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HUGO'S SIMPLIFIED SYSTEM.

HINDUSTANI

SIMPLIFIED.

AN EASY AND RAPID SELF-INSTRUCTOR.

Containing —

A CONDENSED AND SIMPLIFIED GRAMMAR,
PRACTICAL CONVERSATION,

READING EXERCISES,
COMMERCIAL, IDIOMATIC & MISCELLANEOUS PHRASES,

LISTS of USEFUL and INDISPENSABLE WORDS
and EXPRESSIONS.

A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO MODERN CONVERSATIONAL

HINDUSTANI WITH
IMITATED PRONUNCIATION OF EVERY WORD.

PHILADELPHIA

DAVID MCKAY COMPANY

Washington Square

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY.

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.

The introduction of this work not only makes it pos-
sible, but even easy, to acquire a conversational knowledge of
Hindustani. The whole of the instruction throughout has
been compiled on HUGO'S well known Simplified System,
the success of which is due to its commonsense character.
It avoids all confusing technicalities of grammar, and im-
parts a knowledge of the language in an absolutely practical
manner which, after all, is what the learner really wants.

Easy Conversational Phrases introducing the most
important Idiomatic Expressions are included, while the
Reading Exercises will be found greatly to extend the
vocabulary at the student's command.

A few words in explanation of the LANGUAGE and its
ALPHABET may be of service.

Hindustani is the language most generally spoken
throughout British India. It is a combination of Hindi
and Urdu. HlNDT is the literary language of the Hindus,
written in Sanskrit characters ; URDU is the literary lan-
guage of the Mohammedans, written in Persian characters,
ttenerally speaking the same grammatical rules apply to
each, and consequently we deal with the language from
the common point of view, freely introducing such words
from the Hindi or the Urdu as are current in everyday
speech. Anyone who has learnt the language from this
book w:ll understand and be understood by any native
whether Hin<ln or Mohammedan.

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY.

We have followed the usual practice of transcribing the
Oriental characters into ordinary Roman characters. These
are understood by natives and are used by them when
communicating with people of European nationality ; but
when one Indian writes to another he would naturally use
the original Oriental characters.

The Nagari or Sanskrit characters shown on page 6 are
given for reference only. The transcribed form underneath
these letters is the one that concerns the student. Although
the alphabet is Sanskrit, it includes a few letters which
liave been adopted from the Persian and are in common use.
These letters are : q, kh. gh. Z and f. As they cannot be
indicated by separate Sanskrit characters, they are always
represented by their nearest Sanskrit equivalent, with the
addition of a dot ( . ). Thus, q =k with dot ; kh =kh with
(lot, and so on. This is clearly illustrated on page 6.

We have omitted a few letters of the Sanskrit alphabet
not used in everyday speech, as their inclusion would only
tend to confuse the student. For the same reason we have
also omitted the Sanskrit characters indicating slight diffe-
rences in the pronunciation of the letters, t, til, and d, dh.
The delicate shade of sound expressed by these characters
cannot be detected by the untrained ear, and it is therefore
impossible to transcribe them. They can only be learnt by
constantly hearing them in Hindustani speech. For all
practical purposes however, the alphabet and its transcrip-
tion, as given on page 6, is entirely sufficient.

Special attention has been devoted to the IMITATED
PRONUNCIATION. If the learner attends carefully to our
instructions, he will pronounce nearly all the words per-
fectly, and all with sufficient correctness for practical pur-
poses.

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

The Hindustani or Nagari Alphabet - 6

Key to the Transcription and the Imitated Pronunciation 7
Rules for Pronunciation - 8-13

SIMPLIFIED GRAMMAR, with Exercises and Key, Conver-
sational Phrases, and Easy Reading Exercises 14, 15, etc.

Cardinal Numbers

Ordinal Numbers

Collective and Fractional Numbers

Days of the Week ...

Months of the Year ...

Periods of Time ...

Hours of the Day -

Short Vocabularies of Useful Nouns

136-143

The Town - page 136
The Hotel - 136

Trades - page 140
Utensils and Tools 140

The Railway - 137
Shipping - 137
The House - 137
Furniture • 138
The Body 138
Eating and Drinking 139

Writing Materials
Colours
The Army
Titles, Professions,
etc.
Banking, etc. •

141
141

142
143

Money Values

List of Indispensable Words
Idiomatic Phrases
Commercial Phrases -
Miscellaneous Phrases -
Points of the Compass

148
144
148
149
157
160

HUGO 8 HINDUSTANI MAi)K EASY.

INDEX TO GRAMMAR.

ARTICLES :—

Definite Article
Indefinite Article

PAGE

14
14

NOUNS :—

Gender of Nouns ... 14

Plural of Nouns ... 18

Nouns folio wed by ka, ke, ki 19

PRONOUNS :—
Possessive Pronouns ... 16
Pronouns for the Nomina-
tive (Subject) ... 21
Pronouns for the Accusa-
tive (Object) ... 50
Interrogative Pronouns 21,98,99
Reflective Pronouns ... 97, 98
Relative Pronouns ... 115
Indefinite Pronouns ... 85
Demonstrative Pronouns 14, 43

VERBS :—

Auxiliary Verbs 21, 23, 39, 73, 74

TO HAVE, how rendered ... 24

Conjugation of verbs 38, 39, 41,

42, 44, 50, 58

Construction with ne ... 42, 43
Irreg. Past Participles 44, 50, 58
Imperative ... ... 52,53

Future Tense ... ... 66

Conditional Future ... 68
Conditional Past ... 68

Compound Verbs 106, 107

Passive Verbs ... ... 109

Causal Verbs ... 124, 125

ADJECTIVES :—
Declension of Adjectives 31

Comparison of , 82,83,84

PAGE

ADVERBS :—

Adverbs and Adverbial Ex-
pressions ... ... 60, 61

Adverbs of Time ... 66, 67

PREPOSITIONS ... 45

CONJUNCTIONS ... 67

INTERJECTIONS ... 125

Forms of address ... 126

Salutation ... ... 126

Thanks, how expressed 127

Narration ... ... 100

MISCELLANEOUS :—

Use of the verb raihna ... 41

jana (idiomatic use of) ... 109

lagna (idiomatic use of) 118

chahna (idiomatic use of) 127
hota hai (or haia) when

used ... ... 8-1

yeh and wuh before Pre-
positions ... ... 43, 45

AS ... AS, how rendered ... 83
mat, NOT, when used ... 53
apna, etc. (use of) ... 97, 98
SELF and SELVES, how ren-
dered ... ... 97, 98

Second Person (familiar

form) ... ... 118

sa, se, si (rules for use of) 100

ka, ke, ki (use of) ... 19

ki, in narration ... 100

ko (use of) ... ... 42, 50

jo, jis, etc., how used ... 115

wala (idiomatic use of) ... 128

hi, how used ... ... 127

kya (idiomatic use of) ... 21
aur, omitted or rendered

by O ... ... 127

HUGOS HINDUSTANI MADJi JiASY.

THE HINDUSTANI OR NAGART ALPHABET.
Names of the Letters and their English Equivalents.

VOWELS.

T *

a a i I u ft

o« in : dismal army in keen put fool

e ai o au, ott

as in : say said, aisle low awl, now

CONSONANTS.

k q kh kh' g gb

at in : king quick k'h1 loch go h'r*

gh oh chk j z Jh

CM in : g'hf church ch'b* joy zeal j'h*

t th d dh n p

<u in : take t'h* day d'h* no pay

ph f b bh m 7

at in : pV fine bit bV man year

r 1 v, w s ah h

in : road land vale, work sale shame hay

* See note on page 7.

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EAST.

NOTE. — The pronnndation of the letters, k'h, g'h, ch*h, J'h, t'tt,
d'h, p'h, b*h, is best Illustrated by such words as : 1 sack'him ;
2 gag'him ; 3 watch'him ; 4 gauge'him ; 5 shoot'bJm ; 6 had'he ;
7 stop'him ; 8 cab'horse. In Hindustani the h after a consonant must
always be distinctly heard.

kh and gh are gutturals ; kh is pronounced like oh in the word
LOCH ; gfl has no equivalent in English — the sound of aspirated h fol-
lowed by r is the nearest.

KEY TO THE TRANSCRIPTION AND THE
IMITATED PRONUNCIATION.

a, 1, U indicate the long sound of these vowels.

In the Imitated Pronunciation these are given as : ah,
ee, oo.

kh (underlined) indicates the guttural sound of CH in the
Scotch word LOCH, preceded by a strongly aspirated H.
In the Imitated Pronunciation this sound is represented
by h'ch.

gfa (underlined) indicates the sound of a strongly aspirated H
(as in HUGE), followed by a rattling sound ;• -f R.
In the Imitated Pronunciation this sound is represented
by h'r.

ft indicates the nasal sound of N as in LONG, KING, etc., but not
so strong. It is, perhaps, more like the sound of N in
the French words BIEN, TIEN, etc.
In the Imitated Pronunciation this nasal sound is
represented by ng (italic).

( ' ) In the Transcription an apostrophe between two vowels
{as a'l) indicates that these must be pronounced as two
distinct syllables.

( ' ) In the Imitated Pronunciation an apostrophe between two
CONSONANTS indicates that both letters must be di»-
tinctly pronounced but in one breath as ONE syllable.

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY.

RULES FOR PRONUNCIATION.

THE VOWELS.

a (short) is like English A in DISMAL (or sometimes like U
in GUN), as in :
akal aman lafz par

ak-al or ak-ul am-an or am-un lafz par

wisdom peace word at

a (long) is like the English A in ARMY, as in :

aram bap man bolna

ah-rabm bahp mating bohl-nah

comfort father mother to speak

1 (short) is like English I in BEGIN, as in :
kitab ilm inam

kit-ahb ilm in-ahm

book knowledge reward

phir

p'hir
again

1 (long) is like English BE in KEEN, as in :

ifit meri bijli larki

eenfltt may-ree bidj-lee lar-kee

brick my lightning girl

U (short) is like English U in PUT, as in :

usko pul mujhe bulbul

us-koh pul mudj-hay bul-bul

him bridge me nightingale

U (long) is like English u in FULL, as in :

unt pliul ullu dudh.

oongt p'hool ul-loo dood'h

camel flower owl milk

8 is always long, like English AY in SAY, as in :

mera ek se yeh tez

may-rah ayk say yay'h tayz

my one by this sharp

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY.

O is always long, like English 0 in LOW, as in :

do hona mop tota chop

doh hoh-nah mohr toh-tah chohr

two to be peacock parrot thief

THE DIPHTHONGS.

There are two diphthongs in Hindustani, ai and
each of which has two distinct sounds.

1. — ai usually sounds like English AI in SAID, as in :
maina raihna maifi.

mai-nah rai'h-nah main;

a bird to dwell I

2. — ai sometimes sounds like English AI in AISLE, as in :
g-aiya bhaiya maiya

gaiy-ah b'haiy-ah maiy-ah

cow brother mother

(terms of endearment)

NOTE. — When either a or i or both are long vowela
they do not form a diphthong. The two vowels must then
be pronounced separately as two syllables, and are fre-
quently separated by an apostrophe, as in :

sha'ir ara'ish bha'i

shah-er ah-rah-esh b'hah-ee

poet adornment brother

1. — au usually sounds like English AW in LAW, as in;
aurat aur fauran maut

aw-rat awr faw-ran mawt

woman and at once death

2. — au sometimes sounds like English ow in HOW, as in :
kaua haua paua

kow-ah how-ah pow-ah

crow goblin fourth part

H.S.— 1*

10 HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY.

THE CONSONANTS.

With a few exceptions, the consonants are pronounced
the same as in English.

k is like English K in KING, as in :

kutta kismat talak kya ?

kut-tah kis-mat tal-ak kyah

dog fate until what ?

Q has a slightly softer sound than k, but the untrained ear
cannot detect the difference. The quite correct pro-
nunciation of q can only be acquired by hearing it
used in Indian speech, as in :

qalam quran qimat

ka-lam kur-ahn kee-mat

pen koran price

The above words are often seen written with k instead of q.

kh. — the h after k should be distinctly heard, as in :
khet khana kliona pankha

k'hayt k'hah-nah k'hoh-nah panj-k'hah

field to eat to lose fan

kh. (underlined) has the guttural sound of CH in the Scotch
word LOCH, preceded by strongly aspirated H. In the
imitated pronunciation this sound is given as h'ch, as in :
khali khiyal kharidna darakht

h'chah-lee h'clii-yahl h'cbar-eed-nah dar-ab'cht
empty thought to buy tree

g is like English G in GO, as in :

gana gae gehun gari

gah-nah gah-ay gay-hoo»v gah-ree

to sing cow wheat carriage

gh is like English G in GO with a distinctly aspirated H
after it, as in :

ghora ghas ghar

g'hoh-rah g'hahs g'har

horse grass house

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY. 11

gh, (underlined) is like a strongly aspirated H, followed by
a rattling sound as of R. In the imitated pronuncia-
tion this sound is given as h'r, as in :

murgiii gkussa ghul

mur-h'ree h'rus-sah h'rul

hen anger noise

11 this sound is too difficult to pronounce make it like a as in GO.

ch. is like CH in the English word CHURCH, as in :

chor chacha chiz cliaku

chohr cha-chah cheez chah-koo

thief uncle thing knife

Chh. — the ll after Ch should be distinctly heard, as in :
chhutti chhe achchlia pichiie

ch'hnt-tee ch'hay ach-ch'hah pee-oh'hay

holiday six good behind

j is like English J in JUST, as in :

jal jald jo janana

jahl jald job jah-na-nah

net haste who to know

jll — the ll after j should be distinctly heard, as in :
samajhna 4llukl1^

sa-maj'h-nah j'huk-naa

to understand to bend

Z is like English Z very soft, as in :

zalim ziyada zor

zah-lim ze-yah-dah zohr

tyrant more force

t is like English t, but rather softer, as in :

turn tin tattu tokri

turn teen tat-too toh-kree

you three pony basket

th — the ll after t should be distinctly heard as a separate
letter, as in :

thakan thai thik satli

t'ha-kahn t'hahl t'heek saht'h

fatigue plate correct sixty

TH must never be pronounced as Engh'sh TH in THE, THIS, THAT, etc.

HI GO 8 HINDUSTANI MADE EASY.

d is like English d or sometimes softer, almost like TH in
THOU, as in :

dal das din dak dar

dahl das din dabk dar

lentils ten day post fear

dh. — the ll after d should be distinctly heard, as in :

dhup dhat dhakna dharra

d'hiiop d haht d'hak-nah d'har-rah

sunshine metal to cover routine

n is like English n, as in :

nak kan kisan

nahk kahn ke-sabn

nose ear peasant

n (nasal) is like English N in KING, LONG, or, better, like
French N in BIEN, TIEN, as in :

nahin tang- sanp ban

na-heeiif t&hng sahnyp hahnf

not leg snake yes

p is like English p, as in :

piyas pas pul pak par

pe-yahs pahs pull pahk par

thirst near bridge holy at

ph. — the ll after p should be distinctly heard, as in :
phul phal phir phika

p'hool p'hal p'hir p'hee-kah

flower fruit again tasteless

ph can never have the sound of f as in English.

f is like English f, as in :

fursat fauran saf lihaf

fur-sat faw-ran sahf le-hahf

leisure at once clean quilt

b is like English b, as in :

bal beta bis bolna

bahl bay-tab bees bohl-nah

hair SOP twenty to speak

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY.

bh. — the h. after b should be distinctly heard, as in

buffalo
mail

matin?

mother

bhuk bhulna bhaifis

b'hook b'bool-nah

hunger to forget

m is like English m, as in :
menh mahina

mayn'n ma-hee-nah

rain mouth

y is like English Y in YEAR, YES, etc., as in :
yad yahafi. yufi

yahd ya-hahn* yooa?

remembrance here thus

r is like English R in ROAD, as in :

rasta par sarak

rahs-tah pabr sa-rack

way across road

1 is like English 1, as in :

salam sal lash

sa-lahm sahl lahs'n

greeting year corpse

V and W are pronounced like English V, as in

bhaflp

b'habnjp

steam

muft

gratia

yeli

yay'h
this

har

hahr
garland

tolna

tohl-nah
to weigh

jawab

ja-vahb

answer
savar

sa-vahr
horseman

wuh vahafi vakt

vo'b va-hahnj vakt

he there time

8 is like English hard S, as in :

grhas sat sir

g'hahs saht nr or ser

grass seven bead

Sh is like English SH in SHAME, as in :

shabash shadi shabnam

shah-bahsh shah-dee shab-nam

bravo rejoicings dew

h is like English H in HAY, as in :

jahan shaihar hakim hal

ja-hahn sbai-bar ba-keem hahl

world town physician condition

14 HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EAST.

FIRST LESSON.

The Imitated Pronunciation is given under each word, or in paren-
theses ( ) by the side of the word.

THE ARTICLES.

1. — The English Definite Article THE and the Indefinite
Article A or AN, have no exact equivalents in the Hindu-
stani language.

The Definite Article THE is either omitted in translation,
or the words THIS yen (yay'h) and THAT Wllh* (vo'h) are
used in the place of it. Therefore —

mard (mard) means MAN or THE MAN
yeh mard „ THE MAN or THIS MAN
wuli mard „ THE MAN or THAT MAN

'Here the u is to be pronounced as intermediate between o and u.

2. — The Indefinite Article A or AN can also be omitted
in translation, but it is usually rendered by the numeral
ONE, ek (ayk) ; therefore—

ek mard means A MAN or ONE MAN

HERE yahan THERE vahan WHERE ? kalian ?

ya-haTTnp va-hah^ ka-haH^?

IS hal (hai) NOT nahlfi (na-heenff)

NOTE. — a, I and u. indicate the long sound of these vowels, given in
the Imitated Pronunciation as : ah, ee, oo ; e (ay) and o (oh) are always
long ; fi indicates the nasal sound of the English n before g as in LONQ
but not quite so strong. See also Rules for Pronunciation, pp. 8-13.

3.— THE GENDER OF NOUNS.

In Hindustani, Nouns are either Masculine or Feminine.
There is no Neuter Gender. Naturally Nouns relating to
males are Masculine, and Nouns relating to females are
Feminine. For the rest no definite rules can be given, but
it may be assumed that the majority of the names of things
are Masculine, and also almost all Nouns ending in long a.
Nouns ending in 1 or t are generally Feminine.

There are, however, many exceptions. In the Vocabularies, the
gender (where necessary), is indicated by m. or f. after the Noun.

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY. 15

luggage asbab, m.

as- bah b

room kamra, m.

kam-rah

book kitab, f.

kit-abb

address pata, m.
pa-tab

hotel hotal, m.

hoh-tal

town shaihar, m.

sbai-bar

street gall, f.

gal-ee

house ghar, m.

