Full text of "Hindustani grammar self-taught. In four parts: 1. A simplified grammar. 2. Exercises and examination papers. 3. The vernacular. 4. Key and English-Hindustani Dictionary. 3d ed. rev. by Shams'ul 'Ulama Sayyid 'Ali Bilgrami"

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Thimm, Carl Albert

Hinduatani gramms.r self-
taught 3d ed.

INDUSTAN

GRAMMAR

This system teaches you the essentials
of a language (for travel and enjoyment)
without the drudgery of prolonged study

NIT

Capt. C. A. THIMM

Revised by
SHAMS'UL 'ULAMA SAYYID ALI BILGRAMI

M.A. Cantab,, U.B., A$soc. *,S.M., London, M.R.A.5.

Companion Volume: Hindustani Self-Taught
London : E, MARLBOROUGH & CO. LTD.

Maryborough's

Seif-Taught Serie

of
European and Oriental Lang

DESIGNED primarily for TOURISTS and TRA
LERS in Foreign lands who, without pre1
knowledge of the Language, desire to express them;
sufficiently to be understood, these books also form a
foundation for the more seriously minded student.

The Method followed throughout the Series is
Classified vocabularies and Conversational Phrases
Subjects, arranged in three columns giving first the Ei
word or phrase, second the Foreign equivalent, arid
the English phonetic pronunciation. This latter col
makes correct pronunciation a simple matter. A sec
on Elementary Grammar is included in most case*
deals with the construction of sentences and any s]
peculiarites of the language, such as Genders, Tenses,
jugation of Verbs, etc. For the more important langi
a separate volume on Grammar is published containu
addition to a thorough treatise on Grammar, Exerci
translation.

These books can be obtained through any bool
FOH COMPLETE LIST OF LANGUAGES SfcJ PAGE 4 OK C

HINDUSTANI GRAMMAR
SELF-TAUGHT

MARLBOROUQH'8 SELF-TAUGHT SERIES.

Hindustani Grammar
S^lf-Jaught.

IN FOUR PARTS : —

I. A SIMPLIFIED GRAMMAR.

II. EXERCISES AND EXAMINATION PAPERS.

III. THE VERNACULAR.

IV. KEY AND ENGLISH-HINDUSTANI DICTIONARY.

BY CAPT. C. A. THIMM,

Third Edition. Revised by

SHAMS'UL 'ULAMA SAYYID 'ALI BILGRAMI,

M.A. Cantab., LL.B., Assoc. B.S.M., London, M.B.A.S.

E. MARLBOROUGH & Co., 51, OLD BAILEY, LONDON, E.G.

1916.

PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION.

The first edition of this work being exhausted, in view of the
many evidences of its usefulness which have been received, the
Publishers decided to adopt some of the suggestions made to
further increase the practical usefulness and reliability of the
book, and placed the work in the hands of SHAMS'UL 'ULAMA
SAYYID 'Am BILGRAMI, M.A., M.B.A.S., etc., who undertook
the necessary revision.

Owing to the unfortunate and serious illness of Mr. BILGRAMI
during the progress of the work, however, Mr. J. F. BLUMHARDT,
M.A., M.R.A.S., very kindly consented to see the new edition
through the Press, and the Publishers are greatly indebted to
him for his courtesy and care in passing the proofs, thus bring-
ing the work to a satisfactory conclusion.

The volume has therefore had the advantage of an entire
revision, many valuable suggestions have been embodied, involv-
ing the re-writing of several pages, and new matter of a useful
character has been added, including the numerals on pp. 42-43
and an extra page of sentences in English and Hindustani,
with the romanized form, on p. 81.

The practical value and importance of the volume have been
greatly enhanced, and students will find it exceedingly useful
as an introduction to the study of the Hindustani language.

London, 1907.

J PRINTED BY
GARDEN CITY PRESS LTD.
LETCHWORTH, HERTS.

Fourth Impression

PREFACE.

DURING the compilation of " Hindustani Self-Taught "* it became
apparent that a second volume would be needed by those who
require more than a passing knowledge of the language, and
aspecially by those preparing for the Government Examinations,
bo provide them with the essential points and rules of Grammar
in a simplified form.

The Hindustani Exercises, with notes to illustrate the con-
struction of the language, are mainly founded on words and
phrases in " Hindustani Self -Taught," and the ad literatim
English interlinear translation is given to show at a glance the
difference of idiom between the two languages, especially for those
who have not the advantage of a teacher.

A translation into Hindustani of MB. RUDYARD KIPLING'S
poem, " SHIV AND THE GRASSHOPPER,"! has been made by special
permission of the author, and I heartily acknowledge the kind
way in which MR. KIPLING consented to the use of his poem.

"THE LORD'S PRAYBR," also rendered into Hindustani, has the
Phonetic Pronunciation given, which may perhaps prove useful to
some, as well as serve the educational purposes of the book.

Romanized characters have been mainly used, but those who
desire to carry their studies further will find in Section III. a
valuable introduction to the Persi-Arabic characters. Added to
which, sets of Examination Papers are given, with full Key at
end.

My best thanks are due to Don M. de Zilva Wickremasinghe,
of the Indian Institute at Oxford, and to Maulavie Mohammad
Barakatullah, The Oriental Academy, 124, Chancery Lane, W.O.,
for the valuable suggestions and corrections made in the work by
them.

It is earnestly hoped that these books may prove of some
little service in binding the great Empire of India still closer to
the British Nation, ^d that many whose duty or pleasure calls
them to India may find their way made easier and more effective
through their possession.

Any suggestions that may enhance their usefulness will be
gladly received by the publishers in London.

* THIMM (C. A.) Hindustani Self- Taught. [In Romanized charac-
ters.] Containing Vocabularies, Idiomatic Phrases and Dialogues, Travel Talk, Military,
Legal, Religious. Commercial. Shooting and Fishing Terms, Money, Weights and
Measure*, Indian Titles Castes. Festivals, &c., &c. Crown 8vo.. wrapper, -
Do., do., bound in cloth, E. MARYBOROUGH & Co., 61, Old Bailey, London, K..C.

t Tne Jungle Book (pages 1
London : Macmillan & Co.. Ltd.)

es 244 and 245). By Kudyard Kiting.

CONTENTS.

PART I.

THE ALPHABET, BULES OF GRAMMAR, AND
PARTS OF SPEECH.

(Pages 6-43.)

The Article
The Noun

Pronouns
The Verb ..*
Terminations

„ Passive Voice ...

„ Verb •• Jana " (to go)

Derivative Verbs
Compound „

" Kama " (to do, make)

P1GR

The Alphabet in Persi-Arabic, with Roman Characters ... 8

Romanized Characters, with Phonetic Pronunciation ... 10

Vowels, Diphthongs, and Diacritical Marks ... ... 12

Parts of Speech ... . ... ... ... ... 14

Adjectives. (For Numerals, see below) ... ... 18

Postpositions

20
23
24

Special Parts
The Auxiliary Verb, " Hona " (to be) ... ... 27

„ Active Verb, " Bolna " (to speak) 28

Particle "Ne" ... ... 30

31
32
33
33
34

Potentials .. ... 35

Completive s ... ... ... ... ... 35

Intensives ... ... ... ... ... 35

Notes on Verbs ... ... ... ... ... 35

Adverbs ... ... ...... ... ... 86

Conjunctions ... M. .*. ~. ... 38

Interjections ... ... ~« ... ... 39

Prefixes and Suffixes ... ... ... ... ... 40

Prefixes ... „ ... ... „ ... 40

Suffixes „ 41

Numerals ... ... ... ... ... ... 42

Oardinals ... ... ... ... -.. ... 42

Ordinals ... ... ... ... ... ... 43

PART IL

EXERCISES AND EXAMINATION PAPERS.

(Pages 44-72.)

Exercises on Vocabularies in " Hindustani Self-Taught" ... 46

General Exercises ... ... ... ... ... 66

Reading Exercises: —

History ... ... ... ... ... ... 69

Geography ... ^. ... ... ^. «, 60

Religions ...«.„. w „. „, 61

Translations of Reading Exercises : —

History 62

Geography ... ... ... ... ... .. 63

Religions ... ... ... ... ... .. 64

Shiv and the Grasshopper. By Rudyard Kipling .. 65

The Lord's Prayer ... ... ... ... .. 68

Questions in Hindustani Grammar : —

Elementary Papers, A and B ... ... ... ... 70

Intermediate Paper ... ... ... ... ... 71

Advanced „ ... ... ... ... ,., T8

PABT HI.

THE VERNAOULAB.
. (Pages 73-86.)

Hindustani Penmanship ... ... ... ... ^. 74

Phrases... ... ... ... ... ... ... 76

Extracts from Classical (Urdu) Authors: —

Baital Pachisi ... ' ... ... ... ... 82

Purab ki KahanI ... ... ... ... ... 83

BaghoBahar ... „ „ ... 85

PABT IV.

KEY AND DICTIONARY.
(Pages 87-120.)

Key to Extracts from Urdu Authors : —
Transliterations —

Baital Pachisi ... ... ... ... ... 88

Purab kl Kahani ... ... ... ... ... 88

Bagh o Bahar ... ... ... ... ... 89

English Translation —

Baital Pachisi ... ... ... ... ... 89

Purab ki KahanI ... .. 90

BaghoBahar ... .. .. ... ... 91

Answers to Questions in Hindustani Grammar : —

Elementary Paper A ... .. .. ... ... 92

„ B... 93

Intermediate Paper ... .. .. ... ... 95

Advanced ,, ... .. .. ... ... 97

ENGLISH AND HINDUSTANI DICTIONARY OF

EVERY-DAY WORDS 99

HINDUSTANI GRAMMAR.

PART I.
THE ALPHABET, RULES OF GRAMMAR,

AND

PARTS OF SPEECH.

Hindustani, or Urdu,* is the language most widely
spoken in India. The Mahomedan population throughout
the Empire generally use it, and it is the recognised
native official language of the country.

Strictly speaking, it is an important form of Hindi ; but,
whereas the latter is always written in the Deva-nagari
(Sanskrit) characters, Hindustani is written mainly in the
Persi- Arabic characters. Indeed, the peculiarity of the
language is the large admixture of Persian and Arabic
words originating from the official and daily intercourse
of the Persian-speaking rulers with their Hindu subjects
after the great Mahomedan conquest of India. So that we

"Urdu" is the natiye term for the language, and is originally a
Persian word signifying "» camp."

find, while the Urdu, or Rekhta, abounds with words and
phrases from the Persian and Arabic languages, the Hindi
consists of words of native origin or words borrowed from
the Sanskrit.

The purest form of the tongue is spoken only in the
North-West Provinces ; but it has really developed into a
kind of lingua vulga for the whole of India, and even in
the South a more or less corrupted form of it is spoken,
known as Dakhanl.

Since both Persian and Arabic employ a script derived
from the Semitic stock, the Urdu characters (printed or
written) are read from right to left. This adds to their
somewhat bewildering effect on the mind of a student
beginning to learn the language, but with a little patient
perseverance in copying each letter with care over and
over again, until it is familiarised to the eye and fixed in
the memory, it is surprising how soon this initial
difficulty may be overcome.

The main thing for the learner to remember is not
to attempt too much at a time, two or three letters only
being practised together, so that the mind clearly grasps
and retains each individual character before proceeding to
the next. This will save much time afterwards, and make
all the future work more sure and easy.

The Alphabet consists of 35 letters. Of these, 28 are
primarily derived from the Arabic, 4 from the Persian, and
3 from the Devanagarl or Sanskrit, and together they con-
jtitute the whole of the characters used in Hindustani.

The following tables show these in their various forms,
with the Romanized equivalent so widely adopted at the
present day.

THE ALPHABET IN PERSI-ARABIC

WITH ROMAN CHARACTERS.

Name.

Detached
Form.

Forms used
in Combination.

Roman
Characters.

Final.

Medial.

Initial.

Alif

a ft,

<->,

<_>

•

dix

§e

V±>

;

Jim

Che

•E

Khe

Dal

Da ;,

i:
A

Zal

iii

II
|

}

;

Zhe

)

Name.

Detached
Form.

Forms used
in Combination.

Roman
Characters.

Final.

Medial.

Initial.

Sin

Shin

Sad

u°

U°

«fl

Zad

gNi

Toye

It;

Zo,e

'Ain

< i

Gbain

( — 3

<— a

Kaf

LLJ

lii

Gaf

(

Lam

Mim

Nun

n«

Wa/0

;

}

W, 0, U

v«s

y, e, i

1 A strong guttural breathing ; no European equivalent.
« The form ^J (n) is used as a final nasal, see page 74.
8 This form is used to aspirate a consonant.

10
Romanized Characters with Pronunciation.

Romanized
Characters

Pronunciation.

a, a
ai
au

bh
ch
ehh

9
gh

k
kh

m,n

Resembles the English u in up, and sometime^

a in sat.

As a long in father.
Like i in bite, or y in my.
Like the English ou in our.
As b in babble.

As b with aspiration, closely sounded together.
Always the soft sound, as ch in lurch.
As ch with aspiration, closely sounded together.
Very nearly as d in dew; uttered by applying

point of tongue to roots of upper front teeth.
As the d above, with aspiration closely sounded.
Nearly like d in dull ; uttered by striking point

of tongue on palate.
As the d above, with aspiration closely sounded,

as dh in woodlwuse.
As ai in pair, or ay in pay.
As/ infill.
As g in good,.

As g with aspiration, closely sounded together.
A peculiar guttural sound, like that made in

gargling.

As h in horse, but it serves to aspirate conson-
ants, such as b, ch, d, g, k, />, &c., which see.
As h forcibly expressed.
As i in jit.
As ee in feel.
As j in judge.

As j with aspiration, closely sounded together.
As k in king.
As k with aspiration, closely sounded together,

like kh in workhouse.
Gutturally sounded with tremulous motion of

throat, like ch in loch.
As k ; uttered by pressing back the root of the

tongue on the throat, and making a slight

clicking sound.
As in English.

Romanized

Characters.

s
sh

t
th

w,w*

Pronunciation.

A slight nasal sound, stronger than in the

French "bon." ,

As n sounded with tip of tongue on palate.
As o in bone.
As in English.

As p with aspiration, closely sounded together.
As in English, but with more vibration.
As double r (rr), sounded by striking tip of

tongue on palate.
As s in sin.
As sh in shine.

As s in us by the people of India.
As f above, but as pronounced by the Arabs

it resembles th as in thin.
As in tube nearly, uttered with point of tongue

on roots of upper teeth.
As t above, with aspiration, closely sounded

together.

As t in tub nearly.
Aspirated t like th in Lofthouse.
Short, as u in pull, full.
Long, as oo in cool.
As in English.
Between v and w ; when at end of word sound

as o.

As in English.
As z in English without distinction by the

people of India and Persia.
As the French j, or s in pleasure.

Tit 8 Romanized characters are used for the Hindustani
words throughout.

* A hardly audible to, occurring In a few Persian worda.

Vowels, Diphthongs, and Diacritical MarKs.

The uses of vowels, diacritical marks, and their sombina-
tions call for careful notice.

There are three Short and three Long vowels.

The three SHORT VOWELS (initial or detached) are 1—

I (a) \ (t) f O)
The three LONG VOWELS are : —

The diacritical signs when applied to vowels are placed above
or below the 1< tter affected thereby, as shown in above tables,
and explained on page 13.

The DIPHTHONGS, initial or detached, are : —

The above vowels, when combined with consonantst are
represented as follows : —

(Bead from Right to Left.)
pan po pai pe pu pu pi pi pa pa

t 1 ,.! \

awr oA; aisd ek ud us ikh is as ab

It will be noticed that the vowels and diphthongs are
formed by the three letters Alif, Wdo, and Ye — hence it
follows that when not used as such they are consonants.
All difficulties will disappear if it be borne in mind that
they are consonants when initial in a word or syllable, in
which case Alif is a kind of spiritiis lenis (or soft breathing
sound), and has the sign * (Hamza) placed above it,
particularly in words derived from Arabic.

With regard to the DIACRITICAL MARKS it will also be
noticed that three are used in conjunction with Alif (1),
Ye (<^), and Wao ()) to form combinations with con-
sonants.

When so used these letters are known respectively as :

Fatfya

the short a written above: thus,

Kasra (x), „ „ i „ below < „
), „ „ u „ above: „

In addition to the above, there are six other diacritical
signs ; three applicable to vowels, and three applicable to
consonants in words from the Arabic only.

The VOWEL SIGNS are used as under : —
(1) Hamza

(2)

(*), the spirits lenis applied
to the initial vowel, and
is written thus :
Madda (*")» written thus lengthens a ;

(8) Tanwln

written above the final
vowel shows that n is
added to it ; thus,

feut

The CONSONANTAL SIGNS are : —

(1) Tashdld *

(2) Jazm

(8) Wasl

!" J, a doubled letter; as,
0 ), the letter ends a syllable
with no vowel following
it; as,

( ** ) , indicates that the conso-
nant is to be joined (in
sound) to the previous
word, and which only
occurs when placed over
the Arabic article al.

Again, the letters Alif, Dal, Zal, Da, lie, na, 4e,
Zhe, and Wdo, it must be noted, do not alter their
forms with letters that follow them.

* The names of the signs themselves are respectively zabar (over), zer
(below), and j?e«ft (before).

14
PARTS OF SPEECH.

Assuming that the student has made himself thoroughly
familiar with the letters of the alphabet, as well as the
manner in which vowels combine with consonants, he will
now be in a position to study the grammar of the language
with advantage. As he proceeds it will agreeably surprise
him to find it a less difficult task than he anticipated,
for it is an admitted fact that of all the languages in
India, Urdu is by far the easiest.

The native Indian grammarians classify the Parts of
Speech in their language under three heads only, viz., The
VEKB, the NOUN, and the PARTICLE. But for the purposes
of European education it has always been considered an
advantage to follow the ordinary classification of the
Latin languages as nearly as may be.

We have therefore now to deal with nine Parts of
Speech, viz., The Article, Noun, Adjective, Postposition,
Pronoun, Verb, Adverb, Conjunction, Interjection.

The Article.

In Hindustani, generally speaking, there is no ARTICLE.
A simple Noun, as pddshdh, signifies either " a king "
or " the king." But when greater precision is required
there are certain words which serve the purpose, as
ek (one), ko'i (any one), for the INDEFINITE; yih (this),
wuh (that), with their inflections, for the DEFINITE
ARTICLE. Thus : —

ek pddshdh a king
yih padshdh this king

ko'i pddshdh any king
wuh pddshdh that king.

The Noun.

The Noun has two Genders only, and may be considered
to have three forms of Declension, in each of which the
particles ka, ko, and se are used in the following manner : —

Nom. beta a son

Gen. bete kd, ke, kl of a son
Dat. bete ko to a son

Ace. beta (or bete ko) a son
Voc. beta (or Ai bete) 0 son
Abl. bete se from a sou

bete sons

beton kd, ke, kl of sons
beton ko to sons

bete (or beton ko) sons

beto (or Ai beto) 0 sons
beton se from sons

From the example given it will be observed the Nominative
beta is changed into bete in the Singular, and into beton
in the Plural, before the particles ka, ho, se, &c. These
slight modifications in the original word are termed the
Oblique forms.

The use of the particles ka, he, kl, in the Genitive case,
and each signifying "of" in the sense of possession, is
regulated by the thing possessed, as in French, thus : —

(a) Ka, when it is masculine singular, and in the Nominative

(b) Ke, when it is masculine singular, and in any case except

the Nominative, or when masculine plural in any case.

It must also be noted that the Accusative form WITHOUT
ko is used when the Noun is the direct object of the Verb ;
as : — Usko ek kitdb do. Give (to) him a book. The Noun
is then said to be in the Simple Accusative Case.

But when a special object is particularised the Accusa-
tive form WITH ko is used; as :— Us kitab ko par ho. Bead
that book. •

Since the particles kd, ke, kl, are uniformly applied to
all Nouns, only the Nominative and Oblique forms of the
Noun are given in the following table, leaving the Genitive,
Dative, Vocative, and Ablative signs to be supplied as they
happen to be required.

Properly speaking, the Genitive is an Adjective agreeing
with its noun.

FIRST DECLENSION.

All Feminine and Masculine Nouns ending in any letter

except ah, this h being imperceptible.
Nouns of this declension which end in a are Persian or
Arabic words, and when Hind! they generally denote
relationship, title or profession, &c.

phal, fruit (Masc.).
Sing. Plural.

Nom. phal fruit I phal fruits

Obi. phal „ phalon ,,

daryd, river, sea (Masc. Persian).
Sing. Plural.

Nom. daryd a river
Obi. daryd

daryd rivers

darydon 99

dawd, medicine (Fern. Arabic).
Sing. Plural.

Nom. dawd a medicine
Obi. dawd „

dawden medicines

dawdon ,,

Hindi words in d, like chachd, uncle, and rdjd, king, are
declined like daryd.

'aurat, woman (Fern.).
Sing. Plural.

Nom. 'aurat a woman I 'auraten women

Obi. 'aurat M | 'auraton „

lartd, a girl.
Sing. Plural.

Nom. larld a girl

,0bl. larki „

larkiydn girls

larkiyon ,,

All Feminine Nouns in I are declined like larki.

SECOND DECLENSION.

All Hindi Masculine Nouns ending in d, except those
denoting relationship, title, profession, &c., which belong
to the First Declension. All Masculine Nouns ending in h.

ghord, horse.
Sing. Plural.

Nom. ghord a horse
Obi. glwre

ghore horses

ghoron ,,

piydda, footman.

Sing. Plural.

Nom. piydda a footman piydde footmen

Obi. piydde „ | piyddon „

GENERAL EULES FOB THE INFLECTION OF NOUNS.

(1) The Oblique Singular and Nominative Plural of all
Masculines are alike.

(2) The Oblique Plurals of all Nouns end in on, and are

formed by affixing this syllable to the Nominative Singular,
or substituting it for the e (in those Nouns which have it)
of the Nominative Plural, i.e., adding on to the inflexible
(or radical) part of the word.

(8) Dropping the nasal n forms the Vocative Plural.

(4) The Nominative Plural of all Feminines ends in en,
except those having I in the singular, which for the sake
of euphony add an (instead of en), and thus make the
Nominative Plural terminate in mn, as : —

betl, a daughter ; betidn, daughters;
f followed by a or o is converted into iy, thus betidn = betiydn.

RULES FOR GENDER.

There are a MASCULINE and a FEMININE, but no NEUTER,
in the Hindustani language, and a few words of COMMON
gender. The Gender is regulated partly by nature, partly
by termination and grammatical usage, as shown in the
foregoing table.

Nouns that are Neuter in English should be taken as
Masculine unless they are known to be Feminine.

Words signifying males are Masculine, and females
Feminine, whatever may be their terminations.

Feminines. — Most words ending in I, in, sh, t, as, w,
r, h, d, k, I, n, as also many names of birds and rivers,
and monosyllables having medial i or e ; most pure
Sanskrit and Arabic Nouns ending in d ; some of the
latter in dh ; likewise Arabic words commencing with t
and having I in their last syllables, as tartib (order).
All Nouns in i (except five) are Feminine, unless Mas-
culine by nature. The exceptions are : — pdnl (water), ghl
(clarified butter), dahl (curdled milk), jl (life), hdthl
(elephant), motl (a pearl), which are Masculine.

Masculines. — All those words not included in the pre-
ceding rule as Feminine — subject, however, to many
exceptions. But words of the Second Declension, that is,
Hindi Nouns ending in d, and Persian Nouns in a (i.e., ah),
also most Nouns ending in u or o, are Masculine.

Such words as ddml (a person), dsdml (a client), are
naturally of both genders, and some not distinguished by
nature, as/Ar (care), may be used indifferently as belonging
to either.

Hind. Gram. S.T

Formation of the Feminine from the Masculine.

Fern.
a girl
a princess
tenth (decima)
a queen
a lass

a female of that
a bride [tribe

Mas.

larkd
shdhzdda
daswdn

a boy
a prince
tenth(cte'wMa)

larkl
shdhzddl
daswn

malik
ndyak
brahman

a king
a lad, a chief
a Brahmin

malika
ndyakd
brdhmanl

dulhd
shd'ir
bhd'i

a bridegroom
a poet
a brother

dulhin
shd'ira
bahin

dhobl

a washerman

dhobin }

dhoban\

mulld

a teacher

mulldnl

a sister

a washerwoman

an instructress
sher,sher-nar\ ..
(Persian) ja tlger

Remarks. — (1) Of the numerous methods above exempli-
fied the most important to be recollected is that Masculines
in a, when that letter is flexible, as in larkd (a boy),
usually make the Feminine by changing it into i, as : —
larkl (a girl).

