

spring of TJOater,
Chatdji, a floor^mat,
Chatdn (f.), a slab of stone.
Chdtna, to lick ; lick-up.
Chatni, ^ chutnee!

142 HINDl3sTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

Chau, four (in compos.),
chauk, a square in a town,
chauki, a watch-post; a
chair, chaukfddr, a tvatch-
vtan. chaukona, four-
cornered, chauras, on all
four sides, chaurastah, a
place where four roads
meet, dr^c, &'c.

Chaudah, fourteen, -roz, a
fortnight,

Chaukath (f.), a doorframe,

Chaura, broad, N. -chaurd,i.

,Chauri, a fly flicker,

Chauthg, the fourth,

Chdwal, uncooked rice.

Chela, the disciple of a reli-

' gious teacher.
Chera, a domestic slave.

Clihagul, a goat,

Chhalang, a leap. V. -na.

Chbdnna (trans,), to pass
through a strainer,

Chhapa, printed. V. -k.

Chhappar .(f.), a roof; a
thatch,

Chharra. shot, (for a gun.)

Chhat, a roof; house-cover-
ing ; ceiling.

Chhata, an umbrella; a sun-
shade.

Chhdti, the breast,

Chhduni, military lines ;
barracks,

Cbhed, a hole, V. -na.

Chhekna {trans.), to stop;
check,

Chher-chhar, the act of an-
noying.

Chhi-chhi (interj.), nasty !

ugly !
Chhilka, a shell; the rind ;

parings,
Chhinkna, to sneeze.
Chhfn-lena; to snatch ; rob;

carry-off,
Chhipkali, a lizard,
C hhirakna, to sprinkle,
Chhitdnk, a ' chitdk; ^V of

a ^ ser^
Chhokra; chhokri, a boy;

a girl.
Chhorna ; chhor-d. ; chhor-

jana, to let go ; release ;

dismiss.
Chhota, small, N. -chho-

td,i.
Chhiina, to touch; to

finger,
Chhuri, a knife,
ChlnUna ; chhiTit-jana, to

escape; slip through, the

fingers^

HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 143

Chihrah, ihe face.

Chikna, oil ; grease ; oiled ;

polished ; smooth,
Chil, a kite, (bird.)
Chillana, to scream.
Chilam, the part of a native

//^^ (Vhukkah ') in which

the fire and the tobacco are

placed,
Chingdri, a spark.
Chingri, shrimps.
Chilli, brown sugar,
Chir j chira, a cut ; incision ;

dissection, . V. chirna.
Chirdgh, a native lamp.
Chiriya, a bird,
Chita, a leopard,
Chitthi, a letter ; a note,
Chiz (f.), a thing of any
kind,

Chob, a post ; a mace, -dar,
a mace-bearer.

Chonch (f.), the bill or beak,

(of a bird.)
Chor, a thief, r-ana ; to steal.

N-. -i.

Chiiha, a mouse,

Chukna. See page \^,- sec. 2 'i,.

Chillha, a fire-place ; a stove.

Chumkdrnai to coax; wheedle.

Chiina, lime,

Chdna, to leak ; drop,

Chundnchih, in such majr^er
that ; accordingly ; thus ;
for example:

ChUnti, an ant,

Chup, silent, -rahna, to re-
main or become silent.

Chdr, dust ; atoms ; crumbs,

Chilra, dry grain prepared
for eating,

Churana ; chufa-lena, to steal.
Chiitar, the buttocks.
Chilnkih, in as much as,

D.

'DahsLy low ;. depressed, daba-

na ; daba-d., to depress;

lower; crush down ; squeeze,

. Dddni> an. advance of money,

Dafah, a time. See page 65,

V sec. 6.

Dafn, burial, V,. -k;

Daftar; -khdnah, an office-
room,
Ddgh, a spot ; a stain,
Daghdbdzi, deception; fraud.
Dahanah, a (horse's) bit.
T^^hx {m,}, curd, [hand,

Dahine, cn^ or to, the right-

144 HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

DahshsLt,/ear,

Da,i, a wet-nurse,

Dakhan, tke South,

Ddl, a kind of pea ; ' ddV

-bhdt, cooked ^ddV and rice,
Ddldn, a hall,

Dalfl, proof, [ment.

Dam, breath. Also, a mo-
Darp, price,
Ddniad, a son-in-lauK
Daman, a skirt, -i-koh, the

base of a mountain,
Dana, wise ; learned.
Ddnah, ^rtf/« ; a grain,
Danist, wisdom ; knowledge,
Dand or danda, a stick ; a

blow with a stick,
Dant, or dant, a tooth,
Dar (p.), /«, as in dar-miydn,

in the midst, dar-pesh, in

fronts b'c.
Darakht, a tree,
Darbdn, a gate or hall-porter,
Darbdr, an audience-hall ; an

audience ; a levee; a^darbdr,^
Dar-chini, cinnamon, [pain,
Dard, pain, -khdna, to feel
Darham-barham, confused.
Dari, a native carpet; a

* durry,^
Darya, a river ; the sea,
Darj, mention ; entry, V. -k.

Darkhdst, a petition ; request.

V. -k.
DarmM, a mat,
Darmdha, monthly wages.
Darobast, the whole of any.

thing,
Darogh, falsehood, -go, a

liar. -gOyXy falsehood.
Darogh ah, a superior police

officer ; a ^ daroga.^
Darwdzah, a door.
Darydft, enquiry. V. -k.
Darzan, a needle.
Darzi, a tailor.
Ddrhi, a beard.
Das, ten,
Dast, the hand ; diarrhcea,

-dnah, a glove, -khatt, a

signature,
Dastdr (f.), a turban,
Dastiir, what is customary ;

the ^ dastoor,^ -i, aiitorti-

ary perquisites ; discount;

* dastooriJ
Daulat, wealth. A. -mand.
Daurna, to run.
Dawa (f.), medicine.
Dawa, or dawi (m.) {vulg,
. ddbi), a claim ; suit, V.-k.

dawiddr, a claimant; one

who supports any side of ^

question.

HINDiJstXnI as it ought to BE SPOKEN.

445

Dawat, an invitation ; a

feast,
Dawat, an inkstand. -lj:alam,

ivriting materials,

Degchah, or degchi, a copper-
cooking pot,

Dekhna, to see ; look at.

Dena ; de-d., to give,

Der, or deri (f.), delay, V. -k.

Des, or desh, one's country,

Devi, a goddess, devasthdn,
a consecrated place,

Dhamkana, to snub; threaten,
Dhamki, snubbing ; silencing,

V. -d.
Dhan, wealth, A. -i.
Dhdn, rice growing, or in the

husk,
Dharam, virtue, -avatar, In-
carnation of Virtue (a form

of address.)
Dhaunki, bellows, dhaunkaa,

to use bellotvs,
Dhobi ; dhobin, washerman;

washenvoman,
Dhona ; dho-d., to wash,
Dhii,dn, smoke, -kash, a

steam-boat,
Dhiip, sun-shine ; sun-heat,

Dih(pl. dihdt), town; village;
land appertaining thereto,

T., H.

Dikhdna ; dikhUna, to show ;
to point out.

Dil^]^, trouble ; annoyance, V.
-k.

Dil, the heart, -g\x, sad; griev-
ed, -i-dosti, tlie heart of
^friendship, -kusha, heart-
expanding (as wine.)
-khdsh, happy, -o jdn se,
with heart and soul, -se,
heartily,

Dildna ; dild-d. ; dilwdna \
dilwa-d., to cause to give,

Dimdgh, the brain; conceit ;
pride.

Din, <i day, -bhar, all day.

Din, religion, -ddr, religious-
ly inclined, [* dhtngy?

Dingi, a kind of boat ; a

Dip, a lamp. Also, an island,

Di-roz (Persian), yesterday,

Dimak, a white ant,

Diwar, or diwal (f.), a wall,

Dfwan, a Minister of State,
-i, relating to Civil Justice,

Diyanat, honesty ; good-faith.
-dar, conscientious. N.-ddri*

Do, two. Also, imperat. of
dena, to give,

Dohar (f.), double-cloth.

Do-lalti, a kick,. V. -mama,
or jhdrna. . -

ic

146 HINDtSsxXNl AS It OU(;Ht TO BE SP0K£N«

Dol, swinging, -1, a swinging
article : e.g., a litter ; a
hanging meat-safe^ &*€, V.
-na.

Donon, both ; i.e., two things
or persons.

Dost, a friend, ^i\\i[\ frieftd-
ly* *-i, friendship.

Doyum, the second.

Dozakh (f.), hell,

Du,a (f.), benediction,

Diib-ghas (f.), a grass much
Itked by horses.

Diidh, milk, -ya pathar, an
opaL [mercy /

Duha,i (interj.), justice !

Duhra, or dohra, double, V.
duhrdna.

Diikan (f.), a shop, -dar, a
shop-keeper, -ddri, shop-
keeping, [dukhit.

Dukh, pain; distress. A.

Duldul, a hedge-hog.

Dum, a tail, -chi, a crupper-
strap.

Dunga, a side-dish,

Dunya (f.), the world ; the
universe, dunyavi, relat-
ing to the world.

Dur (f.), distance; distant,
di'ir; dilr ho ! be off I -an-
desh, provident, -andeshi,
foresight, bin (f.), a tele-
scope ; a 'glass,' -k., to
remove; place at a dis-
tance.

Durbal, weak ; infirm.

Durust, right ; correct, ~k., to
arrange ; put right,

Dushman, an enemy, -i,
enmity,

Dushwdr, difficult.

Diisra, a second (thing) ; a
different (thing).

D.

Ddk (f.), a station, e.g.,>r
relief of post-horses, or

' runners ; the post (letters,
\c.) -chauki, the change
ing-station. -ghar, the post-
office, -munshi, the post-
master, -piyddah, the
postal runner.. -txkdX (E.),

a postage stamp, -wdla, the
postman, -men ddlna,
rakhna, or dena, to post.

paka, an attack by robbers,
-parna, to rob.

pakait, a member of a gang
of robbers ; a 'dacoit.^ -i,
gang-robbery; ' dacoity'

/ I

hindijstAni as it ought to be spoken. 147

mi (f.), a branch. [' dolly:
Pali, a present of fruit ; a
Dalna ; dal-d., to throw down,
Dand, an oar.

Dank (f.), a sting. V. - marna.
Par,^ar. -na, to fear, -ana,

to frighten.
Dayan, a witch,

pera, a tent, -k., to encamp.
Perh, one and a half ^ a
good deal.

Dhakna, a lid; a cover. Also
as V. to put on a cover.

Dhdl (f.), a shield; a tar-
get ; a slope.

Dhela, a clod.

Dhila, slack. Also, remiss.

piiiindna, to searchfor.

Dubana; duba-d., to sub-
merge; lower ; depress.

pdbna; diib-jana, to sink ;
be drowned ; be ruined.

E.

Ek, one ; a or an. -a-ek ; Eri, the heel.

-bdragi, suddenly, -dam, Ewaz, a substitute;

instantly; this instant. change^
-sath, together.

ex-

F.

Fa,idah, profit ; advantage.

A. -damand.
¥sL}r{(.),dawn; early morning.
Faljiat, only; ^ finis.'
Falcir, a Muham : mendicant.
FdniSs (f ), a lamp-shade.
Fardghat, leisure ; repose ;

prosperity.
Fardmosh, forgetful. N. -i.

V. -.k.
Fard (f.), a sheet ; a ply; a

fold

Fareb, deceit, -d., to deceive.

-khana, to be deceived.
Fark, difference ; consequence^

(as in the phrase, * ifs of

no consequence :)
Farmdn ; an order; edict, -a,'

to issue ditto; also used of

any utterance by a person

of rank,
Farsh, a carpet, farrash,

one who attends to the

carpets.

A

14^ HINDUSTANI AS tt OUGHt tO Bfe SfoKftM.

Farydd (f.), « complaint, (e.g ,
in Couil.)-i, a complain-
ant.

p'arzand, a son,

Fasad, strife ; rebellion.

Fasl (.) crop, (in the
fields.)

Fatb (f.), victory,

Fatwa, a decree of a judge,

Fauj (f.), an army, -dar, a
commander, -ddri, relating
to Criminal Justice,

Fauldd, steel,

FaziSl, excessive ; surplus.
-kharchi, extravagance.

Fi ^Arabic), each; 'per-; in,
fil-jumlah, in the total, fil-
hdl, in the present ; imme-

diately, 6l-hal^{kat,/> truth,
fil-wdl^e, in reality ; as
matters really stand, &*c.

Fidwi, a servant ; a retainer,
-yat, fidelity,

Fihrist, a list; an index.

Filer (f.), t/iought ; anxiety,
A. -mand. V. -mand-
hona.

Fil, an elephant, -ban, an
elephant-driver,

Firishtah (pi. -tagdn), an
Angel.

Firozah, turquois,

Fisanah, a story; tale ; ro-
mance.

Fuldnah, a certain one.
Fursat, leisure ; opportunity.

G.

Gdchh, a tree.

Gaddi, a cushion ; a throne,

Gadha ; gadhi, an ass (male

and female.)
Gab, time ; place. Much used

in compos. e,g., *shikdr-

gdh,' hunting ground.
Gahra, deep, N. gahrd,i.
Gdjar, a carrot, gajarah,

carrots,
Gil, the cheek.

Gala, the throat, -band, a

neck-tie,
Gdli, abuse. V. -d.
Gdlis, braces, (for pants.)
Gana, to sing,
Ganda, four (things), looked

on as a unit,
Gandh (f.), odour ; perfume,

gandah, fetid, gandi, a

certain badly-smelling in"

sect, a ^ gundy!

r

hindi}stXni as it ought to be spoken. 149

Gandak, a rhinoceros,

Ganj, a mart (The * gunge*
of Anglo-Hind.)

Gdnja, hemp, as used for
intoxication. A decoc-
tion of this plant giyt* s the
drink known as ^ bhdng.'

Gdnth, a knot V. -band-d.

Gdnw, a village, ganwdr ;
ganw-wdla, a villager.

Gd,o, or ga,e, a cow. ga,o-
sdlah, a cow-shed.

Garaj, thunder. V. -na.

Gard (f.), dust A. -a.

Gardan (f.), the neck.

Garm, warm ; hot N. -i.

Garh, a fort ; a steep place.

Gari, a carriage; a cart.
-bdii, a driver.

Gdrna, to fix in the ground ;
to plant.

Gathri {vulg.^ g\\\\x\^) a bundle.

Gawah, a witness, -i, evi-
dence.

Gaz, a yard (measure.) ; a
rod ; a ramrod.

Gehil9, wheat

Ghabrdna, to be confused \put
out ; puzzled. Also trans.

Gham, sun-shine ; sun-glare.

Ghanta, a bell ; an hour.

Gha,o, a sore.

Char, a house. -dmi, a
thatcher.

Ghara, an earthen pot.

(jhari, about 20 minutes :
Also, an English hour ; a
wat£h ; a clock.

Ghas (f.), grass.

Ghdt, a mountain-pass ; steps,
dT'c, down to a river; a
ferry, -wdl, a guardian of
a pass. ~wdla, a ferry-
man.

Ghati, trade-loss.

Gher, all round, -k., A? sur-
round.

Ghi (ni.), native butter.

Ghisarna, to creep ; crawl.

Ghora, a horse, ghori, a mare.

Ghulna, to melt (intr.)
ghuldna, to melt (trans.)

Ghiint, a gulp ; draft V. -na.

Ghusna, to enter.

Gidar, a jackal.

Gidh, a vulture.

Gilehri, a squirrel.

Girdn, important ; weighty.

Girdna; gird-d , to cause to
fall ; to throw down.

Gird (ke), around ; round.

Giriftar, or giriftah. captive ;
arrested, -bona, to ba in
arrest -k., to arrest.

ISO hindiJstXni as it ought to be spoken.

Girja, a churchy otherwise
*grija ;* probably Portu-
guese.

Girna ; gir-paj-na, to falU

Oft, a song.

GOjdla, a cow-herd ; the milk-
man,

Gobar, cow-dung. Much
used as fuel.

God ; godi, the lap.

Go,indah, a spy ; informer.

Gojar, a centipede.

Go-kih, let it be said that ;

given that ; granted ; even

though.

Gol, round, gola,^ a gra-
nary ; a ^tore-house, goli,

a ball ; a bullet, -mirch

(rounds i.e.) black pepper.

Gond, guni.

Gor, a grave. -istdn, a
burial-ground.

Gora, fair-complexioned; a
European of inferior rank ;
a European soldier, gore-
log, Europeans, goron ki
pal tan, a European regi-
ment,

Gor-khar (an animal, pro-
bably) the wild-ass.

Gosh, an ear (of the body.)
Goshah, a comer.
Go%hi, flesh.

Grdm, a village. (L B.)

Gdda, the marrow,

Giidar, rags ; rubbish.

Guddi, a {boy's) kite,

Guft-o-gu (f.), conversation.

Guhdr (f.), tumult ; noise;
outbreak, -i, a rioter.

Gul, a rose^ -db, rose-water.
-db-phiil, a rose-bush^ or
rose flowers, -istan, a
place where roses are culti-
vated. Also, the name of
a celebrated Persian book.
-zar, a garden of roses.
(lit. or fig.)

Gulu, same as ^ gala.^

Gum, lost, -k., to lose, -ho-
jana, to be lost, -ndm, name-
less ; obscure; lost to fame.
Gumdn, guess ; fancy. V. -k.

Gumashtah, a steward."^
Gumbaz, a dome.
Gundh, a fault ; sin. -gdr,
a transgressor, ^gari, sin-
ful doing.
Giinga, silent ; dumb.

* (ienerally built
^ I»{ot applicable

in a circular form,
to a ship steward,

hindtJstXni as it ought to be spoken.

iSi

Guroh (f.), a crowd.

Guru, a Hindu teacher,

Gustakh, impudent. N. -i.

Guzarna (Jlrans,\ to pass ;
convey, guzarna ; guzar-
jana (intr.\ to pass ;

pass-over, guzar-ghat, a

Jerry.
G\i7.^^\)Xdi\ past ; last (as in

* last year/)
Guzrdn (f.), mode or means

of livelihood.

Gh.

Ghaflat, negligence.

Ghdib, out of sight ; vanish-
ed.

Ghair, foreign ; strange ; dif-
ferent. As a prefix, want-
ing^ deficient, e.g., ghair-
tiazir, absent, ghair-mum-
kin, impossible.

Ghalat, etror ; oversight.

Ghalichah, a carpet.

Ghallah, corn ; produce.

Ghamm, sorrotv. A. -gfn.

Gharaz (f.), design ; aim ;
object. As adv., in short.

Gharib, poor ; humble; tame.
-log, the poor, -par war,
Nourisher of the Poor I
(a form of address.)

Ghdzi, a slayer of an infidel.

Ghilaf, covering-slip^ e.g., a

* case ' for a pillow.
Ghiza, ordinary diet.

Ghol, or ghiil, a crowd ;
pressing, -mdl (L. B.), con-
fusion ; a row.

Ghuldm, a servant; a slave.
Ghulel, a bow from which

pellets are shot; a ^ cata

pult:
Ghuriir, pride.
Ghussah, grief ; anger.
Ghusse, in a rage.
Ghusl (f.), a bath, -khdnah,

a bath-room. Also, the JV,

C-k., to bathe.

Haddi, a bone.
Hd,e, alas/
Haftah, a tveek.
Haizah, cholerq.

H. !a light Aspirate.)

Hal, or hdl, a plough. V.

-jotna.
Haldkat, death.
Haldi, turmeric

152 hindi5stAni as it ought to be spoken.

Hal-kamra, a drawing-room,
Halka, light (not heavy.)
HalljL^h, an area of jurisdic-
tion.
Ham, we ; us, hX^Oytogether;
Much used in compos, e.g,^
ham-rdh, aJelloW'travelier,
ham-rdl)i, travelling to-
gether, ham-sdyah {same
shade); neighbourly ; friend-

Hameshah, always,

Wds^^yes,

Hangamah, a riot,

Hankna, to drive,

Hdnri, a pot, -bartan, cooking

utensils,
Hans, a swan,
Ha^si, laughter, hansna, to

laugh,
Hansh*, an ornamental hoop

for. the neck.
Hanoz, ^<?/; still (of time.)
Har, each ; every, -ek, each
. one; everyone, -kdrah, a

man of all work ; a mes-
senger,
Haran, or hiran, a stag ; a

deer.
Harchand, although,
Hdrna, to lose (e.g. a bet.)

hard-d., to lose to one.

Hdth, the hand; a cubit, -dna
to reach, -dilna, to seize,

Haiheh', the palm of the hand,

Hdthi, an elephant,

Hatiydr, tools ; weapons,

Hdt, a fair.

Hatdna ; hata-d., to drive-
back ; repel,

Hatna ; hat-jdna, to clear out
of one's way ; to step aside,

Hawa (f.), the air, -khdna,
to take the air ; go a ivalky
drivty &*c,

Hazdr, a thousand,

Hezam, firewd^.

Hi (a particle of emphasis,
often untranslateable),
very ; this verv*.»; fust
thiSy dr'c.

Hibah, a formal gift or grant,

Hiba-ndmah, a deed of ditto.

Hijrah, the flight of Muham-
mad to Madinoy A,D,622,
7vhence begins the Muham :
era,

Hihia, to shake (inir ) ; hild-
na ; hiM-d. {trans.)

Hindu, a dark-skinned man*
-stdn, Upper India,-siini
relating to Hindu matters^
e.g., language,

HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 1 53

Hirsi, a diamond, ~y^r, careful; prudent;

Hona, /^ be; to occur; to skilled, N. -yari.

take place, ho-jana, to be- Hunar, skill, A. -mand.

come, Hundi, a native Bill of Ex-

Hosh, sense ; * common sense, ^ change^ a * hundee,^

H. (a strong Aspirate.)

Hadd, a boundary,

Haiwdn, an animal,

Hajjdm, a barber,

Hdjat, want; necessity; re-
straint,

Hdji, one who has made the
Pilgrimage to Mecca,

Hajj, the pilgrimage to Mecca,

Hdkim, a ruler ; a fudge.

Hakim, a native physician ;
a wise man,

Hakir, base ; contemptible.
-jdnna, or .^aniajhna, to
hold in contempt ; despise,

Halj^V, one's rights, hakflj^at,
the very truth, bal^fki,
really true, hal^il^i l)hd,i,
^c,^ a full brother^ ar'c,

Hdl, (pi. Hdldt,) state ; con-
dition ; facts of the case,
halan, presently,

Halaf, an oath, (e.g., in
Court.) halfan, on oath.

Halak, the throat,

Halal, according to law ;
lawful, -k., to kill ac-
cording to prescribed form
(as by cutting the throat) ;
to cut the throat,

Halwd,i, a S7veet-meat seller.

Ha ml,' a burden, hammdl,'
a porter, bdmilah, preg-
nant,

Hamlah, an attack ; onset,

Harakar, a movement^ e.g., of
the body.

Haram, ^rbaram, unlawful;
forbidden, -zadah, base-
born ; a scoundrel,

Harf, a letter, {of the Alpha-
bet,)

Harff, an opponent,

Hdsil, acquiring ; accomplish-
ment of an . object ; the
^ moraV of a story, V.
-k.

I Not used in Lpwer Bengal,

IS4 hindijstXni as it ought to be spoken.

Hasrat, desire ; re^^ret ; grief.

Hawdlah, charge ; responsi-
bility ; custody,

Haya (f.), viodesty ; shame,

Hdzir, present, -i, presence ;
the family ^presence ' at
breakfast ; breakfast '

Hazrat, dignity ; also as a a
title of high respect, -isa,
Jesus.

Hikdyat, history ; story ; nar-
ration. V. -k. \vice.
Hikniat, wisdom ; skill ; de-
Hilah, a stratagem ; a trick.

Hisdb, an account tn figures.
Hissah, one^s share ; a por-
tion, -ddr, a partner.

Hud lid, boundaries (pi. of

hadd.)
Hukm, an order, bukiimat,

sovereignty ; power.
Hukkah, a native pipe; a

* hookah.^
Huljidk, rights, (pi. of hakk.)
Hunif, letters of the Alphabet.

(pi. of harf.)
Huzdr, presence ; appearance ;

court ; Your Honour !

I.

Iba (f.), a cloak.

Ibdrat, composition ; icrifing.

Iblis, the devil.

Ibtida, the beginning.

I'd, a religious festival ; espe-
cially the festival in honour
of Abraham sacrificing his
son Ishmdil.

Iflds, poverty.

Ihtimam (f.), diligence ; neces-
sary application.

Ihtirdm, the act of shoiving
respect.

Ihtirdz, abstinence ; control of
the passions. \gratitude.
Ihsdn, benevolence, -mandi,

Ijdrah, a lease ; a farm.
Ijdzat, permission ; favour.

Ikhatta, together.

Ikbdl, good fortune ; favour.
ly im, clime ; country,
Ikrdr, agreement ; confession,
Ikhtildf, discrepancy, (pi. -dt )
Ikhtiydr, power ; authority ;

option.
Ildhi, divine.

* C'iil|pd ' Nashta ' jn \Vest<*vn In.iJJt.

hindijstXni as it ought to be spoken. 155

1 1 tifdt, friendliness, [seeching,
Iltimds (f.), petitioning ; be-
Imdm, a religious Muha?n :

leader,
Iniarat, a public building,
Imli, tamarind,
Im-roz (Persian), to-day,
Im sal (Persian), this year,
Imtihdn, an examination,

Indm, a present ; a favour,

Inddra, a large well,

Indiir, a rat,

Inglistan, England,

Ins&fy justice*

Insdn, a human being, -iyat,
humanity^ i.e., the human
race,

Tnt (f.), a brick,

Intikdl, transport ; change;
death, [management,

Intizdm, good arrangement ;

Irddah, intention ; purpose,

\xM, purgatory, [p^g^ 30,

Is, injlected form of yih. See

Isfanj, a sponge.

Isldra, the Muham : religion,
-i, appertaining to ditto^

Is-liye, on this account.

Ism, a name, (pi. asdmi, q.v.)

Istabal, a stable,

Istifa, full performance; resign-
ing service ; abat^dof^ment.

Istimdl, use, V. -k.
Istibdgh, baptism,
Istimrdri, permanent ; fixed,
-band-o-bast, the Perma-
nent Settlement of Bengal,
Istri, a smoothing iron,
Is-wakt, at this time ; now,
Ishdrah, a hint ; a signal,

Ishtihdr, a public advertise-
ment,

Ishwar (H.), God,

Itirdz, displeasure ; refusal,

Itna, this much, itne nje^, in
the meantime,

Itr, essence. (Anglice, * otto,^)

Itibdr ; itimdd, confidence ;
belief in one, V. -k.

Ittifdk, agreement ; equality ;
union ; chance, -bona, to
happen ; to be in agreement,
-k., to bring into agreeinentl
to agree with, -an, by
chance ; it so happened that,

Ittila (f.), announcement ;
publication of news; aft
* infortnation ' lodged before
a public officer,

Itwdr, Sunday,

Izhdr, deposition ; stateinent,
Izzat, honour ; respect due to

one ; estimation in which

pne is held^

156 HINDdSTlNI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

J

Jab, ufhen, -tak, or talak,

till when. Seepage 104.
Jabr, oppression. Adv. jabran.
Jabra, the jaw.
Jddii, conjuring ; a ^ghost^
Jd-e-phal, nutmeg,
Jagab (f.), a place ; room,
Jagdna ; jagd-d. {trans,)^ to

awaken,
]igna{intr,)j to waken, jdgta,

awake,
Jahan, wherever. See page

104; the universe, -didal).

(having seen the world) ;

experienced,
Jahannam (f.), Hell,
Jabil, ignorant N. -i.
Jai, victory,
Ja,i, oats.

]2i,\z, just ; proper ; fair,
Jal, water,
Jdl, a net.
Jdl, forged
Jain, « cobweb,

Jaldna ; jala-d., to set on fire,
Jald, quickly, -i, speed,
Jalna, /t? ^^ on fire,
Jama,at, an assembly,
Jdmah, cloth, Mucb used in

compos. e,g,y moni-jdmah,

'{mo^'Cloth,

Jama, a collection; a
gathering ; the total of an
account, -bandi, the rent-
toll of an estate, -kharch,
a credit and debit account.
-ddr, a native officer of
army or police ; a head
man of any body^ e.g.,
coolies, -wdsil-bdl^i, a
statement of claims collec-
tions and arrears,

Jamna ; jam-jdna, to congeal,

Jdn, life ; soul, -kani, anguish
of soul, -se mdrna, to kill.
-nisdr, self - sacrificing,
-war, an animal,

Jdna, to go; proceed, jdne-
dena, to allow to go,

Jandb ; -dli, titles of respect,
as * Your Worship!

Janatn, birth, -din, birth-day,

Jd^ch, testing; trying. V. -na.

Jang (f.), ivar,

Jangal, forest ; high-grass
land ; scrub ; * jungle? A.
jan^li, waste ; wild ;
savage ; ^ jungly.^

Jd^gb, the thigh, -ia, short
\wearing) drawers.

Jdnna, to know, jdn-biijb-kar,
knowingly ; intentionally.

ttlNDliSTANI AS it OUGttT tO BE SPOKEN. 15^

Jannat, Paradise,

Janib (f.), side ; part, — dar,

a partizan. — dari, taking

one^s side,
Jandb, the South,
Jar, a root ; roots,
Jarahat, a wound,
Jarimanali, or jurmanah^ a

fine, V. — lena.
Jara, the cold ; the cold

weather,
Jasds, a spy, -i, spying.
Jauhar, a gem, -/, a jeweller,
Jaun. See page 104.
Jauz, a nut \youth,

Jawan, youn i , a youth, -i,
Jazirah, an island.
Jel-khanah, ajaii, (half E.)
Jhagra, a quarrel, V. jha-

garna \ -k.
Jlidlar, a fringe,
Jhanda, a flag,
Jhdr, ; jhari, underwood,
Jhdran, a duster,
Jhdrna, to sweep ; dust,
Jhdru, a broom,
J hat-pat (adv.), this instant,
Jhfl, a shallow lake; a

marsh,
Jhilmih', the Venetians.
Jhonk, a push, V.-jhoi^kna ;

jhoijk-d.

Jhopri, a cottage,

Jhukna ; jhuk-jand, to be or
become awry or crooked.

Jhiil, a covering for an
animal ; horse-cloth, <^c,

Jhulana (trans, \ to swing,
jhiilna (intr.), to swing,
jhiila-jhiili, swinging ; see-
saw,

JhiJth, or jiitha, false ; un-
true, jhiith, falsehood,

Ji, life ; soul ; spirit,

Ji, oryx han, yes,

Jibh (f.), the tongue,

Jidhar. Seepage 104.

Jigar, the vitals ; the liver.

Jihad, a Muham : religious
war,

Jihat (ki.), on accouut of,

Jin, oblique case, pi, of j6.
See page 33.

Jina, to live ; be alive,

Jins, kinds ; sorts ; goods ;

merchandise,
Jis, oblique case^ sing, of jo.

See page ZZ^
Js-ljiadar. See page 104. jis-

taraf, in whatever direction.

jis-tarafa^ in whatever

manner. jis-wak:t. Seepage

T04.
Jism, the body.

J 58 HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

Jitna, to win,

Jitna. Seepage 104.

Jo, jo ko,i, jo-kuchh. See

Jo, if.

Jo,ar, Indian corn.

Jogi ; jogin, a Hindu ascetic^
{male and female.)

Jon, 7vhen ; as soon as.

Jonk, a leech,

Joru, a wife.

Jori, a pair, -gari, the car-
riage and pair,

Jotna, to yoke ; to plough.

Jot, one thing of a pair ; a

* match;' harness ' traces?
Jd,a, a yoke ; a die ; dice ;

gambling. -khelna, to

gamble.
Juba, young, jub-raj, a

prince.
Juda. separate. V. -k.
Julahah, a weaver,
Jumah, Friday.
Jurni, a crime ; offence.
Jnst-o-ju (f.), search, V. -k.
Jiita ; jdti, a shoe ; shoes,
Juz, a portion of any thing.

Ka. Seepage 5.

Kab, 7vhen ?

Kabab. sliced meat roasted on
skewers^ -i, suitable for
roasting,

Kablii, ever^ -kabhi, now

. and then -nahin, never,

Kachahri, an office ; a court-
house,

Kachhiia, a tortoise,

Ka i, some; several,

Kaffarat, repentance ; atone-
ment, [ciency.

K^fi, enough ; kifayat, suffi-

Kaghaz, paper,

Kahna, to say ; speak ; tell.

K.

Kahi^, somewhere ; any-
where ; anyhotv. As in
such phrases as * it were
anyhow better, &c.'

Kae, how many J

Yi^.\%2i^ what sort of a ? what
like ? how ? -hi, however.
As in such phrases as
* however difficult,*

Kaj, crooked,

Kal, yesterday ; to-morrow,

Kal, an engine ; a machine.

Kala, black, kal-yug,' the
black age ; i.e., the present
age of the world, -pdni,
the open sea.

mindustIni as it ought to Be spoken. 159

Kala,i, a kind of vetch,

Kaleja, liver, (organ of body),

Kam, deficient. Much used
in compos, e.g., kam-

- ^\!^^ of deficient seme, kam-
akli, want of sense, kani-
bakht, unfortunate, kam-
sinn, of tender age, kam-
arz, of narrow breadth,
-i, deficiency ; failure, kam-
kar-dena, to lessen.

Kdm, business ; use ; wish ;
desire -ana, to be service-
able, -yab, prosperous,
N.-ydbi.

Kamal, perfection,

Kamdn, an (^archer's) bow,
-dar, an archer,

Kamar, the waist, -band, a
waist-cloth,

Kamil, perfect,

Kaminah, base ; low,

Kammal ; kamli, a blanket,

Kamra ; kamara, a room.

Kan, the ear,

Kana, blind of one eye,

Kaiighi, a comb,

Kanta, a thorn ; a spur; a
fork.

Kandha, the shoulder,

Kapas, undressed cotton^

Kapra, cloth, kapre, clothes.

Kar, work; business, kar-
bdr, trade ; trafficking,
-khdnah, a place of busi-
ness, -igar, a workman,

Kar-dekhlana, to make plain;
demonstrate,

Kari-bhat, curry and rice.

Kama, to do ; make ; effect ;
accomplish.

Karor, ten millions.

Karwa, strong (as liquors
tea^ c^v.)

Kasna, to tighten ; pull.

Kasht, one's cultivation, -kar,
a cultivator,

Kdtib, a scribe ; a writer.

Kdt, a cut. -na ; -dalna, to
cut, katna, to be cut,

Kathal, the jack-fruit.

Katora, a brass cup,

Kattha, a ^ cottah,' (land
measure, )

Kauwa, a crow.

Ke. See page 5.
Kela, plantains,

Khainchna, or khfnchna or
khichna ; to draw (burden
or picture) ; to pull,

Khajiir, dates ; -gachh, the
date-palm,

Khambha, a post ; a pillaf

lio HINDUSTANI AS IT OlJGht tO BE St»bKfeM.

KhinSLf/ood; dinner. Also, V.
to eat. Also, to sufftr ; un-
dergo.

Khansna, to cough, khdpsi,
coughing ; a cough.

Khari-mitti, chalk

Kharkhara, rough ; a curry-
comb,

Khara, erect ; standing,
-bona, to be^ or become
standing, -karna, to set
up ; make straight y -rahna,
to stand; remain standing;
wait; stop (intr,)

Khat, a pit; the gullet.

Khata • i.\ fault; defect,

Khata-bahi, an account book,

Khat; khatiya, a wooden bed-
frame,

Khatmal, a bug.

Khel, //«>'. -gdh, play-ground,
-i.t\y frolics, -na, to play,

Khet, a field, -i, cultivation.
kheti karna, to cultivate,

Khilana, to feed, {trans.)

Khirki, a window.

Khodna, to dig,

Khoj, search, khojna ; khoj-
karna, to search for,

Kholna ; khol-d. to open ;
unfasten ; untie, khol-
h2iX\6\i taking off a horse's

shoes, paring the hoofs ; and
putting the shoes on again.

Khona, to lose, kho-jdna,
to be lost ; ^go a missing.^

Khujlana, to itch ; to scratch.

Khula, open; fair (as

weather.) -din, a fine day,

khulna; khul-jana, to be

or become open ; to clear,

(e.g., after rain,)

Khdnti, a peg. (e.g., for a
tent-rope.)

Ki. See pages 5 and 22.

Kih, that {of narration).
Also, as relative pronoun,
often preceded by *jo.'
* kih na,' or not.

Kichar, mud,

Kidhar, whither ?

Kfl, a plug; peg; pin ; bolt,

Kfnah, spite; malice AHj.
kfnawar. [shore; edge,

Kinarah, river-bank ; sea-

Kirdni, a native clerk,

Kf ra, a worm ; insect ; mag-
got,

Kisdn, a cultivator,

Kishmish, raisins,

Kishti, a boat ; vessel ; tray,

Kismis (E.), Christmas,

Kitab (f.), a book, [much ?

Kitna, how many ? how

hindi5stAni as it ought to be spoken. i6i

Kiwdr (m.), a door ; door-way,
Kiya-karna, to be in the habit

of doing a thing ; to keep

on doing it.
Ko. Seepages 5 and 7.
Kobi, cabbage,
Kochbdn, a coachman,
Koh, a Mountain, -i-niir,

The Mountain of Light,
Kohisdhy fog ; mist,
Ko,i. See page 38. ko,!, na

ko,i, some one or other,

ko,i, nahiQ, no one, ko,i

hai, is there any one there ?

(used in India instead of a

bell.)
Ko,ilah, charcoal ; coals,
Kolu, an oilman ; the caste

of an oilman,
Kona, a corner or angle,
Kori, or kiiri, a score, (i,e,,

20.)
Kora, a native whip,
Kos, a distance of about 2

miles.
Koshish, an attempt, V. -k.
Kotdli, short in stature^

&*c.
Kotwdl, a chief police officer

of city^ town^ or market,
Kothi, or kiithi, a masonry

house,

T., H.

Kii,a, a well.

Kubra, hump-backed,

KiSch, a march, V. -k.

Kiichah, a lane,

Kuchh. Seepage 38. kuchh
se \vx:\i\iy from this thing
to that, kuchh na kuchh,
some little ; somewhat,

Kuddl, or kuddli, a spade,

Kiid, a leap, V. -na.

Kuftah, rissole,

Kull (adj.), the whole; all the,
-yat, entirely,

Kulchah, a cake,

Kumhdr, a potter.

Kumhfr, an alligator,

Kunji, a key,

Kunwar, a prince.

Kurah, a globe ; sphere, -i-
khdk, the terrestrial globe,

KiSra, rubbish,

Kuredna, to scratch, kared-
rahna, to continue scratch-
ing,

Kursi, a chair,

Kurti, a coat,

Kutta, a dog, kutiya, a pup,

Kya. See page 33. -bdt.
Seepage ^6,

Kyiin, why ? wherefore /-kih,
because, -kar, ^wr^f kyiin
na ho, why not f

II

l62 HINOdSTlNI AS IT OUGHT TO RE SPOKEN.

K.

Kabilah, a deed of sale,
Kdbil, capable ; competent
N. -Ivat.

m

Kabill or Vubiil, consent
-iyat, a document express-
ing consent ; a counterpart
l^biil kama, to consent

Kabzah, grip ; power.

Kadam, a step ; pace, V. -k.

Kadar, worth, -karna, to
value ; appreciate,

Kadd, stature,

Kadfm, ancient,

Kafilah, a caravan,

Kabwah, coffee,

Kai, vomiting,

Kaid, fetters ; imprisonment,
-karna, to imprison, -i,
a prisoner,

Kd,im, erect ; firm ; stable,

Kaisar,^;; Emperor ; an Em-
press, -i-Hind. The Em-
press of India,

Kainchi, scissors.

a deed of settlement ; of a

dispute^ or other matter.
Karib, about l^arfb tha kih,

&c.y it was on the point

of &'c. (e.g., Mng settled,)
Karz, or l^rzah, a loan; a

debt, l^arz-ddr, one in debt
Kasam (f.), an oath, (e.g.,

in Courts) -khdna, to take

the oath.
Katrah, a drop,
Katl, killing. V. -k. -amd,

wilful murder, -insan,

homicide.
Kaul-o-tardr, agreement ; bar-
gain ; stipulations,
Kaum, a tribe ; sect ; family ;

brotherhood,
Kawi, strong; solid,
Kaza, fate ; destiny ; death.
Kdzi, a Muham : Judge.
Kiblah, the sacred point in

Mecca^ to which Muham :

turn when praying.

Kala,i, tin ; the tinning of Kilah, a fort.

cooking vessels, &^c.
Kalam, a reed; a pen,

-tardsh, a pen-knife,
Kamfs (f.), a shirt; a chemise,
Kardr, rest; stability, -i,

firm ; the firm land, -ddd,

Kfmat, price, -i, valuable.
Kand,at, contentment
Kism, kind ; sort,
Kismat, fate ; destiny ; what

falls to your lot, or share,
Kissah, a story ; a tale.

HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

163

Kist, an instalment ; ^Quar-
ter-day^ -bandi, a settle-
ment for periodical pay-
ments,

Kiydmat, the Resurrection.

Kiyds, thought ; guess ; * idea J
V. -k.

Kiydsi, conjectural,

Kristdn (E.), a Christian.

Kudrat, omnipotence,
Kufl, a lock, (e.g., of a box,)
Kuli, a labourer ; a * coolie J
Kurah, lots, -ddlna, to cast

lots,
Kurdn, the religious book of

the Muham :
KusiSr, a fault,
Kiiwat, power ; authority.

Kh.

Khabar (f.), news; -ddr,

careful; take care? -ddri,

care ; caution,
Khachchar, a mule,
Khafa, angry ; * huffedJ

N. -gi.
Khafff, light; trivial,
Khair, well. See page 56.

Note I. -iyat, welfare,
Khairdt, deeds of charity,
Khdk (f.), earth ; dust,
Khalal, interruption ; noise,
Khalds, release ; freedom,

free. V. -k. -bona.
Khaldsi, a general out-door

servant, who attends to

tents^ dr»^., a * Kiashy,'
Khdii, empty. Adv. only,
Khalffah, a fencing master ;

a prince ; a * caliph,'^
Khdmosh, silent, N. ^i.

Khdn {a title), Khan, Also,
Khdn Bahddur. khdn-
sdmdn {lord of your pro-
perty, i.e.), the butler,

Khdnah, a room; a place
where work is done; or
things are kept, e.g, lohdr-
khdnab, a black-smith's
shop, murghi-khdnah, a
hen-house. Much used as
last woni in compos.

Khdndan, a family ; a house-
hold,

Khdr, a thorn,

Khardb, bad, N. -i.

Khardsh, scraping ; scratch-
ing ; a scratch. V. -na.

Kharbdzah, a melon.

Kharch, expenditure.

Kharff, (f.), autumn ; the
second harvest.

1 64 HINDliSTiNI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

Kharfd, purchasing-
farokht, buying and selling,

Khdrij, excluded ; cut off,
-karna, to exclude^ &*c,
-hona, to be excluded^
&*c,

Kharltah, a purse; a bag ;
the covering of a letter sent
in ceremonious style; hence,
the letter itself.

Khar-khara. snoring, V. -na.

Khasarn, a husband,

Khsis-khsiS, a see nted^rass^used
-wetted — 'for door-screens.

Khdss, pure ; noble ; reserved
to one^s self, -kamra, a pri-
vate sitting-room, -mahdl,
land reserved by Govern-
ment, -o-dm, the ^classes
and the masses,*

Khata, fault ; defect,

Khatam, the end, V. -karaa,
{trans.) -hona, {intr,)

Khdtir (f.), the heart; the
soul, -jama, peace of
mind, khdtir-jama rakhna,
to preserve peace of mind;
to feel assured,

Khatt, a letter ; a note, Plur.,
Khutiit.

Khdtdn (M.), a female title,

Khauf, Jtar ; danger.

Khazdnah, a treasure-house ;
treasure; applied also to
water stored for irrigation,
khazdnchi, a treasurer,

Khidmat, service, -gdr, a ser-
vant^ especially a table-
servant,

Khildl, a tooth-pick.

Khilat, a dress of honor.

Khfmah, a tent, -gdh, en-
camping-ground.

Khirdj, tribute ; revenue.
-lagdna, to tax.

Khiydl, * idea ; * notion ; re-
collection ; thought, V.-k.
Seepage no. JVote 2,

KhiSb, good; excellent. Also

as inter;, -siSrat, beautiful,

-siSrati, beauty,
Khud, self; by^ or of him^

hery itSy self ; or themselves,

-gharaz, self-seeking,
Khuda, God. khuddwand>

lord; master. See page ^b

Note 2,
Khiin, blood ; murder,
Khurdk (f.), food, -i, an

allowance of food or money
Khurshld, the sun (hence

< Khurshidi Begam. ' See

tage 122.)

hindiJstAni as it ought to be spoken. 165

KhusiSs, affair ; business,- an,
especially ; particularly,

Khush, pleased ; satisfied.
Much used as first word
in compos, e.g. -dwdz,
sweetooiced, -dmad (f.),
fawning approach; flat-
tery, -bu (f.), a sweet-
smell, -b^^ i^ happy cir-
cumstances, dil, pleased
at heart, -go, pleasant of
speech, -numa, neat ;
pretty ; pleasant, -taba.

jocularity, -zabdn, honey-
tongued, N. khushi, plea-
sure ; satisfaction ; one's
will and pleasure,

Khushk, dry ; withered, -i,
drought; the dry land,
as Adv., by land (not by
water.)

Khwdb' (f.), a dream; sleep

Khwdh... khwdh, either ...
or ; take it this way, or
take it that way.

Khwdhish, desire ; wish.

L.

La, {prefix,) destitute of; e.g.,
• Id-jawdb, without an an-
swer ; Id-chdr, helpless,
-khirdj, rentfree, Id-par-
wdh, without care, Id-wdris,
without an heir, &*c.

Lab, a lip, lab-d-lab, brimful,

Labddah, a cloak,

Ldd (f,), a load, -na, to load,
ladna, to be ladened,

Lagdm (f.), a bridle,

Lagdna ; lagd-dena, to apply
one thing to another; to
cause to touch ; to moor, &*c.

Lagna ; lag-jdna, (intr,) to

touch; meet; fit. lagna,

means also to begin,
Lahsan, garlic, -iya, cafseye.
Lahzah, a second (of time,)
Ld,ik, suitable ;fit ; capable,
Laimiln, a lemon ; more

commonly called * lemu,^
Lajdna, to be ashamed; to

blush ; to put to shame,
Laj ja, shame ; modesty,
Ldkh, 100,000, (In India,

printed *i,co,ooo.') Also,

sealing-wax.

^ When a * w ''follows a consonant it is to be very faintly sounded.
The letter has been omitted in some words, where it has practically
ceased to affect the pronunciation.

1 66 HINDl5sTiNl AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

Lakri, wood; firewood; a
walking stick ; any kind of
{playing) bat or stick.

Ldkshdh, lac,

Ldl, red. -kdghaz, blotting-
paper.

Ldlach (f.), avarice. Adj.
Idlchi.

Lamba, long; tall.

Lina, or le-dna, to bring.

Langa, naked.

Langar, an anchor.

Langra, iame^ N. langrd,i.

Lapakna, to flash ; rush ;
pounce up,

Lapetna, to roll-up.

Larzah, trembling ; the ague.
V. larazna.

Lardji, quarrel ; battle. V.
-karna; larna.

Larka, a boy. larki, a girl,

Larakpan, childhood,

Lashkar (f.), an artny.

Lit, a kick. V. -mdrna.

Latff, fine; subtle, laiffah,
a witticism ; a joke.

Ldthi, a cudgel ; a heavy stick.
lathidl, a club-man.

Latkdna ; latkd-dena, to hang-
up ; to suspend.

Lau, a flame.

Ldzim, proper ; fitting.

Lazza, a bright flame.

Le,i, paste ; batter.

Le-jdna, to take away,

Lekha, a writing, -bahi, a
writing-book; an account-
book.

Lekin, but ; still,

Lemu, a lemon.

Lena ; le-lena, to take ; accept.

Lep, plaster, (for walls, &c.)

Letna, to lie down ; to rest.

Llchi, or Ifchu (a fneit\
leechee.

Lifdfah, an envelope,

Uillah (Arabic), for the sake
of God.

Likhna ; likh-dena, to write.
likhdna ; likhd-dena, to
cause to be written, likh-
wdna ; likwd-dena, to cause
to be written by a third per-
son, likh-lena, to take
down in writing,

Llpna, to plaster, lipna, to be
plastered, lipt, plastered.

Liydkat, ability,

Liye Que, \ for the sake of.

Log, people.

Loha, iron, lohdr, a black-
smith, -band, iron-bound,
Lohu, blood.

HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 167

Lomri, a fox.

Lota, a native brass-pot ; a

' lota:
Lotna, to wallow,
Liibdn, incense.

Lughat, a dictionary.

Lutf, courtesy,

LiSt, robbery ; 'loot: -na ;

Mt-lena, to rob, lutna, to

be robbed.

M.

Ma, a mother,

MaaliSm, evident; known,

Maani, meaning; drift,

Maamiil, the custom ; what is
customafy.-iy in accordance
with routine.

Maazdl, deposed ; discharged
from office ; dismissed,

Ma-bada, (Persian.) may it
not be I God forbid,

Mi'bip, parents; a benefactor,

Mablagh, a sum of money,

Machdn, a raised platform.

Machchhar, a musquito,

Machhli, fish.

Madad (f.), help,—%ix, help-
ing ; a help-mate, V.-d.

Mddah, female ; a female,

Mdddah, any matter ; affair,

Madh, honey,

Mddiydn, a mare.

Madrasah, a Muham ; college,

Magar, hut. Also, a croco-
dile,

Magas(f.), fl^S^.

M.2i%X2i^ cross ; 'grumpy:
Maghrib, the West,
MaghnSr, proud. N.-i.
Maghz, the brain ; pride ; a

kernal,
Mdh, the moon ; a month.
Maha, (in compos.) great.
Hence, Mahdrdja ; Mahd-
rdni (titles.) mahd-naddi,
the great river, mahd-jan,
(the great person^ a money-
lender ; a banker ; a mer-
chant.-]3iniy the business of
a * mahdjan:
Mahdbat, «zcf^/ majesty,
Mahant, a Hindu priest,
Mahawat (pulg. mahout), an

elephant-driver,
Mdhi, a fish,
Mahfnah, a month,
Mahnga, high-priced.
Mahton, a village headman,
MaFiabbat, love ; friendship,
Mahall, a section of a house :
a storey.

1 68 HINDliSTlNI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

Mabill, (plur. of ma^all and
of matiallah) streets ; sec-
tions of towns^ &'c,;land^or
other sources of revenue re-
served to Government, a
• mehal.' See * Khdss.'

Matiallah, a ward of a town,

Matibdb, a loved one, -Adj.
-ah. -i, amiability ; sweet-
ness,

Mabbiis, imprisoned,

Ma^siil, a tax ; duty ; postage,

Ma}^ pure. Adv. merely,

Ma,i, (Arabic prep.), along
with,

Maida,^(f7«r.

Maiddn, a plain ; a 'maidanJ

Maila, dirty.

Main, /.

Maina, (bird.) a ' maina?

Mdjara, the circumstances
which occurred,

Majbiir, forud ; constrained,
N.-i.

Majlis (f.), an assembly ; con-
ference.

Majma, an assembly -)^'^ki
l^niln, an unlawful assem-
bly.

Makdn, a dwelling ; a place ;
a house,

Makkhan, butter.

Makkhi, a fly,

Makra, a spider,

MaVdm, a dwelling-place ;
resting-place; lodging; halt-
ing-ground,

MaVdiir, within the limits of
possibility ; power, -bhar,
to the full extent of possi-
bility,

Mdl, goods ; property ; mer-
chandize, nidl-o-mata, goods
and effects, mdl-gu2dr, a
rent-payer ; a tenant, mdl-
guzdri, the paying of rent ;
rent, malik, a master ;
owner ; lord, nidlik-dna, a
payment made to an owner
out of possession, mdl-
khdnah, a store-house,
mdliyat, wealth,

Mald,i, cream,

Malak, an Angel,

Mdli, a gardener,

Malik, a King; a Chief -ih^
a Queen,

Mdlish, rubbing, V.-k.

Mal-mal, muslin,

Malna, to rub ; to chafe,

Mdmu, a maternal uncle,

Man, the mind ; intention,

Man, a ' maund,* = about
80 lbs.

hindiJstXni as it ought to be spoken.

169

Manddi, a proclamation,

MdQda, tired, N. mdQdagi.

Mangal, Tuesday,

Mdngna ; m^Qg-lena, to ask
for ; want, mangwdna ;
mangwd-dena, to procure,
mdng-lena, to borrow,

Mdni, a hindrance ; obstacle,

Mdnind (f.), resemblance. As
prep, (with *ki '), like ; as,

Manjan, tooth-powder^ or
paste,

Mdnna, to obey; respect;
allow ; confide in ; believe ;
hold as ; attend to.

Manzil (f.), a stage of a Jour-
ney,

Manziir, approved ; permitted.

Mdp, the measure of a thing,
-na, to measure,

Mdr, beating, mard-mdri, mu-
tual assault, mdr-pit, an
assault, V. mdrna, {which
means also to kill), mdr-d.,
to beat, mar-ddlna, to kill,

Marammat, repairing ; re-
pairs, V. -k.

Mdre (ke.), by reason of,
Mard, a man; a husband,
-dnah, brave, -nagi,
bravery ; manliness,
Mdrifat (ki.), by the agency of

Mart^iliHj one who has found
the mercy of death; the
deceased ; * the late?

Marna ; mar-jdna, to die,

Martabah, step ; degree; rank,

Mdrtol, or mdrtaul, a ham-
mer,

Marzi, wish; will; ^plea^
sure.

Masahri, musquito-cur tains,

Masdlah, spices ; solder,

Masftia, The Messiah,

Masjid (f.), a mosque,

Maskharah, a jester,

Masalan, for example,

Masnad (f.), the throne.

Mast, lustful ; drunk, N. -i.

Mastisa, a half-caste,

Mastdl, a mast,

Mashdl, a torch, -chi, a torch-
bearer ; a scullion,

Mashghdl, busy ; occupied,

Mashhdr, celebrated; well-
known,

Mashk (f), {vulg, mashak),
the leather bag used by the
* bihishti^ ' for carrying
water,

Mashrilj:, the East,

Mat, not^ (with the imper.
mood.>

Matlab, intention; meaning

170 HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

Matrdkah, property ; especi-
ally as left by a deceased
person,

Matwdla, a drunkard.

Math, a Hindu temple,

Matar, peas,

Mauj (f.), a wave,

Maujiid, present ; at hand,

Maiil<:ilf, postponed ; put off;
stopped, (as an allowance.)

Maulavi, a Muham : learned
man ; a * Moulvi,^

Mausam, or mausim, a season
of the year ; weather,

Mausiif, afore-said,

Maut (f.), death,

Mauza, a parish ; the village
and the village lands,

Mazah, taste ; flavour,

Mazbdt, firm ; solid, N.-i.

Mazdiir, a daily labourer, -i,
his daily pay ; the work of
a labourer,

Mazhab, religion,

Mazkdr, afore-said,

Mazmdm, sense ; meaning;
the contents of a book,

Mekh (f), a peg, (e. g., for a

tent ;) a nail,
Mela, a fair ; a * mela. '

Men, in ; into,
Mez (f.), a table.