(or home) g'har

*kh (underlined) has the guttural sound of c a as in the Scotch word LOCH,
not of CH as in the word CHURCH, — see Rules for Pronunciation, p. 10.

newspaper akhbar, m.

ab'ch-bahr

telegram tar, m.

tahr

NOTE. — The stress or accent is not very pronounced in
Hindustani, but as a rule a long final vowel is accentuated a little
stronger than the rest of the word.

AND aiir (awr) IN men (may*?)

Translate each phrase and compare with the corresponding English below.

1. ek kamra, yeh kamra, wuh kamra ; 2. pata,
ek pata, wuh pata ; 3. gall, yeh gall, ek gall ;
4. kitab, ek kitab, wuli kitab ; 5. ek shaihar, wuli
shaihar, shaihar men; 6. ghar, yeh ghar, wuh ghar.

la.

1. a room, this room, that room ; 2. the address, an
address, that address ; 3. the street, this street, a street ;
4. the book, a book, that book ; 5. a town, that town,
in the town (literally town in) ; 6. the house, this house,
that house. _

(The Verb is placed at the end of the phrase.)

1. hotal kahafi. hai ? 2. asbab yahafi. hai ; 3.
akhbar yahan nahm hai •, 4. shaihar men ek
gali ; 5. ek akhbar aur ek tar ; 6. wuh kitab
vahafi hai.

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY.

2a.

1. where is the hotel ? 2. the luggage is here ; 3. the
newspaper is not here ; 4. a street in the town (lit. town
in, one street) ; 5. a newspaper and a telegram ; 6. the
book is there.

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.

4. — These Pronouns have different terminations, to
agree in Gender and Number with the Noun to which
they refer. The terminations are :

a (ah) 6 (ay) 1 (ee)

MASCULINE

FEMININE

SINGULAB.

PLURAL.

SING. & PLCU.

mera

inay-rah

mere

may-ray

meri

may-ree

HIS, HER

uska

us-kah

uske

us-kay

uski

us-kee

OUR

hamara

ham-ah-rah

hamare

bam-ah-ray

hamari

ham-ah-ree

YOUR

(ordinary and
intimate forms)

tumhara

tum-hah-rah

tumhare

tuin-hah-ray

tumhari

turn-hah-ree

YOUR
(respectful and
polite forms)

apka

abp-kah

apke

abp-kay

apki

ahp-kee

THEIR

unka

un-kab

unke

un-kay

unki

un-kee

1. tumhara grhar, mera pata ; 2. uska
uski kitab ; 3. apka asbab aur hamara asbab ;

4. unka hotal, uska kamra; 5. hamari gali,
hamara shaihar ; 6. meri kitab aur mera tar.

3a.

1. your house, my address ; 2. his newspaper, his book ;
3. your luggage and our luggage ; 4. their hotel, her room ;

5. our street, our town ; 6. my book and my telegram.

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY.

man

admi

son

beta

(in general)

ahd-mee

bay- tab

man

mard

daughter

beti

(as opposed to woman) mard

bay-tee

woman

aurat

brother

bha'i

aw-rat

b'hah-ee

father

bap

sister

baihin

bahp

bai'hn or bai-bin

mother

man

boy

larka

mahuff

lar-kab

child

bachcha

girl

larki

bach-chah

lar-kee

parents

man bap

house

makan, m.

mahnp bahp

(building)

ma-kahn

1. mera bap ; 2. tumhari man ; 3. unke man
bap ; 4. hamara ghar ; 5. uski kitab ; 6. meri
beti ; 7. uska beta ; 8. apka bha'i ; 9. tumhara
bachcha ; 10. ek mard aur ek aurat ; 11. yen
larka aur wuh larki ; 12. tumhari baihin aur

mera bha'i.

4a.

1. my father ; 2. your mother ; 3. their parents ; 4.
our house ; 5. his book ; 6. my daughter ; 7. her son ;
8. your brother ; 9. your child ; 10. a man and a woman ;
11. this boy and that girl ; 12. your sister and my brother.

THE DAYS OF THE WEEK.

SUNDAY

MONDAY

TUESDAY

WEDNESDAY

THURSDAY

FRIDAY

SATURDAY

Itvar (it-vabr)

Somvar (som-vahr)

Mangal (man-gal) or Mangalvar ( man-gal- vahr)

Budh (bud'h) or Budhvar (bud'b-vahr)

Brihaspat (bri-has-pat) or Jumerat (jum-ay-raht)

Shukravar (shuk-ra-vahr) or Juma (ju-mah)

Sanichar (san-ee-cbar) or Bar (babr)

18 HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY.

SECOND LESSON.

6.— RULES FOR THE PLURAL OF NOUNS.

(NOMINATIVE CASE)

1. Masculine Nouns generally remain unchanged in the

Plural, as :

man, mard ; men, mard

2. Nouns ending in a change a into 6, as :

boy, larka (lar-kah) ; boys, larke 0»r-kay)

3. Feminine Nouns ending in 1, add an (aW) and shorten

the 1, as :

girl, larki Oar-kee) ; girls, larkian (lar-ke-ahn?)

4. Feminine Nouns ending in any letter (except l), gene-

rally add en (aynff), as :

woman, aurat (aw-rat) ; women, auraten (aw-rat-ayn?)

Other Plural Terminations will be explained as they occur.

EXAMPLES.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.

town shaihar, m. towns shaihar

house makan, m. houses makau

address pata, m. addresses pate

room kamra, m. rooms kamre

street gall, f. streets galian

daughter beti, f . daughters betian

book kitab, f. books kitaben

1. auraten aur larkian ; 2. mard aur larke ;
3. shaihar men g-alian ; 4. kitaben aur akhbar ;

5. pate aur tar ; 6. hotal men kamre.

5a.

1. the women and the girls ; 2. the men and the boys ;
3. the streets in the town (lit. town in, the streets) ; 4. the
books and the newspapers ; 5. the addresses and the tele-
grams ; 6. the rooms in the hotel (lit. hotel in, the rooms).

HUGO 8 HINDUSTANI MADE EASY.

6. — The words ka (kah), ke (kay), kl (kee), meaning OP,
indicate the Possessive Case. They are best rendered in
English by the apostrophe ' S ' Os) after the Noun.

MASC. SINGULAR.

MASC. PLURAL.

FEM. SING. AND PLUR.

The person or thing owned or possessed regulates the
tender and the number, thus :

the sister's house baihin ka gliar

the brother's daughter bb.a'1 kl betl

the father's rooms bap ke kamre

1. admi ka pata ; 2. aurat ka beta ;
ki kitab ; 4. bap ke bachche ; 5. uski
asbab; 6. larki ka kamra.

6a.

1. the man's address;- 2. the woman's son ; 3. the
girl's book ; 4. the father's children ; 5. his mother's
luggage ; 6. the girl's room.

3. larki
man ka

7. — Plural Nouns followed bv_ka, ke or k£add On (on,,),
but if the singular form ends in a, this final a is dropped
and On added. Examples :

the rooms of the houses

(literally : houses of, rooms)
the houses of the streets

(lit. streets of, houses)

larkon (NOT larkaon) ki the books of the boys
kitaben (lit. boys of, books)

gharon ke kamre
gallon ke makan

letter

chitthi, f.

table

mez, f .

chit-t'bee

mayz

friend

dOSt, m. & f.

chair

kursi, f .

dohst

kur-see

ticket

rel tikat, m.

door

darvaza, m.

(railway)

rayl-tick-at

dar-vah-zah

stamp

dak tikat, m.

window

khirki, £.

(postage)

dahk-tick-at

k'hir-kee

20 HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EAST.

1. meri dost ka rel tikat ; 2. tumharl man ki
chitthian ; 3. makan ke darvaze aur khirkian ;
4. ap ke dak tikat; 5. meri baihin ki mezen
aur kursian ; 6. bachchon ki kitab mez par
(on) hai ; 7. uske doston ka grhar shaihar men
hai ; 8. hamara asbab hotal men nahin hai

7a.

1. my friend's railway-ticket ; 2. your mother's letters ;
3. the doors and windows of the house (=houseof, doors
and windows) ; 4. your postage-stamps ; 5. my sister's
tables and chairs ; 6. the children's book is on the table ;
7. her friends' house is in the town ; 8. our luggage is not
in the hotel.

1. ok;

ayk

2. do;

doh

3. tin ;

teen

4. char ;

chahr

5. panch ;

pahnfl'ch

6. chhe*;

ch'hay

7. sat ;

saht

8. ath ;

aht'h

9. nan ;

naw

10. das ;

das

11. gyarah •,

gyah-ra'h

12. barah.

bah-ra'h

'Pronounce CH as in the word CHtJBCH, and aspirate the H following,
in the same breath.

1. do kamre ; 2. char chitthian ; 3. sat mard ;
4. chhe kitaben; 5. ath akhbar; 6. gyarah
makan ; 7. tin mezen aur barah kursian ; 8.
panch dost ; 9. das dak tikat ; 10. ek makan

men nau darvaze.

8a.

1. two rooms ; 2. four letters ; 3. seven men ; 4. six
books ; 5. eight newspapers ; 6. eleven houses ; 7. three
tables and twelve chairs ; 8. five friends ; 9. ten postage
stamps ; 10. nine doors in one house.

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY.

THIRD LESSON.

8.— PRONOUNS for the NOMINATIVE (Subject).

SINGULAR.

main

HE )
SHE/

vo'b

wuh

(yay'h)
WUh (vo'h)

PLURAL.

WE ham

bam

YOU tum (turn)

(ordinary and intimate form)

YOU ap (ahp)

(respectful and polite form)

THEY

vay

NOTE. — yeh and wuh also stand for THIS and THAT.

V6, yell and wuh also stand for THESE and THOSE.

9. — hOna (hoh-nah) TO BE.
PRESENT TENSE.

I AM

HE IS 1
SHE IS]

IT IS

SINGULAR.

main hun

hoo»0

wuh hai

vo'h hai

yeh or wuh hai

yay'h vo'h hai

WE ARE

YOU ARKS

THEY ARE

PLURAL.

ham ham

ham haine

( turn* ho

turn ho

ap hain

ahp bain0

ve hain

vay

*The word log (lohg) PEOPLE, is sometimes added after turn, to give
a definite plural sense.

NOTE. — There is a third form for the second person (the fami-
liar form), but its use should be avoided by foreigners. This
familiar form is given later, — see Index.

WHO ?

kaun ?

kawu

WHAT ? kya* ?

kyah

* When asking a question the word kya ? WHAT ? generally precedes
the subject of the sentence. But kya is not used when another inter-
rogative word is introduced in the sentence, such as : kaun ? WHO f
kahafi ? WHKBK f

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE

EASY.

ready
busy

taiyar

tai-yahr

masruf

mas-roof

wrong
glad

ghalat*

h'ra-lat

khusht

h'chush

righj

thik

I'heek

also

bhi

b'hee

*gh (underlined) has the sound of a strongly aspirated h followed by a
rattling sound as of r. This sound is imitated by h'r.

tkh (underlined) has the guttural sound of CH in the Scotch word
LOCH, preceded by a strongly aspirated h. This sound is imitated by h'ch.
See also Rules for Pronunciation.

1. main khush nun ; 2. ap thik ham or turn
thik ho ; 3. wuh ghalat hai ; 4. ham masruf
hain ; 5. kya ap masruf hain ? 6. wuh taiyar
nahm hai ; 7. ham taiyar hain ; 8. wuh khush
hai ; 9. ham khush nahm hain ; 10. kya wuh
taiyar hai ? 11. ve taiyar nahm hain ; 12. yahan
kaun hai ? 13. main yahan hun ; 14. ve bhi
yahan hain ; 15. yeh kahan hai ?

9a.

1. I am glad ; 2. you are right ; 3. that is wrong or
he is wrong ; 4. we are busy ; 5. are you busy ? 6. she
is not ready ; 7. we are ready ; 8. he is glad ; 9. we are
not glad ; 10. is he ready ? 11. they are not ready ; 12.
who is here ? 13. I am here ; 14. they are also here ;
15. where is it ?

Literally the above phrases would read :
1. 1 glad am ; 2. you right are ; 3. that or he wrong is ;
4. we busy are ; 5. wkat you busy are ? 6. she ready not
is ; 7. we ready are ; 8. he glad is ; 9. we glad not are ;
10. what he ready is ? 11. they ready not are ; 12. here who
is ? 13 I here am ; 14. they also here are ; 15. it where is ?

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY. 23

10. — PAST TENSE of hona, TO BE.

MASC. SING. FEM. SINO. MASC. PLUB. FEM. PLUB.

tha thi the thin

t'hah t'hee t'hay

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

I WAS main tha (or thi)

HE WAS wuh tha

SHE WAS WUh thi

IT WAS y eh (or wuh) tha (or thi)

WE WEEK ham the (or thin)
turn the (or thin)

YOU WERE

ap the (or thin)
THEY WERE ye the (or thin)

NOTE. — In this tense, tha or the is used when the Subject is Mascu-
line ; thi or thin is used when the Subject is Feminine. As a general
rule, the verb airrees with its subject in gender and number. In the case
of the first person plural WE WERE, ham the is often used for both
Masculine and Feminine.

AT HOME or AT THE HOUSE ghar par

g'har par

AT or IN THE OFFICE daftar men

daf-tar may»v

10.

1. kya ap vahan the (or thin) ? 2. ham g'har
par the (or thin) ; 3. ve yahan the (or thin) ;
4. wuh yahan nahm thi ; 5. wuh kahan hai ?
6. wuh kahan tha ? 7. main vahan nahin tha ;
8. wuh ghar par nahm thi; 9. wuh daftar

men tha.

lOa.

1. were you there ? 2. we were at home ; 3. they
were here ; 4. she was not here ; 5. where is he ? 6.
where was he ? 7. I was not there ; 8. she was not at
home ; 9. he was at the office.

Literally the above phrases would read :
1. what you there were ? 2. we house at were ; 3. they here
were ; 4. she here not was ; 5. he where is ? 6. he where was ?
7. 1 there not was ; 8. she house at not was ; 9. he office in was.

24 HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY.

FOURTH LESSON.

11. — The verb TO HAVE is not used in Hindustani.
When in English TO HAVE means ' to own or to possess,'
as : ' I have a book,' it is rendered in Hindustani by the
word pas (pahs), which implies possession or ownership, and
is followed by the Present or Past Tense of hona, TO BE.

In this construction the Possessive Pronouns are used,
(see page 1 6) and these must invariably end in 6. The verb
is in the THIRD Person Singular or Plural as the case may
require. Examples :

I have a book mere pas ek kitab hai

=in my possession a book is

he has a book uske pas ek kitab hai

=in his possession a book is

we have books hamare pas kitabefi haifi

=in our possession books are

The phrase is thus placed in the POSSESSIVE CASE, and the person or
thing owned or possessed becomes the SUBJECT of the sentence, as :
a book in my possession is

11.

1. mere pas ek chitthi hai ; 2. mere pas ek
chitthi 'thi ; 3. mere pas chitthian thm ; 4.
uske pas ek ghar hai ; 5. uske pas ek grhar tha ;
6. unke pas grhar nahm hai.

lla.

1. I have a letter ; 2. I had a letter , 3. I had letters ;
4. he has a house ; 5. he had a house ; 6. they have
no house.

12.— If a NOUN takes the place of the PRONOUN, the
word ke (kay) is inserted before pas. When used in
this construction, ke, which means OF, is INVARIABLE.

EXAMPLES.

the man has a newspaper admi ke pas ek akhbar hai

=in possession of the man a newspaper is

the man has newspapers admi ke pas akhbar haiii

=in possession of the man newspapers are

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY.

white man

gora,* m.

milk

dudh, m.

(European)

goh-rah

dood'h

horse

ghora,* m.

rice

chaval, m.

g'hoh-rah

chah-val

water

pani, m.

egg

anda, m.

pah-nee

an-dah

bread

roti, f.

butter

makkhan, m.

roh-tee

m.ak-k'han

*Carefully note the difference between gora (white man) and ghora
(horse). In the latter case the h after g should be distinctly heard.

The word gora chiefly applies to European soldiers and sailors. It
does not (as a rule) apply to a European of rani, who is usually spoken
of as sahib (sah-hib), sir.

12.

1. mere bap ke pas ghore hain ; 2. apke bhJTi
ke pas ek ghora hai ; 3. gore* ke pas ghore
nahin the ; 4. aurat ke pas roti aur dudh hai ;
5. larki ke pas makkhan aur ande hain* ; 6.
meri man ke pas ghar men roti nahifl thi ;
7. unke pas ek kamra hai ; 8. hamare pas char
kamre the.

*Nouns ending in a change a into e before ke.

12a.

1. my father has horses ; 2. your brother has a horse ;
3. the white man had no horses ; 4. the woman has bread
jnd milk ; 5. the girl has butter and eggs ; 6. my mother
had no bread in the house ; 7. they have a room ; 8. we
had four rooms.

More literally the above phrases would read :
1. my father's possession in, horses are ; 2. your brother's
possession in, a horse is ; 3. the white man's possession in, no
horses were ; 4. the woman's possession in, bread and milk is ;
5. the girl's possession in, butter and eggs are ; 6. my mother's
possession in, the house in, no bread was ; etc.

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE BAST.

price

kimat, f.

kee-mat (or qlmat)

yes hafi

hahn

time

vakt, m.

vakt

no, not any nahin

na-heen?

money

rupaya, m.

ru-pa-yah

much, many bahut
ba-hut

thing

chiz, f .

cheez

how much ? kitna (l) ?
kit-nah (ee)

enough

kafT

kah-fee

how many ? kitne (l) ?

kit-nay (ee)

13.

1. kya tumhare pas bahut asbab hai ? 2. mere
pas asbab nahin hai ; 3. kya tumhare pas tikat
hain ? 4. nan, mere pas tikat hain ; 5. unke
pas kitna rupaya hai? 6. hamare pas kafi
rupaya nahin tha ; 7. tumhare doston ke pas ba-
hut rupaya hai ; 8. uske pas kitni chizen thin ?

9. chizon ki kya kimat hai ? 10. kya tumhare
pas vakt hai ? 11. mere pas bahut vakt nahm
hai ; 12. hamare pas kafi vakt tha.

13a.

1. have you much luggage ? 2. 1 have not any luggage ;
3. have you the tickets ? 4. yes, I have the tickets ;
5. how much money have they ? 6. we had not enough
money ; 7. your friends have much money ; 8. how
many things had he ? 9. what is the price of the things ?

10. have you time ? 11. I have not much time ; 12. we
had enough time.

Literally the above phrases would read :
1. what, your possession in, much luggage is ? 2. my pos-
session in, not any luggage is ; etc.

5. their possession in, how much money is ? 6. our posses-
sion in, enough money not was ; etc.

HUGOS HINDUSTANI MADE EAST.

CONVERSATIONAL PHRASES.

I offer you respects.
I accept.
Good-day.
Good-bye.
Pardon me.
How are you ?
I am well.
Thank God.
I am not well.