(2) Arabic Masculines, as sdhib (a gentleman), make
the Feminine by adding ah (i.e., a), as sdhiba (a lady.)

(8) Many Nouns in Hindustani, as in English, l"ave
totally different words for the Masculine and Feminine.
Thus :—

mard a man bail a bull

'aurat a woman

bdp father
ma mother

gd'e a cow.

Adjectives.

All Adjectives except those ending in d, and those oi
Hindi origin, are indeclinable.

Hindi Adjectives ending in d are declined in the Singular
and Nominative Plural like Nouns of the Second Declen-
sion ; but the Oblique Plural is the same as Singular.

The Feminine of these Adjectives (formed by changing
a into 1} is indeclinable.

Singular.

Nom. surkh ghord(m.) a red horse surkh ghorl(f.) a red mare
Obi. surkh ghore(m.) ,, surkh ghorl(f.) „

Plural.

Nom. surkh ghore(m.) red horses surkh ghoriydn(f.)Yedi mares
Obi. surkh ghoron(m.) ,, surkh ghoriyon(f.) „

achchhd (w.), good. achchhi (/.), good.

Nom. achch/id good
Obi. achchhe

achchlf good

achchhi

Plural.

Nom. achchhe good I achchhi good

Obi. achchhe ., ! achchhi „

A few Persian Adjectives ending in a/i are declined like
Hindi Adjectives in a, such as dlwdnah (mad), Tiaramzadak
(low-born, mischievous), bechdrah (helpless), kaminah
(mean). This h is omitted in transliteration.

All Adjectives used as Concrete Nouns are declined like
Nouns, and, according to their terminations, fall under
the two Declensions.

COMPARISON.

The Hindustani Adjective has no variation of form cor-
responding to the Positive, Comparative,. and Superlative
in other languages, but the comparison of objects is effected
with sufiicient precision in the following manner : —
Pos. yih ghord achchhd hai. This horse is good.

Comp. yih ghord us se achchhd hai.1 This horse is better
Super, yih ghord sab se achchhd hai.* or) than that.

yih ghord sab men achchhd hai ) This horse is best.

If some word equivalent to " compared " be supplied, as
understood, these expressions may be literally translated
thus : —

Comp. TThis horse is good (compared) with that.
Super. 2This horse is good (compared) with all.

Such words as bahut (much), aur, ziydda (more),
&c., are likewise used to heighten the signification of
Adjectives, and often merely a re-duplication of the
word ; thus, lambd, long ; aur lambd, longer ; ziydda
lambd, too long; bahut lambd, nihdyat lambd, lambd

lambd, very long, &c. Sometimes the Persian termina-
tions for the Comparative and Superlative, tar and farm,
are used with words originally Persian, as : bad, bad ;
badtar, worse ; badtarln, worst ; l.ih. good ; bihtar. better ;
bihtarln, best.

Postpositions.

What are known as Prepositions in English are termed
POSTPOSITIONS in Urdu. They are divided into two classes,
SIMPLE and COMPOUND, of which the most important should
be immediately committed to memory, as without them
hardly a sentence can be formed in the language. Atten-
tion to the following explanations will show the manner
in which they should be employed : —

(1) In English they always precede the Noun or Pronoun,

while in Urdu they generally follow them.

(2) The majority follow the Masculine and Feminine

Nouns with ke, and a few the Feminine Noun
with hi.

(3) When a word is itself a Genitive the particle ke or ki

is omitted, and the Postposition simple is added : —
Mere waste, and not mere [ke] waste (for my sake).
Tere trfyie, and not tere [ke] waste (for thy sake).
/,-. irdx'te, and not uxke [ke] waste (for his sake).

SIMPLE POSTPOSITIONS.

The most important of these are kd, of (for the Mascu-
line) ; kl (for the Feminine) ; ko, to (the sign of the Dative,
and also very often of the Accusative) ; se (sen, son, or
sati), from, with; men, in; par, on, at; tak, talak, lag,
as far as, till.

All these have the common property of governing every
Noun and Verb to which they are affixed in the Oblique
case. Thus : —

ghorl jmr. On the mare ' (from ghora).

larke ko. To the boy ( ,, larkd).

bolutt men In speaking ( ,, bolnd).

But kd, as the Genitive or Possessive connecting Particle,
has the highly important additional property of agreeing,
like an adjective-termination, in gender, number, and case,
with the governing word or thing possessed; Thus : —

larke (or larkl) kd ghord.
larke (or larkl) Id ghorl.
larkon (or larklon) ke

ghore.
larke (or larkl) ke ghore

se.
larke (or larkl) kl ghorl

se.
larke (or larkl) ke ghoron

se.

The boy's (or girl's) horse.
The boy's (or girl's) mare.
The boys' (or girls') horses.

From the boy's (or girl's)

horse.
From the boy's (or girl's)

mare.
From the boy's (or girl's)

horses.

COMPOUND POSTPOSITIONS.

Nouns used elliptically (inflected by Simple Postpositions
understood, and sometimes expressed) require either a
Masculine or Feminine adjunct, according to the gender of
the Nouns which have been converted to this use. The
most generally used are : —

MASCULINES : pas, nazdlk, kane, beside, near ; sdth, with,
in company of ; upar, above ; niche, beneath ; liye, waste,
sabab, because, or on account of ; mare, through ; sdmne,
age, before ; plchhe, ba'd , after, behind ; ware, on this side ;
pare, on that, beyond; &c.

FEMININES : khatir, for the sake of ; £ara/(side), towards;
mdnind, tarah (manner), like; bdbat (subject), about;
nisbat (relation), respecting.

Examples : —

ghar ke pas (men, in,

understood).'
larke ke sdth (men).

Near the house; i.e., in

the vicinity of the house.
With the boy ; i.e., in

company of the boy.
To himself; i.e., his self,

or to him.

For the father's sake.
• Towards (to the side of)

the house. [man.

Like (in the manner of) a

In the above and similar examples it is obvious that
such words as men (in), ko (to or for), &c., are understood,
and they are even sometimes expressed.

uske tain (for usko).

bdp kl khdtir.
ghar kl taraf.

mard kl tarah.

The following is a list of Postpositions most commonly
used : —

MASCULINE POSTPOSITIONS
ke age, before.
ke andar, within.
ke upar, above.
ke bd'is, by reason of.
ke bardbar, even with, equal
to, by the side of.
ke ba'd, after.
ke par, over.
ke pds, near.
he ba-ghair, without.
he tale, under.
ke sdth, with.

ONS WITH "

KE."

ke sdmne,

before.

ke sabab,

because of.

ke siwd,

except.

ke kane,

near.

ke gird,

around.

ke liye,

for the sake of.

ke plchhe,

behind.

ke waste,

on account of.

ke iilche,

beneath.

ke mare,

through.

ke mdba'd,

after.

ke nazdlk,

near.

FEMININE POSTPOSITIONS WITH
kl bdbat, concerning.
Jdjihat, on account of.
ki kJidtir, for the sake of.
kl taraf, towards, on
the side of.

Kl."

kl tarah, like.
kl ma'rifat, through.
kl nisbat, relative to.
kl zabdnl, from the re-
port of.

The following Prepositions taken from the Arabic and
Persian are of frequent occurrence : —

az,

from.

ilia,

except.

bd,

with, into.

be,

without.

bar,

on, in.

in.

ka,

like.

ma'a

with.

dar,

'aid,

<an,

'ind,

li,

min,

in.

upon.

from.

near.

to, for.

from.

But these particles are chiefly used in connection with
words taken from the languages to which they belong.

Pronouns.

These differ materially from the Noun in the mode of
their inflection. Pronouns of the first and second person
form their Possessive case by ra, instead of ka ; the others
take ka. They have a distinct objective form, besides
the Oblique made with the sign ho for the Dative. Thus : —

* These are Urdu words.

Sing.

f Norn, main I

I Gen. merd, -re, -rl my, of me

1 Dat. mujhe (or mujh ko) to me

I Abl. mujh se from me

Nom. ham We

Plur.i

Sing.

Plur.-

Sing.

Gen. hamdrd, -re, rl [(emphatic) our, of us

Dat. hamen, ham ko, hamen ko to us

Abl. ham se, -hamen se (emphatic) from us.

Nom. tu (or ta'm) Thou

Gen. tera, re, rl thy, of thee

Dat. tujhe (or tujh ko) to thee

Abl. tujh se from thee.

Nom.tam You

Gen. tumhdrd, -re, -rl your, of you

Dat. twnhen, turn ko
Abl. turn se
Nom. dp*

Poss. apnd, -ne, nl
Dat. apne-ko, &o.

Sing.

Plur.

Nom
Obi.
Dat.

[Nom. yih

\ Gen. is-kd, -ke, kl

(Dat. is-ko, is-e

(Nom. ye
Gen. in-kd, -ke, -Id
Dat. in-ko, or tnAin
(Norn. tiw/i
Gen. us-ffd, -ke, fa
Dat. us-ko, us-e
(Nom. we

J Gen. un-kd, ke, In
(Dat. un-ko, unhen

Sing.

&aun Who? which?
kis

to you
from you.

Self, i.e., I myself, thou thy-
self, he himself, &c.

of self, i.e., of my own, of my-
self, of thyself, of thy own, &c.

to self, to my, thy, his, her,
&c,, self.

This (he, she, it)
of this (his, hers, its)
tothis(him,her,it)
These (or they)
of these (or their)
to these (or them).
That (he, she, it)
of that (him, &c.)
to that(him,her,it).
Those (or they)
of those (or their)
to those (or them).

Plur.

kaun Who? which?

kinh, kinhon ,, „
kinhen

* Ap as an honorific 2nd Personal Pronoun, i.e. " your honour," has ap-ka
lor the Genitive, and dp-ko for the Dative or Accusative case.

Plur.

jaun

jin,jinh, jinhon

jinhen

Who, which

taun

Those same.

tin,tinh,tinhon ,, ,
(Plural wanting.)

Sing.

Nom. jaun, jo Who, which
Obi. jis „ „

Dat. jise „ „

Nora, taun, to That same

Obi. tis

Dat. tis* „ „

Nom. kya What?
Obi. kahe

Nom. &o'i • Anyone, any person, or thing. (Applied
Obi. kisl chiefly to persons.)

Nom. kuchh Anything, something. (Applied chiefly to
Obi. kisti, things or mental feelings, and haa

generally an abstract sense.

Kaun is used of persons as well as things. It may
either stand alone or be followed by a Noun.

Jo or jaun, the Relative Pronoun, is placed before the
Noun to which it relates, and forms the first clause ; and
then the second clause is formed by a Personal Pronoun,
as: —

Ask the groom who is on the horse.
Jo sa'u ghore par hai, usse puchho.

Kya is used of things only. It may either stand alone
or be followed by a Noun.

Kuchh or kisl is not an interrogative, though the sentence
/n which either stands may be interrogative.

Interrogation may be expressed : —

1) By the inflection of the voice.

2) By the plain interrogative word.

(8) By kya at the beginning of the sentence.
In narration the same Pronouns and Verbs must be
used as the original speaker used.

The Yerb.*

VERBS in Hindustani have only one conjugation, and
very few irregularities.

Tenses are said to be Simple when no Auxiliary Verb is

0 For list of Verbs see " HindUstim Self -Taught," pages 60-55.

employed in forming them, and Compound when the
Present or Past Participle of the principal Verb, together
with an Auxiliary, is used in forming them. It must,
however, be noted that what are regarded in English as
Compound — i.e., the Future Tense, Present Subjunctive,
and the Imperative — are in Hindustani Simple. Again,
it must be borne in mind that, as the Verb hond, i.e., " to
be," is the only Auxiliary in Hindustani, it must be
generally translated by the Verb have in all Compound
Tenses of the Past Participle.

Every Verb consists of an invariable stem, as, for in-
stance, bolnd, to speak — bol being the stem — and a variable
termination, as follows : —

Infinitive :
Present Participle :
Perfect

—a.

having — .

SINGULAB.

Subjunc. Pres. main — un,
tu ' — e,'
with — e,

Imperative* tu [stem of
verb] ,
wuh — e,

Indie. Future, main — unga,\
tu — egd,
wuh — ead.

„ Present, main — td hun,
tu ' — td hai,
wuh — td hai,

„ Imperf. main — td thd,
tu ' — td thd,
wuh — td thdj

— nd, to — .

— td, — ing. Past Participle
f, — ke,kar,\
orkarke)
TENSES.

PLURAL.

ham — en,

turn — o,
we — en.

ham — en,
turn — o,
we — en.

ham — enge,
turn — oge,
we — enge.

ham — te hain,
turn — te ho,
we — te hain.

ham — te the,
turn — te the,
we — te the.

* In the Imperative Mood there is no First Person Singular :—

1st Per. Plur. Let us —

2nd Per. Sing. — thou

3rd „ „ Let him or her —

2nd
3rd

— ye,
Let them

t Since a Verb in Hindustani agrees with its Nominative in gender aa
well as in person and number, such parts of the Verb as end in 6 should be
changed into I or in as the Nominative is Feminine Singular or Plural

Indie. Past. 1,2,8,

,, Perfect, main — a hiin,
tu — a hai,
wuh — d hai,

„ Pluperf. 1,2,3,— a thd,

,, Fu. Per. main — d hungd,
tu — d hogd,
wuh — d hogd,

1, 2, 8,

ham — e hain,
turn — e ho,
we — e hain.

1, 2, 3, —d the

ham — e honge,
turn - — e hoge,
we — e honge.

SPECIAL PARTS.

—te-hl, immediately on — ing.
— iye, be good enough to — .

As in other tongues generally, the 2nd person Singular
of the Imperative is the root of the Verb, as : — bol, speak
(or speak thou). The syllable nd added to this forms the
Infinitive : bol-nd, to speak ;

td, the Present Participle : bol-td, speaking ;

d, the Past : bol-d, spoken.

But when the root ends in a vowel, y or w is usually in-
serted, to prevent a hiatus ; thus :

pd-nd, to obtain ; Past, pdyd, instead of pd-d,

obtained.
and, to come ; Future, dwegd, instead of d-egd.

Hence, when two a's meet, y is inserted, and when a
and e meet, w is inserted.

Exceptions. — The following Verbs form the Past irregu-
larly : jdnd (to go), gayd (gone) ; karnd to make or do,
kiyd (done) ; marnd (to die), mu'd (dead).

From the table already given it will be noticed that from
the 2nd person Singular of the Imperative, or root, the
remaining persons are formed by adding to it the following
affixes : e, en, o, en.

The Aorist or Present Subjunctive is nearly the same
with the Imperative, being formed by adding the following
affixes — un, e, e, en, o, en — to the root.

By again subjoining to the Aorist gd for the Singular
and ge for the Plural the Future Indicative is formed. All
the other tenses are made up with the aid of Auxiliaries

with the Past and Present Participles. After giving these
Auxiliary Tenses (two in number only), which should be
studied attentively, and the Auxiliary Verb hond, to be,
these few rules will be best illustrated by exhibiting the
Verb as conjugated in the Active and Passive forms.

main hun,
tu hai,
wuh hai

Present Tense.
I am, ham hain,

thou art,

he, she, or it is,

turn ho,
we hain,

we are,
you are,
they are.

Past Tense.

ham the\ or we were,
turn the I thin you were,
we the ) (/.) they were.

Tense there is no difference

main tha\ or I was,
tu thd I thi thou wast,
wuh thd ) (/.) be was,

Note. — In the Present
between the Masculine and Feminine genders, but in the
Past Tense, when the Nominatives are Masculine, thd for
singular and the for plural are used, and when Feminine
thi for singular, and for plural thin.

The general rule is that in all tenses except the Aorist
and Imperative the Verb must agree with its Nominative
in gender as well as in number, as : wuh thd, he was ;
wuh thi, she was.

THE AUXILIARY VERB hond, to be or become. — Root: ho.

Participle Present.
hotd (fern, hotl), being.

Participle Past.
hu'd (fem. hui), been.

ROOT TENSES.

Aorist. I be, or shall be, or should be, &c.
main hofon or hon ham howen, hoten, or hon

tu howe, hote, or ho turn ho

wuh howe, hote, or ho we howen, hoten, or hon.

Future. I shall or will be, &c.

main hotungd, or hongd or
tu howegd, hotegd, &c. \gl
wuh howegd, hotegd, &c.

Imperative.
main hutun, or hon
tu howe, hote or ho
wuh howe, hote or ho

ham howenge, &c.
turn hetoge, &c.
we howenge, &c.

Let me be, &c.

ham howen, hoten or hon

turn ho

we howen, hoten or hon.

Indefinite.

main\

tu ' L hotd or hotl (f.)

wuh )

PRESENT PARTICIPLE TENSES.
Had I been, or (would that) I had been.

ham\

tum \ hote or holm (f .)
we

ham\
turn L
we )

hote tlie

or
hotl thin (f.)

Present. I am or become.

main hotd, or hotl hun (f.) ham hote, or hotl hain (f.)

tu hotd, or hotl hai (f .) turn hote, or hotl ho (f.)

wuh hotd, or hotl hai (f.) we hote, or /toil Aow (f.)

Imperfect. I was becoming.
main\ hotd thd
ta ' t or
«wA ) fotf thl (f.)

PAST PARTICIPLE TENSES.
Past Indefinite Tense. I was or became.

main\

tu ' [hufaorhuf (f.)

wuh )

Perfect. I have been or become.

ham hilte, or hutl hain (f.)
turn hute, or hup ho (f.)
we hute, or hutl hain (f.)
I had been or become.
ham]

ham hute, or hufin (f .)
.,«, or hutln (f.)

mam M,d, or hutl hun*(t.)
r /tw
or hutl hai (f.)

tu hutd, or M/ hai (f.)
i (f.

main
tw

wuh

Pluperfect.
huld thd,

or
hutl thl (f.)

M/ the*
turn [• or

u-« j hutl thin (f.)

THE ACTIVE VERB.

Infinitive. Bolnd, to speak.
Root : bol, speak.

Participle Present. Participle Past.

boltd, speaking. | bold, spoken.

Participle Perfect.
bol, bol-kar, bol-kar ke, &c., having spoken.

* No te.— The Compound Tenses of " hona " are made with " hon» '
the auxiliary, the same as any other Verb. Examples: —

Main hu.a hun. I have been. Ham hu,e the, We had been.

bol, speak thou,

boley let him (her) speak,

Imperative.
bolen,
' bolo,
bolen,

let us speak,

speak (ye),

let them speak.

main bolun, I may speak,
tu bole, thou mayest

speak,
wuh bole, he may speak,

Aorist or Subjunctive.

ham bolen, we may speak,
turn bolo, you may speak,

we bolen,
Future.

they may speak.

main bolun- I shall or will

ga, speak,

tu bole-ga, thou shalt or
wilt speak.
wuhbole-ga, heshallorwill

ham bolenge, we shall or will

speak,
turn bolo-ge, you will speak,

we bolen-ge, they will speak.

Present.

main bolta hun*, I am
tu bolta hai, thou art
wuh bolta hai, he is

ham bolte hain, we are
turn bolte ho, you are
we bolte hain, they are

Imperfect.

main bolta tha, I was
tu bolta tha, thou wast
wuh bolta tha, he was

ham bolte the, we were j §
turn bolte the, you were ['£
we fcoZte the, they were! _

Perfect.

main bold hun, I have

\ a
I J§

, we have

tu bold hai, thou hast [• J8 turn bole ho, you have j-^j
uwA 6o£a /tat, he has J §4 we 60^ /tain, they have

Past Indefinite.

main bold, I spoke,

tu bold, thou spokest,

wm/i bold, he spoke,

ham bole,
turn bole,
we bole,

we spoke,
you spoke,
they spoke.

• Note.— The Auxiliary Verb is placed last in Hindustani.

Pluperfect.

main bold thd, I had \ a hambolethe, we had \ a

tu bold thd, thou hadst lj§ turn bole the, you had I JS

uw/i, 6oZa tAa, he had J P< w« fcofo the, they had] §<

Conditional.

boltdj
tu boltd,
wuh boltdj

ham bolte,
turn bolte,
we bolte,

may be translated, according to the context, either " Had
I spoken," or " I might (or would) have spoken." This
form is also an Indefinite Present; thus, main boltd means
generally, " I speak," by the omission of hun.

The compound tenses are formed by the addition of the
Auxiliary Verb to the Present or Past Participle, as: —
main hun, I am ; main boltd hun, I am speaking ; main bold
hun, I have spoken. This shows that when the Auxiliary
Verb is added to the Present Participle it is translated by
the Verb to be, but when added to the Past Participle it is
translated by the Verb to have.

THE PABTIOLE " NE."

One of the difficulties of the Hindustani language is the
use of the particle ne (by). In the tenses of an Active
Transitive Verb in which the Past Participle occurs, as
mdrd, the Agents of the Verb require to be indicated by
this particle ne affixed to and usually inflecting them* as a
Postposition, while the Verb itself (i.e., the Participle and
Auxiliary) agrees in gender and number with its object;
unless the latter be distinguished by the sign ko, in which
case the Verb remains impersonal in the Masculine
Singular, thus : —

Perfect Tense.

main\ ne I have struck,
tu [ward thouhast ,,
usf j hai, he has „

ham \ ne we have struck,
turn I mam you have „
unhonj hai, they have ,,

• Except main and tain or tu, which are not inflected by ne, but retain
their Nominative form ; and they thus correspond with their Plurals ham
and turn, which, though they admit of inflection, usually dispense with it

t Us and unhon are the inflected forms of wuh and we used as above.

Past Indefinite.

ham
turn

main\ I struck,

ta "I ne. . thou struckest,

w \mara" he struck,

Pluperfect.

main\ ne I had struck,
til [ward thou hadst ,,
us J thd, he had ,,

Note. — According to the

we struck,
you struck,
they struck.

ham \ ne we had struck,
turn I mar a you had ,,
unhon) thd, they had ,,

gender and number of the

object of the Verb (here not stated) the Participle mdrd
becomes mare (Mas. Plu.), marl (Fern. Sing.),mdrw (Fern.
Plu.) ; and thd in like manner becomes the, thl, thin, as in
the following examples : —

larke ne chiriyd marl, The boy killed the bird.

larklon ne chiriyd marl, The girls killed the bird.

lark™ ne chiriydn mdrm ; or | The , kmed thfl birdg
larkon ne chiriyon ko mar a)

The particle ne must not be mistaken for a negative
(nahin, not), as in reality it is an affirmative. This con-
struction is a source of much perplexity to the beginner,
and must be carefully studied by those who want thoroughly
to master the language. The particle ne is properly defined
to be the indispensable symbol of the agent of the active
Preterite.

THE PASSIVE VOICE.

The tenses of the Passive Voice are regularly formed in

all Transitive Verbs by means of the tenses of the Verb

jdndj to go, with the Past Participle.

Passive Verb Inf. mdrdjdnd,

Part. Present. mdrdjdtd,

Part. Passive. mdrd gayd,

Imperative.

Sing. Plural,

tr&mdrdjdy be thou killed. | turn mdrejd'o, be you killed.

Aorist or Subjunctive.
Sing. I *lural.

to be killed,
being killed,
been killed.

main mdrd jdun,
tn mdrd jdwe, or jd'e
wuh mdrd jdwe, or ja'

ham mare jdwen, oxjd'en,

turn mdrd jd'o,

we mare jdwen, or jd'e n.

Other tenses are formed similarly. If the nominative
of the Verb be Feminine, the terminations of the Passive
Participle, and of the participial forms of the Future of
the Auxiliary must be changed to i, both in the singular
and plural.

When the Imperative mood is used to a superior, the
respectful form is employed, which is made by adding
iye (be pleased) to the root ; thus,

be pleased to speak ;

be pleased to do ;

please take ;

please give.

boliye (from bolnd) t
kijiye (from kamd),
lljiye (from lend),
dljiye (from dend),

THE VERB jdnd, To Go.

In all its tenses jdnd, to go, is conjugated like bolnd,
before exemplified, except that its Past is formed irregu-
larly, and that the root jd ending in a vowel requires
w in the Imperative or Aorist, and sometimes in the
Future, to prevent a hiatus. The Past Participle of the
Verb conjugated is uniformly inserted thus after the
Pronoun or Nominative, and agrees with it in gender and
number — a rule of concord which applies also to thd (was)
and all other Participles.