Mi,dd, the period allowed Jor
doing anything, -i, limited
to a specified time,
Midah, the stomach,
Mihfn, fine in texture; subtle,
Mihmdn, a guest, -ddr, a

host, -ddri, hospitality,
Mihrbdn, kind ; condescend-
ing, N. -i.
MHinat, labour, -i, laborious.

-dnah, wages,
Mihtar, or mehtar, a sweeper,

Iffemaky mihtrdni.
Milki, a landowner; often
used for milkfyat, landed
property held in on^s own
right,
Milna, as 3rd personal verb>
See page 50 ; as fully per-
sonal verb, to be mixed uPy
or associated with, mildna ;
mila-dena, {trans.) to mix;
adjust; fit ; match a pat-
tern, and the like, mili-
juli, on the best of terms,
Mindr, a minaret,
Mir, a Muham, title,
Mirch, or mircha, pepper,
Mirgi, epilepsy,
Mirza, a Muham, title,
Miskf n, poor ; humble.
Misl (f.), a file of papers.

hindi^stAni as it ought to be spoken. 171

Misr, Egypt, misri, Egyptian,
hence applied to crystallis-
ed sugar ^ as coming from
Egypt.

Mistar, a guide for writing
straight by ; a ruler.

Mistiri, or mistri, {supposed
by some to be the English
* mister') a head workman ;
a workman,

Mifha, sweet, -pdni, lemon-
ade, mithdji, sweet-meats.

Mittha, a kiss /' sweet,

Mitti, earth.

Miydn, a word of respectful
or friendly address, or
reference to one,

Mizdj, temperament ; health.

Mizdn (f.), a balance ; scales,

Mlecha, an unclean person,
i.e., any one not a Hindu.

Mochi, a cobbler ; a currier.

Modi, a grain- shcP'keeper ; a
grocer,

Mohr, or mor, a peacock.

^\o\, purchasing. V, -lena.

Mom, wax. -batti, a wax-
candle, -rau^^Ln, polishing-
paste ; varnish ; grease.
~i, waxen.

Morha, a footstool,

Moti (m,), a pearl,

Motai, fat ; coarse, N. -i.

Moze, boots ; used also for
stockings; socks,

MUfif, forgiven, V. -k. N. -i.

Mu,dfi]^ (ke.), conformably to,

Mu,aiyan, fixed ; stationed.

Mu,dmalah, any affair ; busi-
ness.

Mu,azzaz. honoured; esteemed.

Mubdrak, happy ; fortunate.
-bdd (Persian, * may it be
fortunate') congratulations;
compliments ; ^ blessing.^
-bddi, the act of congratu-
lating, &^c.

Mublagh, or mablagh, a sum
of money.

Miichh (f.), mustachios.

Mudda,d-alaih, (plur. mud-
da,d-alaihim), a defendant
in a suit.

Mudakhalat, entry on land,
dr'c,

Mudda,i, a plaintiff in a suit.

Muddat, time ; space,

Mufassil, in detail ; the coun-
ties in contrast with the
metropolis.

'Ayahs use the corrupted English, 'Kissi.'

172 hindijstIni as it ought to be spoken.

Muflis,/^r; wretched. N. -i.

Muft, gratis.

Mufti, a Muham : law-officer.

Mughal, a • MoguV

Muhr (f.), a seal ; an obsolete
gold coin,

Muhri, a drain,

Muhdfiz, a defender ; a re-
cord-keeper.

Mul^Sin&m, forbidden ; sacred.
The first month of the
Muham : year. * The
muharram ^festival.

Mul^balah, the comparing of
e. g., draft with fair copy ;
attack; onset^ V. -k.

Mukarrar, fixed ; enduring.
-i, a fixed land tenure.
-iddr, tlie holder of such.

Mukhdlif, disagreeing; con-
flicting ; an opponent.
-at, variance ; discrepancy ;
plur. mukhdlifdt.

Mukhtdr, exalted ; an attor-
ney.

Mulihazah, viewing ; inspec-
tion. V. -k.

Mald,i, cream.

Muldjim, soft ; tender.
Muldl^dt, a visit. V. -k.
Muldzim, a servant,
Miili, radish.

Mulk (Anglo- Hind., moo-
look), a country.

Mulla, a Muham : lawyer or
doctor.

Mu\t2LV\,put off; adjourned.

Mumkin, possible.

Mundsib, suitable; right ;
proper.

Munh, the mouth ; the face.

Muni b, a patron ; a master,

Munshi, a Muham : teacher
of languages ; a writer ;
a liead-clerk.

Murabba, pickled ; pre-
served ; jam.

Murabbi, a teacher ; director ;
guardian.

Murdd (f.), wish ; intention,

Murattab, arranged ; put in
order ; prepared.

Murdah, dead ; a corpse,

Murddr, polluted ; carrion. .

Murgh, a cicky murghi, a
hen. murgh-dbi, water-
fowl mUrghi-khdnah, a
hen-house.

Musdfir, a traveller,

Musawwir, a painter ; a sculp-
tor.

Musalmdn; muslim, a Mu^
Salman, fem. -i.

Musfbat, adversity.

hind^stIni as it ought to be spoken. 173

M usiki, music,

Mushkil, difficult, -dt, diffi-
culty ; difficulties.

Musht, the fist.

Mushwarah, consultation.

'MutdLjSdysLn, posted /fixed.

Muta,ammi1, meditative.

Muta,assib, bigotted.

Mutdbik (ke, ), according
to.

Mutafarrik, miscellaneous.

Mutarjim, a translator,

Mutasaddi, an accountant.

Mutawalli, a guardian of a
mosque^ d^^c.

Mutlak, or matlalj:, 'at all,'
e.g., mutlak nabin, not at
all.

Mutthi, the fist ; a handful.

Muyassar, available ; ready
to hand.

Muzd,ikah, importance, e.g.,
'kuchh muzd,ikah nahin,
ifs of no consequence.
Mdzi, importunate ; trouble-
some ; vexatious.

N.

Na, no ; not. Much used as
prefix, -ddni, want of wis-
dom, -durust, not right ;
out of order ; incorrect,
-itisdnmandi, ingratitude.
-^is, worthless, -kis-ul-ay,
of no mental calibre.-litiTln-
(blood.) the nail of man or
animals, -maaldm, un-
known, -pasand, disagree-
able ; not approved, -rdst,
unjust ; unrighteous, tdljiat,
without strength, -wd^if,
uninformed, -yih, -wuh,
neither this nor that.

Nabz (f.), the pulse, -dekhna,
to feel the pulse.

Ndch (f), a native dance. V.

-na, or -k.
Naddmat, repentance.
Naddi, a river.
Nafa, profit.

Nafs, the soul ; the spirit.
Ndg, a snake.
Ndgdh, suddenly,
Nagar (as last part of word

e.g., Ahmad-nagar), a city ;

a t07vn,
Nahdna (intr.), to bathe.
Nahr (f.), a canal.
Ndhi, no! not so! you're

not to do that,
Nahin, not, -to, // not then ;

otherwise.

174 hin6i^stAni as it ought to be spoken.

Nd,ib, a deputy ; an agent;
a subordinate^ e.g., -gum-
dshtah, an under steward,
-patwdri, a subordinate
^patwdrp (i.e., collector of
rents,)

Najlb, noble.

Ndk (f.), the nose.

Nay (f.), a story ; a copy.
-navls, a copyist.

NaVshah, a drawing; a
model ; a design; a map ;
a plan ; a chart

Nal, a horse-shoe, -bandi,
shoeing a horse. V. -ban-
di-k. -kholna, to take off
the shoeSn

Ndla, a ditch ; a * nullah.^

Ndldn, wailing,

Ndlish, a compFaint (of
wrong.)

Ndm,fli name ; fame ; charac-
ter, -burdah", the above-
named. — war, famous.

Ndmah (as last part of word),
a writings e.g., hibah-
ndmah, a deed of gift.

Namak (vulg. nimak,) salt,
-ddn, a salt-cellar, -ka
chammach, a salts toon.

Nail dz (f.), prayer. V.
-parnna.

Namdah, a coarse woollen
covering ; a pad^ used as
under saddle-cloth^ dfc.

Namiinah, a pattern; a
sample.

Ndna, a mother's father.

Nd,o {i.\ a boat ; a ship.

Ndp (f.), same as Mdp. q.v.

Ndpit, a barber.

Nar, a male ; male.

Ndrikel, e?rndriyal,a cocoanut.

Ndrangi, an orange.

Narm, j^y?(lit.and fig.). N.-i.

Nas (f.), a vein ; a sinew.

liasibygoodfortune; lot in life.

Nasi^at, advice ; good counsel.
V. -k. and -6.*

Nasr, an eagle.

Nashah, intoxication,

Ndshpdti, a pear.

Ndshtah breakfast.

Nashtar (f.), a lancet.

Natthi, an official string or
file of papers.

Ndti, a daughter's son,

Natfjah, the necessary result
(e.g., of an argument) ; up-
shot ; end of the matter.

Nau, younf; ; new ; fresh.
-jawdn, a youth, -jawdni,
youth, -roz, Neiv Yearns
Day,

hindi5stAni as it ought to be spoken. 175

Naubat, time ; turn.

Naukar, a servant -log, the
servants, ~i, service.

Nawd^i, district ; neighbour-
hood,

Nawwab, or Niiwdb, (pi. of
Nd,ib.) {Angiici, * Nabob,')
a viceroy ; a governor ; a
Nawdb,

Naya, new,

Nazdmat, the criminal de-
partment of Government,
-addlat, the criminal court
of a judge,

Nazar(f.), a look, -k, to take
a look ; cast an eye upon,

Ndzim, a governor,

Ndzir, a superintendent ; (es-
pecially) a sheriff or head
bailiff, nazdrat, the depart-
ment superintended by such,

Nazdik (Adj.) near; neigh-
bouring. Also as prep,
with (ke.) -i, neighbour-
hood.

Nazr, an offering from an
inferior to a superior ; a
' nuzzur*

Ne. See page 5. Also page 19,
section 25.

Nek, good ; of good repute,
N. -ndm, and -ndmi.

Nibedan, prayer^ e.g., for
redress,

Nicha (adj.). low; under,
-k., to lower, nfche (ke),
below,

Nigdh (f.), look; regard.
-rakhna, to watch one,
-bdni, custody ; charge.

Niimat,ye?y/ delight.

Nihdyat, the extremity. Adv.
extremely,

Nikalna; nikal-jdna, to go
out ; get out,

Nikdlna; nikdl-d., to put
out ; turn out^ (e.g.. from
one's presence), nikal-lena,
to extract,

Nikab, marriage. V. -k.

Nfl; nila, blue; tndigo, nil-
gd,o, {blue cow) (an ani-
mal), a • neel-gaiJ nfl-kothi,
an indigo-factory, nfl-kothi
k a sdhi b, an Indigo Planter.

Nildm, an auction -k., to
sell by auction,

Nim, half; Also, a kind of
tree; a ^ Neem-treeJ -roz,
midday.

Nfnd, sleep, V. -lena. A. -i.

Nir, a prefix, //i^^ ^ un' in
English.

Nirauni, weeding. V. -k.

176 hindiJstXni as it ought to be spoken.

Nirkh {pulg, nirrik), the Nok (f.), a beak ; an end;

market-rate, a point,

Nisdr, largesse ; donation ; Nona, or niina (adj.), sait^

sacrifice of one's self, V. -k. -pdni, salt-water,

Nisbat, the relation of one Nujtim, astrology. -\, the

thing to another^ is ki nis- art of ditto. Also, an

bat, in comparison with this. astrologer,

Nisf, the half; half (n. a.) Nulcsdn, /<!7W/ /«;«0'' "Paliuiii-

Nishdn \ nishdnah, a mark ; chdna, to cause ditto,

a signal, N umd,ish, appearance ; show ;

Niwdr, cotton-belting ; obstruc- from,

tion, Ndr, light ; brightness. Hence

Nfyat, intention ; aim, * Koh-i-niSr,* TheMountain

^^XT^m^ good arrangement ; a of Light,

governor; *" The Nizdm^ 'Susl^ohj a recipS ; a medical

(e.g., of Haidardbdd.) prescription.

O.

O (Persian), and. covering-cloth^^,%,^a blanket.

Ojha, a wizard ; a magician, Os, dew,

Ola-pira, cholera, Osdrah, a verandah,

Olti, eaves. Ot, shade ; protection, -k,, to

Orhna, to put on clothes ; to protect; conceal, -hona,

cover one^s self up, as N. ^ to lie concealed,

P.

PaS a leg ; a foot, -e-jdmah, foot-stool, -posh, a slipper,

sleeping drawers, -e-khd- pai-dal, on foot.

nah, a privy, -K)-ddn, a Pachchham, the West,

^ Takes many forms, as p^,e, pa,i, panw, pd,o ; piya, PI. p^,09.

hindi^stAni as it ought to be spoken. 177

Pddshdh, a king, -i, save-
reignty ; a kingdom.

Padri,* minister; a priest

Pag, a foot -dandi, a foot-
path -dandi-lena, to track.

Pagal, a fool ; a lunatic, *a
po^gle,^ -khdnah, a lunatic
asxlum.

Pagri, a turban. See page 95.

Fahalwdn, a wrestler; a
swash-buckler,

Pahar. Seepage 67. Sect, 3.

Pahdr, a mountain,

Pahchdnna. to recognize; to
know one,

Pahinna, to put on clothes,

Pahiya (m.), a wheel.

Pahunchna, to arrive, pahu^-
chdna ; pahunchd-d., to
escort ; cause to arrive,

Pdi, a pie^ ^^ of an *dnah,*

Paida, dorn. -bona, to be
born, -ish, birth, -wdr,
produce ; ^yieW

l^aighdm, a message ; evangel,
-ghambar, a messenger ;
an apostle ; especially Mu-
hammad,

PaiWa, or pahle, first ; the
first ; in Jhe first place.

Paik, a runner ; a messenger,
Paiindn, a promise,
Paima,ish, measurement of

land, V. -k.
Pairna, to swim, pairdk, a

sivimmer.
Paisa, a coin, = 3 */d/V

paise, money ; ^change.*
Paithna, to enter,
Paji, contemptible ; mean.
Pdk ; pakfzah, clean ; pure.

N. -i ; -fzagi.
Pakarna, to seize ; to catch.

pakar-le-jdna, to seize and

carry off,
Pakka, also^ pukhtah, ripe ;

cooked ; thorough ; done in

the best manner ; e.g , pak-

ka idsta, a metalled road.

The converse word is

* kachcha.' The ^pucca^ and

^catcha* of Anglo- Hind.
Pakdna {trans.), to cook,

pakna (intr.), to cook; to

grozv ripe, pakwdna, to

cause to be cooked.
Pakhdl, a large bag for

7vater carried in pairs on

bullocks,
Palak( f.), the eye-lid.

^ Not Hindustani.

T., If.

12

178

hindiJstAni as it ought to be spoken.

Palang, a bed.

Palds, the cotton-tree. Hence
* Plassey.*

Pdlki, a palanquin ; a ^palki^^
-wdla, a palki'Carrier.

Pdlna, to rear ;. bring-up ;
cherish, palna, to be rear-
ed^ b*c. pdlak, one who
rears ^ brings upy dr'c.

Paltan (f.), a regiment.

Pdn, bete/ (chewed by natives.)

Pdna, to get ; obtain.

Panah (f.), shelter ; protec-
tion. Used as form of ad-
dress, e.g., jahaij-pandh !
Protector of the Universe!

Pdnch, five, panchdyat, a
village-council ^/"(nominal-
ly) five members, panch, a
member of the village-council,

Pandrah, y?//tf^«.

Pandit, a learned Hindu.

Pdni (m.), water ; rain. ~h.,
to rain.

Panir (f.), cheese.

Panj, (Persian,) five, -db,
{the 5 waters) The ^ Fun-
jaub.^ -ah, a claw.

Pdnjar, the side (of the body).

Panjari, a rib,

Pankha, a fan ;■ a ^punkha?
-wala, a punkha-puller.

Panna, an emerald.

Panseri, a measure^ or weight
of 5 * sers.^

Yk^o^ a quarter ; one-fourth.

Pdp, sin.

Par, on ; upon, at. As parti-
cle, still ; for all that. As
N. a feather.

Pdr (ke.), over ; across. V.-k ,
to cross. -\\OT\2i, to be across^
(e. g., a river.) As N. a
shore ; a bank.

Parb, a religious holiday.

Parchah, a fragment ; a scrap.

Pardah, a curtain ; curtains^
-nishfn, remaining behind
the curtain ; (applied to
ladies who do not go out.)

Pardeshi, foreign.

Pareshdn, distressed ; vexed ;
worried. N. -i.

farganah, a local division;
a ^purgunnah^

Parhez, (f.), abstinence ;
moderation

Pari-roz, (Persian,) next-day.

Paros, neighbourhood, -i, a
neighbour.

Parson, the day after to-
morrifw ; the day before
yesterday. Seepage 69.

Parwdh, matter ; consequence.

HINDl5sTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

179

Parwdnah, a written order
from one in authority,

Parwar, a patron^ as in
* gharib-parwar !' Patron
of the Poor 1

Parwasti, cherishing ; supply-
ing means of livelihood, V.-k.

Pdra, a quarter of a town ;
a beat, -wdla, a watchman
of ditto.

Parhdna, to teach,

Parhna, to read ; to learn,

Parna, to fall ; he down, (e.g.
with sickness,) para, down ;
fallen.

Parti, land * resting ' ; waste-
land.

Pas, then ; therefore ; conse-
quently ; SO.

Pds (ke.), beside, near, or
by one. -ana, or jdna, to
go near, or up to,

Fisbin, a patrol, -i, patrolling,

Pdse, dice,

Pasfnah, perspiration,

Pdsh-pdsh, smashed ; in mor-
sels, -ho-jdna, to be
smashed ; to go to pieces,

Pashemdn, repentant.

Pashm (f.), wool,

Pata, signs ; indications ;
traces ; a persoris address.

Patthar, a stone ; hail, -ka
ko,ila, coals,

Patla, thin ; meagre.

Pattar, a leaf.

Pdt, a 'breadth' of cloth;
a flap ; a board. Also,
tow.

Patakna ; patak-d., to dash
against ; to throw to the
ground,

Patdna, to irrigate.

Patna, a district, and also a
city in Lower Bengal;
' Patna:

Patpat, the sound of beating ;
beating,

Patta, a deed of lease.

Patti, a plaster ; a bandage.
Also, a demarcated section
of land,

Pat wdri, a village rent-collector.

Patel, beating ; a village mag-
nate so called,

Paune. See pages 64 and 67. .

Pauti, a small basket,

Pech, a twist ; a turn, -ddr,
twisted, -kash, a screw-
driver, -tdb, restlessness;
* the fidgets: -ish, contor-
tion ; stomach-ache. V. -na.

Peru, a turkey.

Per, a tree.

l8o HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

Pesh, in front ; facing, -db,
urine, -ah, on^s trade;
business, -dni, the fore-
head, -gi, an advance of
money, -kdr, a clerk who
lays business before his supe-
rior, -tar, formerly ; at an
earlier time V.-k , to bring
forward any matter for at-
tention ; to place before one,

Peshwa, a Mahratta Minis-
ter ; * The Peishwa ; ' a
guide.

Pet, the belly, -i, a waist-
band, also, a trunk ; a box.

PhaiUna {trans) phailna,
(/«/r.) to spread abroad^
(as newSy 6-r.)

Phal, fruit, (lit. and fig.)
-ddr, fruitful.

Phdnk (f.), a slice ; a * cut:

Phd^si, a loop ; noose, -d., to
execute b\ hanging,

Phaphsa, blown-tfut ; swollen,

PImphola, a blister ; dil ka-,
soreness of mind.

Pharsa, an axe,

Phdrna ; phar-d , {trans,)
to tear^ phdra hil,a, torn.

Phdtak, an outer-gate,

Phatna, phat-jdna, {intr.) to^
tear ; to burst ; to break.

PheQkna; phenk-d., to throw;
to throw down.

Pheph^e, the lungs.

Pher, or phir, back ; again,
-dna, to come back, -jdna,
to go back, pheri-k., to ex-
ercise horses. [about.

Phirta-phirta, wandering

Phir. See « Pher.'

PhiSl, a flower ; flowers, -a,
swollen, -ddn, a flower-
vase, -jdna, to swell, -kobi,
a cauliflower, -na, to blos-
som ; flower ; be in robust
health, phul-wdri ; phdl-
bdgh; phiSl-baghdn, (L.B.)
a flower-garden, phul-jhari,
a kind of flre-work. phul-
kdri, an ornamental cloth
studded with bright meiai.

Phiink, blowing with the
mouth. V. -na. \decetve.

Phusldna, to wheedle ; coax ;

Phiitna, to be broken, philta,
broken, phiita pdni, boiling
water.

Plchhe, behind, also, prep,
(ke). pichhdri, the hinder
parts; ropes for sf astern ng
horses by the hind Itgs.
pichhla, the hindermost ;
the last.

HINDI^stInI as it ought to be SPOKtN.

i8i

Pichkdri, a squirt ; a syringe,

Pidar> (Persian,) a father,

Pfk (f. ), saliva caused by chew-
ing betel-nut, -ddn; a spit-
toon,

Pfl, an elephant, -bdn, his
driver, -khdnah, his stabU,

Pildna, {trans,) to give water,

PildjO, {a kind of food,) *pil-
law.'

Pilla, a pup.

Pillu, a worm,

Pfna, {trans, and intr,) to
drink. Also, {trans,) to
smoke,

Pindli, the calf of the leg,

Pinjra, a cage ; a trap,

Plpa, a cask; a barrel ; a
'pipe:

Pfpal, a 'peepar tree,

Pfr (M.), an old man ; a reli-
gious man; a saint, -ka
roz, Monday,

Pirich, a saucer,

Plrozah, turquoise,

Plru. See * Peru.'

Pisar, (Persian,) a son ; a boy,

Pfsna, to grind, pisna, to be
ground,

Visiskhy-pistachio-nut,

Pissu, a flea.

Pit, or pith, bile.

Pftal, brass,

Pitdra, a travelling-box. (of

special make.)
Pftna, to beat ; to assault.

pitna, to be beaten, &»c.
Piyddal), a messenger.
Piydlah, a cup.
Pydr (f.), affection, -a, dear ;

loved, -k., to caress ; fondle,
Piydz, an onion.
Poddar, a money-changer.
Ponchhna ; ponchh-d., to

dust ; to clean.
Po-t, rind ; skin. Also, the

poppy-plant, -i, one who

uses opium.
Poshdk (f.), clothing.
Pota, a son's son. poti, a

son's daughter

Prdn, life ; soul ; sweetheart,

Prasansa, praise,

Prem (f.), love, -sdgar, ^^The

Ocean of Love" {a book so

called.)
Prit, love ; friendship,
Prithi, the earth, -ndth, Lord

of the Universe,

Piichhna, to ask a question.
Pudfnah, mint,
Pdja (H.), worship, -ri, a
priest. V. -k.

i82 hind^stIni as it ought to be spoken.

Pukdrna^ {intr,) to shout,
{trans,) to call one by shout-
ing,

Pukhtah. See * Pakka/

Pul, a bridge, -bandi, a con-
tribution for making or
maintaining bridges.

PuU,o. See * Pild,o.'

Puanda, a parcel ; a bundle.

Piinji, capital used in trade.

Ptir, a town ; a city, only
as termination, e.g.^ Ndg-
piir.

Piira, complete ; full, -k., to

do in a complete manner /

fulfil ; finish.
Pdrab, the East.
Piirdn ; purdnah, certain

quasi-religious books of the

Hindis.
Purdna, old ; ancient.
Purush, a human being.
Pusht, a generation ; ancestry

-ba-, from generation to

generation.
Putli, a doll ; an image.

R.

Rabi, the Sun. -bdr, Sunday.

Rabi, the spring-crop.

Radd, rejection; refutation;
vomiting, -badal, argu-
mentation ; wrangling.
-i-jawdb, a rejoinder to an
answer, -ndmah, a deed of
abandonment. V. -k.

Rafa, repairing; making up
a dispute. V. -k. rafa-nd-
mah, a deed settling a dis-
pute.

Raftah-raftah, gradually^
(from Persian * raftan,' to

go-)
Rag (f.), a vein ; a sinew.

Raged (f.), pursuit. V. -na.

Rdh, or rah (/!), a road.

rdhzan, a highivay robber.

rdh-zani, highway robbery.
Rahd,i, ^rrihd,i, release. V.-k.
Rdhat, repose ; peace.
Rahn, or rihn, a pledge ; a

pawn.
Rahna, to dwell ; to remain.

rahne-d., to leave; lei alone.

rah-jdna, to remain waiting.
Rahm ; rahmat, pity ; mercy.

A. rahmdn.
Rd,i, opinion; advice. Also,

mustard.
Ra,fs, a chief; a nobleman.
Ra,fyat, (plur. ri,dya.) 2 pea-
sant ; a * ryot / a subject.

HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

183

Raj (H.), rule ; a kingdom,
'-a, a * Raja. ' - hdns, a

goose.

Rdj, or rdj-mistri, a mason.
Rikab (f.), a stirrup, -diwdl,

stirrup-leathers.
Rakhna ; to put ; to place ;

keep beside one, rakh-d., to

put a thing down.
Rakshas, an Evil Spiritt
Ram ; Ram>Rdm (H.), God.
Ramazdn, the Muham: ^Lent.^
Ramnah, an open plain ; a

park.

Rana (H,), a prince ; rdni, a

queen ; a * Mdnee, '
Randi, a wench ; a woman,^

Rang (f. ), colour ; paint, -i,
chintz, --rez, a dyer, -saz,
a house-painter, -d., to
dye ; to paint, -f n, dyed ;
coloured.

Ranj ; ranjish, grief ; bitter-
ness of spirit. A. ranjidah.

Ras (f.), driving-reins.

Ras, juice.

Rasad, provinder.

Ksism({.), law ; custom, rasmi,
according to ditto.

Rassi, a rope.

Rdst, just ; true ; sincere.
N. -i.

Rdsta, a road.

Rasiiji, cooking; cooked food^

Rashld, wise.

Rdtj night,

Ratan (f.), a jewel.

Rath, a chariot ; a religious
processional car.

Ratti, a weight by which
jewels are weighed.

Rdtib, food-allowance, {for
an animal)

Raughan, polish ; oil ; har-
ness-paste.

Rawaddr, one who gives his
consent to anything.

RsLVfin, Jlowing. Also, soul;
life.

Rawdnah, a pass ; a permit ;
despatch of goods, -k., to
despatch,

Rdz, a secret.

Raza (f. ), razamandi, consent.

Razd, i, a bed-co7fer ; a quilt.

Rdzi, satisfied ; ^ agreeable.^
-k., to satisfy; appease.
-i-namah, a deed express-
ing satisfaction of a
claim.

* Not a respectful word.

184 HlNDlJsTiNI AS IT OUGHI" TO BE SPOKEN.

Reg(f.), sand.

ReQgna; reug-reng. -k., to

creep.
Renkna, io bray.
Resham, silk, reshmi, of siik.
Ret (f.), sand, -i, a file. V.-na.
Rezah, a scrap ; a crumb.

Rijdya. See * Ra,iyat. *

Rfchh, a bear.

Ris (f.), an^er. - k., to enrage.

Rfsh (f), a beard.

Rishi (H.), a sage.

Rishtah, relationship ; a

thread on which papers,

&'c., are strung.
Rishwat, a bribe, -d., to give

a bribe, -khdna, or lena, to

take a bribe.
Rft ; rfti, the custom.

Rog, sickness : disease.
Rohu, a fish so called.
Rokar (f.), prompt payment.

-bahi, a cash-account book,
Rokna (trans. \ to stop ;

check ; hem-in.
Rona, to weep.
Rora, small stones ; gravel.
Roshan, or raushan, clear ;

bright. N. roshnd,i, which

means also, blacking ; ink.
Rod, bread. '

Roz, a day. -ba-, day by day.
-4na, daily, -gdr, daily
earnings; service; means
of livelihood ; daily pay
-fnah, daily pay. -ndoi-
chah, a diary, -i.maiddn,
the day of battle.

Rozah, a fast. V. -rakhna.

Ru, the face, ~ba-kdr, or
-ba-kdri, a writing by
which a matter is laid be-
fore one; a ^ roobacarry .*
-h^-, face to face, -e-ddd
(f.), a Wfttten statement of
facts, -mdl,' a handker-
chief. -|)osh,» hidden.
-posh bona, to be concealed ;
to hide one's self.

Rtib, the soul ; the spirit.

Riiji, cotton.

Ruju, a turning dr appealing
to one; making a matter
over to one. V. -k.

Rukh, the cheek.

Rukhsat, p^.rmission to go;
leave; discharge, -d., to
grant permission to go.
-bona, to be allowed to go ;
to depart, -lena, to take
one's leave, or discharge ;
to depart. [p^g^ 1<"

RUpa, silver. riSpiya. See

* See* Malna/

' From the Persian * poshfdan, ' fo cover; clothe ; hide.

HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

185

R.

ft

No word begins with this letter.

S.

Note, — There are three *S's' in Hindiistdni ; but their
sounds are so much alike that they liave not been distin-
guished in this book.

Sa, (adj.) (after a i>oun) likty
e i;., bandar-sa, monkey-
like, (after an adj.) ^ -ishf
* pretty ; ' * rather, ' e.g.,
ek bara-sa ghar, a pretty
large house.

Sab ; . all ; the whole ; often
used to give a plural sense
to words which have no
plural Nom, -ke-, an em-
phatic fomi of * sab.' -ko,i,
every one, -kuchh, every-
thing. Obh'que PI. sabhon.

Sabab, cause ; reason,

Sabere, in the morning.

Sdbi^, relating to past time.

Sdbit, firm ; established.
-kar-d., to establish, or
make good a point, -bona,
to be established^ dr'c.

Sabr, patience, -k., to have
patience; to wait a little.
A. sdbir.

Sdbiin, <7rsdbun, f^flr/. -dan,
a soap-dish.

Subdt, firmness ; stability ;
establishment by evidence.

Sabz, (Adj.) green, -i, ver-
dure ; vegetables.

Sach ; sachha, true ; honest ;
upright. N. sachhd,i.

Sdda, plain ; unadorned.
Also artless.

Sadmah, a shock ; a blow.

Sdf ; safa, clean, (lit. or fig.),
safd.i, cleanness; the clear,
ing of one^s character ; de-
fence.

Safar, a journey, V. -k

Saff-i-jang (f.), battle-order.

Sag, (Persian,) a dog.

Sdg, spinach ; * sdg.^

Sagu, sago.

Sagar, the O^ean.

Sdgdn, teak-wood,

Sahi, (interj.) true I quite so!

1 86

hindijstAni as it ought to be spoken.

Sdbib, sd1.iibah. See pages 24
and 26. -i-khdnah, the
master^ (or mistress) of the
house,

Sabfh, accurate ; just; just
the thing -V.^ to correct ; to
sign-sM\ 1 1 at, safe and well,

Sahn, a court-yard,

Sai, or sau, one hundred,

Sdjil, a petitioner.

Saildb, an inundation,

Sair, fl walk ; a journey, -k.,
to take a walky &'c,

Sdjis, a groom,

Sdj, adornment ; equipment ;
harness, V. {trans.) -na ;
-lagdna ; -lagd-d. V. (intr.)
sajna.

Sdjha, companionship ; part-
nership, sdjhij a companion,
&*c,

Sdkin, an inhabitant,

Sakna. See page 18, Sect, 22,

Sukitnat, one's ^ parish;^
domicile, [difficult, N, -i.

Sakht, hard. (lit. or fig.) ;

Sakhi, liberal ; open-handed.

Sdl, a tree so called.

Sdl, (Persian,) a year, {plur.
sdlha.) -anah, yearly^

Saldh, peace ; concord ; good
advice. V. -d, and lena.

Saldm, comp.iments ; an obei-
sance, -k., or d., to salute.
-d., or bolna, to send one's
compliments,

Saldmat, safety ; preservation ;
as adv., safely.

Saldmi, money paid on a lease
being granted, or the like,

Sdlis, an arbitrator, -i, arbi-
tration.

Salfs, easy, N. -i.

Salotar, a farrier ; a 'vet.^
-i, the profession of ditto.

Sdlu, coarse red cloth.

Sdliis, The Trinity.

Samd,at, the hearing, e.g., of
a case in Court,

Samajh (f.), understanding,
V. -na ; -men lena, to
understand, samjhdna, to
explain.

Saman, jasmine.

Samdn, level ; equal ; alike.

Sdmdn, furniture ; equipage,

Sambat,^ special era so called,

Sam bar, a kind of elk.
Sombdr, Monday,
Samet, with ; ahng with,
Sdmne (adv.) in front ; op-
posite, also, as prep. (ke.).
-wdla, what is opposite,

Samundar, the Ocean,

hindiJstAni as it ought to be spoken.

187

San, the year ^ (in dating,)

Sanad (f.), a royal^ or other
deed of grant ; a letter of
appointment.

Sandal, sandal-wood,

Si^d, a bull.

Sang, a stone, -in, stony ;
arduous ; serious, (as a
crime.)

Sdni, (Persian,) second,

Sanibdr, Saturday,

Sanfchar, Saturday,

Sdnp, a snake,

Sdns (f.), the breath, -ttitna,
to breaks i.e., lose one's
breath.

Sanydsi, a Hindu devotee,

Sar, or sir, the head ; the top ;
the point ; starting-point.
sar-ba-sar, entirely, sar-
dard, headache, sarddr, a
headman, sar-inau, quite
new ; fresh, sar-i-rdh (f.),
the centre of the road, -k.,
to execute; succeed ; get on ;
make head with, sar-zamfn
(f.), the place at which any
event occurred,
Sira, the whole; all the...
Sard,e (f.), an abode ; an
inn ; a halting-place ; a
shelter.

Sarak (f.), a public road.
Sar-anjdm, apparatus ; neces-
sary things.
Sdras, a crane {bird).
Sardsari ; sarsari, (a«ij.) all

round about ; summary.
Sard (adj.), cold ;^. -i., cold ;

a cold.
Saresh, glue.
Sarf, expenditure ; use. V.-k.

-men Idna, to bring into

on^s use,
Sarfardz, exalted ; noble.
Sare, */^r.' (e.g., per yard.)
Sdri, a wrapper worn by

native females,
Sirkah, vinegar,
Sarkdr, the Government ; a

Superintendent, A. -i.
Sar-o-kdr, business ; relation

which one thing bears to

another.
Sar- posh, a covering-cloth^

(e.g., a tea-cosy) ; a lid.
Sarraf, a banker ; a * shroff?
Sarrishtah, a record-office^ or

the like, -ddr, head of

the same.
Sdrhe. See page 64.
Sds, a mother-in-law,
Sasta, cheap. N. -ti.
Satdna, to vex ; to annoy.

i88

HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

Satar (f.), a line

Sdth (ke.), with ; along with.
-jana, or chalna, to accom-
pany, -i, a companion.

Sati, a widow who burns her-
self on her husband's pyre,
a ^suttee?

Saitu, a kind of flour,

Satiin, or sutUn, a pillar.

Satdna ; satd-d., to join ; to
place two things beside
each.

Satna ; sat-jdna, to stick ;
adhere, sata hii,a, stuck to-
gether ; contiguous.

Sau See ' Sai/

Sauda; sauddi^ari, trade, sau-
ddgar, a trader.

Sawdl, or suwdl, a question ;
a petition in Court. V. -k.

Sawdr, mounted ; a horseman.
N. -i, riding; A. -i, re-
lating to riding, sawdri
ghora, a riding horse, -h.,
to be mounted ; to ride.

Sawere, early morning.

Sdyah, shade ; shadow, sdya-
bdn, any structure for the
purposes of shade; e.g.,
a verandah.

Sdz, equipments ; harness.
-ka ghora, a harness- stand.

Saza (f.), one^s deserts; punish-
ment. — i , to punish.
Se, from ; with ; by means

of i <^go / since ; than.
Seb, an apple.
SeQkna, to toast ; to warm at

the fire.
Ser, a weight of about 2 lbs.
Sih (p.), three, -pahar, the

third watch; the afternoon.
Sfdha ; straight ; in order.

V. -k.
Sifdrish, recommendation. V.

-k.
Sijil, a seal ; a register ; a

decree. V. -k.
Sfkhna, to learn, sikhdna ;

sikhldna; sikhld-d., toteach.
Sflch (f.), a spit.
Sildi, sewing. V. -k.
Silli, a hone ; a strop.
Silsiiah, a chain ; a sequence.
Sfna, to sew.
Sfnah, the bosom.
Sfng (f.), a horn.
Sil^^ir, ornament; dress.-mez.

a dressing-table. V. -na.
Singh, a lion ; used also as a

name.
Sinn, on^s age.
Sipdhi, a foot-soldier; a

^ sepoy.'

HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 189

Sir. See / Sar.'

Sirdj, a lamp ; the Sun,

Sirf, only,

Sirhi, a ladder; steps; a

staircase,
Sfsa, lead.
Sit (n.), cold, A. -al. sftal-

pdti, a cool kind of mat for

sleeping on,

Sitdrah, a star,
Sitla, small'pox,

Sith, or sfthi, refuse of plant
(e.g., indigo) after manu-
facture ; of Mel or tobacco^
&*c,y after being chewed,

Slti, whistling, V. -b^jdna.

Siwa, or siwd,e (adv.), more ;
as prep, (ke.), besides ; in
addition to,

Siwdnah, a boundary line,

Siydh, black, -i, blacking;
ink,

Siydna, grown-up.

So. See page 104. Also
stem of ' sona.* ^,v.

Soch, meditation; thought,
-na, A? Mi«>& ; /tf>^^ thought
about,

Sohdn, a file (tool).

Sojh, straightness A. -a.

Sokna, to absorb,

Solah, sixteen.

Solah-topi, a pith-hat,

Sona, gold. A, sone ka.
sondr, a gold-smith,

Sona, /t? lie down ; to sleep,
so-rahna, to continue sleep-
ing,

So^ta, a club ; a pestle,

Sonth, dry ginger,

Stdn, a suffix meaning ^ place,'

e.g., 'gulistdn,* a place of
roses,

^ihixyfirm ; fixed,

Stri, a woman, -dhan, the
private property of a wo-
man,

SiSbah, a province, -h^idixy
a governor; a native mili-
tary officer; a sergeant,
Subh (f.), the morning ; in

the morning,
Subuk (adj.), light, (not

heavy.) (lit. or fig,).
Stld, interest on money; profit,
Sufed, thite. N. -i.
Sii,i, a needle, -tiga, a needle

and thread,
Siikhna {intr,\ to dry,
nSkhdna ; sUkhd-d. (trans,),
to dry, A. silkha.
Sukhan, speech; language;
business ; affairf.

iQo hindi5stAni as it ought to be spoken.

Sulb, P^O'Ce of mind; concord.

-ndmah, a deed settling a

dispute.
Sultdn, a 'Sultan: saltanat,

dominion ; power,
Suldk, good behaviour. V. -k.
SUnglina, to sniff; to smell.
Sunni, lawful; the orthodox

party among the Muham :

opposed to ' Shiah:
Sunna, to hear; listen to;

obey, sundna; suna-d., to

cause to hear ; read over to

one,
Supdri, ateca, or betel-nut.
Supurd, entrusting. V. -k.

Surdhi, a porous water-bottle ;

a goblet.
Surdgh, search ; traces.
Siiraj, the Sun.
Siirdkh, a hole.
Siirat, shape ; form. [dust.
Surkh, red. -i, redness ; brick-
Surmah, antimony.
Sust, lazy ; out of sorts ; of a

watch, slow. N. -i.
Slit, thread, -i, made of

thread ; Hence. *ek-siiti;'

* do-siiti,' &c,, in describing

cloth.
Suthra, clean ; tidy ; nice.
Sutli, thread ; string.

Sh.

Shab (f.), «/^i^/.-i-mdh, (night
of the moon\ moonlight,
-nam, dew. -o roz, night
and day, or by ditto,
-chirigh, afire-fly; aglow-
worm.

Shdbdsh, bravo/ well done/

Shabd, a sound; a noise;
a vocable.

Shddi, rejoicing; marriage,
V. -k.

Shaft-dlu, a peach.

Shaf^t, condolence; kindness;
sympathy.

Shdgird, a pupil ; a scholar.

Shdh, an Emperor, -i, im-
perial ; royalty, -an-shdh.
King of Kings (i.e., the
Emperor of Persia),
-zddah, a prince ; of prince-
ly birth, fem., -zddi.

Shahad, honey, -ki makkhi,
a bee.

Shahddat, evidence.

Shahid, a witness.

Shahr, a city ; a to7vn.

Shaikh, a ' Shekh: (tiiU).

Shaitdn, Satan.

HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

191

Shakar, sugar y in compos :
sweet e.g. -lab, sweet-
lipped.

Shakk, doubt V. -k.

Shakl (f.), shape ; form

Shdkh (f.), a branch,

Shakhs, an individuat

Shal (f.), a shawl.

Shalgham, turnips, [evening.

Sham (f.), evening, -ko, at

Sham a, a nightingale,

Shamdl, the North,

Shamil, along with ; put along
with, -k., to put one thing
up along with another,

Shdmiydnah, a large tent ; a
canopy.

Shams, the Sun. {Arabic.)

Shamsher (f.), a scimitar,

Shdn, dignity ; state ; nature.

Shardb ( f.), wine,

Shara, Muham : law,

Shardkar, partnership,

Shardrat, vice,

Sharbat, *" sherbet, '

Sharif, noble,

Sharifah, a custard-apple.

Sharfk, a partner,

Sharm (f.) ; -indagi, shame ;
modesty, A. sharm indah.
sharmdna {intr,\ to feel
abashed, sharm-sdr, bashful.

Shart, a ^stipulation ; agree-
ment ; ivager.

Shast, aim. {with gun, dr'c.}
V. -k.

Shdstr (f.), the sacred books
of the Hindus,

Shatranj, chess, -\, a large
carpet,

Shauk, one's favourite pur-
suit ; * hobby. ' (Anglo-
Hind., * shok. ')

Shdyad, (Persian,) (/'/ may
be) ; perhaps,

Sher, a tiger, -ni, a tigress
-babar, a Hon.

Shikam, the belly.

Shikdr, hunting ; shooting ;
game {alive or dead), -i,
a hunter ; appertaining ta
sport, e.g. -i kutta,a hound,

Shikastah, broken ; running-
hand-writing, -hdli, broken
fortune.

Shii, nature ; quality ; deport-
ment

Shfrf n, sweet ; gentle, (lit. and
fig.) -zabdn, sweet-tongued;
eloquent, N. -zabdni.

Shfshah, glass ; a phial, -she
ka, made of glass.

Shit (n.), cold, -kdl, the coM
weather.

192 HINDdST^NI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

Shitib, haste ; speed. Adv. -i.

Sholch,y5?raftfn// impudent,
N. -i.

Shor, noise ; row.

Shorah, marshy-land ; salt-
petre.

Shorba, (vulg. sdrwa,) soup.

Shubhah, doubt,

Shubh, happy ; fortunate.

Shuja, brave, -j^at, bravery,

Shukr, gratitude ; thanks.
-guzdr, grateful, -guzdri
expressing gratitude.

Shulah, aflame,

Shumdr, counting, V. -k.

Shuru {t\ a beginning. V. -k.

Shutur, a camel, -bdn, a
camel-driver.

T.

There are two soft * t's ' in

are so similar, that you have

guish them.

Ta, up to (of time) td-kih,
until ; in order to ; to the
end that.

Ta,ajjub, surprise ; admira-
tion. V. -k.

Ta,dU (M.), Almighty God.

Taalfm (f.), instrurtion. V -d.

Ta,allul?, or ta,allul^ah, con-
nection ; association ; a ter-
ritorial division ; an estate ;
a * talooh.* ta,alluk-ddr, the
owner of a ta^allulji.

Taamfl, putting in force;
carrying out. V. -k.

Ta,ammul, meditation. V. -k.

Taatff (f.1, praising ; praise ;
a definition. V. -k. A'lso, a
table of rates, a * tariff. '

Hinddstdni, bpt th^ir pounds
not been troubled to distin-

Ta,assub, prejudice ; bigotry.

Tab, then -tak, up to a time
indicated. See page 104.

Tab, or tap, fever.

Tabi ; tabfyat, disposition ;
temperament ; health.

Tdbi, subordinate, -ddr, a
subordinate ; an adherent.
-ddri, subordination ; al-
legiance,

Tabfb, a physician.

Tabassum, a smile.

Tad, then; next, -antar,
after that.

Taddruk (f.), retaliation ;
preparation for ditto^ as by
getting up evidence in a case
in Court; investigation.

HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 1 93

Tadbir (f.), deliberation ; ad'
vice ; plan.

lL2S?iTTVL]{L\ recreation. V. -k.

Tafi^utydistance; delay. V.-k.

Tafsfl (f.), details, -k., to give
in detail, -bolna, to tell at
length, -an, in detail.

Taghmah, a medal ; a uni-
form ; a property-mark.'

Tahin. See page 104.

Tahkik, or talil^ikdt, enquiry ;
investigation. V. -k.

Tahsil (f.), collection of rents;
a revenue area ; profits^
or collections generally.
-dir, a collector of rents^
d^c. -dari, his area of
work.

Ta,fd, corroboration ; assist-
ance ; an apprentice.

Taiyar, ready. N. -i.

Taisa. See page 104,

Tdj, a crown, -ddr, a prince.

Tajwiz (f.), investigation ;
trial (e.g. in Court.) result
of trial. -V. -k.

Tdk (f.), look ; glance ; aim.

Tak, up to (timCy ot place).

Takalluf, ceremony.

TAkid, pressing ; urging; or
reminding one. V. -k.

Takyah, a pillow.

T., H.

Takrdr (f.), reiteration ; dis-
pute. -i, contentious ;
quarrelsome ; disputed,

Taklif (f.^, ceremony ; trouble;
inconvenience. V. -d.

Tikna {trans.\ to observe ; to
watch, takna {intr.)

Tdk (f.), a niche.

Tdlf at, strength ; ability.

Tal^dza, a dunning of one,

Takdfr {L)yfate ; predestina-
tion.

Takrfr (f.), recital; oration;
detailed statement. V. -k.

Taksfra (f.), division of pro-
perty, d^c.y by shares. V.
-k, and lena, •

Ta^sfr (f.), a fault ; a crime
A. -mand ; -war. [thing.

Takhfif, making light ofany-

Takhmfnan, by guess ; ap-
proximately.

Takht, a throne.

Takhtah, a hoard ; a plank ;
a shelf ; a plot of land.
- posh, a low wooden plat-
form for sitting on cross-
legged, -nard, backgammon.

Tdl, a lake. Also, a kind of
palm tree. Also, same as
* tdli,' q,v.

Tdla, a padlock ; a key.

13

194 hindiJstXni as it ought to be spoken.

Tdlib (f.), or tald,o, an arti-
ficial water-pond.

Talab, sending for one ; desire.
MsOypay ; salary, -k., to
send for one. -d., to give
one one^s pay, -dnah, fees
for summoning ; daily al-
lowance while waiting,

Talaffuz, pronunciation,

Talak, same as * tak/ q. v.

Talik, divorce,

Talash, search V. -k.

TaldjO, same^ as * tdldb,' g.v.

Tale (ke), under,

Tdli, a key. Also, clapping
the hands, -an, applause by
clapping,

Tdlikah, a list ; a schedule.

Tdlu, the palate ; lampas.

Talwdr (f.), a s7Uord,

Tamach ih, a slap,

Tamdm, whole ; entire, -k.,
to complete,

Tamassuk, a bond for money
borrowed,

Tama ; tdmba ; or tdmra,
copper,

Tamdsha, an entertainment :

a show , a jete,
Tamatu, tomatoes,
Tanibdku, tobacco, -pfna, to
smoke ditto.

Tambu, a tent,

Tamsfl (f.), comparison ; a
parable ; an illustration.

Tan-dunist, in good health.
N. -i

Tang, narrow; too tight.
N. ~i. means, also, poverty.

Tdnga, a hill-cart ; a ^ tonga h.^

l^inkhwih (f.), wages; salary.

Tdnna (L.B.), to pull; stretch

Tdnt, a loom, -i, a weaver,

Taniir, an oven.

Tap (f.), heat ; fever, tapnai-
to warm on^s self,

Tapish, heat (lit. or fig-X;
affliction.

Tar, moist ; wet, -d,i, moist
land at base of mountains ;
* The Terai:

Tar, string ; wire ; the tele-
graph, -ghar, the tele-
graph-fffice. -ki khabar,
<?rchitt»ii, telegraphic news ;
a telegram.

Tira, a star,

Taraddud, perplexity.

Taraf (f.), side; direction^
Also, as prep, (ki.) -ddr,
a partizan, -ddri, parti-
zanship. -sini, the second
par ty n uit ; the defend-
ant.

HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 1 95

TaralTi (f.)> mode; manner.
Also as prep, (ki.), like,

'T2C[dW\^ promotion; advance-
ment, -pana, to get ditto,

Tarash (n.), cutting, V. -k.
or -na.

Tardzu, a weighing machine,

Tarfkah, mode ; manner,

Tdrikh (f), a date, (e.g. of a
letter.)

Tarjih, superiority, -rakhna,
to gain superiority, -d., to
assign preference,

Tarjamab, a translation,
-mdn, a translator,

Tarkari, moist vegetables,

Tarso^, on the fourth day,
(backwards or forwards.)

Tartfb (f.), good order, ar-
rangement, -k., to set in
order. Adv. -i.

Tarka, the dawn,

Tdsh, the cards ; a game with
cards, -ki \w^i,a card-table,

Tasar, a kind of silk; Uusser'

Tasarruf, use; tnjoyment ; ex-
penditure ; waste, V. -k.

Tasbfh ({,\ praising God by a
certain formula ; a rosary,

Tasdfl^ {^.^verification. V.-k.

Taskfn (f.), comfort ; consola-
tion.

Tasniah, a leather thong,

Taswfr (f.), a picture.

Tashaffi, a feeling of satisfac-
tion ; satisfaction,

Tashrif, honour conferred. See
page 76. Sect, 17.

Tatfl, rendering waste or use-
less ; a vacation ; a holiday,

TcJtolna, to ,^^rope,

Tau, then ; -bhi, even then ;
even in such circumstances,

Taubah, repentance ; penance.
As interj., what a shame I
i.e., matter for repentance.

Tauliyah, a towel.

Taun. See page 104.

Taur, mode ; manner.

Tauret, or taurdt, the Old
Testament.

Tawaljikuf, delay ; wasting
time. V. -k.

Tawelah, a tethering-rope ; a
stable ; a cattle-pen.

Tawiz, having recourse to
God ; an amulet.

Tdzah, fresh ; green ; young.
N. -zagi.

Tazim (f.), the act of honour-

ing one.

Tel, oil. -batti, an oiled-wick;
a lamp ; a night-light, -i,
an oil-man.

196 HINDliSTiNI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN;

Tez; tez-rau, swift, N.-i.
tez nahfn, slow, tez-zihn,
sharp-witted,

Thaili, a bag ; a nose-bag,
Thaka, tired, thakana, to

weary,
Thdli, a brass platter so called.
Thambha, a pillar ; a post.
Thdmna (trans,), to stop ; to

check.
Than, 'a piece^ or web of

cloth ; also, a stall,
Thdnah, a police station,

-dar, an officer in charge of

a ^thdnah,'
Thdpa, or thapi, the sound

of beating; a mallet ; a bat,
Thora, a lit fie. -thora, a very

little,
Thiik, spittle, V. ~na.

Tidhar. Seepage 104.
Tiffin,^ lunch;. 'tiffin:
Tifl, a child,
T\]ira.t, trade ; trading.
Tilak, the dedication mark on

a Hindu's forehead.
Tilli, the spleen.
Tin, three. Obi. cases, 'tinon/

Tipd, i, a small table ; a

teapoy.
Tip^ri, Cape-gooseberry.
Tfr (m.), an arrow.
Tirchha, bent; crooked ; awry,
Tfsra, the third,
Tishnah, thirsty. N. -nagi.
Tfta, bitter, -panf, tonic-
• water.

Titna {co-relative)^ so many ;
so much.

To. See page ^T, Note \.

Tol ; taul, the weight of a
thing, tola, tlu weight of a
rupi, taulna, to 7veigh.

Tonta, a cartridge.

Top, a cannon, -khanah,
the artillery-lines,

Topi a grove ; a * tope:

Torna; tor-d., to break; tear ;
destroy, tor-rahna, to con-
tinue breaking.

Toshah, valuables, -khdnah,
a treasure-house,

Toshak (f.), a mattress ; bed-
ding,

Tota ; toti, a parrot, (m, f.)

Tu, thou.

> This word is derived from an Arabic oot, " fon," meaning
enjoyment.

hindiJstIni as it ought to be spoken.

197

Tdfan (m.), a storm. A.-f.
Tu f d 1 iyat, childhood,
Tuhmat, an accusation. V.

-lagdna.
Tv]h, inflected sing, of'^tu.'^
Tukhm, a seed ; a seed-stone.
Till, length, also, long,
Tul, like ; similar.
Tulna, to be weighed.
Talst, sacred basil.

Turn, ye ; you. Also, in Ob-

liq : cases.
Tund, sharp ; active; fierce.
Often used in compos, e.g.
-zihn, sharp-ivitted ; clever.
Turat, at once.

Turk, a Turk. A. -i, * Turki'
also means a certain kind
of horse.
Tursh, harsh; sour. (lit. or fig.)

T.

Tal«a, to be a)asive. X2i\i.\o\\.

evasiveness ; beating about

the bush.
fang (f.), the leg. -na ; -d.,

to give a leg ; to hang up.
Xanga, or ta^gi, an axe.
Tapa, a coop ; Anglo- Hind.,

a ' topper.'
Tappal,^ the letter, cr'C. post ;

the post-office.
Xat, coarse canvas ; ''gunny.'
fatolna (inir.\ to grope ; feel.
Tatti, a screen ; a privy.
Tattu, a pony ; a * taft.'

Terha, not straight.

Thag, a garotter ; a * thug.'

Thaharna, to remain ; stop ;
wait, thahrdna, to de-
tain.

Thakur, a divinity ; an em-
blem of ditto ; a Brahman.
Also, common as a name'
among the Brahman class.
-ani, fem. of * Thakur.'
-bari, a Hindu place of
worship.

Thanda (Adj.), cold. N. -i.

Thattha, a jest, ^bathol, a
jester, thatholi, jesting,
thatholna, to jest.

Thelna, to push.

Tiddi, a locust ; a grass-hop-
per.

* Not used in L. B.

198 hindust^(ni as it ought to be spoken.

Thfk ; thik-thdk, exact ; per-
fectly right, tf'ikina, one's

address ; trace whereby to
find a thing ; (ettainty.
Thika, hire ; lease ; contract,

-gdri, a hirei carriage.

-ddr, the holder of a lease ;

a contractor,
Thokar (f.), a blow ; a knock,

thokna, to strike, -khdna,

to get a blow, or knock.

Ubalna {trans. \ to boil, ubal-

na, (intr.)
Ubkd, i, vomiting ; straining,

V.-k. and lena.

Uchhal, leaping, V.-na.

Udas, grieved. N. -i.
Udhar, thither ; on the far
side ; over there.

Ugal, spit, -ddn, a spittoon,
XJkharna, to uproot.

XJlat, the act of upsetting,
-na {trans, and tntr.), to
upset, or be upset. -d.^ to
upset, -pulat, upside down,

Ullu, an 07vL

Ultana, to upset: turn upside
down, ulta, reversed ; turn-

Thuddi, the inch.