Thank you.
Gome here.
Call a porter.
Take the luggage.
Be careful.
Lift it carefully.

1. Adab araz.

2. Taslimat.

3. Salaxn.

4. Khuda haflz.

5. Muaf kijiye.

6. Ap ke mijaz kaise hain ?

7. Achchha hun.

8. Shukr khuda ka hai.

9. Merl tabiyat achchhi

nahin hai.

10. Ap ka mashkur hun.

11. Yahan a'o.*

12. Ek bharchak bula'o.

13. Asbab le'o.

14. Hoshiyar ho'o.

15. Hoshiyari se yeh utha'o.

Imitated Pronunciation of the above phrases.

1 ah-dahb a-raz

2 tas-lee-raaht

3 sa-lahm

4 h'chud-ah Lah-fiz

5 mu-ahf kee-je-yay

6 ahp kay me-jahz kai-say hain$

7 ach-ch'hah hoong

8 shukr h'chud-ah kah bai

9 may-ree ta-bee-yat ach-ch'hee
na-heer^ hai

10 ahp kah mash-koor hoong

1 1 ja-hahng ah-oh

12 ayk b'hahr-chack bul-ah-oh

13 aa-bahb lay-oh

14 hoh-shi-yahr hoh-oh [hah-oh

15 hoh-shi-yah-ree say yay'h ut-

Explanatory Notes to the above phrases.
1 =the ordinary greeting ; 2 accepted ; 3 peace to you ; 4 God
(be) with you ; 5 pardon do please (polite Imperative) ; 6 you of health
how are ? 7 good am ; 8 thanks to God be (' I am well ' being under-
stood) ; 9 my condition good not is ; 10 to you grateful am ; 11 here
come ; 12 a porter call ; 13 luggage take ; 14 careful be ; 15 care
with it lift.
'The final o in the last fire phrases indicates the ordinary Imperative.

28 HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EAST.

EASY READING,

with Imitated Pronunciation, Literal Translation and
Correct English Rendering.

Ek roz grarmi ke mausim men, ek badshah

ayk robz gar-mee kay maw-Kim ni&yng ayk bahd-shah'b

One day summer of season in a king
aur uska beta shikar-khelne ko gaye. Jab

swr us-kah bay-tab she-kuhr-k'hayl-nay kob ga-yay jab

and his son hunting to went. When

hava bahut garm hu'i, to un donofi. ne apna-apna

ha-vab ba-hut garm bu-ee tob un doh-nony nay ap-nab ap-uah
the air very hot became, then them both by his-hia

choghji ek maskhare ki kamar par dal-diya.

chob-b'rab ayk mas-b'cha-ray kee ka-mar par dahl-de-yah
cloak a jester of back on laid.

Badshah ne hans-kar kaha : Ai ! maskhare

babd-sbab'b nay ban^s-kar ka-bab ai maa-b'cba-ray

The king by laugh doing said : Oh ! jester

tumhari kamar par, ek gradhe ka bojh hai.

tum-hah-ree ka-mar par ayk gad-bay kab bobdj'h hai
your back on, one ass of burden is.

Maskhare ne jawab diya : Hazur sach-muob

mas-b'cha-ray nay ja-vabb di-yab ba-zoor sacb-much

The jester by reply gave : Your Majesty verily

main do gudhon ke bojh utha-raha him.

main? dob gad-hotv kay bobdj'h ut-hah-ra-hah hoo*g
I two asses of burdens carrying am.

Correct English rendering of the above.
On a summer's day a king and his son went hunting. When
it became very hot, both put their cloaks on to the back of a
jester. The king laughingly said : Jester, you carry an ass's
burden on your back. The jester answered : Verily, Your
Majesty, I am carrying two asses' burdens.

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EAST.

Ek ganvar ne ek Samba! vale se puchha

ayk gaiw-vahr nay ayk bam-ba-ee vah-lay say pooch-bah
A countryman by, a Bombay man from asked

kl1:

ke
(that) :

Turn

turn
You

safar kiya

sa-far ke-yah
journey done

nay
by

hai

bai
is:

bahut

ba-but
many

zara

za-rah
just

dafa"

da-fab
times

samandar

ea-rnan-dar

ocean

kah
Of

yeh to*

yay'h toh
this (now)

bata'iye ki

bat-ah-e-yay ke
say please (that)

turn

you
Usne

us-nay
He

bahut

ba-but
many

nay
by

kya-kya3 ajib chizen

kyah-kyah a-jeeb cheez-en0
what-what wonderful things

dekhi

dek-bee
seen

hain.

hainy

are.

jawab

ja-vahb
reply

diya ki :

de-yah ke
gave (that)

Main ne ajube to

main0 nay a-joo-bay toh
I by=by me wonders very

dekhe

dek-hay

seen

sab-se-bara yeh

sab-say-ba-rah yay'h

all more than great this

hain,

hai ny

are,
hai

hai

ke
that

lekin

lay-kin

but
main

main?
I

them

men

mayn?
among

salamati se

sa-lah-ma-tee say
safety with

sahal par zinda pahunch-gaya hun.

sah-hal par zin-dah pa-hun<rch ga-yah boon?

shore on alive arrived am.

1 in a narrative, ki (that) generally precedes a quotation ; 2 the
word to is not always translatable ; in many cases it is used simply to
give emphasis ; 3 the repetition of a word intensifies its meaning.

Correct English rendering of the above.
A countryman said to a man from Bombay : You have many
times travelled on (=crossed) the ocean, please tell me what
wonderful things you have seen. He answered : I have seen
many wonders, but the greatest of all is that I got back safely to
shore.

HUGOS HINDUSTANI MADE EAST.

Ek Ithargosh

ne ek sherni

ke samne ja

ayk h'char-gohsh

nay ayk shair-nee

kay sahm-nay jah

A hare

by a tigress

of presence gone

kar us se

kaha ki : Ai

sherni ! mere

kar us say

ka-hah ke ai

shair-nee may-ray

having her to

said (that) ; Oh

tigress ! of me

ek sal men ka'i bachche hote hain, magar

ayk sahl majng ka-ee bach-chay hoh-tay hain; ma-gar

one year in several young are, while

tumhare

tumhari

kul

zindgi

men do

tum-hah-ray

tum-hah-ree

kul

zind-guee

maynj? doh

yah

of you

your

whole

life

in two

tin se

ziyada

nahm

hote.

Sherni

teen say

zi-yah-dah

na-heenff

hoh-tay

sliair-nee

nay

three than

not

are,

The tigress

muskara kar jawab diya, ki . Jo

mus-kah-rah kar ja-vahb de-yah ke job
smile doing answer gave (that) :

kaihti ho sach hai ; beshak

kuchh turn

kuch'h turn
All you

meri kul

kai'h-tee

bob sach hai

bay-sbak

may-ree kul

said

have true is ;

indeed

whole

zindgi men mere sirf ek bachcha hota

zind-guee may»v may-ray sirf ayk bach-chah hob -tab
life in of me only one young be

hai, lekin

bai lay-kin

may, but

wuh ek sher hota hai.

vo'b ayk shair bob-tab hai
that one tiger is.

Correct English rendering of the above.
A hare having gone into the presence of a tigress, said to her :
Oh, tigress, I have several young in one year, but you in your
whole life have no more than two or three. The tigress laughing,
replied : All that you have said is true ; in all my whole life I
may have only one young, but that one is a tiger.

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MALIE EASY.

FIFTH LESSON.

ADJECTIVES,
rich amir large bara

a-meer

poor gharfb

h'ra-reeb

dear maihiiffa

mai-henj-gah

cheap sasta

sas-tah

bar-ah

small, little chhota
cb'boh-tah

good achchha

ach-ch'hah

bad bura or kharab

bur-ah, h'char-ahb

13. — Adjectives ending in a consonant are invariable.

14. — Adjectives ending in a take the Gender and Num-
ber of the_ Noun to which they belong, according to the
rules of ka, ke, kl. Examples :

a large house ek bara makan

a small street ek chhoti gall

good rooms achchhe kamre

14.

nahln (NOT) stands at the end of the sentence, just before the verb.

1. wuh admi amir hai ; 2. ve admi amir
nahln hain ; 3. shaihar bara hai ; 4. yen shai-
har bara nahin hai ; 5. wuh chhota hai ; 6. yeh
aurat giiarib hai ; 7. gharlb auraten ; 8. chhote
bachche ; 9. ek achchha larka ; 10. wuh larka
kharab hai ; 11. yeh larke bure nahln hain ;
12. achchhe larke, achchhi larkian.

14a.

1. that man is rich ; 2. these men are not rich ; 3. the
town is large ; 4. this town is not large ; 5. it is small ;
6. this woman is poor ; 7. the poor women ; 8. little
children ; 9. a good boy ; 10. that boy is bad ; 11. these
boys are not bad ; 12. good boys, g >od girls.

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY.

country mulk, m.

mulk

language zuban, f.

zub-ahn

garden bagh, m.

bah'r

fruit phal, m.

p'hal

flower phul, m.

p'hool

lesson sabaq, m.

sa-back

NOTE. — Remember that h following any consonant must always be
heard, never ignored. In the Imitated Pronunciation this ia indicated by
an apostrophe between the two letters, — as p'h.

climate
journey

abohava, f.

ahb-o-ha-vah

sa-far

safar, m.

long lamba

lam-bah

short chhota

ch'hoh-tah

warm garm

garm

cold thanda

t'han-dah

ADJECTIVES (continued).
easy

asan

ah-sahn

difficult mushkil

mush-kil

beautiful khubsurat

h'choob-soo-rat

abundant bakasrat

ba-kas-rat

15.

1. yen kamra garm hai ; 2. ve kamre thande
haifi ; 3. bagh khubsurat hai ; 4. ek chhota safar ;
'>. lambe safar ; 6. safar lamba hai ; 7. yeh sabaq
asan hai ; 8. zuban mushkil hai ; 9. khubsurat
phul ; 10. achchha phal ; 11. yeh chizefi sasti
haifi; 12. wuh chizen maihngi hain; 13. kya
yeh kitaben sasti haifi ? 14. han, yeh sasti haifi

aur achchhi haifi.

15a.

1. this room is warm ; 2. these rooms are cold ; 3. the
garden is beautiful ; 4. a short (= small) journey ; 5. long
journeys ; 6. the journey is long ; 7. this lesson is easy ; 8.
the language is difficult ; 9. beautiful flowers ; 10. good fruit ;
11. these things are cheap ; 12. those things are dear ; 13. are
these books cheap ? 14. yes, they are cheap and they are good.

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADB EASY. 83

_16.

1. Hindustan khubsurat mulk hai. 2. Abohava
achchhi hai. 3. Hindustan ke bagh khubsurat
hain. 4. Safar lamba hai aur mushkil hai.

5. Zuban asan nahin hai. 6. Phal aur phul
rahan bakasrat hain.

16a.

1. India is a beautiful country. 2. The climate is good.
3. The gardens of (=in) India are beautiful. 4. The
journey is long and difficult. 5. The language is not easy.

6. Fruit and flowers are abundant there.

name

nam, m.

nahm

hungry bhukha

b'hoo-k'hah

word

lafz. m.

lafz

thirsty pyasa

pyah-sah

food

khana, m.

k'hah-nah

some, any kuohh
kutch'h

17.

1. main bhukha nahin nun ; 2. wuh pyasa
hai ; 3. ham bhukhe aur pyase the ; 4. kya
tumhare pas kuchh khana hai ? 5. mere pas
roti, dudh aur chaval hain ; 6. apka kya nam
hai ? 7. yeh lafz kya hai ? 8. ve lafz kya the ?
9. kya yeh lafz asan hain ? 10. wuh sabaq mush-
kil nahin the.

17a.

1. I am not hungry ; 2. he is thirsty ; 3. we were
hungry and thirsty ; 4. have you any (some) food (here) ?
5. I have bread, milk and rice ; 6. what is your name ?
7. what is this word ? 8. what were those words ? 9. are
the words easy ? 10. those lessons were not difficult.

H.8. — 2

HUGO S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY.

CONVERSATIONAL PHRASES.

Where do you come from ? 1.

Where are you going ? 2.

Go home quickly 1 3.

Turn to the right. 4.

Turn to the left. 5.

Bring some wine -and 6.

water.

Cool the water. 7.

Dinner (food) is on 8.

the table.

What is there for din- 9.

ner(= to eat) to-day ?

This bread is good. 10.

The meat is also good. 11.

Have a little patience. 12.

Bring paper, ink and 13.

pen.

Turn kahafi se ate ho?

Turn kahafi jate lio ?

Ghar jaldi ja'o !

Dahine phiro.

Baen phiro.

Kuchh sharab aur pan!

la'o.

Pan! thanda karo.
Khana mez par hazir
_hai.

Aj ka khana kya hai?

Yeh rot! achchhi hai.
Gosht bhi achchha hai.
Thora sabr karo.
Kaghaz, siyahi aur ka-
lam la'o.

Imitated Pronunciation of the above Phrases.

1 turn ka-hahnf say ah-tay hob ?

2 turn Iu-hahn0 jah-tay hoh ?

3 g'bar jal-dee jab-ob

4 dah-be-nay p'bir-ob

6 bah-ain<r p'bir-oh

$ kutch'h sha-rahb awr pah-nee
lah-ob

7 pah-nee t'han-dah ka-roh

8 k'hah-nab mayz par hah-zir

bai

9 ahdj kah k'hab-nah kyab hai f

10 yay'h roh-tee ach-cb'hee hai

11 gohsbt b'hee ach-ch'hah hai

12 t'iioh-rah sabr ka-roh

13 kah-h'raz, se-yah-hee awr ka-

lam lah-oh

Explanatory Notes to the above Phrases.

1 ***joa where from coming are ? 2 =you where going are ? 3 =house
quickly go I 4 =right turn ; 5 =left turn ; 3 — 7 o after the Stem of the
Verb indicates the Imperative, as : la-o ! kar-o ! 8 dinner, food in
general, and to eat, are all expressed by khana ; 9 =to-day to eat what
to f IS <>»patience little do.

HUGO'S HINDI'S! AN I MADE BAST.

EASY READING,

with Imitated Pronunciation, Literal Translation and
correct English Rendering.

Ek bahut gharib admi ne1 ek baliut amir

ayk ba-hut h'ra-reeb ahd-mee nay ayk ba-hut a-meer
A very poor man a very rich

admi ke-pas ja-kar, kaha ki : Ham

ahd-mee kay-pahs jab-kar ka-hah ke bam
man to having gone, said (that) : We

Adam o* Hawwa ke

ah-dam oh hav-vah kay

Adam and Eve of

do bete haift ; turn

dob bay-tay bain* tun>
two sons are ; you

bahut amir ho, aur

ba-but a-meer hob awr
very rich are, and

main bahut gharfb

miiing ba-but h'ra-reeb
I very poor

hufi. Isliye muj-he

huonp is-le-yay muj-hay
am. Therefore me

ek bha*i ka-sa hissa

ayk b'bah-ee kah-sah his-sah
a brother's like share

do. Amir admi ne

doh a-meer ahd-mee nay
give. The rich man

yeh sun-kar gharib

yay sun-kar h'ra-reeb
this heard having poor

admi ko ek kauri3 di. Us gharib shakhs

ahd-mee kob ayk

kaw-ree dee

us h'ra-reeb

shalTchs

man to one

shell gave.

That poor

person

ne kaha :

Janab, ap

mujhko ek

bhal

nay ka-hah

ja-nahb alip

muj'h-koh ayk

b'hah-ee

said :

Sir, you

me to a

brother'^

ka-sa hissa

kyufl nahm

dete hain ?

Usne

kah-sah his-sah

kyoonfl na-heenj

day-tay liainj

us- nay

like share

why not

givinsj are ?

1 ne i« not always translatable ; 2 o is another word for anr (and) j
'•* kauri, a very small coin.

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EAST.

jawab

ja-vahb

diya ki : Mere1 bhale1 dost ! sabir

de-yah ke may-ray b'hah-lay dohst sah-bir

gave (that) : My worthy friend ! content

bano.

Agar

main

apne

sab gkarib

ba-noh

a- gar

mainj

ap-nay

sab h'ra-reeb

remain.

of mine

all poor

bha'ion

ek-ek

kauri

dun to mere

b'hah-e-O7i0

koh

ayk-ayk

kaw-ree doong toh may-ray

brothers

each one

a shell

gave then my pos-

pas

kuchh

baki

nahm

bachegu.

pahs

kuch'h

bah-kee

n a- been?

bach-ay -gab.

session in

some

remainder not

left will be.

Correct English rendering of the above.
A very poor man went to a very rich man and said to him :
We are both sons of Adam and Eve ; you are very rich and I am
very poor. Give me therefore a proper brother's share. The
rich man hearing this gave the poor man one small coin. The
poor man said : Sir, why do you not give me a proper brother's
share ? The other answered : Be content ray friend. If I gave
one small coin to each one of my poor brothers, there would be
nothing left for myself.

ayk
A

us
him

shakhs

shah'chs
person

ayk
a

khatnavis

h'chat-na-vees
scribe

ke-pas

kay-pahs

gaya aur

ga-yah awr
went and

se kaha ki : Meri ek chitthi likh-do.

say ka-hah ke may-ree ayk chit-t'hee lik'h doh

to said (that) : My (=me) a letter write.

Usne

us-nay

jawab

ja-vahb
reply

diya

de-yah
gave

ki:

ke
(that) :

Mere

may -ray
My

paun

pall-Un0

foot

men

1. When addressing anyone, pronouns and adjectives preceding the
notln and ending in a, change a into e in the singular as well as in the
plural.

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY.

dard

pain
turn

turn
you

hun,

hai.

hai
is.

koh
to

Us shakhs ne kaha : Main

us shah'chs nay ka-hah main?

That person (=the man) said : I

kisi jag-eh bhejna nahm chahta

kis-ee ja-gay'h b'haydj-nah na-heen0 chah-h'a-tah
any place sending not wishing

kyun karte lio ?

kyoonj kar-tay

banana

ba-hah-nah

excuse

to yeh beja

toh yay'h bay-jah
am, then this improper

Khatnavis ne jawab

h'chat-na-vees nay ja-vahb

The scribe

sach

true

bolte

bohl-tay
speaking

Chitthl

chit-t'hee
letter

mujhe

muj-hay

ho,

hoh

are,
kisi ke

kis-ee kay

anyone

usko parhne

par'h-nay

reply
lekin

lay-kin

but

why

diya

de-yah
gave

jab

jab
when

doing
ki:

ke
(that) :

main

us-koh

to read

me (=1) them by

jata hai, kyun-ki

jah-tah hai kjoong ke
going am, because

dastkhat

dast-h'chat

nandwriting

koh
to

liye likhta

le-yay lik'h-tah
for writing

ke liye zarur

kay le-yay za-roor
for necessarily

aur-ko'i shakhs

awr-koh-ee shah'chs
another person

nahm parh-sakta

ua-heeng par'h-sak-tah

not reading capable

hoh
are ?