Compound Tenses of the Present Participle.

Present. main jdtd hun, I am going.

» hamjdte hain, we are going.

Imperfect, main jdtd th'd, I was going.

ham jdte the, we were going.

Future. main jdtd hounga, I shall be going.

ham jdte howenge, we shall be going.

Present.

Imperfect.

Future.

Compound Tenses of the Past Participle.

main gayd hun,
ham gaye haint
main gayd thd,
ham gaye the,
main gayd hoilngd,
ham gaye Jioenge,

I have gone,
we have gone.
I was gone,
we were gone.
I shall have gone,
we shall have gone.

An important Verb of frequent occurrence m Hindu-
it ftni is the Active Verb —

Kama, To Do, or MAKE. Root: kar.
Infinitive : karna, to do ; karne kd, ke, kl, of doing.

Participle Present. Participle Past.

kartd, doing. | kiyd, done.

Participle Perfect : karke, karkar,* having done.

Imperative : kar, do thou.

Aorist or Subjunctive.

main karun, I may do,

tu kare, thoumayestdo,

wuh kare, he may do,

ham karen, we may do,
turn karo, you may do,
we karen, they may do.

Future.

main karungd, I shall do,
tu karegd, thou shalt do,
wuh karegd, he shall do,

hamkarenge, we shall do,
turn karoge, you shall do,
they shall do.

Conditional.

main kartd, I would do,
tu kartd, thouwouldstdo,
wuh kartd, he would do,

ham karte,
turn karte,
we karte,

we would do.
you would do.
they would do.

DERIVATIVE VERBS.

(1) Causals may be regularly formed from every Verb
in the language.. If the root is intransitive the Causal
will be the transitive form of the Verb, but if the root is
transitive the Causal will be doubly transitive or causative.
Generally the Causal is formed by the addition of a to the
root, and the double Causal by adding wd ; thus,

Verb: pak-nA, to grow ripe, to be cooking.

Active : pak-dnd, to make ripe, or, to cook.
Causal : pak-wdnd, to cause others to cook.

N.B. — When the medial vowel of the root is long it
becomes short in the Active and Causal ; thus,

bolnd, to speak. I buldnd, to call.
slkhnd, to learn. sikhdnd to teach.

* The participle in Tea/r or ke, &c. (sometimes karkar or karke, all being
derived from karna, sometimes only the plain stem kwr), is used to avoid
the repetition of aur (and), as

Yih bat bolkar (or karkar or karke) chald gayd,

Having said this, he went away, or, He eaid this much and left.

Hind. Gram. 8. T.

(2) In other cases the medial vowel is merely lengthened
to form the Active ; thus,

palna,
khulnd,

to thrive,
to expand.

pdlnd,
kholnd,

to nourish,
to open.

(3) By adding land (instead of and) to the root,
particularly when the latter ends in a long vowel ; thus,

khdnd,
sond,

to eat.
to sleep.

khildnd,
suldnd,

to feed.

to lull asleep.

In the double Causal Id becomes Iwd : khilwdnd, to cause
to feed ; sulwdnd, to cause to sleep. And many are formed
both ways, as from sikhnd, to learn, sikhdnd and sikhldnd,
to teach. Some take only the form of the double Causal
as gdnd, to sing ; gawdnd, cause to sing. Some are formed
irregularly ; as,

biknd, to be sold.
rahnd, to stay.
tutnd, to be broken.

bechnd,
rakhnd,
tornd,

to sell,
to place,
to break.

COMPOUND VERBS.

Generally speaking, Compound Verbs are formed by
adding a second Verb regularly conjugated, either

(1) The Root,

(2) „ Past Participle,

(8) „ Inflected Infinitive.

of another Verb. In some cases, the second Verb drops
its primary signification ; thus,

mdrnd, to strike + ddlnd, to throw =mdr-ddlnd, to kill.

••mar-jdnd, ,, die.

mama, „ die +jdnd, „ go

Jchdnd, „ eat +jdnd, „ go =khd-jdnd, „ eat up.

In such cases the second Verb is said to intensify or
strengthen the meaning of the Root, &c., prefixed, and
it only is conjugated.

The following are the most commonly used to form
Compound Verbs : —

uthnd
jdnd,
dend,
lend,
ddlnd,

to rise.
„ go.
,, give.
,, take.
,, throw.

pdnd,

lagnd,

saknd,

chuknd,

parndt

to be allowed.
„ begin.
,, be able.
,, finish.
., fall.

POTENTIALS.

Potentials are Compound Verbs which express ability to
do a thing. They are formed by adding the Verb sakna
(to be able) to the root ; thus,

karnd, to do.

kar sakna, to be able to do.

bolnd, to speak. bol saknd, to be able to speak.

COMPLETIVES.

These Compound Verbs are formed by adding the Verb
chuknd (to be finished) to the root ; thus,

bolnd, to speak.
karnd, to do.

bol chuknd, to have finished speaking.
kar chuknd, to have finished doing.

INTENSIVES.

Intensives are formed by prefixing the root of a verb to
certain other verbs determined by usage, these latter being
conjugated regularly, whilst the root remains unchanged ;
thus,

pind, to drink.
kdtnd, to cut.
girnd, to fall.

pi jdnd, to drink up.

kdt ddlnd, to cut up.

gir parnd, to tumble down.

NOTES ON VERBS.

(1) An Active Verb takes sometimes a Dative and some-
times a Nominative form of the object. The former
is generally used in speaking of persons; the latter of
things. But if an inanimate object is particularised
the Dative form is used, which may be seen by referring
to p. 15.

(2) A certain number of verbal expressions, which can
scarcely be called Compound Verbs, are formed by adding
certain Verbs to the present and past participles of Verbs.
Thus, Verbs jdnd, to go, rahna, to remain, and hond, to be,
added to the Present Participles form phrases which have a
continuative and habitual sense. The Participle is placed
in the Oblique Case, and is used adverbially ; thus,

likhnd, to write.
gdnd, to sing

likhtejdnd, to go on writing.
gate rahna, to continue singing,

(8) Similarly phrases with a habitual sense are made
by adding karna (to do) to the Past Participle ; thus,

bolnd, to speak.
rond, to cry.

bold karnd, to be in the habit of speaking.
rvyd karnd, to be in the habit of crying.

(4) The inflected Infinitive with certain Verbs makes a
number of useful compounds. These are : —

(a) Inceptives formed by adding the Verb lagna, to

come in contact, to touch. Thus, bolnd, to
speak ; bolne lagnd, to commence speaking.

(b) Permissives formed by adding the Verb dend, to

give : bolnd, to speak ; bolne dend, to allow to
speak.

something, by adding the Verb pdnd, to find ;
and, to come ; due pdnd, to get leave to come.

(5) Desideratives are formed by adding the Verb chdhnd,
to desire, to wish, to the Infinitive jdnd, to go; ja.no,
chdhnd, to wish to go.

(6) Verbal Nouns of agency are formed by changing nd
of the Infinitive Verb into ne, and affixing wdld for the
Masculine and wall for the Feminine; as likhne-wdld, male
writer ; likhne-wdli, female writer.

(7) The English idioms, "It is," "There is," "There
are," are expressed in Hindustani by the Substantive Verb
hai and (pi.) hain.

(8) In expressing the time of day the Verb bajnd, to
sound, should always be used ; as,

What o'clock is it ? kyd bajd hai i

Two. do baje.

A quarter past two. sawd do baje.

Half-past two. arhdi-baje

A quarter to three. paune tin baje.

Half-past three. sdrhe tin baje.

Adverbs.*

In Hindustani, as in English, Adverbs are sometimes
formed by using Adjectives. They are also made by adding
the Postposition se to certain Nouns; as, zor (strength),
zor se (forcibly).

For list of Adverbs Bee " HtodnsUni Self-Taught," pages 66-60.

Adverbs generally should precede the Verb or Adjective
they modify, yet in certain cases their proper place is at
the end of a sentence ; this remark applying particularly
to the Negative Adverb nahln (= na hai, not is).

The following POSTPOSITIONS are employed as Adverbs : —

in front.
andar, inside.
bdhar, outside.
bich, among.

darmiydn, in the midst.
gird, around.
karib, near.
nazdlk, ,,

niche, under.
pichhe, behind.
xamne, in front
upar, above, [of.

The most useful Adverbs are formed from the five
Pronouns, yih (this), with (that), kaun? (the Interrogative
"who?" " which y'),jaun (the Relative "who," "which"),
and taun (the Correlative) with certain significant suffixes.
Thus : —

PRONOUN yih
This

wuh
That

which form the Adverbs of-

(aisa icaisa

Quality jSuch, Like
(like this that

{itna Utna

This That
much much

kaun / jaun
Who? What,
which ? which

taun
That

kaifta ? jaisd taisa

Like Like Like the

what ? which same

how?

kitnd jitnd titnd

How As much So much

much?

(itne

Number JThis
I many

Mode

Place

Time

\yun
I Thus

utne
That
many

kitne ?
How
many?

jitne titne

As many So many

wun kyun ? jy&n tyun
In that How? As' So'

manner

yahdn, wahdn kalian ? jahdn, tahdn,

idhar udhar kidhar ? jidhar tidhar

1 Here, There, Where ? Where, In that

\hither thither whither? whither same

place

(ab (us-wakt) kabf* jab* tab*

(Now (Then) When? When Then

The vnlgar forms kad. jad. tad respectively, are not much in UM.

ab-tak,
ab-talak,
j ab-tak,
kab-tak?

COMPOUND ADVERBS.

till now,

still,
as long as.

how long ?

here and there.
,)

kabhl-kabhl, sometimes.

. "?*«

jidhfirtidhar,

jahdn jahdn, wherever.
jab kabhl whenever.

kal,

parson,
tarson,
narson,

hazard,
chiguna,
ek-bdr,
bdrhd (pi.)

ADVERBS OF TIME.

to-morrow or yesterday,
the day after to-morro\v, or
the third day to come,
the fourth day from this.

ADVERBS FROM THE PERSIAN.

by chance,
how.
once,
often.

shay ad,
khicdh na
khwdh,

[yesterday,
the day before

perhaps,
positively.

ADVERBS FROM THE ARABIC.

albatta,

certainly.

fi-l-W,

at present.

al-gjiaraz,

in short.

Ji-Lfaur,

instantly.

afydl,

at this time.

ittifdkan,

by chance.

a?lan,\
a?ld, }

by no means.

khu§u§an,
maqalan,

especially,
for example.

wa ghaira,

and so forth,

fakat,

merely, only.

etc.

Conjunctions.1'

In Hindustani, Conjunctions are employed exactly as
in English. The following list embraces those most
commonly used : —

awr,|
0, j

and.

bajuz,
lekin, \

except,
but.

•jo, agar,

if.

magar, /

war,

and if.

balki

moreover, nay,

agarchi

although.

besides.

Hid,

if not.

par,

but, yet.

* For list of Conjunctions see " Hindustani Self-Taught." page ; 56-60.

bhl,

also, even.

to, pas,

then, therefore.

ki,

that, thus, as,

whether, or.

kyunhi,

because.

go-ki,

although.

goyd, as if.
nahln to, ifnot,otherwise.
han'hand, although, how-
ever much.
khwah, whether.
yd, either, or.

Interjections.

The Interjection follows the English usage, and it is
unnecessary therefore to do more than give a list of those
ordinarily employed.

Bravo ! well done 1
Praise on you I bravo !
Admirable ! well done 1
How excellent !
How fortunate !

What, sir ! what a thing ! how admir-
able I (Expressions of admiration.)
Astonishing 1 dreadful I

Alas ! woe to me 1

Hush I fie!
Oh!
Holla I
Yes.

Very good ! well 1

Yes (in a respectful manner).

Woe ! alas !

Alas!

Oh 1 strange I

dfrin,
wdh-wdh,
kyd-khub,
dhan-i-dhan,
wdh jl !
kyd-bdt hail
bdp re,
hd,e hdte, j
wd te wat€t)
hat, chhl-chhly
ai, o,
re, are,\
hdn, or hun,
achchhd, khair,
/£, jl-Jidn,
wd-waild !
half, of sos !
dhd! oho!

t Art, if a female is addressed.

Pleased, satisfied.
kkwh-dwdz, sweet-voiced ;

us l> sweet sme11 '

Prefixes & Suffixes.

By means of " PREFIXES " and " SUFFIXES " to Nouns and
Adjectives, a large number of other words are formed ; e.g.,
Bu (smell), badta (a bad smell).
Angrez (an Englishman), angrezl (English).
Dukdn (a shop) ; dukdnd&r (a shopkeeper),

dukdnddrl (shopkee ping) .

The following is a list of PREFIXES in common use : —
Ba. At, with, by ; e.g., Har. Each, every.
basar, at or to a head or end ; har-ek, each one ;
bataur, by way of. har-roz, every day (daily).

Bad. Bad. Kam- Deficient.

badkismat, bad luck ; kam~ 'a£l> of deficient sense ;

badndm, bad repute ; kam-bakht, unfortunate ;

badshakl, iU-formed ; kam-'akli, devoid of sense.

badna?m, misfortune.
3,. Without.
bejikr, without care ;
behosh, senseless ;
behudah, absurd ;
bejdn, lifeless ;
beshakk, beyond a doubt ;
besharm, shameless;

without blame;

without experi-
ence (stupid).
D-TA u- -i T

JfS?/1 ' ,1, ' °n'

it ^Uor the present;

6t J AuM, on the whole,
entirely ;

fa Z -•«*,, on the contrary.
^[Arabic] . Each,«per," in.

fi'ljumla, in the total ;

/i J-&U, m the present ;

^|.^f^, in truth ;

fi l-waki\ in reality ;

fi'l-faur, instantly.
Ghair, wanting, deficient.

ghair-bdzir, absent ;

ghair-mumkin, impossiblv.

[ton^ued »

-dil pleased at heart.
Destitute of [swer;

helpless ;

la-khiraj rent-free ;
la-parw&, without care ;
heirless.

maha-raja, great king;
maha-ranl, great queen ;

maAa-jan (the great person),

banker, merchant.
. No, not.

rca-toi, want of wisdom ;
na-durust, not right ;
na-ma'lum, unknown ;
nd-pasand, not approved ;
wa-msf,unjust,unrighteous;
nd-wdkif, uninformed.

The SUFFIXES in the language are not nearly so plentiful
as the PREFIXES. The following list comprises those that
are most commonly used : —

Dan. A vessel for holding
anything.

gul-ddn, a flower-vase ;

§dbunddn, a soap dish ;

chd'e-ddn, a tea-caddy ;

pdo-dan, a footstool.
Ddr, Gar, or Gar. Agent.

chauklddr, a watchman ;

khidmatydr, a servant ;

sar-ddr (head-man), chief;

karz-dar, debtor ;

sauda-gar, trader ;

§ubah-ddr, governor ;

ea^f War, collector of rents;

thdna-dar, an officer in
charge of police-station ;

thlke-ddr, leaseholder ;
contractor ;

zamln-dar, landholder.
Gah. Place.

shikdr-gdh, hunting ground;

bdr-gdh, place of audience,
darbar ;

razm-gaht place of battle ;
_gend-gdh, racquet-court.
I. State, quality, position, &c.

bhald'i, goodness ;

bhdr-i, heavy ;

safd'i, cleanliness ;

sauddgar-lj trade ;

shikdr-l, hunter ;

tafysilddr-i, the area of a
rent collector ;

zamlnddrl, landed property.
Jama. Cloth.

mom-jama, wax-cloth.
Khdna. A place where work
is done or things are
kept, or room.

lohdr-khdna, blacksmith's
shop; [(kitchen);

bdwarchi-khdna, cookhouse

ghusl-khdna, bath-room.
Hand. Full of.

fa'ida-mand, advantageous;

daulat-mand, wealthy ;

fikr-mand, thoughtful.
Ndma. A writing.

hiba-ndma, a deed of gift;

$ul1i-ndma, a deed settling

a dispute.
Sd. Like, rather.

bandar-sd, monkey-like ;

mard-sa, manly ;

'aurat-sd, effeminate;

bard-sd, rather large ;

chhotd-sd, rather small.
Se. Manner.

zor-se, forcibly ;

khabarddri-se, carefully.
Wdld or Wall. Person.

pankhd-wdld, a pankha-

rotl-wala, baker ; [puller ;

machhli-wdld, fishmonger ;

ndch-wdli, female dancer ;

dudh-wdllj milk-woman.

Note.— The suffixes such as " abad," "nagar," and "pur" ar*
used solely as terminations of Indian towns and cities ; e.g.,
" Allah-abad." The city of Allah, or God.
"Aurung-abad." „ ,, Aurungzebe.
" Ahmadnagar." ,, .„ Ahmad.
"Nag-pur." „ ,, Nag, or snakes ; &o.

Numerals.

The Hindustani numerals are derived from the Sanskrit.
They precede the Noun, which may be put either in the
singular or the plural number.

When the Noun denotes time, distance, direction,
measure or quality it is generally put in the singular ; thus,
char gaz kaprd, four yards of cloth.
sdt/i baras, sixty years.
In all other cases the plural is more commonly used :

char kitdben, four books.

The numbers above one hundred are formed as in English,
but without the Conjunction ; thus,

ek sau char, one hundred and four.

CARDINALS.

1 ek

27 sata'is

53 tirpan

2 do

28 a£&ais

54 cliamvan

8 tin

29 untis

55 pachpan

4 char

80 ^*

56 chhapan

5 panch

31 iktis

57 sattdwan

6 chha

82 6a«w

58 athdwan

7 sat

8b tetis, talntU

59 unsath

8 ath

34 chautu

60 s^/i'

9 nan

85 paintls

61 ^sa^A, iAsa^

10 das

36 chh'affis

62 6WM

11 igarah, ijydrah

37 saintls

63 frt'rsaiA

12 bdrah

88 a^'fts, ar«a

G4 chausath

13 terah

89 untdlis unchd-

G5 painsath

14 chaudah

40 chdlls [lis

66 chhiya^ath

15 pandrah

41 e/ctdlis, iktdlls

67 sarsath

16 solah

42 60'aZis

68 athsath, ar»ath

17 satrah

48 feVaZw

69 unit attar

18 athdrah

44 chau'dlls

70 saitar

19 unls, uunis

45 paintdlis

71 ekhattar

20 bis

46 chhi'dlis

72 bahattar

21 ikkis

47 saintdlls

73 tihattar

22 bd'is

48 artdlis, athtdlls

74 chauhattar

23 te'is

49 unchds

75 pachhattar

24 chaubis

50 pachas

76 chkihattar

25 pachls

51 ekdwan, ikdwan

77 sathattar

26 chhahhi*

52 bdwan

78 athhattar

79 undsl

80 assi

81 ekdsl

82 be'dsi

83 tirdn

84 chaurdsl

85 pachdsl
86

88 athdsl

89 wawjast

90 nawwe

91 ekdnawe

92 bdnawe, biyd-

nawe

93 tirdnawe, tira-

nawwe

94 chaurdnawe

95 pachdnawe,

panchdnawe

96 chhiydnawe,

chhdnawe

98 athanawe

99 mndnawe, navd-\ ten million,

nawe

100 mti

101 tfA; saw *&
110 ^A; .saw tia*
200 c?o .saw
300 ^7? -s<w
400 c/tar sau
500 pdnch sau

a thousand, hazdr,

das sau
a million, das lakh

ORDINALS.

The first four Ordinals are irregularly made, but from
the fifth upwards they are regularly formed by adding wan
to the Cardinal number, and are inflected like Adjectives.
sdt, seven ; sdtwdn (m.), sdtwln (f.), sdtwen (oblique),
seventh.

llth igarahwdn

gydrahwdn
12th bar ah wan
21st ekiswdn
100th sawdn'
last pichhld

In Compaund Numbers the termination wan is added to
the last number of the compound only, as :—

ek-sau-biswdn, one hundred and twentieth.

DISTRIBUTIVE NUMERALS are formed by repeating the
Cardinal number : thus, ek ek, one at a time, one apiece ;
char char, four at a time, four apiece.

MULTIPLICATIVE s are formed by adding the word gund,
(f. gum) to the Cardinals; thus, dogund, twice, shortened
into diind ; chdrgund or ffhaugund, fourfold, four times.

Also by adding hard (f. hari) ; dohard or duhrd, twofold.

1st

pahld

6th

chhathd

2nd

dusra

7th

sdtwdn

3rd

tisrd

8th

dthwdn

4th

chauthd

9th

nawdn

5th

pdnchwdn

10th

das wan

PART II.

EXERCISES AND EXAMINATION PAPERS.

INCLUDING A HINDUSTANI TRANSLATION OF
THE LORD'S PRAYER

AND
A POEM BY MR. RUDYARD KIPLING.

The literal interlinear English translation is provided
throughout these Exercises, it being unnecessary to en-
cumber the work with the English grammatical renderings
also; but special foot-notes are given in many cases to
further explain the Hindustani, where the form of com-
position is particularly involved to an European student.

A few remarks regarding the idioms of the language
will not be out of place here, and will assist the student
in going through the following phrases, exercises, &c.
He may thus be able to take special note of them as
they occur.

(1) The period of the duration of time, or the amount
of space, time, weight or measure is put in the
Nominative case ; the point of time of the occur-
rence of an event, or the price at which anything
is bought or sold, in the Dative case ; whilst the
limit of time, space, price or measure is indicated
by the postposition tak " up to."

(2) In such phrases as "a plate of meat," &c., of is

omitted.

(3) Such phrases as "fell from,1' " out of," are rendered

" fell from on " and "from in " (inside).

(4) The Pluperfect Tense is used for our plain Past.

(5) The Aorist Tense for the Subjunctive Mood.

(6) In phrases where till or since are used they must be

always rendered by a Negative before the Verb
of the first clause. The reason of this is, that
we fix our minds on the moment of our return,
the natives on the duration of the absence.

(7) The word ghanta (a bell) is used to mean "an hour."

(8) In using numerals and is left untranslated.

(9) Omission of Pronouns where no ambiguity is caused.

(10) Doubling words in order to strengthen the force.

(11) Genitives and Datives come, in order, before the

Accusative. v

(12) Compound Verbs should be used in preference to

Simple Verbs.

(13) Passive Voice should never be used when the Active

Voice can express the meaning.

(14) Distribution is marked by doubling the numeral. '

(15) To express purpose, intention, or object the inflected

form of the Infinitive is followed by ko or ke waste.

(15) When speaking of persons of distinction the Verb is
put in the plural, even though the Nominative b+
singular.

EXERCISES. (Sabak.)
SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PRIVATE STUDY.

[The words used in these Exercises are mostly taken from the
Vocabularies in " Hindustani Self-Taught " as indicated.]

(Vocabularia. 1-3, page* 1&-17.")

Khudd ne dsmdn aur prithwi kol paidd kiyd* Surajpurab
By God Heaven and Earth created made. Sun East

men uthtd aur pachcham meii dub jdtd hai.9 Thore dinon men
in' rises and West in sink goes. Few days in

chdnd-grahan hogd.* Zamln par shabnam hai. Hawd
moon-eclipse will be. The ground on dew is. Wind

bahut chaltl hai,6 tufdn ho'egd.* Dhanak ko dekho kaisl
much blowing is, storm will be. The rainbow at look thou how

kh/Hb-silrat hai.7 Is nadl kd dhdrd bahut zordwar hai.
beautiful is. This river of the current very strong is.

Har roz samundar menjawdr aur bhdthd hotd hai. Hindustan
Every day the sea flows and 'ebbs. India

ke kindre ke nazdlk bahut pahdr hain. Sond chdndl se
of the shores near many rocks are. Gold, silver

aur tdmbe se* ziydda klmatl hai. Almas, motiyon se,
and copper from, more valuable is. Diamonds, pearls

Idl se aur zumurrud se besh-famati hain. Pital, lohd, slsd
rubies or emeralds from, more precious are. Brass, iron, lead,

aur kalal kdm ke dhdt hain. •

and tin (use of)y metals are.

Postposition showing the Objective case. *Were created. "Sets.
'There understood. : Very high. aThere will b«, or. ,We shall have.
TIt understood. «Gold compared with. "Useful.