Tikli, a wafer,

Xiktikki, a lizard,

ffp (f.)> ^ ^^^^ of hand ; an
L O, U,

Tokri, a basket,

Tola, a quarter of a town,

Tukra, a piece ; a morsel,

Tiingna, to peck,

Tilta, broken.

U.

ed upside down. ulta,-pulta,
upside down ; in confusion.

Umdah, excellent ; noble,

Ummed(f.), hope. A, -wdr,
which is also used as a
noun meaning one hoping
for an appointment, &*c,

Ummiimat, maternity.

Umr (f.), one's age.

Uimir (PI. of *an)r.'), affairs ;
business.

U'n, zvool. un, inflected plur,

U'ncha, high, N. -i.
Ungli, a finger,
Ungul, the thumb.
U'nt, a camel,

U'par, above ; up ; high up;
As prep, (ke.)

HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 1 99

Urdu (f.), a market ; a camp.

a name of the Hindtistdni

language^ as formed by the

mixing of various races in

market and camp,
Urna ; lir-jana {intr,\ t» fly.

urana; urd-d. (trans.), to

fly ; to squander,
Usarah, a portico; a verandah.
Us, inflected, sing, of ^wuh,^

-kadar. See page 104.

-wa^t, at that time ; then.

Usturah, a razor,

Utarna; utdr-d. to break
down; to tear off; to strip
off, utarna, to come down ;
to descend,

Uthla, shallow, V. -i.

Uttar, the North,

Uthna, to rise, uth-jana, to
rise and go, uthdna ;
utha-d, to raise,

Uzr, an excuse, -k., to excuse.

V.

Words in which W is sounded like V are nearly all
derived from Sanskrit, and would not be of use to you.
But you should know the word * Ved * or * Veda,' the general
name of the Sacred Books of the Hindus— />4^ * Veds:

W.

Waadah, a promise, V. -k.

Wa,e-wd,e, woe is me /

Wafa, fulfilling a promise ;
integrity,

Waghairah, et ccetera,

Wahdp, there: may be follow-
ed by ka, ko, se, tak, &c.
like a noun.

Wahhdbi, a follower of Abd-l-
* Wahhdb^ a Muham :
teacher of the last century.

Wahid, alone ; unique,

Waisa, like that; so. See

page, 104. -hi, in that

very manner just like
that,

Wajab, a span, (of the hand!)

Wajh (f.), reason ; cause,

Wdjib, or wdjibi, right ; pro-
per, wdjibdt, proper acces-
sories ; necessary things.

200 HINDlJsTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

Wakll, or Vakil, an ambassa-
dor ; representative ; attor-
ney, wakdlat-ndmah, a
power of Attorney,

Walff, a Muham : religious
endowment.

Wdkiffyat, experience; know-
ledge,

Wdlj:if, aware; informed ;
acquainted with, -bona, to
be, or become ditto, -k., to
inform, dr'c,

Wakt, time, -ba-, from time
to time, -nd-, occasion-
ally,

Wdla-wdli. See page 73, 7.

Wali (M.), a holy man.

Wdpas, back; behind; re-
turning, -dna, to come bach,
-d., to give back, -bona,

to be back, -rakbna, to keep

back.
Wdlid, a father. -ih, a mother.
Warak, a leaf of a book, or

of a tree.
Warid (Adj.), approaching;

arriving; present. V.-bona ,
Waris, an heir, PL -dn.
Warna, and if not ; if this

be not so ; otherwise.
Wasikab, firmness ; solidity ;

a bond; a written agreement.

Wisil, joined together ; col-
lected, -bdki, a statement
of collections and arrears,
-dt, accounts; mesne-pro-
fits.

Wasf lab, means used to accom-
plish any object.

Wasiyat, one^s last ' will.^

Wdste (ke.), for the sake of;
for.

Watan, one's native country.

Wazir, a minister ; a ' Vizier.^

VVazn, iveight. (lit. or fig.)
V. -k. -'i, heavy.

We, they ; those. Nom. PI.

of *wuh.^
VVildyat, foreign lands, -i,
foreign ; European ; Eng-
lish, -i pdni, soda water.
Wiran, depopulated; waste;

a desert.
Wobi, that vefy. wobin,

thus ; in this manner.
Wujiid, existence ; substance;

essence ; invention. See

' Bd-wujiid.'
Wub, he ; she ; it ; that.
Wuku, an occurrence ; an

event, PI. wdkiydt.
Wukilf, experience.
Wusiil, collection of rents, &*c.

V. -k.

HINDtfSTiNI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 201

Y.

Ya, or, ya...ya, either.., or, Ydr, a friend, A^ friendships

Yad (f.), recollection, V. -k. Yatim, an -orphan, -i, -cy,.

-ddsht, a memorandum, ^,, , ... , „

,.w /^ \ ^ . . xtyi^h, idle talk ; nonsense,

-andiTiz. (trans, \ to remind, _. ^- ^, ' „ ^

XT 1 / 7 Ai J . 1 Ye, they ; these, Nom., PI. of

Yaha9, here. Also used with < • t »

ka, ko, se, &:c. as a noun. • '

As prep. (ke.). See page Yih, he; she ; it i this, -, this^

44. -dna, /(? arrive,
Yahiid, a Jew, -in, a Jewess.
Yakin, certain, -janna, to

know for certain, N. -i.
Ydkiit, a ruby.
Yakh (f.), /V<?.
Yane, namely ; that is to say ;

* / mean J

very.

Yogi, also jogi, « Hindu
ascetic.

Yon, M«J, /« M/x manner.
-hin, /« i^/V z;^/^ manner ,^
. Also, ^>' r/^<7«r^ ; casually.

Yug, « 0'^/^ ^/ ti7ne.

Z.
There are four *Z's' in Hindilstini, but their sounds are
so similar that you have not been troubled to distinguish
them.
Zabdn (f.), the tongue; a Zabitah, ordinance; law;

language, -i, orally, established custom.

Zabar, superior in position, Zabt, confiscation, V. -k.
-dz%i} powerful ; oppres- Zabiin, bad ; wicked,
sive, N. -dasti. V. -dast Zahin, sharp-witted.
hona. -dasti k.
Zabh, sacrifice, -k., to kill an
animal as prescribed by law,
i.e., by cutting the throat.

Zdhir, evident ; clear, -hona^
to be evident, -k., to make
evident; to demonstrate^
Adv. -an.

* • Dast,' the hand. V. ante.

202 HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

Zahr, poison ; -dlddah,^<?/V^«-
ed (as food.).-ila, poisonous,

Zabmat, anxiety ; pains.

Za,lf, frail ; infirm,

Zakhm, a wound, A. -i, means
also a wounded person.

Zdlim, an oppressor, A. -i.

Zaman ; zanidnah, any time ;
an epoch or age of the World.

Zamin, bail, zamdnat, surety-
ship.

Zamin (f.), land, -ddf, a
landed proprietor, -ddri,
la nded-property.

Zamurrad, or zumarrad, an
emerald,

Zan (p.), a woman, -ani, ap-
pertaining to women.-indih^
the female apartment ,

Zanakh, the chin.

Zang, rust, -khiirdah, rusty,
-pakarna, (rust has seized
this ;) equal to^ * this has
turned rusty, ^

Zdnu, the knee.

Zanjir (f.), a chain,

ZsLT, gold,

ZsLT^T, hurt ; injury, -khafif,
trivial injury, -shadid,
serious injury.

Zarb (f.) a blow,

Zard (Ad],), yellow. N. -i.

Zarrah (f.), a little ; a morsel,

Zariir, necessary, -at, neces-
sity ; time of difficulty.

TAt, caste.

Zaujah, a wife.

Zer (p.), under, -band, a
martingale, -tajwiz, under
enquiry.

Zewar ; zewardt, jewels.

Zidd, perversity ; spite. V. -k.

A. -i.
Zikr, remembrance ; mention.

V. -k.
Zila ; a district ; a country.

Zimmah, charge ; keeping ;

responsibility,
Zin (f.), a saddle. V. -ban-

dhna ; bandh-d. -posh, a

saddle-cloth.

Zindah, alive, -dagi ;-dagdni
life ; being alive.

Ziyddah, more ; too much.

dat, increment.
Ziydfat, a feast. V. -d.
Ziydn, loss.

Zor ; zori, force ; strength.
-dwar ; -mand, strong ; op-
pressive^ -d., to assist ; to
strengthen, -k., to strain;
to force ; to oppress.

Ziid, quick ; swift, also as adv.

HINDl5sTiNI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 203

Zuf, or zof, bodily frailty, Zu\i\, pure ; limpid; whole-
Zuhr, the turn of the day at some,

noon ; noon, Zulf (f.), curly hair,

Zukam, a cold in the head. Zulm, oppression, A. -i.

GLOSSARY OF USEFUL WORDS

I>A.ET II.

ENGLISH-HINDUSTANI.

NOTE.

The contractions used in the English-Hindiistdrii part
of this Glossary are the same as those used in the first part,
with one addition, viz, (v. n.), which means ' Verbal Noun/
See page 1$, Sect 17.

The * head-word' is generally the shortest word from
which longer words are derived. Thus under * Art ' you
will find * Artificer.'

Always look for the Noun first, (if there be a noun,) e,g.,
for * Advice,' not for * Advise.'

As, within the space available, all synonyms cannot be
given, if you cannot find the precise word wanted, try
another of a similar meaning— Note also that as Jamiliar
words are given, you should lock for such ; as for * Delay ^
not for ' Procf astination^

A double use is made of the short line ; first, associated
with English^ it represents the head English word, (or so
much of it as is wanted,) e.g.^ * accurate,' * -acy ;' secondly^
associated with the IJindusidm\ it refers to the preceding
word or words, e,g.^ * affirmation,' ikrar; izbdr. V. -k.,.
means that you may use *karna' with both *ikrdr' and
* izhdr,' for the English * to affirm.' When one verb is not
applicable to a string of nouns, the string is broken, the
verb applicable to the nouns up to that point is shown
within brackets ; the nouns are then resumed ; other ap-
propriate verbs being given in their proper places.

2oS hindiSstAni as it ought to be spoken.

English 7vithin brackets indicates the precise shade of
meaning of the word being dealt with.

Nouns of an abstract sense do not often occur in the
common Hindiistdni. Few therefore are given here. The
abstract idea of an act is generally expressed by the Verbal
Noun, e,g,^ chup-rahna bihtar hai bak-bak karne-se, ^^ silence
is better than chattering ; " and the abstract idea of a person
is expressed by a clause with ' jo ' — or by the humble
* wdla/ e.g.^ Jo insdf karta hai, wuh Khuda-ko pasand hai,
*^ The Doer of Justice is pleasing to God^

GLOSSARY OF USEFUL WORDS.

f * »

English-Hindustan'!.

• : ^\

A.

A, (^z* an. See pa^e ^, Note.
Abandon, chhor-d. ; iark-k.
Abetment, madad{t) ; idnat,

V. -d, -tor, madadgdr.
Abide. See * Live,* * Remain.'
Ability, kdbiltyat ; makdur.
Able, kdbiL to l)e-, sakna.

See page i8. Sect 22.
Above (adv.), lipar. (prep.),

ke lipa^.
Absent, ghair-hdzir. N. -/.

y. -hona.
Absorb, sokhna ; sokh-jdna.
Abstinence, parhez (f.), V.

"k, ; nahii} karna.
Abstract, kjiitldsah. V. -k, ;

(as essence), nikdl-d.
Absurd, behiidah. N. -dagi.
Abuse, gdlL V. -d.
Academy, madrasah.

T., H.

Accede to, J^abiii- (or kubiii-)

k. ; inanzur-k.
A ccc 1 erate, jaldi-kardna. N.

jaldi.
Accept, iena; le Una ; pasand

'k. ; ^abul-k, A. pasand;

pasandidah ; achchha,

-ance, Iena (as v.n.).
Access, rdh (f.) ; rdsta, of

fever, dmad (f.).
Accident, ittijdk. by -, itti-

fdkan.
Accompany, sdthjdna ; ham-

rdhi-k.
Accomplish, tamdm-k. ;pura-

k.; taamil-k. ; -ed, (done),

tamdm, &*c, (learned),

dliffi ; kdmil ; drdsiah.
According to, hasb ; ba-^

mtijib ; ke mu^dfik.

210 hindi^stXni as it ought to be spoken.

Account (in figures), hisdb. to
do-, "k. , or likhna. to take-,
-iena, to keep -, ^rakhna,
-ant, mutasaddi -book,
-kibahi, (in words) baydn ;
bdt ; i^issah; hikdyat, N-k,

Accurate, thik ; durust ;
achchha. -acy, sihhai.

Accusation, tuhmat (V. la-
gdna) ; ndlish, (V. -k )
-^x^ faryddi ; fnudda,i.

Accustomed, I 2im^yih mera
das fur hai^ or oth cr ph rase.

Acknowledgment, i^rdr ;
j^abul'k, (v.n.). V. -k,
deed of-, ikrdr-ndmah.
(receipt), * rasid: (E.).

Acquaint, khabar-d, ; dgdh-k;
wdkif-k. -ed (with any
matter.) wdkif ; dgdh ;
maifj. jdnta htif}. -ance,
dost ; ydr ; . bhd^i, -ance-
^hx^^jdn-pahchdn ; dostt.

Acquire, pdna ; hdsil-k. ;
jama-k, ; milna. See page
50, A^oie I. -si I ion, hdsil ;
jo hdsil hti^a.

Acquittance (in Court), kha-
Ids; rihdj, V. -kar-d,
(of an account), * rasid^ ;
(E.) ; fdrigh-khatiL V. -^.

Across, pdr ; us pdr.

Act, fel; amr; amal. -tion,

kdtn* V. kama.
Active, tez ; chdldk, -ity,

chusti ; chdldkL
Add, lagd-d, {figwxt%\ jama-k.
Address (speech), tai^rir (f );

arz (f.); bahs (f.); nibedan.

V. -^ (of letter, &c.,)

thikdna,

•

Adhere, lagna ; lag-jdna ;

satna ; sat-jdna.
Adjacent, nazdtk ; karib.
Admiration, ajab ; ta^ajjuh,

V. -k, -able, ^y/^/ kMb;

achchha.
Admit (to presence), dne-d.

(agree to), J^abul-k. ; ikrdr-

k. -mission, i^rdr.
Adorn, sajdna. -menr,

drdjsh; sii}gdr.
Advance, barhd^o, V. {trans\

dge baxhdna ; chaldna.

(tntr. ), chalna ; dgejdna,

(of money), dddni. -ment

in life, taraJ^ki. V. -^. and

pdna.
Advantage, fdjdah, -ous,

fd^idamand, .
Advertisement, ishtihdr. V.

-jdri-k.
Advice, saldh (f.)/ maslahat.

V. -^.

HINDI^StInI as it ought to be spoken. 211

Affair, bdi ; amr ; kdm ;

Affect, asar, V. -k, ; lagna.
Affection, pydr ; muhabbat
Affirmation, i^rdr ; izhdr.

V. -^. / kahna.
Affliction, ghamm; dzurdagi;

taklif (f. ). -ed, ghamgin ;

dzurdah ; dil-sokhtah, V.

satdna ; taklif-d.
Afford, de-sakna.
Afoot, paidal ; pd^orp-pd^oi^,
Af ler (time), ke baud ; ke pl-

chhe, (place), ke pichhe:

(adv.), pichhe, -wards, is

ke baad ; tab, -noon, do

pahar ke baad ; sih-pahar.
Again, phir ; pher, - and-,

ber-ber ; aksar.
Against {e.g.^ a stone), /ar.

(adverse), se khildf.
Age, umr (f.); sinn, (period),

wal^t ; zamdnah ; yug,

old-, burhdpa.
Agent, nd^ib ; gumdshiah ;

kartah ; kdr-parddz, (for

law business), vakil ;

mukhtdr, -cy, gumdshta-

gari ; vakili.
Agree to, ^abul-k; rdzi-hona.

-able, khush ; pasand ;

mu^dfil^, -ably to, hasb ;

ba-miijib ; ke mu^dfik
-ment, shart ; J^aul-o-
iardr ; ahd-o-paimdn, -(in
writing), satta ; sarkhatt,
...ndmah, added to word
expressing the nature of
the agreement ; as sulk-
ndmahy an agreement for
peace, e,g,^ in a litigation.

Aid, madad (f.). V. -^.

Aim (at mark), shast, V. -k.
(intention), matlab ; ird-
dak ; J^asd ; niyat ; gharaz
(Q.

Air, hawa (f.). to take the-,
hawa khdna.

Alarm, dar ({.), Y-dikhldna.

Alike, eksdj^ ; ek J^tsm ka ;
bardbar.

All, sab ; sab ke sab ; kull ;
iamdm. -right ! bahut
achchha I ; bahut klnib /

Allegation, bdt ; baydn ; arz
(f.). V. -^. / kahna.

Alligator, magar ; ghariydl ;
kumhir.

Allow, use ^ dena^^ and the
vei b of that which is al-
lowed, e.g., us-ne hatn-ko
dne diya hat, he has allow-
ed me to come. When

912

HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

equivalent to *give,' (I

allow you ten rupees a

month), also use * dena,^
Allude to, zikr-k, N. zikr.
Almonds, bdddm.
Alms, khairdt V. -d.
Alone, akela ; ekla ; ianha ;

mujarrad.
Along {e,g.^ the street,) met^;

/«r.-with, ek sdih ; kesdth.
Aloud, zor S€y or baland

awdz se.
Already, ab-hi ; mihchukna,

e.g., I have already spoken,

mai^ bol-chuka hiit}.
Also, aur ; bhi.
Alternate. Seepage 69.
Although, agar-chih ; har-

chand.
Always, hameshah ; aksar.
Am, hui!f.
Amendment, bihtari ; du-

rusti ; tarmim, V, -k.
Amiable, aziz ; shdyastah,

-bility, shdyastagi.
Among; amidst, ke bich,

-themselves, dpas me^.
Amount, jumlah ; jama.
Amuse, bahldna ; khush-k,

-ment, tdmdsha ; khela-

kheli.
Analysis, iafsil ; tafrii, V. ^k.

Ancestor, jadd ; bdp-ddda ;

mttris. -try, jaddiyat
Anchor, langar, V. (to cast, )

-ddlna, (to heave), -uthd-

na.
Ancient, ^adim ; agla ;

purdna.
And, aur ; wa ; 0.
Angt\ firistah.{Pl. -tagdn,))

malak.
Anger, gbussah ; khafgi; ris,

(f.). A. ghusse : khafa,

V, "hona,
Kmm2i\ijdnwar ; haiwdn.
Animosity, addwat ; dush-

mani.
Announcement, khabar^ (f.) ;

iitila (f.). V. ^tf.
Annoyance, dii^k ; fakllp {t),

V. "d.; saidna.
Another, (an additional

thing,) aur ek, (a different

thing), dusra.
Answer, jawdb^ V. ^d, (to

^dOy) thik'hona ; achchha-

hona, (liable to answer),

jawdb-dihi.
Ant, chyunti, (red,) bej^biif,

(white.) ditnak.
Antimony, surmah.
Antipathy, zidd ; nafrat ;

chirhif.).

HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

213

Antiquity, aivd^il ; agle-tvafit
Anxiety, yfv^r (f.) ; andeshdh ;

taraddud. A. fikrmand ;

mutafakkir, V. fikrmand^

&fc. hona.
Any. See page 38. -where,

kahifj, -how, kisi tarah ;

jis - taraJp ban - pa^ega.

-more, aur kuchh.
A^dctX^juda ; alag ; ek taraf,

-ment, kothri; kamra,

(for females), zandnah,

(for males), marddnah.
Apology, uzr, V. -k.
Apostle, rastil ; paighambar,

(tlie latter referring, par

excellence^ to Muhammad.)
Apparatus, sdz; sdz-o-sdmdn;

saranjdni ; chiz sab.
Apparent, zdhir ; maaluin ;

sdf. to be-, -hona. to

make- -k.
Appearance, sural; 5hakl{L),
Append, jorna ; lagd-d, ;

shdmil-k, -age, Idhil^, -ix,

taiimmah.
Apple, seb.

Applicable, Id^tJ^ ; mundsib.
Apply (one thing to an-
other), lagdna ; lagd-d, ;

mildna ; . mild-d. (as to

study), mihnal, tandihi^

or ihlimdm-k, ; dil-lagd-d,

-plication, (of one thing to

another,) ek chiz dusri ko

lagd'd. (v.n.). (diligence,)

tnihnat ; tandihi ; ihtimdm.
Appointment, kdm; naukari,

V. kisi ko kdm^ dr'c, d, ;

tayin-k ; ndm-zad-k. -ed, -
. muta^aiyan ; mansiib.
Apprehend (with mind), sa-

majhna; samajh inef,i lena;

bujhna. -hension, samajh^

(J,)',biijh,{l))hosh; akl

(f.) See * Arrest.'
Approach, nazdik, or sdmne,

or pds dna ; wdrid hona.
Approve, pasand-k. ; man-

ziir-k. -al, manzuri.
Apricot, khubdni^ or khobdni.
Arbitration, sdlisi ; panch-

dyal, V. "k. -tor, salis ;

panch.
Arch {w\mihrdbN ^-bandna.
Archer, kamdn-ddr ; tir-an-

ddz. -ery, kamdn-ddri ;

tir-anddzi, .
Ardour, garmi ; dilsozi ; zah-
mat ; mihnat, filled with-,

garm ; dil-soz ; mihnati.
Arduous, sakht ; mushkil ;

sangin ; wazani.
Are. See page 15. Seel. li.

»i4 hindiSstAni as it ought to"Ke spoken.

Area, maiddn ; ya^dr^(court)

Areca-nut, supdri,pdn.

Arise, uthna ;. uth-jdna, (be-
gin,) shurii-k. (come up,
e^,j for attention,) bar-pd-
hona ; pesh-hona.

Arm, bdzu; Ad/A.-\nt, baghal^
(f.). (of sea, or river\ sota.

Arms, hathiydr ; karbe.

Army f/auj (f.) ; lashkar (m.).

Around, har taraf ; chdroij.
taraf;chauras. prep, kegird.

Arrangement, tartib; Intizdm;
band-o-bast, (m.). V. ^k, ;
thlk'k, ; durusi'k.

Arrears, bdki ; jo bd^i hai ;
bdJkiydt,

Arrest, paka^na ;pakar'lena^
or ie-jdna ; giriftdr-k, in
arrest, girifidr-hu^a ; J^aid-
M^a ; pakra gaya,

Arxvte, pahtif}chna ; d-pahuiy
chna ; dna ; d-jdna ; hdzir-
hona, or dna ; tashrif Idna,
See page 76. Sect 17.
ivdrtd'hona. -al, dmad (f.).
dar-dmad (f.). and with the
verbs used as v, n. -e.g.,
* on his arrival,' us^ke dne
ke wa^t.

Arrow, tir (m.).

Art, hunar ; ilm ; kdm, -ful,
hilah'bdz ; shokh, -fully,
fann se. -less, sldha ; sack-
cha, -ifice, JdlaK -ificer,
kdrlgar, -ist, musawwir.

Artichoke, hdtichok, (E.).

Artillery, the, top-khdnah.

As. See page 104. (like.) ki
mdnind ; ke mu,dfiiji ; chun-
dnchih. * he gives orders
as a master, mdlik kar
(from *karna,') tiukum deta
hai * as if is best transla-
ted by Mike,' e.g., he speaks
as if he were a great man^
-he speaks * like,' or * in
the manner of * a great
man,' *bare idmi ke taurse
bolta hai, or, bara ddmi
kar bolta hai.' As far as,
as long as, &c. See corre-
sponding phrases at page
104. as often as... so often,
jai'ber^^.tai'ber, ^that as
well as this,^ wuh, aur yih
bhi,

AscendyCha^hna ; cha^hjdna,
N. u^chi zamln (f.).

Ascertainment, darydft ;
tahkik, V. -k, : khabar
Idna ; ptichhna.
Ascribe, lagdd.

HINDdSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN, 215

Ashamed, sharmindah ; lajit
to be-, -hona ; sharmdna ;
sharm-khdna; lajdna.

^\shes, rdkh.

Ask, (a question.) puchhna ;
sawdl-k, (for something.)
mdngna ; chdhna.

Asparagus, sparugras. (E.).

Aspec, aspik. (E.).

Aspire, drzu rakhna, -ation,
dll'himmaL

Ass, gadha, (f. gadht) ; khar.

KsszM\t,hamlah;mdr-fit,Y~k.

Assembly, -blage, jamd^at ;
majmti^ah ; majlis; amboh,
(unlawful) majma khi-
Idf i^dmin, (xxoious) guhdr^
V. {trans, \jama'k, (tntr,),
jama-hona.

Assent. See * Agree to.'

Assert. See * Say.'

Assist. See *Aid.' -tant,
inadad-gdr.

Associate, sharik ; rafi^, to
-with, mel-rakhna ; sdth-
rahna ; suhbai-rakhna.

Assume (take), lena ; le-lena.
(for argument's sake,)
farZ'k. (airs), itrdna.

Assure, ^df^«a ;ya^in kardna^
-^ncGf yafiin ; khdtir-jama^
-edly, aibattah.

Astonishment, tahaiyur, V,
kisi ko tahaiyur-k, -ed,
ghdbra, -ing, ajiibah ; ajih^

Astrology, nujum, -ger, nu-
jumL

At, (a person's,) ke pds ; ke
yahdi}. (place,) meip^
(time,) ko, -all events, ba
har surat, -first, awwalan ;
paihle, -hand, ke pds ; ke
fiazdik ; muyassar, -home.
ghar met}, -last, dkhir ;
dkhir ko ; dkhir-ul-amr^
-least, kam se kam, -lei-
sure, e.g., abmujh-kofursat
hat, -lengih, (in detail,)
mufassalan, (See, * at last.')
-most, bahut se bahut
-pleasure, marzi ke mu^-
dfi^, -present, ab ; is wafit
-random ; ittifdi^-se ; be*
taur ; be-thikdna, -times,
kabhi'kabhi, -work, kdm
met} ; mashghfiL-iht worst,
sab se buri hdiai men.

Attach, lagdna ; lagd-d ;
jotna, -ment (as a friend),
tarafddri ; mail, (a join-
ing),y^r- (seize, by process
of law, or otherwise),
zabt-k.

Attack. See * Assault.'

fli6 hindi^stAki as it ought to b£ spoken.

Attain, pdna ; milna (See

/ /a^f 50. Note I.) hdsil'k,
-men r , (of wish, ) kdmydbi,

_ (acquisition), Msi7. (learn-
ing), /////; ddnist ; hunar.

Attempt, koshish, V. -k.

Attendance, hdziri, khidmat;

. (in hopes of employment),
uminedivdri, -tion, kha-

. barddri ; stuheti. -tive,
khabarddr; suchet. to give

. attention, khabarddri-k. ;
dil-lagdna, to attend on
one, kisi ki khidmat-k,
with attention, khabarddri
se;surts€.

Attestation, tasdik ((.);s/taAd-
dat V, 'k.

Attorney, vakil; mukhtdr ;
nd,ib, power of-, vakdlat-
ndmah ; mukhtdr-ndmah.

Auction, niidm. V. -k, to

. send to-,, niidm tnef^ d., or
ddlna.

Audience, darbdr ; ma j lis.
-hall (public), diwdn-i-
dmm. (private), diwdn-i-
khdss. to grant an-, diwdn-
i-dmm (or khdss) met? muld-
^dtfarmdna^
Augiiient, barhdna ; ziyd-
dah'k. -ation, ziyddai.

Aunt, (paternal,) phiiphL

(maternal), mausi.
Author, musanntf.
Authority, /i|////j4^ ; ma^dur ;

hukiimai, --he^Jjdzat'd;
Autumn, kharif. A. kharifi.

— crop, kharif.
Avail of, kdm Una, -able,

kdm ka. of no avail, kuchh

kdm ka nahifj.
Avarice, Idlach^ (m.) ; hukhl ;

(f.) ; hirs, (f.) A. Idlchi.
Avenge, iniikdm lena.
Averse {kuchh chiz se)^niukhd'

lif. \ -liona. -sion, nafrat
Await, rahna ; kisi ke wdsfe

sabr-k.
Award (y.)dildna. {n.)falwa;

hiikm,
h\\2Jt^, wdJjiif. to be-, wd^if-

hona. to make-, -k.
Away.. See * Absent. '
Awaken, {Irans.) jagdna ;

jagdd, (intr.)^ jdgnm.

awake, jdgla ; beddr. wide-
awake, (fill.) hoshydr ;
chdldk.
Awe, (n.,) dar (m.). (v.) dar

dikhldna, -ful, haul-ndk.
Awning, shdmiydnah.
Axe, tdiiga ; kulhd^i.
Azure, dsmdni.

HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

217.

B.

$abe, baby, bachchah ; bach-
, chah viiy&rj, ; larka ; (fem.)

larki ; bdba (L. B.).
Bachelor, n,ukhlis ; mujar-

rad ; ko^dra.
Back (v. trans.) J pichhe-k. ;

hatd'd. (v. inir.\ hatjdna ;

hatna, to give-, ivdpas-d. to

keep-, rokna : bdz-rakhna,

(n.) /////, (f.). (^d\.)pher;

pichhe ; bdz.
Bacon, bekam. (E.).
Bad, khardb; burn ; bad (last

much used in compos.)
, -ly, khardb; khardb taur^se.
Badge, chaprds, wearer of

a-, chaprdsi.
Bag, ihaili ; kisah ; kharitah,

for water (small), mashk.

{\ar^e\ pakhd/. -gage, ch/z-

basfy (f.).
Bail, zdmini. -or, zdm/n,
. -iff, /idzir.

Ba\ie, pa kdna.^er, roti-ivdla.
. -house, tantir-khdnah.
Balance, (for weighing,) (n.),

tdrdzu. (unpaid,) bdJ^i ;

bdkiydi. (excess,) fdst'l
Bald, ganja, -ne.-s, ganj.

Ball, goli ; gend ; anta. -of

thread, &c., batta, (dance),

ndch, (f.). a fancy -, pudri"

ndch, (half E.).
Bamboo, bdt^s.
Band, (of people, )^«r<?^. (m.),

(music,) bdja, (for waist,)

kamar-band, (for neck,)

gala-band, or gulii-band.

-:\\ie,pattL
Bank, (river^ &c.,) pdr ;

kindrah (money,) kothi ;

bank} (E. . -er, sarrdf ;

sdhtikdr ; mahdjan.
Barber, bdrwa/(E.); hajjdni;

ndpit.
Bare, (naked,) langa, or

nanga, (plain,) sdda; khdlL

to lay-, kholna ; dekhne-d,

-faced, be-sharm.
Bargain, shart ; kaul-o-^ardr.

V. -bdndhna ; -bdndh-

Una ; -k.
Barley, y^M. (for table,) bdrli,

(E.).
Barouche, ba^iishgdri, (half

E.).
Barracks, chhduni; /dins(E,).
Barrel, pipa.

* Preserve your Hindustani pronunciation of the short ' a.'

ai8 hindi^stXni as it ought to be spoken.

Barren, -land, zamin jis-se
fast nahiij, tnilti hat.

Base (n.), bunydd, (f.). (ad>),

. bad-zdt ; pdjL (of coin,)
mekhi.

Bashful. See * Ashamed.'

Basil, tulsL

Basin, bdsan, (metal,) chilam-
chu

Basket, tokru work-, pauti.

Bat, (beast,) chamgddaf^,{Y\2i.y-
ing,) thdpi ; lakrL

Battle, lardyi'Jang. (f. ). V. mk,;
laxna, -array, saff-i-jang.

Bazaar, bdzdr,

Beykona; (for Passive Voice),
j'dna, -it so, so hi ho.

Beach. See ' Bank.'

Bead, ddnah. a string of-,
tnd/a.

Beak, cho^ch ; nok, (f.).

Beam,(large,) /tf/M«/ (small,)
barga.

Bean, bo^a ; lobiya.

Bear (v.). See * Carry,' (en-
dure,) barddsht'k, -fruit,
phalna ; phal-d, -pain,
dard uthdna. -children,
janna, -young, biydna.

-witness, gawdhi^ oxshahd*
dat'd. * bearer.' Seepage 35,
See * Carrier.' (animal),
richh; bhdl ; bhdlu.

Beard, dd^hi ; rish (f.).

Beast, yi«zf/ar; haiwdn.

Beat, mdrna; pitna; thokna;
(in contest,) y//«df, (i.tf., to
win,) (^.^.,adrum,) bajdna,
-ing, mdr ; mdr-mdr ;
mdra-mdri; mdr-pit, to be
beaten, mdr-khdna.

Beautiful, khiib-stirat N. -/.

Because, kyiit^kih}

Become, ho-jdna (suit,)
achchha-lagna ; IdJJji-hona,

Bed, paiang, -stead, chdr-
pdj ; khdt ; khatiyah, (for
flowers,) lakhtah, (ofriver,)
pet -clothes, bichhdwan ;
o^hne ka kapta. -ding,
bichhauna, to make the—,
paiang taiydr-k. to spread
-ding, bkhhauna bichhdna„
-room, sone ka kamra,

Bt^iZambiir;shahd kimakkhi.

Beef, bifgosht. (half E.).

Beer, bir-shardb, (f.), (half
E.).

* The idiom often is as follows : Enq, * Because it is raining, I shall
not go out.' Hind. * It is raining, therefore {is sabab se)^ I shall not
go out.

hindiSstIni as it ought to be spoken. 219

Before, (adv.) (person or
place,) sdmne ; pds ; dge.
(time,) dge ; paihle ; pesh-
tar, (prep.), ke sdmne ; ke
pds ; ke dge ; huzur meij..

Beg, mdngna ; iltimds-k.
(alms,) bhikh - mdngna,
-gar, bhikdru * I - your
pardon,' mu^df kijiye.

Begin, lagna ; shuru-k-nxng^
shuru, ; ibtida^ (f.) from
beginning to end, kull ;
tamdm ; sar-d-sar ; sar-d-
pd.

Behalf (on - of,) ke wdste ;
ke Hye,

Behave, nibdhna, N. chdl-
chalan.

Behind, {2iAv,) pichke, (prep.)
ke pichhe.

Being, (a human,) ddmi ;
insdn^

Belief, bdwar ; itimdd ;
itibdr, V. -^. ; mdnna,
(religious) mazhab ; imdn.

Bell, ghanta.

Bellows, dhauf^kni, V.
dhaw^kna^

3elly, pet ; shikam. to fill
the-, (/.er., to satisfy one,)
pet bharna, -ache, peck-
ish.

Belong, by the genitive, €.g.,
yih gho^a mera hau

Beloved, pydra ; mahbub.

Below, (adv.) niche, (prep.)
ke niche ; ke tale.

Belt, band (as last part in
compos.) \ peti ; belat (E.).

Bench, chauki, of Justices,
' binch: (E.).

Bend(n.), tefhdj;pech, V. -k,
A, terka ; kaj ; bdtjtka.

Beneath. See * Below.*

Benediction, du^a (f.).

Benefactor, md-bdp; murabbi.

Benefit, fdyidah ; nafa ;
ihsdn.

Benevolence, khair-khwdhi ;
iliifdt ; shajakat ; ihsdn.

Beseech. See * Beg.'

Beside, besides, (near,) ke
pds ; ke nazdik ; ke yahdt^,
(except,) ke siiva, (in addi-
tion to,) aldwah is ke ; is
ke siwa ; is par yih bhi
hai.

Best, sab se achchha^ to do
on€ s-,ma^djtr bhar kdm-k,
to make the - of it, bure
bhale nibdhna^ or lena.

Bestow, de-d, ; bakhshna /
bakhshish-d. .

Bet, shart. Y .-band-iena.

220 HIN^DIJstAnI as it OUdHT TO BE SPOKEN.

Betel, supdn\ or supydri. as
chewed by natives, pdn. a
dealer in-, tamboli, -box,
pdn-ddn.

Belter, bihiar ; us-se achchha,
V. kisi ki bihlari'k.

Between. See * Among. '

Beware. See * Acquainted.'

Beyond, ke bdhar ; us taraf.
{e,g^ the sea,) pdr.

Bible, baibai. (E.).

Bid, kahna ; hukm-d, -good
day, &c. khair-bdd or

. mubdrak-bdd kahna (n.)
(at auction, )(/<ii^. (to bid at
auction) ddk-k.^ or bolna.

Big, ba^a ; buzurg. (fat,)
mota. N. bardfi ; motdj.

Bigoted, muta,assib.

BilQjpM, ox pit.

Bill. See * Beak ' and 'Ac-
count.' -of exchange,
hundi.

Billiards, anta-khel. -room,
anta-ghar.

Bind, bdndhna ; bdndh-d.
-ing of a hoo\i^jiid-bandi.

Bird, chiriya, -cage, pinjra.
-lime, Idsa,

Birth, ja nam. -day, -din.

Biscuit, biskit. (E.).

Bishop, /df pddri sdhib.

Bit, tiikra ; zarrah (f.) ; thora-
. sa (for horse,) dahdnah.
Bite, ^^f/^. V. ddni se kdtna.

(as hot things,) iagna.
Bitter, tita ; kariva ; Uz,

-ness, ialkhi.
Black, kdla ; siydh. -ness,

siydhi. V. kdla-k. -ant,

chyii^ti, -guard, bad-zdt.

smith, lohdr. . -ing,

siydhi; roshnd,i. pepptr,

gol-mirch.
B\3ime,i/zd//t; maldmat. V,-k,

less, be-fmsiir y' nirdosh.
Blanket, kammal, {(.). kamli.
Blaze, lau ; lahar ; shulaK

V. iahrdna.
Bleed, {trans.), fasd-kholna ;

lohu iena.{intr.),iohu girna-
Blemish, aib, (f.) ; kliata ;

ddgh. A. ddghi. V. ddghi-k.
Blessing, du,a, (f.). A. mubd-

rak. V. -d.
Blind (adj.), andha ; kor.-of

one eye, kdna, V. andhera-

k. -ness, kori ; nd bini.
Blind (r\.), pardah.
Blister, phaphola.
Block, kundah, -headj

ahma^ ; be-wukuf.
Blood, kh{m ; lohu. -y, khUn"

dltidah. -less, b^-khtin.

HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKKN. 221

'^\o%sov[\^ phiUy -bahar dna.
Blot, ddgh. -ed, ddghi- V.
-/&. -ting-paper, Idl-kaghaz,
Blow (n.), zarb (f.) ; thokar,
(f.) ; ghtisa, (V.) (as wind,)
chalna ; bahna -with the
vcioyyS\\^ phiii^kna ; phut^k-d,
-over, (as a storm,) sdf
hona ; khulna, to - an in-
strument, bajdna, to give
a-. See * Beat.'
Blue, ////; ntla.
Blunt, kund, N. -/.
Blush, khijlat V. -k, at the

first-, dekhte hu,e.
Boar, jangli su^ar.
Board, takhtah. (assembly),

'borad.' i^,).
Boasting, Idf-zanL V. -k,

a -er, Idf-zan,
Boat, kishti ; nd^o (f.) ; with
thtir various kinds, as
• bajra ' / ^panso^V ; ^defj-
ghi^ &^c, -man, malldh.
head ditto, mdnjhu
Body (human,) badan ; jism,
(of men.) See * Assembly.'
Boil (trans, \ ubdlna; (intr,\
khaulna ; ubalna, -ing
■ Yi2XtY^ garm pdnL servants
szy^ phiUa pdni, N. phap-
hola.

Bold, mdrddnah ; shuja.

-ness, marddnagi ; ausdn,

(f.) ; shujd.at, (in a bad
. sense,) shokh, N. shokhL
Bolster, bara iakiyah, -up,

madad'd.
Bolt (n.), ^^///a / M^^/. V.

-lagdna, as, e.g., a horse.

bhdgna ; bhdg-jdna.
Bond (fetter,) l^aid (f). (to

secure debt,) tamassuk.
Bone, ^tf(/(// / hdr.
Book, ^/Vrf^, (f.) ; bahL

-shelves, -ka takhtah,

binder, jild-band, -bind-

\n'i,jild-bandi.
Boot, ^//A (E.) ; mozah,

-lace, ^w/ ka fitah.
Border, kindrah, (of a writ-
ing,) hdshiyah.
Bore (v.), chhedna, (annoy,)
satdna ; dikik-k. -er, ^i?/--

Born, to be, paida-hona.
Borrow, mdng-lena ; ^arz-

Una, -er, musiair.
Bosom, sinah.
Both (two), donmi. boih...

and, See page 46.
Bottle, botal, (f.),(E.). shish-

ah.
Bough. See * Branch '

322 HIND^StInI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

Bound (leap,) kMna ; uchhal-
na, N. kud ; uchhal, (en-
close,) hadd (f.) (or, plur.)
hudud'd^ or lagdna, A.
pd'band, -ed, ghera ; mah-
dM.

Bow (for arrows,) kamdn ;
dhanuk (f.). (for pellets,)
ghulel (f.). to use a- -k,
(salutation,) saldm, V. -k.

Bow), bolt (E.); piydlah;
katora, finger-, hdth-bolL

Box, sandtii^ ; sandH^-chah ;
hakas, (E.). (trunk,) peiL
tin-box of a particular
shape for clothes, &c.,
pitdrah, ,,,ddn. See page
41. a small -, e,g., for .
snuff, a single ring, &c.,
dibiya. See *Blow.'

Boy, chhokra ; larka. In

. Bombay and Madras, ^bof
is used in calling one's
personal servant ; never so
in Bengal, -hood, la^ak-
pan, -ish, chhok^a^sa.

Bracelet, called by endless
names ; a general word is,
bdzu-band.

Braces, gdlis.

Bracket, brdkit (E.).

Braid, gundhan.

Brain, maghz; dimdgh. -less,
be-wu^iif.

Bran, bhusi.

Branch, shdkh ; ddl (f.). (of
river,) sota. (of a subject,)
juz ; bdb.

Brandy, brd^di-shardb (f.).

Brass, pitaL of-, -ka.
-platter, thdlL -vessels
(generally), thdli-lota.

Brave. See * Bold.' dildwar ;
diler, -ery, dildwari, dilerL

Bravo ! shdbdsh ; bahul
achchha !

Brawn, bardn, (E.).

Brav, retikna.

Bread, roti ; ndn (f.). (food
generally,) khdna.

Breadth, chaurd^i ; araz.

Break {trans,), torna ; tor-d,;
phdrna, {intr.), tut-jdna,
-open, to^na ; tor-^
-away, bhdgjdna, -off,
barkhdst'k, of day, bhor ;
bairifajr; ta^ka ; subh; ala-
s-sabdh, broken, tiita ; tufa
hii,a, -fast, hdziri ; ndsh-
tah, V. -lena ; -khdna.

Breast, chhdii ; stnah.

Breath, dam ; sdf^s, to be out
of-, dam-ttUna. Xo draw-,
-lena.

hindi5stXni as it ought to be spoken. 223

Breeches, jdnghia ; brichts.

Bribe, rishwat ; gMs, to
give a-, -d. to accept a~
^lena^ or -khdna.

Brick, /e^/, (f.) ; khisht

Bridge, puL V. -bandna,
tolls for construction of-,
•-bandi,

Bricjle, iagdtn (f.) V. -lagd-d.

Brief; briefly, mukhtasar, a-,
intikhdb.

Bright, sdf ; raushan, V. -^.
-ness, raushani.

Bring, Idna ; le-dna ; lete-
dna, -about, band-Id na,
-in, hdzir idna ; hdzir-
kar-d.; dne-d. ; yahdi^-ldna,
-over, is laraf Idna, -up,
pdlna ; parwarish-k.

Broad, chaura ; ariz, N.
chaurdj; araz. -cloth,
bdndt.

Brocade, kamkhwdb.

Broker, dalldL

Brooch, baroch, (E.).

Broom, jhdfu.

Broth, sjiorba.

Brother, bhd,i ; barddar.
-hood, barddari, -ly, bard-
dardna.

Brougham, band-gdri.

Brow (of face,) abru. (of a

hill,) iab.
Brown, bartin. (E.).
Brush, See *Broom/ (hair,

clothes,) brush, (E.) V.-^.,

or lagd-d. See page 96.

(sweep,) jhdrna ; jhdr-d.

-wood, jhdr ; jhdri.
Bucket, dolcht ; bditi.
Buffalo, bhaif}sa, f. -sL
Buffoon, maskharah,
Bug, khat-mal.
Build, bandna ; bdndhna ;

uthdna. -\n%,ghar; makdn^

kothi ; imdrat.
Bull, nar-gd.o ; sd^d, oisdi^r.
Bullet, go/i.

Bullock, baii -cart, -gdri.
Bunch, guchchha.
Bundle, gathri ; bastah; chiz-^

bastah;mot. (^.^., of grass,)

bojha.

Burden (n.), bojhaN, bojhna.
Burial, kafan-dafan, (f.).

V. -k, ; mitti'd, -ground,

goristdn ; ^abrtstdn.
Burn {T\.\sokhfah, (v. trans,,)

jaldna ; jald-d,; dg-iagd-d,

{inir), j'alna.
Burst {intr,\ phutna ; phat-

jdna, (trans,\ torna ;

phdrna.

224 «INDi5stAnI as it ought t6 he SPOKEN".

Bush, jhdf ; gdchh, rose-,
gul-db'phiiL

Business, kdm; kdr; kdr bdf;
kdr-o-bdr, (trade,) tijdrat,
(profession,) pes hah, V. -k.

Busy, kdm met} ; mashghul.

But, kkin ; magar, (only,)
sir/; khdli^ e.g., there is
nothing but books here,
yahdij. sirf (or, khdli)
kitdbei} hait^.

Butcher, J^assdb, V. J^atl-k. ;
zabh-k,

Butler, khdnsdmdt},

B u tter, mahkhan,(n3it{ye, )ghi
(in.), -man, ma khhanwdla.

Butterfly, /////.

Buttocks, chiita^. -

Button, ghundi ; bufdm, (E.),

^ -hole, fiinndi.

Buy, mdl-lena ; kharid-k.
-ing and selling, khaHd-
farokht -er, khariddr.

Buzz, bhin-bhindna, -ing,
bhin-bhindhat:

By, se, -me, mere pds, by
hundreds, sau, sau hokar,
-one's self, dp hi dp, or
dp'Se, -chance, itttfdkan,
-all means, hdr tarah se.
-no means, hargiz na.
-and,- thori ghazi ke baad,
-heart, ydd se, year by
year, sdlba-sdL

C.

Cab, ihika-gdri -man, -wd^a.

Cabbage, kobi.

Cage, pinjra

Cake, kulchah ; kek. (E.).

Calamity, dfat ; musibat.

Calendar, jantri.

Calf, bachh^a, -of leg, pindli.

Calico, katan kap^a ; mdrkin

(i.e., *Anfierican.')
Call (one), ^«/(i«fl; buld4ena;

ialab'k, (shout), pukdrna ;

dzvdz-d. N. dwdz,({.) ; bdng^.

(visit,) muld^dt, V. -k.
Camel, lifjt ; shutur, -driver,

shuturbdn,

Ca m p, khimah ^-gdh; J is jagah

khime kha^e hti,e hai?}.
Camphor, kdfiir.

Can, See page i8. Sect, 22.

dna, (of what a person is

able to do, e.g., ham kolikh-

na dta hai, I can write.)

* Pronounced also * Khaimah.'

hindtJstIni as it ought to be spoken. 225

Canal, nahr, (f.).

Candle, mom-batti ; kandil,
{not E.). -stick, shama-
ddn.

Cannon, top -ball, top kigoii.

Canvas, tdt.

Cap, topi.

Capable. See ' Able.'

Caper (n. ), kabar (f.) ; kepar
(E.). (v.) uchhalna, N.
uchhal.

Capital (in trade,) puijji.
Adj. achchha ; bahut ach-
chha ; umdah,

CsLpon, pekan. Seepages^,

Captain, sirddr; kat>tdn sdhib.

Caravan, kdrwdn ; J^dfilah,

Card, til^at (E.). playing-,
tdsh, -board, kat.

Care (anxiety, )^/^r(f.) ; ande-
shah ; tarraddud ; Adj.
fikr-mand, V. fikrmand-
^;2<i. (guardianship.) amd-
nat ; hifdzat ; zimmah,
V. (to take care of a thing,)
apne pds rakhna ; hifdzat
met/, rakhna. (caution,)
khabarddri^ Adj. khabar-
ddr. V. khabarddr-hona,
-less, ghdfiL N. ghaflat.

(free from care,) be-khabar,

N. be-khabarddri.
Caress, nawdzish, V. pydr-k.
Carpenter, barha^i. -try,

najjdri.
Carpet, dari ; Jarsh ; shat-

ranji ; ghdlichah, or kdli-

chah.
Carriage. See page 90.

stage-, ddk-gdri.
Carry, uthdna ; uthd-ke-lt-
j'dna, -into effect, ba-sar-

Idna ; ba-ja Idna ; nibdhna.

-ier, i^uli ; barddr ; ham.

mdl '^ motiya.
Cart, gd^i. bullock-, bail-gdri.

-load, gdri ka bojha ; gd^i

ki khep.
Case (covering, )^/7a^ (box,)

sandiH^, See page ^1, * ddn*

(in Court,) mukaddamah ;

ndlish, the facts of the-

hdl ; asl hdl ; mdjara,

one's-, (i.e. what he has ;

to say,) guzdrtsh ; arz (f.),

ntbedon.
Cash, paise ; Hiplye, ready-

na^d'Hipiye ; -book, kkdta-

bahi ; his&b ki bahi, -ier,

khaz&nchi.

* Not in use in Bengal.

1., H.

IS

226 HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

Cask, fipa.

Cast. See * Throw.'

Cat, billL

Catalogue, fihrist

Catch, pakarna ; paka^-lena,
-cold, sardi khdna, to be
caught, pak^a-jdna.

Caterpillar, jhdnjha.

Cattle, maweshi ; ^a.e-goru.

Cauliflower, phid-kobi.

Cause, sabab ; wajh, (f.). V.
kardna ; kard-d, without-,
be-sabab.

Caution. See * Care.'

Cease (trans.), maukuf-k. ;
band-k. (intr,), same words
and bona ; ho-jdna.

Celery, si/ari (K,).

Cent, per, saikra, e.g. pdf.ich
rupiye saik^a, 5 per cent.

Centipede, gojar.

Centre, markaz ; bichoi,i bich.
in the-, bich men.

Ceremony, takaliuf ;taklif(i.).

Certain {^wxt,) yakin. N. -/.
V. -hona. (settled,) mu-
karrar ; J^djm. V. these
words and hona. * a certain
person' fuldnah ; fuldnah
shakhs, -ly, albatiah ; be-
shak ; zartir, -ify, sdbitk. ;
tahkik-k.

• • •

Certificate, j(/^m^ ka khatt ;

* sartifikat (E.).
Chaff, bhusi.

Chain, %anjir. (f.). V. iagd-d.
Chair, kursi ; chduki. -man,
(of a meeting,) sar-i-majlis.
Chalk, khdri-matti.
Chamber, kamra ; kothri.
Chamois-leather, sdbari.
Chance, ittijdk. V. -se hona,

by-, ittifdikan.
Q\\di\ygQ, tabdil ; badl ; badld,

badli. V. (trans.) -k.(intr.)

-hona.
Channel, ndla ; sota ; khdL
Character, chdl-chalan. good—

nek-ndm. bad-, bad-ndm,

a bad character (person,)

bad-mads h, (letter,) harfy

pi. huruf.
Charcoal, ko^ila.
Coarge (keeping,) amdnat ;

hifdzat ; nigdhbdni. V,

(trans.) -mefj, rakhna.

(intr.) -met^hona, (attack, )

hamlah. V. -k. (accusa-
tion,) ilzdm. V, -lagd-d.
charge in an account,
hisdb men likhna.
Charity, khairdt ; lutf (f.).
-able, khairdti ; faiydz ;
sakhL

hindi5st.4ni as it ought to be spoken. 227

Chase (sport), shikdr, Y,^k,
(pursuit), raged ; khader,
V. ragedna ; khedna.
Chattering, bak-bak ; kdt}-

kdfj, V. -k.
Cheap, sasta ; manda ; kam-
J^imat, -ness, sasti; kam-
^imati.

Cheating, fareb ; daghd'^dzL
V. -k, one who cheats,
daghd-bdz.

Check, dhiste-k ; rokna ;

atkdna.
Cheek, ^i/; rukh,

Cheer (amuse, &c.) bahldna ;
khush-k. -ful, khush ;
khush'dil ; khush ru ; be-
fikr. -fulness, khush-tabj,
(applaud,) khushi-khushi-
bolna. (by clapping,)
tdli^dn-k, cheers, khushi-
khushi ; 'htira' (E.).

Cheese, panir (m.). -monger,
"farosh.

Chess, shatranj. to play-,
-kheina, -board, -bisdt,
-man, muhrah.

Chest. See ' Box. -of drawers,
drdj (E.). (of body,) chhdH.

Chew, chdbna ; chabdna.

Chief, (n.) sarddr, (z,)paihla;
awival.

Child, bachchah ; iarka, larki;
tifl; bdba (L.B.) -hood,
larakpan ; iufuiiyat -less
be-auldd ; Id^wdris, -dren,
larke-iog; bdba-iog, (L.B.).
Chin, thuddi ; zanakh.
Chintz, rangi.
Chisel, tdt^ki.

Choose, lena ; chdhna ; pa-
sand-k, N. (what pleases,)
jo pasand hat (option,)
ikhtiydr ; marzi ; khushi.
Cholera, haizah ; ola-pira.
Chop, (v.) kdtna; tukira-tukra
kar-d, (n.) chdp. (E.). -pen
bdwarchi'khdne ki chhuri,
Christ, Hazrat'Psa, -ian»
isawi -ianity. Fsd-i-maz-
hab. -mas, bara din ;
kismis, (E.). a Christian,
Kristdn (E.).
Church, girja, or grija.
Cinnamon, ddr-chini.
Circle, ghera ; dd,irah, (of
jurisdiction.) hal^ah ; aid-
kah ; parganah ; zila :
and many o<her territorial
words — *i' added to the
title of an officer often
means his jurisdiction, e.g.,
^zaminddri,^ the territory
of a zaminddr, pnd so on.

228 HlNDl^ST^NI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

Circumstance, Jel ; amal ;
amr ; hdl ; asl hal ; wdki,-
dt ; jo hu,a hat, -tial,
mufassalan; tafsil-wdr.

City, shahr ; (as last part in
compos :) * nagar' and
'ptir' -izen, shahr men
rahne-wdla.

Civil, sU'ShiL -ity, suluk ;
nek-chalan. -ization, tah-
zib-i-akhldk.

Claim, dawa. (f.) ; as formu-
lated,) darkhwdst ; atz ; (f.)
sawdL V. -k -ant, da^vd-
ddr. (in Court,) mudda.u

Q\2J^\., Idlshardb (f.) ; kald-

rat (E.).
Class, kism. (rank,) darjah.

(of Railway, or School,)

kalds, (K). -ification, tar-

tib. -ify, tartib-k.
Clause, ^«>/^; jumlah.
Claw, changul ; ndkhun.

Clay, ^// (f.), <r/%/'>^«^* »«^y^^'-
Clean (adj.), sdf ; safa, (v.)
ji/-/^. -liness, safd^i ; paki-

zagi.
Clear, sdf; shaffdf, (obvi-
ous,) sdf; maaMm ; sdf
maaMm ; zdhir. V. sdf-k.