Turn

turn
You

ko'i

koh-ee
any

hun, to

hoong toh

am, then
bulaya

bul-ah-yah

called
mere

may-ray
my

hai.

hai
is.

Correct English rendering of the above.
A certain person went to a scribe and said to him : Write a
letter for me. He answered that he had a pain in his foot. The
man said : I do not wish to send you anywhere, why do you make
such a senseless excuse ? The scribe answered : What you say
is true, but when I write a letter to anyone, I am always called
to come and read it, because no one else can read my writing.

HUGO ,S HJUNDUSTAfli ilADK KASY.

SIXTH LESSON.

THE VERBS.

15. — Hindustani Verbs, with a few exceptions, are quite
regular. The conjugation, therefore, presents no great diffi-
culty when once the peculiar constructions are thoroughly
understood.

In the INFINITIVE all verbs end in na, as :
bolna (bohl-nah) TO SPEAK

The principal parts of the verb are : (1) the STEM,
(2) the PRESENT PARTICIPLE, and (3) the PAST PARTI-
CIPLE. From these three principal parts, all the tenses are
formed, by adding terminations to the Stem, or with the
help_pf the Present and Past Tenses of the Auxiliary Verb
hona, TO BE. If we take away the final na of the INFINI-
TIVE, the STEM remains.

To form the PRESENT PARTICIPLE of any Verb, add the
following terminations to the stem :

MASC. SING. MASC. PLUB. KKM. SING. FEM. PLUB.

ta te ti tin

tab tay tee teen?

To form the PAST PARTICIPLE of any Verb add the
following terminations to the stem :

MASC. SING. MASC. Pi. UK. FEM. SING.

FEM. PLUB.

ifl

ee*0

Thus, taking bolna, TO SPEAK, as an example we get :
INFINITIVE : bolna

STEM.

bol

PHKSENT PARTICIPLE.
MASC. SING. MA8C. PLUR.

bolte

FEM. PLUK.

boltifl

bolta

FKM. SI Mr.

bolt)

bola bole

FEM. SING. FEM. PLUB.

boll bolifl

The terminations must agree in Gender ami Number with the Noun
or Pronoun whu-h is the Subject of tlto V«»rb.

PAST PARTICIPLE.

MASC. SING. MASC. PLUB

HUGOB HIXUUaTAM ALiDK KAoY.

hona, TO BE, is the only Auxiliary used in conjugating
Ihe tenses formed of the Present and Past Participles, for,
as mentioned on page 24, the verb TO HAVE is not used
in Hindustani. Therefore, where in English TO HAVE (has,
have, had) is used, the corresponding forms of TO BE (am, is,
are, was, were) must be used in Hindustani.

' I have spoken ' thus becomes ' I am spoken/ or, to be
more correct : I spoken am, main bola hufL The
Auxiliary must always be the last word in the sentence.

Considering that the Present and Past Tenses of hona are the basis
(or the conjugation of all verbs, it is very important to make one's self
thoroughly familiar with these two tenses, as given in the Third Lesson.

1. — Directly from the Stem are formed the IMPERATIVE
and the FUTURE. For conjugation see Lessons 8 and 10.

2. — From the PRESENT PARTICIPLE are formed :
(a) The PRESENT TENSE, as :

I speak or I am speaking main bolta bun (=1 speaking am).

(6) The IMPERFECT, as :

I was speaking main bolta tha (=1 speaking was).

CONJUGATION OP THE ABOVE TWO TENSES.

PRESENT.

I speak or I am speaking main bolta hufi or bolt! hufi

he speaks „ he is speaking wuh bolta hai

she speaks ., she is speaking wuh boltl hai

we speak „ we are speaking ham bolte hain or boltl haifi*

J turn bolte ho or boltl ho
you speak „ you are speaking J ap bolte flain ^ ^^ haifi

they speak „ they are speaking ve bolte haifi „ boltl haifi

IMPERFECT.

I was speaking main bolta tha or bolt! thi

he was speaking wuh. bolta tha

she was speaking wuh boltl thi

we were speaking ham bolte the or boltl thin*

von were aneakim? ( tum bolte the „ boltl thlfi

tap bolte the „ boltl thlfi

they were speaking ve bolte the „ boltl thlfi

•Before haifi or thin the Fern. Plur. form of the verb may drop the nasal fi.

HUGO S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY.

INFINITIVE.

STEM.

PRESENT
PARTICIPLE.

PAST
PARTICIPLE.

to see, dekhna

dayk'h-nah

dekh

dayk'h

dekhta

dayk'h-tah

dekha

dayk'h-ah

to write, likhna

lik'h-nah

likh

lik'h

likhta

lik'h-tah

likha

lik'h-ah

to read, parhna

par'h-nah

parh

par'h

parhta

par'h-tah

parha

par'b-ah

to buy, kharidna

h'char-eed-nah

kharid

h'char-eed

kharidta

h'char-eed-tah

kharida

b-char-eed-ah

to sell, bechna

betch-nah

been

betch

bechta

betch -tab

becha

betcb-ah

to hear, sunna

sun-nab

sun

sunta

sun-tab

suna

sun-nab

Only the Masculine Singular forms of the Verbs are given. The other
terminations follow the ordinary rule for Person, Gender and Number.

1. main kharidta huii ; 2. ham kharidte the ;
3. ve nahm kharidte hain ; 4. wuh likhta hai ;
5. kya ap likhte the ? 6. ham nahm likhte haifi ;

7. kaun bolta hai ? 8. wuh bolta tha ; 9. kya
turn parhte ho ? 10. wuh parhti hai ; 11. wuh
parhti thi ; 12. ve bechte hain ; 13. maifl
bechta hun ; 14. wuh dekhta hai ; 15. ham
nahm dekhte haifi ; 16. wuh sunti hai ; 17.

ve nahm sunte hain.

18a.

1. I buy or I am buying ; 2. we were buying ; 3. they
do not buy or they are not buying ; 4. he writes or he is
writing ; 5. were you writing ? 6. we do not write or we
are not writing ; 7. who speaks or who is speaking ?

8. he was speaking ; 9. do you read or are you reading ?
10. she reads or she is reading ; 11. she was reading ; 12. they
sell or they are selling ; 13. 1 sell or I am selling ; 14. he
sees ; 15. we do not see ; 16. she hears ; 17. they do not hear.

HUGOS HINDUSTANI MADE EASY. 41

When the English form ' I am speaking, I am reading,' etc., merely
means ' I speak, I read,' etc., it is rendered as previously explained. But
when ' I am speaking, reading, writing,' etc., implies a continuous action,
it can also be rendered by a special construction, with the help of the
?erb raihna (rai'h-nah), to remain or continue.

The STEM only of the principal verb is used, followed by the forms of
the PAST PARTICIPLE of the verb raihna, which are inserted between
the Stem of the Verb and the Auxiliary. These forms are :

MASC. SING. MASC. PLUE. FEM. SING. FEM. PLUS.

raha rahe rahl rahin

ra-hah ra-hay ra-hee ra-heev

EXAMPLES.

PRESENT IMPERFECT.

I am speaking main bol raha hftfi

he is speaking wuh bol raha hai

we are speaking ham bol rahe haifi

you are speaking turn bol rahe ho

they are speaking Ve bol rahe haifi

PAST IMPERFECT.

I was speaking main bol raha tha

he was sneaking wuh bol raha tha

we were speaking ham bol rahe the

you were speaking turn bol rahe the

they were speaking ve bol rahe the

19_1

1. main park raha hun ; 2. ham likh rahe
hain ; 3. ve likh rahin thin ; 4. wuh kharid
raha hai ; 5. wuh akhbar parh rahl thi ; 6.
ap chitthi likh rahe the ; 7. main ghora been
raha tha.

19a.

1. I am reading ; 2. we are writing ; 3. they were
writing ; 4. he is buying ; 5. she was reading the
newspaper ; 6. you were writing a letter ; 7. I was

selling a horse.
H.S. — 2*

42 HUGO'S HIiNDUHTANI MADE KA8T.

SEVENTH LESSON.

16. — From the PAST PARTICIPLE are formed :

1. The PAST TENSE as : I spoke.

2. The PERFECT as : I have spoken.

3. The PLUPERFECT as : I had spoken.

These tenses can be formed in two ways, namely, with
or without the introduction of the Preposition n0 (nay) BY.

As a general rule we may accept that (1) Verbs which
have or can have a Direct Object are conjugated with ne,
and (2) Verbs which have no Object or no Direct Object
are conjugated without ne.

No definite rules, however, can be given. With some verb* the use
of ne is optional.

EXAMPLES.

(1) bechna (baycfa.nah) TO SELL
I sold main, ne becha*

1 hare sold maifi ne beoh& hai

I bad sold main ne beoh& tha

(2) hansna (han^nato TO LAUGH

I laughed main hafisa*

I have laughed main hansa hufi

I had laughed main hansa tha

* The simple Past Tense is always the same as the Past Participle.

The construction with H6 is somewhat complicated and
requires careful study. The following rules will be of

assistance.

RULES FOR THE USE OF 116 IN FORMING THE
TENSES OF THE PAST PARTICIPLE.

1. — ne immediately follows the SUBJECT of the sentence.
The Verb is in the Third Person SINGULAR, if there is
no Object mentioned, or if the Object (Singular or
Plural) is followed by ko (koh) TO. Examples :
I have sold main ne becha hai

I have sold a hone main ne ghoret ko becha hai

I have sold horses maifi ne ghoron ko becha hai

t ft before a Preposition changes into e.

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EAST. 48

2. — If there is an Object, but NOT followed by ko, the
Gender and Number of the Verb are governed by the
OBJECT. Examples :

I have sold the horse main ne ghora becha hai

I have sold the horses main ne ghore beche hain

I have sold the book main ne kitab bechi hai

I have sold the books main ne kitaben bechi hain

It will be seen that in this construction, the OBJECT of the English
phrase becomes (for grammatical purposes) the SUBJECT of the Hindu*
«taui phrase, thus :

I have sold the horse = by me the horse is sold
I have sold the books = by me the books are sold

3. — Bef ore ne the Pronouns yell and WTlh (Singular) become
is (is) and US (us) respectively, in the same way the
Pronouns ve, yeh and wuh (Plural) before ne, be-
come inhon (in-honf) and unhon (un-

NOTE.— The construction with NE applies only to the
Tenses formed from the Past Participle. It does not affect
the Tenses formed from the Present Participle.

20.

1. main ne ek kitab kharidi hai ; 2. us ne
kitaben kharidi hain ; 3. ham ne yeh kitaben
kharidi thin ; 4. unhon ne chitthian likhin ;
5. ham ne chitthian likhi thifi ; 6. kya turn ne
yeh kitab parhi ? 7. kya turn ne yeh kitab parhi
hai ? 8. unhon ne ve kitaben nahin parhi thin ;

9. ham ne apke doston ko nahin dekha hain ;

10. main ne turn ko nahin dekha.

20a.

1. 1 have bought a book ; 2. he has bought books ;
3. we had bought these books ; 4. they wrote letters ;
5. we had written the letters ; 6. did you read (=read you)
this book ? 7. have you read this book ? 8. they had not
read those books ; 9. we have not seen your friends :
10. I did not see you (=*saw you not).

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EAST.

Some Verbs which do not take ne.

to meet milna

mil-nab

to sleep sona

so-nah

to weep rona

roh-nah

to laugh hansna

PAST PARTICIPLE mila

mil-ah

soya*

sob-ah

roya*

roh-ah

hansa

* Irregular formations of the Past Participle. See aiso Lessons 8 and 9.

21.

1. main mila, wuh mila hai ; 2. ham mile
hain, ve mile the ; 3. wuh ro'i, wuh ro'i hai,
turn nahm ro'e the ; 4. wuh hansa, ham nahm
hanse hain, main hansa tha ; 5. kya turn so'e ?
ham so'e hain, wuh nahm soya tha.

21a.

1. I met, he has met ; 2. we have met, they had met ;
3. she wept, she has wept, you had not wept ; 4. he
laughed, we have not laughed, I had laughed ; 5. did
you sleep (=slept you) ? we have slept, he had not slept.

THE MONTHS.

January Janvari

jan-va-ree

February Farvari

far'va-ree

March March

mahrch

April Aprail

a-prail

Ma'I

May
June

joon

Jun

July Jula'i

ju-lah-ee

August Agast

a-gast

September Sitambar

se-tam-bar

October Actubar

ac-too-bar
November NavanibaP

na-vam-bar

December Disambar
dis-am-bar

HUGO S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY.

PREPOSITIONS,

or, more correctly, Postpositions, as their position in a sen-
tence is generally AFTER the Object, not before it, as in
English.

TO, AT

( liye

koh

FOR \ lee-yay

WITH

sath

1 vaste

saht'h

vahs-tay

FROM

AFTER bad

say

bahd

AT, ON

par

BETWEEN (ke) darmyan

(kay) dann-yahn

men

BEHIND pichhe

maywp

peech-hay

ne, se

UNDER niche

nay, say

nee-chay

ka, ke, ki

THROUGH men se

kah, kay, kee

mayn0 say

Final a before a Preposition becomes e, regardless of Gender or Number.

Before all Prepositions yeh and wuh (Singular) become is and US

respectively. Before all Prepositions (except ne), ve, yeh and wuh

(Plural) become in and un (see Rule 3 on ' the use of ne').

22.

1. ve shaihar men ham ; 2. ham apke dostofi
ke sath the ; 3. larka darvaze par hai ; 4. kitab
kursi ke niche hai ; 5. bachche ghar ke pfchhe
hain ; 6. mere liye yeh kitab hai ; 7. g-oron aur
Hindustanion ke darmyan achchha dostana* hai.

* dostana (dohs-tah-nah), friendliness.

22a.

1. they are in tne town ; 2. we were with your frienus ;
3. the boy is at the door ; 4. the book is under the chair ;
5. the children are behind the house ; 6. this book is for
me ; 7. between the white people and the Indians there is
good fellowship (=friei.dliness).

HUOO B HIADU8TAN1 MADE KAST.

CONVERSATIONAL PHRASES.

What o'clock ('

it?

It is one o'clock.
It is half past two.
It is ten minutes to

three.
Twenty minutes past

four.

It does not matter.
Is it all right ?
Pardon me.
You are right.
I am wrong.
Come this way.

I will show you the

time) is 1. Kya baja hai ?

way.

2. Ek baja hai.

3. Dha*! baje hain.

4. Tin bajne1 mefi das xni-

nat hain.

5. Char baj-kar bis minat

hain.

6. Kuchh bat nahin.

7. Kya yeh thlk hai ?

8. Muaf kijiye.

9. Turn thik ho.

10. Main ghalat nun.

11. Is raste se a*o, or idhar

ko a'o.

12. Main tum_ko rasta dikh-

ladungra.

1 before men or any other Preposition final a changes into e.
Imitated Pronunciation of the above phrases.

1 kyah ba-jah hai ?

2 ayk ba-jah hai ?

3 d'hah-ee ba-jay

4 teen baj-nay may*? das me-nat

5 chahr baj-kar bees me-nat h&jn

6 kuch'h baht na-hee«a

7 kyah yay'h t'heek hai ?

8 mu-ahf kee-je-yay

9 turn t'heek hoh

10 main? h'ra-lat hoon?

11 is rahs-tay say ah-oh, or id-har

koh ah-oh

12 main? turn koh rahs-tah dik'h-

lah-doonj-gah

Explanatory Notes to the above phrases.

The literal translation of the phrases 1 to 5 is : 1 what struck is ?
2 one struck is ; 8 two and a half struck are ; 4 three to strike in ten
minutes are ; 5 four struck is twenty minutes.

8 Polite Imperative adds iye or jiye to the stem of the verb ; literally
this phrase would read : Pardon please do ; 12 unga after the stem at
the verb indicates the Future Tense (shall or will).

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI HADE EASY. 47

EASY READING,

with Imitated Pronunciation, Literal Translation and
Correct English Rendering.

Ek andheri rat mefi ek andha admi apne

ayk a»i»d-hay-ree raht m&jng ayk and-hah ahd-mee ap-nay
One dark night in a blind man his

hath mefL ek chiragli aur apne1 kandhe

babt'h may«<7 ayk chir-ah'r awr ap-nay kand-hay

hand in a lamp and his shoulder

par ek bartan le-kar, mandi men

par ayk bar-tan lay-kar man-dee mayn^

on a jar having-taken, market in

ja-raha tha. Kisi ne usko kaha : Ai

jah-rah-hah t'hah k s-see nay us-koh ka-hah ai

going was. Someone him to said : Oh

bewakuf ! ten ankhon, men din aur rat

bayv-a-koof tay-rec ahng-k'hong mayn? din awr raht

fool ! thine eyes, in day and night

yaksafi hain, tere liye chiragh ka kya

yak-sabiv hai»0 tay-ray le-yay chir-ab r kah kyab
alike are, thee for lamp of what

fa'ida hai ? Andhe ne hans-kar jawab

fab-ee-dab hai and-bay nay ban^s-kar ja-vahb

benefit is ? The blind man laugh doing reply

diya : Ai, ala khardimagh ! kya tu yeh

de-yab ay ab-lab b'cbar-de-mab'r kyab too yay'h

gave : Oh, great donkey-brain ! what thou it

khiyal-karta hai ki chiragh mere f^'ide

b'cbe-yahl-kar-tab hai ke chir-ah'r may-ray £ah-ee-day

imagining art that the lamp my benefit

1 for the use of apne, see Lesson 13.

NOTE. — In t-his exercise the familiar form of the second person has
been used : for full forms of this pronoun, refer to Index.

HUGO 8 HINDUSTANI MADK EASY.

ke liye hai ?

kay le-yay hai

Nahin,

na-heen<r

nahin

, yeh

7 yay'h

bilkul-hi

bil-kul-hee

for

is?

No,

no,

entirely

tere

vaste

hai,

andhere

tay-ray

vabs-tay

hai

tab

too

aK0d-hay-ray

thee

for

is,

that

thou

darkness

men

mera

bartan

tor

de.

mayw

may-rah

bar-tan

nab

tohr

day

jar

not

break

do.

Correct English .i>«nd-ering of the above.
One dark night, a blind mau with a lamp in his hand and a
jar on his shoulder was going to the market. Someone said to
him : Thou fool 1 day and night are alike to thine eyes, of what
benefit is a lamp to thee ? The blind mail laughingly answered :
Oh, thou blockhead I dost thou imagine that the lamp is for
my benefit ? No, no, it is entirely for thee, so that in the dark-
ness thou mayest not break my jar.