(Vocabularies *-fi. pages 18—21.*)

Hindustan men jdnwar aur chiriyan bahuterl hain.1 Ghore
India in animals and birds very many are. Horses

aur kutte hoshydr jdnwar hain. Gd'e, bherl aur hdthl
and dogs sagacious animals are.' Cows, sheep and elephants

adml ke liye mufld hain. Tote, tadarv aur kabutar ke
to mankind use of are.' Parrots, pheasants and pigeons oi
' * See " Hindugt»ni Self-Taught."

par khub-$urat hain. Hindustan menbagh aur singhbil-fi'l

feathers beautiful are. India in tigers and lions now

kamydb hain. Shahd kl makhhiydn mihnati Jdre hain. Samp
soarce are. ' Honey - bees industrious insects are. Snakes

zahrile fyashardt hain. Nag kd ddnt aksar kdtil hai. Seb,
venomous reptiles are. A viper of the sting often fatal is. Apples,

anjlr aur angur achchhe phal hain. Guldb aur saman
figs and grapes pleasant fruits are.' Roses and lilies-of-the-valley

khub-surat phul hain. Kobi, dlu aur ndshpdti ba<ih to
beautiful flowers are. Cabbages, potatoes and pears garden

nabdtdt hain. Sab darakhton se balut aur $anaubar bahut
vegetables are*. All trees ' of, the oak and the pine most

kdm men ate* hain.
work in coming are.

lThere understood. "Useful.

(Vocabularies 7— !<), pagM 3S-36.)*

Badan Jd barl 'ujuba bandish hai. Chihre par
The body of very wonderful structure is. The face in

dnkh, ndk, gdl, munh honth abru aur kan hain. Mard
eyes, nose, cheek, mouth, lips, eyebrows and ears are. Man

ke sir par aur munh par bdl hote hain1 Ungll par
of the head upon and face upon hairs become-are. Finger upon

ndkhun hote hain. ' Larkon ke md bap ko dekhd hai /*
nails become-are. The children of mother, father, I have seen.

Men blbl aur betl Inglisidn men hain. Larkon ko chdhiye*
My wife and daughter England in are. Children should

Id wdlidain4 kd hukm mdnen. Wuh gharib 'aarat langri hai.
parents obey. That poor woman a cripple is.

Men topi, kurtl aur chhdtd mujh-ko Id do Yih patlun
My hat, coat and umbrella me (to) bring and give. These trousers

bahut Iambi hai. Hdziritaiydrhai? Kab taiydr karogef*
toe long are. Breakfast ready is ? When ready shall you make?

Taiydr hai §dJiib mez par rotl, makkhan, kahwa, ande, aur
Ready is, sir, table upon bread, butter, coSee, eggs, and

su'ar kd namJnn goshtQ pdiyega.
pig of salt flesh you will find.

xGrow. aHare you seen ? "Should, or must. *Th«ir understood. "Shall
you have it ? "Bacon.

* See " Hindustem Self-Taught.

Hamdre pas1 fco't chhftri aur kdntd nahln* Mujh ko piydla
Me near knife and fork not.' Me (to) a cup,

fasten aur chamcha Id do. Mihmdn-khdne men ara,™ kl
saucer and a spoon bring. Drawing-room in ease of

chaukl,3 kauch, mez, gharl ta$wiren aur d'ina hai. Yih
chairs, sofa, table, clock, pictures and mirrors are. This

§andukcha aur sham'addn men sone kl kothri* men le-jdo.*
box and candlestick my sleeping room in* take-go.

Mere bichhaane par ek kamll ddlo.9 Diyd-sald'iydn kahdn
My bed upon a blanket throw. The matches' where

hain ? Main chirdqh, jaldnd chdhtd hun. Is khet kd, aur
are? I the lamp to burn? desirous am. $ This field and

mazra 'kd mdlik kaun hai? Yih fimdrat kyd hai ? Mafaul-
f arm of owner who is ? This building what is ? A custom-

khdna yd ddk-ghar * Yih rdstd kahdn ko jdtd hai /'
house or post-office ? This high road where to goes ?

Mujh ko makbara kahdn mil-sakegdfu Is sarak par ek
I the cemetery where find able? This street in a

masjid, ek mandir aur ek shifd-khdna hai.11 Is shahr men
mosque, temple and hospital are. This town in

ko'i maktab yd madrasa hai fu
a school or a university is?

1Literally •• to me; yerb have understood. "JTo't nahin — no. 3Basy-
chftirs. *Bedroom. "Take »way «Put. TTo light. . •! want. "Does lead.
100an I find. ™>**There understood.

(See Vocabularies, 14-10, pa* 01 19— H.)

Mistrl barhal ko aur rdzon ko kdm detd hai.1 Sdhukdr
An architect to carpenters and to masons work gives. The banker

ke nawsanda ne* Pddrl $afyib kl ustdnl ko aur bdwarchi
of the clerk, the clergyman of governess and cook

ko rupiya add kiyd.* Kitdb-farosh Ja dilkdn men bahut kitdhen
payment made. The bookseller of shop in many books

hain?* Is gdnw men koi fyakim yd da I hai f* Munshl
are. This village in* any doctor or a nurse is(there)? The teacher

tikhdtd hai aur tdlibu-l-'ilm slkhtd hai. Is jahdz men bahut
instructs and the student learns. This ship in many

labuse hain?* Hamdre daryd-i-safar men ko'i roshnl ke minar
cabins are(there)? Our voyage in any lighthouse

Employs. «8Ignines agency. 'Paid. *>aThore understood.
See " Hlndastenl Self-Taught."

dekhenge / Ndo men chan-taggl aur rassl rakh do.*

shall we see? The boat in fishing-line and rope (keep-give).
Mammal mere asbdb ko lo, aur sarde ke mdlik se merd
Porter, my luggage take, and hotel proprietor from my
hisab Ido. Is shahr men ko'i achchhl sarde aur
account bring. This town in any good hotel and
tarjumdn hai? Yahan se rel-kd isteshan kitnl

interpreter are (there)? Here from the railway-station how

dur hai? Khidmatgar! jo kuchh main ne add kiyd hai us-kl
rar is? Waiter, what payment I have made of that

rasfld mnjhe Id do.

receipt to me bring.

•Place or put.

(Vocabularies 17—80, pages 35— «.)•

Mujhe kalam, siydhl aur kdghaz-i-jdzib Id do. Ap ke pas kuchh
To me pen, ink and blotting-paper bring, Thee near1 any
likhnekdkdghaz aur lifdfe hain't Apne dast-khatt yahdn
writing-paper and envelopes are? Your signature here
kijiye aur mujhe bhej dijiye. Yahdn kalam, aur
please write and to me send. Here a quill pen and

Jauldd-ke kalam hain. In donon men se1 kaun sd pasand
a steel pen are. These two in from which preference
karte ho ?3 A sdhib ne mujhe parson ek tar kl khabar
make you? — Mr. tome day before yesterday a telegram
bheji. Har roz main subh-dam uthtd hun aur ghurub-i-dftdb
sent. Everyday I daybreak rise and sunset

tak kdm kartd hun. Ek hafte men sat din hain aur baras men
till work do. A week in ' seven days are, and a year in"

bdwan hafte hain. A'inda* jum'a-rdt ko turn ko dekhne ko
fifty-two weeks are.' Coming Friday you to see

dungd. Baras men char mausim hain: bahdr, garml,
I will come. The year in four seasons are : spring, summer,
khizdn aur jdre* Ap kl bandiik ke waste kuchh kdrtus hain?*
autumn and winter. Your rifle for any cartridges are?
Merd kdntd, chautaggl aur bansi kahdn hain? Naddi
My fish-hook, line and rod, where are"? The river
ke kindre ke pds bahut machhliydn hain?
of the bank near many fishes are?

xThee near = have you ? 3Of these two. *Do jou prefer ? *Next.
*Kd mausim understood. "Have you?

* See "HindasUm Self-Taught,"
Hind. Qram. 8.T.

•

(Vocabularies 21—23, pages 4S— «.)•

Ap ladad-i-zdti aur 'adad-i-waifl bol sakte ho P Han ji.
You the Cardinals and Ordinals speak able are? Yes! sir.

' Adad-i-zatl ek, do, tin, waghaira hain aur 'adad-i-ivasfi
Cardinals one, two, three, eco., are* and Ordinals

pahild, dUsrd, tisrd, waghaira hain. Panhis aur usfce sdth
first, second, third, eco., are! Twenty-five and it with

das, pandrah aur pachas kyd ho jdte* hain ? Ek sau. Is
ten, fifteen, and fifty, what becomes?' One hundred. This

paltan men do hazdr ddml hain. Har sal rajah das
army in * two thousand men are! Every year the prince ten

lakh rupiye letd*hai. Wuh imtihdn kl fi/irist men ek-sau-
lakhs rupees takes. He the examination of the list in one hundred

biswdn thd. Main ne paune-chdr gaz mol liyd* Unhon ne
twentieth was. I * a quarter-less-four yards price took. They

kal arha'i man ko'ild kharid kiyd.* Is jagah

yesterday two and a half maund coal purchase took. This place

se paune-pdnch bajeP ham jdwtnge.1 Darhdr mm
from, a quarter-less-five have sounded, we will 'go. The Levee in

do sau biydlis* shakh$ hdzir the. Main ne use dj
two hundred forty-two men present were. I him to-day

do-bdrdg bat-chit ki.}* Main ghar ko derh

two-times conversation made. I 'to the house one and a half

baje phir dungd.11

have sounded again will come.

1Can name. "Do make, "fleceives. *Bought. °Purchased. *O'clock.
T Shall leave, "wind is never expressed with numerals. 9Twica. "Spoke.
"Will return.

Main kindre par jdnd chdhta hun, kitnd wakt1 laf/eyd ?
I ' ashore to go desirous am, what time will take?

Khidmatgdr in ddmiyon ko chukd do*. Ayar turn ziydda
Butler, these men finish give. If you more

mdnyoge to main magistret se farydd karungd. Tumko
demand then I to the magistrate complaint will make. To you

barabar fyisab rakhnd cfidhiye.* Jo kharch ho, so
exact accounts to keep is necessary. Whatever expenses be, that
^Howlong. "Pay. 3Must.

* See " HindfistanI Self-Taught."

Kkho. Ayar tumhdre pas achchhd kdijhaz* haP main tumhdri
write. If by you good paper is I ' you

azmdish kartd hun.1 Mujhe jaldl uthdnd, aur garm pdnl
trial do am. Me early wake, and warm water

taiydr rakhnd.7 Main a\me hath se* hajdmat banana9
ready keep. I my hand with shaving make

pasand kartd hun.u Ustard aur patpatl kahdn ham?
prefer make am. Razors and strop where are they?

Mere dagle par brash mdron aur men pdposhen dhundho.
My coat upon brush beat and my slippers' 'search.

^Character. BHave. 6Will give. 'Have. 8Myself. "Shave. 10Would
rather. 11Brush.

Ye kapre saf nahlri1 balki bahut maile hain. Dhobi se
These clothes clean not, but very dirty are.' To the washer-

kaho ki agar wuh ziydda mihnat na karegd to main
man say that if he more trouble not will do then I

use bartaraf karunyd. Hammdlon ko pankhd sdrl rat
him discharge will make. 'The bearers the punkah all night

khainchnd clidhiye. Main sawdri par se a'un us u-akt
pull must. I ' ride from come that time

chde kd piydla Ldo. Mujhe harl chde nd-pasand hai, sab kali
tea of cup bring. To me green tea not pleasing is, all black

rakho. Sab se achchhl zat ki2 kaunsi machhliydn hain 1
keep. All from the best sort of which fish are*?

Mere chand? dost dnewdle hain, ndshta char ke-wdste taiydr
My several friends coming are, breakfast four for ready

karo. Mujhe shikar chdhiye* Aj rdt ko main bdhar khdne ko
make. To me game desire. To-day night I out to dine

j anew aid hiln. Khobar ddr raho ! merl kursi ke plchlie
going am. ~Careful be 1 my chair of at the back

khare rahd karo* jo mujhe chdhiye so dete raho.9
stand keep do, whatever to me desire that giving keep.

'•Are understood. *Fish understood. *Of understood. *I should like
some game. 'You stand. 'Attend to my wacta.

Main Kalkatte ko kal fajr jdungd. Hukka pind1
I to Calcutta to-morrow morning will go. Hookah drinking

chhoro1- aur chalo. Tumhdrl mem sdhiba ghar men hain't
give up and goon. Your mistress house in is?

Nahin$dfyib, darwaza band hai.s Wildyati ddmiyon kd bamjld
No, sir ; the door shut is. European bungalow

yd kale ddmiyon ki1 sard'e yahdn hdi? Is jagah men sdnp,
or native's inn here is ? This place in snakes,

bichchhu yd dusre muzl kire hain. Tumko kyd hud
scorpions, or other troublesome insects are. You what become

hai?5 Mere sir men bahut dard hai; chakkar did hai*'
is? My head in great pain is; giddiness coming is.

Apnl jlbh bat do aur tumhdri nabz dekhun.7 Tumko
Your tongue show and your pulse I will see. To you

bhukh* lagtl hai?* Nahin, ft, lekin piyds bahut lagtl
hunger felt is? No, ' sir, but thirst great felt

hai.™ Is basti men ko'i JfaJdm hai ? Jo ho use buldo.
is. This place in any doctor is ? Whoever be, him call.

1To drink = to smoke (idiom). "Leave off. "She is not at home (idiom).
*Native. "What is the matter with you? 6Hare. 'Let me feel. 'Appetite.

11.

Us shakh? se kaho ki bdzu Ao1 jdiye. Ghord itnd
That man tell that aside be must go. The horse so much

garm rahe* to usko pdnl na pildo. Uske sum dekho
hot keep then him water not give. His hoof look

shdyad ko'i kankar yd patthar lag gayd hai.* Ghore kd
perhaps some gravel or stone touch-gone is. Horse of

pdon rdt ki rdt men bahut suj gayd*; usko dekhneko
the leg night-time in' very much swell-gone; him to see

na'lband ko buldo. Pandrah dne batawan, le-karf mujhe
a farrier call. Fifteen annas discount taking, to me

rupiye do. Main tumko tis din ki muddat ki hundl
money give. I to you thirty days of draft of exchange

fuldni kothi par dungd. Is kapre ke than men tytne
some bank upon will give. This cloth of piece in how many

TOnt of the way. ala. 8Are sticking. *Has swelled. "After taking.

f/az hain? Ayah merl blbl ko hamssha fajr ke paunt

yards are ? Maid my wife always in the morning quarter less

chha baje* uthdyd karnd.7 Bachchon ko har roz bild
six sounded wake up make. Childre'n every day regu-

ndgha nahldyd karo* Dal ko buldo, aur kaho ki
larly wash make. The nurse call, and say that

dudh plte bachcheg ko letl awe.10
milk-drinking child taking come.

•O'clock. 'Call. "Bathe. 9Baby. "Bring.

12.

Merl zduja, ivuh peshwdz pahinegl jo darzl ne kal
My wife, that gown will wear which tailor yesterday

sham ko purl Jal: taiydr kar-ke rakho* kyunki wuh jaldl
evening finished : ready having done keep, because she early

j anew all hai. Is bachche kd jord bandne ke
going out is. This child's suit of clothes making

liye ndp lo. Darzl yih peshwdz merlblbi ko bi'l-kul

for measure take. Tailor, this gown to my wife entirely

bardbar dtv* nahln. Bdrlk malmal aur resham ke tin yd
proper coming not. Fine muslin and of silk three or

char than is namune ke dekhne ke waste kal land. Ek
four pieces this pattern of to look at " to-morrow bring. A

bahut bdrlk su'l lo, aur aisl be ma'lum* rafil karo. Jaldl
very fine needle take, and so unobserved darn make. Quickly

karo ! mujhe yih turt chdhiye. Is poshdk ko lambd karo6
make 1 I this directly want. This dress long make,

aur in kapron ko durust karo.* Wuh khilaune jo main ne
and these clothes right make. Those playthings that by me

bachchon ke waste kharld kiye hain7 so Ido. Kyun! ddl
for the'children purchase done are, them bring. Well', nurse,

bachcha dj* do-pahar ke age soya thd? Bachchon ne
the child to-day afternoon before slept has ? The children

hanoz khdnd khdyd?
yet dinner have eaten?

1Fem. past participle of Icamd. 3Have it. 8Does fit. *It cannot b«
obserred. 8Lengthen. "Mend. 'Bought. "This.

54
13.

'VoeabnlarlM M * 28, page* 01—75)*

Karnail fdfyib ne dj kyd fyukm diye? Usne ndyak ko
The colonel to-day what orders has given ? He to the corporal,

jamdddr ko aur kil'addr ko ijdzat di.

sergeant and warrant officer, leave of absence has given.

Gole bdrut ki gdri ko silati khdne ko jaldi Ido. Risdle

The ammunition wagon to the arsenal quickly bring. Cavalry

ke waste taiydr ho aur karnd'i bajdo. Sipdhl ne gaye mahine

for " ready be,1 and bugle sound. The soldier last month

apne fdrigh ho jane ki sanad ll. Jagah par khare rahot

his certificate of discharge took. In place standing keep,*

dahine phiro, jaldi kadam uthdo. Kampanl ki char toliydn

by the left turn1 quickstep lift up.4 The company four sections

karo. Paltan tirchhi toll ho jdegi. Kampanl

make.* The battalion echelon of sections will be.8 The company

chha kadam pichhe hateyi. Fajr ko kis wakt

six paces back will step. In the morning at what time

paltan kuch karegl ?

the 'battalion march will make?7

1Prepare. 9Fall in. 'Left turn. *Quick march. *Tell off the company
into four sections. •Will wheel in. 'Will march.

14.

(Vocabulary so. pages 75-7fi.)'

Inglistdn tamtim Hindustan ke sdth bari kharld-farokht
England, whole India with, great trade

kartd hai. London ke baipdri bahut paise-wdle hain. Is
does. London of the merchants very wealthy are'. This

udhdr ke-wdste kyd biydj mdngte ho ? Is milk ko kyd
loan for, what interest do you ask? This property upon, any
giro rakhd hai?1 Jo paise main ne aur mere shank ne
mortgage kept is ? What money I and my partner

kothi men rahhe, so tamdm dub gaye. Is mulk se
in the bank kept,8 that all3 sink-gone.4 This country from

bdhir jdnewdld mdl, aur uski nikdsi bahut bari hai. Main ne

the export and the import very great are. l"
dj-ke kdghaz men ek ishtihdr diyd hai. Wuh karz-khwdh
of to-day in the paper an advertisement put. That creditor

*Th*re understood. "Had. 8Th« whole of that. *Has been lost.
* See " Hindustani Self-Tanght."

apnd karz be-mulilat mangtd hai. Cs paise kewd*te,

his payment without delay demanding is.» That money for,

main tumko ek ruk'a dungd. Har mahlne tuin. kyd tankhwai

I ' to you an I. O.U. will give. Monthly, you what wages
mdnyte ho ? Koshish men su&tl na karo, ruhdnl josh men

do ask ? In business slothful not make,6 in spirit

bhare raho, kh_uddivand hi khidjiiat karte raho.
fervent keep'/,' the Lord service of8 making keep.9
"Demands. • 'Be. •'Serving.

15.

(Vocabulary 31, pages 77—78.)*

Khairdt dend, namdz jtarhna, roza rakhnd ye tin chlzen
Alms to give, prayers to read, fasts to keep, these three things

Allah ko pasand hain. Rufy kd dram bihisht men hai: khardb

God pleased is. * Of the soul peace Heaven in' is ; wicked

ddmi'on kl sazd jahannam men hogl. Bhald ddmi,

men of the punishment hell in will be. Good men,

gharil) logon ko khairdt degd. Adiiri kd dushman iblls hai,

poor men" to alms will give. Of man the enemy the devil is,

lekin uskd dost khudd hai. Mussalman logon ke din

but his friend God is. Of the Mohammedans the religious

kitdb kurdn hai, aur hindu logon ki bhdgwat. Hindu

book the Koran is, and of the Hindus, the Bhagwat. Among

logon m&ii char d§ll zdten hain: — Brahman, Kshatri-

the Hindus four principal castes are: — The Brahmins, the Kshatri-

ya, Vaishya aur Sudra. Islam men do firke

yahs, the Vyshya and the Sudrahs. In Islamism two sects

hain: — pahild Shi'ah aur dusrd Sunni. Khudd

(the're) are: — Firstly, the Shi'ah, and, secondly, the Sannis. God

ne dunyd se aisl maJ}abbat rakhl, ki us ne apnd iklautd

the world so loved that He His only beloved

Beta bakhsh diyd, tdki jo ko'l us par Imdn Ide, haldk

Son freely gave, that whosoever him upon belief placed1 dead

na ho, balki hamesha kl zindagl pde. Gharaz Imdn,

not be,2 but everlasting life should get.8 In short,Faith,

ummed aur mahabbat, yih tlnon ddiml hain, magar in men

Hope, and Love, these three abideth, but in them4

mahabbat afzal hai. Khuddwand Ylsu par Imdn la,

love the greatest is. """The Lord Jesus on belief place;5

to tu aur terd ghardnd najdt pdegd.

then thou and thy household shall be saved.

1Believeth in him. aShould not perish. 3Have. *0f these. 5Believe.
* See " Hindustani Self-Taught."

56
16.

(Vocabulary 32, pages 76—86, " Hindustani Self-Taught.")

Yih 'addlat kab khulegl aur jaj §dhib kaun hain?
This court when will open, and judge who is?

Faujddrl 'addlat das baje khultl hai, aur dlu-dm 'addlat
The Criminal Court ten sounded opens, and the Civil Court
gydrah baje. Mudda'l aur mudd 'alaihi kaun hain ?
eleven sounded. Plaintiff and defendant who are?
Jaj sahib ne kaidl ko jhuthi kasam ke waste, chha mahine
The judge the prisoner, for perjury, six months

ke liye kaid-Midne ko bheja. Jalldd ne Gopdl ko phdnsi dl,

to prison sent. The executioner Gopal noose gave;1
uskd subut i gundh insdfan thd. Sab gundh se, jhuthi dastdwez
his conviction just was. All crimes from, forgery
banana bahut khardb hai : 'addlat men is waste jaj bhdrl

very bad is ; in court for it judges heavy
*azd de-dete hain. Uske mukaddame men 'All Khan uskd vakil
sentences give. His trial at, All Khan his counsel

aur Dharamdds uskd shdhid thd. Tumhdrd baydn ek tarfi
and Dharamdas his witness was. Your statement ex 'parte
hai ; tumhdre pas kyd dalil hai ? Hindustan men rishwat
is; you near2 what proof is?3 India in* bribe-

dend aur chorl bahut 'dmm hain. Hukmndma kyd thd?
giving4 and theft very common are'. The decree what was?
1Hanged. " *Near is « have. *Bribery.

GENERAL EXERCISES.

[These Exercises are arranged to illustrate the peculiari-
ties of the Syntax and Idioms of the Hindustan! Language,
to which the student should give particular attention.]

17.

Jab pddshdh shahr ko ate tab gharlb logon ko bakhshisl

Whenever the King to the city came, then poor people to gratuities

dete.1 Agar Gopdl dtd, to main usko ek in'dm detd* Aj
gave. If Gopal had come, I would have given him a reward. To-day

hamko ghort par jdnd hoyd.* Agar us ddml kd bha'i
I upon a horse* go must. If that man's brother

xThe verb is made plural, out »f respect to the word pddshdh. "The
consequence is also thrown into the same tense as the first clauae. *VerbaJ
noun followed by the infinitive.

awe, to bolo, ki darwaza band hai.5 Wuh apnfi

should come, then say that door shut is. He his (own)
pfhora8 chahta hai; usko jaldi Ido. Main ne apne waste
horse wishing is ; him quickly bring. I* myself for"
ha/iut koshish ki.7 Jo* ddmi gliar ke andar hai, uske
many attempts made. What man the house in is, him
buldo. Jaisd9 bap, taisd beta. Kuchh parwd nahin™
call. As the father (is) so the son (is). Any care not '
ek ekn ddmi ko bakhshish do. Chirdgh ke niche andhera.1*
one-one man gratuity give. The lamp under, darkness.

BIdiom for "not at home." 6His own horse. 'Feminine past
participle of Tcarnd. "Belative pronoun Is put before the noun to which
ft relates. *Jait& . . . waisd are used correlatively. 10It does not matter.
"Distribution is marked by doubling the numeral. "Is understood.
This is an Eastern proverb.

18.