ClesLve, phdrna ; Mrna, -er,
See ♦Axe' -to one, lagd
rahna ; ke pds rahna.
Clerk, kirdni ; kdtib ; nawis-
andah ; as last part of
word ... navis, e.g., nai^l-
navis, a cpying-clerk.
Clever, chdldk; hoshydr^^.-i-
Clim^ite, db-o-hawa, (f.).
Cloak (n.), iba (f.) ; labddah,
(v.) chhipdna. (adj.) chhipa-
hu^a.
Clock, ghari. See page 67.
Clo'i, (/>%<?/tf.

Close, (y,),band-k.{n.) dkhir^
or akhir, (near,) nazdik ;
ke pds."t^, band.
Closet, kothri. the W. C.
ghusl-khdnah ; pd-e-khd-
nah ; jde-zarur.
Cloth, kapra, tahlf-, mez kt
chddar ; dastar - khwdn^
web of-, thdn. cotton-,
nan-kldth ; ' kafdn-kapra^
woollen-, bdndt to lay
the-, mez lagdna, or
taiydr-k, clothes, kap^e.
night-, rdi ke kapre. See
page 95. Clothe (v.), kapre
pahinna ; orhna.

» This is an attempt at the English, ' long-cloth.'

hindi5stAni as it ought to be spoken. 229

Cloud, abr ; badli ; tnegh, -y,

abri.
Clove, karanfuL
Club, Idthi ; chob ; sonta,

-nun, Idthidl,
Cbal, ko^iia.
Coarse, mota, N. motd^i

(fig.) be-hunar ; b^.-adab.
Coast, kindrah ; pdr, V.-

kindre par chalna.
Coat, kurti.

Coax, phusldna ; chumkdrna.
Cobbler, mochi.
Cob- web, makzi kajdla.
Cock, murgh, (of a gun,)

ghora (v.) -khara-k.
Cockroach, til-chatta.
Coco, koko (E.).
Coffee, ^ahwah ; kdji (E.).
Coffin, sandiH^^ (v.) -tnev.

rakhna.
Coin, paise ; rupiye. V.

-bandna, false- mekhi

Hipiye.
Cold (adj.), sard; thandha ;

sitaL (n.) sardi ; thandhdj.

-in the head, zukdm. V.

-thandha-k, to be-, than-

dha hona.
Collar, kdlar (E.).-of a coat,

&c., girebdn.
Colleague, rafik; sharik.

Collection, jama; jamiyat.
V. -jama-k, -of dues,
ivasiiL V. -^. -tor, (of a
district,) kalektar sdhib,
{gei\era\\y,) /aAst/ddr; sazd-
wai.

College, madrasah.

Colonel, karnail (E.) sdhib.

Colour ^n.) rang, (f.), V. -d,
-en, rangin.

Column, siHin ; khamba.

Comb, kanghi, V. -d, or
lagd'd.

Come, dna ; d-jdna ; tashrif
Idna, {Seepage 76. Sect,
17.) -about, hO'jdna,
-back, phir-dna, -out,
bdhat-dna; nikalna; nikal-
dna, -to one's self, hash
mefjL dna.

Comfort, tasalli ; tashaffi ;
taskin [{,) ;khushi, V. -d. ;
bahldna.

Command, hukm. V. -d,
-er, hdkitn ; sarddr, with
special names for various
commanders, ^g./auj-ddr^
a military -er; ^ila-ddr^
a -er of 'a fort, and so on,
down to jama-ddr^ head-
man of any small body,
military or other.

230

hindi5stXni as it ought to be spoken.

Commence. See * Begin.'

Commendation, sifdrish,
(praise,) taarif(i,), V. -d.

Commerce, sauddgari ; tijd-
rat; kharid-farokht ; mahd-
janL

Commit (do.), karna, (en-
trust to,) hawdle mef,i rakh-
na ; hawdlah-k,; supurd-k,;
amdnat met^ rakhna. com-
mission, (e.g. of an of-
fence,) with * karna,' as
v.n.

Common, dmm, -ly, umj/man;
aksar. held in-, ijmdli ;
ffiushtarak, a-, maiddn ;
parti zamin (f).

Companion, sdthi ; rafiJ^ ;
ham^rdhi, -ship, ri/dJ^at.

Company. See * Assembly.'
The East India Company,
Kampani Bahddnr.

Compare, mildna ; muJ^d-
balah-k. -atively, ba nisbat
is ki, -ison, (act of,) muJ^d-
baiah'k, as v.n.

Compel, use ^ zor-se, or
zabar-dasti se, with appro-
priate verb.

Competent. See * Able '

Complaint(in words,) ndiish ;
ndla. V. -k, (sickness,)

bimdri ; tog, complainant

(in Qo\ix\.j)faryddi;muddayi.
Complete, tamdm. V. -k,

-tion, -k, as v.n. -ly

tatndm ; kull ; bil-kull ,-

sar-a-pa.
Comprehend, samajhna ,-

samajh meii idna, -sion^

samajh (f.) ; hosh ; akl (f.).
Conceal, chhipdna, to be

-ed, riiposh'hona. -ment^

ruposhi.
Conclude See * Close.'
Condemn (disapprove,) nd-

pasand'k. (sentence,) hidkm

-d. -nation, sazd ka hukm^
Conduct, suUik ; chdl-chalan.

V. pahunchd-d.
Confectioner, haiwd^i, -ery,

mithdi.
Confession, ikrdr ; l^ubiil.

V. -k, (person who ad-
mits,) kd^il.
Confine (by bounds,) hadd-

iagd'd, (imprison,) J^aid-k.

. -ment, Jkaid ; girijtdri.
Confirmation, subut, V,

-kar-d. ; sdbit-k.
Conflict. See * Battle '
Conform to, hukm ke mu^dfiir

kdm k, ; mdnna. -bly to,.

hasb \ ke mu.dfik ; ba-mujib^

hindi3stAni as it ought to be spokkn.

231

Confound (frans.), ghahrdna,
be -ed, ghabrdna. Adj.
ghdbra, -(one thing with
another,) mild-d, -fusion,
gol'tndl (L. B.); be-tar-
tibi. (of mind,) ghabrdhat

Congeal, jam na ; jam-jdna.

Congratulations, mubdrak-
bddi. V. -k.

Conjuring, y^«. V. -k, -er,
-gar. See ' Beseech.'

Conncct\onja/d^ak;sar-{hkdr.
V. -rakhna. See * Relation.'

Conscience, dil ; khdtir,
-cious, rdst ; sachcha ;
sddi^. -ciousness, rdsti.
sachd^i ; sddiku

Consent. See * Agree.'

Consequence, natijah ; md-
hasal. Seepage, 99.

Consideration, (thought,)
sock (f.); khaydl; tadbir (f).
V. -k, (dignity,) martabaL
-ately, fadbir-se ; btijh-ke.

Consign. See * Commit.'
-ment, mdl ; chaldn (f.).

Consist oi,-ka hona ;-se hona.

Consolation. See 'Comfort.'

Constancy, kdjimi ; tnazbtUi ;
isti^rdr A. ^d,im, mazbiit
V. hona, (with the Adjs.)
-tly, hameshah ; aksar.

Construct, bandna ; band-d.
-tion, imdrat

Consultation, maslahat, (v.
-k,) saldh (f.). V. -Una,

Contain, by phrase, e.g*
is sanduk mef,t misrihai, in
this box is sugar = this
box contains sugar, con-
tents, is met} jo kuchh hai.
table of contents, fihrist,
-of a book, mazmun.

Contemplation, muldhazah,
{menta\,)fa,ammul, V. -k.;
dekhna, -tive, mutafakkir.

Content ptible, hakir ; pdji,
-temn, ha^ir jdnna,
tempt, kikdrat

Contention, jhagra ; iard,i.
V. -k, A. jhagrdlu; ziddi,

Contentedness, razdmandi,
A. rdzi ; khush, V. rdzi,
or khush hona.

Continue, rahna, (to keep
doing a thing,) rahna,
added to stem.

Contract, shart ; ^aul-o-
ikardr ; ahd-o-paimdn, V.
-k, ; bdndh-^ena, -debt,
^arZ'lena ; J^arzddr hona,
(e.g. in business,) thika.
V. -lena, -or, thtkd-ddr.

Contradict, bar-khildf kahna.

232

hindi5stXni as it ought to be spoken.

Contrary to, mukhdlif,

-riness, zidd (f.) ; aks ;

addwat.

Contusion, chot ; thokar (f.).

Convenient,///«,4/^-^ ; durust ;

achchha ; thik, to be-, hona.

Conversation, hdt-chU ; guft-

ogu{i,), V. -k.
Convey, k-jdna ; pahw^chd-d.
See * Carriage.^ deed of
-ance, ndmah (following
the word expressing the
kind of conveyance, e.g.
hibah-ndmah, a deed of
conveyance by gift.)
Convict (n.), kaidi ; muizitn.
V. ek shakhs ko mujritn
sdbit-k.
Cook (n.), bdwarchi, -room,
-khdnah.{v.)^ pakdna, -ing,
rasii^ /*. See page 8 7 .
Cool. See * Cold.'
Copy, nakl (f ) V -k. ist,
-navis, (as last part in
compos.).
Cord, rassi ; sutli. V.

-lagd'd ; se bdndh-d.
Coriander, dhaniya (f.).
Cork, dhatha ;thenthi ;^ kdg,^
(E.). V. d. -screw, kdg
kholne ka pech. [Servants
use only the word ^ kdgJ'\

Corn, andj : ghallah ;ddnak

a grain of- ddnah. -field,

fasl ka khet.
Corpse, idsk (f ) ; murdah.
Correct, sahih ; thik ; dnrust,

V. -k. See * Punish.' -ly,

thik,

m

Correspond (match,) pti/na ;
mil-jdna ; eksdn^ or thik
or bardbar hona. N. mu^d-
faJ^at. (by letter,) khatt^
or khutut likhna. N. khatt-
khutut ; khatt-kitdbat.

Cost (n.), ddm ; ^imdt, V.
itni ikimat ka hona. -ly,
i^imati ; besh-J^imat.

Cotton, riti^i ; pumbah ; kapds,
-iTee,kapds, or simalgdchh.

Couch, kauch (E.). See * Bed.'

Cover, sar-posh ; dhakna ;
chapni, V. -d. ; lagd-d^
-ing (according to its kind,
e.g.)y kamma/ (m,) or katnli^
a blanket ; rizd^i, a quilt ;
chddar (f.), a sheet, &c. ;
ot^hne ki chiz,

QovtioMsnt^s^ldlach; hirs, (f.)
V. 'k. A. /d/cht\

Cough, khdt^sL V. -k.
Council. See * Assembly.'
Counsel. See * Advice.* (law-
yer,) kausili sdhib (E.).

HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

233

Count, ginna ; shumdr-k,
-ing, shumdr-k.^ as v.n. ;
hisdb'k. -ing-house, daftar-
khdnah ; dfis, (E).

Country (a.), mulk. native-,
watan; des, (not the town,)
dihdt ; mufassaL -man,
gatjwdr, (co-patriot,) ham-
watan ; des-bhd^.

Courage. See ' Brave.'

Court (yard,) sahan, (King's,)
(public,) diwdn-i'dm/n. (pri-
vate,) diwdn-i'khdss, (of
Justice) (civil,) diwdni-
addiat (criminal,) fauj-
ddri-addiat V. (none ;
natives do not * court,'
they employ a broker,
called ^ ghatak.^)

Cousin, bhdj ; bahin^ with
descriptive words before
them, viz : father's bro-
ther's son, chachera-. mo-
ther's ditto, tnamera-,
father's sister's son, phu-
phera-, mother's ditto,
mausera-. So, ' chacheri
baking dr'r., if the cousin
be female. ,

Cow, gd^e^ or gd^o ; goru,
-dung, gobar, -herd, or
-ketperfgOid/a, {f,)go,d/in.

-shed, gdjO'Sd/a, or go-

sdla.
Coward, nd-mard, -ly, be-

j'igar. -liness, be-jigaru

See * Jigar.'
Crack, phdt, V. {trans,)

phdrna ; phd^d. (intr.)

phat'jdna.
Crane (bird,) sdras ; ghof^gla.

(machine,) charkh ; kal.
Creak (v.), cha^cka^dna.
Cream, maldj.
Creature. See * Being.'
Credit, &c. See * Believe,' &c.
Creep, rtngna, or rengna ;

reng-reng'k.
Crime, jurm ; gundh, -inal

(n.a.), niujrim ; gundh'gdr.

See * Court.'
Croak, ghot^-ghof^-k.
Crocodile, magar ; Mmhir ;

ni/iang ; gha^iydL
Crooked, te^ha ; tirchha ;

bdnka ; kaj\
Crop (of field,) fasl, (f.) ;

ghallah ; paiddwdr.
Cross (adj.), magra; sarkash.

V. (e.g., a river,) pdr-k,

(e.g., two sticks,) d^a-

lagdna, road, chau-rdsta.
Crow (voice,) bdng, (f). V.
^d, (bird,) kauwa ; kdg.

234 hindiistJIni as it ought to be spoken.

Crowd, guroh ; atnboh.

Crown, tdj, V. -rakhna,
-lands, khdss mahdll.

Cruel, be-rakm, -ty. -/.

Cruet, sirkah-ddn.

Crumb, chtir ; rezah ; tukra.

Crush, dabdna ; dabd-d.

Crust, chhilka, (of bread,)
post

Cry (weep,) rona, (out,)
pukdrna ; chilldna, (up,)
taarif-i, N. pukdr ; bdng
(f.) ; dwaz (f.) ; shor.

Cubit, hdth.

Cucumber, khira. (native,)
pindol ; palwaL

Cudgel, Idthi. V. -chaldna ;
se mdrna.

Cultivate, kheti-k, -lion,
(fields,) kheti ; kdsht -tor,
kdsht'kdr ; kisdn ra^iyat,
-ed land, dbddi, -tion, (of
mind,) tahzib-i-nafs,

Cupfpiyd/aA ; katora, -board,
alfndri.

Curd, dahi, (m.)

Cure (medicine,) ildj (f.) ;
dawa, (f.). (recovery,)
shi/a ; durusiL V. durust^
or achchha-k, -ed, bhala.

Curl, of hair, zulf^ (f.). V.
pechidb-d.

Currier, chamdr,

Curry, kdri,

CMTXzxn, pardah ; (mosquito,)
musahri.

Cushion, gaddi; kusAan,(E.).

Custard, kasfad, (E.) ; /d/ti-
dah, -apple, sharijah.

Custom, dasttir ; riwdj ;
maanmL (tribute,) khirdj r
mahsul; tikkas^ (i.e., *tax/)
-house, parmit'ghar, (half
E.). -ary, dasturkefmi^dfik;
hasb zdbitah,-2Lxy discount,
dasUiru

Cut, Icdt ; chira, V. hdtna ;
chirna ; iardshna. -cut,
kdta hu^a, a -ting, (of
plant,) ^alam.

Cycle, yug.

Cypress, saroy or sarv.

D.

Damage, nu^sdn ; ziydn ;
zarar, V. -^.;] -pahw^ch-
dna.

Damp, tar; bhit^ga. V.
bhiij,gd'd. -ness, tari ;
tardj; bhi?,tgd^L

HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

235

Dance, ndch^ (f.), (fancy,)
ptidri-ndch, V. -na.

Danger, khatrah. -ous,
khatar-ndk, to run into -,
khatre me^ dna.

Dare, hitnmat-rakhna, N.
dileri, Adv^ dileri se.

Dark, ai}dhera ; fdrik, -ness,
ai}dhera, V. -k.

Darning, rafu. V. -k.

Dash (assault,) patak. V.
-//. (down), ddl'd, (at,)
lapakna.

Date (time, )/^/7'#, (f.),V.-^.
-d, mar^tim.(ixyxi\.^khajur.

Daughter, ^<?// ; dukhtar, -in-
law, ^^i^2/.

Dawn, j«M / bhor ; tarka ;
barifajr.

Day, din ; roz, -by-, roz-ba-
roz, daily, ^^z* roz, ; (as
adj.) rozinah. daily pay,
rozinah, a fine-, khula^ or
achchha din. a bad-,/^«/ ^a
<//«. to-, 4^*. in these days,
dj-kaL -book, roz-ndm-
chah. -break, ^e?^ *Dawn.'*
-labourer, mazdur, daily
bread, khdna-pina,

Dea^ bahra, -ness, bahrdj.

Dear (price,) mahi^ga ; besh-
kimat N. besh-kimati.

(affection,) pydra, papa 1

dear! ^4^tjr yi«. dearest
mamma, amma jdn, my

dear! merijdn. Oh! dear I

M^. M^^ to hold dear,

pydr-k. or rakhna.
Death, w^w/, (f.) ; maran ;

inti^dL
Debate, ^tjrAf, (f.). V. -^.
Debt, -fars/ -or, ^arz-ddr. to

be, or get in to-, karz-

lena : ^arz-ddr hona.
Decayed, sara ; purdna.
Decanter, ^ kantar.' (E.)r

shardb ki surdhi.
Deceased, marhum ; muta-

waffa.
Deceive. See * Cheat/
Decision, (eg., of a case,)
kukm ; faisalah; famidn

V. -d, *I have decided

to go to Calcutta,' mera

^asdhaikih mail} Kalkatta

jd,w,i.
Declaration, bdt ; baydn ;

izhdr. V. -k. ; kahna (as

v.n.).
Decline (slope,) dhdl, (f.).

See * Refuse.'
Decrease, kami^ V. -k, and

hona.
Decree. See * Decide '

236

HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

Deed, kdm ; fel ; amr, -in
writing, ndmah^ as last
pafrt of word, e.g., hiba-
ndmah^ a deed of gift.
Various kinds have (iiffer-
ent nannes, e.g., ^abdlah^
a deed of sale ; sanad (f.),
a deed of royal, or other
grant of favour ; patta\ 'a
deed of lease ; fiabtilyat^
an acceptance of a lease.
&c., &c. A general word
is dast-dwez^ (f.).

Deep, gaiAra ; amik.Y. -k.
N. gaihrd,t\

Deer, hiran, or haran.

Defeat, hazimat, V. -d. to
be defeated, -khdna.

Defect, kusiir ; khata ; aib.
A. ndkis.

Defend, bachdna ; bacM-d.
(in Court,) jawdb-d, (one's
character,) uzr-^. defence,
bachd,o ; hijdzai ; ja^vdb ;
uzr, -dant, muda^d-aiaine ;
fari^ sdni.

Defer, mauJ^tif-k ; multavi
rakhna.

Deficiency. See * Decrease.'

Definition, taarif, (f.). V. -k»

Defraud. See * Cheat.'

Defy, dhamkdna ; dhamki-d.

Degree, martabah ; darjah.

by degrees, raftah-rajtah ;

iadam-ba-^adam.
Delay, der^ or deri ; iawak-

^uf. V. -k. (trans.) rokna.
Deliberation, ta^ammul. V.

-k. Adv. -se ; tadbir se ;

sock karke,
Delicious, latif ; laziz ;

khush-mazah, a - cacy,

lazzat ; niitnat ki chiz.
Delight, khiishi, V. -y^.-ful,

or -ed, khush ; dil-khush.
Deliverance, kkaldsi ; rehd,i.

V. -d.
Demand. See * Ask.'
Demon, rdkshas ; bhut ;

jinn ; baitdl.
Demonstration, j«^///. V.-kar-

d, ; -kar-dikldna ; zdhir-k.
Denial, inkdr, V. •k.
Departure, rawdnagi ; chaid-

jdna, as v.n. V. jdna ;

chald-jdna ; uth-jdna ;

rukhsat lena ; tashrif le-

jdna. See page 76.
Dependent (a), idbi. ( *on,'

se,) (n.) -dar, -dence,

tdbi'ddrL This depends

on my pleasure, yih tneri

khwdhishpar mau^uf hau
Deponent, ^dyiL

HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 237

. Deposit, amdnat ; giraw, V.

rakhna ; sipurd-k.
Deposition, bdt ; baydn ;

izhdr. (V. -k,) on oath,)

shahddat ; ^aivdhi, V. -d.
Depress, dabdna ; dabd-d, (in

mind), afsurdah-k, -ed,

afsurdah.
Deprive of, le-jdna ; chhin-

Una, N. nuksdn ; ziyan.
Deputy, wakil^ or - vakil ;

gumdshtah ; ndyib, V.

bhejna.
Descend, uiarna ; niche-dna.
Description, baydn ; taarif

(f). V. -k ; -d. (sort,) ^ism.
Desert (n.) baydbdn ; jangaL

(a.) wirdn, V. See 'Aban-
don.'
Design. See * Intention. '

* Drawing. '
Desire, khwdhish ; murdd^

(f.) drzu ; jo mail} chdhta

huf}^ so. V. chdhna, A.

arziimand ; mushidk.
Despatch (speed), jaldi ;

shitdbi, (of e.g. goods,)

chaldn ; rawdnagu V.

chaidn-kar-d, ; bhej-d.
Despise, hakir-jdnna, N.

hikdraf.

Despot, zdlim.-\c, mustakilly
-ism, zulm.

Dessert, mewa ; fanit, (E.).

Destiny, ^ismat ; ^aza^ (f.) ;
taJ^dir,

Destitute, gharib ; be-mak-
dtir ; and almost any noun
preceded by ^ be* ; bila,
(Arabic prep.) -tion, fjids.

Destroy, khardb-kar-d ; nuk-
sdn-kar-d. N. nuJ^sdnt ;
khardbi.

Detail, tafsiiy (f.) V. -d, ; or.
bolna. Adv. -wdr, mufas-
saL V. -kahna. Adv. -Ian.

Detention, rukd.o ; atkd,o,
V. rokna ; bdz-rakhna ;
atkdna.

Determination. See * Deci-
sion. '

Devil, ibiis ; shaitdn. A.
shaitdn-ka.

Device, hikmat ; tadbir^ (f.);
bandobasi ; taur, V. -pdna-
nikdina ; batldna ; karna.

Devotion, (piety,) ibddat ;
namdZy (f.). (to one,) fid^
wiyat V. dena.

Devout, musalli ; khuda-
tars,^

Dew, shabnam. (A. /,) os.

^ From PersiaD, * tarsldan, ' to fear.

238 hindiJstXni as it ought to be spoken.

Dialogue. See 'Conversation.'
Diamond, almds ; hira.
Diarrhoea, dast.
Diary, roz-ndmchah.
Dice, pdse, V. -kkelna.
Diction, ibdrat ; bol-chdL

-ary, lughat.
Die (expire,) mama ; mar-

jdna ; inti^dl hona.
Difference, fart^, -ent, nd-

mu^dfi^ ; dusre i^ism ka. a

different ... , dusra, V.

dusre i^ism ka hona,

(quarrel,) J^aziyah ijhag^a.

V. -k.
Difficult, mushkil ; dushwdr ;

sakht V. -hona. -y,

mushkildt ; dushwdri ; ish-

kdi. Adv. ishkdl-se.
• Dig, khodna, -up, (e.ij.

plants,) ukhdrna, -ger,

bel-ddr.
Dignity, fiadr ; darjah ; izzat.

-nified, shdn-ddr. V. hur-

mat'd.
Diligence, ihtimdm ; tandihi;

mihnat A. mihnati, V.-^.;

(with adj. ),-kona, Adv.-^d.
Dinner, khdna, V. -khdna.

dining-room, khdne ka

kamra, dining-table, khdne

ki mez.

Direction (order,) hukm. (V.

-^.) (way,) rdh (f.) ; taraf,

(V. batldna,) (of letter,)

thikdna. V. iagd-d.
Dirty, maila. V. -k, and

hona, N. wa/7.
Disagreement. See * Differ-
ence.'
Disallow, nd-manzur-k. (and

so with many other words

in * dis ; ' place * na ' before

the affirmative word.)
Disaster, d/at ; musibat ;

bad'bakhtu A. bad-bakht.
Discern, dekhna ; samajhna,

-ment, a^l^ (f.) ; hosh^ zihn;

chdldkL
Discharge (freedom,) khalds ;

(V. -k) rihd,u V. -kar^d.

(dismissal,) jawdb ; rukh-

sat, V. -d, -ed, barkhdst :

maazuL (of an account.)

rasid^ (E.). ddkhilah.
Disclose, kah'dena ; ikrdr-k ;

zdhir-k.
Discount, batta; dasturi.V ,-d.
Discourse, bahs^ (f.) ; waz,

Y.-k, See * Converse. '
Discovery, darydft V. -k, ;

dhundhna.
Discretion, a^l^ (f.) ; imtiydz,

\: aklmand.

HlND^STiNI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

239

Disdain, hikdrat. V. hakir-
jdnna, -ful, maghr&r.

Disease, rog ; bimdri, -ed,
rogi ; bimdr.

Disfavour, nd-ilti/dti.

Disgrace, be-hurmati; tahJkir ;
be-izzati, V. -k, ed, be-
hurmat ; be-izzat, -ful,
nd-shd,istah ; khardb.

Dish,' bartan, side-, dth,iga.

Dishonest, bad-diydnat ; (N.
-/.)/ beAmdn,

Dismiss. See 'Discharge.*

Dismount, uiama.

Disobedient, sar-kash; muf^h-
zor, N. -I. V. nahiii mdnna.

Disorder, be-tartibi. in -,
dar ham-bar ham.

Dispel, hatd-d. ; bhagd-d, ;
urd-d.

m

Display. See *Show.'
Displease, nd-khush-k, ; nd-

^asand-hona.-suTQ, khafagi;

nd'khushi.
Dispose, of. See *Sell. ' also,

* Arrange.' -al, ikhtiydr,
-ition, mizdj ; tablyUt,

{ arrangement^ ) intizdm ;

band-O'bast, -ed (in order,)

muratiab.

Dispute, kaziyah ; jhagra, V.
-k.
Dissatisfied, nd-rdz ; nd-

khush; khafa, -faction,

nd-khushi ; khafagi.
Dissect, chirna ; kdtna.
Dissipate, u^d-d.
Dissolve {intr,) galna, {trans.

galdna.
Distance, duri ; tafdwut ;

fdsilah, A. diir.
Distant. See 'Separate.'
Distinction. *S<ff 'Difference.'

(rank,) martabah ; shdn.

a person of-, shdn-ddr.
Distress ; tasdi ; taklif ;

tanqi; dukh, V. w/. /

satdna, -ed, dzurdah ; aj-

surdah ; ghamgin.
District, nawdh ; nazdiki

(technical,) zila.
Disturbance, khalal ; ghul ;
shor; hangdmah, V. -k.
Ditch, fidla ; paghdr.
Ditto, aizan.
Dive, dubki mdma; Mbna,,

-er, ghotah-mdr.
Diverse, baaze ; kaU'-ka^ t\-\fy^

baazi iarah kdm-k, ; adal-

badal'k.

* 1 he English * dis ' is used by servants to mean the Piice de rSsis*
iance.

240 HINI)l5sTi(NI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

Divert, khush-k. ; bahldna,
(turn aside,) pher-d, -ion,
khushi ; tamdsha.

Divide, bdf}tna ; bdnt-lena,
"Sion, faisifhy (f.); hissah;
(of family property,) bat-
wdra. V. ~k.

Divine, bujhna ; samajhna.
A. ildhi.

Divorce, ialdk, V. -^f.

Do, karna ; ba-jd-ldna ;
taamil-h. See *Deed/ -er,
karne-wdla.

Doctor, (if of Enulish train-
ing ;), ddktar sdhib. (if
native,) tabib ; hakim ;
baid, (in learning,) mau-
lavi, (M.) pandit, (H.).
See * Cure.'

Dog, kutta ; sag, -cart, tarn-
tarn, (Not Hindiistdni.)

Doll, putlL

Don't, mat karo ; nahitj,!

Door, darwdzah ; khirkt,
outer-, phdtak, out of
doors, bdhar. indoors,
bhitar, -keeper, darbdn.

Double, dohra. V. dohrdna.

Doubt, shakk; shubhah. V.
-k, and rakhna. A. sdf
nahiij. ; shakk ki bdt. (sub-
ject to -, or suspicion,)

mushtabah, -less, be shakk,-
be-shubhah.

Down, downward, niche; taie^
(prep ) ke, -.

Doztn^bdrah; ek-dary'an. (E.)

Drain, (oflf,) sukhdna.{sir2im,}
chhdnna.

Draw (load, or picture,)
khaii^chna, a-ing, na^shah^
-ing-room, hdl-kamra.

Drawers (body, ) jdnghiya ;
sul-drdj (E. in some forma-
tion,) (chest of,) drdj, (E.).

Dress. See *Clothes.' -ing-
case, sit^gdr-ddn, -glass^
d^inah, -table, sii^gdr-mez.

Dream, khwdb. V. -dekhna.

Drink (acconing to its kind,
as pdni, shardb, &*€, See
page 93)- ^-pina.

Drive, hdij^kna, -in (a nail,)
mdrna, -er, gdribdn ;
kochbdn, (half E )

Drop, (down,) (intr,) girna ;
gir-parna. (let -,) girdna ;
girdrd, (as water, ) ^Aw«^7 /
tapakna, N. J^atrah, (a
very little.) zsrrah-sa.

Drown (tntr,) dubna ; dub-
jdna, {trans J) dubdna.

Drum, dhoL V. -bajdna^
~mer, --iya.

HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

241

Drunk, mast; matwdla ;

nashe-metj, -ard, matwdla.

-enness, masti ; nashah.
Dry, khushk ; stikha, V.

sukhdna ; sukhd-d, -land,

khushki.
Duck, bat ; hattakJu (brah-

mani,) chakwa^ chakivi.
Due, to be, by various phrases,

e.g., mtijh'ko das riipiye

pdna hai^ or die haiij, ;

ham-ko das rupiye dena,

hoga, my dues, mera

pdyOna ; mera hakk.
Dull (intellect,) kund-zihn,

(sz.d,) afsurdah, (weather,)

abri, -ard, kund-zihn

ddmi ; ahmak.

Dumb, gihga ; chup, V.

gmgd hona ; chup rahna,

-ness, gungdj.
Dung, guk, (f.), goats -,

mengnL cow -, gobar^

horse-, lid^ (f.), -hill, kuta.
During, men ; ke bich ;jabiak

, . . tabtak, S!ee page 104.
Dust, gard, A. -a ; aludah,

V. poiichh-d, ; jhdrna,

~er, jhdran.
Duty, kdm ; jo wdjib o-mund

sib hai ; wdjibi kdm. (tax,)

mahsiiL
Dwell, rahna ; budo-bdsh-k,;

makdm-k,-ing-house,ghar;

makdn ; kothi.
Dynasty, klianddn-shdhi.

E.

Each, har-ek ; ek-ek. See

page 40. -other, ek-digar.

on -side, donot} taraf.
Ear, kdn ; gosh, (of corn,)

bdl ; bdli^'-nngs^bdla ; bdli.
Early. See * Dawn. '
Earth, mitti ; khdk (world,)

dunya (f.) ; dlam -en,

mitti ka.
Ease, drdm ; rdhat fard-

ghat : fursat, at' ease,

drdm mefj, -sy, dsdn ;

T., II.

salts, N. dsdni ; salisi,

-ity, dsdni-se ; ba-khtibi.
East, piirab ; mashri^.
Eat, khdna, give to -

khildna.
Eaves, olti.
Ebb, (of tide,) bhdtha. V.

"hona.
Ebony, dbmis.
Eclipse, (of sun,) stiraj-gra-

han, (of moon,) chdnd-

grahan,

16

842 HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

Edge, (e.g., of knife,) dhdr.

(of cloth, the sea, &c.)

kindrah. a stiff - (as in

matting), kor.
Edifice, imdrat
Education, taalitn^ (f.) ; tar-

biyat;tahzib,($,)V Jaalim-d.

Effect, asar ; natijah, to pro-
duce an -^karna ; kardna;
anjdm-k; asar-k. my words
produced no effect, meri
bdtov se kuchh asar nahiii
ika.-xye, kdm ka; kdr-gar ;
mu^assir.

Effects, mdl ; mdl-o-mata ;
asbdb ; chizetj. ; chiz sab.

Effort, koshish, make an,->^.

Egg, anda ; baizah.^ -cup,
"ddn, -spoon, ande ka
chammach, eggs and
bacon, ande bekam (E.).

Either. See page 46.
Eject. See * Expel.'

Elapse, bit-jdna; guzar-jdna.
Elbow, kuhni; baghal
'Es\eg2Si\.Jattf y'suthra; kjiush-

numa. -gance, latdfat.
Elephant, hdthi ; pil, or fil,
"driver, uiahdwat ; pil-
bdn, -shed, pil-khdnah.

Eloquence, /ix^Aa/. k.fasih.

Else, (otherwise,) nahifj. to,
(additional,) tf«r. e.g., any-
where else, aur kahhj.
what else, aur kya ? who
else is there? aurkaun hat?

Embankment, bdndk, (f.). V.
-bandna.

Embezzlement, tasarruf ;
kjiiydnat, V. -k.

Embroidery, ckikan-dozi.-Qd
cloth, got laga hu^a kapra.

Emerald, zamurrad; panna.

Emetic, i^ai ki daiva.

Emperor, ikaisar ; shdh-an-
shdh ; sultdn. The Em-
press of India, Kaisar-i-
Hind,

Empire, raj ; bddshdhi ; sal-
tanat.

Employ, khldmat me ft lena ;
kdm-d. (oneself,^ mash^
ghid-hona.-tx^ mdlik ; dka;
niunib, -ment, kdm ; nau-
kari ; kdrbdr ; rozgdr.

Empty, khdlL V. -k. ; sab
chiz nikdtna, -intss, khulu,
-handed, khdli-hdih.

Enable, madad-d ; ijdzat-d.

Enact, farmdna, -ment,
farmdn ; hukm ; dyin.

* Used in Western and North-Western India. The word is Persian.

HINDI^STiNI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 243

Encamp, dera-k, ; makdm-k.

-ment, khaima - gdh ;

maJ^dtn.
Enclose, gkera lagdna. -ure,

by the word appropriate to

the use of the place, e.g.,

bdgh^ a garden, sahn^ a

court-yard, &c.
Encouragement, dildsa, V.

"d.
End, dkhir ; khaim. {oi q.%.^

a stick,) nok^ (f.). V.

(trans.) ba sar Idna ;

dkhir-k ; khatm-kar-d,

from beginning to-, awwal

se dkhir tak, to no -, be-

fdidah.
Endeavour. See * Effort. '
Endurance, barddsht ; burd-

bdri ; sabr^ (f.) V. ->&.

(to last,) ab tak hona^ or

rahna.
Enemy, dushman, enmity,

duskmani; addwat
Engaged in. See 'Employ.'
Engine, kaL (railway,) injin,

(E,).
England, Inglistdn, A. ang-

rezi.
Enjoin. See ' Command.'
Enjoy, /akna ; kuchh chiz se

khush hona, I enjoy good

health, maii!^ bahut tan-
darust ^2^(?.-ment, khushl ;
dnand.

Enlargement, ba^hd^o. V.
barhdna ; is-seda^a-k.

Enough, bas ; bahut. (suffi-
cient, ) kdfi^ N. kifdyat.

Enraged, gbusse. V. -k.

Enter, bhttar^ or andar-dna^
oxjdna ;paithna ; ghusna.
(in a book, &c.) likhna ;
siydhak-k. ; mundaraj-k,
-trance, (passage,) dar--
wdzahy rdh^ (f.), act of
entering, dakhl-k, (v.n.).

Entertainment, ziydfat ; khd-
na ; ba^a khdna. (amuse-
ment,) tamdsha. the act
of entertaining, tnihmdnu
V. -k, ~er, mihrndn-ddr ;
dene-wdia.

Entire. See * All. *

Environs, gird-nawdh ; jo
chdrofj, taraf hai ; atrdf*
(pi. of ' taraf. ')

Envy, hasad^ (f.). V. -k.
A. hdsid.

Epilepsy, mirghi.

Epistle, chitthi; khatt; ru^ah.

Equal, bardbar ; eh-sdn ;
mujid^. N. bardbari ;
mu^dfai^at.

244 HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

Equipage, sdz ; sdmdn. V.
saz-o-sdmdn taiydr-k.

Equity, insdf; jo rdst-o-
durust hai^ so, A. rdst ;
ddil ; sachha.

Era, san ; tdrikh, (f.).

liLrect, sidha ; kkaza^ V. -k, to
be -, "hona, -ion, imdrat.

Error, ghalati ; khata ; bhul ;
chiik, V. -•^. / bMlna ;
bhtil-jdna, -roneous, gha-
lat ; nd'durust, .

Escape, dMgjdna, as v.n. ;

Jirdr ; (from danger,)

bachd,o, V. bhdg-Jdna ;

(danger,) bach-jdna ;

chhiUna ; chhut-jdna.

Especial, khusiis ; khdss ;
Adv. k/iususan.

Essence, (scent,) i^r, (of any
matter,) ain ; nafs ;
mdhiyat -tial, zariir, the
essentials, zaruriydt.

Estate, milk ; milkiyat ;
zamin, (f.) with names ac-
cording to kinds ; as zamin-
ddri ; ta^allu^ ; mu^-
arrari^ ^c. -given for
support, jd^r^ or jd-e-
git, -holder, zaminddr ;
ta^allulk-ddr ; mukarrari-
ddr ; jdgir-ddr^ dr^c.

Esteem, azlz-rakhna ; kadt
"k. -timation, i^adr, -ed,
aziz ; pydra,

Et caetera, waghairah,

Europe, wildyat, -ean,
wildyati, a. European,
wildyati ddmi ; gora.

Evasion, tdla; tdla-toUM.-k.

Even. See * Equal, '-if, agar-
chih.

Evening, skdm, (f.) ; sd^Jh,

. at-, -^ko.

Event, wuku. at all events,
ba harsiirat. in the event
of, agar ; is Ml men, kih^

Ever, kabhi ; hargiz, what-,

Jo kuchh. who-, Jo koj.

when-, Jab ; Jab-kih. Jis-

wa^t where-, jahdij-

kahdf}, -more, kameshah.

Every, (one,) harek;sab koj.
(thing.) sab kuchh; sab,
followed by noun of per-
son or thing spoken of.
-where, har-jagah; chdro^
taraf.

Evident, zdhir, maalum ;
sdf. Adv. zdhiran^ -ce,
shahddat ; gawdhi.

Evil, (n.) badi ; zabuni ;

. khardhi , khardb kdm;

HINDliSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 245

bura^ /, dura kdm, (a.)
khardb; bura; bad; zabtin,
-doer, jo-karta >^^/.-heart-
ed, bad'kho ; bad-dil.
-speaker, bad-go,^ -speak-
ing, bad'goj^

Ewer, dftdbah.

Exact, thik ; durust; achchha;
sakih. Adv. tMk, V. See

• • •

'Demand.' N. durustagi.
Exaltation, bard^i ; sar/a-

rdzi, V. -k. ; -d, -ed, sar-

fardz.
'Ex2im\r\2Li\OTi^imtihdn;jdnch;

tajwiz (f.). \-k,;jdnchna ;

dzmdna. to be examined,

imtihdn-dXo examine into,

tahkikdt'k, to pass an-,

-se nikalta hona.
Example, masal (f.). tamsil^

(f.). for-, masalan.
Exceed, ztyddah-k, excess,

ziyddat;fdzil;jo bdki hat.

excessive, (and as adv.)

nihdyat
Excellence, kamdl ; tatjihy

(f.). V. kdmil-hona; tarjih-

rakhna ; nikalta-hona ;

sab se achchha-hona. Your

-cy 1 huziir ; jandb-dli I

A. khtib ; sab se achchha.
Adv. achchhi tarah se,
Interj. khub ! khiib ! bahtit
achchha I shdbdsh !

Exception, tnustasna, Y.-k. ;
chhor-d. ; jdne-d. prep.
ke siwa^ or siwd-e ; aldwah
is'ke, to take -to, bura
mdnna.

Exchange. See 'Change.'

Excise, dbkdru

Exclaim, kahna ; (scream,)
pukdrna ; chilldna; baland
dwdz se bolna; zor^se bolna;
shor-k. N. bdt ; dwdz, (f.);
shor ; shorshdr.

Exclude, bdhar rakhna ;
nahi/i dne-d, ; mana-kar-d,
N. rokdyO. also, better,
by Verbs as v. n.

Excuse, uzr ; mu^dfi, V.
-(oneself) uzrk, -(an
other) fnu^df'k, -ed, mu^df.
-able, Jkdbil-i'Uzr, with-
out- be-uzr.

Execute. See ' Do.' (by hang-
ing,) phdt}si-d, -tioner,
jalldd.

Exercise, (work,) kdm ; mih-
nat (using,) istimal; viuhd-

1 From the Persian, ^ gujtan^' ' to say.' See also' Gufi-o-gu\

246 HINDfJsxiNI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

warah, (lesson,) saba^, (by
walking, &c.) by the words
which mean these, (mili-
tary,) ^awd^id, to take-,
hawa khdna to- e. g. a
horse, pheri-k.

Exhaust, (e.g.a bottle,) klidli-
k, (resources,) urd-d,: bar^-
bdd^'d, (one's strength,)
thaka-k, and hona. -ively,
ptire taur se.

Exhibition, ihsibishan. (E.).
V. dikhldna ; dikhld-d, ;
zdhir-kar-d.

Exist, hona, -tence, zindagi.

(abstract,) hona as v.n.

-ing, maujtid ; Ml, in the

-ing circumstances, ba

hdldt maujudah.
Expand, kholna ; phaildna,

(as a flower,) khulna ;

phulna, N. khuli jagah.

Expectation, intizdr^ (f.) ;

ummedy (f.) ; ummcdivdri,

V. -k, -tant, also^ an

-tant, ummedwdr.
Expedient, wdjib ; mundsib ;

Idzim, N. with '/<?.'

Expel, nikdl'd, N. ikhrdj.

Expenses, kharj ; khatjah.

(cost,) ilmat ; -ive, besh

ikimat ; kimati ; maht^ga,

-diture, sarf, V. kharj-k, ;

sarf-k.

Experience, 7vd^if-kdri. -ed,
wdf^if ; hoshydr, V. (e. g,
pain, ) khdna ; uthdna.

Expert, chdldk ; hoshydr,
N. -// -i.

Explanation, tashrih (f.) -
baydn {pi conduct,) uzr ;
safdj ; jawdb, V. -d, ;
savijhdna.

Expose. See 'Show.'

Express, -ion. See *Diction.'
'Say,' &c. -ly, khustisan ;
tdkid-se.

Extend. See 'Spread,' 'Ex-
pand.*

Extinguish, ^?/;*/^^'-^; butd-d ;
thandha-k.

Extract. See ' Essence.' (e.g.
from a book,) muntakhab,
V. nikdl-lena.

Extravagance, fuzul-kharju
A. fiiziil kharj.

Extremity, dkhirat, (e.g., of
a stick,) nok. (f.). See
' Distress.' -ely, nihdyat

1 See 'bar' and 'bad' in Glossar>'. Part I.

HINDlJSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 247

Eye, di^kh ; (f.) ; chashm,
"brow, abru, (f.). -ball,
/«///, -lash,/aAzi^, (f.).-lid,
papota.-'Sx^i^bindJ. -sore,

df.ikh ka kdnfa, -glass,
chashmah (telescope, bin-
oculars,) diirbin, -witness,
chashm-did^-gawdh.

F.

Fable, Jkissah ; afsdnah ;
naJ^l^ (f.).

Face, mui}h ; chihrah ; ru,
V. samne-dna ; mut^h
pherna. to make faces,
mui}h terha-k, -to-, rti-

• • • 7

ba-ru, -ing, ke sdmne.
Fact, asl hdl ; kahiihiat in fact,
haJki^at men,

• • • •

Factory, kotkL indigo-, nil,'

Fade, kumldna,

Pail, (as stores,) kam-hona,
(in any work,) chukna, I
have failed in my attempt,
maiij, apni koshish met,i
nd'kdm-ydb^ hu^a, -ure,
nd'kdm-ydbi.^

Faint, (a.) be-hosh^ (n.) -/.
V. — hona, (as, e.g. ink,)
kam-numa, -ness, zuf;
nd'tdJkaii; kam-zorL-htzxi-
ed, buzdil.

Fair, (n.) meia; Mf{si,)gora ;

sufed, (as weather,) khula ;

achchha, -to see, khub-

surat. -play, tdst-bdzi ;

nek'kdm -ly, rdsti-se.
Fairy, pari.
Faith, imdn, -ful, -ddr, -ful-

-ness, ^^/'/. to put- in,

itimdd-rakhna, -fully, -^se.

-less, be-imdn ; bad-diyd-

nat.
Fall, (n.) gir-parna, v.n. (v.)
gir-parna, cause to-,gtrd-d.
False, jhutha ; darogh ;

farebi, -hood, jhuth. See

* Lie'.
Fame, «<f/// / nek-ndmu A.

ndmwar ; mashhur.
Family, khdnddn ; barddari ;

ghar-ke-log, of good-,

khdnddni, the children of

the-, larke-bdle.

* From the Persian * didan^' ' to see.'

* From the Persian, * yd/fan,' * to obtain.'

348 HINDtiSXlNI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN,

Famine, i^aht ; akdi.

Fan, fankha, (small,) hdth-^
(for fire,) phukni (for
flies,) chau^ri, V. (if large,)
"khitfchna ; tdnna, (L.B.)
(if small, )y^?/^tf oxdoldna.

Fancy, khaydl ; atkaLV, -k, ;
atkalna, A. muiawahhim.

Far, diir ; dur-dardz. thus-,
yahd^ tak

Fare, (n.) Mrdya, (person,)
-ddr, V. chalna. how are
you faring ? dp ke pds sab
kaisa chalta hail -well,
Khuda kdfiz, ^ to take
farewell, rukhsat Una,

Farm, jot ; kdsht ; zamin ;
(f.) chds ; khet ; khet-
bdri, (of revenues,) ijdrah ;
thika, -eTyki'sdn, &*c. See
' Cultivator.' -of revenues,
mustdjir; ijdrah-ddr; thikd-
ddr.

Farrier, salotri ; ndl-band.

Farther, aur dge, (in addi-
tion,) aldwah is-ke. -est.
sab se dur ; sab se pichhla.

Fast, (n.) rozah. V. -rakhna.
(a,) iez. -ness, tezi,
(closed, secure,) band ;

band-hiiya ; sakht ; tnazhut.
V. bandy sakht^ or mazbut,
-k. N. mazbiifi.

Fat, (a) mota ; farbih ; (n.)
charbi. -ness, motdj, V.
mota-k.

Fate, i^aza^ (f.) \kismat fatal,
kdtil ; sanghdru.

Father, bdp ; wdlid ; pidar.
-ly, pidardna, -in-law,
susra ; sosur. (L.B.)

Fault, gundky (f.); kusiir ;
taJ^sir, (f.) ; kJiatay (f.); aib.
-ly, iaksir-wdr. (as work,
&c.) thik nahiii ; achchha
fiahit^, -less, be-^ustir, (as
work, &:c. ) thik \ durust ;
bahtit achchha.

Favour, (thing granted,)
indm. (mental,) indyat ;
ilti/dt, (kindness,) mihr-
bdni. to grant a-, indtn-d, ;
mihrbdni-k, to be favour-
able to.) indydt'k, ; ilti-
fdt-rakhna, -able, mihr-
bdn. a - ite,^^r; dost ;
musdhib, ably, mihrbdni
se; dili'iltifdt se.

Fear, dar^ (f.) ; khauf dah-
shat ; tars, V. darna ;

1 Literally, (may) God (be your) keeper, as in our ' good-bye.'

hindustIni as it ought to be spoken. 249

dar-khdna, -ful, ( timor-
ous,) dahshat-ndk, (horri-
ble,) khauf-ndk, -less, be-
khauf ; marddna.

Feast. See * Entertainment.'

Feather, par, -bed, -ka bich-

. hauna.

Feature, chihrak.

Fee, (of office,)rusum. (gra-
tuity,) bakhshish,^ V. -d.

Feeble, kam-zor ; dtirbal,

. za^if, N. kam-zori ;
zuf.

Feed, (eat,) khdna, (another,)
khildna.

Feel, (grope,) tatolna, (e.g.
pain) . . . khdna ; uthdna,
(for one,) ri^kat rakhna,
-ing, (sense of,) IdmisaJu
fine feelings, khaydldt.

Feign, viakr kachhdna.

Fellow, (person,) ddmi ;
shakhs ; kas, a certain-,
fuldna, (match,) jora^ or

. jorL a fellow (e.g. travel-
ler,) ham, added to ap-
propriate noun, -ship,
ham-sari ; sajhd^i.

Female, mddah, a-, aurat

Fence, ghera. V. -lagdna, ; d.
Ferry, guzar-ghdt -man,

ghdt'indi}ji V . pdr-k.
Fertile, zar-khez. N. -/.
Fever, tab; bukhdn -ish,

garm, to have-, mujh-ko

tab hai.
Few, chand ; thore, -ness,

kami.
Field, kriet; maiddn; ramnah.
Fig, anjir. (f.).
Fight. See * Battle.'
Figure, (shape,) shakl, (f.);

jwr<7/(i,2,3,&c.) hindasah.
File, (tool,) suhdn, V. retna,

(of papers,) nathi ; misl,

(f.).

Fill, bharna; bhar-d,; pura-k.

(a post,) uhdah-rakhna, ;

fuldna kdm-k.
Final, dkhir ; dkhiri, -ly,

dkhir-ko ; 4khir-ul-umr.
Find, milna (See page 50) ;

pdna. -out, darydft-k, ;

piichhfia.
Fine, (n.) jarimdnah. V.

-lena, (a.) mihin ; bdrik,

N. bdriki, in fine, alJkissah;

dkhirash.

' This word suffers much in Anglo-Hind. The author has seen it
reduced to 'boxiit.' It is a Persian word, from ' bakhslHdan,' 'to give
a present,' *to reward.'

2SO hindiJstIni as it ought to be spoken.

Finger, ungli. V. chhuna.
Finish, tamdm-k, ; khatm-k,

-ed, tamdm hu^a ; kdmil ;

ptira ; ho-gaya.
Fire, dg, (f.); dtish. V. -iagd-

d, -place, dtish'khdnah,

-fly, shab-chirdgh, -wood,

lakri ; hezim^ (f.). -works,

dtish-bdzi.
Firm, sakht^ mazhit ; J^djm ;

^ardr, V. -k, -ness, sakhti;

mazbuti; -ly, sakht; zor se ;

mazbiit iaur se,
Yixsi^paihia^ or, pahla. in the

-place, or, time, paihle.
Fish, machhli ; Mdhi.-mong-

er, machhli'ivdla ; machhli-

farosh. V. machhli-mdrna.

-er-man, jaliya ; mdhi-gir,

-try yjalkar.
Fist, mutthi ; musht -icuffs,

mukkd-mukki ; mdrd-mdri.
Fit, {intK) achchha baithna ;

thik-iagna. (trans.) thlk h,,

or lagdna, or baithdna, (a.)

thik; durust. (suitable,)/^,/-^.
Fix. See * Firm.' -in the

ground, gdrna.

Y\z%,jhanda ; mshdn.stoney
chatdn, (f.). (v.) dhtla, or
susi ho-jdna.
Flame, shulah ; lau, (f.) ; V.

shulah uthna (tig.) chamak-

na ; lapatna.
Flannel, fldlen, (E.); dhus-

sa.
Flash. See * Flame. ' a Ifiash'

e.g. of lightning, say, e.g.

the lightning gashes.
Flat, chaptd, N. -i,/. Adv.

(plainly,) sarihan.
Flattery, khush-dmad, (f.). V,

->^. ; phustdna, -er, with

Flea, pissu.

Flee, bhdgna ; bhdg-jdna ;

bhagd-jdna ; chal-jdna ;

firdr-hona.
Flesh, gosht, -y, w^/« ; far-

bih.
Flight, bhagel, (f.); firdri.
Flock, gailah.
Flog, chdbuk^ se mdrna,-ingr

(by the operator,) chdbuk-

bdzt, (as received,) chdbuk

kisaza.

^Vary * chdhuk^* which means '« whip,' according to the instrument
used. The cane {*bet') is generally used. In India, only criminals
are flogged. Domestic and school discipline are unknown.

HINDfSXiNI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 25I'

Floor, zamin, (f.). (storey,) ma-
hallah, -cXoih^ dart ; farsh.

Flour, dta ; maidah ; saitu.

Flourish, achchht Ml mei}
hona;phulna, ( e.g. a stick, )
hildna.

Flow, (v.) bahna ;jdri'hona ;
chalna. -ing,jdri ; rawd/j.
the -of the tide, juwdr.

Flower, //%«// guL -garden,

phul-wdri. -pot, gamlah ;

jhdri, -y. pMilphula ; (fig.)

rangin, (speech,) gul-fish-

di,i, V. ~na ; -d.

Fly, magaSy (f.) ; makkki.
{c2ib,) thikd-gdri, {v.)(tntr,)
urna ; uf-jdna, {trans,)
urdna ; urd-d.

Fodder, ghds^ (f.) ; chdrah ;
rasady (f,).

Foe. See * Enemy.'

Fog, kohdsa. -gy, dhundla.

Fold, (for animals,) berk ; ba-
ihdn ; or with * khdnah^ ad-
ded to the name of the
2si\vca\y^,%jnurghi'khdnah,
(in cloth,) tah. (of a door,
^c.\palla, two-, &c. do-
gt4na,YJapetna;iah-k, with
-ed hands, hdih-joz-kar-ke.

¥ oWovr ^ picMe-dna ^r\d jdna,
(a trade), peshah-k, -er.

pkhhe-dne-wdla, (adher-
ent,) tdbtddr.

Folly, be-wu^tifi ; ahtnakt ;
htmdkat, A. be-iouJ^uf ;
ahmak.

Fond, shdjk ; mdJL to be
-of a person, pydr-k, ;
aziz-rakhna, (of a thing,)*
pasand-k.

Fool, ahmaJ^. V. himdkat-k.
See * Folly.' adv. bt-wu^tlt'
fi-se.

Foot, pdiiw, (measure,) ^//.^
(E.). -man, chob-ddr ; piyd-
dah, -path, pag-dandi,
-step, kadam, -stool, mor-
ha ; ishtiiL (E.) ; pdo-ddn.

For, ke wdste ; ke liye ; ho.
(because,) chunkih, -in-
sXSinctyChundnchi; masaian.

Forbearance, parhezy (f ) f
sabr, (f.). V. -^

Forbid, inana-k, which, may
God- Khuda na kare,
N. mana.

Force, zor, (oppression,)-
zuhi, (f.) ; zabar-dasti, V.
-k, A. zor-dwar. Adv.
0^r j^, 6^r. -ed, (constrain-
ed,) majbiir. N. majburi.

Fore, (adv. ydge;a£/a; sdmne;
pesh.

2S2 HINDliSTiNI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

Fore-fathers, j'add ; viiirisdn,
-finger, shahddad ki nngli,
-foot, agla-pdffw -head,
peshdnu -noon, do pahar
ke dge. -go, chkor-d, ;
jdne-d.

foreign, pardeshi ; bideshi ;
wildyati, -country^pardes;
wildyat -er, bidesi ddmi.

Tortst, jangal ; ban. (as in
* sundar-ban. * * the beauti-
ful forest^ The Soonder-
bunds.)

Forgetfulness, bhul^ (f.) ;
fardnioshi, V. -k.; bhiilna;
bhul-jdna. A. fardtnosh-
gdr. -gotten, fardmosh.

Forgiven, mu^df, N. -/. V.
-k. -er, with */<?.'

Fork, kdf}ta.

Form, shakl^ ( f-) 5 sitrat. V.
bandna. (bench,) kursi ;
takhtah ; * binsh^ (E.).

Former, peshtar ; agla ;
pahla ; sdbiik ; -ly, dge ;
agle zamdne meii ; peshtar.

Forsake, chhor-d. ; tydg-k.