Dehli shaihar ki ek-hi g*ali men do

day'h-lee sbai-har kee ayk-hee ga-lee may»v dob

Delhi town of same street in two

shakhs raihte the. Un men ek kanjus

ehah'chs rai'h-tay t'hay un m&yng ayk kan-joos

persons living were. Them among one a miser

aur dusra amir tha. Ve ek-dusre-ke-pas

awr doos-rah a-meer t'hah vay ayk doos-ray-kay-pahs

and the other a rich man was. They one another with

aya-jaya karte the, aur un men apas-mefi

ab-yah-jab-yah kar-tay t'hay, awr un in&jng ah-pas mayn?
come and go used to were, and them among mutually

dostana bhi tha. Ek dafa kanjus ne amir

dohs-tah-nah b'hee t'hab ayk da-fab kan-joos nay a-meer
friendliness also was. Once the miser rich man

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY.

se kaha ki : Pyare dost,

say ka-hah ke p'yah-ray dohst

to said (that) : Dear friend,

par-des ko jata hun.

par-days koh jah-tah boon?

foreign country to going am.

ang-uthi chahta

any-goo-t'hee chah'h-tah
ring: wanting

main

Main

inning
I

dur

door
distant

him,

hoong
am,

ta-ki

tah-ke
so- that

use

u-say
it

main

main?
I

turn

turn
you

koh
to

yad-karta

yahd-kar-tah
remembering

rahun.

continue.

daraz

da-rabz
very

tumhari

tum-hah-ree
your

dekh-kar,

dayk'h-kar
seeing-do,

Amir

a-meer
The rich man

nay

koh
at

Asal

as-al
True

jawab

ja-vahb
reply

diya ki :

de-yah ke
gave (that) :

Turn apm nangri

turn ap-nee nan^-guee
You your (own) bare

dekh-kar

dayk'h-kar
seeing

dosti

dohs-tee
friendship

mujhe

muj-hay
me

koh
to

angruthi vaghaira ki

an0-goo-t'hee vab'r-ai-rah kee
rings and-such-like of

yad-kar

yahd-kar
remember

yaddasht

yahd-dahsht
remembrance

zarurat

za-roo-rat
need

sakte

sak-tay
can

kay
of

nahm

na-hee«<r
not

ungli

unj-giee
finger

ho.

hob
be.

liye

le-yay

for
hai.

hai

is.

Correct English rendering- of the above.
In a street in the town of Delhi, lived two persons. The one
was a miser and the other a rich man. They used to visit one
another and were on friendly terms. One day the miser said to
the rich man : Dear friend, I am going to a far distant country.
I want your ring, so that seeing it, I may constantly remember
you. The rich man answered : When you see your bare finger,
it will remind you of me. True friendship does not need rings
and such like for remembrance.

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY.

EIGHTH LESSON.

17. — PRONOUNS for the ACCUSATIVE (Object).

YOU tumko or tumhen

tuin-koh tum-hayn?

(ordinary and intimate form)

YOU apkO (ahp-koh)
(respectful and polite form)

THEM unko or unhen

(distant) un-koh un-hayn?

THEM inko „ inhen

in-koh in-bayn«r

(on the spot)

* ko (BY) is usually joined to the pronoun, and occasionally to the
noun, which it follows. In Urdu, the joined and the separated forms are
used indifferently. In Hindi, the practice is, at present, a matter of con-
troversy. The same applies to other particles and prepositions. In this
text-book, these are usually written as separate words.

f The alternative forms of the pronouns here given are both in general
use. Sometimes the one is more idiomatic than the other.

MB mujhko*

mudj'h-koh

or mujhet

mudj-Liay

HIMflr)USko
HER ) ns-koh
(distant)

„ use

us-ay

HlMorUsko
HER ) is-koh
(on the spot)

„ ise

is-ay

us hamko

ham-koh

„ hamen

haui-aynff

VERBS (continued).

18. — When the STEM ends in a long vowel, y is inserted
before the Termination of the PAST PARTICIPLE, as in the
following verbs :

INFINITIVE.

STEM.

PRESENT
PARTICIPLE.

PAST

PARTICIPLE.

to bring, lana

lah-uah

lah

lata

lull-tali

laya

lah-yah

to come, ana

ah-uah

ata

ah-tah

aya

ah-yah

to eat, khana

k'hah-nah

kha

k'hah

khata

k'haii-tah

khaya

k'hah-yab

to drink, pina*
pee-nah

pee

pita

pee-tah

piya

pee-yah

to prepare, banana

(as food) ba-uah-iiah

bana

ba-iiah

banata

ba-nah-tah

banaya

ba-uuh-yah

* pina is also used for ' to smoke ' tobacco. Literally therefore,
to drink tobacco.

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EAST. 51

23.

1. main ata hun, ve aye, wuh aya hai ;
2. ve nahm ate hain, kya ap ate hain ? 3. yeh
sharab* pTjiye, pan! na pijiye ; 4. mere liye
kuchh roti lao, wuh yell laya hai ; 5. yeh khatt
kaun laya hai ? 6. us ne ek khat likha hai ;

7. ise kha'iye, ise mat kha'o ; 8. khana ban graya
hai ; 9. kya turn ne khana banaya hai ? 10.
main banata (or bana raha; hun.

* sharab (shar-ahb), wine. fkhat (h'chat) =letter.

NOTE. — For formation of the IMPERATIVE, see next page (rule

23a.

1. I am coming, they came, he has come ; 2. they are
not coming, are you coming ? 3. please drink this wine,
do not drink water ; 4. bring me some bread, he has
brought it ; 5. who has brought this letter ? 6. he has
written a letter ; 7. please eat this, do not eat that ;

8. the food (dinner) is prepared (cooked) ; 9. have you
prepared the food ? 10. I am preparing (it).

24.

1. main ne inko dekha ; 2. kya ap ne isko
dekha hai ? 3. ap unko kahan mile ? 4. main
ne unko aksar* dekha hai ; 5. kya turn ne mujhko
suna ? 6. ham ne unko chitthian likhi hain ;
7. kya turn ne usko chitthi likhi hai ? 8. ham-

kO khat likhO. * aksar (ak-sar), often.

24a.

L I saw them ; 2. have you seen her or him ? 3.
where did you meet them ? 4. I have often seen them ;
5. did you hear me ? 6. we have written letters to them ;
7. have you written a letter to him or her ? 8. write us a
letter.

52 HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EAST.

tobacco tambaku, f.

tam-bah-koo

Indian pipe hukka, m.

huk-kah

Indian cigar churat, f.

chu-rat

cigarette Sigrat, f.

part hissa. m.

his-sah

European firangl

fe-ra»0-guee

to be grown boya jana

or sown boh-yah jah-nab

to use istimal karna

is-ti-mal kar-nah

si-grat

people log

lohg

25.

1. Tambaku Hindustan ke kuchh hisson men
boi jati hai. 2. Ohurat am taur par Barmi log
istimal karte hain. 3. Firangi log hukke ko
pasand* nahm karte. 4. Shaihron men bahut
log sigrat pite hain.

* pasand (pa-sand) liked.

25a.

1. Tobacco is grown in some parts of India. 2. The
cheroot is generally smoked (=used) by the people of
Burma. 3. Europeans do not like the ' hukka ' (Indian pipe).
4. In the towns many people smoke cigarettes.

THE IMPERATIVE.

19. — The ordinary IMPERATIVE is formed by adding
O to the Stem of the Verb, as :

write ! likho ! read I parho I bring ! lao ! (or la'o I)
come 1 ao ! (or a'o !)

The apostrophe between the final vowel of the Stem and the o of the
Imperative, is optional. The apostrophe serves to make the pronunciation

The RESPECTFUL or POLITE IMPERATIVE is formed by
adding iye (e-yay) ' please,' to the Stem of the Verb, as :
aiye ! please come ' khaiye ! please eat 1

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EAST. 53

Note the slight variations in the spelling of the Polite
Imperative, namely :

(A) If the Stem ends in a or o, or any consonant, add iye to the

St«m, as in : aiye ! please come !

(B) If the Stem ends in 1 add jiye, as in :

pljiye ! please smoke I

as in : lena, to take ; Stem, le ;

Polite Imperative : lijiye ! please take 1

In an IMPERATIVE phrase, NOT is sometimes rendered
by mat (mat), instead of by na or nahin, thus :

do not come mat a'o please do not cume mat aiye

do not bring it yeh mat la'o please do not drink this yell mat pljiye

do not go to sleep mat so'o
The modern tendency is to discard the use of mat.

The INFINITIVE often serves the purpose of the IM-
PERATIVE, thus :

do not come mat ana please come ana

do not bring it yeh mat lana please bring it yeh lana

Steins ending in e have, besides the ordinary Imperative,
an irregular one, formed by dropping the 6 before O. The
latter form is more idiomatic.

What did you say ? 1. Ap ne kya kaha?
I did not understand. 2. Main nahin samjha.
This is very easy. 3. Yeh bahut asan hai.

That is very difficult. 4. Wllh bahut mushkil

hai.

Is it possible ? 5. Kya yeh mumkin hai ?

No, it is impossible. 6. Nahin, yeh namumkin

hai.

Imitated Pronunciation.— 1 ahp nay kyah ka-hah ? 2 main? na-
hee*<r sam-j'hah ; 3 yay'h bu-hut ah-sahn hai ; 4 vo'h ba-hut mush-kil
hai o kyah yay'h mum- kin hai ? 6 na-heen» yay'h nah- mum-kin hai.

HUGOS HINDUSTANI MADE KASY.

CONVERSATIONAL PHRASES.

I am going out.
Bring my clothes.
Bring my shoes.
Brush my hat and coat.
This is good news.
It is late, I must go.

Whose fault is it ?
It was not his fault.
Shut the door.
Don't forget.
Put the rupees in the

bag.

You have leave to go.
Wake me early.
It is dark in this

room.

Light a candle.
There is no oil in the

lamp.

1. Main bahar ja raha hun.

2. Mere kagre la'o.

3. Mere jute la'o. [ro.

4. Mera top aur kot saf ka-

5. Yeli achchhi khabar hai.

6. Der _ho ga'i, mujhe jana

chahiye.

7. Kiska kasur hai ?

8. Uska kasur nahifi. tha.

9. Darvaza band karo.

10. MatbhiUna.

11. Rupaye thaili men rak-

ho.

12. Turn ja sakte ho.

13. Mujhe jaldi jagana.

14. Is kamre men andhera

hai.

15. BattijaliPo.

16. Lamp (or chiragJi) mefl

tel nahifl hai.

Imitated Pronunciation

1 main? bah-har jah ra-hah boon?

2 may-ray kap-ray lah-oh

3 may-ray joo-tay lah-oh

4 may-rah tohp awr koht sahf ka-roh
6 yay'h ach-ch'hee h'cha-bar hai

6 dayr hob ga'ee, mudj-hay jah-nah

7 kis-kah ka-soor hai ? [chah-he-yay

8 uB-kah ka-soor na-heen<; t'hab

of the above Phrases.
9 dar-vah-sah band ka-roh

10 mat b'hool-nah

11 ru-pa-yay t'hai-lee m&yng rak-

12 turn jah sak-tay hoh [k'hoh

13 mudj-hay jal-dee ja-gah-nah

14 is kam-ray may»v an^d-hay-rah hai

15 bat-tee ja-lah-oh [been? hai

16 lamp (che-rah'r) mayn? tayl na-

Explanatory Notes to the above Phrases.

4 literally, my hat and coat clean do ; 6 literally, delay has become ,
14 literally, this room in darkness is.

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EAST.

Who lives here ?
Is the master at home ?
Come in. Sit down.
Please sit down.
How do you do ?
Is anyone there ?
Go and see who it is.
Have the bearers (car-
riers) come ?
They are all here.
This is a hot climate.
I do not like it.

There are many flies

here.

Flies are a nuisance.
It is a fine day.
It was too hot yesterday.
Tell me what the time

is.

Your watch is fast.
His watch is slow.
Put my watch on the

table.

1. Yahan kaun rahta hai ?

2. Kya malik ghar par hal ?

3. A'o. Baitho.

4. Baithjaiye.

5. Turn kaise ho ?

6. Kya vahan koi hai ?

7. Ja'o, dekho wuh kaun

hai.

8. Kya baire a graye haifi ?

9. Wuh sab yahan hain.

10. Yeh grarm abohava hai.

11. Main ise pasand nahin

karta.

12. Yahanbahutmakkhiyan

hain. [hain.

13. Makkhiyan ban kharab

14. Yeh achchha din hai.

15. Kal bar! garmi thi.

16. Mujhe bata'o vakt kya

hai._

17. Tumhari g-hari tez hai.

18. Uski grhari sust hai.

19. Men ghari mez par rak-

ho.

Imitated Pronunciation

1 ya-hahnj kawn ra'h-tah hai ?

2 kyab mah-lik g'har par hai ?

3 ah-oh, bai-t'hoh

4 bait'h jah-e-yay
6 turn kai-say boh ?

6 kyah va-hab«p koh-ee hai 1

7 jah-oh, dek-hoh vo'h kawn hai

8 kyuli bai-ray ab ga-yay hayn» ?

9 vo'h sab ya-habny hayn0

10 yay'h garm a-bo-ha-vah hai

of the above Phrases.

1 1 main? is-ay pa-sand na-hee«r kar-

tab [bayv

12 ya-habn0 ba-hut mak-k'he-yahnii

13 mah-k'he-yah»v ba-ree h'chah-rab

14 yay'h ach-ch'hah din hai [hayn$

15 kal ba-ree gar-mee t'hee

16 mudj-hay ba-tah-oh vakt kyah bai

17 tum-hah-ree g'ha-ree tayz hai

18 us-kee g'ha-ree sust hai [k'hoh

19 may-ree g'ha-ree mayz par rak-

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EAST.

EASY READING,

with Imitated Pronunciation, Literal Translation and
correct English Rendering.

admi

ke-pas

bara

vafadar

nau-

ayk

ahd-mee

kay-pahs

ayk

ba-rab

va-fah-dahr

naw-

man in

possess! oil of

very

faithful

ser-

kar tha. Wuh naukar bachpan se malik

kar t'hah vo'h naw-kar batch-pan say mah-lik

vant was. That servant childhood from master

ki dil-o-jan se

kee dil o jahn say
of heart-and-soul from

khidmat

h'chid-mat

service

karta

kar-tah
doing

tha.

t'hah
was.

har-vakt

har-vakt
all the time

malik

mah-lik
master

kay
of

araxn

ah-rahm
comfort

khiyal raihta tha.

h'chi-yahl rai'h-tah t'hah
thoughts occupied.

aziz

a-zeez
deai-
US
as
him

samajhta

sa-madj'h-tah

considering

tha.

t'hah
was.

Malik

mah-lik

The master
Bad

bad
111

aur

awr

and

bill

b'hee
also

p'hah-e-day
ease

Usko

us-koh
Him to

kah
Of

usko bahut

us-koh ba-hut
him very

kismati

kis-ma-tee
luck

se, jab

say jab
by, when

par burhapa aya, to

par bur-hah-pah ah-yah toh

on old age came, then

fark hone

fark hoh-nay
difference to be

laga,

la gah
began,

yahan tak

ya-hahn<F-tak
in-so-far

USkl

us-kee
his

ke
that

nigali

ne-ga'h
sight

wuh

vo'h

andha

and-hah
blind

ho gaya.

boh ga-yah

became.

Malik

mah-lik

The master

koh
to

ab
now

wuh

vo'h

men

maynj
in

bilkul

bil-kul
totally

bura

bur-ah

bad

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EAST. 57

malum hone lagra us ne usko ghar se bahar

mah-loom hob-nay la-gah us nay us-koh g'har say bah-hai
seeming to be began be him house from outside

nikal diya. Is saluk par, wuh bechara

ne-kahl de-yah is sa-lock par vo'h betch-ah-rah

turned. This treatment on, that helpless

naukar ro para aur ansu uski ankhon

naw-kar roh-pah-rah awr ahn0-soo us-kee ah«0k-hon{

servant weeping burst-out and tears his eyes

se girne lagre. Rote hue us ne kaha :

say guir-nay la-gay roh-tay hu-ay us-nay ka-hah

from to fall began. Weeping he said :

Kya ! yehi meri vafadari ka inam hai ?

kyah yay-hee may-ree va-fah-dah-ree kah in-ahra hai

What 1 this my faithfulness of reward is ?

Ag-ar apko zara bhi khuda ka dar hota, to

a-gar ahp-koh za-rah b'hee h'cliud-ah kah dar hoh-tah toh

If you just a little God of fear had, then

mere sath yen saluk na karte.

may-ray saht'h yay'h sa-look na kar-tay

my (=me) (with) this treatment not done.

Correct English rendering of the above.
A man had a very faithful servant. From his childhood this
servant had served his master with heart and soul. The comfort
and ease of his master always occupied his thoughts. The
master also valued him highly. By ill luck, when the servant
was getting old, his sight began to fail. At last he became
totally blind and could do no more work. He now became a
nuisance to his master, who turned him out of the house. At
this treatment the helpless servant burst out weeping, and the
tears fell from his eyes. Weeping, he cried : Is this the reward
of my faithfulness ? If you had feared God, if ever so little,
you would not have treated me thus.

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY.

NINTH LESSON.

20. — VERBS (continued).

The following Verbs are IRREGULAR in the PAST
PARTICIPLE (and PAST TENSE).

PRESENT PAST

INFINITIVE. STEM. PARTICIPLE. PARTICIPLE.

to go, jana

jab-nab

]ab

jata

jab-tah

graya

ga-yah

to do, karna

kar-nah

kar

karta

kar-tah

kiya

ke-yah

to be, hona

hoh-nah

hoh

hota

hob -tab

hua

hu-ah

to give, dena1

day-nah

day

deta

day- tab

diya

de-yah

to take, lena

lay-nah

lay

leta

lay-tab

liya

le-yah

to say, kaihna*

kai'b-nah

kaih

kai'h

kaihta

kai'h-tah

kaha

ka-hab

to die, xnarna

mar-nab

mar

marta

mar-tab

mara or mua

ma-rah. mu-ab

1 dena, Imperative : do.
2 kaihna, Imperative : kaho.

26.

1. us ne kaha, main ne kalia ; 2. us ne kaha
hai, ham ne kaha hai ; 3. yeh kaho, yeh
karo; 4. main ne yeh kiya hai, ve yeh
karte ham ; 5. kya turn ne yeh kiya ? 6. yeh
mujhko do; 7. main yeh apko deta him; 8.
unhon ne yeh hamko diya hai ; 9. kya turn ne
isko liya hai ? 10. main Inglistan ko jata hun ;
11. ve "Malva" se gaye hain; 12. wuh gaya
hai, wuh bhi gray! (g-a'i) hai.

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EAST. 59

26a.