Tumhdre liye1 main dj dyd hun. Odridn wahdn thin aur
Your sake I ' to-day come am! Carriages there 'were* and
ghore bhi* the. Darmiydn rdh ke, ek naddi mill3 thi4.
horses also were. In the midst of the road one river found.
liah men ham do ddmion ko mile the, ek pdrsi aur
In the road I two men came across ; one Parsee, and
dusrd hindu. Us se puclihiye,5 djrdt ko kahdn jdtd hai.
the second Hindu. From him ask to-night where going is.

Das barson se main ne apnd watan nahln* dekhd.

Ten years from, I my own native country not seen.
Aktober majilne ki das tdrifeh ko7 Madras jdunyd. Meri
October month of, ten date, Madras will* go. My
ghari bigar ga'i wuh kuchh kdm ki8 nahin hai.
watch out of order gone, that some of work not * is,
Smith sdJiib ko pahchdnte ho? wuh bahut achchhe* ddmi hain.
Smith, Mr., you know? he very good man is.*
Wuh bold ki main Inglistdn ko thore dinon men jdunga.1*
He said that I ' to England few days' in* will* go.

^When a word is itself a Genitive the Preposition f ollows it closely, with-
out Tee or kt. aJB7u is added to emphasise. 3Is used most frequently as a
third-personal verb only. *The verb is feminine, agreeing with naddi.
*Puchhnd takes se where we use to. "When since «= "that I have not," a
negative must be used. 7In naming a date Jco is used. "Agreeing with gharl.
•Words doubled to strengthen the force. 10In narration the same pronouns
&nd verbs must be used as those used by the original speaker.

19.

Aj kaun tdrlkh hai? Aj Novembar mahine ki nau
To-day what date is? Today November month of, nine

tdrlkh hai. Huzur kab tashrif Id' el hain? Ek
date is. Your honour, when your presence bring are? One

hafta ho gay a. Huzilr kab tashrif le-jdenge?1
week been-gone. Your honour, when your presence take-away?

Agle mahlne men. Hamko kuchh ummed nahln hai3 ki wuh
Coming month in. I some hope not is that he

jaldl achchhd ho jdwegd. Aj sham ko bdhar jdtingd ka'i
quickly well will be. This evening out will 'go, what

baje* main ab nahln jdntd hun. Ap kd mizdj-i-sharif*
sounded I now not knowing am. Thy health, noble,

kaisd hai? Shukr kh_ndd hai.6 Numd'ish aur drai-sh
how is? Thanks of God is. Appearance and ornamen-

kl chizen zindagdnl ki a§li zaruraton men kdm
tation of things life of real necessities in use

nahln dtln.7 Yih karo, jis tar aft ban pare.

not come. This do, in whatever way may be practicable.

land and tashrif lejdna are used to native gentlemen of rank.
Tctfhrlf — " the honour of your presence." In such case the v< rb must be
In the third person plural. 3"To hnve " is always rendered by "to be."
*Ka'i baje ** " at what time." *MizdJ sharif ig the polite form of asking a
person's health. elam we I understood, ''dtln -= dtl hain.

20.

Adml jo wa'da kartd hai, kamtar usko jmrd kartd hai.
Man what promise makes seldom it finish makes.
Ab chup rahoj ek lafz bhi mat bolo. Turn kol dost rakhte ho
Now quiet keep, one word also not say. You some friend keep

jo tumhdrd zdmin ho. Main ma'mul se ziydda denewdld
who your bail be. I ' tariff from more giver

nahln. Wuh mujh se ek bat kahtd hai, aur turn kuchh aur
not. He from me one word saying is, and you some more

hi kahte ho. Ap Hindustani zabdn mushkil samajhte
still saying are. You Hindustani language difficult think ?
hain? Jo turn Una jald bolte to main tumhdrl bat samajh
If you so quickly speak, then I your talk know
nahln saktd. Mutdla'a karne ko kaunsd wakt achchhd hait

not able. Study making, which time good is?

Sawere. Mashk ke siwd, turn tarrdrl se bol nahln sakoge.
Morning. Practice without, you "fluently speak not* be al.le.
Farmdiye1 jl iskd sabab kijd hai ? Wuh bahut kkardb
Please say, sir, of this meaning, what is? He very bad
likhtd hai; uskd khatt ko'l parh nahln saktd.

writes ; his letter anyone read not be able.
*R«Bpectiul Imperative form-

HISTORY. (Tarlkh.)*

[The following Reading Exercises are framed on the
History, Geography, and Religions of India, the English
translations being given on pages 62 to 64.]

1. Hindustan kd kadlm ndm jambudidp thd.

2. Kadlin Hindustan men chha bddshdhiydn thln>

3. Uttar men audh, hastindpura, magadh, aur mdlwd the.

4. Mdlwd kd bddshdh Vikram thd, wuh shdhzdda mmisif aur

ldlim ddml thd.

5. Dakhan men pdndyd aur chold bddshdhiydn thin, inkd

bddshdh Sdlivdhan thd.

6. Musalmdnon ke shdhl-khdnddn i.s. 1001 se 1744 tak the.

II.

1. Hindustan kd pahild kaisar Mahmud-i-Gfhaznaw thd.

2. Lodi kd rdj karlb-karlb assl baras Hindustan kl hukumat

par jabr aur be-rdhml se rahd. Yih log Afghan des se
dye the.

8. I.s. 1526 men Bdbar Hindustan kd pahild bard Mogul
shdhanshdh mushtahar hud.

4. Shershdh ek afghdn sarddr ne Hindustan M J}ukumat barl

kdbiliyyat se kl aur usne mulk ke waste bahut achchJie
kdm kiye.

5. Kai§ar Akbar sab Hindustan ke musalmdn kaisar on se

achchhd thd.

6. Akbar ke pichhe uskd beta Sallm hud aur usne Jahdngir

kd khitdb liyd.

III.

1. Kaisar Aurangzeb sab Hindustan ke kaisaron se Jfilahbaz

aur ndmwar thd.

2. Uski hukumat men Mogul kl bddshdhl kl kudrat aur jaldl

bahut bard ho gayd thd.

8. Marhatte logon kl hukumat kl bunydd Sivdjl ne ddll.
4. Hindustan men jo pahile Yurup ke log dkar 'base wuh

Purtaglz the.
* 6. I.s. 1600 men Angrez log malika Elizabath se sanad

hdsil karke mashrakl Hind se tijdrat karne laye.
6. Us wakt se Hindustan, ziydda yd kam, Angrez Jd fyuku-

mat men rahd hai.

* History ol India, published by the Vernacular Press, Bombay.

GEOGRAPHY. ( Jughrdfiya. )*
I.

1. Rds Kdmrin se Pan jab taky Hindustan kl lambdl ek

hazdr dth sau mil hai.

2. Karachi se pilrab Bangdl tak Hindustan Jei chaurdl

pandrah sau mil hai.
8. Hindustan men karlb-karlb tin karor ddml hain.

4. Vindhyd pahdr Hindustan ko do bare fyi§§on men takslm

kartd hai.

5. Hindustan kl asl naddiydn gangd aur indrd hain.

6. Hindustan ke uttar men himdlaya pahdr hai.

II.

1. Himdlaya pahdr kl bulandtarln chotiydn dwalaghirl aur

gaurlshankar hain, aur karlb-karlb untls hazdr fit har-
ek unchl hai.

2. Hindustan ke dakhan men lankd kd jazlra hai.

8. Hindustan ki db-o-hawd maiddn men bahut garm ma'lum

hotl hai.
4. Dhdn, keld, gannd, afyun, nil, ru'l aur gond ye chlzen

Hindustan kl paiddwdr hain.

6. Bardmad kd a§l asbdb, chdwal, ru'i, chde, aur resham hain.
6. Dardmad kd a$l asbdb wildyatl dast-kdriydn hain.

1. Hindustan men dth rel-ke-rdste hain.

2. Gaikwdr kd ddrul-mulk Barodd hai.

8. Surat men pahile angrezl tijdrat khdne kl bunydd ddll

gal.
4. Hindustan men sab shahron se Bumbai shahr bahut dbdd

hai.
6. Wildyat se Bumbai ko pahunchne ke waste athdrah din

lagte hain.
6. Hindustan kd ddrul-fyukumat Kalkattd hai : yih shahr

Huyhll naddl par hai.

17.

1. Madras ke zil'e kd ddrul-Jiukumat shahr Madras hai.

2. Wildyat se Madras ko pahunchne ke waste bis din aur

Kalkatte ko ikkls din lagte hain.

* Mackay's Geography Manual.

8. Allahabad, Banaras, Tanjur, Amritsar, aur Puna Hindu-
stan ke wukaddas shahr hain.

4. Jab A/cbar kaisar ilia tab Agra Mogul badxhaJn kd

pd-i-talfht tha.

5. Hindustan ka kadlm ddrus-saltanat Dehll tha.

6. Merath men Hindustan kl barjhavcat bar-pa hul, is liye yih

jagah mashhur hai.

RELIGIONS. (Din.*)*
I.

1. Hindustan ke pujd-khdne Vishnu aur Shiva ke ndm par

hain.

2. Hindu logon kl dlnl kitdbon ke ndm Ved hain.

3. Hindustan ke dusre din Buddh dharm, Islam aur

Zartushti dharm, hain.

4. Buddh ka dharm karlb-karib sdt hazdr baras 'isaw'i san

ke age mukarrar hud tha.

5. Iske bdnl ka ndm Sdkaya Muni.

6. Wuh Bahdr ke yabah ka sdkin th&.

II.

1. Buddh ke din ke logon kd mukaddas makdm Lassd hai.

Yih jagah Tibat des men hai.

2. Din-i-Isldm kl MuJiammad ne bunydd ddll. Yih shakhf

'Arab des men paidd hud tha.
8. Din-i-Isldm ki dlnl kitdb Kurdn hai, aur 'Arabl zabdn

men hai.

4. Rum kd 8ultdn is din kd khalifa hai.
6. Musalmdn logon kd mukaddas din jum'a hai.
6. Muhammad Makke men paidd hue aur Madlne menwafdt pal.

III.

1. Zartusht, Urimiah men paidd hud thd.

2. Usto din men, suraj, chdnd, dg aur pdnl kl pujd kartt

hain.
8. Hindustan ke Par si log is din ke pairau hain.

4. Par si logon kd ndm Iran men gabr hai.

5. Yih log Bumbai ko apnd des samajhte hain.

6. Pdrsl logon kl zabdn gujrdtl hai lekin gujrdti zabdn khub

nahln.

» E. B. EaetTfick's (C. B.) "Keligioni of India."

HISTORY. [TRANSLATION.]

[This and two following Exercises are intended for re-ttanslatiou into
Hindustani.]

1. The ancient name of India was Jambudvipa.

2. Ancient India consisted of six kingdoms.

3. In the north Oude, Hastinapura, Magadh, and Malwa.

4. The kingdom of Malwa was governed by ViL.ain. a

just and learned prince.

5. In the South were the kingdoms of Pandya and Chola,

which were governed by Salivahna A.D. 77.

6. The Mahomedan dynasties extended from A.D. 1001 to

1744.

II.

1. The first Mahomedan Emperor of India was Mahomed

of Ghuzni.

2. The Lodi kings, an Afghan family, reigned about

eighty years in a cruel, overbearing manner.
8. In A.D. 1526 Babar was proclaimed the first great

Mogul Emperor of India.
4. Shirshah was an Afghan chief who governed India

with great ability, and did a great deal of good ior

the country.
6. Akbar was the best of the Mahomedan Emperors of

India.
6. He was succeeded by his son Selim, who assumed the

title of Jehangir.

m. ,

1. The most crafty and ambitious Emperor of India was

Aurungazib.

2. Under his rule the Mogul Empire reached the summit

of its glory and power.
8. The founder of the Mahratta dynasty was Sivaji.

4. The first European settlers were the Portuguese.

5. In A.D. 1600 the English, under Queen Elizabeth,

obtained a charter to trade with the East Indies.

6. Since that period India has been more or less under

British rule.

GEOGBAPHY. [TRANSLATION,]

1. The length of India, from Cape Comorin to the Punjab

is 1,800 miles.

2. Its breadth, from Karachi to the East of Bengal, is

1,500 miles.

8. The population of India is about 290 millions.
4. India is divided into two large portions by the Vindhya

mountains.
6. The principal rivers of India are the Ganges and the

Indus.
0. The Himalayas are situated in the North of India.

II.

1. The highest peaks are Dwalaghiri and Everest, each

nearly 29,000 feet in height.

2. The island of Ceylon is in the South of India.

8. The climate of India is excessively hot in the plains.

4. The productions of India are rice, bananas, sugar-cane,

opium, indigo, cotton, and gum.

5. The principal exports are rice, cotton, tea, and silk.

6. The imports are chiefly articles of European manu-

facture.

III.

1. There are eight railways in India.

2. Baroda is the capital of the Gaikwar

8. In Surat the first mercantile establishment was
founded.

4. Bombay is the most populous city in India.

5. It takes eighteen days to reach Bombay from England.

6. Calcutta, the capital of India, is on the river Hughli.

IV.

1. Madras is the capital of the Madras Presidency.

2. It takes twenty days to reach Madras, and twenty-one

to Calcutta from England.

8. Allahabad, Benares, Tanjore, Amritsar, and Poona are
sacred cities in India.

4. Agra was the capital of the Mogul Empire under

Akbar.

5. Delhi was the ancient capital of India.

6. Meerut is famous for the Indian mutiny.

RELIGIONS. [TRANSLATION.]

1. The temples of India are dedicated to Vishnu and Shiva.

2. The Veda* are the books which contain the religion of

the Hindus.

8. The other religions of India are Buddhism, Islamism,
and Zoroastrianism.

4. Buddhism was founded about 7,000 years before the

Christian Era.

5. Its founder's name was Mani.

6. He was a native of the province of Behar.

1. The sacred capital of the Buddhists is Lasa, in Thibet.

2. Islamism was founded by Mahomed, of Arabia.

3. The sacred book is the Koran, written in Arabic.

4. The Sultan of Turkey is the head of the church.

5. Their sacred day is Friday.

6. Mahomed was born at Mecca, and carried to Heaven

at Medina.

III.

1. Zoroaster was born at Urimiah.

2. His religion chiefly venerates the sun, earth, fire, and

water.

8. The Parsees of India belong to this religion.
4. In Persia they are known as the Guebres.
r>. They regard Bombay as their native place.
<>. Their language is a corrupted form of Guzerati.

Shiv and the Grasshopper.* BY RUDYARD KIPLING.

(Shiva aur tiddi.)

Note.— A close rendering of the Poem is given in Hindustani, together
with an ad literatim translation, in order that the student may note the
peculiarities in the construction of the language.

(THE SONG THAT TOOMAI'S MOTHER SANG TO THE BABY.)
(Jo git Tumat Ki ma bachcha rtriydn ko gdyd.)
(Which the song ofTuxnai the mother to the baby sang)

Bhiv, who poured the harvest and made the winds to blow,
Shivanejo fad kt waste barsdtd hai aur haivd ko chaldtd hai
Shiv, who harvest for causes rain and winds makes to blow,

Sitting at the doorways of a day of long ago,

Bahut dinon ke pahile, ek roz darwdza par baith-kar-ke,

Many days ago, one day on the door having seated,

Gave to each his portion, food and toil and fate,
From the King upon the guddee to the Beggar at the gate.
Ek ek ko jo raja gaddl par hai aur jo bhikhdn dar-
One-one to who kings guddee1 upon are and who beggars at

wdza ke pas bhlk mangta hai [diyd.

the gate alms asking are [gave.

Unko harek fd khwurdk ka aur urihnat ka aur kismat ha Jnssa
(To them) his of food and toil and fate portion

All things made he — Shiva the Preserver.

Sab mdl-o-matdl usne bandye — Shiva jahdn-pandh.

All things he made— Shiva the Protector of the Universe.

Mahadeo ! Mahadeo ! he made all, —
Mahddeo ! Mahadeo ! usne sub bandy et —
Mahadeo I* Mahadeo ! he all created, —

Thorn for the camel, fodder for the kine,

Unt ke waste kdntd, gde ke waste ghds,

The' camel for "(tbe) thorn, the kine for ' (the) fodder,

And mother's heart for sleepy head, 0 little son of mine !
Aur nlndbh are sar ke waste wdkd dil, aimerechhotebete!
And sleepy head for of a mother the heart, 0 my little son!

1Throne. "The Great God.

* TJie Jungle Book (pages 244 and 245), by Kudyard Kipling.
(1900. London : Macmillan & Co., Ltd.)

Hind. Gram. S.-T.

Wheat he gave to rich folk, millet to the poor,
Usne paisewdlon ko gehun aur yliarlb loyon ko bdjrd diyd,.
He to the wealthy wheat and to poor folk millet gave,

Broken scraps for holy men that beg from door to door ;
Aur fakir vn ko jo dar dar bhik mdnyte phirte, liain

And mendicants who door (to) door (from) alms asking are

un-ko roti ke tukre diye;
to them fragments gave,

Cattle to the tiger, carrion to the kite,

Sher ko maweshi, aur chll ko murddr gosht diyd,

To the tiger cattle, and to the kite dead flesh, gave,

And rags and bones to wicked wolves without the wall at

night.

Aur bad bheriyon ko jo rat ke wakt diicdr ke bdhar djdte ha in,
And wicked ' wolves who at night-time of the walls outside are,

un-ko bhl gudar aur haddiydn de din.
to them also rags and bones he gave.

Naught he found too lofty, none he saw too low—
Na kisl ko usne mustaghni pdyd aur na kisl ko nd-
None he lofty found and none not

sazd dekhd —
low he saw —

Parbati beside him watched them come and go ;
Parbati ne uske pas se un-ko ate jdte dekhd;
Parbati also near him (from) them coming and going saw ;

Thought to cheat her husband, turning Shiv to jest —
Dil men sochd /a, apne Midwand se tamaskhur kare,
In heart thought that her husband to cheat (she) would be able,

aur Shiva ko ahmak bande —
and Shiva fool make —

Stole the little grasshopper and hid it in her breast.
Ek chhoti tiddl chord -kar, usho apne cJihdtl men
A little grasshopper, stolen having, (and) it her own breast in

chhipd rakhl.
secretly kept.

So she tricked him, Shiva the Preserver.

Is tarafy usne usko, ya'nl Shiva jahdn-pandh,

In this manner she him, viz., Shiv the Protector of the Universe,

ko ahmak bandyd.

to fool made.

Mahadeo ! Mahadeo ! turn and 'see.
Mahddeo ! Mahadeo ! phiro aur dekho.
Mahadeo I Mahadeo ! turn thou and look.

Tall are the camels, heavy are the kine,
Unt unche hain ; gd\n bhdrl hain,
Camels high are, kine heavy are,

But this was least of little things, 0 little son of mine !
Lekin yih sab chhotl chizon se chhotl thl, Aimere chhote bete!
But this of all little things (the) least was, O, my little son I

When the dole was ended, laughingly she said,

Jab kismat tamdm ho chuki Parboil ne hans-kar kaha,

When the dole all was finished Parbati laughingly said,

* Master, of a million mouths is not one unfed ? '

' Ail das lakh munh ke rozl-rasdn, kyd kol bhukhd nahln

1 Oh ! million mouths of provider, what none hungry not

rahd / '

is?'

Laughing, Shiv made answer, * All have had their part,
Shiva ne hans-kar jaw db diyd, *ki sab logon ko apnd J}i?$a
Shiv laughingly answer gave, that 'all* their portions

mil gayd,

have had,

Even he, the little one, hidden 'neath thy heart.'

Us chhotl tiddl ko bhi jo tumne apnl chhdtl men

That little grasshopper even which you your breast in

chhipd rakhi.'

secretly have kept.'

From her breast she plucked it, Parbati the thief,
Tab apnl chhdtl se tiddl ko nikdl liyd, Parbati
Then she her own breast from(the)grasshopper pulled out, Parbati
ne jo chor (thl).
who thief (was).

Saw the Least of Little Things gnawed a new-grown leaf I
Dekha ki chhotl chizon se chhotl ne ek tdza pattd
Saw that little things from least a fresh leaf

tor-kar khd liyd !
having torn took and ate I

Saw and feared and wondered, making prayer to Shiv,
Pdrbatl Shiva ko dekh-kar dar gayl aur mutahayyir
Parbati, Shiv having seen, became frightened and with wonder

ho-kar uskl puj& karne lagl.

being filled to him supplications making began.

Who hath surely given meat to all that live.

Kyunki, Shiva ne, sabhon ko, jo jlte hain, albatta

Because Shiv to all who alive are', certainly

khwurdk dl.
food gave.

THE LORD'S PRAYER.*

(With Phonetic Pronunciation and an ad literatim translation.)
(Hazrat 'Isd kl namdz.)
Hazrut eesah kee numahs.

THE GOSPEL OP MATTHEW, CHAPTER 6, VERSE 9, &o.

(Mattl Id injil — bob chha — dyat nau, waahaira.)

Muttee kee injeel — bahb chah — ahyut now, wughyrah.

(Matthew-of the Gospel, Chapter 6, Verse 9, etc.)

Our Father, which art in Heaven, hallowed be thy Name.
Ai hamdre bdp jo dsmdn par hai, tere ndm kl takdls ho,
I humahray bahp jo ahsmahn pur hy, tayray nahmkee tu/cdeesho,
0 our Father who heaven above is, Thy name holy be,

* See page 75.

Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done on earth, as it is
teri bddshdhat awe, terl manti jaisl dsmdn par hai
tayree bahdshahhut ahway, tayree mursee jysee ahsmahn pur hy
Thy kingdom come, Thy will as heaven above ia

in Heaven. Give us this day our daily bread. And for-
zamln par bhl bar awe, hamdri rozlne kl rotl dj
zumeen pur bhee bur ahway, humahree roseenay kee rotee ahj
earth upon also fulfilled come, our daily bread to-day

give us our trespasses, as we forgive them that trespass
hamko bakhsh, aur jis taraJj- ham apne karazddron ko
humko buksh, our jis turah hum upnay feurusdahron ko
' to us give free, and same manner we our debtors

against ns. And lead us not into temptation; but
baJchshte hain til apne dain hamko bakhsh de aur hamen
buksh fcay hyn too upnay dyn humko buksh day our humayn
forgive Thou our debts us forgive, and us

deliver us from evil: for thine is the kingdom, the
dzmdish men na ddl balki burdl se bachd kyunki
ahzmahish mayn nah dahl bulkee burahi say buchah kioonkee
temptation in not throw, but evil from save, because

power and the glory, for ever and ever. Amen.

bddshdhat aur kudrat aur jaldl hamesha tere hi hain.

bahdshahhut our fcudrut our julahl humayshah tayray hee hyn.

kingdom and power and glory everlasting thine also are.

Amln.

Ahmeen.

Amen.

QUESTIONS IN HINDUSTANI GRAMMAR.

(Or Specimens of Questions a Candidate for Examination is
likely to be set.)

Elementary Paper.

1. Name the dialects of which the Hindustani language

consists, and by whom spoken.

2. Name the Persi- Arabic characters which never alter in

form nor unite with the letter that follows.
8. How are the English Articles a, or an, and the, repre- .
sented in Hindustani ?

4. Decline the Nouns bap (father) and betl (daughter).

5. What is the simple Accusative case, and when used?

Give examples.

6. State clearly how to use the Particles ka, ke, and Id.

7. How many Genders are there ? How are they

generally distinguished ?

8. How are Adjectives used, and when are they declinable

and indeclinable ? Give examples.

9. Give the rule for the agreement of Adjectives, and

illustrate your answer.

10. Translate into Hindustani : (a) The man is tall, but
the woman is short. (Z>) The woman's brother is
wicked, (c) The man's daughter is good.

1. What is understood by the term Oblique form of a

Noun?

2. What is the effect of the Accusative in ko ?

8. Give the rule for the formation of their Plurals, with
examples.

4. Give the Gender of the following words : — dg (fire),

mez (table), dunyd (the world), pdnl (water), moti
(pearl), dahi (curd).

5. Give examples of Adjectives used in making compound

Verbs.

6. Illustrate by examples how to use the Genitive cases

of Nouns and Pronouns.

7. How are sentences in Hindustani constructed when

using the Verb to be ? Illustrate your answer by an
example.

8. How are Adjectives compared in Hindustani? Bender

in Hindustani : — (a) This man is taller than that
woman, (b) This boy is the tallest.