Fort, ki/ah ; garh.

Forth, dge, and so-, waghai-
rah, to go-, bdhar-jdna,
to show-, batld-d. ; zdhir-k.

Fortnight, chaudah roz ; do
hafte.

Fortune, (good, or bad,) kis-
mat, (good,) nasib ; ikbdL
(bad,) bad kistnat ; bad-
bakhti, be-nasibL (wealth,)
daulat ; mdl, A. nek-bakht ;
khush nasib; bhala; daulat-
niand. Adv. nasib-se ; nek-
bakhti-se, to be -ate, adjs.
with hona.

Forward, dge, (rude,^ shokh ;
gustdkh. V. chaldn kar-d, ;
rawdnah kar-d ; dge bhej-d.

Foundation, bunydd, (f.).

Fountain, chashmah.

Fourth-part, chauthd-i ; pd^o.

Fowl, chiriya ; ([X)ultry,)
murgh : murghi : (small,)
kharchah ; (middle size,)
nim ; (roast,) kabdb.

Fox, lomiri.

Frame. ^Ste * Make.' picture-,
dhdncha. door-, chau-kath

(f.).

Fraud. See * Deceive.'
Free, khalds; dzdd, N. khaldsi;
rihd^i dzddagi, V. chhor-
d ; khalds kar-d, / jdne-d,
adv. (e.g. with a free-
hand,) kushddah^ hdth se.

* From the Persian ' kuskddan* ' to op>en.

hindi5stIni as it ought to be spoken. 253

Freeze, (intr,) jam-jdna.

{trans.) barf me^ rakhna ;
jamd'd.
Frequent, {^,\joaksar hota

hat. -ly, aksar, (v.) dnd-
jdna ; dmad-o-raft-k.
Fresh, tdzah ; nau, -ness,

tdzagi.
Friday, jumah ; shukr-wdr,

(or -Mr,),
Friend, dost;ydr, -ship, dosti,

-ly, dostdnah.
Frighten, dardna ; dar-dikh-

Idna or karna, or kardna.
Frock, frdk^ (E.). kurti,

-coat, frd^ kurti.
Frog, mendak.
From, se ; az (Persian).
Front. See * Face,' * Fore.'
Fruit, tnewah ;phal, (results,)

nattjah, -erer, meivah-

farosh, -ful, phal-ddr.

Fry, fardi (E.) -kar-d.-vag*

p2in, fardi-pdn (E.).
Fuel, /akri; hezim, ((,),
Fulfil, add k. &c. See *Accom-

plish.'
Full, /f/ira ; bhara ; bhar-
pur. -grown, (of persons,)
siydna Adv. piire taur se;
tafiilan.
Fun, khushi ; khel ; tamdsha,

-ny, hatjtsne ki bdt.
Fur, pashm.

Furious, dhvdnah ; ghusse ;

josh, a -passion, dtish-bdr

ghussah.

Furlough, chhutti ; rukhsat.

Furnish, (supply,) pahuiy

chd'd. ; bhej-d, (e.g. a

room,) sajdna ; sii^gdr-k.

Furniture, sdmdn ; asbdb ;

mez-chauki.
Future, (n.a.), dyindah.

G.

Gain, nafa ; mundfa ; fdi-
dah, V. -^. (e.g. learning,)
hdsil'k, ; jama-k.

Gallop, (n.), chhdr-tag. V.
daurna.

the word for the kind
of game, e.g. dtish-bdzt,
games with fire, fireworks,
(sport,) shikdr. See * Gam-
ble.' Also page 88.

Gamble, jYi.a khelna. bier. Garden, bdgh ; bdghchah.

juwdrL

-er, mdli.

Game, khel ; bdzi following Garlic, lahsan.

^54 hindi5stXni as it ought to be spoken.

Garment, (according to its
. name) -s, kapt^e ; poshdk,

(f.). See pages ^^, 87 & 95.
•Garrison, ^ile ke log.
Gate, phdtah -man, dar-

bdn,
•Gather, jama-k, (flowers,)

to^na.
•Gay, khush ; khush-diL V.

hona, N. -// -/.
Gaze, dekhte rahna ; ghiirna.

N. nigardni,
•Gem, jawdhir ; jauhar ;

zewar.
•General, dmm, -ly, umiiman.
Generation, /«j>5i/. from- to-,

puskt-ba-pusht.
♦Generous, sakhi ; N. sakjid-

wat
•Gentle, narm ; gharib, (of

birth,) najib ; ashrdf ; asiL

-man, bhala ddmi. gently,

dhisiah,
•Get. See 'Acquire.' -you

gone, diir ! ; diir-ho !
•Ghost, bhut See *Die.'

' Holy.'
'Gift, indm ; bakhshish, (to a

superior,) nazr ; nazard-

nah ; saldmi, V. -d.

Gilding, tial, -er, kdr. gilt,

sundhla.
Gimlet, barma.
Ginger, (green, or preserved,)

adrak. (dry,) sor^th.
Girl, larki ; chhokri, (slave,)

bandi ; laundi ; ddsi, -ish,

larki-sa;
Give, dena; de-d. -up,

ehho^-d. -way, hatna, -er,

dene-wdla. See 'Gift.'
Glad, khush; khush diL V.

hona^ and karna, -ness,

khushi ; dil-khushi. Adv.

khushise.
Glass, shishah ; glds. (E.),

service o^-, glds sab.^ -of,

shishe ka.

Globe, kurah. A. ^<7/.

Gloomy, dhumla. N. -/.

Glue, saresh, V. -j^ jorna.

Glutton, bisydr-khor. -y, -/.

Gnat, w^x.

GOy jdna ; chalna ; barhdna;
fdh-lena, -against, kisipar
jdna, -forward, dge-jdna^
or chalna^ or barhdna.
-hucky pichhe jdna^ dr^c,
to let-, chhord. -round
about, chakkar-karkejdna.

* See * Sab ' in Part I of this Glossary.

hindt^stIni as it ought to be spoken.

255

Goat, chhdgul; bakra^ (m.)
bakri^ (f.).

God, (Christian and M.)
Khuda ; Khudd-ta^dla,
(M.) AUdh, (H.) Ishwar;
Farmeshwar ; Bhagwdn ;
Rdm ; Rdm-Rdm, and
many more, corresponding
to the attributes of God.
(as we say, * The God of
Love,' ' The God of Fire,'
&c.). Religious figures are
called ^but' Mu^amma-
dans are forbidden to use
them, -ly, Khudd-tars.
-liness, ta^wa.

Gold, sona ; zar. A. sone ha ;
sonahla. -smith, sondr.

Good, achchha ; bhala ; khtib ;
nek. -and bad, bhala-
bura, a -deal, khiib-kuchh,
a -while, der tak, a -way
kuchh dtir. -for nothing,
nd'kdra, kuchh kdm ka na-
hii^, -for, kdm ka^ a -many,
bahut-sa, -morning, sabd-
hU'l'khair, -evening, shab
ba-khair. N. achhd^i ;
bhaldj ; nekL (kindness,)
mihrbdni. to do-, achhdj^
&*c, k, to make-. See
* Establish.'

Goods, mdl ; asbdb ; chiz sab.

Goose, rdj-hdi}s.

Gospels, the, injll.

Government, hukumat ; sal-
tanat ; amalddrL

Governor, according to his
rank, from pddshdh^ . to
^ subaMdr" ; hdkim, -Ge-
neral, bara Idt sdhib,
lieutenant-, Idt sdhib. See
page 78.

Gourd, kadu,

Grace, indyat, to show-, -k,
-ful, sajila.

Gracious, mihrbdn ; rahim ;
shirin, N. /. -ness, mihr-
bdni.

Graft, ^alam. V. lagdna.

Grain, ghallah ; andj ; ddnah,
(a little,) zarrah-sa, (f.) ;
thora-sa.

Granary, gola.

Grand, bara; umdahy buzurg;
dlishdn. -eur, bardi ; shau-
kat, as applied to rela-
tives : father's father, ddda,
mother's father, ndna. fa-
ther's mother, dddi, mo-
ther's mother, ndni, son's
son, pota, son's daughter,
poti» daughter's son, ndti,
daughter's daughter, natni.

256 HINDl^SliNI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

Grape, grapes, angiir.

Grasp, pakarna, N. hiabzah ;
hdth.

Grsiss, gMs, (f. ). (for horses,)
dub'ghds, -hopper, UddL

Grate, raga^-k, ; charcha^-
dna, N. ragar, (for fire,)
dtish'khdnah ; jhanjhdrL

Grateful, ihsdnmand, N. -/.

Gratify, khttshk. -itude,
shukr, (expressing grati-
tude,) shukr-gHzdn\

Grave, (n.) h^abr ; gor. -yard,

-istdn. (a.) (in mind,)

fikrmand ; udds ; afsur-
dah, (as an affair,) san-

gin ; wazani.
Gravel, rora ; reg ; kankar.
Gravy, db-i-gosht ; grevi. (E.).
Gray, sabsahy flea-bittei)-,

magasi. (as hair,)/<f^a.
Graze, (intr.) charna, {trans.)

chardna, one who tends

cattle -inir, charwdha.

-ing-ground, parti zamin^

(f ) ; chard-gdh.
Grease, charbi; chiknd^i. V. -d.
Great, bara, &'c. See * Grand.'

a -deal, bahut; dher.
Green, sabz, (fresh,) tdzah ;

tar-o tdzah, -ness, sabzi ;

tdzagi.

Gtidlron, grt'iddn, (haifE.).
Grief, ghamm ; a/sos ; dukh ;

ranj\ A. ghamgin ; dukhit;

ranjidah ; dzurdah ; udds.

V. {trans.) bezdr-k ; izd-d ;

satdna, {intr.) hona^ with

the adjs.
Grind, pisfia. -stone, chakki.

-ing -slab, sit.
Groan, kardh ; dh ; ndlak.

V. -k. ; kahama.
Grocer, modi.
Groom, sd^is. V. ghora

thanda-k. ; ghofc-ko malna^

sdfk. or other appropriate
phrase.

Grove, bdgh : top.

Ground, zamin, (f.) the sur-
face of the-, ru-i-zamin^
dry-, khushki. wet-, tari ;
tardyi. as in 'camping-
ground,' &c., .. gdh as last
part of word, khaima-gdh,
&'c.{c3iuse,)sabab. (origin,)
bunydd, (f.) ; jar. -less, be-
bunydd ; be-sabab. V. (as
a boat,) -par lagjdna ;
tkekna; thek-jdna. (a case,)
is bunydd par arz karna^
kihy d^c.

Grow, (Jntr.) phalna ; ngna ;
dna; d-jdna; ho-jdna. (e.g.

^

HINDDSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

257

in stature,) bara hona ;
bafrhna, {trans.) (e.g. vege-
tables,) bcnct ; ropna.
grown-up (persons,) stydna.

Grumble, kurkurdna ;garaj-
na. N. kurkiirdhat ; garaj,

Guava, avtrud.

Guarding, (n.) (as sentinel,)
pahra ; nigdhbdni ; pds-
bdni, V. -k. one who guards,
pahra-wdia ; pdra-wdia
nigdh-bdn ; chauki-ddr. to
be on one's guard, khabar-
ddr hona.

Guardian, hdfiz, (of yonth,
&c.) murabbi. (of a minor,)
zc;^//'. of (property,) amdnaU
ddr ; chauki-ddr, (of a
Muham. : religious trust,)
mutawalli, (of a Hindu
ditto,) she wait, (vulg.

shebait.) -ship, hifdzat ;

amdnat ; zhnmah.
Guess, (iiyds ; atkaL V. -k. ;

atkalna. bv-, atkalse :

anddzi.
Guide, rdh-numa ; agwa. (v.)

rdh batldna ; pahunchdd.
Guile, fareb ; daghd-bdzi ;

hilah ; chdldki, A. farebi ;

hila-bdz,

m

Guilt, gundh ; J^usiir. A.

gundh-gdr ; mujrim. -less,

be-l^usiir.
Gulp, ghti^t V. -se khdna,

or pina.
Gum, gond, V. -iagd-d, ;

dena.
Gun, bandu^^ (f.) -powder,

bdrtit, shot for -, chharra,

(cannon,) top, at -fire,

top ke wa^t.

H.

Habit, dastur ; maamul, a
bad-, buri ddat, -ual, jo
aksar-hota hat, -ually,
aksar; haMeshah,-o{ mindf
mizdj ; kho. See ' Dress.'

Hail, patthar ; ola. V. -par-
na, interj. mubdrakbdd!

Hair, bdl ; chut, -brush, bdl-
ka brush (E.). -dresser,

T., H.

bdlwal, -less, ganja ; kora.
-y, mu-e ddr, curling-,
zulf, (f.).
Half, ddha ; nisf ; nim. V.
ddhiydna ; nisfd-nisfi-k, for

* half in compos. : use

* adh^ e.g. ' adh-bhara,'
half -full, *nim' is also
used in ihis sense.

'7

2s8

hindiJstXni as it ought to be spoken.

Hall, ddldn, (of audience,)
diwdn-i'dmrn.

Ham. See page 92.

Hammer, mdrtoL V. se
mdrna.

Hand, hdth ; dast. of watch,
kdnfa ; sti,t\ at -, taiydr ;
muyassar ; murattab ; ke
pds ; ke nazdik, - in -
hdthd-hdthi, -covering
(gloves,) dast'dnah. -ker-
chief, fH-mdl, -writing,
hdth-likha, -cuffs, hdth-
kaxi.-ivX^mutthi'bhar (grip,
power,) ^abzah. (v.) dena ;
de-d.

Handle, dastah ; ka^a, (v.)

«

hdth lagdna ; pakarna ;

chhuna.
Handsome, kMbsurat
Hang, (trans,) latj^dna ;

latkd-d. (intr.) latakna,

{exQCWitt) phdt^si-d, -man,

jalldd.
Happen, ^«flr ; ho-jdna ; dna;

pesh hona ; bar-pd hona.
Happy, khush; khush-dil, N.

-/. -/. V. -hona.
Harass, satdna ; di^^-k, N.

di^k ; tasdi, (f.).
Hard, sakht, (lit. and fig.)

N. -/. See * Difficult.' -ly,

tnushkil se. There is hard-
ly a man present, kam-

tar ek ddtni hdzir hat. - ship.

See * Distress.' -dy, maz-

but ; sakht ; marddnah.
Hare, khar-gosh.
Harm, zarar ; taklif ; tasdi,

(f.); nuf^dn; ziydn. V. -k.;

-pahur^hd-d, -ful, with

*/<?,' / muzirr. -less^ ghair-

muzirr ; be nuksdn.
Harness, sdz, (f.). -room,

^khdnah, -stand, kaghora.

See page 90.
Harsh, tursh : khatta ; kar-

wa. See * Cruel' ' Hard.'

N. turshi ; khatdyi.
Harvest, (spring,) rabi,

(autumn,) kharif, (general

word,)y^j/, (f.).
Hash, (meat,) hesh, (E-)i

^imah, V. -k.
Haste, shitdb, or shitdbi ;

jaldi, V. -k, -en, -kardna;

-kard'd. Ad vs. Seepage 54.

-y, (in temper,) tund-kho,

N. -/.
Hate, nafrat ; dushmani ;

addwat. V. -rakhna. -ful,

bura ; zabtin ; nafrat-

angez.
Have. See page 75. Sect. 13.

HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

259

Hawk, jurra, (m.). bd2^ (f.).

Hawker. See * Pedler.'

He, yih ; wuh. See page 30.

Head, sar^ or sir, (so many
cattle,) rds, (of corn,) bdl,
-ache, sar ka dard, -long,
be-tadbir, -man, sar-ddr.
-quarters, sadr maJ^dm,
stall, nuktah, -strong,
muf^h-zor. N. mui^h-zori^
-y, nasha-ddr, to make-,
sar-k. (to lead,) sarddri-k,;
sarddr-hona.

Health, tan-durusti ; bhaldj ;
khairiyat ; mizdj, A. tan-
darust ; bkala ; khair, to
be in good-, tan-durusi
hona, to be in bad-, tan-
durust nahiij, hona ; bimdr
hona; kam-zor hona.

Heap, (n.) dher ; ambdr, (of
people,) guroh; majma;
gbpl See * Collect'

Hear, sunna, (obey,) sunna ;
mdnna, hearing, (e.g. a
case in Court,) samd^at.

Heart, dil, (central part,)
maghz : gdda ; bhitar jo
hau by-, nok zabdn se,
hard -ed, sang-dil, soft
-ed, narm-dil, -y, dii-soz ;
dil'garm, -ily, dil-o-jdn se.

-less, be-dil ; be-rahm, to

take-, himmat rakhna.
Heat, garmi : tapish ; sozish,

(of sun,) dhap ; ghdm.

(of temper,) garmi ; fundi;
josh ; dtisK V. garm k. See

' Hot. '
Heaven, bihisht (paradise,)

jannat.
Heavy, bhdri; wazani ; girdi^.
Hedge, (n.) bdrh ; ghera ;

ihdtah. V. -d» ; -iagdna.

-hog, dul'dui.
Heel, eri.

Height. See ' High. '
Heir, wdris, PL -dn,
HeWyjahannam, (f.). dozakh.
Help, madad^ (f.); idnat

V. -d. -ful, madad-gdr,

-less, Idrchdr, by God's

help, Khuda chdhe; ba-

fazl'i'Khuda, a - mate,

madad'gdr.
Hemp, san; pdt -plant,

gdnja.
Hen, tnurghi, -house,

-khdnah.
Hence,(time,)i^tf baad, (place,)

yahdij> se, (cause,) is liye.
Her, is'ka ; us-ka. See page

30. herself, See page 30.

Sect. 7.

26o hindi}stXni as it ought to be spoken.

Here, yahdtf.; is jagah^ or
is jagah met^, -and there,
idhar - udhar, -abouts,
kahii^-yahii^. -after, dyindah
met^. -on, or -at, is-par ;
is metj, ; is-se. yih bdt sun-
kar^ or boi-kar.

Heron, bagla.

Hesitation, pas-o-pesh; tdld-
toli ; deri, (in speech,)
hichkich, V. -k.

Hidden, chhipd M^a ; rUposh,

Hide, {trans,) chhipdna ;
ruposh - rakhna. {intr.)
chhipd'hona ; riiposh-hona
(n.) chamxa ; khdl, (f).

High, ui^cha ; balandy or
buland, N. ut^chdj, -bred,
asli, -in price, mah^ga ;
girdi!jt, -minded, dli-him-
mat, -in rank, dli-shdn.
-in spirit, diler ; himmati,
in the height of (anything,)
ain^'me^, -way, rdh^ (f.);
sarak. (f.). -way-man,
rdhzan, -way robbery,
rdhzani.

Hill, pahdx ; uf^chi zamin.

Him, /V, us; is-ko ; us-ko.
Seepage 30,

Hinge, cMiL

Hint, (n.), ishdrah, V. ^k-

Hire, (fare iTimonty. ) kirdya.
V. -/ifir^i. -r, kirdya-ddr.

His, /V-^a; i^x-^. Seepage 30.

Hobby, shauk.

Hog,5i/,^r. m\d-,fang/i su,ar.

Hold. iSftf * Grasp. ' -(con-
tain.) reverse the sentence,
say ' one ser of milk will
go into this glass,' ispiydle
metf^ ek ser dvdh atta hat.
[atna^ to get into a given
space.] or you may say,
yik ek ser ka piydla hai=
this is a one ser glass, i.e.
holds, or can contain, one
ser. -one's tongue, chup-
rahna, to -good, rahna ;
thaharna, -er, ddn. See
page 41.

YioXt^chhed; (V. •'na,)siirdkh,
(of an animal,) bii.

Holy, musalli ; Khuddrtars.
-iness, takwa.-dizy^ iatil,
(religious,) parb^ (vulg.,
^parab, ') - war, jihdd,
-Ghost, nihu'l'idh.

Home, ghar ; makdn ; kothi,
at-, ghar mei^, not at-,(lit.)

' Arabic for • the eye,'

hindiJstAni as it ought ro be spoken. 261

ghar meij, nahiri, (fig.)* See
page 26. X,o go -^ ghar J dna.

Hone, silli.

Honesty, diydnat-ddri ;

sachdj ; rdsti, A. diydnaU
ddr ; sachcha ; rdst, -ly, by
* 5^,' added to the nouns.

Honey, shahd.-comb, chhdta.

Honour, (reputation,) izzat ;
(dignity,) shdn ; sar-fardzL
(reverence,) tazim, your-,
huziir, dress of- khilat,
Y.-iazim-k, ; adab-k.
-able, mu^azzaz; mutabar.

Hook, ankri ; kdij^ta, hiik.
(E ). V. -se pakarna.

Hope, ummed, (f.). V.
-rakhna. -ful, also , one
who is hoping for some-
thing, -wdr, (expectancy,)
-wdri, -less, be-ummed,

Horn, sing; shdkh. to draw in
one's horns, dum-dabdna.

Horse, ghora ; asp, -back,
ghore par sawdr ; sawdr
hO'kar, -dung, M^ (f.),
-doctor, salotar, -man,
sawdr. -manship, sawdri^
-race, ghu^-dau^.

Hospitable, mihrndn-ddr, N.
-/. -tal, haspatdl^ (K.);
shifd'khdnah.

Host, tnihrndn-ddr ; sdhib-i-
khdnah. See * Crowd.*

Hot, garm, the - weather
garmi ka mausam.

Hound, shikdri kutta.

Hour, ghari. See page 67.-ly,
(i. e. always,) ghari-ghari.

House. See * Home.' -break-
ing, sendh-chori, -breaker,
sendkiya, -hold, khanddn.
-holder, sdhibi-khdnah,
-keeping, ghar ka intizdm
kama ; khdnah-ddri.

How? kaisa; kis tarah; ky{i7}*
kar. -ever, lekin. -long,
kab'tak, -often, ka,e bdr ;
kitne dafah -many, kitne,
-mucli, kitna, -do you
do? mizdj sharif ; dp ka
mizdj kaisa hat 9 however
strong he may be, still, &c.
agarchih wuh bahut zor-
dwar ho^ taubhi^ &^c.

Human, being, ddmi ; insdn,
A. insdni, the -race, in-
sdniyat ; ddmiyat, -mane,
rahim; mihrbdn; muldjm;
nek-kho.

Humble, gharib ; miskin,
N. -// -i;faro-tani, to be^
hona^ with theadjs. (trans,)
nichd'k, ; dabd-d.

262 hindiJstAni as it ought to be spoken.

Humour. See * Moist.' (wit,)
lutf ; thattha, A. latif ;
thathol, -ously, iatife-se,
good-, khush'hdlu bad-,
bad'hdli ; in a bad-, mag-
ra ; ghusse, to-, (jdzai-d,;
dena.

Hump, kiibat^. -backed,
kiibra.

Hundred, sau^ or sat, as a
unit, saikra. 5 per cent.
fi saikfe, pdnch Hipiye,

Hunger, bMkh. (f.). A. -a.
to be, "hona.

I.

Ice, barf, (f.) ; yakh, (f.).
V. harf mefj, rakhna,
-d-water, barf-pdni,

Idesif Mayd/. See page no,
A. -/.

Idiotf pdga/; a^ wa^. -ocy,-/.
-tic, ahmaJji ke taur par.

Idle, (doing nothing,) be-kdr;
be-kdm ; drdm-men, (lazy,)
sust ; dhila, -ness, drdm ;
fur sat; fardghat (laziness, )
sustu to be-, adjs. with
hona»

Idol, but. -2iXxy, -parasti.

Hunt, (n.) shikdr. V. -k,
-sman, -1. -ing dog, -/
kutta. -ground, -gdh, A.
shikdrL

Hurry. See ' Haste.'

Hurt. See * Harm.'

Husband, khasam ; shauhar;
mard. See * Cultivation.'

Hush ! chup ; chup-raho ;
khdmosh I to -up, chhipd-
na, -money, rishwat

Husk, (n.) chhilka ; post. V.
-utdma.

Hut, jhonip^u

If, agar ; jo. See page 104.
Ignorant, jdhil ; ajhal ; nd-

ddn ; kam-aJ^l, -c^Jdhili;

nd'ddni ; kam-a^li^ (f.).

adv. with ^ se,^
111, bimdr, -ness, -/. See

* Bad.' -behaved, bad-

sul^k^ -behaviour, bad-

sulUki, -disposition, bad-

kho ; bad-tabi,at.
Illegal,^ khildfJ^dnun, -ity,

jo khildf-J^dniin hau
Illumination, raushani ; tan-

wir, (f.).V. 'k.

* For many negatives in * il/ ' iin,* 'im/ &c., use the affirmative and
nahin ; or prefixes * be' ' la\ * nd,* * nir,* b*c.

HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

263

Illustrious, ndm-war ; ndm-

ddr; mashhur. in compos:

jalil,
Im^ge, putla ; putli, (idol,)

but See * Idol.'
Imagination, khaydl ; tassaw-

wur, V. -k. -ary, khaydlL

See * Idea.'
Immediate, maujud ; hdzir ;

makhsus, -ly, bil-feL See

page 54.
Immense. See * Grand.'
Immodest, be'sharm ; be-haya.

N. be-sharmi, behayd.i.
Immoral, nd-niaa^til ; zabun.
Impair, ghatd-d. to be-ed,

ghatna ; bigar-jdna.
Impatient, be-sabr. A. -i.
Impel, chaldna ; chald-d.
Incapable, ghair-kdbiL
Incense, {n.)/tibdn. (v.) (make

angry), ghussa-k.
Inch, inshiy (E.).
Incident, kdm ; fel ; amr ;

wuku ; bdt
Incite, uthdna ; targhib-d,

N. targhi^, (f.).
Inclination, mail^ (f.) ; ragh-

bat; drzu^ (f.) ; ykauJ^,

I am- inclined to think,

mera khaydl yih kai, kih^

Include, shdmil-rakhna. -ed,

shdmil'kiya ; sdih rakha.
Income, dmadani ; md-hasal.
Incomprehensible, bekiyds ;

ghair-mutasawwar ;jo kOyi

shakhs nahifj, samjhe.
liicorrect, nd-durust, c^c

See 'Correct.'
Increase, (trans,) barhdna ;

ziyddah'k. (intr.) barhna ;

zidddah'h, (n.) izdfah;

ziyddat.
Indeed, fil-wd^^e ; ha^ikat

meiji.
Independent, mustakil; be-

lagd,o ; aldhidah ; khud-

sar. -ce, dzddi ; be-

ta^alluki ; khud-sari.
India, Hind, -n, Hindui ;

Hindu, -n corn, bhutta.
Indigo, «//, (f.). -factory,

-kothi, -planter, -ka sdhib.
Individual, (n.). See 'Being,'

(a.) ek ; ek-ek. -ly, ek-ba-ek ;
farhi-far^ ho-ke.
Indolent. See *Idle.'
Industry. See * Diligence.'
Infamous, zabun ; viayub ;

bara khardb, N . bad-ndmi ;

zablini ; khardbi.
Infant. See * Child.'
Infection, sardyat, V. -k.

264 hindiJstAni as it ought to be spoken.

Infidel, (one not a Muham :)
kdfir, (one not a Hindu,)
malechha. -ity, kufr.

Infirm, (body,) za^if, (body
and other things,) kam-zor;
durbal ; nd-td^at ; nd-
tawdn. (of mind,) mun-
kharif, -ity, (of body,)
zuf^ or zof. (of body, &c.,)
kam-zori ; nd-tawdni ; nd-
mazbiUu (of mind,) in-
khirdf.

Inflame, jaldna ; josh-k-m^i-
tion, josh ; sozish ; garmi.

Influence, asar ; tdsir^ (f.).
V. -k.

Inform. See ' Tell.* an -ation
in Court, ndlish ; dawa^
(f.); suwdl, ~er, go^indah.

Ingratitude, nd-ihsdnmandi.

Ingress, bhitar jdne ki rdk,
(admission to presence,)
huzur mefj. dna, (v.n.).

Inhabitant, sdkin; bdskindah;
rahne-wdla. See *Live.'

Inherit, wdris-hona, -ance,
mirds, (f.) ;. tarikah^ or
tarkah, -or, wdris.

Inhuman, be-rahm, &'c. See
* Cruel.'

Iniquity,/^/ zabt/ni; .burd,t\
A. zabtin ; bura ; kkardb.

Injunction, kukm ; kahna^
(v.n.) V. hukm-d, ; kahna.

Injury, nu^sdn; ziydn. (hurt,)
zarar^ (trivial ditto, zarar-
khafif, (serious ditto,)
zarar-shadid^ or sangin.
( wrong, ) nd-haJki ; be-insdfi.
V. — k,; -pahurf^chd-d-xoM^t
jiS'Se (any of the nouns)
dta hat.

Injustice, be-insdfi, ; nd-hakk.

Ink, (\y\2ic\i^) siydhi ; roshnd^i.
(red,) surkhi, -stand, or
pen-and-ink, daivdt ; J^a-
lam-ddn.

Inn, sard^e, (f.) ; musdfir-
khdnah; ddk-bangla ; hotel.

(E.).
Innocent, be-gundh ; sdf ;

pdk. N. be-gundhi ; safdyi;

pdki ; pakizagi.
Inquiry, ptkhhna, (v.n.); tah-

kiJkdt ; darydft ; iaddruk.

V, the nouns dXid^ karna.
Insane. See ' Mad.*
Insect, kira ; kirm.
Insensible, be-hosh ; be-

hawdss, N. -/ ; -/.
Insert, ddkhil-k. ; dafy-k.;

mundaraj'k. ; zikr-k. -ion,

indirdj.
Inside, bhitar ; andar.

HINDdST^NI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

265

Insight, wu^uf ; hoshydri.

Insist, musirr-h. ; zor se
mdi^gna, or chdhna, or
kahna, -ency, bdr-bdr
mdt^gna, &*c, (v.n.).

Insolent, gustdkh ; sar-kash.
N. -/ / -I.

Inspect, dekhna ; tnuldka-
zah'k, -ion, taJ^aiyud ;
nazar-anddzi} -or, muta-
min ; inshpektar-sdhib, (half
E.).

Instant, (n.) lahzah ; ek dam.
See * Immediate.* This in-
stant. See page 54.

I nstead of, ewaz meij, ;ke badie.

Instruct, sikhdna ; sikhd-d. ;
sikhldna^ sikhld-d, ; taa-
lim-d. N. iaalim, (f.). -or,
jo sikhdia hat; sikhak ;
munshi ; pandit ; guru,
-ive, niufid.

Instrument, dlah ; hathiydr.
He was instrumental /«,
6r*^., us-ki madad se, &c.

Intellect, afil, (f.); hosh ; zihn.
A. ah^li ; zahin.

Intelligence (of mind,) See

* Intellect,' (news.) See

* News.'

Intention, fiasd ; irddah ;
murddy (f.) ; gharaz, (f.) ;
matlab. V. -rakhna, or,
better, with hona, e.g. mera
kasd yih hat, kih, &*c.
Adv. J^asdan ; jdn-b^ijh-ke.

Intercourse, ild^ah; sarokdr;
dna-jdndy (v.n.) ; dmad-o-
raft V. kisi ke ^sdih-
rakhna, or, better, with
hona, e.g. mujh-se us-se
kuchh - nahifj, hat, * I have
nothing to do with that
fellow.'

Interest, (of money,) stid.
(with a person,) kahd-suna;
asar, (share,) hissah ;
sdjha, (in any matter,)
shauk ; mail, (f.) V. -rakh-
na ; dillagdna. self -ed,
gharaz-mand, seeking one's
own-, khud-gharaz.

Interpret, samjhd-d. See
* IVanslate.'

Interruption, khalal ; atkd,o ;
rok. V. "k.; atkd-d, ;
rokna.

Interval, (time,) arsah ;
(spsice,) fdsi/ah.

Interview. See ' Visit.'

* From the Persian * anddkhtan ' ' to throw ; ' a not uncommon
termination. . * Anddzi ' as adv. , means ' approximately. '

266

HINI>dSTiNI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

Into, met^ ; ke bhitar ; ke

andar.
Intoxication, nashah. -ed,

nashe mefjt ; matwdla. V.

nashe metj' hona ; mat7vdia

hona.
Introduce, muld^dt-kara-d. ;

hdzir-kar-d ; bhitar^ or

huzur met}y Idna. -tion,

idkhdl, a letter of -tion,

sifdrish ka khatt.
Intrust, supurd'kar-d. ; kisi

ke pds rakhna^ amdnat

meij, rakkna.
Invent, nikdlna; pdna,-\OT\^

ijdd^ (f.).
Inventory, tdli^ah ; fihrisU
Investigation. See * Inquiry.'
Invisible, ghd^ib ; ghair-

mahsus.
Invitation, nyota, V. -bhejna.

Involuntary, -rily, -be-

ikhtiydr, N. -/.
Inundation, saildby (m.).

Iron, loha. of-, lohe ka, a

smoothing -, istri, V. -k-
Irregular, khildf-dasiur, N.

-I. adv. be-tartibise.
Irrigate,/fl/^«fl.-ion, dbpdshi.
Irritate, satdna ; dikk-k. N.

chhe^-ckhd^ ; diJ^k, -able,

ghussa,

\s\zxid,jazirah ; dwip^ or dip.
Issue, (v. trans,) jdri-kar-d,

(intr,) nikalna; nikal-dna.

(n.) natijah ; d^ibat.
It, yih ; wuh ; its, is-ka :

us-ka. See page 30.
Itch, khdrisht ; khujli. A,

khdrishti, V. khujldna.

Ivory, hdthi'dd^t.

J.

Jackal, ^dar ; siydL
Jacket, jdkit^ (E.); kurtah^

or kurti.
Jail, jel-khdnah^ (half E.) ;

^aid'khdnah, -or, jeiar-

sdhib, (half E.).
Jam, murabba ; jdm, (E.).
Jar, (y^^^^\)ghara;jdr. (E.).

-ring so\\nd,kkarkkardkaf.

Jasmine, satnan.

Jaw, jabra.

Jealous, bad-zann^ N. -/.

Jelly, >//, (E.).

Jest, thattha, V. -k, -ing,

thatholiy -er, thathol, in-,

thatholi ke taur se,
Jesus Christ, hazrai-tsa.
Jew, yahtid (m.) ; -/«, (f.).

hindt^stIni as it ought to be spoken. 267

Jewel, gahna ; zewar ijawd-
hir, -er, jauharu -box,
with ...^{f«. Seepage 41.*

Job, kdm ; tahal.

Jockey, sawdr ; jdki^ (E.).

Jocoseness, thatthe-bdzi ;
khush-tab^i.

Join, (n.),y^r. V. -d.Jorna ;
mild-d, joint, (a.) mild-
hii,a. (junction,)y(?r.

Joke. See * Jest.'

Jolly. See * Happy.' a -fel-
low, ydr-bdsh.

Jot, zarrahy (f.) thora-sa ;
ek ddnah.

Journal, roz-ndmchah.

Journey, safar; ktkh, V. -k, a
day's-, manziL

Joy. See * Happy.'

Judge, hdkitn ; jaj-sdhib^
(half E.). sadr-dla sdhib ;
munsif sdhib ; ^dzi sdhib,
(all these, except the first,
are technical words.)
-ment, (decision,) faisa-
lah ifatwa ; hukm ; dikri^
(E). V. -d. (sense,) a^l^
(f.) ; hosh ; samajh, (f.).
(to select,) pasand'k.

Judicious, d^il ; ddnish-
mand ; hoshydr, -ness,
ddnt'si ; a^l^ (f.) ; hosK

Jug, kulhiya, (f.) ; piydla ;
jag. (E.).

Juice, ras;pdnt; dudh ; araJ^,

]u\epj Ju/ldb.

Jump, (n.) Md ; chhaldngy
(f.) ; uchhdl ; j'ast V. -k. ;
ktidna.

Junction, &c.. See * Join.'

Jurisdiction, (power,) hukm ;
huMmat ; amalddri ; tkh-
tiydr, (territory,) aid-
^ah ; zila^ cr^c. accord-
ing to local divisions, a
' sub-division ' of territori-
al-, mahkamah, -a word
which really means *a
tribunal,^

Jury (native village,) panch ;
panchdyat, (in English
courts,) y^r/, (E.). 'Gen-
tlemen of the Jury,' sdhib-
dn-jiirL

Just, ddil;rdsi; sach ; sachcha;
tnsdfi; insdf ka. -ice, insdf;
ha^i, -ness, rdsti ; durus-
ti (proper,) mundsib ;
wdjib ; ba-ja, (at this mo-
ment,) ab ; ab-tab, -ify,
sdfy or safd^t-k; uzr-h, adv.
rdsti-se,

Justle, thelna ; dhakka-d
-tling, -thel'pel kar-ke.

268 HINOdSTiNI AS IT OUGHT TO BK SPOKEN.

K.

Keep, rakhna ; apne pds
rakhna, (back,) bdz-rakh-
na ; tokna ; atkdna. (e.g.
sheep.) pdlna. He keeps
two horses, us ke pds do
ghore hait^. -er, rakhwdl.
to -on doing a ihing, use
the stem of the principal
verb, followed by rahna,

Kernal, maghz ; giida ; bhi-
tart.

Kettle, ketli, (E.) ; tddah.
fish-, machhli ki ketli.

Key, kunji ; chdoi ; tdli.
bunch oi\itys,-ka guchchha.
-hole, "ka stirdkh.

Kick, idt. V. -mdrna. -ing
and cu ffi ng , Idt- mukki.

Kill, mdr-ddlna ; ^atl-k.
khiin-k, (for food,) zabh-k.;
haldl-k. -ing, ^atl ; khutj.-
rezi ;^ zabh.

Kind, (a.) mihrbdn ; shaft J^.
-ness, mihrbdni, adv.
mihrbdni-se, (sort,) J^ism,

Kindred. See * Relations.'

King, (M.) pddshdh, ox bdd-

shdh, (H.), rdj'a ; mahd-

rdja, -dom. bddshdhi.

salianat ; rdj. -ly, shdhi.
Kiss, (n.) bosah ; mithi, (v.)

bosah-d ; chumna. mutual

-ing, bosah-bdzi.
Kitchen, bdwarchi-khdnah.

See page 87.
Kite, (bird,) ^/%i7. (ioy,) guddi^
Kitten, biili ka bachchah.
Knee, ghutna ; zdnu. to

kneel, do-zdnu baithna.
Knife, chhuri, clasp-, chakku^

pen-, ialam-tardsh.
Knock, (at a door,) dhab-

dhabdna. See * Blow.'

* Strike.'
Knot, gdf^th. (fig. e.g. the

marriage-,) a fid.
Know, jdnna ; pahchdnna ;

wd^if'hona ; khabar pdna.

-ledge, ddnist ; iim, (f.) ;

wdkfiyat. -n, maalum. See

page 59. well-known, mash-

h{ir. -ingly, didah-o-

ddnistah ;* jdn-biijh-ke.

» From the Persian. ' rekfUan* * to pour out/

■ Persian.; * having seen and known ; * ^ didan^ * to see.'

hinudstXni as it ought to be spoken. 269

L.

Labour, tnihnat. (V. -^.)
(A. -/. ;) ihtimdm, daily-,
mazdiiri ; roz-gdr, -er,
mazdiir ; ^uli,

Lac, Idkh ; Idh,

Lace, (embroidery,) gota ;
gold-, kaidbaMt^, for boot,
&c. -^fitah; dori ; sutli.

Ladder, si^hi.

Lady, bihi; khdttin ; begam ;
musammdt ; sdhibah, Eng-
lish title, ledi »

Lake, idi; tdl-db^ (m.) ; tald^o.

Lamb, bheri ka bachchah.

Lame, /angra.-ness, iartgrd,t.

Lamentation, ndlah, V. -k, ;
rona ; chhdti-pitna, -able,
ghamfn-khez}

Lamp, (English,) lamp,^ (na-
tive,) chirdgh; dip ; sirdj,
-black, kdjal ; kajli.

Lance, ballam; barchhi, -cet,
nashtar^ (f.). V. chima ;
nashiar mdrna.

Land, zaniin^ (f.). -holder,
-ddr. -ed property, -ddri;

milk ; milkiyat the dry-,
khushki moist-, tart, bv-,
khushki, -lord, mdlik ;
sdhib'i'khdnah, V. {trans,)
utdrna, (intt,) utama,
kindre tak d-jdna.

Lane, gait ; chhoti rdh.

Language, zabdn^ (f.) ; boli,
the common-, chalni-boli.

Lantern, laltain or lanten
(both being attempts at
the English word).

Large, bara ; buzurg ; kaldi^,
-ness, bard^i, -ly, bahut-sa,
-esse, nisdr.

Lash, (n.) zarb, whip-^hzind,
V. chdbuk, &*c, se mdrna.

Last, (a.) sab se pichhla ;
dkhir, e.g. -year, guzash-
tah. V. ab tak rahna^ or
hona. -ly, dkhir-ul-amr.

Late, der, -ness, -/. 'the
late,* mar Mm; mutawaffa,
(former,) agla, -ly, thore
dinof} se.

Laugh, haij.sna, -ter, ha^si.

• You must ask for the ' ledi sdhibah ' (not the ' mem-sdhidah,*) if
the lady has the title. See page 24.

• From the Persian, • khezidariy ' to rise.'

• Prononnce, according to rule, like the English word • lump. '

270

HINDdSTlNI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

Law, (divine,) (M.) shara,
(f.) ; (H.) dharM'Shdstra.
(human,) ^,/;i, (;ai,)\hdniin,
(custom,) rasniy (f.) ;
(idjdah ; zdbitah, -court,
addlai, (criminal), fauj-
ddrij civil, diwdni,) -ful,
jd^iz ; hash J^dniin, -less,
be-d^in ; d^in ke khilaf^
-suit, dawa^ (m.) ; ndlish ;
suwdl ; mu^addamah.

Lay, rakhna ; rakh-d, lagd-
na ; lagd-d^

Lazy, sust ; dhila ; majMl ;
kdhiL -iness, susti ; maj-
Mli ; kdhilu

Lead, (n.) sisa. -en, sise ka.

Lead, (v.) le-chalna ; le-jdna,
-er, sar-ddr, to -the way,
dge chalna. to -one's life,
guzrdn-k.

Leaf, patta ; waraJ^, -of a
book, warafi, -of a door,
palla.

Lean, dubla ; patla, -ness,
dubldyU V. fhukna, (to an
opinion,) mdil-hona.

Leap. See *Jump.'

Learn, sikhna ; parhna, -er,
sMgird, -ed, dlim ; fdziL
-ng, //w, (m.) ; ddnist.

Lease, thika ; ijdrah, docu-

ment expressing a -grant-
ed, patta^ ditto -accepted,
^abUlyat, V. thika^ ijdrah
(or as the kind of lease
may be) dena, to- e.g. a
house, kirdye-d^ or, lena.
lessor of land, tndlik.
lessee, thikdddr;ijdrahddr;
rafyat^ &'c,, according to
the kind of* lessee. See
Glossary Part I. sub voa-
bus.

Least, sab se chhota. See * A t.

Leather, chamra. -n. -f^ ka.

Leave, (n.) ijdzat ; (-to go,)
rukhsat ; chhuttL to take-,
-lena, without-, be-kahe-
piichhe. (v.) chko^-d.

Leech, y(?;j^>^, (f.)

Leek, gandana.

Left, (over,) bdi^i, (surplus,)
Jdzil ; jo bacha hat, on, or
to the iefi hand, bd^e^jt.

Leg, and its parts. Seepage
63.

Leisure, fursat ; drdtn; fard-
gbat, at-, -meij.. -ly^dAime-
dhime ; dhiste-dhiste.

Lemon, lemu ; lembu, -ade,
mitha-pdni.

Lend, udhdr^ or, ^ar%^ or

mangni-d, -er, with ^jo'

hinddstIni as it ought to be spoken. 271

Length, lambdj; tul, (time,)
arsah; muddat. See *At.'
V. lambd'k.

Leopard, chita.

Leprosy, ko^h, A. korhi.

Less, kam ; kamtar, as suffix,
* be ' before the noun, e.g.
be-wu^uf^ senseless, -en,
kam-kar-d. ; ghatdna.

Lesson, sabak.

Lest, e.g. be quiet, lest I be
angry, chup raho^ nahiij, to
main, &*c. don't speak, lest
he hear, mat bolo, zurur
sunegay and so according
to the analysed meaning
in each use.

Let. See 'Lease.' (allow,)
^(f«a, following the inflected
infin. of principal verb. e.g.
bhitar dne-dOy let him come
in. or, more formal, ijdzat-
d, ; hukm-d. ; farmdna.

Letter, (written,) chitthi ;
khatt ; ru^ah, (alphabet,)
hatf, PL hur{tf.

Lettuce, saldd, (E.); kdhu.

Levee, darbdr;jamdyat; maj-
ma ; majlis.

Level, bardbar ; samdn, V.
-k, N. -/.

Liable, mdkhuz, but best
translated by the Persian
suffix ^ dth,^ or *<//^/V e.g.
jawdb-dth, liable to an-
swer, responsible ; liable
to punishment, saza-wdr,
-to sickness, error, &c.
may be best translated by
* anay^ or * aksar dna.^ e.g.
us-ko zukdm aksar dta
haL or ^karna,'' e.g. wuh
hameshah ghalatikarta hat.

Liberal, sakhi ; karim ; faiz-
bakhsh, -minded, karim'
un-nafs, N. sakhdwat;
faiz^ (f.). -ly, dil'khol'ke.

Liberty. See * Freedom.'

Library, kutub-khdnah.

Lick, chdt, V. chdtna.

Lid, dhakna; chapni; sarposh.

Lie, (tell a,) jhHth-kahna ;
darogh'boina, -ar, darogh-
go^ -ying, daroghrgOyi.

Lie, (down), letna ; sona.

Life, jdn (f.); rM, (f.). (being
alive, life-time,) zindagi ;
zindagdni ; haydt, ((,),

* From the Persian, *gu/tan,' ' to speak." Hence also *" guft-o-^,'
•conversation;' *go,i?tdah,' 'an informer,' or 'spy,' and many other
words.

272 hindi^stXni as it ought to be spoken.

- less, be-jdn ; m^^a-M^a,
(fig.) J>c-dtl ; afsurdah ;
udds, to spend-, guzrdn-k,
-long, umr-bhar.

Lift, uthdna; uthd-d.

Light, (not heavy,) haika ;
subuk (clear,) sdf; rau-
shan; ujdla, (fig.) khajif,
-ness, halkdyi.y (clearness,)
safdj ; raushnni ; ujdla, to
lighten (e.g. a boat,) hal-
ka-k, -ning, bijlL V.
chamakna, to \\^\.^jald-d.

Like, (a.) bardbar ; samdn ;
ek kism ka ; ki mdnind ;
ke mu^dfik, to be -
another thing, yih is-se
milta hat. See Glossary,
Part 1. *Sa.' V. chdhna ;
pasand-k. ; (be fond of,)
pydr-k. -ly, aghlab. -ness,
mu^dfaiat ; sarikha.

Lime, chuna, -kiln, -e ki
bhatthi.

Limit. See * Boundary,'
* Fence.'

Line, satar. -ing, astar.

Linen, katdn-kapra.

Lion, sher-babar ; singh.

Lip, lab.

List, fihrist ; /ard, (f.) ; fdlu
h^ah.

Listen, kdn-lagdna ; sunna.

Litter, sawdri; pdlki ; doll
(rubbish,) kurkat

Little, chhota ; khurd, a-,
tho^a; zarrah'Sa ; kuchh-
kuchh.-htXXtt^ kuchh

achchha, -ness, (quantity.)
kami, (size,) chhotd^i.

Live, jina ; zindah-hona,
-Hhood, guzrdn, means
of -lihcod, rozi ; rozgdr ;
guzrdn, (to dwell,) rahna ;
biid 'O-bdsh'k ,

Liver, (organ of body,)y/^^r;
kaleja, (person living,)

with *y^.'

Lizard, tiktiki ; chhipkali.
Load, (n.), bojha ; bharti ;

khep^ (f.). (v. trans.) Iddna ;

bharna. (v. intr.) ladna.

ladened, bhara M^a.
Loaf, ek rati.
Lock, i^u/L V. -lagd'd, ;

-se band-k.
Long, lamba ; dardz ; tul-

tawil, Sfe * Length.' -ago,

bakul dinof} se; agle zamdne

metf.; the whole ^dL-^-^tamdm

L.iquoY,skardb,(f,),Seepage^4, din ; din bhar, as-as, jab.

* From the Persian, * bUdan^^ • to be.'

HINDlJsTiiNI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN, ^73

tak^ followed by * iabtak,^
See page 104. to -for,
chdhna ; raghbat^ or khwd-
hish-rakhna.

Look, (n.) nazar, (f.); nigdh^
(f.). [y,)dekhna. -this way,
tdkna, (to keep an eye on,)
nazar, or nigdh rakhna. to
—out for, iniizdr-k, (to con-
sider,) ghaur-k. he looks
(well, &c.), (achchha, dr'c,)
maalum hota hat. his -fell
on me, us-ki nazar mujh-
par pari, -out, khabar-ddr
hona, -ing-glass, d.inah^

Loose, khula. (slack,) dhiia,
V. kholna ; khol-d, to
come-, khui-jdna. to
break-, chMtjdna ; chhtU-
ke bhdg-jdna.

Lord, sdhib ; mdlik ; khudd-
wand ; khdwind ; huziir,
to - it over one, zulm-k,;
zabar-dasti-k.

Lose, khona ; gum-k, gene-
rally the passive form is
used, viz.-, gum-ho-jdna,
(e.g. a bet,) hdrna ; hard-d,
loss, nu^sdn ; ziydn ; zarar.

(in trade,) ghati, to be at
a loss, pareshdn-hona ,
shakk vietf. hona.

Lot. See 'Fortune.' (die,)
^urah. to cast lots, ^urah
ddlna.

Loud, loudly, baland dwdz
se. to call-, pukdrna.

Love, pydr, (f.) ; mail, ((.) ;
ydri. (animal) -, ish^.
V. pydr-k, ; aziz rakhna.
-ly, khiibsiirat -liness,
khubsurati, -ed, pydra;
mahbub.

Louse, j^i}.

Low, nicha, (mean,) kaminah^
also as noun, a mean per-
son, (as voice,) daba. to-,
bambdnaHo lower, niche-k.;
dabd'd. -liness. gharibi ;
faro-tani.

Luggage. See * Goods.'

Lumbago, kamar ka dard.

Lump, tukra.

Lunch, tiffin. See Glossary,
Part I.

Luxury, aiydshi ; khushi. A.
aiydsh.

Lying, {n.) Jhiith-mtUh.

* Accent on first syllable.

* In India the cattle are very silent.

T., a

i&

274 hindiJstIni as it ought to be spokek.

M.

Mace, (staflF,) chob ; sot^ta.
-bearer, chob-ddr, (spice,)
basbdsah ; ntasdlah.

Machine, kaL

Mad, diwdnah; pdgal; pagla,
-man, pdgal ddmu -house,
pdgal'khdnah. -ness, diwd-
nagi ; be-hoshi. -ly, dkvd-
nah-sa, -den, dlwdnah-k,
(fig.) gbusse-h; josh-k,;
bad dirndgh-k.

Magistrate, hdkim ; majis-
tret sdhib,

• • •

Maid, bdkirah ; kiLi.drt, -ser-
vant, dydh ; bdndi ; laut^du

Mail, ddk; tappdl. See page 98.

Maintain. See 'Assert, ''Live.*

' (rear,) pdlna ; parwasti-k,
N. parwarish; rozi ;
Mrdki ; khdna-plna.

Make, bandna ; band-d,; kar-
na ;'l made him come to
me,' usko mere pds dnepar

• main-ne majMr kiya, e.g.
-profit, Mst7-k.; kdntdna;

• -progress; ba-sir-k, -sport.

tlmttha-mdma^ -away with,
uxd'd.; bar-bdd-k. -haste,
jaldi-k, (n.) (shape,) skakl^
(f.); bandwat, -er, sdz^^ or
kdr^^ &*c, as last part ia
compos.

Male, nar.

Malice, kinah ; bad-khoi, A.
kinawdr ; bad-khwdk,

Man, mard ; ddmi ; insdn ;
shakhs ; kas. (at games,)
nard, -kind, ddmiyat
insdniyat ; bani-ddamJ^
-hood, jawdni ; mardi,
-liness, marddnagu A.
marddnah, -ly, mard-sa ;
marddnah, -eating, mar-
dum-khor^

Management, intizdm; bandr
o-bast^ (m.) ; sar-ba-rdhi,
V. -karna,; kisi taur se
karna, -er, sarbardli-kdr ;
kdr-purddz; manejar, (E.),

Mange. See * Itch.'

Mango, dm. -tree, -^gdchK
-fish, tapsi-machhlu

» From the Persian, * sdkhtan^ to * make.*

• This of course is from ' karna*

• * Sons of Adam ;' he being common to Muham : and Christians,

• From the Persian, \khurdan^ * to eat.'

hindiJstXni as ir ought to be spoken. a 75

Manifest, {2i.)zdhir; maaiUm;
sdf, V. — k, ; kar-dikhldna.
-o, izhdr-ndmah ; sHrat-
ML -\yy zdhiran.

Manner, taur ; tarah, (f.) ;
tari^ah. See * Custom,' in
this, (that) manner^ is^
(us)iarah, in what manner,
kiS'tarah ; kyitirj,kar, -ly,
susiL good -s, dddb ;
akhld^,
'■ M3inu(2ict\ire,dast-kdrt\ -tory,
kdr-khdnah,

"hJlditiy^bahut ; dher; bahutere;
bahuUse. -a, bahut-ek,
-times, aksar; bdr-bdr.

Map, nakshah, V. -khaitf^ch-
na ; -taiydr-k.

Marble, sang martnar,

March, (n.) kiich, V. -/t.

Mare, mddiydn ; ghorL

Margin. See * Edge.'

Mark, ddgh ; nishdn, (trace,)
asar; aldmat ; surdgh;
pata, V. to make a-, -d,
to find -s of, -dekhna ;
-pdna.

Market^ (n.) bdzdr^iy. -i?. /)

kdt ; chauk. -rate, nirkh ;
bhdyO,

Marriage, shddi; iydh;nikd^.
V, -k. -ied, (ra.) bydhUy
(f.) bydhu

Marsh, y>^f/, (f.) \gil-db, (f.),
-y, tar ; martiib.

Martingale, zer-band.

Mason, rdj ; rdj-mistri, -ry.
rdj ka kdm,

Mass. See * Lump.'

Master, mdiiky 6^r. See
• Lord.'

Mat, chata^i ; darma, . (V.
-lagd-d,) ; for sleeping on,
sital-pdti. -maker, oi'' sel-
ler, chatdyi-wdla.

Match, {riJ) Jora ; sdni.^ V.
jo^na ; bardbar-k ; mild-d,
-es, diasaidyi; mechis^ (E.).
-less, Id'Sdnu

Materials. See " Apparatus.!
' Matter, mdddah ; ■ jism,^
(aifair,) kdm ; bdt ; mUjd-
malah, ho-, kuchh parwdh
\ nahif^ ; kuchh tnuzd^i^ah
c nakii;^, what's the-^*. kya
V ^ 4ii^a i kya hat J

* T*er$rah ' iecond* ot * a: second:*' '• This word means * lamtr-chibs/

• 'I'he Author knowi no Word really \n common use for > * matter ' in

;tbo abstt»<}^

r P
'I

276 hindiJstXni as it ought to be spoken.

Mattress, ioshak, (f.).

Mature, pakka ; iaiydr,

Maund, man. Seepage 70.

May. See page 18.

Me. See page 29.

Meadow, niaiddn ; ramnah ;
khuli jagah.