1. he said, I said ; 2. he has said, we have said ;
3. say it, do it ; 4. I have done it, they are doing it ;
5. did you do it ? or have you done it ? 6. give it to me ;
7. I give it to you ; 8. they have given it to us ; 9. did
you take it ? or have you taken it ? 10. I am going to
England ; 11. they have gone by the " Malva " ; 12. he
has gone, she has also gone.

to put rakhna

rak'h-nah

to know janana

jah-na-nah

to sing gana

gah-nah

as far as jahan tak

ja-hahx0 tak

song git, m.

gueet

box baks, m.

baks

servant naukar, m.

naw-kar

known malum

mah-loom

27.

1. mez par chizen rakho ; 2. us ne kitaben
baks men rakhi hain ; 3. us ne ek git gaya;

4. jahan tak main Janata hun ; 5. ham nahin
jante the or hamen nahin malum tha ; 6. main
nahin janta hun or mujhe nahm malum hai;

7. kisne ise vahan rakha ? 8. naukar is baks
ko yahan laya hai.

27a.

1. put the things on the table ; 2. he has put the books
in the box ; 3. he sang a song ; 4. as far as I know ;

5. we did not know (=to us not known was) ; 6. I do not
know (=to me not known is) ; 7. who put it there ?

8. the servant has brought this box (here).

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY.

station isteshan, m.

is-tay-shun

carriage grari, f.

gah-ree

train rel gari, f.

rayl gah-ree

mail or post dak, f.
dahk

mail-train dak gari, f .

(express) dahk gah-ree

now

yet abtak or abhi

ab-tak. ab-iiee

which ? kaunsa (i) ?

kawn-sah 1 kawn-see ?

land des, m.

daice

to travel safar karna

(—journey to do) sa-far kar-nah

28.

1. isteshan jane ka ab vakt hai ; 2. kya yen
hamari rel gran hai ? :'>. hainari kaunsi gari hai ?
4. yeh garian achchhi hain ; 5. yeh dak gari
hai ; 6. hamko lamba safar karna hai ; 7. safar
kitna lamba hai ? 8. main nahm janta hun ;

9. yeh safar khubsurat hai ; 10. ham des ke
na'e hisse men se jate hain.

28a.

1. it is now time to go to the station ; 2. is this our
train ? 3. which is our carriage ? 4. these carriages are
good ; 5. this is the mail train ; 6. we have to travel a long
way (=to us long journey to do is) ; 7. how long is the
journey ? 8. I do not know ; 9. it is a beautiful journey ;

10. we go through a new part of the land.

SOME USEFUL ADVERBS.

always hamesha

ham-ay-shah

already paihle hi

pai'h-lay hee

at once fauran

faw-ran

often aksar

ak sar

ever kabhl

kab-hee

never kabhi nahm

kab-hee na-heei«;

sometimes kabhl kabhl
kab-hee kab-hee

perhaps shayad

shah-yad

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EAST. 61

just or

JUSt now J ab-hee

too or jnihayat

exceedingly J ne-hah-yat

by chance ittifakan

it-te-fiih-kan

soon jald, jaldi

djald, djal-dee

quickly jaldi, jaldi se

djal-dee, cljal-dee say

slowly ahista

ah-his-tah

NOTE. — hi (or I) can be added to some Adverbs to intensify the
meaning, as : jald soon, jaldi or jaldhi very soon ; ab now, abhl just
now. For other Adverbs and adverbial expressions, refer to List of Indis-
pensable Words. See Index.

_29.

1. main ab ghar jata hun ; 2. liam jald ja rahe
ham ; 3. ab yeh karo ; 4. use jaldi (or jaldhi) lao ;
5. us ne yeh fauran hi kiya ; 6. main yeh abhi
karta hun ; 7. us ne paihle hi yeh kar liya hai.

29a.

1. I am going home now ; 2. we are going soon ; 3. do
it now ; 4. bring it quickly ; 5. he did it at once ; 6. I am
doing it now (just now) ; 7. he has done it already.

30.

1. ahista boliye ; 2. ap nihayat jaldi bolte
haiii ; 3. kya ap kabhi Calcutte gaye hain ?
4. nahm, main vahan kabhT nahm gaya ; 5. main
kabhi kabhi Banaras jata hun ; 6. shayad ham
Bamba'i ja rahe hain ; 7. wuh aksar hamare
ghar (par) ata hai ; 8. amir admi ke hamesha
bahut dost hote hain.

30a.

1. please speak slowly ; 2. you speak too (or exceedingly)
quickly ; 3. have you ever been (=gone) to Calcutta ?
4. no, I have never been (=gone) there ; 5. I sometimes
go to Benares ; 6. perhaps we are going to Bombay ; 7. he
often comes to our house ; 8. a rich man has always many
friends (=of a rich man always many friends are).

HUGO S HINDUSTANI MADE KAST.

CONVERSATIONAL PHRASES.

In the Conversational Phrases, the Imitated Pronunciation will now
be discontinued. Where necessary or advisable, the Imitated Pronuncia-
tion will be given in the Explanatory Notes.

What date is it ?

These letters are not
dated.

Will you post these let-
ters for me ?

He will send the answer
to-morrow.

What do you call this
thing ?

What is that called in
Hindustani ?

It is difficult to remem-
ber all these names.

What is the lowest
price ?

How much will you
take for it ?

How do you sell these
things ?

We have paid a high
price.

I cannot give it for
less.

1. Aj kya tarikh hai ?
2- In khaton par tarikh
nahm hai.

3. Kya turn mere liye yeh

khat dal doge ?

4. Wuh kal jawab bhej

dega.

5. Turn us chiz ko kya kai-

hate ho ?

6. Isko_ Hindustani men

kya kaihte hain ?

7. In sab namon ko yad

rakhna mushkil hai.

8. Kam se kam dam kya

hai?

9. Iske liye turn kya log-e ?

10. Yeh chizefi turn kaise

bechte ho?

11. Ham ne zyada dam diya

hai.

12. Main ise kam men nahm

de sakta.

Explanatory Notes to the above phrases.

1 literally, to-day what date is ? 2 lit., these letters on date not is ;
4 he to-morrow answer send will do ; 8 kam se kam, lowest ; lit., less
by less ; 9 kya, what=how much ; 11 lit., by we more than price given id.

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY". 68

PROGRESSIVE READING,
with Literal Translation and correct English Rendering.

The Imitated Pronunciation is now no longer necessary. In the case of

words which may present any difficulty, the Imitated Pronunciation will

be found in the foot-notes. Such words are marked 1, 2, 3, etc.

Ek burha admi badan se dubla aur kamzor tha.

An old man body by thin and weak was.

Usko beta na hone se roti o kapre ki taraf se
Him son not having from bread and clothes of from

beflkri na thi. Wuh jangal men jaya karta tha
no-anxiety not was. He the forest in going used was

aur vahan se sukha indhan ikat-tha-kar ke

and there from dry fuel gathered having

lakarion ke bojhe ko sar par utha-kar, bazar
fire-sticks of bundle head on carrying, bazaar

men leja-kar becha karta tha. Ek roz gharib

in take do selling used to. One day the poor

bur ha thakan se itna tang-ay a ki usne bojha

old man fatigue from so much worried became that he bundle

sar se gira-diya. Wuh musibat men ohillane
head from threw-off. He distress in to cry

laga ki : " Ai maut ! mujhe utha-le aur duniya

m (that) : " Oh death ! me lift up and world

ki taklifon se riha'i de." Uski is khahish par
of troubles from release give." His this wish at

yam ke dut uske samne hazir-hu'e aur

the god of death of the agents him before appeared and

us se puchhne lage ki: "Ham kyufi bulaye

him asking began (that) : " We why called

64 HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY.

graye hain ? " Unki daravam shakalen dekh-kar,

to come are ? " Their fearful appearances seeing,

burha kanpne lagu aur un se bola ki :

the old man trembling began and them to spoke (that) :

" Dosto ! zara is bojhe ko sar par uthane men

"Friends! just this bundle to head on lifting in

meri madad karo ta ki main apne raste par
me help do so that I my (own) way on

chalne lagufi. Apki ban meharbani hogi aur
walk can begin. You of great kindness would be and

main apka tah-i-dil se mashkur hunga."
I to-you bottom of heart from grateful shall be."

Correct English rendering of the above.

There was an old man who was thin and weak of body. He
had no son to relieve him of the anxiety of providing food and
clothes. He used to go into the forest (jungle) to gather dry sticks
for fire-wood, and to carry the bundle on his head to sell in the
bazaar. One day the poor old man was so distressed with weari-
ness that he threw the bundle from his head and in his misery
cried to the god of death to take him out of this troublesome world.

At his request the agents of death appeared before him and
asked why he had called them. At the sight of their terrible
appearance he began to tremble, and said : Friends, help me to
lift this bundle on to my head, so that I may continue on my way.
For your great kindness, I should be grateful from the bottom of
my heart.

Mele men.— Aj salana male ka din hai. Bahut
Fair in. — To-day annual fair of day is. Many

saudagar apna mal bechne ko bahar se aye
merchants their wares to sell outside from come

hain. Ham ab Banarasi sari, Kashmiri shal,
are. We now Benares sarongs, Cashmere shawls,

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY. 65

aur Dhake ki barik malmal apni liasb pa-

and Dacca of fine muslin each-one according to

sand kharid sakenge. Aspas ke mukamon se

liking buy will be able to. Neighbourhood of places from

hazaron gaun* ke log mela dekhne ko aye hain.

thousands villages of people fair see to come are.

Yen unki sada zaruriyat ka ilm hasil karne
This their simple wants of knowledge obtaining

ka achcha mauka hai. Subah ko yen log
of good opportunity is. In-the-morning these people

Ganga men nahate hain aur Brahman puro-

Ganges in bathing are and Brahmin priests

niton ko dan dete hain. Se paihar ko yen

of charity giving are. In the afternoon these

apni-apni kharidari karte hain aur sham ko

each-their purchases doing are and in the evening

Ganga ki bhakti ke bhajan gate hain.
Ganges to devotion of psalms singing are.

* After numeral adjectives like twenty, a hundred, a thousand, the noun
may be used in the singular or plural.

Correct English rendering of the above.
At the Fair. — To-day is the day of the annual fair. Nume-
rous merchants have come to sell their wares from other parts of
the country. You will now be able to buy here the Benares Sari
(sarongs), the Cashmere shawls and the Dacca fine muslin, accord-
ing to your choice. Thousands of villagers from neighbouring
places have come here to see the fair. It is a good opportunity
for getting a knowledge of their simple wants. In the morning
all these persons will bathe in the Ganges and give charity to
Brahmin priests. In the afternoon they do their marketing, and
in the evening they sing psalms of devotion to the Ganges.

H.8. — 3

HUGO ri HINDUSTANI HADE EASY.

TENTH LESSON.

21. — The FUTURE TENSE is formed by adding the
following terminations to the STEM of the verb :

MASC. SING. FEM. SING. MASO. PLOB. FEM. PL0R.

1st Person unga

oonfl-gah

ungi

3rd „ ega

ay-gah

egi

ay-guee

2ndPeron{£

ary and Og6
ate form oh -gay

enge
enge

engm

enp-guee»0

engin

Ogl

oh-guee

2ndPerson{;XlfoU™ud eflge engm

I shall (or will) speak
be will (or shall) speak
she shall (or will) speak
we shall (or will) speak

yon shall (or will) speak
they shall (or will) speak

EXAMPLE.

main bolunga or bolungl

wuh bolega

wuh bolegl

ham bolenge or bolengin

(turn bologe or bologl

tap bolenge or bolengin

ve bolenge or bolengin

In the case of hona, and some other verbs of which the
Stem ends in 6 or O, the above forms are contracted, thus :

I shall or will be main hunga or htingl
he shall or will be wuh hoga
she shall or will be wuh hog!
we shall or will be ham honge or hofigln

( turn hoge or hogi
you shall or will be \ ap hofi|e or ho°gm

they shall or will be ve honge or hongln

day din, roz, m.

din, rose

night rat, f .

raht

to-day aj

ahdj

to-night ajrat

ahdj -raht

to-morrow ) kal
yesterday ) kill

morning SUbah
su-bah

evening sliam
shahm

noon do paihar

doh pai-har

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EAST. 67

afternoon se pailiar
say pai-har

midnight adhi-rat

ahd-hee-raht

one of these days ajkal men (ahdj-kal may**)

IF agar

a-gar

OR ya

yah

31. _

1. main do paihar taiyar hunga ; 2. ham is
se paihar masruf honge ; 3. kya ap aj sham
(or is sham ko) ghar par honge ? 4. ve ajrat
theatar men na* honge ; 5. main subah ghar
par hunga ; 6. wuh aj vakt par na hogi.

* na, short for nahln, NOT.

31a.

1. I shall be ready at noon ; 2. we shall be busy this
afternoon ; 3. will you be at home this evening ? 4. they
will not be at the theatre to-night ; 5. I shall be at home
in the morning ; 6. she will not be in time to-day.

32._

1. main use yeh kahunga ; 2. ham unhen wuh
na kahenge ; 3. wuh aj ya kal likhega ; 4. ham
ajkal men likhenge ; 5. main apke dost ke sath
ja'unga ; 6. wuh apko yeh degi ; 7. ham un
chizon ko bechenge ; 8. main yeh ghora na
kharidunga.

32a.

1. 1 shall say it to him (=1 shall tell him so) ; 2. we
shall not say it to them (=we shall not tell them) ; 3. he
will write to-day or to-morrow ; 4. we shall write one of
these days ; 5. I shall go with your friend ; 6. she will
give it to you ; 7. we shall sell those things ; 8. I shall
not buy this horse.

68 HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EAST.

The CONDITIONAL FUTURE is the same as the Future,
omitting the terminations ga, ge, gi, gin. Examples :
I should (or would) speak main bolun

he should (or would) speak wnh bole

we should (or would) speak ham bolen

(turn bolo
you should (or would) speak j ap bolefi

they should (or would) speak ve bolen

if I speak or if I should speak agar main bolun, etc.

The CONDITIONAL PAST is expressed by the Present
Participle of the verb, generally preceded by agar, IP.

if I spoke or if I had spoken, etc. agar main bolta or boltl, etc

season mausim, m.

maw-sim

summer garmi, f.

(hot season) gar-mee

rainy season barsat, f.
bar-saht

winter jar a, m.

(cold season) jah-rah

to wear paihnana

pai'h-na-nah

clothes kapre, m.

kap-ray

woollen uni

oo-nee

cotton SUtl

BOO- tee

33.

1. Hindustan men tin mausim hote hain. 2.
Garmi March se Jun tak raihti hai. 3. Barsat
Jula'i se Aktubar tak raihti hai. 4. Jara Na-
vambar se Farvari tak raihta hai. 5. Hindusta-
ni log garmi aur barsat men suti kapre istimal
karte hain. 6. Jare men Hindustani log uni

kapre paihnate hain.

33a.

1. There are three seasons in India. 2. The hot season
(summer) is from March to June. 3. The rainy season is
from July to October. 4. The cold season (winter) is from
November to February. 5. Indian people use cotton clothes
in the hot and rainy seasons. 6. In the cold season Indian
people wear woollen clothes.

HUGO S HINDUSTANI MADE EAST.

CONVERSATIONAL PHRASES.

This is a cheap article.
That is good enough.
This is not good

enough.
Show me something

better.
Who has paid you ?

We have paid for all
the luggage.

Have you told the car-
rier (porter) to come ?

I told him an hour
ago.

Did you hear what I
said ?

I have called you many
times.

Listen when I speak to
you.

It is very late, we will
go home now.

I bought this ring yes-
terday.

I want to change it.

1. Yell ek sasti chiz hai.

2. Wuh kafi achchhi hai.

3. Yeli kafi achchha nahm

hai.

4. Mujhe kuchh zyada ach-

chhi ehiz dikhao.

5. Tu.in.ko kisne dam diya

hai?

6. Ham ne sab asbab ka

dam diya hai.

7. Kya turn ne baire ko ane

ke liye kaha hai ?

8. Ek ghanta hua main ne

usko kaha.

9. Main ne jo kaha kya

turn ne suna?

10. Main_ne_tumko bar bar

bulaya hai.

11. Jab main turn se bolun

tab su.no.

12. Bahut der hui, ab ham

ghar jaengre.

13. Main yeh angii thi kal

kharidi thi.

14. Main ise badalna chahta

hun.

Explanatory Notes to the above Phrases.

4 literally, to me some more good thing show ; 5 lit., to you, by whom
price given is ? 9 lit., 1 what said you heard ? 11 lit., when I to you apeaJi,
then bear ; 12 bahut der hui=mueh lateness is.

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY.

Which of the two do

you like best ?
This one or that one ?
I like them both.

The one is as good as

the other.

How much are these
I like these. [beads ?

I do not like those.

How many rupees have

I to pay ?

Wrap them up, please.
Please send the parcel

to the hotel.
Let him go.
Let him do as he

likes.
Will you allow me to

do it?
I allow you to do it.

We were obliged to leave
early this morning.

I was obliged to do
it

1. In donon mefi turn ko

kaun ziyada pasand

2. Yeh ya wuli ? [hai ?

3. Mujhe donon pasand

hain.

4. Yen utm hi achchhi hai

jitm ki wuh.

5. Yeh dane kitne ke hain ?

6. Main inhen pasand kar-

ta nun.

7. Main unhen pasand na-

hin karta.

8. Mujhe kitne rupaye dene

hain ?

9. Inko lapet dijiye.

10. Parsal hotal ho bhej dl-

11. Usko jane do.

12. Jaisa wuh chahe use

karne do.

13. Kya ap mujhko yeh

karne denge ?

14. Main_tumko yeh karne

deta nun.

15. Hamko aj jilassjibah

rukhsat hona para tha.

16. Mujhe yeh karna para

tha.

Explanatory Notes to the above Phrases.
1 literally, the JWG in, you which more like do ? 4 for ' as good as,'
see Lesson 12 ; 8 in Hindustani, ' to pay ' is rendered by ' to !:ive,'
dena.

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE BAST. 71

PROGRESSIVE READING,
with Literal Translation and correct English Rendering.

Logron ki zubam suna-jata hai ki kuclih sal

People of from the toneue to be heard is that some years

hue ek chhote se kasbe men ek kazi raihta
ago one small little-town in a magistrate used to

tha jis men apm kuchh bhi akal na thi.
live whom in himself some-what intelligence not was.