9. Under what conditions do Verbs agree in Gender and

Number with their Nominatives ? Give examples.
10. Conjugate the Verb to be in the Past Tense, masculine
and feminine. Translate : I will strike (m. and f.);
I am striking (m. and f .) ; I was striking (m. and f.) ;
I struck (m. and f.).

Intermediate Paper.

1. State clearly the difference between Urdu or Bekhta

and the Hindi.

2. State the use of the word dp (self).

8. State the difference between the simple and compound
tenses of Hindustani Verbs.

4. How are the compound Future Tense, Present Sub-

junctive, and the Imperative of English Verbs
rendered in Hindustani ?

5. Give all the component parts of a Verb.

6. Give in a tabular form the masculine terminations of

Verbs (Active), Present Tense (Imper. and Subjunct.),
Future Tense (Indie.), Present, Past, and Perfect
Participles.

7. Show with an example how the compound tenses of

Jwna are formed.

8. When by inflection two a's or a and e meet, how are

they are separated ? Illustrate your answers.

9. State clearly how must, ought, may, and c<w should

be rendered in Hindustani ?

10. State how Verbs are intensified, and also show the
peculiar usage of the Verb chukna.

Advanced Paper.

1. How are Adverbs derived ? Show the peculiarities of

Adverbs of time.

2. Give the irregular forms of the Imperative used by a

a native in addressing his superior.

3. Give the Past Participles (masculine and feminine,

singular and plural) of jdnd, karnd, dend, lend,
hond, and marnd.

4. Give examples of masculine Postpositions with ke

and feminine with ki.

6. What is the special use of the Participle in ke or kar ?
Give an example.

6. Render into Hindustani : "He said he would go to

Calcutta to-morrow," and state rule as regards
narration.

7. How are Verbal Nouns of agency formed in Hindu-

stani ?

8. State how to use the Particle ne in conjunction with

an Active Transitive Verb.

9. Illustrate how the Passive Voice is formed.

Translate into Hindustani: —

10. Had 1 all along spoken the language of this country

since I came, I should have been able to speak it
now fluently.

11. I hear that you are well skilled in the Hindustani

tongue.

12. The captain has given orders that the battalion will

march to-morrow morning at six o'clock.

Translate into English: —

13. Kitne din hu'e ki tumko yih khabar mill?

14. Mushkil ho yd nahin, mi1,mat Icarne se, turn hamesha

apne matlab ko p'ahiinchoge.

15. Khdnsdmdn se kaho, pichhle mahine kd hisdb taiydr

hare.

PART III,
THE VERNACULAR.

PHRASES OF DAILY LIFE AND IDIOMATIC SENTENCES IN URDU
INTRODUCING MILITARY, LEGAL, AND COMMERCIAL TERMS,
WITH THE ROMANIZED TRANS-LITERATION AND
ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS.

ADVANCED READING LESSONS FROM CLASSICAL URDU WRITERS,
AND A SET OF EXAMINATION PAPERS.

The student, who has now reached what may be
regarded as an advanced stage in the language, should
endeavour to master it in its Native Form.

Hitherto he has learned the tongue by means of
Romanized characters, but to secure a complete and
effective knowledge thereof it is very important he
should be able to read and write it in the Vernacular.

To this end the Phrases, &c., on pages 76-85 will provide
him with material for practice, as well as useful idiomatic
Forms of Expression and Composition. On pages 8 to
13 (to which he is referred) the necessary assistance
introductory to these Exercises will be found.

HINDUSTANI PENMANSHIP.

At first sight one is apt to think that there is no
difference between written and printed characters of the
Persi-Arabic alphabet. But there is really considerable
variation, and if a student will carefully examine the
illustration of Urdu penmanship given on the opposite
page, he will more readily realise the points of difference.

He should particularly note :

1. In manuscript the short vowd signs are generally

omitted.

2. By the omission of the vowel i a final ^ y may be read

either as I or e, the former being a feminine, the
latter a masculine inflexion. In order to prevent
this ambiguity of gender, a final I is written ^ , and
a final e ,-_ . This distinction is also observed in the
printed character.. Thus, ^$ larkl, 'a girl,' <Jj5
larke, ' boys '; so also, ^ ki, ^ ke, ^^ se, <J ne, &c.
8. Instead of the four dots over the letters ui> t, 3 rf, and
5 r, the mark k, and sometimes -, is used, as ^p
ortfjJ \larka, for^jJ.

4. The initial combined form of a h is usually written •*

or "7, instead of *>; as, s> or st bar, 'each '; «.£. or
«£. hai, * is.* So also the syllable hd is written (
for ^, as &( hath, 'hand,' for ^^fc.

5. The distinction between the medial ' butterfly ' (or

aspirate) form of h, i.e. e, and the second form ^ (as
shown on p. 9) is not always observed, the form ^
being used for both. Thus, ^ may be read either
as ^ khd, ' eat,' or ^ kahd, ' said.'

6. The final combined form of h is written thus, , , instead

of the printed form & ; as, ^ nah, * not ' (or na, the
final h being omitted in transliteration : see p. 19) ;
jkih (or fci), 'so that.'

7. With these exceptions, the letters are written very

much the "same as in the printed characters. In
the ' Shikasta,' or cursive hand, many peculiar forms
and combinations of letters occur which can only be
learnt by practice. Letters which should not be
connected with a following letter, as ^-; ** and j, are
generally written combined, and dots distinguishing
the various letters are frequently omitted.

$fS2*£i

^/<flC~'S'C~'s'/j1^l/'<^Lc- ,lfG~t

* v\ s~ i 'r '• r • '

X' •

PHRASES.

Though primarily intended for the study of the native
characters, these phrases have been carefully selected for
their practical bearing on daily life in India.

English.

Have patience
Keep quiet

Get out of
way

Leave it alone

the

Get the
ready

bath

horse

Get my
ready

Enough ! Go away

Is the breakfast
ready ?

Shut the doors

Pull the punkah
forcibly

Call the servants

Where do
live?

What is
name ?

you

your

What is the dif-
ference between
these two ?

Hindustani.

J***

Romanized Form.

?abr karo
chup raho

rahne do

gjiusl kd pdni tai-
ydr karo

merd ghord iaiydr
karo

bas ! jdo

bari hdzirl taiydr
hai

darwdze ko band
karo

pankhd zor se
khlncho

naukaron ko buldo

turn kahdn rahte
ho

tumj'drd ndm kyd
hai

in donon men kya
fark hm

English.

The judge made
a good investi-
gation to-day

What is your oc-
cupation ?

What are you sav-
ing?

Are you fit for the
business ?

What sort of ani-
mal is this ?

What is your ad-
vice?

What crime has
he committed ?

Where did you
hear this news ?

Choose what is
right and shun
what is evil

You are of no use
to me

Had I been you I
should not h-we
done it

L waited for you
till I was tired

Hindustani.

is/* ui

Romanized Form.

hakim ne dj ach-
chhi iajwlz ki
hai

tumhdrd dhandhd
kyd hai

turn kyd kahte ho

turn us kdm ke
ldtik ho

yih kaunsd jdn-
war hai

tumharl kyd saldh
hai

us ne kyd takslr
Tel hai

turn ne yih khabar
kahdn sunl

hakk bat ikhtiydr
karo aur bdtil
chhoro

turn mere kuchh
kdm ke nahln

agar main tumharl
jagah par hotd
to aisd na kartd

main ne yahdn
ta-k tumharl rdh
dekhl ki thak
gayd

English.

You kept me wait-
ing a long time
yesterday

When I require
you I will send
for you

To persevere in a
work is essen-
tial to success

I am not pleased
with him

We can do with-
out him

How long will
this examina-
tion last ?

I will lodge a com-
plaint against
him

Good men are
scarce in the
world, but bad
men are plenti-
ful

A friend in need
is a friend in-
deed.

You are very lazy

Hindustani.

Romanized Form.

kal turn ne mujhko
barl rah dikhal

jab tumhdrd kdm
parega tab bulct
bhejunga

ixtikamat se har
ek kdm an jam
pdtd hai

main us se rdzl
nahln

us ke bagJiair kdm
chalcgd.

yih imtihdn kai
din tak ra/iegd

main us par no,-
lish karangd

bhale ddml dunyd
men thore hain,
par bure bahut
hain

dost wuh hai jo
bure wakt men
kdm awe.

turn bare sust ho

English.

Ill'
do

Keepaciviltong
in your head

To what corps
you belong ?

Half cock your
musket

The sepoys form-
ed a square,
fixed bayonets,
and received the
charge'gallantly

Obedience is the
first principle
of a soldier

In this engage-
ment we lost 7
officers, 60 rank
and file, 1 drum-
mer, 7 duli-
wdlds, and 9
camp-followers

Your statements
contraclicttbem-
selves

Hindustani.

Romanized Form.

munh sambhdl kar
bolo

tumkis palfan men
ho

apni banduk ka
ghord ekpde par
charhao

sipdhiyon ne kot
bdndh sangln
char/id, barl ba-
hdduri se fyam-
la liyd

sipdhl ke liakk men
sab sepaldd kdm
yih hai ki bukm
mane

it lardl men ham-
are sat 'amal-
ddr, sdth sipdhl,
ek par(/hamchi
sat doli- wale,
aur nau ddml
bhlrbungd ke
mare gaije.

tumhdri ek bat
dusri bat ko
jhutha kartl hai

English.

Have you any sus-
picion against
the prisoner ?

The laws of tins
country procure
justice between
man and man

How much per
cent, interest do
the bankers of
this country
give?

At what rate of
exchange did
you get this
bill?

He is willing to
allow 5 per
cent, discount
for ready cash

He drew on me
one bill at sight
and another at
ten days' sight

I drew a bill on
Mr. - , which
he dishonoured

Hindustani.

Romanized Form.

cL.U4.xas

kya tumhdrd is
kaidi par shu-
bha hai

is mulk kd kdnun
aisd achchhd
hai, ki logon ko
dad milti hai

is mulk he sarrdf
fi §adi kitne take
bydj dete hain

turn ne is hundi
kd hunddwan
kya diya

nakd paisd mile
to fi sadi pdnch
rupaye chhor
dene par wuh
rdzi hai

us ne mujh par ek
darshani hundi
likhi, aur ek das
din ki muddat ki

main ne ek hundi
fuldn shakhf
par likhi thi, so
us ne kabult
nahin ki

English.

flow far is the vil-
lage from here ?

Sir, it is about six
miles

Am I following
the right path,
or is there some
other road ?

No, sir, this is .the
road, but when
you come to the
peepal tree, then
you should turn
to the right

The sky is cloudy :
do you think it
will rain?

sir, it is sure
to rain, as the
air is so still

Will this rain do
good to the
crops ?

Yes, sir, a great
deal of good

Hind. Gram. S.-T.

Romanized Form.

gdon yahdn se kitni
dur hai

sdhib, Tcol tin koa
hogd

kyd, main durust
rdste par jd ra-
hd Tiun, yd koi
diisrd rdsta hai

nahin, sdhib, rdsta
to yahi hai, le-
kin jab dp plpal
ke darakht tak
pahunclien, to
sldhe hat ko mur
jdiy^gd

asm an par ghat a
hai : kyd, turn
samajhte ho ki
pdnl barsegd

hdn, sdhib, zarur
barsegd, Icy on Id
hawd bil - kul
band hai

kyd, is pdnl se
zird'at ko fdida
hogd

hdn, sdhib, bahul
fdida hogd

82
EXTRACTS FROM CLASSICAL AUTHORS.

For Romanized transliterations of these extracts see
pages 88 and 89, and for the English renderings see pages
89 to 91.

jj' b* W

* "

Twenty-five Tales of a Demon.

* " Tales from the East."

<> ^

J ?

" Garden and Spring."

ISb

J»

PART IV.

KEY AND DICTIONARY.

TRANS-LITERATIONS AND ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS OF THE READING
LESSONS,

ANSWERS TO EXAMINATION PAPERS

AND
CONCISE DICTIONARY

88
KEY TO EXTRACTS FROM URDU AUTHORS.

TRANSLITERATIONS.

BAITlL PACHISI.
I.

Shuru' kahdni kd yih hai : ki Dhdrdnagar ndm ek shahr
thd wahdn kd rdjd Gandharbsen thd, uskl char rdniydn thin.
Unse chha bete the, ek se ek barh-kar pandit aur zordwar thd.
Kazdkdr ba'd chand roz ke wuh rdjd mar gayd, aur uskl jagah
bard beta Shank ndm rdjd hutd. Phir kitne dinon ke pichhe
uskd chhotd bhdi Bikram, bare bhdl ko mdrkar, dp rdjd hud,,
aur bakhdbl raj karne lagd. Din ba din uskd raj aisd barhd
ki tamdm Jambudwip kd rdjd hud aur achal raj karke sdkd
bdndhd.

II.

Tab Baitdl bold ki Ai rdjd! Bhogwatl ndm ek nagarl
hai, nahdn kd rdjd Rupsen hai, aur Churdman ndm ek iota
uske pas hai. Ek din us tote se rdjd ne puchhd " tu kyd kyd
jantd hai ?" Tab sugd bold ki " Mahdrdj ! main sab kuchh
jdntd hun?" Rdjd ne kahd "jo tu jdntd hai to batld ki
mere bardbar sundar ndyakd kalian hai?" Tab us tote ne
kahd " Mahdrdj I Magadh des men Mayadheshivar ndm rdjd
hai, aur uskl beti kd ndm Chandrdvatl hai; tumhdri shddi
uske sdth howegl. Wuh ati sundar hai aur barl pandit."

PURAB KI KAHANI.

Ek ddmi ke ghar men ek sau rupiye, chorl se, gum ho gap
the. Usne kdzi ko khabar di. Kdzi ne sab naukaron ko
talab karke, ek ek ddmi ko ek lakrl nap men bardbar di, aur
ka/id ki, "jo ddmi chor hai, uski lakrl ek ungli barh
jdegi." Tab sabhon ko rukh§at di. Hat ke wakt, chor ne
apni lakrl se ek ungli kdt ddll. Is tour se, kdzi ne chor
pahchdnd, us se rupiye liye, aur sazd di.

II.

Nakl hai ki barsdt ke mausim men ek unt aur ek gadhd
sdth sdth safar ko gate the. Darmiydn rah ke, unhon ko
ek naddi mill. Pahle unt pdnl men paithd : gadhd kindre

par plchhe rahd. Ont ne kahd " Are ! dost! kyun nahln ate
ho? Pdnl thord hai" Usne jawdb diyd " Albatta pdnl
§irf tumhdre pet tak hai, lekin mere kdn tak hogd, main
dub jdungd; age jd'iye, mujh ko mu'df kijiye."

BAGH 0 BAHAR.
I.

Aiydrdn! men paiddish aur watan buzurgon kd mulk i
Yaman hai. Wdlid is 'djiz kd Maliku-t-tujjdr Khicdja
Ahmad ndm bard sauddgar thd. Us wakt men kol mahdjan
yd baipdrl unke bardb'arna thd. Aksarshahron men kothiydn
aur gumdshte kharld o farokht ke waste mukarrar the, aur
Idkhon rupai nakd aur jins mulk mulk kl ghar men maujud
thi. Unke yahdn do larke paidd hue. Ek to yihl fakir jo
kafnl saill pahne hue murshidon kl fyuziirl men fydzir, aur
boltd hai. Dusrl ek bahin, jis ko fciblah-gdh ne, apne jite-ji,
aur shahr ke sauddfjar-bachche se shddl kar dl thli wuh
apnl susrdl men rahtl thl.

Ai dalk-posho ! Yih ldjiz bddshdh-zdda Fdrs ke mulk kd
hai. Har fann ke ddml wahdn paidd hote hain, chundnchi
" Isfahan nisf i jahdn m ashhur hai." 1 1 aft ikllm men us ikllm
ke bardbar ko'i wildyat nahln hai wahdn kd sitdra dftdb hai,
aur wuh sdton kawdkib men nayyir i a'zam hai. Ab o hawd
wahdn kl khush aur log roshan taba1 aur sdliib i sallka
hote hain. Mere kiblah-gdh ne (jo bddshdh us mulk ke the)
larakpan se kd'ide aur kdnun saltanat ke tarbiyat karne ke
waste bare bare ddnd ustdd har ek lilm o kasab ke chunkar,
merl atdllki ke liye mukarrar kiye the, tdki td'llm i kdmil
har nau1 kl pdkar kabil 'hun.

ENGLISH TRANSLATION.

BAITAL PACHISI.
I.

The beginning of the story is this : that there was a
city named Dharanagar, the king of which was Gancllmrb-
sen, who had four queens, and by them six sons, each of

whom was more learned and powerful than the other. It
happened that, after some days, this king died, and his
eldest son, who was named Shank, became king in his
stead. Again, after some days, Bikram, his younger
brother, having killed his elder brother (Shank), himself
became king, and began to govern well. Day by day his
dominion so increased that he became king of all India ;
and, having established his government firmly, he insti-
tuted an era.

II.

Then Baital spoke, saying : 0 King;, there was a city,
called Bhogwati, whose king was named Rupsen, and he
had a parrot named Churaman. One day the king asked
that parrot, " What dost thou know ? " The parrot
replied, " Great King, I know everything." The king
said, " If thou knowest everything, tell me where there is
a beautiful damsel, my equal in rank." The parrot said,
" Great King, there is in the country of Magadh a king,
Magadheshwar by name, and he has a daughter, whose
name is Chandravati. You will marry her : she is very
very beautiful and very learned."

PURAB KI KAHANI.

By theft a man lost from his house one hundred rupees.
He informed the judge of the fact. The judge, having
sent for all the servants, gave to each a stick of equal
length, and then remarked as follows : " Whoever the
thief is, his stick will increase by an inch." Then he
dismissed them all. During the night the thief cut off
an inch of his stick. Owing to this circumstance, the
judge detected the thief, made him give up the money,
and punished him.

II.

A story is told that in the rainy season a camel and an
ass took a journey together. In the middle of the way
they came to a river. The camel first entered the water,
but the ass remained behind on the bank. The camel
exclaimed, « Oh, friend, why are you not coming ? The

water is shallow. ' The ass replied, " Certainly the water
only reaches your stomach, but it would cover my ears,
and I should be drowned. Pray proceed along, and be
pleased to forgive and excuse me."

BAGH 0 BAHAR.

Oh, my friends, the place of my birth and the country
of my forefathers is the land of Yaman : the. father of this
wretch was Maliku-t-Tujjar, a great merchant named
Khwaja Ahmad.

At that time no merchant or banker was equal to him.
In most cities he had established factories and agents for
the purchase and sale of goods, and in his warehouse
were lakhs of rupees in cash and merchandise of different
countries. He had two children born to him. One was
this pilgrim, who clad in the kafnl and saill is now in
your presence and addressing you, holy guides. The
other was a sister whom my father, during his lifetime,
had married to a merchant's son of another city ; she
lived in the family of her father-in-law.

II.

0 ye clothed in the dulk, this wretch is the prince of
the kingdom of Persia : men skilled in every science are
born there, for which reason the Persian proverb, viz.,
"Ispahan is half the world," has become well known.
In the seven climes there is no kingdom equal to that
ancient kingdom ; the star of that country is the sun, and
of all the seven constellations it is the greatest.

The climate of that region is delightful, and the in-
habitants are of enlightened minds and refined in their
manners. My father (who was the king of that country),
in order to teach me the rules and lessons of government,
made choice of very wise tutors in every art and science,
and placed them over me for my instruction from my
infancy. So having received complete instruction in
every kind of knowledge, I am now learned.

ANSWERS.

Elementary Paper, A.

1. The dialects are two in number, viz. : — Urdu or

Rekhta and Hindi. The former is principally spoken
by the Mussulmans, and the latter by the Hindus.
(See page 7.)

2. The following are the Pent -Arabic letters which do

not alter their forms with letters that follow them : —

oZt/(a), rfaZ(d), dfl(d), re (r),
ra (r), ze (z), zhe (zh), um> (w, oru).
(See Alphabet, pages 8 and 9.)

8. As the Hindustani language has no Articles corre-
sponding with that of English, the latter are rendered
by the numeral ek (one) or by the indefinite Pronoun
ko'i (some, a certain), but when greater precision is
required by yih (this) or wuh (that). (See page 14.)

Sing. Plu. Sing. Plu.

4. Num. bap bap betl bttiijdn

'Gen. bdp-kd bdpon-ka kd betiyon-ka

Ace. & Dat. bdp-ko ' -ko — -ko — -ko

Ablative bdp-se — -se — -se — -se
Locative bdp-men — -men — -men — -men
Vocative ai bap ai bdpo ai betl ai betiyo

Agent bdp-ne bdpoiy-ne betl-ne betiyon-ne.

(See Declension of Nouns, page 14.)
6. The Simple Accusative case is the same as the Nomi-
native, and is not formed with the Particle ko. It
is used when the Noun is the direct object of the
Verb, as : — main-ne ek larkd mdrd (I beat a boy).
(See page 15.)

6. The Case and Gender of the Noun regulate the
selection. If Feminine, kl is used ; if Masculine
Singular, and Nominative or Simple Accusative,
kd is used; and ke is used (i.) if Mas. Sing., and
in any case except the Nominative or Simple Accusa-
tive, or (ii.) with Mas. Plural and any case in Plural.
(See page 15.)

7. There are TWO genders, Masculine and Feminine. The

latter Nouns in most cases end in i, t, t, or sh,
while the others may be regarded as masculine.
(See page 17.)

8 Adjectives are employed in Hindustani the same as in
English. They are only declinable when they end
in a.

E.g. : — zordwar adml (a strong man),
achchhi beti (good daughter),
achchhe larke (good boys).

9. If the Noun be Masculine, a of the Adjective remains

unchanged in the Nominative and Simple Accusative
Singular. It changes into e in all other cases of
the Singular and in every case of the Plural.

Nom. & Simple Ace.

E.g. : — achchhd adml (a good man),
achchhe adml (good men),
achchhe adml ka (of a good man),

(See page 18.)

10. (a) Mard lambd hai, magar 'aurat kotdh hai.

(b) 'Aurat ka bhdl burd hai.

Elementary Paper, B.

1. The Oblique form of a Noun is the slight modification

which the original word undergoes before the Post-
positions are added to indicate the particular case.
(See page 15.)

2. Its effect is to particularise a special object.

8. The general rule for Oblique Plurals of all Nouns

is : — All Nouns end in the Oblique Plural in on, and
are formed by affixing this syllable to the Nomina-
tive Singular, or substituting it for the e (in those
Nouns which have it) of the Nominative Plural, i.e.,
adding on to the inflexible (or radical) part of the
word : beta, plu. beton ; mard, plu. mar don.

4. Ag, fern. ; mez, fern ; dunyd, fern. ; pdm, mas. ;

mas.; dahi, mas. The last three are exceptions to
the general rule that words ending in i are feminine.
(See page 17.)

5. Taiydr-karnd (to prepare), bdxir~kam& (to introduce),

$af-karnd (to clean). In short, by adding -karnd or
-dend to certain Adjectives and Nouns, a large
number of compound Verbs can be formed. (See
page 84.)

The man's house (or dog),
to the man's dog,

„ „ dogs.
the man's mother,
to the man's mother,

„ „ daughters,
my brother,

„ sister,
your brother,

sister's house.

6. Adml kd ghar (or kuttd),
ddml ke kutte ko,

ddml ke kutton ko,
ddml Id md,
ddml kl md ko,
ddml kl betiyon ko,
merd bhdl,
merl bahin,
tumhdrd bhdl,
tumhdri bahin kd ghar,
(See pages 15 and 28.)

7. The Nominative first, Accusative next, and the Verb

the last of all :—

mard Id md kahdn hai ? Where is the man's

mother?
. yih merd ghord hai. This is my horse.

8. The Comparative degree is formed by comparing the

thing spoken of with one thing of the same kind,
and the Superlative with all conceivable things of the
same kind.

(a) Yih mard us 'aurat se lambd hai.

(b) Yih larkd sab larkon se lambd hai.

(See page 19.)

9. In all the tenses except the Aorist and Imperative.

(See page 27.)

Wuh 'aurat bakhshish That woman is asking for

mdngtl hai. a present.

Main ne bahut konhi&h I have tried very hard
Ja' hai.

10.

thd or thi,

Main\

wuh

I will strike,
I am striking,
I was striking,
I struck,

ham \

turn [ the or thin.

we J (See page 28.)

main mdrungd or mdrungi (f.)