Meal, (flour,) dta ; maidah ;
sattu, (food,) khdna.

Mean, pdji ; kaminah, -ness,
kaminagL

Meaning, mani ; matlab ;
mazmun^ to mean, with

. kona^ e.g., what does this
mean ? is-ke mani^ &*€,
kya haiij, ?

Means. .SJftf* Wealth.'(agency),
wasilah ; tadbir^ (f.). by
no -, hargiz nahii^, by
some - or other, kuchh-
iarah se ; kisi iaur se.

Meanwhile, meantime, in
the, is metp ; itne meij. ;
darmiydn is-ke.

Measles, pan-gotL

Measure, (of a thing,) mdp ;
ndpy (f.). -ing of land,
paimd^ish ; jarib, V. -^ /
mdpna. See page 70.

Meat, (butcher's,) gosht. See
page 91. Note, (generally,)
khdna pina ; khurdk^ (f.).

Medal, medal, {^,\iamghah.
-Medicine, dawa^ (f.) ; ddru.

Meditation, ta^ammul^ (m.) ;

fikr^ (f.) ; soch ; andeshah.

-tive, muta^ammil ; muia-

fakkir; fikrmand ; soch

met^.

Meet, (v.) milna. Seepage
50. (assemble, )y^zw«-^^«a.
(as clothes.) thik-hona^ or
baithna, (a.). See *. Suit-
able.' a - ing, (of friends,)
muld^dt ; bhent V. -k, ;
bheijtna. See * Assembly/

Melon, kharbuzah.

Melt, (/«/r.) galna ; gal-j'dna,
{trans,) galdna ; ga/d-d.

Member, (of the body,) azo /
juz, (of a meeting,) sdhib-
i-majlis ; membar^ (E.).

Memory, ydd^ (f.) ; hifz, (f.).
-andum, ydd-ddsht.-hodk^
baydz, (f.). -rial, yddgdr.

Mending, marammat ; rafa,
V. -k, -in health, bhaia or
achchha hona.

Mental, dili ; dil ka. -arith-
metic, zabdni hisdb;%abdnt
jokha. -ly, ba-dil ; dil se.

Mention, zikr^ (m.) V. --k.

Merchant, sauddgar ; mahd-
jan; baniyd, (travelling,)

HINDdSXANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

277

haipdri; bakas-wdla, (half

E.). -dize, sauda ; mdl ;
. Jins^ (f.) ; chiz^ (f.). See

• Trade.'
Mercy, rahm, (f.) ; mihrbdnL
. A. rahim ; mihrbdn, -fully

with se, -iless, be-rahm,

-ilesshess, be-rahmi.
Merely, fakat ; sirf ; khdli.
Merit, fiadar, (f.) ; Hydkat

-torious, ^adar ka, ; khub ;
: achchha i wdjib-i-ri^ dyat,

the merits of any matter,

bhalebure; asihdl; wd^tdt.
Merry. See * Happy.'
Message, ^^^jf^^r, (f.); bdt ;

paighdm, V. -d, or bhejna.

-enger, chaprdsi ; piyddah;

pt,an^ (divine,) paigham-

bar,^
Messiah, Masiha,
Metal, dhdt^ or dhdtu,^
Mid, ddA; nim, -day, niniroz;

do-pahar ; zuhr, -night,

ddhi-rdt ; do-pahar-rdt.
Middle, bich ; miydn, in the

-bich metj. ; bichoi^-bich ;
. dar-tniydn.
Midwife, ddyU

Might, (v.) sakna, page 22,

(n.) See * Power/
Mild, gharib : narm ; narm^
diL N. -/.
Mile, mil ; ddha-kos.
Military, the, lashkar. A. -/.
Milk, dudh. A -ka. V. doh-

na, -man, go^dla, -woman,

gOydlin,
Mill, chakki ; dsya. oil-,

kolhu, -stone, chakki ;

sang-i-dsya.
Millet, bdjara.

Million, das Idkh, ten mil-
lions, karor.
Mince, minsh ; (E.). l^imaK

V. -^
Mind, (n.) <7^/, (f.) ; hosh ;

zihn ; ruh, (f.) V. ydd-k, ;

lihdz-k, ; ghaur-k, to put

in -, ydd dildna.
Minister, (of state,) diwdn /

wazir, (of church,) pddri-

sdktb. See pages 52 and 77.
Minor, (n.) ndbdligh. (a.)

khurd ; chhota ; kam, -ity,

kam-umri, (f.) ; kam-sinu
Minute, (n.) ek minat, (E.).

(a.) See * Small.'

• Not Hindustani ; probably Portuguese generally written ^ peon,'

• Applied especially to Muhammad.

• Not often heard, as you generally name the metal.

279

HINDtiSTjlNI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

Mirror, d,inak ; darpan.
Mirth. See'^o^:
Misbehaviour, bad-sal^ku

(v. -k,) bad chalanu V -

hona*
Miscarry, (fail,) biga^-jdna,

(as a letter,) gum-ho-jdna ;
: kho-jdna.

Miscellaneous, har ^ism ka ;
. mutafarril^.
Mischief, badi ; nuJ^sdn. to

make -, bigd^na ; bigdr-d.
Misdeed, bad-fel ; bad-kdm.
Misery bak/ii/, -liness, bukhl^

(m.). -ly, bukhl-se.
Misery, zillat ; bad-hdli ;

be-chdragt ; tangi. -able,

zalil ; bad-bakht ; be-na-
• sib.
Misfortune, bad-bakhti ; musi-

bat ; tabdhu
Mislead, bhatkdna ; rdh-

bhuldna.
Mismanagement, bad-inti-

zdmL V. -k.
Misplace, be-tartib-rakhna ;

kisi ditisrijagah meij, rakhna.
Miss, missdhibahy (half E.);

begam /' sdhib-zddL
Miss, (v.) cMkna ; chho^na ;

{intr.) nahitp lag-jdna, (n.)

chUk ; khata^
Mist, kuhdsah, -y, dhundhla,
Misun<ierstand, use nahifp

with * Understand.'
Mix, mildna; mild-d^^.mildyO,
Moan. See * Groan.*
Mode. See * Manner.'
Model, na^shah. (v. -^.)

(pattern,) namUnah,
Modesty, sharm^ (f.) ; haya^

(f.) ; A. sharmandah ;

lajila, -ly, sharm se
Moist, bhiziga ;tar ; si/a ; gi/a.

V. -k ; bhii}gd-d, ; sildna.
Molasses, gur.
Mole, (animal,) kor-mush.
M<nnent. See * Instant.' a

matter of-, zariiri kdm.
Monarch. See * King.'
Monday, Sombdr ; pir ka roz;

do shatnhah. See page 66.
Money, paise ; rupiye. a sum

of-, mablagh ; zar, (m.),

ready- naJkd rupiye, -bag,

tora ; thailL -changer,

satrdf, -lender, mahdjan.

-less, tihi-dast ; khdli-hdth.
Mongoose, newal.
Monkey, bandar.

' * Khtirshidi begam," (See page 122,) may be translated * Miss Sun-
beam.' Khiirshid is a Persian word meaning the ' Sun.*

hindiJstIni as it ought to be spoken. 27^

Month, mahinah ; mdk.-\yy
or, -by-, mdh-ba-mdh. -ly
pay, mdhiydna; dar-mdhah.

Moon, chdnd ; mdh. See
* Eclipse.' -light, chdndnu
a -light night, chdndnirdt ;
shab-i-mdh. -beam, chdnd
kijot.

More, aur ; aur kuchh;
ziyddah, the more ... the
more, jyoT^-jyoij, ... tyotj.-
tyoij,, the more ... the less,
same phrase, with * nahiij, '

. in the co-relative clause.

Mosque, masjid^ (f.).

Mosquito, machchhar, -cur-
tains, masahrL

Most, beshtar ; sab se ziyddah.
Adv. beshtar ; sab se aksar.

Mother, ma ; mddar ; wdli-
dah, step-, saute It ma,
a - who lias had a son,
larkori, -less, be-mddar^
-ly, md sa, -tongue,
watani^ zabdn, (f.).

Motion, harakat.

Motive, sabab ; bdjs ; mat-
lab ; gharaz^ (f.).

Move, {intr,) hilna ; dolna,
(trans,) hildna ; doldna.

-on, chalna; chald-jdna ;
dge-ba^hdna. -off, chal-d,
-ing, rawdfj^ ; chalta ;
harakat men, as last word
in compos.:... angez^ e.g.
ri^^at-angeZy compassion-
stirring.

Mount. See * Ascend.''

Mourning,^^;«^.V.-/5. -ful>
-^n, -fully, -se.

Mouse, chi^ha ; miHtsh,- trap,
-ddn.

Mouth, mui}h, to make a-,
mwih terha-k, - ful, a,
lu^mahy - of a river,
muhdna.

Much, bahut ; bahutera.
ioo-yziyddah. Seepage 104.
so-so, that, &c., is mar-
tabe kOy kihy dr'C,

Mud, kkhar, {i.) ', gil, (f.).
kddo, - dy, maila ; bahut
kichar haL- wall, mittikidi-
wdr^ (f.); kachchi-diwdr^it)

Mug, mag, (E.).

Mulberry, tiit.

Multiply. See * Increase.*

(arithmetic),y^r^«-
Multitude, ^r^>^, (m,);jami-
yat; ghpl, (m.) \guhdr, (f.).

* • Watan ' means one's fatherland.

?8o HINDlSSTiNI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

Murder, khiin. wilful- i^ati
amd, (homicide), ttail-i-
insdn, V. -/t.; mdr-ddlna,
-er, khtinis hdtiL -ous,
kh{ifj.-rez. -ed, tna^tuL
Muse,(v). sochna; andeshah-k.
Mushroom, musharum, (E.) ;

chhdta ; dharti.
Music, musi^i, -cian, mutrih,
-cal, shirifjL, -cal instru-
ment, bdjd, (with very
many names for various
kinds.)
Musk, mushk, -cat, mushk-
. billi, -rat, chha-chui^dar.

Musket, handu^^ (f.).

Muslin, mal-maL

Must. Fee page i8.

Mustache, muchh, (f.).

Musalman, musalmdn ; tftus-
lim, PI. muslimin. fern,
musalmdnt. their religion,
isldm.

Mutiny, baiwa ; daghdwaL

Mutton, dkeri kg, gosht.

My, mera. See page 30.

Sect, 6.
Mystery, rdz, (m.) ; bhed, A»

rdz ka.

N.

Nail, /r^^. V. -d. ; lagdna,

(of man or beast,) ndkhun.
Naked, langa, or nanga, N.

nangdfi.
Name, ndm ; ism. V. -d,

-less, gum-ndm ; nd-

maaluni, -sake, ham-ndm.
Napkin, hdth ka tauliyah ;

ru-mdl,
farrow, (tight,) sakra ; tang,

(not broad,) kam-arz.

-ness, sakrd,i ; kam-arazL
Nation,' muik ; mulk ke log.

Native, (a.) mulk ka, (n.) sd-

kin ; bashandah, -country,

watan ; des. -ity, j'anam •

paiddjsh, nsital.janam ka.

Natural, ba-ddat ; tabi-i.
nature (disposition.) ddat ;
tabiat ; mizdj ; kho.

Near, (prep.) ke pds ; ke naz-
dik ; ke yahdfj, ; kane, (a.)
nazdik; ^arib;pds ; yahdn.
-ly, karib'^arib, -ness,
nazdiki, -(in blood), bRd^i--
bandi ; barddari.

* The European conception of a * nation ' does not, and never can,
exist in India.

hindi^stIni as it ought to be spoken. 281

^e3it, sufhra, 'S. sutArdyi.

Necessaries. See 'Apparatus.'
-ary, zartir ; Idzim ;
chdhiye. See page 20.
(\)Tiyyy) jd-e zartiraf, -ity,
zanirat. -arily, zarur ;
zariiratan, -itous, muhtdj ;
gharib ; tang Ml,

Neck, gardan^ (f.) ; gala ;
gulu, -cloth, gulu'band.
-lace, mdla.

Need, (v.) chdhna ; viujh-ko
zariir hat, ( n. ) zarurat
-ful, zarur ; dar-kdr, -y,
gharib ; tang ML

Needle, (large,) su^a, (com-
mon;) suyi ; darzan, eye
of-, ndka, -case, stij-ddn,
-work, sildyi ; siij ka
kdm.

Neglect, (n.) be-khabarddri,
(carelessness,) ghaflat,
V. -k.; bhiilna; nahitj. kar-
n^; {2i)ghdfil: Mhil; maj-
ML (with honay these make
verbs.) -fully, ghaflat se,

Negro, habshu

Neighbour, parosi ; ham-
sdyah, -hood, nawdh; naz-
diki ; jagah ; paros, -ly,
ham-sdyah ; barddardna.

Neither... nor, na yih,.,na

wuh ; na ek...na digar;
koj nahif^ ; donoij. nahit^.

Nephew, (brother's son,)^>^a-
tija, (sister's ^ow^bhdnja.

Nerve, tag, (f.) ; nas, (f.).

Nest, gho^s/a ; dshiydna.

Net, jdla ; jdL

Never, Mbhi «^>^f:5^.-theless.
tau-bhi ; td-ham.

New, nau;naya.{ixeshy)tdzah,
-ness, tdzagi. -year, nau
sdL -Year's Day, nau roz.

'SewSyk/iabar, ((.)bdt. good-,
khush-khabari ; achchhi bdL
bad-, bad'khabdr ; khardb
^^f/. -paper, akhbdr; khabar
ka Mghaz.-yiuter, khabar-
navis. yi\\\\ou\.''ybe- khabar.

Next, Jo pichhe hat ; dusra,
-time, diisre wa^t -year,
dyandah'Sdl,

Nice. See *Neat.'

Niche, tdJ^, (f.).

Niece, (brother's daughter,)
bhatijL (sister's daughter,)
bMnjL

Night, rdt ; shab, (f.). to-,
dj rdt ko, by-, rdt ko,
last-, kal rdt ko. a. moon-
light-, chdndni rdt, -and
day, shab-o-roz ; rdt-din,
-dress, rdt ka kap^a.

282 HINDliSTiNI AS IT OUGHT. TO 9E SP6KEN.

Nightingale, shdmah,

Nip, nochna.

No, nahi^ ; ndhi ; na, -one,
ko^i nahit^, nothing, kuchh
nahlf^. -whereykaMitinaM]^,

Noble, Sharif ; asil ; najib,
-man, mir; amir, &»c (ac-
cording to the title en-
joyed.) -bility, shard/at ;
najdbat. the -bility, arkdn-
i'daulat {See paf;e 52);
umara, (PI. of amir,), of
-birth, najib'ZddaK

Nobody, ko^i nahirt, a -, nd-
kas ; nd-chiz.

Noise, shor ; dwdz, (f.);
ghuL to make a -, -k.

None, (person,) ko^i naki^.
(things,) kuchh nahif^.

Nonsense, behudah bdt;ydwah.

Noon, do pahar, (See page
6^.) ; do pahar din ; zuhr.

Noose, phdrj^si, V. phdi^sna.

Nor. See * Neither.'

North, uttar ; shamdL

Nose, ndk, (f.).

Not. See * No.'
Notification, ishtihdr; mand-

dL y. -jdri'k..
Notion, khiydl ; gumdn. to

have a-, -k.
Nourish, pdlna ; parwarisk

m

or parwasti k. or d.

Now, ab ; is -wa^t ; bil-fel ;
hdlan, -a days, dj-kal.

Number, by the numeral
applicable. The English
word * nambar ' is in com-
mon use ; the natives not
having our idiom.Thus, for
^number 8.' they say * thtr
8th.' Also, * there was a
great number of people
present' bahut log hdzir^
ike. See ' Count.'

Numerous. See * Many.'

Nurse, (native,) dydh;^ (Eng-
lish,) nass,"^ (E.) wet-,
dd^i.

Nut, jauz, wal-, akhrot,

Nutm eg, jd-e-phal,

liutnmeni,giiza; g^izd, iyaL

Probably Portuguese,

•That is, 'nurse.'

HINDlJsxiNI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

283

o.

Oar, ddnd.

Oath, kasam ; haiaf. to take
an-, -khdna.

Obey, mdnna; sunna. -dient,
hukm-barddr : tdbiddr,
dience, --/ ; -/.

Object, (thing,) chiz^ (f.).
(aim.) See * Intention.' any
object of pursuit, &c.
matma-i-nazar.

Object, (v.) nd-manzur or nd-
pasand-k, ; itirdz-h, N.itirdz,

Obliged, (compelled,) maj-
biir. N. -/.v. -h (favoured)
mamnun. (v.). mihrbdni-k,
(n.) mihrbdni ; minnat
under -gation, minnat-ddr,
(n.a.). -ing, mihrbdn ; nek-
kho.

Observation, (noticing, )//i^^0;
ghaur;nazar-anddziN .-k,:
dekhna, -er, dekhnewdla ;
nigdh'bdz See * Word.'

Obstinate, sar-kash; gardan-
kash ; sakht ; maghrur,
N. sar-kashi, V. -k.

Obstruct, rokna; atak-kar-d.;

thek'k -ion, rok ; rukd^o ;

atak. This road is -ed,

yih rdh band hat.
Obtain. See * Acquire.'
Obtuse. See * Stupid.'
Obvious, sdf; zdhir; maalum.

Adv. sdf ; zdhiran.
Occasion, (time,) wal^t,

(cause,) sabab ; wajh^ (f.).

(opportunity,) wa^t ; mau-

^a, (need,) kdm ; zarurai,

V. See * Cause.' -ally,

kabhi-kabhu
Occupation, kdm ; dhandha ;

peshah, -pied,(busy,)///ajA-

ghuL V. hona ; fursat

nahii^ >^«/.-pier, dakhl-kdr;

l^dbiz. V. (e.g., a house,)

dakhi-k, ; dakhil-kdr^ or

^dbiz-hona ; kirdya-ddr

hona.
Occur, hona; bar-pd-hona ;

ittifdJ^-hona ; dna ; d-jdna;

pesh-dna. -rence, wuJku^ ;

fel ; kdm.

^ The real pronunciation of this difficult word is that of a short,
dosed Italian * p ' in the first syllable ; very near the * 0/ in * ora-
tion/ * oku.* In Hindustani * 6, ' * u, ' * v, ' and * w ' are written with
one and the same character. Short * o s ' do occur in Hindustani, and
also short * e s ; ' whatever the Grammarians may say. Thus you will
often hear mdharrir^ Mdhammad ; m^htar^ tn^hrbdn, <5r»r,, dr»t:., and
these sounds cannot be said to be wrong. See page 47, Note ii.

284

HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

Ocean, samundar ; sdgar ;
• kdla pdni^ (in.).

Odour, khush'bu, (f). Adj.
mu^attan

Qiy See paoes 5 and 73. of
himself, dp-se; khud ; khud-
ba-khud.

Off, (distant,) dur ; to go-,
(person,) /i«<2/ chald-jdna.
(gun,) chhutjdna, inter j.
dur ; diir-diir /

Offence. See * Crime.'

Offer. There is no corre-
sponding idea in Hindiis-
tdni. Use such phrases as
suit. e.g. He offered io help
me, mujh'ko viadad dene
ko taiydr tha. He offered
(or made an offer of) ten
rupis for the cloth, kapze
ke wdsie das rupiye bola^
and so on. See ' Present.'

Office, (post,) uhdah ; kdm ;
peshah ; naukari; khidmat,
-room, daftar ; daftar-
khdnah ; dfis, {^.) servant
thereof, daftarL -er, ac-
cording to his work, from
the 'hakim,' or 'head'
down to the * mihtar,' or

sweeper. Some of these
are as follow : — Chief sub-
ordinate, sar^rishta-ddr,
reader, pesh-kdr. Writer,
( nat i ve, ) muharrir ; ( Eng-
lish,) kirdni ; translator,
mutarjim. Record-keep-
er, muhdfiz. (all these,
when you call for them,
should get * sahib ' after
their titles) : the copyist or
section-writer, na^l-navis.
the messenger, for near
work, chaprdsi ; for distant
work, piyddah, -cers of
the army. See page 97.
Often, aksar, how-, kae-bdr ?
so, or as-, jat-bdr, tai-bdr.
Oil, iel} raughan ; chikndj,
hair-, bdl ka tel^ and so of
• other kinds of oil : kero-
sine-, kar shift ' (E.) ^^ tel,
mustard-, sarsoij, ka tei,
castor- reziri ka tel. cocoa-
nut-, ndriyalka tel. -man,
tell ; kolu, -press, kolhu.
Ointment, marham; raughan
Old, purdna ; Jkadim, -man,
buddha, -woman, buddhi :
biirhi, -age, burhdpa^

» This oil is now extensively used in Indian houses.

HINDd^STANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

285

of-, Jkadim me?} ; agle
zamdne me^, how - are
you ? tumhdra sinn kya
hat ? a boy of ten years -,
das bar as ka larka.

0\\\e^jal'pde,

Omelet, mamlet, (E.).

Omnipotence, J^udrat A.
Jkadir.

On, par; (lit. and fig.) ke
upar. - a person's side (as
a friend,) ki taraf. - this
account, is-wdste. - that
day, us-roz. - this, is-par ;
tab, I shall reach - or by,
the day after to-morrow,
parsozi tak. - the contrary,
bil-aks I bdwujiid is-ke.

Once, ek dafah ; ek bdr, all
at - (persons acting to-
gether.) sab-mil-ke; ehsdth,
(ditto, suddenly,) a^^^//«>^;
ndgdh ; ndgahdtjt. - or
twice, do ek martabe, -up-
on a time, sdbik dinofjt me?^.

One, ek, often followed by
* Me?,' an expletive, not to
be translated, but equi-
valent to * unit ' -another,
ek'digar, some- ko^i ; ko,i
ddrnt, a certain -, fuldnah ;
fuldnah ddmi. - by -,

ekek. it is all -, ek hi bdt

hat; kuchh/arJk nahi^ hat.
Onion, piydz.
Only, ek ; ekla ; (merely,)

sirf ; fah^at ; khdli.
Onward. vS>^ * Advance.'
Open, (v.) kholna ; khol-d,

(a.) khiila, -land, viaiddn;

khulijagah. See * Liberal'

~ing, rdhy (f.) ; bhitarjdne

ki rdh ; bdhar dne ki rdh ;

nikds. -ly, zdhiran ; sab

logojj. ke sdmne.
Opinion, rd^i or rd,e ; khiydl ;

I hold this -, meri rd^i

yih haiy kih, &^c.
Opium, (msidey)a^un, (grow-

^"&) P^^^' oi^e who uses -,
a/imi ; posti.
Opportunity. iV^ * Occasion.'
Oppose. See * Obstruct ,*
mukhdlif hona, -ponent
mukhdlify (also as an adj.)^
-position, muzdhamat ;
rok ; rok-iok; at kd,o, -po-
site, (adv.) j^w«(?; (prep.).
ke sdmne.
Oppression, ztdlm ; zabar--
dasti ; sakhti, V. -k. -or,
zdlim, -ive, zabar-dast ;
sakht ; sang-diL -ed>
mazlum. -^iwdyjjabran.

286 HINDliSTiNI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

Oral, zabdnu also adv.
Orange, ndrangL
Orator, zabdn-dwar. -y, -/.
. -tion, tai^rir, (f.) ; bahs, (f.).
Orchard, bdgb. / baghdn^

(L.B.).
Order. See * Command * and

* Arrangement.' -ly officer,
ardali, (E.).

Ordinary, maamMi ; bdzdri ;
chalni; jo dasttir hau

Origin, jar; asl ; bunydd,
(f.). -al, asli; awwal,
-ally, shuru se ; ibtida se.
See * Beginning.*

Ornament, si^gdr, (f.); zeb ;
drd^ish ; khush-numdj, V.

, singdrna. -al, zeb-dwar;
khush-numa, -ed, drds-
iah; khtib-surat

'Ortolan, bageri.
Ostrich, shutur-murgh,

/Other, (extra,) ««r-<?^. (differ-
ent,) diisra; digar. See

* One.' some one or -,
ko,i na ko,u some thing or
-, kuchh ; kuchh na kuchh.
-wise, aur ; aur taraJi se,

;• -wise, nahin' io,
\ Oven, tanuK

/Over, upar, (prep.) ke tipar;
.far. -and above, is ke

stwd,e ; aldwah is ke ;
ziyddah ; aur. Verbs com-
pounded with * over,' must
be translated according to
their meaning, there being
no corresponding prefix
in Hindiistdni,e.g., he went
over ( = across) the river,
darya ke us pdr gaya. he
overcame ( = removed) my
scruples, us-ne niera pas-o-
pesh (hesitation) dabd diya.
-look, mu^df'k. See 'Ne-
glect.' -night, rdtkewaJ^t ;
rdt'ko, -sight, bhul ; chiik^
(f.) ; ghalat, -take, djdna ;
pds dna; ke pds pahuijchna.
-turn, ultdna ; uitd-d.

Ought. See page 1^, Sect, 2\.

Our, hamdra ; ham logoij. ka.
with *own.' See page 30.
we -selves, ham^tum; ham-
donotp (if only two.) ; ham-
sab^ (if more.), among
-selves, dpas men.

Out, (adv.) bdhar, (prep.)
ke bdhar^ to go-, bdhar
jdna ; nikaljdna^ (as fire,)
bujhjdna^ to give-, kahna;
zdhir-kar-d, ioCTy-^pukdr-
na, to put-, (as a light,)
butd-d,) bujhd-d, --oi^ (a

HINDlJsTiNr AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 287

place, or a number,) meij.
se. (a material,) se, -of
(e.g.) fear, daf ke mdre, -of
breath, be-dam, -of time,
be-wait -of spirits, tidds ;
ghamgin. get-, dut! diir!
diir-dUr/ -most, sab-se d^r,
-let, nikds ; muhdna,
-right, f^re piUre taur se.
Outrage, zutm ; be-hurmatt ;
be-izzatu V. -^.

Owe, (money,) fiarz rakhna;
l^rz-ddr hona, owing to,
se or ke sabab se, e.g. dMp
sCy owing to the heat.

Owl, ullu.

Own, {2iAy) See page ^o. (y,)
(e.g. property,)... rd;/5A«a/
mdlik hona, -er, mdlik;
idbiz; dakhl-kdr; sdhib-i,,,
e.g. sdhibukhdnah.

Ox, ba^iL -cart, -gd^L

P.

Pace, iadam, (V. -ri^.); (^^.
Pacify, khush-k, ; rdzi-k, ;

thanda-k. N. use these as v.n.
Pack, (v.) chiz sab band kar-

na, -et, gathri ; pdkiiS^).
Pad, gaddi ; namdah. V. is

meij. fii^i (or other mate-
rial,) dena.
Padlock, -fiyf / tdla.
Page,, (of book,) safhah ;

waral^. (servant, ) khds ;

khds naukar,,
'P2igt3LX\iy''Ty,fyaskam;ha'shmat.
Pail, bdlfi, milk-, dokni, '
Pain, dardy (™«)^ soztsh ;

diikk: to 'feiej -, ^uthdna ;

dard ka; dard-angez.-fuWy^
dard'Se. -s, mthnat ;
za^mat V. -k, ; -utkdna.

Paint, (n.)rang, (m.) ( v.) (as
an artist,') khit^chna, ( as
an artificer,) -^^^-lagdna,
-er, (artist,) musawwtr.
(artificer,) rang-rez, -ed,
manJ^uSh ; j is par rang diya
^gayd ^z/.-ing,a, tas'wlr, (f.).
(the art oQfiaswir^kasAi,*

Pair. See^Join.*

Palace, rang-mahal ; rdjbdzi.

'Palanquin, pdlki, -bearer,
-wdla ; -b&rddr /> berar^
'V (EX ' - '■ "'

khdna.'to cause---, -^, -ful, 'Palatfe, fdlu.

I ■■

• • - r . » r .

'' See page 22». SeeiSf 32 aiid 31* - \

: G^ •. From-the Persiwii *kasA/iian,* • to draw.'

4 jr.

288 hindiJstXni as it ought to be spoken.

Pale, {i^ct,) zard ; piia, (gen-
eral word,) halke rang ka.
Palette, rang ki takhti.
Palm, (according to its kind,
followed by ^gdchk ' tree,)

date, khajiir. cocoanut,

ndriyaL arec&nut, supiydri,

plantain, kc/a.
Palsy, siiang.
Pan, pdn^ ;E.); tdbah. -cake,

pdn-kek, (E.).
Pane, shishe ki takhti.
Panel, iakfi ka takhiah.
Pantaloon. /a//w«, (E.).
Panther, chita.

Pantry, khdnsdmdtf. ka kamra.
Paper, kdghaz, blotting-,

/i/-. -biscuit, paf^i.
Parable, tamsi/y(f,); masal,({,)
VATSidisejjannat ;Jlrdaus, (ra.)
^ Paralysis, lai,wah.
Parasol, ckhdta.
Pardon, afu ; mu^dfi, V. -d, ;

uzr manziir-k, ; niu^df-k,

^melmUjd/ kijiye ; bura

na mdniega kih maiij.^ 6r*r,

-QdyPiu-df.
Parent. See Tather.' *Mo- .

then' -s, fnd'ddp. -al,

wdliddna ; pidari.
Parish, sukunat; maJkailak ;

mauza.

Park, ramna ; niaiddn.
Parlour, baithne ka kamra /

khds^ or, khalwat'khdnah.
Parrot, tota (m.); toti, (f.).

• Parsley, pdrsli^ (E.)

Part, (n.), juz ; tukra; hissah.
(concern in,) aAf>&tf^.(side,)
taraf^ (f»). (v.). bdi^tna ;
hissah-kar-dy to take one's

• -, tarafddr hona, to take
in bad -, bura mdnna. to
take in good -, bhala-

jdnna ; pasand-k, -ial,

tarafddrl N. tarafddri, -ly^

kuchh. -ially, tarafddri se.

-isan, tarafddr, -ition,

ta^sim^ (f.).; batwdra.

-icularly, (in detail,) tafsi-

Ian, (especially,) khususan.

Partner, sharik ; hissa-ddr„

-ship, shardkat; hissa-ddri.

Partridge, titar.

Party, .,,ki taraf ke log.

(-ies in a s\x\i,) fariJ^ain,
Pass, (v.) jdna ; chald-jdna,
(as time,) (intr,) bit jdna,
-away, ho-jdna ; ho chukna.
-time, (trans.) sarf-k, -cur-
rent, jdri'kona, -across/i
pdr or ubiir-k.-ovtr^ (over-
look,), mu^df-h ; chhot'd.
come to -. See 'Occur/

k

HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

389

to - one's word for, pai-
mdn-k. ; izhdr-k. the past,
jo giizashtah hat.

Passage. ^(f'Outlet/ 'Extract.*

Passion. See * Anger.* to be
or get in a-, jhaljhaldna.

Paste, (batter,) /<?,/. (on a
pie,) karast, (E. crust.),
-board, tut, pastry, samo-
sak; mathri ; pestari, (E.)

Pasture land, chard-gdh, to
pasture, chardna,

Pat, (n.) thak ; tamdchah,
V. -d. ; (as a thing flap-
ping,) thak'thakdna.

Patience, sabr, (f.). V. -k.
Adj. sdbir. Adv. -se,

F3Ltient,2iydimdr ddmi ; mariz.

Patron, murabbi ; parwar^ as
last word in compos. : e.g.
gharib-parwar, - of the
poor, -age, himdyat. -ize,
murabbi hona ; parwasti-k.

Pattern, namiinah.

Paw, (n.) panjah ; changul,
(v.) tdpna.

Pay, (n.) talab ; tnushdharah ;
(daily,) rozinah, (month-
ly,) dar-mdhah ; mahina.

{ye2LT\y,) sd/-dna. V. ^d. (an
account, &c.,)add'k, --able,
JO dena hat. -ment, ada.

Pea, pedLSf matar.

Peace, suth, (f.); saldmat,
(of mind,) khdtir-jama ;
taskin^ {{,). (rest,) drdm
to hold one's -, chup-
rahna, to break the -,
balwa-^k, -ful, be-fasdd^
-fully, be-fasdd se ; chup-ke.

Peach, sha/t-diu.

Peacock, mor^ or tnhor.

Pearl, moti^ (m.).

Peasant, kisdn ; grihist ;
rafyat, the -try, ra^dya.

Peck, thongna.

Peculiar, khdss ; mukhtass^
-ity, khusiisiyat; khdssiyat,
-ly, khusiisan.

Peg, mekh^ (f,).

Pellet, goli, a - bow, guiel.

Pen," iuilam, -knife, -tardsh,
-box, - ddn, - and ink,
dawdt ^alam, V. -band-k,;
likhna. See * Restrain.'

Penal, wdjib-us-saza, the
Indian - Code, majm^^ah
tdzirdt'i'Hind,

^ As natives always used a reed for writing, there are no words for
a ' nib,' or a * pen-holder.' But ^lohe ka kclam^ is in use for the form-
er, and ^kalam ki lakri^ for the latter. Natives now use ' nibs.'

T., H. 19

29b HINDdsT^Nt AS IT OUGHT TO RE SPOKEN.

Pencil, p€nsil^ (E,).
Penury, tangi ; tang-dasti.

-ious, tang'dil ; bakhiL
People, log; ddmi ; khaid^iJ^,

(v,) basdna ; dbdd-k.
Pepper, mirch, (black,) gol-,

(red,) Idl-. V. -^. -box,

-^dn.
Perceive. See * See.'
Perfect, (a.) kdmil ; piira ;

sdkhtah ; pukhtah ; tamdm,

V. -k. -ion, kamdl; ikmdl;

tamdmi, -ly, bahut thik ;

tamdm-o kamdl.
Petform. See * Do.' -ance

(doing,) fel ; kdm^ &»c.

(completion,) tamdmi.
Perfume. See * Odour.'
Perhaps, ho sakta hat ; shd-

yad,^
Period, arsah ; muddat ;

wai^;zamdnah ;(^ong,) yug.
Perish. See * Die.'
Perjury, jhiHthi-fiasam. to
• commit -, -khdna ; jhuthi

gdwdhi-d.
Permanent. See * Firm.'
Permission, ijdzai, V. -d, ;

dena with the inflected in-
finitive of anything per-

mitted, as in the common

phrase, *jdne do^ permit

him to go.
Perquisite, dastM,
Person. See 'Being.' -ate,

bhes-k, ; nal^Uk, ; sHrat

bandna. -ation, by the v. n.
Persuasion, targhlb^{i.)y ,-d.
Perturb. See * Confound.'
Perverse, mukhdlif ; ziddL

V. -hona, -ness, zidd ;

mukhdlafat.
Pestle, sot^ta.
Pet, (n. a.) pydra^ (m.). -/,

(f.). V. pydr-k.
Petition, darkhwdst; guzdrish;

arZy (f.) ; suwdl ; nibedon ;

baydn; bdt, V.-^. -er, sdjil^
Petticoat, pittikot?
Phial, shishL
Pick, (v.) chunna; chun-lena.

(flowers,) to'cna. - a quar-
rel, lax'd^i uthdna. -axe,

phauxa ; kudra.
Pickles, //>&^7/, (E.).
VictVLXt^taswir, {i.)\na]^shah.

-frame, dhdt^cha. See

' Draw.'
Piece. See * Part.' -meal,

tukre-tukfe.

* Persian * it may be,* from * shudan^ * to be.*
^ Indian ladies don't wear petticoats.

HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN,

291

Pierce, chhedna ; chhed-k, in-
strument for -ing, chhCy-
oni.

Pig, sd^ar.

Pigeon, kabiUar. - house,
-khdnah.

Pile, (heap,) dher, (f.) ; am"

. bdr, (of cloth, )r<7,f(^. (post),
khambha.

Pilgrim, (to Mecca,) hdjL
(generally,) tirathu -age,
(to Mecca,) hajj. (gene-
rally,) tirath.

Pill, goli; habb, (f.).

Pillage, (n.) lut, V. -k, ;
iiitna, to be -ed, lutna,
one who -s, IMya,

Pillar, sittin ; khambha.

Pillow, takyah. -case, -ye
ka ghiidf.

Pin, (n.) (for clothes, &c.)
pin, (E.). (small bolt,) kil,
(f.) V. -lagd-d.

Pincers, sangsi ; chimta.

Pinch, (n.) noch. V. nochna ;
chutki-lena.

Pine-apple, anannds.

Pious, din-ddr; khudd-iars ;^
sdlih ; nek, piety, ia^wa;
khudd'iarsL

Pipe, (smoking,) (native,)
kuk^hiah. (English,) paip^
(E.), (for e.g. "VidXtx,) nal ;
nai, (f.). (cask,) pipa.
(musical,) ba^sL V. baij^si
bajdna.

Pistachio, pisiah.

Pit, garha ; chdh, V. -k.

Pitch, (n.) iiir, (v.) (e g. a
tent,) khaxak, ; taiydr-k.
See * Throw.'

Pith, guda.

Pity, (n.) rahm ; mihrbdni,
V. -k, -iful, rahim; mihr-
bdn. -iless, be-rahm^

Place, (n.) jagah, (f.) ; ja;
makdn ; gdh, as last part in
compos : Ste * Rank.'
*Take.' in this place, is
jagah meij, ; yahdn^ (v.)
rakhna ; or by special
description, e.g. kha^a-k,
to erect ; gdrna, place in
the ground, bdndh-d, to
tie up, and so on.

Plain, (n.) See * Park.' (a.)
(unadorned,) sdda. (level,)
bar-d'bar / samdn. -deal-
ing, sdda-dilL -ly, sdf ;
zdhiran, -ness, sddagi.

From the Persian, ^tarsidan^ ' to ear,'

29» hindiJstAni as it ought to be spoken.

Plaint, ndiah. (in Court). See
'Petition.* -iflF, mudda^i ;

faryddL -ive, -ly, ndldf}.
Plan, tadblr, (f.) ; hikmat ;

upd^e, V. -k. ; -bandna ;

-nikdina. See * Drawing.*
Plane, (tool,) randah, V.

-chaldna; randesesamdn-k.
Plank, takhtah.Y, -lagdna.
Plant, (n.) paudha ; per.

V. -lagdna.
Plantain, kela.
Plaster, lep, V. lepna,
Plate, bartan. -ed, mulam-

ma.
Platform, chabutrah ; takh-

tah ; tnachdn.
Play, (n.) khei, (m.); as last

word in compos : bdzi, V.

khelna^ (on an instrument,)

bajdna, -day, chhutti ka

din ; iaiil^ (f.). -fellow, j^^fr/

ham-bdz, -fulness, alol^

(f.). -ful, alola, -house,

ndch ka ghar. -thing,

khilauna.
Pleader, (in Court,) vakil;

mukhtdr, -ing, bahs^ (f.).

V. bahs-k.
Pleasant, achchha ; khiib ;

khush ; dil-pazir, -ness,

pasanaidagi ; khush-taba^i ;

raghbat. to please, khush--
k. ; rijhdna. -ed, khush ;
rdzL -ing, khush; mak:^
bdl. pleasure, khushi^
(will,) marzi ; khushi -
ikhtiydr, please God, in-
sha alldh.
Pledge, {n,) giro ; rihn, (m.)^
V. --rakhna, -d, marhun.
Plenty, bahut ; ghanimat /
ifrdt -iful, bahut ; bahu-
tera, -ifuUy, ifrdt se.
Pliers, chimta.

Plot, (of ground,) takhtah -
^iiah; chaman. (of evil,)
sdzish ; bandisk, V. -k.
Plough, (n.) hal or hdl V.
hal-ba^il-k, ; joina ; chds-k^
-man, halwdha ; chdsa.
Pluck, torna. See * Courage.'^
Plug, datta ; thent
Plum, bair, (f.). -tree, -gdcMu
Plunder. See Tillage.'
Ply, (in cloth, &c.) tah. (v.>

e.g. a trade, kama.
Socket, jaib, (f,). V. -^ej^
rakhna. -book, baydz^ (f.).
-handkerchief, r&mdh
Point, (of stick, &c.) nok^
(f.) (dot,), nuiitah, on the-
of, par; fiarib tha kih^ ^c^
tho^a bd^i tha kih^ &*c.

HINDlisxiNI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

293

-ed, nokila, to-, (sharpen,)
tez'k, to -out, baild-d.

Poison, zahr^{i,) ; bis^ (m.).
-ed, -aludah, V. -^.

Pole, bdt^s ; chob ; lakri ;
khambha.

Police, polis^ (E.). -office,
thdnah, -officer, thdna-
ddr; ddroghah ;jama'ddr ;
kdj^stabil^ (E.). (for vil-
lages,) chauki'dfir. Up-
country, they say kottvdl,
for a head police-officer;
and kotwdiiy for his office.

Polish, (n.) raughan ; mom-
raughan ; pdlish^ (E.). V.

» -lagd d, ; sdf-k.

Polite, adabi ; khali^, -ness,
adaby (m.) ; khul^^ (f.). -ly,
khuli^ se.

Pomegranate, andr.

Pond, tdldb^ (m.).

Pony, tattu.

Pool, (water,) ddbar^ (m.).

Poor, gharib: kangdl; muflis,
(in spirit,) gharib: miskin;
nicha, the poor, gharib-
log. See Toverty.'

Poppy, post, one who uj^es
opium, postL

Populous, dbdd; gul-zdr.
-ness, dbddi ; maamuri.
popular, dmrn-pasand.

Porcelain, chin^ ke barian.

Porch, osdra ; de^orhi.

Pork, su,ar kagoskf,*

Porridge, (oat-meal,3) pdrich^
(E.). (of rough native
flour,) suju (of crushed
wheat,; daily a.

Porter, (at g2Xt,)darbdn, (car-
rier, J^uli; motiya; barddr.
{dx'mV,) portar shardb,{{.).

Portion. - See *Part.'

Portmanteau, pefi ; bakaSy

(E.).
Position, jagaA, (f.). to place

in -jjagaA me^ rakhna.
Possess. Seepage 75. Sec, 13;
dakhl-k, -ion, ^abzaK
-ions, nidi ; daulat ; chiz
sab^ and by their special
names, as *milkfyat,' land-
ed possessions, 6^^. -or^
dakhl'kdr ; Jkdbiz ; mdlik ;
sdhib-i.., . (e.g. khdnah,)

• Chin is China.

• You may have English ham and bacon on your table ; but never
the native animal.

• Oat-meal itself is also called *pdrich,'

294 HINDlSsTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

Possible, mumkin ; ho sakta
hat. -bility, with Jo, -ibly,
shdyad ; ho sakta hat, to
be -, mumkin hona ; ho-
sakfia,

Post(for letters, &c.). See page
98. See 'Appointment;'
'Office;' *Pillar.'

Posteriors, chiitat ; pickhd^i.

Posterity, pasinu to all -,
naslan baad nasi.

Postpone, (make delay,) der^
or deri'k, (adjourn,) man-

Voi^deg; degcha;degchi; hdt^^t.

Potato, dlu.

Potter, kumhdr, -y, matti ke

barian.
Poultice, lOyi, V. ^lagdna.
Poultry, murghd-murghu
Pound, (n.) ddha-ser; ekpaun,
. (E.). (v.) pisna ; (beat,)

pitna, the village -, berha ;

paun^ (K). to impound,

pdun meij. rakhna.
Pour, ddlna ; ddl-d. a - of

rain, jhari.
Poverty, iflds^ muflisi ; tangi;

iang-dasti.
Powder, (for fire zxvci%)bdrut,

(small dust of anything,)

chtiran.

Power, iudrat ; ^tiwwai /
ikhtiydr ; hukm ; hdth.
-ful, zoT'dwar ; zabar-dast,
-fully, zoT'Se, -less, nd-
tawdn ; kam-zor ; durbaL
-fulness, zabar-dasti ;

bafd^i; zor-dwari ; idl^at

Practice, mashfi, (v» -k. )
(habit,) ddat (custom,)
dasitir; riwdj, V. hona.

Praise, taarif, (f.). V. ^k. ;
--d. -worthy, ^dbil-i-iaarif.

Prawn, chi^gti.

Prayer, namdz, ((.), V. -parh-
na. Set * Request.*

Preach, waaz-k, -er, wd,iz,
-ment, {stxmov\,)waaZy (ro-)»

Precaution, khabar-ddri,

V. -k, ; khabar-ddr hona.

Precede, dge-jdna^ or chalna,
-dence in rank, ta^dim^
(f.). to give ditto, -dena, to
enjoy ditto, -Una,

Precious, (affection,) aziz /
pydra, (V. -rakhna),
(price,) besh-iimat, V.
-hona.
Precise. See 'Exact.* -ly
thik ; bi^ainihi.

Preface, tamhld, (f.).
Preference, pasand^ (f.). ;
chdh; khwdhish, V. chdhna;

HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 295

pasand-k, ; bihtar satnajh-
na ; us-se is-ko pasand-k.
to assign a -, tarjih-d,
-able, bihtar ; dusroi} se
achchha.

Preferment, taraJkf^i ; ba^hti;
barhdj.

Preparation, taiydr-k, (v. n.);
faiydri. V. taiydr-k, ; in-
tizdm-k, (make,) bandna.

Prescribe, kahna ; hukm-d.
(as a doctor,) dawa-d,
-ption, nuskhah.

Present, (n.). See 'Gift.' (a.)
hdzir ; sdmne ; pesh ; ru-
ba-ru ; taiydr ; maujtid.
-ce, (lit.) hdziri, (respect-
fully,) huzur, in the - of
many people, bahut logoi}
ke sdmne, — of mind,
teZ'Zihn ; hoshydri, -ly,
fauran^ dr'c. See page 54.

Preserve. See * Defend.'

Press, (v.) dabdna ; dabd-d,
(constrain,) majbur-k, (n.)
(of people,) guroh^ (m.) ;
g?ioly{m.). (for clothes, table
things, &c.) almdri^ (oil>)
kolhu, (printing,) chhdpne
ki kal? -ure, dabd^o ; ddb.

-ed labourer, begdr, -ed

labour, begdru
Pretence, bahdnah ; uzr ;

Miah. V. ~k. .
Pretty, khub-silirat ; suthra^

-iness, -/. (somewhat,)

kuchk'kuchh. See Part I.

'Sa.'
Prevalence, ghalbah. -ent,

jdri; phaila hit, a ; muraw-

waj.
Prevent, mana-kar-d ; rokna ;

chhei^kna ; atkdna ; bdz-

rakhna; thdmna; N. rok ;

chhet^kdyO ; atkdyO ; muzd-

hamat
Previous, -ly, dge ; peshtar.
Price, Jkimat; ddm, rate of-,

ntrkh ; bhd^o.
Prick, {trans,) chubhona,

{intr, and passive) chubh-

na, (n.) kdrj^ta ; khdr. -up
one's ears, kdn uthdna, -ly,
khdr-ddr, -ly heat, gha-

mauri.
Pride, ghunir ; dimdgh, A.

maghnirs V. with hona.
Prime, (n.) bahdr^ (f.). -min-
ister, wazir, (di.) awwal ;

awwal kism ka.

I. Not HindUstdni ; probably Portuguese. Confer French, ' almoire,
and Scotch, * autnrie.' • * KaV is masculine in the western jparts.

296 hindi5stAni as it ought to be spoken.

Prince, shdh-zddah^ (fern.
-dL); Mif^war; rdj-kumdr;
jub-rdj, -ly, -sa.

Principal, awwal ; sab se
baf^a.

Principle, sabab ; sabab-i-aw-
wal^ jaf^ (f.); bunydd^ (f.).

Print, (v.) chhdpna, -ed,
chhdpa M^a, -ing, by the
v.n. -ing-press, chhdpne ki
kaL -ing-house, chhdpd-
khdnah, -er, ckhdpne-wdla.

Prison. Ste ' Jail.'

Private, khds5;khud^ (in com-
pos :) e.g. khud'kdshty one's
reserved cultivation, or
* home-farm.' -room, khal-
wat-khdnah; khdsS'kamra,
a - soldier, sipdhu in - and
in public, khalwat-o-jal-
wat meij: -ly, khalwat
meti.

Privy, (n.) ghusl-khdnah ;
jd't'Zarurat ; tattu

Probable, aghlab ; mumkin,
-bility, jo aghlab hat ;
ihtimdl, to be -, ihtimdl
hona ; ^ho sakia haiJ -bly,
shakk bahut nahifj^ hat ;
shdyad ; ghdliban.

Proceed. See * Go.' -cedure,
kdr-rawdyi ; The Code of

Criminal Procedure, maj-
mHyah zawdbit faujddri.
ditto Civil, majmiti^ah
zawdbit diwdnu -ings,
jo sab kdm kiya gay a hat ;
pairavi ; kdr-rawd^ i.

Proclamation, ishtihdr ;

manddi, V. ^k. ; -jdri'-k,;
mashhtir-k, ; zdhir-k.

Procure, Idna ; mangwdna ;
tnangwd'lena.

Prodigal, fusul'kharj\-\\.y^^u
Produce, (v.) dena; paidd-k.

(n.) paidd,ish; paidd-wdr;

fasly (f.). -ductive, zar-

khez, —tdi,patda.
Profess, kahna ; waadah-k.

(a trade, &c.) karna.

-ion, (what one alleges,)

bdt ; baydn ; kahna^ (v.n.) ;

waadah, (trade,) peshah ;

kdm ; dhandka.
Profit, fd^idah ; nafa •

mahdsii, to make -, ->5. ;

"pdna, -able, fdjda-

mand.
Progress. See * Advance.'
Prohibit. See * Forbi<1.'
Promise, waadah ; i^rdr ;

paimdn, V. -k.
Promissory-note, /£/>, (f.) ;

iamassuk.

HlNDlJSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

297

Promote. See *Aid.' (ad-
vance,) barhdna ; tara^-
ii'd, N. bharti ; tara^J^L

Pronounce, kakna, (sen-
tence,) hukm dena, -nun-
ciation, talaffuz.

Proof, dalily (f.) (evidence,)
shahddat ; gaivdhu V. -d.

Prop, balliytekni, Y.-rakhna,

Propagate, upjdna ; paidd-k,
(by grafting, )^aAi;// lagdna.

Propel, dge chaldna.

Proper, durust ; wdjib ;
sahih ; thik , -ly, thik ;
achchha ; achchhi iarah se.

Property. See * Possess.*

Prosecute, (any work,) karna;
karid-jdna ; chaldna ; pat-
ravi-k, N. ta^ah^^ub ; pair a-
vi; kdr-rawd^i. (in Court,)
mu^addamah, -tor. Ste
'Plaintiff.'

Prospect, (view,) madd-i-
nazar, (e.g. of success,)
ummed, (f.).

Prosperity, bhaidj ; nek-
bakhti ; daulat ; barhti,
V. -meij, hona ; -metj rah-
na ; -metp guzrdn karna,
-ous, the nouns followed
by * mef} ; ' ba-khatr. His
affairs are prosperous, us

ka sab kdm ba-khubi (or
achchhi tarah,) \chalta
hai.

Protect, bachdna ; bachd-d, ;
pdndh'd, ; parwarish-k,
(from justice, &c.) Hiposh
rakhna. -tion, bachd^o ;
hifdzat ; muhdfazai ; dsra,
(watch fulness, ) nigdh-bdni.
self-tion, or defence, hi/d-
zat-i-khud, -or mdiik ;
sdhib ; hdfiz ; murabbi ;
dast'gir ; nigdh-bdn.

Provide, hdzir-kar-d. ; iaiydr-
k, ; saranjdm-k, -visions,
khdne ki chiz sab. (for
troops, &c.,on the march,)
rasad^ (f.). -dent, khabar-
ddr ; duT'andesh,

Province, subah, governor of
a-, suba-ddr.

Provoke, rls-kardna, N.
chirh^ (f ).

Prudence, khabar-ddri; hash-
ydri ; tadbir, (f ) ; imtiydz^
(f). -dent, khabar-ddr ;
hosh-ydr. V. adjs. with
hona, -tly, khabar-ddri^
<5r»^., se.

Prune, (n.) pariin, (E.) ;
stikhi bair^ (f.). (v.)
chhdntna ; chhdnt-k.

298

hindiSstAni as it ought to be spokkn.

Public, the, log sab ; dmrn-o-
khdss ; khaldyi^ a - ser-
vant, sarkdr ka naukar,
the - service, sarkdr hi
naukari, (well-known.)
maalum ; zdhir ; mashhiir,
-ly, zdhiran ; sab logoij. he
sdmne.

Publish. See * Proclaim. ' (as
a book,) jdri'k, -er, with
'jo:

Pudding, puding^ (E.).

Puddle, dabra^ or dabra.

Pull, khivch, (f.). V. khinch"
na ; tdnna, (L. B.).

Pulse, (of the body,) nabz^
(f.) to feel the -, -dekhna,
-sat ion, tis.

Pulse, (grain,) known by its
various kinds, e.g. moth;
ddP- ; urad ; chana ; muf}g]
kaldyt ; but, dr'c.y d^c.

Pump, (v.) pdni uthdna, (n.) ;
pampah or bambak, being
attempts at the English
word, natives having no
pumps ; and few mechani-
cal contrivances.

Punctual, -ly, bar-wa^t,
-ality, -hona, (v.n.).

Punishment, saza^ (f.). V. -d.

deserving -, wdjib-us-saza.
Puppet, putlL
Puppy, pilla.
Purchase. See *Buy.'
Pure, sdf'jZuldl; pdkizah, -ity,

-ness, safd^i; pdki ; nekL
Purgative, a, julldb ki dawa,

(f.). V. jhdrna.
Purgatory, irdf^ or ardf.
Purple, Idh
Purport, mazmun ; matlab ;

tnani.
Purpose. See * Intention.'
Purse, klsah ; kharitah.
Pursue. See ' Chase.'
Push, (n.) dhakka, V. -d. ;

thelna.
Put, rakhna ; rakh-d, ; baith-

dna ; baithd-d, -away, le-
jdna, -back, wdpas rakhna,

- crossways, dra rakhna,
-off, (e.g. clothes,) utdrna,

- off, (make delay,) deri-k,;
mau^uf-k, - on, (clothes,)
orhna; kapre pahinna^-OMt,
(e.*:.) a person, nikdl-d,
(a light,) bujhd-d. (money
at interest.) sud par dena.

- an end to, khatam-kar-d.

* A pleasant dish known as khichri, (vulg. kichary)^ is made by
mixing ' ddl' and rice, cooked, of courst**, but served dry.

HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BK SPOKEN.

299

-to shame, shatmdna ;
lajwdna, - in mind, ydd
dildna, -to flight, Mrt^<f-^.;
ghdlib hona, - past, apne

pds rakhna, - up with,
barddsht-k, - to death,
mdr-ddlna ; ^atl-k,
Tutty, pufi'^g, (E.).

Q.

Quack, (as a ,duck,) ^^e^-
l^di^'k, (oneself.) id/zani-k.
-^ery, IdfzanL

Quail, bater.

Quality. See * Kind. ' ' Rank.'

Quantity, miJ^ddr,

Quarrel, jhagxa ; lardi ;
J^aziyah. V. -kr, jhagarna ;
larna, -some, jhas^rdlu,
to pick a -, Ikaziyah uthdna;
or bar-pd-k.

Quarry, (stone,) sang kl kdn,
(lime,) chune ki kdn,
(game,) shikdr.

Quarter, (n.) chauthd^i;pd^o ;
chahdrum. -rii[;i, chau-
antiL 5(ftf 'Neighbourhood.'
-of a town, mahallah ; tola.
-s, maikdm. See pages 64
and 9 1 note, (v.) chdr hissoij,
men bdt^tna, -in battle,

• • • 7

amdn^ (f.). to give -,
dmdn-d.; bachdna -(billet,)
chdr-pdra-k, -ly, si-mdhah.
Queen, (M.), vialikah; J^at-
sar, {H,) rdni ; maM-rdni,

Question, (n.) sawd/, or
suwdL (v. ) puchhna; sawdl-
k. out of the -, bahs ke
bdhar ; behudah, -able,
mitshtabah.