"Wuh kitabon ke lafzoii men yakin karta tha
He books of words in believe used to

aur unko amal men lata tha. Ek dafa" uski

and them action in to bring. Once his

afikhon ko ek kitab men ek flkra nazar aya

eyes to, a book in, one sentence visible became

jiska matlab yeh tha ki jis shakhs ka chhota

of which the meaning this was that any person of small

sar ho aur Iambi darhi ho wuh zarur bewa-
head being and Icng beard being he necessarily fool

kuf hota hai. Kazi ne apne ap ko a'me men

is. The magistrate his own self looking-glass in

dekh-kar kaha ki : Mera sar chhota hai, aur
seeing said (that) : My head small is, and

darhi Iambi hai ; sar ka barhana namumkin

beard long is ; head of increasing impossible

hai lekin darhi ko chhoti kar sakta hun. Chu-

is but beard to small make can do. Ac-

nache usne kainchi talash ki, magar kaifichi
cordingly he scissors for searched, however sciasora

72 HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY.

na mill. Jab aur kuclili samajh men na aya

not were found. When anything else mind in not came

to usne ek hath se adhi darhi ko dhak kar,
then he one hand with half of beard covered having,

baki adhi ko diya-sala'i se ag laga-di. Jab
remaining half to match with fire set. When

balon ke jalne se shola ka sek hath ko pa-
hairs of burning with flame of heat hand to

huncha, to usne hath hata liya aur uski
reached, then he hand withdrew and his

kul darhi jal-gayi. Kazi nihayat shar-

whole beard burned was. The magistrate extremely

minda hua kyunki is vake se uski be-

ashamed was because this event by his

wakufi puri-taur-se zahir ho grayi.
folly completely manifest to be came.

Correct English rendering of the above.

People say that some years ago there lived in a small town a
magistrate who had no intelligence whatever, and who used to
believe anything that was written in a book, and then act upon it.

One day his eyes fell on a sentence in a book, the meaning of
which was, that if a person had a small head and a long beard, he
must of necessity be a fool.

The magistrate seeing himself in a looking-glass, said : Cer-
tainly my head is small and my beard is long. It is impossible
to make my head larger, but I can make my beard shorter.
Accordingly he searched for a pair of scissors, but no scissors were
to be found. As he could not think of anything else, he covered
one half of his beard with one hand, and with a match set fire to
the other half. When the flame of the burning hair reached his
hand, he withdrew it, and the whole beard was burnt.

Then the magistrate was extremely ashamed, because by this
fact his folly became completely manifest.

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY. 78

ELEVENTH LESSON.

1. CAN, TO BE ABLE TO Sakna (sack-nab)

2. TO WANT, WISH Or DESIRE TO Chahna (chah'h-nah)

3. TO WANT or NEED zarurat hona

(=to be in need of) za-roo-rat ho-nah

4. MAY, TO BE ALLOWED TO jjazat hona

(=to have permission) e-jah-zat ho-nah

5. MUST, OUGHT, to be obliged to Ch.ah.iye (chah-he-yay)

(invariable) =' necessary is
zarurat, f.=need ; ijazat, f.=permission.

22. — REMARKS ON THE ABOVE VERBS.

1. — The Verb preceding sakna is used in the stem form
only, and sakna has the conjugation. Examples :

I shall be able to buy it main yeh kharld sakufiga

he will be able to go wuh ja sakega

we shall be able to do it ham yeh kar sakenge

they cannot sell it ve yeh nahm bech sakte haifi

2. — Chahna is conjugated in the ordinary way.

I want or wish to sing main gana chahta hun

(=1 to sing desiring am)

they want or wish to speak ve bolna chahte hain

(=they to speak desiring are)

we want or wish to buy ham kh.arld.na chahte hain

(=we to buy desiring are)

3. — In sentences with zarurat hona, the Subject is
put in the OBJECTIVE Case. Examples :

1 want or need books mujhe kitabon kl zarurat hai

(=to me of books need is)

we want or need a carriage hamen garl kl zarurat hai
(=to us a carriage of need ia)

4.— The same applies to the use of ijazat hona.

May I see this book ? Kya mujhe is kitab ko dekhne

kl ijazat hai ?

(== whether to me this book of to see permission is)
Are we allowed or have Kya hamen jane kl ijazat hai T
we permission to go f (=whether to us to go permission u )

H.S.— 3*

74 HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY.

5. — In sentences with Chahiye (= necessary), the Sub-
ject is also put in the Objective Case. Examples :

I must or ought to write mujhko likhna chahiye
(=to me to write necessary is)

you must or ought to speak apko bolna chahiye

(=to you to speak necessary is)

John must or ought to go Jaun ko jana chahiye
(=to John to go necessary is)

34.

1. wuh ja sakta hai ; 2. usko bolne ki ijazat
hai ; 3. ve nahm ja sakte hain ; 4. ham usko
nahifi kar sakte ; 5. kya ve kal jaenge ? 6.
maifi kaJ tak nahm janungra ; 7. main isko karna
chahta hun ; 8. ham ek grhora kharidna chahte
hain ; 9. mujhko kamre ki zarurat hai.

34a.

1. he can or is able to go ; 2. he may or is allowed to
speak (—to him to speak permission is) ; 3. they can not
go ; 4. we can not do it ; 5. will they go to-morrow ?
6. I shall not know till to-morrow ; 7. I want (desire) to
do it ; 8. we wish to buy a horse ; 9. 1 want (need) a room.

TO OPEN kholna TO SHUT band karna

k'hohl-nah band kar-nah

TO BE BOUND or OBLIGED TO lazim hona

lah-zim ho-nah

35.

1. apko aj bolna chahiye ; 2. ham ko yeh kar-
na chahiye ; 3. mujhko yeh karna chahiye ;
4. turn ko jana hoga ; 5. usko yeh karna hogra ;
6. mujhe yeh kharidna hogra ; 7. turn ko yeh
dekhna lazim hai ; 8. main darvaza khol nahifi
sakta hufi ; 9. darvaza band karo ; 10. ve ap se
milna chahte hain; 11. kya apko is hotal mefl

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EAST. 75

kamre ki zarurat hai ? 12. kya tumko kuchh
rupaye ki zarurat hai ?

35a.

1. you must speak to-day ; 2. we must do it ; 3. I
ought to do it ; 4. you will have to go ; 5. he will have
to do it ; 6. I shall have to buy it ; 7. you are bound to
see it ; 8. I cannot open the door ; 9. shut the door ;
10. they want to meet you ; 11. do you want a room in
this hotel ? 12. do you want any (=some) money ?

minute minat, m.

second secand, m.

twenty-four chaublS

week hafta, m.

haf-tah min-att

month mahma, m.

ma-hee-nah

year sal, m.

eahl chaw -bees

hour ghanta, m. sixty sath

g'han-tab saht'b

equal barabar (bar-ah-bar)

NOTE. — When stating a general fact use hota hai (is being), or hote
nain (are being), instead of merely hai, hain.

36.

1. ek sal mefl barah mahine hote haifi; 2.
ek mahine* men char hafte hote hain; 3. ek
hafta sat dinon ke barabar hota hai ; 4. ek din
o rat (=din aur rat) men chaubis g-hante hote
hain ; 5. ek ghanta sath minat hota hai ; 6. ek
minat men sath secand hote hain.

*Before a Preposition final a changes into e.

36a.

1. a year has twelve months (literally, a year in, twelve
months are) ; 2. a month has four weeks (lit. a month in,
four weeks are) ; 3. a week has seven days (lit. one week,
seven days equal is) ; 4. a day and night have twenty -
four hours ; .5. an hour has sixty minutes ; 6. a minute
has sixty seconds (lit. a minute in, sixty seconds are).

76 HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY.

forest jangal, m.

jan^-gal

near nazdlk

naz-deek

tree darakht, m.

da-rah'cht

only Sirf

sirf

village gaufi,* m.
gah-unp

different mukhtalif
muh'ch-ta-lif

road sarak, m.

Ba-rak

generally am taur par
ahm tavrr par

path rasta, m.

rahs-tah

sacred pak

pahk

footpath pagdandi, f .

pag-dan?-dee

canal naihar, f.

nai-har

animal janvar, m.

jahn-var

bullet goll, f.
goh-lee

peacock mor, m.

mohr

to shoot goli chalana

goh-lee clia.-lah-nah

monkey bandar, m.

ban-dar

to reach pahunchna

pa-hur^ch-nah

any Other part klSl aur hiSSe (kis-ee awr his-say)

*gaufi, singular ; gaort, plural. The singular form can be u?ed with
a plural meaning.

37.

1. Hindustan men bare bare jangal ham. 2.
Yen jangal shaiharon aur gaon ke bahut naz-
dlk nahin haifi. 3. Hindustan ke ek hisse ke
darakht kisi aur hisse ke darakhton se mukh-
talif hain. 4. Hindustan men saraken am taur
par achchhi hain.

37a.

1. There are large forests in India. 2. These forests
are not very near to towns and villages. 3. The
trees in one part of India are different from those
in any other part. 4. The roads in India are generally
good.

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY. 77

_38.

1. Jangalon men raste sirf pagdandian hain.
2. Us gaun ko pahunchne ke liye naihar se
pagdandi par jana. 3. Mor aur bandar Hinduofi
ke liye pak janvar hain. 4. Un par kabhi goli
nahm chalani chahiye.

38a.

1. The paths in forests are only footpaths. 2. To reach
that village go by the footpath by the canal. 3. Peacocks
and monkeys are sacred animals with the Indians. 4. They
must never be shot (= them on ever bullet not shot must be).

river darya, m. shipping jahazi

dar-yah

boat kishtl, f.

kish-tee

steamboat agnbot, f.
(=fire boat) a-gun-boht

ship jahaz, m.

ja-hahz

ja-hah-zee

business kar o bar, m.

kahr oh bahr

sea samandar, m.

sa-man-dar

wild animals jangh janval

janj-lee jahn-var

39.

1. Calcutte se Peshawar tak sarak bahut
umda (fine) hai. 2. Chhoti kishtian is darya men
upar (up) ko a sakti hain. 3. Bare agnbot aur
jahaz upar ko darya men nahm a sakte. 4.
Jahazi kar o bar Firangi logon ke hath (hands)
men hai. 5. Jangalon men jangli janvar ba-
kasrat hain.

39a.

1. The road from Calcutta to Peshawar is very fine. 2.
Small boats can come up this river. 3. Big steamboats and
ships cannot come up the river. 4. The shipping business
is in the hands of Europeans. 5. Wild animals abound in
the forests.

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE BAST.

CONVERSATIONAL PHRASES.

Many Englishmen like
to learn Hindustani.

This Englishman can-
not speak our language.
Can you read my

writing ?
My friend can speak a

little English.
Can you speak Eng-
lish ?
Can you understand

me when I speak to

you ?
My servant must be

able to understand

English.
I can understand you.

Where did you learn

to speak English ?
You speak it very well.

The servant is bringing
bread and wine.

Will you drink wine or
water ?

1. Bahut Angrez Hindu-

stani sikhna pasand
karte hain.

2. Yeh Angrez hamari zu-

ban nahin bol sakta.

3. Kya ap mera dastkhat

parh sakte hain ?

4. Mera dost thori thori

Angrezi bol sakta hai.

5. Kya turn Angrezi bol

sakte ho ?

6. Jab main turn se bolta

hun tab kya turn mujhe
samajh sakte ho ?

7. Yeh zaruri hai ki mera

naukar Angrezi sam-
jhe.

8. Main tumhen samajh

sakta hun.

9. Turn ne Angrezi bolna

kahan sikha ?

10. Turn wuh bahut achchhi

tarah bolte ho.

11. Naukar roti aur sharab
_ lata hai.

12. Ap sharab piyenge ya

pam?

Explanatory Notes to the above Phrases.

6 literally, when I you to speaking am, then you me understand able
' 7. lit., it is necessary that my servant English understands.

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EAST.

Get the breakfast ready.
Bring butter and bread.
Give me a cap of tea.

This gentleman prefers

coffee.
Do not forget the sugar

and the milk.
Put knives, forks and

spoons on the table.
Salt, mustard, pepper
and vinegar are on
the table.

Tell the cook to have
dinner ready at eight
o'clock.

Dinner is ready, sir.
The soup is not hot
The meat is not cooked

enough.
These vegetables are

very good.
Give me some more.
Give me a clean plate.
What fruits are in sea-
son now ?

Apples, pears, bananas,
lemons.

1. Hazari taiyar karo.

2. Makkhan aur roti lao.

3. Mujhe cha ka ek pyala

do.

4. Yeh sahib kahwa pa-

sand karte hain.

5. Chim aur dudh mat

bhulna.

6. Mez par chhuri, kante

aur chammacli rakho.

7. Namak, ra'i, mirch aur

sirka mez par hain.

8. Bavarchi ko kaho ki

ath baje khana taiyar
rakhe.

9. Sahib, khana taiyar hai.

10. Shorba garni nahin hai.

11. Gosht kafi nahm paka

hai.

12. Yeh tarkariyan bahut

achchhi hain.

13. Mujhe kuchh aur do.

14. Mujhe safrikabi do.

15. Ajkal kin phalon ka

mausim hai.

16. Seva, nashpati, kela,

nibu.

Explanatory Notes to tlie above Phrases.
3 literally, me tea of a cup give ; 4 lit., this gentleman coffee likes to
get ; 8 lit., to cook say that eight struck dinner ready put ; 13 idioma-
tically MORE is sometimes rendered by aur (AND) ; 16 lit., at present
which fruits of season is ?

80 HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EAST.

PROGRESSIVE READING,

with Literal Translation and correct English Rendering.

Ek darbari ne badshah se kaha ki : Huzur,

A courtier king to said (that) : Your Majesty,

mere pas un logon ki fihrist1 hai jinhon ne

my possession in those people of list is, who

apke bare men beadbP se guftgu ki hai. Bad-

you about in disrespect with talk done is. The

shah ne jawab diya" ki : Main tumhari wafadari
king reply gave (that) : I your loyalty

pasand karta hun, lekin kya turn ne un logon ke

appreciate doing am, but (what) you by, those people of

ausaf ki flhrist1 bhi rakhi , hai ? Jawab diya :
merits of list also kept is ? Answer gave :

Nahin, aisa main ne nahln kiya. Badshah ne
No, so I not did. The kins?

jawab
reply

diya:

gave :

Then

main un ke aibon3 ki
I their shortcomings of,

flhrist
list

bhi

also

nahm
not

rakhna
to keep

chahta.

wish.

1 fihrist, pronounce : fi-he-rist ; 2 beadbl, pron. bay-ad-bee ;
3 aibon, pron. a.i-bong.

Correct English rendering of the above.
A courtier said to his king : Your Majesty, I have a list of
the people who have spoken disrespectfully of you. I appreciate
your loyalty, answered the king, but have you also kept a list of
their merits ? No, I have not done so, he answered. Then, said
the king, I do not wish a list of their shortcomings to be kept either.

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY. 81

Ek mallah Hindustan ko ja raha tha. Ek
A sailor India to going was, A

shaihri ne kaha ki : Samandar ko jane ki

townsman said (that) : Sea to going of

tumhen kaise himmat hoti hai. Tumhare bap
you how daring is. Your father

aur baba donon samandar men dub kar mare

and grandfather both sea in drowned dead

the. Mallah ne jawab diya" : Ai dost ! bata'o ;

were. The sailor reply gave: Oh friend I just say (tell me),

tumhare bap kahan mare the ? Kaha : "Wuh
your father where dead was ? Said : He

aman se bistar par mare the. Mallah ne
peace with bed in dead was. The sailor

puchha: Aur tumhare baba wuh kahan mare
asked : And your grandfather he where dead

the? Jawab diya: Wuh bhi vaise hi mare

was ? Reply gave : He also in the same manner dead

the. Mallah ne kaha : Kya yehi vakiya hai ? To
was. The sailor said : What this fact is ? Then

bistar par jane ki tuinhari himmat kaise hoti hai
bed in going of your daring how becomes I

Correct English rendering of the above.
A sailor was going to India. A townsman said (to him) :
How dare you go to sea, your father and grandfather both having
died at sea I The sailor answered : Well, friend, where did your
father die ? He died peacefully in his bed, was the reply. And
your grandfather, where did he die ? He died in the same way.
What, said the sailor, is that a fact ? How then dare you go to bed I

82 HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY.

TWELFTH LESSON.

23. — THE COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES.

In forming the degrees of Comparison, the Adjective
undergoes no change.

The COMPARATIVE is expressed by se ziyada, which
means ' more than ' (lit. than more). (say ze-yah-dah)

The SUPERLATIVE is expressed by sab se ziyada,
which means ' more than all ' (lit. all than more).

EXAMPLES.

this room is larger than yeb kamra us kamre se

that room ziyada bara hai.

(literally, this room that room than more large is)
his room is the largest uska kamra sab se ziyada

bara hai.
(literally, his room all than more large is)

NOTE. — Idiomatically se and sab 86 are often used without the ad-
dition of ziyada, this latter word being understood,
ziyada may also be spelt as zyada.

new naya

na-yah

old burha,* purana*

boor-hah pu-rah-nah

high uncha

oon^-chah

low nicha

nee-chah

learned alim

ah-lim

clever hoshiyar

hoh-she-yahr

*burha applies to living beings ; purana applies to things.

40.

1. yeh admi us admi se ziyada alim hai ; 2.
yeh makan us makan se ziyada uncha hai ;

3. kya yeh grali us grali se ziyada purani hai ?

4. yeh gall shaihar men sab se ziyada purani hai.

40a.

1. this man is more learned than that man (literally,
this man that man than more learned is) ; 2. this house is
higher than that house (lit., this hoiise that house than more
high is) ; 3. is this street older than that street ? (lit., what,

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EAST. 83

this street that street than more old is) ? 4. it is the oldest
street in the town (lit., this street town in all than more
old is).

24. — The SUPERLATIVE can also be expressed by the
repetition of the adjective with S6 between the two words :
the highest tree uncha se uncha darakht

the poorest child g&arib se gharlb bachcha

the newest (latest) fashion nayi se nayi chal (chahl) or

naya se naya faishan (fai-shan)

The method of repeating the adjective is also sometimes
nsed to convey emphasis, as :

very large bara bara very low nicha nicha

25. — AS ---AS (or SO... AS) can be expressed in two
ways, namely :

1. utna hi ...jitna ki (ut-nah hee ... jit-nab, ke)

2. vaisa ... jaisa ki (vai-sah ... jai-sah ke)

The first is the more usual form. Examples :
as large as utna hi bara jitni ki

as cheap as vaisa sasta jaisa ki

Occasionally ki is omitted after jaisa.

26. — GOOD and BAD have, besides the regular construc-
tion, also an irregular form of comparison.

GOOD achchha BETTEB behtar BEST behtarin

ach-ch'hah bay'h-tar bay'h-ta-reen

BAD bura WORSE badtar WORST badtarin

bur-ah bad-tar bad-ta-reen

41.

1. yen kitab utni hi achchhi hai jitni ki
wuh ; 2. meri kitab behtar hai ; 3. uski behta-
rin hai ; 4. apka naukar vaisa hi bura hai jaisa
ki mera ; 5. mere bha'i ka badtarin hai ; 6. yeh
ghora utna hi kimti* hai jitna ki wuh ; 7. mere
pas utna hi rupaya hai jitna ki apke pas ; 8.
tumhare dost ke pas sab se ziyada hai.

* kimti (keem-tee), valuable.

84 HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY.

41a.