,, mdrtd hun or mdrtl hun ,,

,, mdrtd thd or mdrtl thl ,,

„ mdrd or marl ,,

Intermediate Paper.

1. The Urdu, or Rekhta, abounds with words and phrases

from the Persian and Arabic languages, while the
Hindi consists of words of native origin, or words
borrowed from the Sanskrit. (See page 7.)

2. The word dp (" self") is declinable. When used as a

Possessive Adjective it becomes apnd, apne, and
apnl.

E.g. : — wain ap-nd ghord ap-ne waste chdhtd hun.

I want my horse for myself.

It is also used when speaking of or addressing a
superior, and it is then equivalent to saying your or
his honour, &c. (See page 2S.)

8. SIMPLE TENSES are those in which no Auxiliary Verb
is used to form them, while COMPOUND TENSES are
made by the Present or Past Participle of the chief
Verb and an Auxiliary. (See page 24.)

4. By the Simple Tenses in Hindustani. (See page 25.)

5. Every Verb consists of an invariable stem and a

variable termination. Since the Infinitives always
end in nd, the part of the word preceding it — even
though it be a single letter — is termed its stem, and
to which the terminations are added. (See page
25.)

8. Imp. & Subjunctive, -un, -en,

Present Tense : -e, -o',

-<?, -en.

Indicative, -ungd, -tnge,

Future Tense : -egd, -oge,

-egd, -enge.

Present Participle : -ta.

Past Participle : -a.

Perfect Participle : -ke, kar or karke.
(See page 25.)

7. The compound tenses of hond are made with hnna as

the Auxiliary, the same as any other Verb : —

main hud hun, I have been. ,

ham hue the, We had been.

(See page 28.)

8. When two a's meet they are separated by the letter y,

as : and, to come ; dyd, came.

When a and e meet they are usually separated by w,
as : — and, to come ; dwegd, will come. (See page
26.)

9. Mtist, when used politely, is rendered by the word

chdhiye.
Ought can be rendered by either chdhiye, zarur, or

mundsib.
May and can should be rendered by the Verb saknd

(to be able) added to the " stem " of the principal

Verb. (See Note 5, page 36.)

10. When one Verb is added to the " stem " of another
it is then regarded as an intensified Verb.

E.g.: — dend + dend = de-dena, to give up.
pind +jdnd = pl-jdnd, to drink up.
kahnd + dend = kah-dend, to inform.

(See page 35.)

To have done or finished with a thing is rendered by
chuknd, added to the " stem " of the principal Verb,
as :—

wuh bol-chukd hai, he has finished speaking.
Again, the phrases " it's finished," "it's done,"
"it's all over," are rendered by ho-chukd, or its
equivalent ho-gayd. (See Note 5, page 36.)

SlNGULAB.

PLUBAL.

gaydy

ga'l ;

ga'e,

ga'in.

kiyd,

to;

We,

'kin.'

diyd,

di;

dl'e,

din.

liyd,

We,

lln.

hu'd,

hu'l;

hu'e,

hu'ln.

mu'd,

mu'l;

miCe,

mu'ln.

Advanced Paper.

1. The most useful Adverbs are derived from the five

Pronouns yih, ivu/i, kaun^jaun, tann. A great number
of Adjectives are also employed as Adverbs. The
Adverbs of time are :— kal (to-morrow or yesterday),
parson (the day after to-morrow, or the day before
yesterday), tarson (the third day to come), and n arson
(the fourth day from this). (See pages 37 and 38.)

2. Dljiye, from dend ; kijiye, from karnd ; lijiye, from

lend ; pljiye, from plnd ; and hujiye, from hona.
(See page 32.)
8.

jdnd,
karnd,
dend,
lend,
hond,
marnd,
(See Verbs, page 26, and following.)

4. Masculine Postpositions with " he ": —

ke age, before ; ke andar, within.

Feminine Postpositions, with " kl ": —

Id bdbat, concerning ; Jnjihat, on account of.

(See Postpositions, page 22.)

6. The Participle in ke or kar, sometimes karke or karkar,
all being derived from karnd; sometimes only the
plain stem, kar, is used, to avoid the repetition of
and, as : —

yih bat bolkar chald gayd.

Having said this, he went away. . Or :

He said this much and left.

(See Foot-note, page 38.)

6. Wuh bold ki, main Kalkatte ko kal jdungd.

In narration the same Pronouns and Verbs at)
used by the original speaker must be employed.
(See page 55, Exercise 18, Note 10.)

Hind. Gram. S.-T.

7. They are formed by changing no, of the Infinitive

Verb into ne, and affixing wdld for the Masculine
and wall for the Feminine, as : —

likne-wdld, male writer ;
likne-wdll, female writer.

(See Note 6, page 36.)

8. It is used when the Past Participle occurs and the

the Verb itself (i.e., the Participle and Auxiliary)
agrees in gender and number with its object, except
when the latter is distinguished by the sign A;o, in
which case the Verb remains impersonal in the
Masculine Singular. (See page 80.)

9. The Passive Voice is formed by prefixing the Past

Participle of the Verb conjugated to the moods and
tenses of jdnd, to go, or be. (See page 32.)
Examples :

The man is struck == the man is going struck

= mard pita jdtd hai.
The horse will be beaten = the horse will go

beaten = ghord pita jd'ega.

10. Main jab se dyd hun, tab se agar hamesha is mulk fa

zabdn boltdt to ab main bahut tarrdrl se boltd.

11. Mainnesund hai hi turn Hindustani zabdn se khub mdhir

hoi

12. Kaptdn sahib ne fyukm diyd ki kal fajr chha baje

paltan kuch kare.

18. How many days is it since you received this intelli-
gence ?

14. Be it difficult or not, by labour you will always arrive

at your object.

15. Tell the steward to prepare last month's account.

ENGLISH & HINDUSTANI DICTIONARY

OF EVERY-DAY WORDS.

ABBBBVIATIONS. — ad. Adjective. adv. Adverb. pi. Plural.
pn. Pronoun. s. Substantive. v. Verb.

English.

Hindustani.

English.

Hindustani.

Abandon, v.

chhor dend

Africa

afnka

abide, v.

rafmd

after

ba'd

kdbil, Id'ik

afterwards

is ke ba'd

ablution (be-

wazu

afternoon

dopaharkebald

fore prayer)

again

phir

abolish

maukuf karnd

against

par

abominable

makruh

age

(umr

abound

bahut hond

agent

nd'ib

about

ke pas

agree, v.

kabul karnd

absent

cjhair-Jidzir

agreeable

khush-ffawdrf

absolutely

be-shak

aid

madad \makbul

absurd

be-hudah

aim, v.

nishdna lag and

abundance

kaarat

alarm

dardnd

abundant

bahut

alas!

afsos !

acceptable

pasandidq

alike

yaksdn

accompany,!?.

sdth jdnd

alive

jitd, zinda

according

hash

alone

akeld

account

hisdb

also

bhl

,, (news)

khdbar

ambassador

safir

accuse, v.

ndlish karnd

ambition

fyubb i jdh

acquit, v.

ri/id'i kar dend

ambush

kamin-gdh

active,

chdldk

ancestor

jadd

adjust

tasfiya karnd

ancient

purdnd

admiral

amir u I bahr

anger

ghu$$a

admiration

ta'ajjub

angry

fthafd

admire, v.

pasand karnd

another

aur ek

adorn

sajdnd

ant

chiintl

advantage

fd'ida

antiquities

dsdr-i'kadlma

adventure

khatre kd kdm

have you any

dp ke pas ko'i

advice

saldh

antiquities ?

purdnl chlz

advise, v.

saldh dend

hai?

affair

bat '

anxiety

fikr, andesha

afraid, to be

darnd

anxious

mutafakkir

100

English.

Hindustani.

English.

Hindustani.

a,ny

ko'i, kuchh

baggage

asbdb

anybody, one&o't

bake, v.

tanur men pa~

appear zdhir hond [nd

bail

goll [kdnd

appoint, v. mukarrar kar-

banana

keld

appointment kdm, naukari

bandage

patti [nd

approach, v. nazdlk and

banish, v.

jild watan kar-

approve, v. pasand -karnd

bank (river)

pdr

Arab | 'arabl

,, (money)

kothl

Arabia 'arabistdn

bare, bare-

nangdj nange

Arabic * arabl zabdn

footed

pdon

Arabic (in) 'arabl zabdn

bark (tree)

chhdt

arch mifyrdb [men

„ (boat)

chhotl ndo

arms (fire) sdmdn-i-jang

barley

jau

around har taraf

basin (for

bartan, bdsan

arrange, v.

band-o-bast kar-

washing)

arrest, v.

pakarnd [nd

bat (bird)

chamgddar

arrival

dmad

bath

ghusl

arrow

tlr

bathe, «. | ghusl karnd

art (science)

'Urn

bear, v.

barddsht karnd

ashamed (to

sharminda

bear, *.

rlchh

be)

hond

bearer

chaprdsi

ashes

rdkh

beautiful

khub-$urat

asleep (to be)

tote hond

beauty

khub-suratl

ass

gadhd

because

kyunki

assault, s.

kamla

beckon

ishdre te buland

assembly

jamd'at

become, v.

ho jdnd

assist, v.

madad dend

bed

palang

assistance

madad \nd

bee

zambur

astonish, v. mutahayyirkcu

beer

bir-shardb

astonished mutahayyir

before (time)

age

attempt, v. koshish karnd

beg (to)

mdngnd

attendance fydzirl

beg pardon

muldf kijiye

authority

ikhtiydr

beggar

bhikdri

awful

haul-ndk

be gone 1

j 'do !

awkward

be-jd, mufihkil

behind

plchhe

bell

ghantd

Back, s.

pith

belly

pet

back, adv.

ptiir, plchhe

below, prep.

niche

badness

burdl

bend, v.

mornd

bag

thaill

besides

'aldwa

101

English.

Hindustani.

English.

Hindustani.

between

bich

brown

b/turd

beyond

bdhar

brush

bill (amount)

hisdb

bug

khat-mal

bind, v.

bdndhnd

bull

sand

birth

janam

burden

bojhd

bite, v.

ddnt se kdtnd

burn, v.

jaldnd

bitter

karwd

burst, v.

phutnd

blind

andhd

bury, v.

dafan karnd

blood

khun, lahti,

business

kdm

blow, s.

zarb

busy

mashghul [ta hai

blow, v.

bahnd

buys (he)

wuh kharld kar-

boar

jangll su'ar

by-and-by

ba tadrlj

boatman

malldh

boil, v.

ubdlnd

Cabbage

kobi

bolt

hurkd

cabin

jahdz kd kam-

book

kitdb

cage

pinjrd [ra

, f

karz lend,

cake

kulicha

borrow, v. j

'driyat lend

call, i'. (name)

ndm pukdrnd

bottle

shlsha

,, (summon)

buldnd

box

sandttk

called (it is)

is kd ndm

brain

maghz

called ? (what

is kd ndm kyd f

bracelet on

bangri

is it)

the arm

camel driver

shutur-bdn

bracelet on

pdzeb

can (I)

main kar saktd

the foot

cannot (I)

main nahln kar

branch

shdkh

canal

nahr [saktd

brave

dildwar

candle (to

mom-battl jald

break, v.

tornd

light a)

breakfast (is)

hdziri taiydr

canvas

tat

ready ?

hai?

capacity

liydkat

breast chhdtl

car

gari

breath, s. | dam

caravan

kdrwdn

breathe, v. tans lend

care, s.

fikr [wd nahln

bribe, v.

rishwat dend

care (I don't)

mujhe kuchh par.

bride

dulhan

careful

khabarddr

brigand

dakait

careless

ghafil

bright

raushan

carriage (I

main gari chdh~

bring me

mujhe Id do

want a)

td hun

broad

chaurd

,, closed

band gdrl

broom

jhdril

,, open

khull gari

102

English.

Hindustani.

• English.

Hindustani.

carrot

gajar

climb, v.

charhnd

carry (to)

uthand

clock

gharl

cart

gdrl

cloth

kaprd

carve, v.

kdtna

clothe, v.

kapre pahinnd

cat

billi

cloud

badll, abr

cataract

pdnl Jd chddar

coarse

moid

catch, v.

pakarnd

coast

kindra

cattle

maweshl

cock [caf6

murah

celebrated

ndmwar

coffee shop, kahwa-khdna

certain

yaJdn

coins | sikhe

certainly

albatta

cold, ad.

thandd

chain

zanjlr

cold, *.

sardl

chamber

kamra

collector

talisllddr

change, v.

badalnd

college

madrasa

chalk

khdryd-mattl

colour, v. j rang den&

charity

khairdt

column

sutun

cheap

tastd [nd

come, v.

and

cheat, v.

dagh.d-bdzl-kar-

,, here

idhar d'o

cheat, s.

daghd-bdz

» up

upar d'o

cheek

gal

comfort

tasalll

cheerful

khush

comfortable

dram kd

chemist (a)

dawd-sdz

command, *.

fcukm

chemist's

dawd-sdx kl

„ v.

fyukm dend,

shop

dukdn

commerce

sauddgarl

chess

shatranj

common

'dmm

chicken

muryhl

compass

kutb-nwnd

chiefly

khu$usan

compel, v.

majbur karna

choice

pasand

complaint

ndlish

choose, v.

pasand karnd

complete

kdmil

Christian

kristdn

compliment

saldni

circle

ddira

conceal, v.

chhipdnd [nd

cistern

kund

condemn

nd-pasand kar-

citadel

kil'a

condition

hdl

city

shahr

conduct, *.

chdl chalan

civil

khalik

conscious

mu'tarif

civility

akhldk

consul

wakll

clean, v.

$df karnd [rir

consulate

wakll-khdna

clerk

kirdm, muhar-

consult, v.

mashwara kar-

clever

chdldk, hoshydr

contempt

hikdrat [nd

sliuiate

db-o-hawd

content

khushnud, rdzi

103

English.

Hindustani.

English

Hindustani.

continue, v.

rahna

crown

tdj

contradict, v.

khildfkahna

cruel

be-rdfim

contrary, ad.

khildf

cry, s.

pukdr

convent

dd'ira-i-zandn

cure, *.

'ildj

conversation

bat-chit

curtain

parda

cook, v.

pakdnd

cushion

gaddl

,, s.

bdwarchl

custom house

parmat-ghar

cooked

pakdyd hu'd

cut, v.

kdtnd

cool

thandd

cymbals

jhdnjh

copy, v.

nakl karnd

cypher

?ifr

cord

rassi

corn

andj

Dagger

khanjar

corner

kond

daily

har roz

corpse

lash

damage

nuk§dn

correct, v.

?a]j,ify karnd

damp

gild

cost(expense)

dam, klmat

dance

ndch

cost ? (how

iskl klmat kyd f

dancing girls

tawd'if

much does it)

danger

khatra

costs (it)
cotton tree

iskl klmat
kapds

dark }
darkness j

andherd

counsel (ad-

9aldb

date (fruit)

khajur

vice)

[karnd

„ (time)

tdrlkh

count, v.

ginnd, Jiisdb

dawn of day

barl fajr

counting-

daftar-khdna

dead

m'u'd hu'd

house

deaf

bahrd

country

mulk

dear(beloved)

pydrd

courage

dildwarl

„ (costly)

mahangd

court (of jus-

faddlat

„ (it is too)

wuh bahut

tice)

mahangd hat

courtesy

akhldk

death

maut

courtyard

$aJ},n

debt

karz

cover

dhaknd

deceit

fareb

coward

ndmard

decide, v.

ka§d karnd

creator

khdlik

deed

kdm

creature

makhluk

deep

gahrd

crime

jurm

defeat, v.

shikast dend

criminal

mujrim

defend, v.

bachdnd

crocodile

magar

delay, v. \der karnd

crooked

terhd

delight \khushi

crow

kawwd

demand mdngnd

104

English.

Hindustani.

English.

HinduHtani.

denial

inkdr

do (to)

karna

depart

chald jana

do it so

aisd karo

departure

rawdnagl

doctor

hakim

depth

galird'l

doubt

shakk

descend

utarnd

doubtless

be-shakk

desert, s.

baydbdn

down

niche

„ (wilder-

dragoman

mutarjim

ness)

draw (pull)

khainchnd

deserve

Id'ik

drawers

pdejdma

desire, v.

chdhnd

dream, s.

kJiwdb

despair

be-uminedl

khwdb dekhnd

despise, v.

T^aklr jdnnd

dress, s.

kapre

destroy

nuksdn kanid

,, v.

kapre pahinnd

devil

shaitdn

drink, v.

plnd

devotee

jogi, sanydsi

» s.

shardb

dew

shabnam

drive, v.

hdttknd

diamond

almas, hlrd

drop, s.

ka.tr a

dictionary

lugkat

dromedary

mndnl

die, v.

mar jana

drown, v.

dul ma

difference

fark

drum

dhol

different

dusrl kism kd

drunk

matwdld

difficult

mushkil

dry

suk/id

difficulty

mmhkildt

dumb

gunga

dig, v.

khodnd

durable

pdeddr

directly

fan ran

dust

yard, khdk

dirty

maild

duty

kdm

disease

rog, bimdrl

„ (tax)

mah§ul

disguise

bhes badalnd

dwelling

makan, g/iar

dishonest

be-lwdn

dye, v.

rang (lend

dismiss, v.

rukhsat dena

dyer

ranyrez

disorder

be-tartlbl

dispute

takrdr

Each

har ek

distance

durl

eagle

'ukdb

distant

dur

earrings

bald

distress

takllf

early

sawere

disturbance

ghulghadr

earnest

shaukln

(riot)

earth

dunyd

ditch

ndld

easily

dsdnl se

divide, v.

1yi§sa karnd

east

pur a})

dividend

bakhrd \\ easy

dsdn

106

English.

Hindustani.

English.

Hindustani.

eat, v.

khdnd

event

mdjarti

edge (sword)

dhdr

ever (always)

hamesha

oiflior

%hwdh...khwdh

every

har ek

eiiner

yd... yd

evidence

gawdhl

elegant

fchush-mimd

evil

badl, khardbl

elephant

Mthl

examine, v.

taJiklk karna

eloquent

faslh [nd

examination

imtiJidn

embark

ndo par charh-

example

misdl

embrace .

baghal-glrl

„ (for)

masdlan

embroidery

chikan-dozi

except

siwde

emperor

kaisar

excessive

nihdyat

employ, v.

naukar rakhnd

exchange, v.

badal karna

employment

kdm, naukarl

exchange, s.

badal

empty, v.

khdll karna

excuse

luzr

i
end

dkhir

excusable

'uzr ke kdbil

endeavour

koshish

expense

kharch

endless

be-hadd

experience

tajriba

enemy

dushman

experiment

dzmaish

energy

kuwwat

explain

samjhdnd

engage, v.

kdm dend

extinguish

bujltd dend

England

inglistdn

extract (strip)

nikdl lend

English

angrezl

extraordinar

'ajlb

„ language

angrezi zabdn

extremely

nihdyat

Englishman

main angrezl

eye-ball

putll

(I am an)

adml hun

eye-lash

palak

enough

bas

„ (it is)

yih bas hai

Faith

imdn

enquire

puchhnd

faithful

Imdnddr

enter, v.

andar and

fall, v.

gir parnd

entirely

bilkull

false ( not

j hut lid

envy, *.

fyasad karna

true)

equal

bardbar

fame

nek-ndml

error

ghalatl, chuk

famine

kaht, kdl

escape, s.

chhiitkdrd

fan

pankhd

especially

khususan

far

dur

establish

kd'im karna

far from this?

yahdn^se kitul

eternal

azali, abadl

(how)

dur'?

Europe

wildyat

farewell

khudd hdfa

European

wildyati

fast month

roza kd mahlna

even, ad.

bhl '

(abstinence

106

English.

Hindustani.

English.

Hindustani

fast (firm)

mazbut

flag

nishdn

„ (quick)

jald

flat

chaptd

,, (relig.)

roza

fleet

tez-rau

fat

moid, farbih

flesh

gosht

fate

kismat

flint

patthar

father

bdp, wdlid

float, v.

pdnl par bahnd

fatigue

mdndagl

flock (herd)

galla

fault

ku$ur

flog, v.

mdrna

, , (it is not

yih merl takflr

flour

dtd

my)

nahln

flower, s.

phul

favour

mihrbdnl

„ garden

phulwdrl

fear, *,

dar

„ pot

gul-ddn

fear, v.

darnd

flute

bdnsri

feast

ziydfat

fly, v.

urnd

feather

par

„ s.

makkhl

feed, v.

khildnd

foam

phen

feel, v.

rikkat rakhnd

fog

kuhdsd

female (a)

faurat

follow, v.

pichhe and

ferry

guzr-ghdt

food

khwurdk

ferryman

ghdt-mdnji

fool

ahmak

fertile

zarkh.ez

foolish

be-wukuf

festival

teohdr, 'id

for

iske waste

fever

tap

forage

chard

few

chand

forbid, v.

man' karnd

fidelity

wafdddri

forehead

peshdnl

field

khet

foreign

pardes

fig

anjir

foreigner (a)

pardesl

fight, v.

larnd

forest

jangal

„ s.

lard'i

forget, v.

bhuljdnd

fill, v.

bharnd

forgive, v.

mu'df karnd

filthy

maild

form

shakl

final

dkhir

formerly

pahle se

find, v.

milnd

forsake

chhor dend

fine (delicate)

bdrik, ndzuk

fortress

kil'a, burj

finish

tamdm karnd

fortunate

kh.ush-naslb

finished (it is)

yih ho chukd

fortune

mdl

fire

forward

age

firm

sakht

fountain

chashma

fisherman

mdhiglr

France

fardns des

fix

lagdnd

fraud

fareb

107

English.

Hindustani.

English.

Hindustani.

free

dzdd

go slowly

dhiste chalo

freedom

dzddagl

„ thou

jdo

Frenchman

farcins des fed

goat

bakrd

frequently

aksar [ddml

good

achchhd [nd

fresh (cool)

thandhd

govern

bddshdhat kar-

friend

dost

government

'amaldarl

friendly

dostl se

governor

^dkirn

friendship

dosti

grain

ana/, ddna

fright, *.

dar

granary

gold

frog

mendak

grandfather

dddd

from

grandmother

dddl

front

age

granddaugh-

potri

fruit

mewd, phal

grapes [ter

angur

full (filled)

bhard

grass

ghds

furious

ghusse se

grateful

iJisdnmand

future

dyanda

gratis

muft

Gain, v.

fd'ida uthdnd

grave, «.

kabr

gamble

ju'd khelnd

graze

charnd

game

khel

great

bard

,, (chase)

shikar

grief

ghamm, dukh

gardener

mail

grind, v.

plsnd

garland

phulon ki mala

groom

sd'is

garlic

tahsan

ground

zamin

gate

phdtak

grow,v. [nel)

ugnd

gay

khurram, khu&li

guard (senti-

pahra-wdld

general

'dmm

guess, v.

kiyds karnd

generally

aksar

guide, v.

rah batldnd

generous

sakhi

„ (runner)

rdh-numd

gentle

asil

gum

gond

gentleman

sahib

Habit

dastur, 'ddat

gift

infdm

(custom)

give, v.

dmd

„ (dress;,

poshdk

glad

khush

hail

old

glass

kdnch

hall

ddldn

M W

shisha

ham

su'ar kd gosht

glory

jaldl

hammer

mdrtaul,hatora

glue

saresh

handful

mutthl-bhar

gnat

machhar

handsome

khubpurat

go fast

jaldl jdo

hang (up)

latkdnd

,,on

chalo

,, (execute)

phdnsl dend

108

English.

Hindustani.

English.

Hindustani.

happen

ho jdnd

honour

'izzat

happy

khush-dil

hook

dnkri

hard

sakht

hope, v.

ummed rakhnd

hare

khar-gosh

horn

sing

harem

haram

horseman

sawdr

harness

sdz

horse -shoe

na'l

harvest, s.

fafl

hospitality

mihmdn-ddrl

hasten, v.

jaldl karnd

host

mihmdn-ddr

hastily

jaldl se

hot weather

garml kd mau-

hate, v.