Quick, Jald ; tez; tund; ckust,
N. jaldi ; tezi ; chtisti ;
shttdbt, -ly. See page 54.
V. daurd-d; tez-k, -(alive,)
zindah, -lime, bari, -sand,
chor-bdlu, silver, pdra.

Quiet, (a.) chup ; sdkin (as
an animal,) gharib, (n.)
drdm ; rdhat ; khdnioshi,
(v.) thanda-k. ; sdkin-k.
to keep -. (intr, )chuprahna.
-ly, chup' ke ; dhiste.

Quill, shdh'par, (writing,)
par ka J^alam,

Quilt, razdyi.

Quince, bM,

Quit. See 'Abandon.' -tance,
fdrigh-khatti,

Qu i te, bil-kull; ta mdm.-rlgh t,
(Mk; khiib; bahut achchha.

Quotation, iJ^tibds, V. -k.

300 HINDdSTiNI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

R,

Race, (descent,) asi^ ( f- ) ;
nasl^ (f.); khdnddn, (horse,
&c. )dauf, -course, ^^«r-
dau^.

Radical, asli ; bunyddi.

Radish, mulu

Rafter, lattha ; barga,

l^g, g^dar ; gudri.
Rage. See ' Anger.' he has a
rage (for, &c.,) us-ko ba^^a

Railing, a, katahra ; beta,
V. "iagdna. See ♦ Abuse. '

Railway, rel-rdsta, (half E.).
-train, reiki gdri^dn, -en-
gine, injitiy (E.). -ticket,
rel ka tikat, (E.). -station,
isteshan, (K.).

Rain, {n,) pdni {m,) \ bdrish;
mei^h ; bdrdn^ (Persian.)
V, ^hona ; barasna, -y,
pdni ka. a - day, pdni ka
din. the -y weather, bar-
sdt ; barsdt ka mausim, a
storm of -, jhari. -coat,
bdrdni kurti ; if water-
proofs, barsdti kafre,
-pock, (in horses,) barsdti,
-bow, dhanak^ (m.).

Raise, uthdna ; uthd-d ; kha-
ra-k. -crop, &c. upjdna.

Raisins, kishmish.

Ram, (n.) bhe^a, (v.) thdsna;
thelna, -mer, durmus.
- rod, banduJ^ ka gaz.

Random, at, ittijdi^an ; be-
anddz ; be-iadbtr.

Rank, (position,)yV7^(a^, (f.);
darjah ; martabah, high -,
shdn^ (f.) ; sar-fardzi ;
shaukat

Rap, (v.) (at door,) thof^kna.
See * Strike.'

Rapid. See * Quick.'

Rare, kam ; jo kam dekhne
metj, (or hdth mei^.) dta
hai, N. -/.

Rascal, bad-zdt ; hardm-zd-
dah, -ity, bad-zdti; hardm-
zddagi. Adv. with se.

Rash, be-Uhdz ; be-tadbir.
-ness, -I. Adv., use the
Adjs.

Rate, (n.). See * Price,' * Mar-
ket.' {v,)gdli-d.

Rather, with se. I would
rather sleep than eat, nii^td
karna mujh-ko pasand hai
khdna khdne se. See * Pre-
fer.' (somewhat,) kuchh-
kuchh.
Raw, kachcha. N. kachdj.

HINDliSTiNI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 30I

Reach. See * Arrive.' Tower.'

Read, farhna, -to one, park-
sundna, -er, parhne-wdla.
read, paxhd-hu^a, a -ing,
parhdj. -ing and writing,
(reversed,) likhni-pa^hni.

Hesidy, faiydr, -iness, -/.V.-^.

Real, as/; ka/ki^i ; sachcha,
-ity, kaJkiij^at ; asi hdl, -ly,
albaitah, (interj.) really
now ! sach bdt I (interro-
gatively.)

Reap, (lit.) kdtna ; katni-k,
(fig.) hdsil-k. -er, kat-
waiya ; kdtne-wdla, -ing
hook, haswa, or hasua,
-time, kafdft.

Reason, (for a thing,) sabab ;
wajh^ (f.). (mind,) a^/,
(f.) ; hosh ; fahm, -able,
ma^ul ; wdjib ; mu^dfiJ^,
-ableness, shdjstagi ; ma-
J^^liyat; durusti; aJjilmandi.
Adv. with se.

Rebel, (n.) bdght. V. -hona,
-lion, baghdwat -ious,
bdghu

Rebuke, sar-zanish,^ V. -k, ;

. dokhna ; iizdm-d.

Receive, Una ; iab^l-k, ;

milna. See page 50. (a per-
son,) dne-dena, (a receipt,)
rasid ; fdrigh-khaiti, .

Recent, nau ; ihore dinoij, ka^
-ly, ihore dino^ se ; ab.

Reckon, gtnii-k,; ginna ;
shumdr-k, (fig.) samajhna ;
khiydl'k ; J^iyds-k, -ing,
ginti ; hisdb-k, (v.n.).

Recollection, ^^^, (f.). V. -k,
to recollect oneself, hosh
Jkd^im rakhna; nahii} ghab-
rdna.

Recommendation, stfdrish.
V. -k, a letter of -, -ka
khatt.

Recompense. See 'Reward*.

Reconcile, tnildna ; mild-d, ;

sulh'k, ; tasfiyahy (or tas-

fi^ahyk. N. mel ; tnild^o ;

sulh ; tasfiyah. a deed of

-iation, sulh-ndmaK

Record, (v.) likhna, (put
aside in o^zt^ddkhil-k, (n.)
(bundle of papers,) natthi ;
misL ((,) ; hdg^azdf -room,
daftar ; dafiar-khdnah ;
muhdfiz'khdnah. -keeper,
muhdfiz'i'daftar^ generally
called * muhdfiz ' only.

^ From ^ sar^ 'the head,* and Persian, * zadan^* *to strike,' *to

punch *

302 HINDOSrXNI AS IT OUGHT TO BK SPOKEN.

Recover, (thing lost,) pdna ;
ntilna, (from illness,) ach-
chha^oxbhalako-jdna, -ery,

. (of a thing,) pher-pana^
(v.n.)from illness, ackhd^i ;
bhaidyi ; shifa.

Recreation, tafarruj.

Red, Idl ; surkh. N. surkhi.

Redress, insdf. V. -/^., or d.

Reed, nai ; fialanu

Reference, zikr ; (v. -k^ (for,
e. g. another person's opin-
ion,) rtiju, V. "k, * I
refer you to Mr. A.' A.
sdhib sepjichhiye.

Reflection, soch ; fikr^ (f.) ;
andeshah ; ta^ammul, V.->^.y
sochna ; fikrmand hona.

Refrain, nahii^ karna ; par-
hez-k, ; bdz rahna.

Refreshment, (by rest.) drdm;
rdhat ; dsiidagi, (by food,)
kuchk khdna ; iifin ; jaU
pdn, V. drdm^ &*c. Una ;
kuchh khdne ki chiz lena,
(by amusement,) bahldna ;
khush'k.; iamdsha dekkna.

Refuge, dsra ; of; pandh ;
dr, to give -, d.

Refusal, inkdr ; ndmanzuri ; .
V. -k.

Refuse, (n.) dkhor ; fuzIaK

Refutation, radd^ (v. -k,) ;
jawdb. (v. -d,).

Regard. See 'Look,' * Re-
spect.' I regard him as a
father, odp ki tarah, maiij.
uska lihdz karta huf,t.

Regiment, paltan,{t) ; saidrt.

Region, mulk ; jagah^ (f.);
nawdh ; taraf^ (f.), or, PI.
atrdf.

Register, registration ; regis-
trar, these words are re-
presented by various cor-
ruptions of the English,
which must be locally
picked up : Vernacular
words for similar matters
will be found under * Re-
cord.'

Regret, ofsos ; hasrat ;
(strong,) soz, V. --k, ;
-khdna ; pachidna.

Regular; (in routine,) hasb
^didah ; hasb zdbttah; das-
ttir ke mu^dfii, -ity, (in
work, &c. ) intizdm ; band-o-
basf^ (m.). tartib^ (f.) ; (as
to time,) bar-waJ^ty pahutf-
chna^ karnay df^c, a -lation,
dyin ; ijidniin ; hukm.

Rejection, nd-manzuri ; nd--
pasand'k,(v,n,) wdpas dena

HlNDlJsTiNI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 303

(v.n.) V. nd-manzur-k, ;

wdpas-d,; nd-pasand-h ;

pherna, a rejected (article,)

phiria,
'R^xgn^juliis; saltanat; AuM-

mat; amalddri; bddshdhi ;

rdf\ V. -k, in the reign of

A., bddshdh A. ke aiydn?-

meij.^ oxjulus met}.
Reins, rds^ (f.); bdg^ (f.).

V. -khif^hna ; ~khat^a-k,

to put on the -, -lagdrd.

(loins,) kamary (f.).
Rejoice, khushhona; rijhna ;

shddmdn-hona.
Relate. See *Tell,' 'Connec-

tion.*
Release, (n.) rihdj ; khalds;

khaldsi i chhutti.V, -d, ;

chhot'd.
Relief, drdm, V. -^. (of a
guard,) badli, V. badai-k.
Religion, din ; mazhab,

-gious, din-ddr. -gious-

ness, din-ddri ; khudd-

tarsi.
Relinquish. See 'Abandon.'
Relish, (n.) zd^i^ah ; mazah ;

ntimat ki chiz, V. laziz-k, ;

khush'ZdyiJ^ah se khdna.

Remain, (stay,) rahna ; tha-
harna ; sabr-k, (be over,)
bdjii'hona ; bachna.

Remains, (of food, &c.) jo
bachuy or bdi^i hat ; dkhor ;
fuzlah, (mortal,) murdah ;
Idsh, (f.).

Remark. •$•(?<?* Say,' * Word,'
&c. -able, ajib ; ajubah.

Remedy, ildj ; upd^e; tadbir,
(f.); chdrah, Y,'-k.;-batIdna,

Remember, khdtir met} rakh-

na ; ydd merj^ hona, to call

to mind, ydd-k, ; cketna,

(to cause a person to -,)

ydd dildna, N,ydd, (f).

Remind, ydd dt'/dna.

Remit, (a portion,) ghatdna;

ghatd'd,; kam-k{\hQ whole,

a penalty, &c.) mu^df-k.

-ting, by v.n. -taiice, cha-

Idn ; irsdl.

Remove, {trans,) le-jdna ;
dur-k, ; hatd-d, ; nikdl-d,
(intr,) jdna ; chald-jdna ;
uth'jdna ; hat-jdna, (one
from service,) rukhsat-d,;
bar-khdst-k, ; maazul-k, ;
(in a coarse way ) nikdl-d?
N./jy v.n,; dusrijagakjdna.

* i.e., timesy PI. of *^a«/«,* which is also Hebrew.

• Equivalent to our colloquial, *kick him out?

304

HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

Render. See * Give/ • Trans-
late.'

Renounce. See 'Abandon.'

Renown. See 'Fame.'

Rent, (house, shop, A'c.)
kirdyah, (land,) mdl-guzd-
ri ; jama ; khazdnah ;
khirdj. -free, Id-khirdj.
rate of -, nirkh ; sharah.
-roll, jama-bandu

Repairs, -ing, marammat
V. 'k.

Repeat, ^phtr,^ or ^pher^ with
appropriate verb. e.g. phir
kahiyey please say it again,
repetition, by v,n, -edly,
aksar ; bahut dafe.

Repent. See 'Regret.' -ance,
naddmat -ant, pashemdn.

Reply. See 'Answer.'

Report. See ' Inform.' -of a
gun, bha^dka -of an oc-
currence, khabar ; (if de-
tailed) surathdl}

Repose, (rest,) drdm ; rdAat ;
fardghaU (sleep.) nind,
V. -Una, ; letna ; sona.

Reprimand. See ' Rebuke.'

Reproach, fan ; tanah, -ing,
tana-zani, V. -k.

Reproof. See ' Rebuke.

Reptile, kira ; kirm.

Reputation, (general,) ndm,
(good,) nek-ndmi, (bad,)
bad-ndmi, Y ,jdnna; ginna.

Request. See ' Petition.'

Require, (desire,) chdhna. (a
person to do a thing,)
hukni'd, (to be in need of,)
by hona and the 3rd Per-
son, e.g., I require a watch,
mujh'ko ghari zarur^ or
darkdr hau as may be
required, jaisa zartir hoga.
-sition, talab ; iltija^ (f.) ;
hukm.

Rescue. See 'Save,' 'Protect

Resemblance, mushdbih ,
mushdbahat, he resembles
his father, wuh apne bdp
ka mushdbih hat.

Reservoir, hauz ; tdidb^ (m.) ;
khazdnah ; pokhar.

Resident. See 'Inhabitant.'

Resign. See 'Abandon.'

Resin, dhUna,

Resistance, rok-tok; muzdha-
mat V. "k.

Resolve. See 'Intend' -lute,
mustakilL

* A technical phrase ; properly '
event,' a formal report drawn by an

J^<ra^f-Aa/,'=' appearance' of the
investigating officer.

hindiJstIni as it ought to be spoken.

305

Respect, (v.) aziz-rakhna ;
tzzat'd,; bara jdnna^ to
pay one's -s, kisi ki
tazim-k ; dddb bajd-ldna ;
saldm-k, {n.) adab, izza/,
act of showing -, tazim,
(f.). in all -s, ba-^ar-stirat
in this -, is amr me^
kih, 6r*c, ; is bdre mei},
-able, achchha; bhala; mu-
tabar ; izzat-ddr ; wdjib-ut-
tazim, -ful, mu^addab.

Rest. See *Repose,' 'Re-
mains.' the rest, (people,)
aur sab log. (things,) jo
bdki'hai, -less, be-drdm ;
be-^ardr, -lessness, be-
drdmi ; be-^ardri.

Restrain, rokna ; atkdna ;
bdz-rakhna; chhe^kna. -t,
rok ; atkd^o ; muzdhamat

Result, natijah ; hdsil ; phal ;
nikds ; dkhir, V. these
words and hona : The
enquiry has resulted thus,
tahiiiikdt ka natijah yih
haiy kihy &*c.

Resurrection, the, J^iydmat

Retain. ^tf*Keep.'-er, tdbiddr.

Retire, yi/a rahna. See ^ Go
away, -d, chJupa, -ment,
khalwai,

t., h.

Retreat, (e.g. of an army,)

(n.) pahlu-tihi, V. -k.

(place of private -,) khal-

wat'gdh.
Return, (go, or come back,)

pher-dna ; pherjdna ;phir'

na ; lautna. (give back,)

wdpas-d, li, by v. n. -ed,

phiria ; phirta Mi^a,
Revenge, intikdm, V. '-Una.
Revenue, khirdj ; dmadani ;

dmad, (f.). -free, /d-khirdj.
Reverence. See ' Respect.'
Reward, indm ; bakhshish.

V. d. ; bakhshna.
Rheumatism, bdyi.
Rhinoceros, gait^da. -horn,

khdg.
Rib, panjari.
Rice, (in field or husk,) dhdn.

(cleaned, but dry,) chdwaL

(cooked,) bhdt.
Riches, daulat ; mdl ; dhan.

rich, daulai-mand ; dhani.
Ride, (v.) sawdr-hona ;

sawdri'k, -ini', sawdri, a
ride, gho^eparhawakhdna,
V. n. -er, sawdr.
Right, (a.) (done well,) thik;

durust ; achchha bhala,
(just,) wdjib ; nek; ha^k
kemu^dji^, on, or to the

20

306 HINDlSSTiNI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

-hand, ddhine, (n.) insdf;

ha^ii, -or wrong, ha^k nd-

hafiii. to put -, durust'k.

-eous, nek; sddi^; musallL

-ful, mmtaha^^.
Rind, chhilka^ to tdke off the

^yChhilna ; chhilka utdrtia.
Ring, (v.) {trans.) bajdna.

{intr,) bajna, (n.) at^giithi ;

angushtari.{c\xc\t,)dd^irah.
Riot, hangdmah ; balwa,

V. "k. -er, guhdr4og.-o\x%

hangdmah kar-ke,
^x^^pakka ; pukhtah. -en,

{trans,) pakdna. {intr,)

pakna. -ness, taiydri ;

pakkdyU
Rise, utkna; uth-jdna, (stand

up,) khara-hona, (in life,)

ba^hna ; bara-hona ; iara^-

^ipdna, (ascend, )r^r^«fl.

(in rebellion,) balwa-k. (as

plants,) upajna, (as bread,)

sujna. (in price.) is-ki

J^imat ba^h-ga^i hat.
Risk, khatrah, to run -,

-uthdna.
Rival, harif; raJ^lb. -ry,

ri^dbat, V. -k.
Road, nf>4, or rak^ (f.); rix/'^.

high-, jtffa^, (f ). (lane,)

gali.

Roar, (n.) j^urrish, (v.)
ghurrdna.

Roast, (n.) rost^ (E.) ; kabdb.
V. ->&.

Rob, /2//;ya ; iHt-iena, -ber,
rtfA-0a«.gang -ber, dakait.
-bery, rah-zani, (by a
gang, ) ddka ; dakaiti, a rob-
bery took ^^zxit^ddka pafa^

Rock, (n.) patthar ; sang.
(v.) {trans,) hildna ; jhul-
dna. {intr.) hilna ; jh^lna.

Roll, (v.) {trans.) lapetna.
{intr.) lotna, (from side to
side,) lot-pot-K (n.) (e.g.
of paper,) binda. (rolling
about,) lot'pot, dinner-,
rol, (E.).

Roof, chhappar^ {(,) ychhat.

Room, a, kamrah ; kothi; as
last part in compos:...
khdnah. {s^diCt^) jagah, (f.)
(stead,) iwaZy or ewaz. -y,
khula ; kushddah ; bara.

Root, (n.) jar; (fig.) asl ;

jar; bunydd, (f.). to -up,

ukhdpta. to take-, jar

pakarna. - and branch,

bil'kull.

Rope, rassi ; dori. to-, -/agd-
d. ; -se bdndh-d.

Rosary, tasbih, (f,).

HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 307

Rose, gul ; guldb ; gul-db-^
phut, otto_ of-, iir-i-guldb,
-bush, guidb gdchh. -gar-
den, gul-tstdn, -water,
gul^db. -y, gul-rang.

Rot, sarna, -ten, sara, -ten-
ness, sardhind.

Rough, kharkhara^ -ness,
kharkardhat

Round, (spherical, ) gol, to
make-, -k, (circle,) dd^-
irah; ghera, to put any-
thing - another, gher-k, to
go a-, ghum ho^ke jdna, to
go -s, (as an officer,) roun-
gasht'L (half E.), all -, har
taraf, ^nese, go/shak/, (f.).

Row, (line,) iatdr^ (f.). See
* Riot.'

Royal, s/id/it\ -ty, bddshdhi,
the-fsimWy yMdnddn-i-sMki.

Rub, (tnfr,) ragar-k. {trans.)
malna; mdlish-k, N. (scrap-
ing,) ragar. (e.g. with
hands,) mdlish, a thing for
rubbing body with, khisah.

Rubbish, kurkut ; M^a ;
rdbish^ (E.)

Ruby ^yd^tU; IdL

Rude, gustdkh; be-adab.
-ness, -/ / -/. Adv. with se.

Rue, {n,)suddb. (y,)ta^assuf-k.

Rug, kammal, (f.) ; kamlt.

Ruin, khardbi ; tabdhi; pare-
shdni, V. -^. a -, khandar.
-ed, be-marammat ; shikas-
iah ; tutapMta,

Rule. See * Government.'
-er, (for desk,) inistar, to
-paper, safar-khati^chna.

Rumour, afwdh ; hawara.

Run, daufna. (as time,) bit-
jdna, (as water,) bahna,
-out, (as water,) cMna ;
tapakna, -out, (go done,)
^^z;« >^^«<3! ; ghatna, -away,
bhdg'jdna, cause to -,
daux'dna ; daura-d

Rust, zang ; morchah -y,
zang-dhidah. This has
turned rusty, w-/ar ^tf;?^

S.

Sabre, shamsher^ (f.)
Sack, (n.) ^t?r^. {v.) iutna.

Sacred, mu^addas, a -place,
makdts.

* See Glossary, Part I. * A'b.

3o8 hindi}stAni as it ought to be spoken.

SsiCnfice^k urfidn. W.-k, self-,

nisdr. V. -k.
Sad, udds; ghamm-gin : afsur-
dah, to -den, -^, -ness,
uddsi ; afsurda^ ; ghamm.
Saddle, zin, (f). V. -^dndh-d.
-cloth, -posh, -horse,
sawdri kd ghora. saddler,
zingar ; mochi.
Safe, tndtmtn ; said/nat, N.
saldmat; bachd^o; ttmindn,
(hanging.) dolt, -ly, ba-
khair. See *Save.'
Saffron, zafardn.
Sagacity. See * Intelligence.'
Sago, sdgu.
Sail, (n.) pdL (v.) Jahdz

mei!p chalna.
Saint, wait ; pir, the -s,

auliya.
Salad, saldd^ (E.) ; sabzi.
Salary. See * Pay.'
Saliva, tkuk.

Salt, namak, -dish, -ddn,
-spoon, -ka chammach^ or
chanicha. -petre, shorah-
Salutation. See page 7$,
Same, ek ; ek-ki ; eksdn ; ek
Jkism ka ; bardbar, this -,
yihi^ that -, wuhi. in
compos : ham, this is the
same as that, yih aur wuh

ek'hi haii;^. They both
arrived on the same day,
we donoi^ ek roz pahuf^che.
Sample, namtinah.
Sand, rei ; reg ; bdlu, -bank,

char, -y, balu^a.
Sandal, sandaL
Sapphire, nil-mani,
Satan, Shaitdn; lb lis.
Satin, atlas.

Satisfaction. dil-tashaffi ;

khdlir-jami ; taskin, to,

feel — rakhna, -tory pas-

and; achha ; khub, -fied,

rdzi ; khush, V. -k.

Saturday, Sanibdr; Sanichar.

Savage, (a.) jangli. (n.)

- ddmi. See * Cruel.'
Sauce, sds^ (E.). -pan, sds-

pdn, (E.).
Saucer, pirich.

Save. See * Rescue.' to -
money, &c., Hipiye^ mdl^
&'c,^ jama-k.
Sausage, sassich, (E.); J^ulma.
Saw, (n.) dra, (v.) dre se
ckirna, or kdtna, -dust,
bi&ra, -yer, drdkash.
Say, (speak,) bolna, (tell,)
kahna, people -, khabar
hai ; hawara hat, a -ing
bdt ; kaha ; baydn, it is

HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

309

commonly said, aksar

sunne meij. dta hat.
Scaffold, machdn.
Scale, (balance,) tardzu,

(degrees,) silsilah.
Scanty, kam. N. -/.
Scare. See * Frighten.' -crow,

bijh-gdh.
Scarf, orhnu

Scatter, ckhiirdna ;chhitkdna.
Scene, (view,) madd-i-nazar,

(arena,) akhdra ; khet ;

inaiddn, (show), tamdsha.
Scent. See ' Perfume.'
Scheme, hikmat ; tadbir^ (f.);

khaydl ; mansiibah.
Scholar, (pupil,) shdgird ;

(learned person,) dlim-o-

fdztl ddmi; maulavi^ (M.);

pandit^ ( H. ). -ship.

Urn. (m.).
School, ishkiil, (E.) ; tnaktab-

khdnah ; pdt-sdla, -master,

ishkul-mdstar^ (E.). usidd;

guru ; ffiu^al/im.
Scissors, ^aif^chi ; miJ^rdz,
Scold, (n.) randi -ing, a,

jhirki ; gdli, V. -d. ;

jhixakna.
Scorpion, bichchhu.

Scoundrel. See * Rascal;'
Scrape, (rasp,) ragarna, (e.g.

off rind,) chhilna ; chhil-d.
Scratch, (n.) khardsh. (v.)

khujidna.
Scream, (n.) chilldhat V.

chilldna ; chtkhna,
Screen, par dak; tatti;jhdmp, *

V. "iagd'd,; {?ig.) bachdna;

pandh'd, ruposh rakhna.
Screw, iskru, (E.); peck ;

marori, V. ~d.
^cxM^\^^ pas-o-pesh ; waswds;

shakk, V. -k, he overcame

my scruples, us-ne rnera

paS'O-pesh dabdya.
Scrutinize. See * Examine.'
Scullion, mashdlchL
Scum, kaf. V. -le-jdna.
Sea, samundar; darya; kdla

pdnL (m).
Seal, tnuhr ; chhdp, V.

-lagdd, -ed, makhtum,

-ing-wax, Idkh, a stick of

-ing- wax, Idkh ki batti.
Seam, dokht ;jor.
Search, iaidsh; khoj; dhurtdh;

just-o-ju, (f.). V. -k, ;

taldshna ; khojna ; dhiin-

dhna, -er, with 'y^.'

* This is generally moveable ; put on and taken off, like shop-shutters.

3IO HINDtjSxiNI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

Season, mausam. Seepage 80.
-ing, masdiah, V. -d.

Seat, (of body,) dsan; chiUar,
(for sitting on,) dsan;
baithak^ (ty, chauki; kursu
to have a good - on a
horse, dsan mdma, (v.)
bithdna or baiihdna.

Second, (number,) dusra ;
sdni ; doyum, (time,) iah-
zah, (v.) madad'd.; idnat-d.
-ly, doyum ; dusra yih
haiy &c.

Secret, (n.) bhed ; rdz^ (m.).
-crecy, rdz-ddri. (?i.)posht'
dah ; chhipa ; ghd^ib, -e,
chhipdna. -ly, chhip-ke.

Section, fasl; dafa; jumlah.

Secure. Ste * Safe.'

Sedition. See * Revolt.'

See, dekhna; nazar-k,; idkna,
to be able to -, sujhna.
(eye-sight,) sujh^ (f.). -ing,
nazar-k, (v.n.) -ing that,
chundnchi ; ch{ir}kih.

Seed, (n.) biya ; bij, -h'ng,
chdra ; bihan. -plot, bihan
ka iakhlah, -time, bone ke
din, -pearl, rez-i-vioti.

Seek. See 'Search.'

Seem. See * Like.' it seem?,
maaliim hota hat, -ingly,
dekhne mei}.
Seize, pakaxna;pakar-Iejdna;
girift^ ox giriftdr-k, (confis-
cate,) zabt'k, -ure, pakar^
(f.); zabti, (by illness,)
dmad, (f.).
Seldom, kam ; thore wakt.
Select. ^^<f*Choose.' 'Extract.*
Self. See page 30. -conceit,
khud'Pasandi, -defence,
hifdzat'ikhud, -denial,
nisdr, -tVidtnt^khud-zdhir^
-mXtrtstikkud-gharazi, (f.).
-ish, khud-gharz, -ishly,
khud-gharzi-se, -murder,
khud-kushi,-\i''^^ sar-kashi.
Sell, bechna ; farokht-k, to
be sold, bikna, -er, bd^i ;
bechwaiya ; bechne-wdia /
as last part in compos :...
farosh, buying and -incj,
kharld-farokht, ^
Semi, nisf ; nim ; adh ; ddh.
Send, bhejna ; (goods, &c.),
chdldn, or rawdnah-k, -for,
buldna ; talab-k.
Sense. See * Intelligence,*
* Meaning.'

* From the Persian, * kharidaii^' * to buy,* and *farokhian,' * to i-ell.*

hindi5stXni as it ought to be spoken. 311

Sentence. See * Decision.'
-of book, Scc^jumiab,

Sentinel,/<ij-^<i«; pahre-wdla.

Separation, judd^i; mufdra-
iat. A. juda ; aiag ; aid-
hidah ; mutafarra^, V.
karna with the adjs. -ly,
juda-juda ; alag-aiag ; ek-
ek, (by kinds,) jinswdra.

Sergeant, dafa-ddr;jama-ddr;
sdrjan sdhib (half E.).

Serious, wazani; bhdru (as
injury,) shadid, (of dispo-
sition,) sanjidah, -ness,
sanjidagi.

Sermon, waz.

Serpent, sdmp ; ndg.

Servant, naukar ; chdkar ;
khidmat-gdr; muldzim, the
-s, naukar log. Seepage 35.
V. 7iaukari^ or khidviat-k,
-w \ce3ib\e, kdm ka ; mufid.

Set, (v.) See * Place.' one's set,
barddari'} ham-zdt; taraf-
ddrdn ; dostdn.

Settle, (in a place,) basdna ;
btid'O-bdsh-k, (a dispute,)
iai-k.; mita-d, (an account, )
add'k, (in life,) sar-khud-k,
-ment, band-o-bast. -r,
khud-bdsh.

Several, baaze; chand; ko^i ek.
-ly, ek-ek ; juda-juda.

Severe, sakht, -rity, sakhti.

Sew, sina;sildj-k, -mg^sild^u

Shade, sdyah, \aimp-,/dniis.
V. -d. -dy, idyaddr.

Shadow, aks ; sdya. See
' Shelter.'

Shake, {trans.) hildna;hild-d,
{intr,) hilna, N. hild^o.
(tremble,) kdmpna,

Shallow,(a )uthla,{n.) uthldj.

Shame, sharm, (f.) / shartn-^
indagi ; Idj, ( f. ) ; hay a, (f. ).
to feel -, lajdna, to put
to -, lajwdna. -faced,
sharm-ru. -ed, sharm-sdr,
-ful, mayiib, -fully, sharm-
se. (badly,) bahut khardb
iaur se. -less, -lessly, b
sharm.

Shape, (n.) shakl^ (f.) ; daul;
stirat. (v.) bandna, -less,
be-daul, -ly, khtib-stirat ;
sii-daul.

Share, (v.) bdi}tna ; iaJ^slm-
k, ; hissah-d, (n.) hissah
haJ^J^ ; ikismat, -r, hissa-
ddr ; sharik ; bhdgi.

Sharp, tez, (v. -k,). (in point,)
nokila, -ness, tezt\

*From the Persian ' baidiar,' ' a brother.'

312 HINDI^STANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

Shave, hajdmat-k. ; miitfdna.
-n, mundla, ^-mg^chfUian;
chhilka.

Shawl, shdL

She, j^/A / wuh. Set page 30.

Sheep, a, bherL sheep, bheri^-
dn, a flock of -, bhexioff'
kagallah, -fold, bhe^i-sdla,
shepherd, bhefi-wdla.

Sheet, chddar^ (f.). -of paper,
kdghf^z ka iakhiah.

Shell, chhilka. V. -, --utdr^.

Shelter, (n.) pandh^ (f.) ; dr ;

sdyah. V. -d.
Sheriff, ndzir ; sherif sdhib.

(half K).
Shield, (n.) dhdi, (f.) ; sipar.

V. See • Protect'
Shine, chamakna; raushan-h,
Sh\p Jahdz.V-mei!^ charhna^

or charhdna. -master,

sdhib'i-. wreck, -shikanL
Shirt, kO'Viis, (f.).
Shock. See * Blow.' (offend,)

chirhdna, -ing, -ingly,

MA«/ khardb.
Shoe, y«//. horse -, «^/.

-msLkerjjuti'Wd/a ; mochu

-ing a horse, vdl-bandu

V. -^. See page 90.
Shoot, r>^«/a«^i, with the name

of the weapon before it, as,

bandiik^ (f.) a gun, //r, (m.)
an arrow, to - rubbish,
kuf^a phet^knoy or ddina,
to- as plants, upajna.

Shop, diukduy (f.). -keeper,
-^<ir, -keeping, ^ddri,

^hoTty kindrah ; pdr.

Short, ^<7Afii, chhota.^, koidhi;

chhotdyi. ill -, al-J^issah ;

algharaz, -en, -^. -ly,

(soon,) M^f/ der ke baad ;

jald, put -ly, mukhtasar.

Shot, (for gun,) chharra.

gun-, rA^/.

Shoulder, kdttdha.

Shout, (n.) shor ; baland
dwdz. (v.) pukdrna ; chil--
Idna ; lalkdrna.

Show, (n.) tamdsha, (v.)
dikhldna ; dikhld-d. ; bat-
Idna ; baild-d, ; zdhir-k.

Shower, jhari ; barkha.

Shrimps, chif^gxi.

Shrine, dargdh.

Shroud, kafan, V. -lagd-d^

Shun, kisi se alag-rahna.

Shut, (a.) band; lagd hu^a.
V. band-k, ; lagd-d, -ter,
(Venetian,) jhilmili ; (of
bamboo,) jhdmp ; tatti ;
(of wood,) kapdt.

Sick, bimdr ; rogi ; mariz.

hindi3stXni as it ought to be spoken.

3^3

V. "hona, -ness, himdri ;

rog. -ly, sust ; kdhil or

kdhilah ; kam-zor.
Sickle, hasu a, or haswa.
Side, taraf, (f.) ; baghai, (f.);

pdnjar ; jdnib ; bdzu, (e.g.

of a river,) kindrah, this-,

is taraf, that -, us taraf ;

pdr. on all -s, chdrofp

taraf, to - with, taraf-ddr

hona ; taraf-kashi-k, to -

against, dusri taraf Una ;

mukhtalif hona.
Sieve, ghirbdl^ (f.) ; chalni,

to pass through a-, (trans,)

chhdnna,
"Sigh, {v\,)dh^(i,),V ,-khaii^ch'

na.
Sight, nazar, (f.) ; basdrat ;

stijh, (spectacle,) tamdsha,
"Sign, (n.) (indication,) /V/4i-

ra^. (signal,) nishdn, V.

Signature, saMh ; dast-khatt,

V. -^./ -i
Signify. See *Mean.'
'Silence, khdmoshi, V. -rakh-

na ; chup rahna. A, chup ;

chup-chdp ; khdmosh ; (for

want of having any reply,)

Id-jawdb, Interj. chup !

chup raho J Adv. chup-ke.
Silk, resham, -en, -ka ; -/.
Silly, sddah ; murakh, N.

sddagi ; murakh-pan, a

-fellow, sddah iauh,
Silver, r^pa; chdrj^di, A. -ka.
Simple, (single,) khdli,{e2Lsy,)

sahl ; salis, (plain,) sddah,

(in mind,) gharib : rdst ;

nek, -plicity, ^jo ' with

these adjs. -ply, sirf ;

khdli ; fa^at.
Sin, pdp ; gundh. A., also

a -ner, gundh-gdr, V. -k.
Since, {i\me.) J ab-se^, ..tab-se;^

se, ' (cause,) chiu^-kihS . . . is-

wdste}
Sincere, rdst ; nek ; sach,

-cerity. rdsti ; neki ;

sachd^i. -ly, with se.
Sinew, nas^ (f.).
Single, singular, ek ; akela;

tanha, -Iv, ekek.
Sink, (trans,) dubd-d, (intr,)

dubna.
Sir, miydt} ; sdhib ; khudd-

wand.
Sister, bahin, -in-law, (a

man's wife's sister,) sdii.

* In the first clause. * In the second clause. Seepage 104.^

314 hindiJstIni as it ought to be spoken.

(a man's brother's wife,)
bhojdj, (a woman's hus-
band's sister,) nanad ; na-
nand (a woman's brother's
wife,) bhdwaj.

Sit, baithna.

Size, ^adar, (f.) ; mi^ddr.

Skill, sAu,t/r ; hunar ; ilm ;
wu^iif, -ful, hunar-mani ;
mdhir, -fully, by se.

Skirt, ddman.

Skull, khopri ; kdsah-e-sar.

Sky, dsmdn, -blue, -rang.

Slab, chatdriy (f.) ; siL

Slack, (/-^//<c7,( fig.) xwj// narm,
N. dhil ; susti ; narmi.

Slander, bad-ndmi; gdli ; tuh-
mat, V. -d, -ous, bad-
ndm^ &'c. kibdt, -er, with
jo, -ously, with se.

Slap, (n.) tamdchah. V. -d.

Slaughter, ^atl ; khuij.-rezi,
(V. -k.) of animals, zabh ;
haldl. V. -^.-er,(butcher,)
kassdb, -house, kassdb-
khdnah.

Slave, chera ; laui^da ; ban-
dah ; ghuldm, -ery,^ ban-
dagi; ghuldmi.

Sleep, nind^ (f.) ; khwdb,

V. -k, sleepy, ninddsa. I

am very sleepy, nindkarne-

ki khwdhish hat.
Sleeve, dstin.
Slender. See Thin.'
Slice, salaiSy (E.) ; phdi^k ;

kdsh, V. idrdshna ; kdtna.
Slip, (v.) khisakna, (n.)-

(cover,) ghildf, (mistake,)

bMil ; chuk, V. -^.
Slipper, slipat^ or silpat (E.) ;

pd-posh.
Slope, (n.) dhdlu, V. {trans. y

-k, -ing, dhdl. to be -,

Slow, iez nahirj, ; dhistah ;
dhima, -ness, dhistagi, -ly.

dhiste ; dhiste-dhisie.
Sly, mutafanni ; makkdr,

-ness, hirfat. Adv. with se^
Small, chhota ; khurd, -ness,

-td^i ; khurdi, -^ox^ sitla;

chechak.
Smell, bu^ (f.) ; su^gh^ (f.).

sweet-, khush-bu^ a nasty-,.

bad-bu, sense of -, skdm-

mah. (v.) {trans.) suj^ghna,

{tntr,) bU'd.; bu ka hona.

* All slavery, in India is domestic slavery ; to which our harsh words,
* slave* .and ^slavery' are hardly applicable.

hindi5stAni as it ought to be spoken.

315

Smile, (n.) tabassum V. -k.
Smith, (iron,) lohdr, (gold,

&c ,) sondr ; zar-gar.
Smoke, (n.) dhu,dt?. V. {intr,)
-nikaina, to-tobacco, &c.,
iambdku, &^c, pina.
Smooth, chikna; samdn ; bard-
bar; musattak,Y .-k. -ness,
chiknd^i; bardbari.
Snaffle, (bridle,) kazai.
Snake, sdmp ; ndg ; mdr,
(Persian.) there are many
kinds ; of which the worst
are ih&guhmanah, cobra-di
capello, and the ^ karaiiJ
which has no English name
known to the Author. -of
a * hiikkahJ i.e. native

• • • /

(smoking) pipe, naichah.
Snare, phdt}da ; ddm, V.

phdndna ; phd7}de niei} pa-

karna.
Sneeze, (n.) chhifjk. V. -na.
Snipe, chdha.
Snoring, (n.), kharrdia, V.

-mdrna ; ndk kharkhard-
na, or bajdna.
Snow, barf. V. -girti hat.
Snuff, sutfgni, V. -khaii^chna.
So, (therefore,) pas, (man-
ner,) aisa ; jaisa • . . iaisa,
(page IC4); ts-tarah.

(degree,) is iadar ; Una ;

eta, so-so, aisa-waisa, Mr.

So-and So, fuldnah ; fuld-

nah ddmu it may be ~,

wuh hO'Sakta hat ; so

hoga,
Sosiky (trans.) b/iii!^ga'k. (Jnir.)

sokna. -ing, (very wet,)

khub bhi^ga.
Soap, sdbtin. V. -lagdna.
Sob, thunuk, (f.). V. -na. -k.
Sober, parhez-gdr. -briety,

parhez, (f.).
Sock, mozah ; sdk^ (E. ).
Socket, ...dduy (page 41.) >

khdnah ; ghar.
Sofa, suffah ; kauch, (E.).
Soft, narm ; muld^im. N. -/.

-ly, dhime-dhime ; dhisie.
Soldier, sipdhi, native -s,

sipdhi^dn. European ditto,

gore log. a regiment of -s,

pal tan ^ (f.).
Sole. See * Alone.'
Solemn, sanjidah. -ity, -jida-

Solid,(not liquid,) munjamid.

(firm,) sakht ; ntazbiit ;

/kd,im ; ^ pukhtah. -ity,

sakhti ; mazbuti; pukhtagi.
Solitary. See * Alone.' -tude,

tanhdyi ; khalwat.

3l6 HIND!}stJLnI as it ought to be SPOKEff.

Some, (of things,) ; kuehh ;
kuchh'kuchh; tho^a ;zarrah'
sa, (of persons,) koj. -one
or other,^^,/-«fl^-^^,/.-more,
aur kuchh, -times, baaze
wa^t; kabhi'kabhu -where,
kahif}.

Son, beta ; larka ; bachcka ;
pisar, (p.). -in-law, ddmdd.

Song, ^L V. gdna ; gun-
gdf,i'k.

Soon, Jaid; ab ; thoti der ke
baad, as - as, jab.,Jab ;
ie-hi, (See page i4)-er,
paihle ; us ke dge, no sooner
...than... nahin pdya, kik.
e.g. his order no sooner
reached me, than I carried
it out, us-ka hukm merepds
pahui^chne nahifi pdya^ kih
maii^-ne usko taamil kiya.

Soreness, dard^ (m.). to be
sore. -k. a-, ghd^o; zakhm;
ndsur ; phaphola.

Sorrow, afsos ; ghamm; ranj\
A. afsurdah ; dzurdah;
ghamgifi ; ranjidah, to be
-ful, afsos, ^'c, khdna ;
adjs. and hona, sorry,
pashemdn. I am very sorry
I am late, afsos hai kih
mai?}-ne der ki hai, (use-

less,) nd-kdra ; nd-chiz ;
kaminah.

Sort. See 'Kind.' i^ism, V.
thik-k, ; iartib'k,; sudhdr-
na ; sab chizoij. ko apni
jaghotj. meij, rakhna.

Soul, riih, (f.) ; nafs ;jdn;jL

with heart and -, dH'O-
jdn-se.

Sound, (n.) sabd ;d7vdz, (f.) ;
shor ; shor-shdr ; hab-gab ;
hdoii-ghdo^, (of fire-arms,)
dhdu^'dhih}, V. -^. / pu-
kdrna ; chilldna, (any in-
strument,) bajdna, {intr.)
sabd, dr'c, d, ; bajna, -in
health, tan-durust to be
dxWOytan-dzirust hona.-ne'^s
of health, tan-durusti, -in
quality, mazbut ; pukhtah;
beaib ; viustahkam, -ness
of ditto, mazbuti; pukhia-
gi. -as a business, /a/^^tf /
thik ; sab achchha. a- e.g.
thrashing, khub saza (dena,
pdna^.

Soup, shorbah, corruptly,
shurwah.

Sour, khdtta ; tursh, N. tur-
shi, to turn -, klmtta ho-
jdna.

South, dakhan ^jamib

HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 317

Sow, (n.) stijdri.

Sow, (v.) Ifona; rompna, -ing,

bo^d^i.
Space, (time,) arsah ; muddat

(place,) jagah^ (f.) ; fdsiiah,

-cious, khuia ; fardk/i.
Spade, kuddli ; bel ; belchah.
Span, (of hand,) bdlisht ;

wajab. (arch,) mikrdb.
Spare. See 'Thin' (excess,)

barhti ; fdliu. (v.) (e. g.

life,) bachdna, (give,) de-d,

-time, fursai, a -liver,

parheZ'gdr, N.-/.
Sparrow, ghauriya.
Speak, bolna; kahna;bhdkhna.

(converse,) bdt-chit, ox gujU

a-gU'k, (chatter,) bakna ;

bak-bak-k, (incoherently,)

bukhldna. See * Language.'
Spear, ballam ; barchhi, V.

—lagd-d*
Special, khdss; makhsus. -ly,

khususan.
Spectacle, tamdsha, -tator,

dekhne-wdla.
Spectacles, chashmah.
Speech. See * Language. 'a

-, iai^rir^ (f.) ; bahs^ (f.).

-less, bezdbdn ; Id-jawdb,

Speed, (n.) jaldi ; shi/db^ or

shiidbi; daur, V. daitrdna ;

chaldna. -ily, jaldi ^ &^c^

Seepage 54.
Spend, kharj^ or kharch-k.

(lavishly),?/f^-^.; bar-bdd-k,

-thrift, faziil'khar;\ N.

(waste), -/. -(time,) sarf-k.
Spice, masdlah, hot- gartn-.
Spider, maha ; makri.
Spill, gtrd'd.
S^xn^ kdtna ; slii-kdtna, -ning

wheel, charkh,
Spinage, isfdndj ; sdg.
Spine, (body,) rir^y ((.),

(plants,) kdt^ta.
Spirit, niih^ (f) -of God,.

ruhu'l-ldhy (breath,) dam,

(ghost,) bhut, (temper J )

mizdj, (manliness,) mar-

ddnagi, (liquor,) araJji.

(juice,) ras ; dudh, -less,

be-dil ; bejigar^
Spit, (for cooking,) sikh^ (f.).

V. -lagdna.
Spit, (v.) ihukna, N. thuh

-toon, pik-ddn ; ugdl-ddn.
Spite, kinah ; zidd^ (f.). -ful,

kina-wdr; ziddi. Adv. with

se.

* According to Muhammad, Jesus Christ.

3l8 HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

Spleen, /////. (disease of,) -ka
rog.

Splendour, shaukat ; jila^ (f.);

jilwat; shdn^ (f.); raushani,

-did, ali-shdn ; mujalla ;

umdah ; sar-fardz.
Spoil, kkardd, or be-kdr-k ;

bigdf'd, spoilt, khardb ;

kuchh kdm ka nahifj., the-s

(e.g. of war.) iut-pdt; ghani-

mat

Sponge, isfanj. -gy, phulka,

S^on^chammach; ckamchah.

Sport. See *Play.' (hunting,
&c.,) shikdr. -sman, also
adj., 'relating to-,' shikdri,
-ive, khush'taba ; shokK

Spot, {%\2Sxi,)ddgh, (place,)
jagah^ {(,) ] sar-zamin^ (f.).
-ted, ddghiy V. ddghi-k.

Sprain, (n.) maror; murak.
V. maroxna^ murakna.

Spread, (e.g. a carpet,) bich-
hdna; bicMid-d, (e.g. dis-
ease,) {trans, ^ phaildna,
(intr.) phailna.

Spring, (season,) bahdr^ (f.);
basani ; rabu (of water,)
chashmah-e-db. (leap,) kud^
(f.) ; uchhdl^ (f.); chhaldng.

(f.) V. kMna ; jast-k, ;

uchhalna ; chJialdngna, to

-at, lapakna.

Sprinkle, chhitna ; chhit-k.

Spur, kdijta^ V. -^., or mdrna.

Spy, (n.) jdsHs^ his work,
jdsusi, -glass, dur-bin^ to

spy, dekhna;tdkna, ( furtive-
ly, )y^J?^«^ ;jhdi}k Una,

Square, (n.) chauk, (^) chau-
kona; chau-khut^ta; chauras.

Squeeze, dabdna; dabd-d.

Squirrel, giiehri.

Stable, (n.) istabal. See
• Firm,' &c.

Stack, tdl ; dher, V. -k

Staff, asa; lak^L (of office,)
chob.

Stag, bdrah'Singa,

Stage, (e.g. of a theatre, )/tf»/i-
sha-gdh. (journey,) manzii^
(f.). (platform,) machdn ;
takhiah, -coach, ddk-gdfi.

Stain. See *Spot.'

Stair, -case, sirAi,

Stall, tkdn. (public,) a^gafa.

Stammer, hakla, V. -^ /
hakldna.

Stamp, muhary (f.) / ckhdp,
V. --lagd-d.

* Means also a prisoner who has been branded, or otherwise marked ;
as by his name being entered in the list of ex-convicts.

hindijStani as it ought to be spoken. 319

Stand, (n.) pdyah ; ghora ;, . .
ddn, {page^^i.)-\ngy kha^a,
(v.) khara-hona ; khara
rahna, -up, uthna; uth-ke
khara honay &*€, -down,
niche jdna; utarna,-m the
way, sdmne hona.-out of
the way, hat-j'dna. -good,
^dyim rahna, of long
-ing, bahut roz ka. See
*Endure.'

Star, idra ; sitdrah.

Starch, kalap ; kdi^ju

Stare, gh^rna; dekhte rahna,
N. ghur.

Start, (n.) (sudden move-
ment,) chau^k. V. chaw^k-

. «rt, e.g.a carriage, chaldna,
for a place, rawdnah hona,
to startle, chaui}kdna,%\.zx\.'
ling, ta^ajjub ka ; ajib,

-Starve, bhMh se mama.

State, See * Government. '
(condition,))ii// hdldt ; asl
hdL (dignity,) iadar^ (f.).;
martabah; shdn, (f.) ; sar-
fardzu{y,)kahna;baydn'k,;
bolna; samjhdna; izhdr-k,
-in writing, ^alam-band-
karke baydn-k.-ment, bdt;
baydn ; izhdr ; arZy (f.) ;
guzdrisk; iltimdSy (f.).- in

writing, siirat-hdi ; suwdl;

darkhwdst; ripot^ (E.>.
Station, chauki ; jagah^ (f.).

(railway,) isteshan, (E.).

(v.) rakhna ; khara-k,

muta,aiyan-k,; taindi-k,
^tzyyrahna;thaharna; sabr-k.
Steak, ishtek, (E).
Steal, chori-k, ; chordna ;

chord-Iejdna,
Steam, dhUydi^.-hoTiXydhUyd^'

hash ; dg-bot, (half E.).
Stee], /au/ad ; loha.
Stem, (family,) asl ; nasi ;

bunyddy (f.), -of tree,

shdkh.
Step, J^adam; deg, Y, -rakhna.

(in relationship) sautela,,.

e.g. sauteli-ma.
Stew, istew. (E.). V.-^.
Steward, nd^ib ; gumdshta ;

kdr-parddz.
Stick, lakri ; (walking,) asa,

(v.) (e.g. bone in throat,)

afak-jdna, (together,) sat-
jdna, stuck, sat-gaya; sdtd-

hUya,{trans,);otna; lagd-d,;

satd-d.
Still, (a.) chup ; chup-chdp ;

be-harakat (adv.) iau-bhi ;

td'ham ; par.
Sting, dank, Y.-mdrna*

320 HINDlJsTiNI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

Stir, {trans, ) hild-d, {intr.)

hilna, (n.) ha^bafi; khalal.
Stirrup, rikdb^ (f). -leather,

rikdb'dawdl^ (f.).
Stitch, (v.) sina ; tdf}kna ;

tdt^k-d, (ji,)tdT}kX^.)\ td^ka.
Stocking, mozah ; fd-e-idbah.
Stomach, midah^ or medah.
Sione,patt/iar; sang, of stone,

with ^ka,* -ny, pathrila,

-ny hearted, sang-diL
Stool, (foot, )pd-o-ddn; mo^ha ;

ishtiU^ (E.) night-,^<?w^^,^

(E.).
Stoop, jhukna ; jhuk-jdna.
Stop, {intr,) khara rahna ;

atakna. {trans,) rokna ;

thdmna ; atkd-d. -page,

rok ; atkd^o ; atak.
Store, dukdn^ (f.) ; jins sab ;

ambdr ; dher, - house,

dtikdn^ (f.) ; gola, stores,

e.g. for a journey, sar-an-

jdm ; sdmdn ; chiz sab;

sab chiz.
Stork, dhanes; bogla,^
Storm, tufdn ; dndhi. -y,

tufdni.

Story. See'lL2\Q:

Slove, (moveable,) at^gethi.

(fixed,) chtiiha, (oven,)

tantir.
Stout, mota ; mazbut. N.-/.
Straight, sidha ; sojha. N. -/*.
Strain. See * Pull.' (liquids,)

chhdnna, a-er, chhdnna.
Strange, (unfamiliar,) be-gd-

nah ; ghair, (wonderful,)

a jib ; ojtibah, -ness, ajna-

biyat, a -ger, ghair ddmi ;

be-gdnah ddmi; bi-desiddmi.
Strap, tasmah; dawdl, (f.).
Stratagem, hiiah ; fared ;

dagha.
Straw, bichdli ; pOydi ; bhUsa,
Stream, darya ; sota, V.

jdri-hona.
Street. See *Road,' istrit,{lSs.).
Strength, zor ; td^iat. (of

liquors,) tundi ; karwd,i,

V. mazbut-k. ; zor-d.
Strict See * Severe.'
Strike, thokar-d. ; zarb^, ;

mdrna, -e.g. tents, gird-d ;

kholna, - against •••par

lagna.

* In India, this word — * commode ' — must never be used in any other
sense. The accent is on the last syllable.

■ Names of birds are mostly vague ; as identity between many English
and many Indian birds is wanting.

HINDdsT^NI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 32 1

String, sutli; (fori, shot-, f!faA.

Strive. See * Endeavour.*

Stroke, (blow.) cAof ; zarb ;
tJwkar, ({.) y thoj}k, -of
pen, &c., ddgh ; nishdn.

Strong, zabar-dast ; zor-
dwar ; zor ka; mazbtiL (as
liquor.) ka^va ; kawu

Stubborn, sar-kash ; gar dan-
kash. N. -/. Adv. -i se.

Stud, (shirt,) istad^ (E.).

Study, parhna ; taalim Una,
-dent, shdgird. -dious,
mihnati.

Stupid, kund ; kundzihn ;
ndddn ; be-umkuf ; nd^is-
ulaf^L -ity, himdJ^ai ; be-
wnJ^ufi, a - fellow, be-
wuJ^iif ddmi ; a^l ka puila.

Subdue, dabdna ; kisi par
ghdlib hona; kdbu viei} Idna,
-e<i. (conquered,) maghhlib,
(vcit^ky) gharib ; narm, -er,
ghdlib.

Subject, (underling,) tdbi ;
idbiddr ; fat mdtj,-barddr ;
hukm-barddr; asdmi ; ra,-
iyat A. tdbi, (v.) See
* Subdue,' he is subject to
fever, us-ko buk/idr aksar
dta hai, -, e. g. of a lecture,
mabhas,

1., H

Submit to, indnna ; hukm
sunna ; fdbi-hona. (e.g.
for orders,) pesh-k ; sdmne
rakkna. -mission, tdbi-
ddri ; hukm-barddri ; zer-
hukumi.

Subscribe. See *Sign.'-ption,
(to a charity ^c,,)cliandah.

Subsistence, (means of liv-
ing,) roz-gdr ; khdna-pina ;
khurdk-poshdk, (f.) ; par-
wasti ; peshah ; dhanda.
-allowance, kJiHrdki. -ing,
zindah ; zindagi metj ; hai.

Substance. See * Thing.' (es-
sence,) Mr, (abstract,)
khuldsah : nmkhtasar hdl :
maztmin, ^tial, mazbut ;
kdjm.

Substitute, (n.) ewazi; J^d^im-
ma^dm, V. -k, ; -rakhna ;
muta,aiyan-k.

Suburb, shahar ka ddman.

Successful, kdm-ydb, N, -/',
V. -hona. to succeed a
person, pkhhe dna; ^d.im-
mal^dm hona, -cession,
^d^im-maJ^dmi, -fully,

barakat'Se ; nek-bakhti-se,
-ively, ek par eh; dge-
pkhhe ; tdba^-tof^.

Such, aisa - a one, fu/dnah,

21

322 HlNDliSTlNI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

Suck, chusna ; kfiaifjchna ;

pi-lena, 3l -ing babe, dtidk

ka bachchah.
Sudden, -ly, achdnak; ndgdh.

N. ndgahdnL
Sue, (in Court,) mu^adda-

mahk, (ask,) mdt^:>na ;

iltimds-k.
Suffer. See * Allow/ < endure,)

barddsht-k, (pain, or other

feeling,) . ..uthdna ; ... khd'

na. -ing. See * Pain,' &c.
Sufficient, bus ; kdfi. W.-hona.

N. kifdyat. -ly, bas ;

zarurat ke mu^dfii.
Sug2iT, cktni ; skakar ; mtsri.

(brown,) khdnd. -candy,

misru -cane, tikh^ (f.) ;

kaidri.
Suggestion, saldh, (f.) ; ishd-

rah; tadbir, (f). V. -//.;

^batldna.
Suicide, khud-kushi. V. -k.
Suit, (n.) (dress.) jora. (in

Court,) mu^addamah. (v.)

(^i^z.'&t^ pasand-hona. (fit,)

milna ; achchha baithna.

(trans.) mild-d. -able,
pasand; achchha ; mu^dfij^.

Sulphur, gandhak.

Sum. See * Total.' -of money
zar ; mablagh. (v ) jorna ;
jama-k.

Summer, garmi ka mausam.
Seepage 80.

Suaimon, buldna ; talab-k.
a -s of court, talabi-par-
wdnah ; samans, (E.).

Sun, suraj ;sirdj ; khurshid ;
dfidb. -heat, dhup, (f.). to
bask in the -, dhiHip khdna,
-shine, dhup, (f.) ; ghdm.
-rise, tului'dfidb. - set,
ghurubidftdb, -ny, dhUp
ka ; ghdmi, -day, ttwdr ;
rabi'bdr ; yak-shambah.

Superintendent, sar-ba-rdh-
kdr ; sarddr, -dence, sar-
ba-rdh-kdri ; sarddri. V.
sar-ba-rdh kdr, df*c., hona ;
sar-ba-rdh-kdri, CT'c-k.^

Superior,*fdr^ se acfichha^bafa^
(or as the matter of
* superiority ' may be.)

^ Supeiintendents are named according to their work : e.g. th&na-
ddty • of a police station, ndzir^ a - of process-serving, &c. muhdfiz^ a
- of records, and so on ai infinitum,

* The English word * afsa ' (officer), is much used to mean one's
immediate 'superior.'

i

HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

323

SvippeTjrd/'ka-Mdna;sapar{E,) Sweat, pasina. he is sweating,

4-1

Supply, dena ; hdzir-kar-d, ; us-se pasina girta hai^ or

pahuiichd-d, N. jo kdfi
hoga ; avibdr ; dher.
Support, (n.) tekni ; dsra.
V. -d. to - a person, par-
wasii'k, ; khdna-pina-d.

nikalla kar.
Sweep, (man,) mihtar} fcm.
viihtrdni. (v.) jhdrna ;
jhdrd. -away, jhdr-ke
lejdna, -ings, kurkuf.

Su\>po%\\\OT\,khaydl;atkal,Y ,-k. Sweet, mitha; shiritj,; khush;
Sure, (certain, )j'tf^////. to be-, pasandidah. -hesirty pydra.

yakin jdnna, N -/. * to be
sure !' surely ! be shakk ;
albattah ; chdhiye kih.

Surface, ru, (f.).

SMVgton^jarrdh; tabib'i'jarh.

Surpass. See * Excel/

Surround, gher-lena.

Survey. See *View.' 'Mea-
sure.' - or, jarib-kash.

Suspect, kisi par shakk rakh-
fta-ed, mushtabah; shakk
ki bdt -cion, shakk ;
shubhah ; wahm.

Sustain. See * Support.' -e.g.
losses, uthdna.

Swallow, (bird,) abdbiL (v.)
nigalna ; ghHt^ina,

Swamp, daldaly (f.). -y, -/.

Swan, rdj-hdt^s.

Swear, (use bad language,)
gdii-d. (e.g. iu Court,)
fsasam khdna, or /ena.

fem. -/. -meats, mithd^u

-ness, shirini ; viithd^i.

-ly, dil-khushi'Se.
Swell, stijna ; phulna ; uth-

jdna, a -ing, waram.
Swift, tez ; jald, -ness, tezi ;

jaldL Ay^jaldi ; jaldise ;

tez ; tezi-se.
Swim, pairna, -mer, pairdk.
Swing, {trans,) jhuidna,

(inir,) f'huina, a-, jhiila,

-ing, jhula-jhulL
Ssvoon^be-hoshi, in a -, behosh.
Sword, talwdry (f.) ; sham-

sher, (f.). -sman, taiwdr-

bdz.
Syllable, lafz kajuz.
Sympathy, rif^i^at V. kisi

se - rakhna, A. ham-dard.
Symptom, nishdn ; aldmat
Syringe, pichkdri, V. -J.
System, kdjdah : rasnu

1 <

Mihlar ' is really a native title of distinction.

324 hindiSstAni as it ought to be spoken.

T.

Table, w^s, (f.). -cloth, piez
ki chddar^ (f.) ; dastar-
khwdn, to lay the -, mez
lagd-d, or taiydr-k, to re-
move things from the -,
chiz sab le-jdna.

Tail, dum, (f.).

Tailor, darzu

Take, lena, -away, le-jdna,
-place, hona, (accept,)
Una,; ^abul-k,^ pasand-k,
-captive, pakarle-jdna ;
gtriftdr-k, -effect, iagna ;
chalna, -on hire, kirdye-
Una, -flight, bhdg-jdna ;
ur-jdna. -the hand of, /^^/^
pakarna. -heed, khabar-
ddr hona. -off, (e.g.
clothes,) utdrna. -down,
nkhe-ldna, (in writing,)
J^alam-band'k, -up, uthd-
Una, -courage, himmat
rakhna. -the field, kket
pakarna. - in good part,
bhalajdnna, -in bad part,
bura mdnna, -the side of.

taraf-ddr hona, -out, (ex-
tract,) nikdlna.

Talc, abrak.

Tale, kissah ; hikdyat ; na^l,
(f. ) \kahdni; bdt;khabar, (f ).

Talk, bdt'Chit ; guft-o-f»u, (f);
bdt. V. -k. : bolna; kahna;
bakna. to - to one's self,
dp se bolna.

Tall, lamba ; dirgh. -ness,
iaffibdj. See *High.'

Tame, gharib. N. -/. V. ~-k,;
dabdna ; hildna,

Tank,(cistern,) hauz. (pond,^)
tdldb, {{.) ] tald.o ; pokhra.

Tap, thap-thapdna, a -ping,
thappa ; thappt\ which
mean also a thing for tap-
ping with, e.g. a mallet,
bat, &*c.

Tape, fitah ; niwdr,

Tsiper\ng,gd'0'dum. V. -/lona.

Tar, ^ttrdn; al-katra? V.
-lagd-d.

Target, dhdl, (f.) ; sipar,
-practice, chdnd-hndrL

« In India, artificial ponds are called • tanks ; ' a natural pond, or
lake, is • tdi: as at ' Nynee Tal.'

• This is the word most generally used ; but is not to be found in either
the Persian or the Hindiistdni dictionaries.

• • The moon ; * the * bull's-eye' being regarded a a full-moon.

HINDlJSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

325

Tariff, 7iirkh-ndmah,

Task, (lesson,) sabai^. (la-
bour,) kdm. to take to -,
ddt,itna ; dhamki-d.

Tassel, jhabba.

Taste, (n ) mazah. {^sl,) sali-
j^ah. sense of -, zd^i^ah,
(v.) thora khdna ; zdji^ah
lena: of a pleasant -, jtiaze
ka ; laziz. -less, be-mazah.

Tax, viahsul ; tikasj (E.),
V. -lagdna.

Tea, chd.Cy (f.). -pot, -pochi,
-caddy, -</«'//.-kettle, ketliy
(E.). cup, -ka piydlah,
-spoon, -ka chatntnach^ or
chamchah.

Teach, sikhdna ; sikhldna ;
taalim d. -ing, by v.n. -er,
usidd ; mu^allim ; guru ;
iskid-mdstar^ ( E. ).

Tear, (of eye,) di}su, (rent,)
chir ; phdk, to shed -s,
rona, (to rend,) chirna ;
iorna ; phdrna ; fhdr-d.

Tease, satdna ; diJkk-k.

Telescope, diir-bin}

Tell, kahna;bolna; kjiabar-d.;
bdt-bolna; baydn-k, (count,)
ginna ; shumdr-k.

Temper, mizdj ; kho^ (f.) ;

tabiat
Tempest, Uifdn ; d^dhi. A,

tu/dni.
Temple, (M.), ibddat-gdh ;

masjid, (f.). (H.) ptija-

kJidnah; thdkur-bdri; math^

(Christian,) girja^ or grija.
Tenant, (of house,) kirdya'

ddr, (of land,) asdmi ;

rafyai; kdskt-kdr, the-ry,

ri^dya ; asdmi-log.
Tender, narm ; muld^im. See

' Offer/
Tent, khaimah; tambu; dera,

(servant's,) pdL -pole,

chob^ -curtains, J^andt,

-peg, mekh, -pitcher,

khaldsi, .
Terrify. See * Frighten.'
Testament, (Old ) taurdt

(Neyv,)in/i/. (will,) 7vasiya^'

ndmah ; wil^ (E.).
Testimony. See * Evidence.'
Than, se ; az, (Persian.).
Thanks, shukr, to thank, -k,

-ful, -guzdr, (N. -/.)

(grateful,; ihsdn-mand,

(N. -/.^ -less, nd'Shukr,

Adv. with se.

* Persian ' bina,' ' vision.'

3^6 HINDl3ST^NI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

That, (narration,) kih, (de-
monstrative.) See page 30.
-very, woki. -is to say,
yane.

Thatch, (th^) ckhappar, (f.).
(grass,) ghds, (f.) ; khar.
V. ghds^ &*c, lagdna.

Theatre, ndch-ghat; iarndsha-
khdnah ; na^lkhdnah.

Thee. See page 29.

Their, theirs, them, &c. See
pages 30 and 3 1 .

Then, (time following,) tab;
is'ke baad ; baad is-ke,
(time previous,) tab; us-
waiit.; us'ke baad, now
and-, kabhi-kabhi.

Thence, -forth, (place,)
wahdi^-se ; us-Jagah-se,

(time,) baad iske ; us
wai^t'Se.

There, wahdi^ ; us-jagah
wf;j?.-abouts, wahii}-kahiij,
here and- idhar-udhar ;
yahdiywahdn.

Therefore, is-wdste ; pas.

Thereon, -upon, is-par ; tab.

Thej^jv^/ we. Seepage 30.

Thick, mota ; gdrha, N.
ffiotdj, to go through -
and thin, dg pdni met}
parna.

Thief, chor ; duzd, theft,

chori ; sarJ^ah ; duzdi:
Thigh, jdngh, (f).
Thin, patla; (texture,) bdrik;

(e.g. as skin,) kdghazi V.

patla-k, and hona, -ness.

Pa t Id J. Ay ^ kam.
Thing, chiz, (f.) ; shai, one's

things, chiz sab ; bastah ;

mdl ; mdl'O-mata,

Think, sochna ; khaydl-k, ;
bichdrna, me thinks, mujh-
ko maalum hota hat.

Third, tisra ; si yum.

Thirst, (n.) pyds^ (f.) ; tish-
nagi, -y, pydsa, V. viujh-
ko pyds lagi hai ; pydsa
hona.

This, yih. See page 3c.

Thither, udhar ; 7vahdii ; us
taraf.

Thorn, kdfjta ; khdr, -y,
kantdr.

Thorough, tamdm ; pt'tra,

-ly, sar-d-sar,-{3ire, sa^ak,

(f.), guzargdh ; dinm-rdsta.

Thou, ill. Seepage 29.

Though, agar-chih ; har-
chand ; az bas kih, as -,
jaisa-kih . . . taisa-kih.

Thought, soch ; fikr^ (f.) ;
ta^ammul ; andeshah ;

HINDtJsxiNI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 327

dhydn. See * Thing.' -ful,
fikr-mand, (N. -/.) muta,-
ammil ; andesha-ndk, -less,
be-fikr ; be-khabar ; be-
parwdh, N.add *i ' to these
adjs. adv., nouns and se.

Thrash, (corn, ) dd^ona ; dhun-
na ; jhdrna. See * Flog.'
-ing floor, khaiihdn}

Thread j sut ; sutli ; tdga ;
(strong,) dori, needle and-,
suj tdga, to-a w^^dX^^tdgna,

Threat, dhamki; tan, V. -d.;
dhamkdna.

Throat, gala, or guiu ; haiak.

Throb, Hs, (f.) V. -mdrna ;
tisna.

Through, kebich; mejtp, (means)
se. (agent,) se ; ki mdrfat.

Throw, phei}kna ; phet^k-d, ;
ddlna ; bigna -aside, bar-
taraf phei^kna, -away,
phe^k-d, -down, gird-d,
-open, khol-d, - up,
(as a ball,) uchhdlna.

Thrust, (n.) dhakka, V. -d, ;
ghuserna.

Thunder, ^fl-r^', f.). N,-na,

Thursday, biphe ; brihaspat ;
juma-rdt.

Thus,fl'/V^; is'iarah; isitarah.

Ticket, tikat. (E.).

Tickle, gudguddna.

Tide, (ebb,) bhdtha^ (flow,)
jawdr.

Tidings. See * News.'

Tie, bdndhna ; bdndh-d, a -,
band, neck -, gulu-band.

Tiger, bdgh ; sher, -gress,
shernf.

Tight, tang; drawn -, kasa
hu,a, N. tangi. V. -k. ;
kasna ; khiiichna.

Tile, (round,) khapra.
(square,)/fw^/. Y-lagdna,

Till, (v), kheti-k; chds^L ;
hal'bail'k ;jotna.

Till, (adv.). See page 47, iii.

Timber, lakri.

Time, wakt; zamdn, or zamd-
nah, (period of.) arsah ;
muddat, (cycle of,) yug.
— when one ruled, exist-
ed) &c. wakt ; aiydm, -of
life, umr, (f.) ; sinn, (m.) ;
(}e\suxey)fursat;fardghat.
(delay,) der, (f ) ; from-
to-, wa^tan-fa-waktan, at
all- ^^har waJkt; hameshah,
in - or out of -, wakt-ndy
wakt. at the proper- bar-
waJkt.

* Accent on the last syllable.

328

HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

Tin, l:alai. V. -d, ; -lagd-d.

Tipsy, mcUwdla ; mast.

Tire, thakdna, -ed, thaka ;
mdiidah, -edness^mdi^dagi.
-some, maldl-angez, a
-some fellow, Ikakdne-
wdla ; di^^ karne-wdla.

Title, tidm ; khitdb ; laJkab ;
(ceremonious heading,)
ail^db, (PI. iAlaf^ab.)

Ilo} (generally,) ko ; (ap-
proach), kepds / (transfer,)
ke hdth ; ko. -day, dj ; im-
r^s. -and ixo^t'dhar-udhar ;
face - face, rn-ba-ru ; ke
sdmne, with respect -, is
bdre mei^ ; is-ke hak^ me^.

Toast, {v.)se^kna. N.fos/,(E,).

Tobacco, tambdku, to smoke
-, -pina.

Together, ke sdih ; sdih ;
sdih'Sdth ; ek sdih ;bdham;
ham, as first part in com-
pos : all -, (action, )jfl'/^ /;///-
ke, (company,) sab ek sdth.

Tomb. See * Grave.'

Tongue,y/M, (f.) ; zabdn,({,\
See * Language.'

Too, (of excess,) ziyddah,
(also,) bhi.

Tool, hathiydr.

Tooth, ddt}t. -ache, ddr}t ka

dard, -brush, dd^t ka

barush, (E.). -pick, khildl,

-powder, ^r paste, manjan,

to cast in one's teeih,

mut}.k par bolna.
Top, sar, (toy,) lattu, -most,

sab ho ^ se tipar. -heavy,j/>-

bhdri, -%y-\MX\y,ulat-pulaf;

upar-niche.
Torch, mashdL -bearer, -chi.
Torment, (n). siydsat ; di^k;

dukh ; jdn sozi. V. ^k. ;

satdna.
Tortoise, kachhiia.
Toss. See * Throw. '
'Yoi2i\,jumlah; hull; kulliyai ;

mot ; sab le-ke ; jama.
Touch, chhuna, N. chhuhd-

wat ; the sense of -, lams.
Tow, {n.)pdt ; patwah -ing-

rope, gun, V. gun k.
Toward, towards, ki taraf ;

ke pds.
Towel, tauliyah, ; dast-mdL
Tower, burj. V. baland-hona.
Town, shahr ,\..pi(r, and

•. nagar, as last part in

compos : -sman, shahr-

* • To ' or * for ' 'a place,' is generally omitied, e.g. * kal rdt-ko
Bandras razvdnak hn.a," * he started last night yi?r Banaras.'

HINDUSXiNI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 329

ka ddmi, one of the same

-, ham-shahr.
Toy, (n.)khilauna. {v.)khelna,
'Jrace, (n.) (by which to

find,) surdgh ; aldmat ;

pata ; asar, (harness,) jot.

(v.) khojna ; khojh-k. ; pag-

dandi-lena, (by pen, &c.)

khitfchfia,
Ti ade, iijdrat ; saudd-gari ;

kdr-hdr ; kharid-faroklit ;

byopdr,-tx^ saudd-gar; tai-

pdrL (travelling,) banjdra ;

bakaS'Zvdla, (half E.).
Traffic, dnd-jdna ; dmado-

rajt. See 'Trade.'
Trail, {trans.) ghasitna ;

khif}chna, (Jntr.) ghasitna.
Train, (of dress,) ddman.

(followers,) hashmat ; hani-

rdhi^dj}. (sequence,) tar-

iiby (f.) ; silsHah. (railway,)

gdxi^dt}. (v.) sikhldna.
Trample, pde-mdl-k. N. -/.
Transact. See * Do.'
Transfer, munta^al-k.
Translation^ tarjamah. -tor,

tarjumdn ; mutarjim.
Transparent, \f//tf^^£/[ N. -/.
Trans|>ositon, ini^ildb. V. -k.
Trap, kai^ (f.)v- ^^^9 ^s last

part in compos.

Travel, safar-k. ; sair-k. -ler,

musdfir. -ling, (adj.) safari.
Tray, khwdn ; kishii.
Treacle, gur ; tirydk.
Treason, daghd-bdzi; namak-

hardmi.
Treasure, khazdnah. -ry,

-khdnah. -er, kJiazdnchi.

(v.) aziz-rakhna ; ^adar-k.
Tree, darakht ; pef ; gdchh.
Tremble, kdmpna. -bling,

larzish.
Trial, imtihdn ; jdj^ch ; dz-

mdyish. V. -k. (in Court,)

tajiviz^ (f.).
Tribunal, addlat; mahkamah.
Trick, hilah; bahdnah;fareb.
Trickle, girna ; rasna ;

tapakna.
Troop, gurohy (f.) ; td^ifah ;

jamd^at ; ghol. troops,

lashkar^ (y^.) \ sipdhi^di^.
Trot, (n.) dulki. V. -chalna.
Trouble, (n.) iasdi, (f.) j

dukh ; dilk^ ; taklif (f.) ;

ranjish. to feel -, -uihdna.

to cause -. -k. ; satdna ;

chhe^na ; ranjdna, -d,

dzurdah ; fikr-mand ;

gham-gin, -some, muzi;

ranj-dzvar ; dik^-karta ;

dikk-ddr.

33© hindijstXni as it ought to be spoken.

Trousers, /tf ////«, (E.). izdr,^

True, sack ; wdjib ; sddi^ ;
durust, truth, sachdj ;
rdsti ; asl bdt ; haJ^ii^at,
in truth, wd^e met} ; fil-

• • •

Trumpet, turhL V. -bajdna.
Trust, itibdr ; itimdd, V.
-rakhna, (deposit,) amd-
nat. -tee, amdnat-ddr, one
who trusts, viutamid, -wor-
thy, itibdri ; wafd-ddr ;
imdn-ddr, -worthiness,
ividnddri ; wafd-ddri.
Tub, tab, (E.). taghdrL
Tube, ndli ; nai ; nal,
Tuts6di)\mangal; si-shambah.

Tumble. See ' Fall/

Tumbler, tamblet, (E.).

Tumult. See * Riot/

Turban, pagri ; sar-band.

Turkey, (bird,)/^rw, ox piru.

Turmeric, haldi.

Turn, {intr.) phirna ; phir-
jdna ; ghunina. (trans ^
ghumdna;ghumdd. to make

a-, (circuit,) chakkar mdrna;
ghum-ke jdna ; to take
a-,(exercise,) hawa-khdna^
to -back, pher-dna^ or
jdna ; lautna, to - out,
nikdl-d, to - one's back,
pith'dikldna a - ing,
chakkar ; peck. See 'Tur-
ner.'

Turner, (trade,) kharddi,
-ing lathe, khardd, (f.). V.
kharddna.

Turnips, shalgham.

Tweezers, chimta.

Twilight, godhaura-j shafaJ^ ;
chirdgh jaldne ka wa^t.

Twin, (one.) tau^am ; (the
two,) tawdmdn.

Twine, (n.), siU. See * Climb.'

Twist, aivthna ; marorna.

Type. See * Kind.' (printing,)*
chhdp.

Tyrant, zdlim ; jafd'kdr-w\\
zulm ; zabar-dasti ; sitam ;■
jabr ; zor, -ous, zulmi^
zabar-dast ; sakht. -ously,
jabran : zulm, dr'c, se.

> Means, rather, ' drawers.' Natives, unless anglified, seldom wear
' trousers.'

HINDl^STANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

331

U.

Note, — Many of the words beginning with * un ' negative^
are not given. You may turn the sentence into one with * not *
e.g. this is untrue = * this is not true ' — yih sach nahiii hai ;
or secondly^ you may ptefix ^ na,^ to a/most any adjective ; and

* be ' to almost any noun : e.g. nd-pasand, nd-maalilm, nd-
durust ; — be-hosh, be-alj:l, be-sharm. *La' * ghair ^ and

* kam ' are also negative prefixes, but they are appropriated
to certain words, e.g. Id-wiris, ivithout an heir ; la-jawab,
without an excuse, ghair-hazir, absent. Many words of
Saijskrit origin {of which only a few have been given) take
* 2i* privative, (as in Greek,) or * nir/ e.g. a-dhaini, injustice ;
nir-buddhi, senseless, stupid.

Udiler, than.

Ugly, bad-stirat ; bad-shakl,

-ness. -i.
Ulcer, ndsttr.
Umbrella, chhdta ; chhatri,

-bearer, chhatar-ddr.
Unanimous, ek zabdn ka,

~ity, ek zabdn ka ittifdk,

-ly, ek zabdn se.
Unawares, achdnak; ndgahdi}.
Uncertain, bethikdna; ghair-

mukarrar.
Uncivil, bad-khulk ; be-adab,

N. -./.
Uncommon. See * Rare.'
Under, oif^ * Below.' -trial,

zer tajwiz, (f,).
Undergo, (e.g. pain labour,

&c.) khdna ; uthdna.

Understand, jaw^*>%»^/ biyh-

na ; samajh metj. lena ;

wd^ifhona, N. samajh,

(f.) ; hosh ; ak:l, (f.) ; fahm;

wukuf.
Undertake, bira-uthdna ;

hdth lagdna ; karna. -king,

kdm, or by tiie name of

the thing.
Underwood, y>^^r / jhd^i.
Undo, kholna ; (fig.) akdrath-

k.; tabdhi'k. -done, khula;

(fig.) tabdh ; shikastah.
Unfix, kholna ; utdrna ;

nikdl'd,
U I > fortunate, kam-bakht.
Uniform, (a), eksdi}; ek kism

ka (n.y/rai, -it)^ bardbari;

eksdni, adv. with se.

332

hind(}stj(ni as it ought to be spoken.

Union, ittifd^ ; ek-dili ;
tkiyat ; bd-hamL unite,
(join,)y^r«<i / mild d.

Universe, the, dunya, (f.) ;
dlam;jahdn -sal, har-jd^i;
kull ; famdm,"SSL[ity, kulli-
yat ; -sally, bil-kulL -sity,
madrasah.

Unlawful, khildf J^dniin ;
kkildf'i-shara.

Unless, agar followed by
nahhjy e.g. unless you do
this, I shall not pay yoUj^j^itzr
turn yih kdm nahi^ karo,
to, maitj. ek paisa nahii} diif/.

Unmarried, kthjdra. an -per-
son, muflis.

Unravel, udhenja.

Unroll, kholna.

Unruly, sar kash ; be-iagdm,
N. sar kash i.

Unseen, ghd.ib \ nazar se
ghd.ib.

Until. See page 47, iii.

Unusual, khildf dastur ;
be-riwdj ; jo kam dekhne
men dta hau

Unwell, ^r^^A<i nahlt^; wizdj
khardb hai : bimdr; mariz.
Unyoke, kholna}

Up. See * Ab )ve. '

Upon, par.

Upright, khara, V. -k. (fig.),

rdst ; sachcha ; sidha ; nek.

N. rdsti; sachd^i ; sidhd^i ;

nekL
Uproar, ghtil : danga ; haul-

jaul\ khalaL V. -k. Adv.

with se.
Upset, (v.) ultdna ; ultd-d.

(a.) ulta ; ulta ku,a.
Upshot, natijah.

Urge, (e.g. a horse,) chaldna,
(a request,) iltimds-k, he
urged me to grant his
prayer, is ki darkhdst man-
zurkarne ko, mujhe dabdya,
or Id-chdr kiya^ox iangkiya.

Urine, pesh-db.

Us, ham, h'c. See page 29

and Notes,
Usage. See * Custom.'
Use. (n.) istiamdl. V. -k.;

» The reader will have observed how universally this word is used
for all senses of 'disjoining' as well as of merely * c;/><r«t«^.* He will
hear English children who are allowed to talk English (a bad habit for
them in India) say, ' opin ma i shoos,' where the happier children in Eng-
land say, * untie my shoes * — (or do it for themselves. )

HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

333

ham mei,i Una. -ful, kdm
ka; kdmi, (salutary,) nnifid.
-fully, fd^ide ke sdth, -les?,
nd'kdrah ; kuchh kdm ka
nahii}, -lessly, Id-hdsil ;
be-fdyidah, -lessness, id-
hdstli.

V.

Vacant. See * Empty.' -ca-
tion, tatil, (f.).
Vagabond, bad-zdt ; luchcha.
Vain, diffidghij to be-, ur-
chalna; Idf-zani-k, -ity,
khud'faroshi^yci-J)e-fd^idah,
Valid, durusi; pakka; kdjm;
inazbut. -ity, durusti; maz-
btiti.
Value. See * Price.' -able,
i^lmati; besh-^lmat ; girdfjt-
baha, V. ^hnat-lagd-d,
(fig.), aziz-rakhna; Jkadar-
k, ; pydr-k.
Vanish, ghd,ib-hona; urjdna.
Vanquish, ghdlib-hona ; da-
' bd-d. ; torna.
Variety, tar ah- tar ah ; Jkism-
J^ism, -ious, chand J^istn
ka, -ously, aur aur tarah
x^. to vary, (trans. )badalna;
chand tarah *se karna,
(intr.) badal-jdna.

Usual, hasb'dasttir ; jo jdri

hau -ly, aksar ; beshtar ;

badasttir.
Usurer, bydj-khor ; sud-khor,

-ury, -/.
Utensil, chiz^ (f). (but name

the - you want.)

Varnish, (n.) bdrnish, (E.) ;

pdlish, (E.) ; raughan ;

chiknd^u V. -lagd-d.
Vase. See page 4 1 .
Vegetables, tarkdri ; sabzi.
Vehicle, gdri ; sawdrL
Veil, nil^db, wearer of a -,

-ddr, (pretence,) burf^ah.
Vein, nas, (f.) ; rag, (f.). -

of metal, asar, or PI.

dsdr.
Velvet, makhmaL
Vengeance, intit^dm. Y,-lena,
Venture, himmat-k. at a -,

f^ismat par.
Verandah, bardmadah. See

page 23.
Verbal, -ly, zabdnL
Verdure, sabzL
Verification, tasdl^, (f.).V.-^.
Verily, ha^t^at met} ; fil-

wd^e.
Vermicelli, baramseiiy (E.).

334 hindi5stXni as it ought to be spoken.

Very, bahut ; nihdyai ; by
suffix ^hU e.g. wU'hi ddmi^

* that very man*
Vessel. See ' Dish,' • Ship.*
Vex, -ation. See * Annoy,*

• Grief,* &c.

Vice, shardrat ; khardbi ;

badi; zabtini, (a), khardb ;

bad'kho ; zabun.
Vice... (substitute,) i^djm-

ma^dm,
Victor, ghdlib. -ious, and to

be -ious, -hona, -y, fath ;

ghalbah ; jaL
View. See * See,* * Scene.*
Village, gdt}w ; basti ; dih ;

grdm, (L. B.). -together

with the lands attached,

dihdt ; mauza, -er, gai^-

wdr; gdot^'Wdla; basti-wdla.
Villain, -ons, bad-zdt; hardm-

zddah, -y, bad-zdti.
Vine, angur ka darakht,

-yard, angur ka bdgh.
Vinegar, sirkah.
Violence, zor ; jabr. V. -k,

(adv.) with se. (a.) sakht ;

zor-dwar ; zabar-dast ; be-

lagdm.

Virgin, bdkirak. -hy^bikdrat.

Virtue, rdsti ; neki ; bhaidj,
A. rdst ; nek ; bhala. by —
of his office, az rfi-e-uhde
apne ; ba-zari^e^ (or ba-
sabab,) apne uhde ke.

Visible, zdhir ; nazar me^,
-bility zuhur, -bly, zdhi-
ran, vision, (sight,) nazar^
(f.) ; bindyi ; tasdrat, (in
sleep,) khzvdb-khaydl -Sixy^
wahmL

Visit, muldJjtdt; bhef}t. V. -k,
or, by ^jo,^

Vizier, wazir.

Voice, dwdz^ (f.) ; shabd^
vocal, awdz se ; shabdi,
vocal and instrumental
m usic, ^gdna-bajdna, \ v. n. ).

Volume, jiid^ (f.)

Voluntary, ikhttydru

Vomit, (n.) ^ai; ubkdyi; radd.
V. -k.

Voyage, safar-i-darya, -r,

jahdzi' musdfir.
Vulgar, (public, )iww. (mean,)
nicha ; kaminah; pdjL See
* Common.' •

Vulture, ^dh.

* Lit. • to sing (and) to play.' Page ii, Note,

HINDdsxiNI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

335

W.

Wade, heina.

Wafer, tiklL

Wager, shart ; hora ; hdru
V. -k. ; bdndh-lena.

Waives. See * Pay.'

Wagon, chhakra ; gdri, (car
used in religious proces-
sions, &c.) rath.

Waist, kamar^ (f.). -band, or
belt, "band, -coat, wdskit^
(E).

Wait, rahna ; sabr-katna ;
rah'jdna, -ing, intizdr,
(on one), khidmat ; mul-
dzamat V. -k. -er, (gen-
eral,) with ^joJ ; ummed-
wdr, {stxvdLX\\.\khidmai'gdr,

Wake,{trans, )jagdna;jagdd,
{intr,) jdgna, awake, jdg-
la ; beddr, -ful, beddr ;
be-khwdb, -fulness, beddri.

Walk, (n.) sair; hawa-kkdna,
{v,n.y{y,)chalna; l^adam-k.
(take a-,) sair-k,; hawa-
khdna.

Wall, dtwdr^ (f.). -of a tent,
l^andi.

Wallow, lotna.

Walnut, akhrot.

Want, (need,) hdjat; ihtiydj.
(deficiency,) kuchh kami ;

aib, (poverty,) tangi. (v.)
(desire, )chd/ina; hdjat hona,
(be deficient,) kam hona.

War, lara,i;jang^ (f.). V. -k,
-like, jangi, -equipments,
sdmdn-i'jang.

Warm, garm, V. -k,'^, gar mi;
tapish, a -bath, garm-
dbah, to -oneself, tdpna.

Warn, chitdna ; khabar-d, ;
dgdh-k. a -ing, khabar^ (f.);
ittila^ (f.).

Was, tha^ 6rc, See page ii.

Wash, dhona ; dho-d. ; sdf-k,
-ing, dholdyi-tr, (person,)
,..sho^ as last part in com-
pos : -erman, dhobi, -er-
woman, dhobin.

Wasp, bimi ; zambiur.

Waste, (what is over after
manufacture, &c.,) sithi ;
sith^ (f.). (squandering,)
isrdf. (a desert,) wirdna.
(v.) ghatdna ; ufd-d. ; bar-
bdd'd,; khardb-kar-d, ful,
fuz^l'kharj, "{ulness./uz^i-
kharjL

Watch, (n.) (pocket,) ^^^r/.
-man. See * Sentinel'
-post, chauki (protection,)
hifdzai ; nigdh-bdni ; kha-

•

336 HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

barddri, -fiil, beddr ; kha-
barddr. Adv. with se, (v.)
hifdzat^ &*c, k.

Water, /i///, (m.) db, (Per-
sian,) ; jal, -fall, db-shdr,
-fowl, tnur^-dbi, -ing,
db'Pdsht. -ing-pot, lota,
-pot, ghara ; ka^si, -man,
bihishti;pdni-ivdla, -melon ,
iarbuz, -seivant, dbddr,
-y, tar ; dbi, (v.) pdnid, ;
(irrigate), patdna ; db-
pdshik, to sprinkle-, pdni
chhit-karke-d.

Wave, (n.) mauj^ (f.). (v.)
hildna ; hild-d.

Wax, mom. -en, mom ka,
-cloth, mom-jdmah, seal-
ing -, idkh.

Way. See * Read.' by the -,
i.e. on the road, darviiydn
rdh ke. by the -, e. g. by
the way, 1 ought to men-
tion, &c., kahte hti.e ;
jdte hii^e, by way of... (e.g.
kindness,) az rdk-i-mihr-

- bdni. costs of the -, rdh
ka kharch.

We, ham. See 29. ; ham log.
Weak, kam-zor ; ndjawdn ;
y za^if, -ness, kam-zori ; nd-

- tdkati ; zof.

Wealth. See ' Riches.'

Weapon, harbah ; hathiydr.

Wear, (our, as clotnes), pur-
dna ho-jdna, (clothes, &c.),
pahinna; ofhna; bdndhna;
lagd'd, ; rakhna,

AVeather. See pagt 80.

Weave, binna, -ing, bindwat
-er, juldhah ; idt^tu

Web, thdn,

Wednesday, budh ; chdr-
shambah.

Weed, ghds^ ( f. ) ; jangli ghds,
when plucked u^^ghds^pdt;
dkJior, Y. -ukhdrna.

Week, haftak.

Weep, rona ; dtfsugird-d.

Weigh, {trans ) taulna ;
ivazn-k, (inir.) tine wazn
ka hona, (ponder,) wazn-
k. : jdiichna ; sochna. -ty,
bhdri ; wazni ; sangin ;
girdtj, all lit. and fig.

Welcome, mubdrik^ (also by
way of address). Y.-^dd-k,
See * Agreeable.'
Well, (a. ) achchha ; bhala ; khiib^
(which are also interjs.) to
be-, -hona, (in good style,)
achchhi iarah, -enough,
kam^besh, as - as possible,
mak^dur bhar, this, as - as

HINDLSTiNI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKP:n.

337

khairiyat-don^ ! shdbdsh!

bahut achchha ! -known,

khub'Viaalum ; fnashhtir,

-wisher, khair-khwdh.
West, pachchham ; maghrib,
Wer, bhif}ga ; tar ; gila,

-ness, tari. V. bhtT^gdna,
What, -ever. See pages 33

and 39.
Wheat, gehiif}.
Wheedle, phusldna ; chum-

kdrna.
Wheel, (n.) charkh ; pahiya;

chakkar. (v.) e.g. a barrow,

chaldna.
When. See page 1C4. -ever,

jab kabhi.,Jab,
Where, -ever. Seepages 104
and 62. -abouts ? kahdt^ ;
kis taraf?

Whether, khwdh . . .khwdh ;
kya . . . kya (e.g. whether rich
or poor,) khwdh daulat-
mand^ khwdh gharib.

Which. Seepage 33. which
of these two do you prefer,
in donoi} mefj, se kaun
pasand karte ho ? which is
which, I can't say, kaunyih
hai aur kaun wuh hai^
mail} nahii} kah-sakta hiiist,
T., H.

While. See page 47, \u, also,
* Space.' a long <7r good -,
bahta der tak ; muddat-i-
dardz, a little - thori der
tak ; chhan-ek.

Whip, chdbuk ; kora. V.
-mdrna^ or -se mdrna.

Whirl, ghumna ; phirna.
-pool, gird-db-mn^^ gird-
bdd,

W^hiskers, miichh, (f.).
Whisper, phasphasdhat V.

phasphasdna.
Whistling, siti ; safir, (f).

V. -bajdna.
White, safed. N.-/. V.->&. a
-roan, gora.z. -ant, diwak.
-wash, puchdra.
Who, -ever. See pages ^^

and 30.
Whole, (a) hull; tamdm ;
sab, (n.) kuiliyat, -some,
fftu.dfi^; sajiwan ; zuldL
-ly, bil'kull ; mahz.
Why? kyi^i} ? kdhe2 kis wdste?
Wick, batti.
Wicked. See * Bad. '
Wicker, -yroik, jafari.
Wide. See ' Broad.'
Widow, rdnd ; bewa ; be-
shauhar. -er, randuM ;
be-zan,

22

338

HINDliSTiNI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.

V^iityjoru ; zaujah; ^abilah.

Wilful, khud'pasand ; sar-
kash. -ly. See * Intention.'

Will. See 'Pleasure.' * Pow-
er.' (testament,) wasiyat-
ndmah, -ing, taiydr; tdzi;
rizd-mand ; khusk. -ing-
ness, taiydr i ; rizd-mandi ;
khushi. -ingly, khushi-se.

Win, jitna ; ghdlib-hona.

Wind, hawa, (f.) ; bdd, (Per-
sian.).

Window, khirki ; ghurfah.

Wine, shardlf, (f.) tnai; mad;
ddru, (f.). bddah, (Per-
sian.)^

W\ii%^par; pankh^i^z^baghal^
(f.). V. pankh tndrna.

Wink, (n.) chashmak, V. ~k.

Winter, /V^ftf ka mausam.

Wipe, porj'Chhna ; poi^chh-d.

Wire, tdr. See page 98.

Wisdom, flr^/, (f.) ; hosh ;
ddnist A. akl-mand ;

hosh-ydr ; ddnish-inand. to
have-, to be wise, the adjs.
and hona, wisely, al^l se.

Wish. See * Desire.*

Wit. 5^1? * Wisdom,' 'Jest.'

Witch, ddyan.

With, (accompanied by,) ke
sdih; ie-kar; ma^t'} (instru-
ment, manner,) se; ke sdih^
(cause,) ke mdre; ke bd^is ;
ke sabab; se -draw, le-jdna,
-hold, nahij^'d ; bdz-
r:7M«a.-stand. mukhdlif-
hona, -in, bhitar ; andar.
-out, bdhar; (destitute of,)
be ; bila.
Witness, gawdh ; shdhid;
shdki, (L. B.). ty^-^chaskm"
did gawdh.

Wizard, ojka.

Wolf, bheriya.

Woman, aurat ; zan, (p.)
stri ; ra»dt\-s property,
stri-dhan. appertaining to

^ This word will remind you (later on) of the beautiful song, Udsak
ka tdzah, nau ba nau^ where occur the line and refrain.
* Bddah-i-dil'kuska bijo—

Tdzah ba idzoA, nau ba nau — *
' Bring forth the heart-expanding wine— fresh and afresh.'
" This word is nearly equivalent to ' and.* It is used of what is
dosely connected with a thing already named; as 'a case ttrit (or
and) its evidence.* Seepage 118. for two illustrations of this.

hindtJstXni as it ought to be spoken. 33^

women, zandni, -*s apart-
ments, zandnah. -ly,
aurat'Sa,

Wonder, ta^ajjub; hairai ;
tahaiyur, V. -k. -ful,
ajib ; ajubah, -fully, ajib
tarah set

Woo, natives never* woo;'
in L.H. they employ a
broker, called ^ghatak^

Wood, lakfi ; hezim, of-,
iakri ka.

Wool, Hn; pashm, of-, -ka.

Word, bdi ; baydn ; iajz ;
sukhun ; shabd, - by -,
lafzan. (news,) khabar, (f.);
bdt;UtiIa, (f.).

Work, kdm ; kdr ; kdr-bdr ;
kdr-o-bdr. See 'Trade,*
•Labour,* -man, kdrigar}
-shop, -place, kdrkhdnah;
dukdn, (f.). V. kdm, ^c.
k, ; mihnat'k.

World. See * Universe.' -ly/
affairs, umiir dunydvu

Worm, kirm ; ki^a, glow -,
shab-fdb, -eaten, kirm-
khurdah.

Worn, -out,/«r<i«a; ho-gaya.
See • Tired.*

Worse, uS'Se khardb ; (in
hf alth, ) dj wuh aur lUn^r
hat\ or dj bimdri aur sakht
hat. worst, sab-se khardb.

Worship, (M.) ibddat ; (If.)

puja. W^.-k, your^l huziir *

ja/fdb / jqndh'dli ; gharib-

pat war ; jahdtyfandh ;

dharm-avafdr, &*c.

Worsted, //// ka stU,

Worth. See Trice,* 'Value.*
a rupi's -of cloth, ek Hipiye
ka kapta, it*s not - while,
kuchh ^arwdh nahii^ ;
iaklif mat uthdjye:

Wrestling, ktishti, V. -k,
-tier, kushii'gir ; pahl-
U'dn,

y^ttich^kam-bakht; be-chdrahi:
-edi be-nasib ; kangdL
(contemptible,) nd-kdra,
-eitiness kam-bakhli ; be-
nasibi ishikasia-hdlu -edly,
iangi'Se; khardb hdlmet}.

Wring, machorna. (outwateV,)
pdni nikdl'd. ^

Write, likhna ; likh-d; ^alam-
band-k. a -ing, lekha. -er,
kdiib ; nawisandah ; as last
part in compos :.../id2e;/x

* Accent on first syllable.

340

hindustIni as it ought to be spoken.

or... navts. e,g. naJjil-navis,
a copyist, -ten, likha hu,a;
nawishtah ; ^alam-band ;
taiydr. -ting materials,
dawdt-^alam ; ialam-

siydhu the art, or act, of
-ting, J^alam-bandi ; ibdrat;
tasnlf,{lY

Wrong, (a.) nd-durust ; thik.
nahit} ; is meti hhul hai -
achchha nahit}^ (unjust),
be-insdf ; nd-ha^h: ; ghair-
wdjib. right or-, ha^^-nd-
hakJ^. N. bC'insdfi ki bdt;
zulm. -doer, with ^jo.*
-fully, he-insdfi se.

X.

[Nil.]

Yard, (court,) saAn. (mea-
sure,) gaz.

YsLVH\jamkd,i V. -k. ; jdm-
hdna.

Year, baras ; sdl, (p.); (in
dating), san. during this-,
im-sdL during last -,
guzashte sdL for years,
barasoij. se ; sdlha sdl se.
-ly, sdlydnah^ox sdliydnah.
every -, har sdl ; sdl-basdL
advanced in— s, buddha;
sinn-ddr, of tender -s. Set
'Young.' the new -, nau
roz.

Yellow, z^/'^. N. i.

Yes, hdfj. ; ji hdfj. See page

56, Note 2.

Yesterday. See page 6^,

Yet, (e.g.^'^Z he did not obey

me,) iekin ; magar ; tau-

bhi ; id-ham. (for all that,)

par.^ there \syet this to be

said, yih bhi kahna hoga.

he has not comQ yet^ab-tak.

YiQ\d,(n.)paidd7vdr;/as/, (f.).
(v.) dena.

Yoke, (n.) ju,a, or ju^dth.

(y.)jotna.
You, your ; yourselves. See

pages 2?, 29, and 30, 7.

* See page 115, line 9, *maqar kaddi na' iiikli ; par na' nikli.

HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 34 1

Young, jawdn ; j'/ida, under Youth, a, jawdn ; nau
age, kam-sinn; kjiurd sdl. jawdn. time of youth,
t:rown-up, but -, siydna. jawdnL -{u\\y,jawdn'Sa,

Z.

ZcsiljjosA; iezi ; garmL -ous, Zephyr, tdd-i-saba.

iund; iez ; garm, a - ot. Zest, hasrat

with ^jo* (devotee,) zdhid. Zig-zag, kaj-o-pech.

-ously, joshy dfc, se. Zone, ifilim ; mintafia.

^

GENERAL INDEX.

NOTE.

A single figure, (as * 23/) inlicates the pa^e. When that figure U
followed by a comma and another figure, then the first figure
indicates the page, and the second, the section on that page. A
second or third figure not referring to a Section^ is separated from
the preceding figure by a semi-colon

A.

A, or An, 9, Note,

' A,' as in, * how much * * a yard ? * 65, 8.

Abuse, words of, 75, 14, Nofe, 84 (foot note).

' About ' (^. g, about ten men), 39, 7 .

Accent, 72, 2.

Adjectives, allied to Pronouns, 39, 6. See * Agreement/

Adverbs, and Allied Words, 54.

Agreement, generally, 10. of the Verb, 10, 6 ; 19, 25.

* Ago,' 68, 7.

Alphabet, the, i.

Anahs, as used to express fractions, 65, 8.

^ And,' omission of, w^Note; 68, 10.

Answers, by servants, 56. Note 2.

*Ap' 28, 2. Apna, 30, 7.

Arrangement of Words, 9, Note ; 61.

Articles, the, 9, Note.

At, of timey 68, 6. {See Glossary, sub voce.)

344 INDEX.

B.

* Bahut Achchha ! * * bahut khiJb ! * 56, Abfe 2.
Body, the Parts of the, 62.
Both, 40. Both... and, 46.
By, (0/ time,) 68, 6.

C.
Cadence, 72, 3.

Cardinal Numbers, the, 64; 103.
Cases, 5.

*ChAhiye,' 18, 20.

*Chhi-chhi,' warning against certain uses of, 57, Note,
Civility, exaggerated, 75, 14, Note,
Clock, the, 67, 4.
Colours, the chief, 59.
Comparison of Adjectives, ordinary, 74, 8. by the Persian

method, 74, 9.
Compass, points of the, 59.
Conjunctions, the, 46.
Consonants, the, and their Pronunciation, i, et seqq; 72,1.

D.

DAn, as a suffix, 41.

Darna, to fear ^ followed by *se' 51, Note iv.

Dating, 68, 8.

Days of the Week, 66, 2.

Degrees of Comparison, 74, 8 and 9.

*Dena,' to givey contractions of, 15, 10.

Dipthongs, 4, 8.

Distribution 40, 8.

INDEX. 345

E.

Euphonic Vowels in Verbs, 15, 14, ei seqq,
ExERCisESj passim.

F.

Feminine Nouns, list of, 105.
p*ractions, 64 ; 65, 8.

* From his horse.' 73, 5.

* From inside ' = * out of, ' 73, 5.
Future Tense used for Subjunctive, 73, 5.

G.

Gems, the principal, 96, No/e 2.

Gender, 7.

Glossaries, English, 205. Hindustani, 127.

H.

* H * at end of a word prece<ied by a consonant, 2, 3.

Following another consonant, 2, 4.
^ Have,' how translated, 13, 5 ; 75, 13.
Health, to ask for one's, 77, 18.
HindtJstAni Reader, A, 107.
^Ho-CHUKA,' (and the like,) 19, 23.
Hours, how reckoned, 67, 3.
'* Hi5,a hoga,' 17, 18.
Humility, nouns of, used for ist Personal Pronoun, 29.

Nofe iv.
"•Huzur,' 76, 17.

I.

I, between two Persian words, meaning of, 52. A^o/es,
Idioms, 73, 5.

34^ INDEX.

Interjections, 56.
Interrogation, 6 r, 3.
Interrogative words, a list of some, 62.
Intention, how expressed, 51.

* It is,' 75, 12.

J.

* Jab-tak,\./tab-tak,* 47, 3.

* Jis-wakt'...*us-waict,' of unrelated events, 47^ iv.
' JOKO,!,' « jokuchh/ 39, 5.

* Jo-HUKM,* 56, Note 2.

K.

Ka, ke, ki, rules for, 5, 3.

* Kahna,' to say^ followed by *se,' /^, 51, Note v.

* Kam,' Prefix meaning deficiency, 59, Note,

* Kaun hai,* • KO,i HAi,* difference in meaning, 3&,
-KB ~kar ^r-KARKAR, participle ending in, 76, 16..

* KlH NA,' 46.

* Kg,!,* * KucHH,' 38, et seqq,

*Lagna,* when it means to begin^ construction witlv 51^

Note^ iii.
Ledi-sAhibah, 269, Note i. {

* Lena,' to take^ contractions of, 15, io.
*\jQQ^ people^ used in forming plurals, 7, Note,

M.

* MaaliJm,* * na-maaliJm,* colloquial use of, 5^.
Marks of vowels, &c., 4.
Measurement, 70. . , ^

* Mem -sAhibah,' * mem-log/ 24, iV^*/^.

INDEX. ^47-

*MiLNA,' *MiLA,' 3rd Personal. Vei b, 50, Note x,

* Mis bXba/ *mis-sahibah/ 24, Note. : '
Months, the, 66.

N. ..

Narration, 47. NoteW-, 74, 10.

* Not At HOME,' 26, iV^^/^ i.

Nouns, See * Cases ;' 'Number,' 'Gender/ paradigm of, 8^
-of humility, used instead of ist Personal Pronoun^

>

29, Note V.
Numbers, 6. ' '

Numeration, 64 ; 103.

O.

*0,' between two Persian words, meaning of, ^2 ^ Notes.

■ OFy\{in e.g. 'a cu/f o( tea,') j^, S-

Omission of *and,' ii, Note; 68, ip. of Pronouns, 31.-

Note ii ; 73, 5. of the 3rd Pers. Sing, of the Substan-
tive Verb, 26, A^ote 2.

* Once,* 'twice,' * thrice,' &€., 65, 6.

*Or so,' 39,7-

Ordinal Numbers, the, 65, 5.

•Out OF,' 73, 5.

* Own,' (/r<9«<?«;z,) 30, 7.: .

P.

* Pahar,' a, 67.

Paradigms:— of HoNA, to ^e or become, precedins; the-
'First Lesson.' of Nouns, 8. of terminations of Verbs^
14, 8. of Verbs, 16.

Participles, See, 'Verbs/

Parts OF the Body, 62.

34^ INDEX.

Points of the Compass, 59.

Post-office, the, 94.

Pluperfect Tense, used for Past, 73, 5.

Plurai^ ordinary, 6,5, et seqq, Persian, 73, 6; 123, Note 10.
-for Sing, in Verbs, 52, Notes,

Prepositions, 43..

Pronouns, 28. *Ap,' 28, 2. Demonstrative, 30, 5. In-
terrogative, 33, 12. etseqq. Personal, 29, 4. Posses-
sive, 30, 6. Reflexive, 30, 7. Relative, 33, 16. Words
allied to -, 38.

Pronunciation, i ; 72, i. et seqq.

Purpose, how expressed, 51.

R.
Railway, the, 82.
Reader, a Hindi5stXni, 107.

Relative and Co-relative words, 25; 39, Notes; 47,
Notes; 104. 5(f<? * Pronouns.'

S.
Sahib, SIhibah, 24; 26, Note 4.

Salute, to, 75, 15.

Shlf, 31, 8.

Since, {of iime^ 68, 7.

Stem, of Verb, 14, 7. use as,an Imperative, 15, 16.

T.

TASHRfF lAnA, -LFJXnA, 76, 1 7.

— te-hi, Participle ending in, 14, 8.
Telegraph, the, 98.

* Thank you,' 75, 14.

* There is,' * There ake,' 75, 12.

Tho, 47', Note i. and table of * corrigenda?

INDEX, 349.

Time, 66.

*To,' as Co-relative, 25, Note i ; 47, Notes ; 104.

U.
• Ul/ *Ud,' * Us,' meaning of, in personal name?, 77, 19.

V.

Verbs: — Agreement in Gender of - 10, 6. Auxiliary -,.
>3» 5' 'Can,' 18, 22. *Chukna,' construction with,
18, 23. Compound -, 21, 27. Contractions in -, 14, 9
et seqq, 'Darna,' and other -which take *j^,' 51, Notes.
Derivative -, 21, 28. Euphonic letters in -, 15, 14
et seqq, *Have,' 13, 5 ; 75, 13. * Have done with,' or
'finished with,' 18, 23. * Hona, to he^ or become^ 13, 5
et seqq.; 14, 9 et seqq, * Hd,a hoga,' and similar
constructions, 27, 18. Imperative mood of-: — (^.)
Abusive, 15, 16. (^.) Irregular, 21, 19. (r.) Ordinary^
14, 8. (^/.) Respectful, 14, 8. Intensified -, 19, 24.

* Lagna' to begin^ construction with, 51, Note iii.

* May,' 18, 22. * Milna,' : — (^.) as a 3rd Personal Verb^
50, Notes, {b.) as a full three-personed Verb, 124,
Note 2. * Must,' 18, 20. *Ought,' 18, 21. Paradigms
of -, : — ia,) Of * Hona,' preceding the * First Lesson.'
(^.) Of Nouns, 8. {c.) Of the Regular Verb, 16.
{d.) Of the terminations of the Tenses, 14, 8. Partici-
ples : — («.) The past, 14, 8 ; 17, 17. {b.) The present^
14, 8; 17, 16; 21, 30. (c.) Irregular, 22, 3!. {d.) In
...ke^,,.kary...karke^ 14, 8 ; 76, 16. ' Sakna,' construc-
tion with, 18, 22. 'Shall have,' 17, 19. Stem the, of-^
14, 7. Tenses the, of-, 14, 8 et seqq. Tenses of the
Past Participle of Transitive -, construction with the^

>9, 25-

35© INDEX.

Verbal Noun, ihe; 15, 13.

VocAHULARiES, classified : — Adjectives, useful, 9; 11 ; 25;
57. Adverbs, 54. Animals, common, 83. Bazar, the,
85. Bed-room, the, 24 ; 34 ; 87 ; 95. Birds, com-
mon, 84. Body, parts of the, 62. Colou»s, the chief,
59. Compass, points of, 59. Condiments, 92. Con-
junctions, 46. Dignitaries, 52. Dinner-table, the, 86.
Dress, 25; 34; 95. Drinks, 34; 94. English words
in common use, 34. Food, articles of, 1 1 ; 9 1 el seqq.
Fruit, 93. Games, 88. Harness, 90. House, the, and
House-furniture, 23 ; 40 ; 87. Insects, 84. Kitchen,
the, 87. Land, and Cultivation, 52 ; 78. Landscape,
the, 81. Measurement, 70, Mi«:cellaneous, 9; 11;
25 5 35 ^ 4' > 97- Money, 70. Nature, 81. Post-
Office, the, 98. Prepositions, 43. Relationships, 4.
Religion, 77. Seasons, the, 80. Servants, 35. Stable,
the, 90. Telegraph, the, 98. Time, words relating to,
. 69. Toilet accessories, 95. Town, a, its principal
parts, 82. Vegetables, 93. Verbs, useful, 24 ; 48.
Vermin, 84. Weather, the, 80. Weights, 70. Wines,

34; 94.
Voices, Active, 13 ti) 22. Passive, 22.

Vowels, Euphonic in Verbs, 15, 14 and 15. Pronuncia-
tion of, 3.

W.

* Wait, till I come.' (idiom^ 47. Note iii

^WAla,' *wiLi,' 73, 7.

Week, days of the, 66, 2.

WeiChts, 2, 70.

Words, arrangement of in sentences, 61.

^ • ■ •■ ..-.•„. V. . ^ - , «■• ( ■ V ■ • • • , .... J

FINIS.

^y s/

^Ct863SS