'addwat rakhnd

how

kaisd ? [sim

hawk

bdz

,, much?

kitnd t

yih, wuh

human

insdnl

heal

achchhd karnd

hunger, a.

bhilkh

health

mizdj, filifyat

hungry

bhukhd

heap, s.

dher

hunt, v.

shikar karnd

hear

sunnd

hunter

shikari

heat

garml

hunting

shikar karne ko

heavy

bhdrl

heel, s.

efi

Ice

barf

height

unchd'i, bulan-

idea

khaydl

heir

wdris [dl

idle

sust

help, v.

madad dend

agar, jo

„ *.

ma dad

ignorant

nd-ddn

hemp

san

ill (sick)

blmdr

herd

galla

image

putld, but

here

yahdn

imagination

khaydl

here and

idhar udhar

imitate

nakl karnd

there

immediately

fauran

hide, v.

chhipdnd

immortal

abadl

„ «.

chamrd i

impatience

be-sabr

hideous

bad-$urat

impertinence

gustdkhi

high

unchd

important

zarurl

hill

pahdr

impossible

nd-mumkin

history

tdrikh

imprison

kaid men, ddlna

hold, v.

pakarnd

improper

nd-mundsib

hole

chhed

imprudent

be-ihtiydt

hollow

mujauwaf

men, andar

holy

musalli, kuddus

increase, v.

barhdnd, ziyd-

honest

rdst-bdz '

da karnd

honey

shahd

indeed

fil-wdbi*

109

English.

HindQstani.

English.

Hindustani.

India

hind

jealous

ghayur

Indian (an)

hindustdnl

jealousy

ghairat

indigo

jelly

jell

individual

ddmlj shakh?

jest

thatthd

indolent

sust

jester

thathol

industrious

mihnatl

jew

yahudl

inferior

chhotd

jewel

jauhar

infidel

kdftr

join, v.

jornd

infinite

be-intihd

joint

jor

inn

musdfir-khdna

Jordan

ydrdan naddl

innocent

be-gundh

journey

safar

inquire, v.

puchhnd

joy

Miushi

inquiry

darydft

judge, v.

fai?ala karnd

insane

diwdna, pagld

,, s.

fydkim , jaj-sahib

inscription

katba

judicial

(addlatl

insensible

be-hosh

juggler

jddugar

insolent

gustdkh

jump

'kud

inspector

muhtamim

just (equit-

'adil

instant (this)

ek dam

able)

instant

lahza

justice

in?df

instead of

liwaz men

instinct

samajh

Keep, v.

rakhnd

instrument

dla, hathiydr

kernel

maghz, gudd

insult

be-'izzaft

kettle i

ketll

insurrection

baghdwat

kick, v.

Idt mdrnd

intelligent

hoshydr

kid

bakrl kd bach-

intention

kasd

cha

interest

sud

kiU

mar ddlnd

interpret, v.

tashrlh karnd

kind, ad.

wihrbdn

interpreter

mutarjim

„ s. (sort)

kism

invent

ijdd karnd

king

rdjd

invention

Ijdd

kingdom

bddshdhat

invisible

ghd'ib

(empire)

irrigate, v.

dbpdshl karnd

kiss, v.

bos a dend

yih, wuh

,, s.

bosa

ivory

hdthi-ddnt

kitchen

bdirarchi-khana

knave

da<jhabdz

Jacket

kurta

knot

gdnth, girah

jail

kaid-khdna

know (I do

main nahln

jar

•ihard not)

jdntd hun

110

English.

Hindustani.

English.

Hindustani.

Labour

mihnat

leopard

chltd

lace

les

leper

korhl

ladder

slrhl

leprosy

korh

lady

sdJiiba

less

kam

lake

tdl, tald'o

let, v.

dend

lamb

bkerikdbachcha

letter(epistle)

khatt

lame

langrd

,, (alphabet

harf'

lancet

nashtar

level

bardbar

land, v.

utarnd

liar

jhuthdy darogh-

language

zabdn, boll

' 9°

lantern

Idltain

liberty

dzddl

large

bard

library

kutub-khdna

last (tbe)

sab se pichhld

lie, v.

letnd

late

der men

„ s.

jhuth bat

laugh

hansnd

lies (to tell)

jhuth bolnd

law

kdnun, a!ln

life

jdn

lawful

jd'iz

lift

uthdnd

lawyer

wakll

light

roshan

lazy

rust

„ v.

jald dend

,, (to be) v.

sust hand

„ (weight)

halkd

lead (guide)

age chalnd

lightning

bijll

leaf (tree)

pattd

like (to be)

ham-shakl

,, (book)

warak

line

satar

lean

dubld, patld

listen

surma

,, against (to)

teknd

little

chhotd

learn

stkhnd

live, v.

jtnd'

leather

chamrd

liver

jigar, kalejd

leave, v.

chhor dend,

lizard

tiktiki

chhutti lend

load, v.

Iddnd

leave, s.

rukhsat

„ (a gun)

banduk bharnd

leech

jonk

lock, s.

kufl, tola

left

bdkl

lock, v.

kufl lagdnd

,, hand

bdydn

locust

malakh, tiddi

„ (go to the)

bd'en jdo

long

lamba

leg

pdnw

look

nazar

legal

kdnunl

loose, ad.

dhild [huztir

leisure

fur$at

lord

satyibj mdliky

lemon

nlmu, nimbu

lose, v.

khond, hdrnd

lend, v.

udhdr dend

loss

nuksdn

length

lamb&l

love, *,

mafyabbat, pydr

Ill

English.

Hindustani.

English

Hindustani.

love, v.

pydr karnd

memory

ydd

lover

(dshik

men

mard, ddml

low

nlchd

mend | marammat kar-

luck

kismat

merchandise

saudd,mdl [nd

lucky

khush-naslb

merchant

sauddgar, bani-

luggage

mdl, asbdb

mercy

rafym, [yd

lungs

shush, phephrd

merry

khush

middle

blch

Machine

kal

mill

chakkl

mad

dlwdna

mind

'akl, hosh

magazine

kitdb

mine (of me)

merd

magic

jddu

mirror

d'lna, darpan

magistrate

hakim [pandh

mischief

badlt nuk$dn

majesty

huzur, jahdn-

miser

bakhll

make

bandnd, karnd

miserable

bechdra

male

nar

misfortune

muslbat, dfat

malice

Jdna

mist

kuhdsd

man-of-war

jangl jahdz

mistake

ghalat

manliness

marddnagl

mix, v.

mildnd

manner

tarah

model

namuna

many

bahut

modest

sharmlld

many? (how)

kitne?

moist

gild

map

naksha

moment

lafyza

mare

ghorl

money

paise, ruplye

mark

ddgh,, nishdn

„ (change)

nakd r&plyt

marry, v.

shddl karnd

monkey

bandar

mast

dol, mastul

ziydda

master

mdlik

morrow

kal

mat

chatd'l

mortar

okhll

meaning

ma'nl, matlab

„ (plaster)

chund

means(wealtb)| daulat1

mosque

masjid

measure

map

moth

parwdna

„ v.

mdpnd

move, v.

hilnd

medical man

ddktar, hakim

mount, v.

charhnd

medicine

dawd

mountain

pahdr

meet, s.

muldkdt

mourn, v.

ghamm karnd.

melon (water)

kharbuza

much

bahut

melt, v.

galnd

mud

Jdchar

memoran-

yqd-dtQdJiA

mule

khachchai

dum

murder

jchun

112

English.

Hindustani.

English.

Hindustani.

mushroom

chhdtd

nobody

ko'i nahin

music

musiki

noise

dwdz, ghul

„ (the art)

rag

none

ko'i nahin

musician

mutrib

nonsense

behuda bat

musk

mushk

north

uttar, shamdl

musquito

machchhar

not

na, nahin

„ net

musahrl

nothing

kuchh nahin

must (you)

chdhiye

notwithstan-

tau bhi

mutiny

balwd

ding

merd

not yet

ab tak nahin

nourish

pdlnd

Nail (iron)

til, mekk

now (at

naked

nangd

present)

name

ndm

number

fadad

narrow

tang, sakrd

numerous

bahut •

nation

kaum

nurse

dyd

nature [tion)

'khilkat

(

dudh pildnd

„ (disposi-

tabi'at, mizdj

( tlmdrddri kar-

near

nazdlk

nutmeg

j&'e-phal [nd

necessary

zarHr

necessity

zarUrat

Oar

ddnd

necklace

'mala

oath

kasam

needle

su'i

obedience

tdbi'ddri

neglect

ghaflat

obedient

hukm-barddr

negro

habshi

obey, v.

manna

neighbour

parosi

oblige, v.

mihrbdni karnd

neither

na...na

obstinate

ziddi

nephew

bhatljd

obtain

milnd

nest

ghonsld

occupation

dhandhd

net

jail '

often

aksar

never

kabhi nahin

offence

taksir

nevertheless

tau bhl

office

daftar

new

nayd, tdza

officer (chief)

hakim

news

khabar

oil

tel

dusrd

old

purdnd

night

rat, shab

old (age)

burhdpd

nightingale

'andallb

old (man)

burhd

nahin

old (woman)

burhiyd

noble

tharif

once

ek'daf'a

nobleman

amir

onion

piydz

118

English.

Hindustani.

English.

Hindustani.

only

khdti,fakat

parrot

totd

open

khuld

part

juz, tukrd

opinion

khaydl, rate

partner

shank

opium

afyun

partridge

titar

opportunity

mauka'

pass, v.

guzar jdnd

oppose, v.

sdmnd karnd

passport

parwdna

opposite

sdmne

patience

?abr

•ya

patient

sdbir

orange

ndrangl

pattern

namuna

order (arran-

band-o-bast

pay, v.

add karnd

gement)

payment

add

order (com-

hukm

peace

?ulb

mand)

peacock

mor

order, v.

fyukm dend

peasant

ra'iyat

oriental

mashriki

people

log

origin

a§l, bunydd

perfume

khush-bu

ornament

gahnd

perhaps

shdyad

other

aur ek

perish, v.

mar jdnd

out

bdhar

permission

ijdzat

oven

tanur

permit, v.

ijdzat dend

over

ftpar

Persia

Iran, F&rs

overseer

ndzir

Persian

Irani, Fdrsi

owe, v.

kdrz rakhnd

person

shakhs

owl

ullu

perspiration

pasina

own (possess)

apnd

petition

larz, guzdrish

bail

pewter

jast

philosopher

hakim

Page (of a

fafba

pickaxe

phaurd

book)

piece

tukrd

page (in

laundd

pilgrim

jdtri

waiting)

pill

gnll

pain

dard

pillage

lut

paint, v.

rang lagdnd

pillar

siiftn, khambd

pair

jord

palace

mahal

pincers

chimtd

palm-tree

khajur gdchh

pipe (tube)

nal

pan

tdba

pipe (for

plpd

pan (frying)

fard'i pan

narghile)

pardon

mu'df

pipe (for

bukka,

pardon, v.

mu'df karna

tobacco)

Hind. Qram. 8.T.

114

English.

Hindustani.

English.

Hindustani.

pitch

pray, v.

namdz parhnd

pity

a/sos, rafym,

prayer

namdz

place
plain (even)

jagah
bardbar

prefer
present, ad.

pasand karnd
hdzir

plant

paudhd

present (gift)

in'dm

play, v.

khelnd

pretty

suthrd

play (an in-

bajdnd

prey

shikar

strument)

[pazir

price

klmatj dam

pleasant

achchhd, dil-

pride

ghurur

plenty

bahut

priest

imam

plough

hal

prince

shdh-zdda

plunder

lilt

prince (royal)

rdj-kumdr

poet

shd(ir

princess

shdh-zddl

poetry

shi'r

private

khdss

point

nok, nukta

privy

pai-khdna

poison

zahr

probably

shdyad, ghdli-

police

polls

procession

sawdri [ban

politeness

akhldk

proclamation

ishtihdr, mand-

pomegranate

andr

produce, v.

paiddkarnd [dl

pond

tdldb

profit

fd'ida, nafa1

poor

gharib, kangdl

promise, v.

wa'da karnd

poppy

post

proof

dalll

pork^

su'ar kd gosht

proper

durust, thik

porter

prophet

paighambar

(carrier) j

hull

protect

bachdnd

porter (door- )
keeper) j

darbdn

proud
province

maghrur
subah

portmanteau

pen

provision

tosha

possible

mumkin

prudence

khabar-ddri

post (for

dak, tappdl

prudent

khabar-ddr

letters)

publish, v.

jdrl karnd

post (house)

ddk-ghar

pull, v.

khlnchnd

pot

degchl

pump

bam

pound

ddhd ser

punish

sazd dend

pour, v.

ddl dend

pupil

shdgird

poverty

iftds

pure

sdf

power | kudrat

purposely

irdde se

powerful zordwar

purse

thaill

praise ta'rif

push

dhakkd

praise, v. ta'rif karnd

put, v,

rakh dend

116

English.

Hindustani.

English.

Hindustani.

put out *

nikdl dend

recover (ill-

achchhd hojdnft

ness)

Quadruped
quail

chaupdya

bater

reed
reflection

nd'e
soch

quantity

mikddr

refresh one's

tdzagl hasii

quarrel

jhagrd

self

hond

quarter (£th)

chauthd'i, pd'o

refuse

dkhor, fuzla

quarter (in

amdn

region

mulk

battle)

regulations

djin, kdnun

quarter (of a

mahalla

rejoice, v.

khush hond

queen [town)

rdnl, malika

relation (farn-

saga

question

sawdl

release ply)

chhor dend

quick (agile)

jald, tez

relieve

dram dend

quite

'bi-l-kul

religion

dm, mazhab

remain

thaharnd

Radish

mull

remedy

:ildj

rag

gudar

remember, v.

ydd karnd

railway train

rel-gdrl

remind

ydd dildnd

rainy

pdnl kd [karnd

remove, v.

le-jdnd, nikdl

raise, v.

uthdnd) khard

rent (hire)

kirdya [dend

raisin

kishmish

rent (tear)

phdr, chlr

rank

<uhda

repair

marammat kar-

rapid

jald, tez

repeat

phir bolnd [nd

rare

nadir

report

khabar

rascal

bad-ma'dsh

reproach

pa'na, maldmai

rash

be-lihdz

repulse, v.

shikast dend

raw

kachchd

request

darkhwdst

ray

kiran

resign

chhor dend

razor

usturd

resist

muzdhamat

read

parhnd

respect

adab

ready

taiydr

rest

dram

real

haklkl

rest, v.

dram karnd

reai-

plchhe

retreat

khalwat-gdh

reason

sabab

return (come

phir and,

receipt

rasld

back)

ivdpas and

receive, v.

milnd

revenge

intikdm

recently

in dinon men

reward

in'dm, bakh-

recollect

ydd karnd

rheumatism

bd'i [shisk

recompense

ajr

rib

panjar} pasli

record

likhna

ribbon

fitah

116

English.

Hindustani.

English.

Hindustani.

rice

dhdn

sale [tion]

farokht

rich

daulat-mand

sale (by auc-

nlldm

ride, v.

sawdri-karnd

saltpetre

shord

rider

sawdr

salvation

najdt

rifle

banduk

salve

marham

right (not left)

ddhind

same

e/c-hi, wuhl

right (just

wdjib

sample

namuna

claim)

sand

ret, bdlii

right (hand)

dahMM

savage, ad.

jangll

right, «.

thlk

save, v.

bachdnd

ring

anguthi

say; I say

bolnd ; main

ripe

pakkdt pukhta

[you)

boltd hun

rise, v.
road

uthnd, uthjdnd
rdstd

say? (what do
scale (bal-

kyd bolt* ho t
tardzu

roast

kabdb

ance)

rob

liitnd

scarce

kamydb

robber

dakait

scarcely

kamydbl se

robbery

dakaiti

scarcity

killat

rock

patthar, sang

scarlet

Idl

roof

chhappar

scatter, v.

chhitrdnd

root

jar

scholar

shdgird

rope

ram, dorl

school

maktab

rose

gul

schoolmaster

ustdd

rosewater

gul-db

science

*ilm

rot

sarnd

scorpion

bichchhu

rotten

sard

taldsh, dhunJh

rough

kharkhard

secret

bhed, rdz

round

gol

sect

firka

rub

ragarnd

see, v.

dekhnd

„ together

mdlish harnd

seed

biyd, bij

ruby

ydkut

seek

dhundhnd

rude

gustdkh

seldom

kam

ruin

khardbl

self (myself)

apnd

/un, v.

daurnd

sell (to)

bechnd

rust

zang

send, v.

bhejnd

sentence

jumla

Said

bold

sense

<akl

safe

salim

separate, v.

judd karnd

sagacity

'akl, hash

serpent

samp, nag

salary

tankkwdh,talal

servant

naukar

English

Hindustani.

English.

Hindustani.

serve, v.

khidmat karri a

station (rank)

mart aba

service

khidmat

steady

kaim

settlement

band-o-bast

steal, v.

chorl karnd

several

chand

steam

bhdph

severe

sakht

step

kadam

sew, v.

slnd, sild'i kar-

still

chup

shade

sdya [nd

sting, *.

dank

shake, v.

hildnd

stock (capital)

punjl

shame

sharm

stop, v.

khard rahnd,

shape

shakl

roknd

sharpen

tez karnd

storm

tufdn

shave, v.

fyajdmat karnd

story

kis?a, kahdnl

she

yih, wuh

straight

sldhd

sheath

miydn

stranger

giiair ddmi

shed, v.

fjhailnd

straw

bichdli

shield

dhdl

strength

zor

shine

chamaknd

strong

kaw

ship

jahdz

„. (solid)

mazbut

shoe (horse)

na"l

stupid

be-wukuf

shoot, v.

bandukchaldnd

stupid (inex-

nd-wdkif

shop

dukdri

perienced)

shopkeeper

dukdn-ddr

success

kdmydbi

shore

kindra

sudden

achdnak

short

kotdh, chhotd

suffer, v.

barddsht karnd

show, v.

dikhldnd

sufficient

bas, kdfi

shut, v.

band karnd

sugar candy

mi§ri

shut the door

darwdza band

sulphur

gandhak

sick

bimdr [karo

summit

choti

sickness

bimdri

superfluous

fuzul

side

taraf, bdzii

support, v.

dsrd dend

sieve

ghirbdl

surgeon

jarrdh

sight

nazar

surprise

ta'ajjub

sign

ishdra, nishdn

suspicion

gumdn

square (a)

chauk

swear

kasam khdnd

stable, adj.

mazbut

sweep, v.

jhdrnd

stand, v.

khard rahnd

sweet

mlthd

star-

tdrd, sitdra

sweetmeats

mithd'i

starch

kdnjl

swell, v.

sujnd

start, v.

chaunknd

swift

tez-rau

station

chauki

swim, v.

pairnd

118

English.

Hindustani.

English.

Hindustani.

Take, v.

Itnd

throw, v.

phenknd

take care

khabarddrhond

tie, v.

bdndhnd

talk, v.

bdtchlt karnd

tight

tang

tall

lambd

tile

khaprd

tank

tald'o

till, v.

khetl karnd

taste

maza

tired

thakd

taste, v.

chakhnd

tax

maJj^ul

toast, v.

senknd

„ (land)

zamm-tikas

(bread)

teach, v.

sikhdna

tobacco

tambdku

teacher (of

munshi

together

sdth

languages)

tomb

kabr

telescope

dur-bin

tongue (hold

chup raho

tell, v.

kahnd

your)

temper

mizdj, tabi'at

too

bhl

temperate

mu'tadil

tools

hathiydr

parhezgdr

top

chotl

temple

masjid

torch

mash'al

tent

khima, taw/m,

torment

'azdb

derd

tortoise

kachhu'd

terrible

khauf-ndk

touch, v.

chhund

thank

shukr

towards

fd taraf

thank, v.

shukr karnd

traitor

namak-fyardm

thankful

shukr-guzdr

daghabdz

then

tab

translate, v.

tarjuma karnd

there

wahdn

translation

tarjuma

they

ye, we

translator

mutarjim

thick

moid

travel, v.

safar karnd

thief

chor

traveller

musdfir

thigh

jdngh

,, European

gord musdfir

thin

patld

treachery

daghdbdzl

thing

chlz \karnd

treasure

khazdna

think, v.

sochnd, khaydl

tremble, v.

kdmpnd

thirsty

piydsd

tribe

kaum

thorn

kdntd

trouble

takllf

those

wuh

true

sach, sddik

thou

trunk (box)

$anduk

thought

soch, dhydn

trust, v.

i'timdd rakhnd

thread

sut, tdgd

trustee

mu'tamad

threaten, v.

dhamlcdnd

truth

sack bdt

119

English.

Hindustani.

English.

Hindustani.

try, v. (en-

koshish karnd

vile

khardb

deavour)

vineyard

anguristdn

try (prove)

jdnchnd

violence

zor, jabr

tune

tan

virgin

bdkira

turban

pagrl

virtue

khubl

twist, v.

ainthnd

virtuous

*izzat-ddr

tyrant

zdlim

(honourable)

[men

visible

zdhir, nazar

Ugly

bad-surat

visit

muldkdt

under

niche

voice

dwdz

understand

samajhnd

vomit, v.

ubka'l karnd

„? (do you)

samajhtB ho ?

vulgar

kamlna

unfortunate

kam-bakht

vulture

gidh

unjust

be-insdf

until

jab tak... nahin

Wager

shart

upon

par

wages

ujrat

uproar

ghul

waist

kamar

ham

wait, v.

sabr karnd

„ (to us)

ham ko

waiter

khidmatgdr,

use

kdm

fydzir-bdsh

,, (it is of no)

yih kuchh kdm

wake, v.

jagdnd

kd nahin

walk, v.

sair karnd,

useful

kdm kd

hawd khdnd

useless

kuchh kdm kd

wall

dlwdr

nahin

wander, v.

bhataknd

usual

ma1 mull

want, v.

chd'hnd

war

lard'l

Vagabond

luchchd, bad-

warm

jjarm

vain

dim,dgfii [zdt

wash, v.

dhond

valuable

klmati

washer-

dJiobin

value, n.

klmat

woman

„ V.

kadr karnd

wasp

birnl

various

chand kism kd

waste, v.

kjiardb karnd

vast

bard

[piece)

vegetables

tarkdri, sabzl

watch (time-

gharl

veil

nikdb

watch (milit.)i pahre-wdld

vein

nas, rag

„ v. \fyifazat karnd

velvet

maJchrnal

watchman chauki-ddr

verse (poetry) chhand
very \nihdyat

water- carrieri bihishtl
water-melon \tarbuz

120

English.

Hindustani.

English.

Hindustani.

wave

mauj

wire

tar

wax

mom

wisdom

<akl

way (road)

rah, rdttd

wise

'ablmand

ham

wish, v.

chdlind

weak

kam-zor^

wish, *.

khtvdhish

wealth

dhan, daulat

with

ke sdth

weary

thakd

within [side)

andar

weather

mausim

without (out-

bdhar

weave

binnd

without doubt

be-shak, zarur

wedding

shddl, by ah

witness

shdhid, yawdh

weep, v.

rond

wolf

bheriyd

weigh, v.

tolnd

wonderful

<ajib

weight
welcome (a)

wazn
mubdrak

wood (forest)
wood(timber)

janqal
'lakrl

well (good)

achchhd

wool

un, pashm

,, (a water)

ku'dn

woollen

pashm kd

west

pachchham

word

bat

wet

bhigd, gild

work

kdm

what [say?

kyd?

worm

kird

what do you

kyd kahte ho t

worth (to be)

lalik hond

wheat

gehun

worthy

Id'ik

wheel

pahiyd

wound, v.

zakhm dend

when

kab?

write, v.

likhnd

whence

kahdn se

writer

kdtib

where

kahdn

„ (copyist)

nakl-navls

which? inter.

kaun

writing

lek'hd

whip

chdbuk

wrong

nd-dtirust

whirlwind

gird-bad

Yard (court)

fatyn,

whistle, v.

slti bajdnd

,, (measure)

gaz

who (rel.)

jo, jaan

yes

hdn, jl hdn

who? (inter.)

kaun?

yet

lekin

whole

tamdm

yet (not)

ab tak

whose ?

kiskd?

yoke

ju'd

why?

kyunf

you

turn

wide

chaurd

young

jawdn

widow

beivd

your

tumhdrd

wild

jangli

youth

jatvdnl

win, v.

jltnd

Zeal

tapdk, josh

wings

par

zealous

sargartn

wipe, v. 1 ponchfi dend

zephyr

hdd-i-sabd.

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Full text of "Hindustani grammar self-taught. In four parts: 1. A simplified grammar. 2. Exercises and examination papers. 3. The vernacular. 4. Key and English-Hindustani Dictionary. 3d ed. rev. by Shams'ul 'Ulama Sayyid 'Ali Bilgrami"

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