1. this book is as good as that (book) ; 2. my book is
better ; 3. his is the best ; 4. your servant is as bad as
mine ; 5. my brother's (servant) is the worst ; 6. this horse
is as valuable as that (horse) ; 7. I have (=in my posses-
sion is) as much money as you have (=in your possession
is) ; 8. your friend has the most.

27.— IN COMPARISON WITH is expressed by

ke mukable men (kay mu-kah-blay may**)

COMPARED WITH is expressed by

banisbat ... ke (ba-nis-bat...kay) or ke banisbat

These two expressions are not much used in English, but they fre-
quently occur in Hindustani.

monkey bandar, m.

ban-dar

elephant hathl, m.

parrot tota, m.

toh-tah

bird chiriya, f.

hah-t'hee che-re-yah

sharp chalak

kut-tah (clever) chah-lahk

dear pyara

bil-lee (beloved) p'yah-rah

When a general assertion is made, or a natural fact stated,
the English words IS and ARE are rendered by hota hai
or hoti hai (is being), and note hain or hoti hain (are
being). Examples :

Monkeys are clever or sharp. Bandar chalak note hain.
The Indian loves parrots (= Hindustani ko tota pyara
the parrot). hota hai.

(=by the Indian the parrot beloved (being) is.

42. _

1. Bandar kutte* se ziyada chalak hota hai.
2. Yeh bandar sab se chalak hai. 3. Hathi Afri-
ca men Hindustan se ziyada bakasrat hote hain.
4. Yeh kutta banisbat us kutte ke ziyada khub-

* Remember that final a changes into e when followed by a Preposition.

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY. 85

surat hai. 5. Yeh kutta us kutte ke mukable
men ziyada chalak hai. 6. Hinduon ko tote bil-
lion se ziyada pyare hote ham.

42a.

1. The monkey is sharper than the dog. 2. This mon-
key is the sharpest (cleverest). 3. Elephants are more
abundant in Africa than in India. 4. This dog compared
with that dog is more beautiful. 5. This dog in comparison
with that dog is the sharper (of the two). 6. To the Hin-
dus, parrots are dearer than cats.

FURTHER USEFUL WORDS.

each har

bar

each one har ek
every one har ayk

all sab

sab

a few chand

both donon

doh-non(7
some, any ko'l

no one ko'l nahin

nobody koh-ee na-hee«0

every one sab ko'l

s:ib koh-ee

something kuchh
kutch'h

nothing kuchh nahin

kutch'h na-hecns;

the whole, all kill

kul

several ka'l

koh-ee ka-ee

43.

1. Ko'i nahin janta hai ki wnh kaun hai. 2.
Har ek ne yeh kaha, or har ek yeh kaihta tha.
3. Yeh donon admi bahut alim hain. 4. Ka'i log-
mele men gaye. 5. Sab bachchon ke pas phul the.

43a.

1. Nobody knows who it is (=no one knowing is that
he who is). 2. Every one said so (=it), or every one was
saying it. 3. Both these men are very learned. 4. Several
people went to the fair. 5. All the children had flowers
(=in possession of flowers were).

HUGOS HINDUSTANI MADE EASY.

CONVERSATIONAL PHRASES.

At the Post Office.

Are there any letters
for me ?

Yes, I have several let-
ters for you.

How much is the post-
age to England ?

At present the postage

is two annas.
Give me twelve stamps

of two annas each.
Give me some stamped

envelopes.

Also twelve postcards.
I want to send a cable

(telegram) to London.
A telegram to London

costs ten annas per

word.
I want to register this

letter.
Have you any change ?

You can change money

here.
Will you do it for

me ?

1. Dak khane par.

2. Kya meri koi chitthiafi

hainj?

3. Han, ap_ ke liye mere

pas ka'i chitthian hain.

4. Inglistan_ ka dak mah-
_ sul kya hai ?

5. Ajkal dak mahsul do

ane hai.

6. Mujhe do do ane ke ba-

rah tikat do.

7. Mujhe kuchh tikatdar

lifafe do.

8. Barah post card bhi.

9- Main Landan ko tar
bhejna chahta hun.

10. Landan ko tar dene men

ff lafz das ane lagte
hain.

11. MainJ-s khat ko_ragistar

karana chahta hun.

12. Kya tumhare pas rez-

gari hai ?

13. Turn yahan rupaya ba-

dal sakte ho.

14. Kya turn mere liye yeh

kar doge ?

Explanatory Notes to the above Phrases.
4 dak mahsul=post charges ; 6 literally, me two each annas of
twelve stamps give ; do do=two each ; 7 lifafe (li-fah-fay), envelopes ;
12 lit., what your possession in change ia ? rezgarl (rayz-gah-ree) change.

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY.

1 must learn this by

heart.
These phrases are very

useful.
Write down all the

words. [self.

You must do it your-
Did you know that ?

He ought to know bet-

ter.

Do not hurry.
There is time enough.
He will do as much as

he can.

It is very hot here.
One has to get used

to the great heat of

India.
Shall I come to see you

to-day ?
Will you be at home

to-morrow ?
I shall be pleased to

see you.

He is afraid to speak.
£ want to ask you
something.

1. Mujhe yeh bazaban yad

kar lena chahiye.

2. Yeh flkre bahut fa^ide-

mand hain.

3. Sab lafz likho.

4. Turn kp yeh khud hi

karna chahiye.

5. Kya tum_ko wuh ma-

lum tha ?

6. Usko behtar janana cha-

hiye.

7. Jaldi mat karo.

8. Kafivakthai.

9. Wuh jitna kar sakta hai

utna karega.

10. Yahan bar! garmi hai.

11. Hindustan ki bar! gar-

mi ka adi hona parta
hai.

12. Kya aj_ main tumhare

pas a'un ?

13. Kya kal ap ghar par

honge ?

14. Tumhendekhkarmujhe

khushi hogi.

15. "Wuh bolne se darta hai.

16. Main turn se _kuchh

puchhna chahta hun.

Explanatory Notes to the above Phrases.
1 bazaban yad kar lena, literally, by tongue learning to take do
=to learn by heart ; 2 f&'idemand (fah-e-day-mand), useful ; 6 lit.,
what to you that known was 1 7 lit., quickly not do ; 9 lit., he as much
as do can, will do.

88 HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EAST.

PROGRESSIVE READING,
with Literal Translation and correct English Rendering.

Purane zaniane men ek badshah ke darbar

Old times in a king of the court

men ek vazir tha jiska Khuda men kamil
in a minister was who God in, perfect

yakin tha. Wuh vazir har bure bhale

faith had. That minister every bad (or) good

mauke par yeh kaha karta tha ki jo kuchh

occasion at this say used was, that whatever

Khuda karta hai, wuh hamesha bhala'i ke

God doing is, that always good

liye hai. Ek dafa badshah ki ek ufigli

for is. Once the king of one finger

tez chaku se kat-gayi. Vazir ne apni adat

sharp knife by cut off. The minister his (own) habit

ke mutabik is par kaha ki : Apki ungll

according to this on said that : Your finger

ka kat-jana apke fa'ide ke liye hai. Bad-

of cut off being your advantage for is. The

shah vazir par bahut khafa hua, aur usko
king the minister with very angry became and him

apni saltanat se nikal-diya. Kuchh dinon ke

his kingdom from expelled. Some days

bad badshah shikar ke pichhe grhora daurata
after the king game after horse gallop-

Lua apni sarhad se bahar nikal gaya aur
ing his (own) frontier from beyond crossing went and

HUGO'S HiNDUSTAKI MADE EASY. 89

vaihshion ke hathon men ja-para. Ve vaihshi

savages of hands in fell. These savages

usko, apne mazhab ke mutabik, kurban karna

him, their (own) religion according to, to sacrifice

chahte the ; lekin jab uske badan ko unhon

wanted ; but when his body they

ne mulahiza kiya to dekha ki uski ek ungli
examined then saw that his one finger

kam hai, aur is liye kurbani ke lalk nahin
short is, and therefore sacrifice of fit not

hai. Unhon ne usko chhor-diya aur apne

is. They him released and their

logon ke hamrah, uski sarhad ke andar

people in company of, his frontier inside

pahuiicha-diya. Badshah ne apne vazir

reached (=took). The king his (own) minister

ko ab yadkiya aur usko bula kar us

now remembered and him called doing him

se muafi mangi aur usko khub hi inam
from pardon begged and to him many gifts

diye. Vazir ne kaha ki : Jo kuchh bhi-

gave. The minister said (that) : Whatever hap-

hua wuh sab bhala'i ke liye tha. Huzlir

pened that all good for was. Your Majesty

ko afsos karna thik nahin hai.
grief to do proper not is.

Correct English rendering of the above.
In olden times there was a king at whose court was a minister
who had perfect faith in God. On every occasion, bad or good.

90 HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY.

he used to say that whatever God did was for good. Once the
king cut off one of his fingers with a sharp knife. The minister,
according to his habit, said : The loss of your finger will be to
your advantage. Then the king was very angry with his minister,
and expelled him from his kingdom.

Some days after, the king went hunting, and as his horse
galloped beyond the frontier, the king fell into the hands of
savages. In accordance with their religion, the savages were
going to make a sacrifice of him. But, on examining his body,
they found that he lacked one finger, and therefore was not fit for
sacrifice. They released him, and in company with their people
took him back to within his own borders.

The king now remembered his minister, and having recalled
him begged his pardon and loaded him with gifts. The minister
said : Whatever has happened has been for the best and your
majesty must not grieve over it.

Ek naujavan ne apni daulat barbad kar

A young man his fortune waste done

ke kaha ki : Mujhe khauf1 hai ki mujhe

said (that) : Me fear is that me (—1)

bhikhari ho kar mama paregraV Ek dost

beggar . being die shall be obliged. A friend

ne jawab diya : Yen to sab se kharab

reply gaye : This (then) all of bad

bat nahin hai. Tumhen bhikhari rah ke zinda

thing not is. You beggar being living

raihna parega; yen aur bhi kharab hai.

remain shall be obliged ; this more than bad is.

1 khauf, pronounce : h'chawf. 2 parana, to fall, to be obliged.

Correct English rendering of the above.
A young man who had wasted his fortune said : I fear that I
shall die a beggar. That- is not the worst, answered a friend.
You will have to live a beggar, that is far worse.

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE F.AST.

CARDINAL NUMBERS.

1 ek

20 bis

39 untalis

ayk

bees

un-tah-lecs

2 do

21 ikkis

40 chalis

dob

ik-kees

chah-lees

3 tin

22 ba'is

41 iktalis

teen

bah -ees

ik-tah-lees

4 char

23 te'is

42 bi'alis

chahr

lay -ees

be-ab-lees

5 panch

24 chaubis

43 tetalis

pahnycb

chaw- bees

tay-tah-lee»

6 chhe

25 pachchis

44 chavalis

ch'hay

pat:b-chees

cha-vah-leea

7 sat

26 chhabbis

45 paintalis

saht

ch'hab-bees

painv -tab -lees

8 ath

27 satta'is

46 chlii'aUs

aht'h

sat-tah-ees

ch'hee-ah-lees

9 nau

28 attha'is

47 saintalis

naw

at-t'huh-eea

sainp-tab-lees

10 das

29 untis

48 artalis

das

un-tees

ar-tah-lees

11 gyarah

30 tis

49 unehas

gyah-ra'h

tees

uD-cbalis

12 barah

31 ikatis

50 pachas

bah-ra'h

ik-a-tees

pach-abs

13 terali

32 battis

51 ikyawan

tay-ra'h

bat-tees

ik-yan-van

14 chaudah

33 tetis

52 bawan

chaw -da' h

tay-tees

bah-van

15 pandrah

34 chauntis

53 trepan

pany-dra'h

chawn^-tees

tray -pan

16 solah

35 paintis

54 chawwan

sob-la'b

paW-tees

chav-van

17 satrah

30 chhattis

55 pachpan

sat-ra'h

ch'bat-tees

pach-pan

18 atharah

37 saintis

56 chhappan

at- bah-ra'h

sai-iy-tees

ch'hap-pan

19 unnis

38 artis

57 sattawan

un-nees

ar-tees

sat-tah-van

HDGO*S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY".

58 atthawan

at-t'hah-van

74 chauhattar 90 nawe

chaw-hat-tar nav-vay

59 unsath

un-sat'h

75 pichhattar 91 ikyanve

pich-liat-tar ik-yabn-vay

60 sath

salit'h

76 chhi'attar 92 banve

ch'he-at-tar bahn-vay

61 iksath

lk-sat'h

77 satattar 93 tranve

sat-at-tar trahn-vay

62 basath

bah-sat'h

78 athattar 94 chauranve

at-hat-tar chawr-ahn-vay

63 tresath

tray-sat'h

79 unasi 95 pachanve

uii-ah-see pach-ahn-vay

64 chaufisath

cha.w/i<j-sat'h

80 assi 96 chhi'anve

as-see ch'be-ahn-vay

65 painsatli

painjr-sat'h

81 ikyasi 97 satanve

ik -yah -see sat-ahn-vay

66 chhi'asath

ch'hee-ah-sat'h

82 bi'asi 98 athanve

be-ah-see at'h-ahn-vay

67 sarsath

sar-sat'h

83 tirasi 99 ninanve

tir-ah-see nin-ahn-vay

68 arsath

ar-sat'h

84 chaurasi 100 sau

chaw-rah-see saw

69 unhattar

un-hat-tar

85 pichasi 200 do sau

pich-ah-see doh saw

70 sattar

sat-tar

86 chhi'asi 300 tin sau

ch'he-ah-see teen saw

71 ikahattar

ik-a-hat-tar

87 satasi 1,000 hazar

sat-ah-see ha-zahr

72 "ba'liattap

ba-hat-tar

88 athasi 2,000 do hazar

at'h-ah-see doh ha-zahr

73 ti'hattar

te-hat-tar

89 navasi 100,000 lakh (lac)

nav-ah-see lahk'h

100,000 rupees* 6k lakh TUpaye (ayk lahk'h ru-pa-yay)
1,000,000 das lakh (das lahk'h)

100 lacs or 10,000,000 6k CrOP (ayk crohr)
* Tliere are sixteen annas to the rupee.

HUGO S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY.

ORDINAL NUMBERS.

1st paihla or awwal

7th satwan

pai'h-lah av-val

saht-vahn<7

2nd dusra

8th athwan

doos-rah

aht'h-vahn«

3rd tisra

9th nawan

tees-rah

4th chautha

chaw-t'hah

10th daswan

das-vahn<r

5th panchwan

llth gyarahwan

6th chhatha or

gyah-rah-vah?ifl

chhathwan

12th barahwan

ch'hat-hah, ch'hat'h-vahnp b ah-ra'h-vahnfl

21st ikklswan (ik-kees-vahnj)

33rd tetlswan (tay-tees-vah?*)

46th chhiallswan (ch'he-ah-lees-vah»v)

55th pachpanwan (pach-pan-vahn^)

72nd bahattarwan (ba-hat-tar-vahn?)

Ordinal_ Numbers take Gender and Number. Those
ending in a follow the ordinary rule of ka, ke, kl (see
page 19), thus :

the first man paihla admi

the first woman paihll aurat

the first people paihle log

To form the MA.SCULTNE PLURAL of the Ordinals end-
ing in wan, change wan into wen, thus :

panchwan (5th) becomes panchwen
chhathwan (6th) „ chhathwen

To form the FEMININE (SINGULAR and PLURAL) of the
Ordinals ending in wan, change wan into Win, thus :
chhathwan (6th) becomes chhathwin
satwan (7th) „ satwln, and so on.

HUGOS HINDUSTANI MADE EAST.

COLLECTIVE AND FRACTIONAL NUMBERS.

a couple ek jora

ayk jor-ah

a dozen ek darjan

ayk dar-jan

a score bis

bees

single akela

a-kay-lab

double dugrna

dug-nah

threefold tigoina

te-gun-ah

fourfold chaugruna

chaw-gun-ah

manifold bahut gruna

ba-hut gun-ali

once ek dafa

ayk da-fab

twice do dafa

dob da-fab

three times tin dafa"
teen da-fah

many times bahut dafa

ba-but da-fab

the first time paihll dafa"
pai'b-lee da-fab

the second time _

dusri dafa"

doos-ree da-fab

the third time

tisre bar or dafa

tees-ray bahr, da-fab

the first one awwal
av-val

the mHdle one majhla
maj'h-lah

the last one akhiri
ah'cb-e-ree

firstly paihle or

awwal

pai'h-lay, av-ral

secondly dusre

doos-ray

thirdly tisere

tee-say-ray

one third ek tiha?!

ayk te-hah-ee

two thirds do tiha'l
dob te-hah-ee

a quarter ek chautha'l

(fourth part) ayk chaw-t'hah-ee

a half adha

ahd-hah

one and a half

dyorha or derh

dyohr-hah, dayr'h

two and a half dha'i
d'hab-ee

three and a half _

sarbe tin

sahr-hay teen

four and a half _

sarhe char

sahr-hay chabr

and so on, by putting sarhe
(HALF) before the Cardinal
Number.

HUGO S HINDUSTANI MADE EA..SY.

PERIODS OF TIME.

a second ek sekand
or secand

ayk saj-kanyd

a minute ek minat

ayk min-at

an hour ek ghanta

ayk g'han-tah

a day ek din

ayk din

a week ek hafta

ayk haf-tah

a fortnight ek pakhwara

ayk pak'h-vah-rah

a month ek mahina

ayk ma-hee-nah

ek sal

a year

ayk sahl

a century ek sadl

ayk sa-dee

to-day

ahdj
to-morrow

kal

aj
kal

yesterday kal
kal

the next day agla din
a-glah din

next week agla hafta

a-glah haf-tah

next month agla mahina

a-glah ma-hee-nah

next year agla sal

a-glah sahl

a week ago ek hafta hua

ayk haf-tah hu-ah

a month ago

ek mahina hua

ayk ma-hee-nah hu-ah

a year ago ek sal hua

ayk sahl hu-ah

last week akhiri hafta

ah'ch-e-ree haf-tah

last month

akhiri mahina

ah'ch-e-ree ma-hee-nah

last year akhiri sal

ah'ch-e-ree sahl

this morning aj SUbah
ahdj su-ba'h

this afternoon

aj se paihar

ahdj say pai-har

this evening aj sham

ahdj shahm

to-night aj rat

ahdj raht
to-morrow morning

kal subah

kal su-ba'h

to-morrow evening

kal sham

kal shahm

the day after\

to-morrow (parSOfi,
the day beforef par-soi*

yesterday /

96 HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY.

HOURS OP THE DAY.

what is the time ? kya vakt hai ?

kyah vakt hai

it is one o'clock ek baja hai*

ayk ba-jah hai

it is half past one derh baja hai

dayr'h ba-jah hai

it is two, three, four o'clock do, tin, char, baje hain

doh, teen, chahr. ba-jay hain?

it is a quarter to three paune tin baje hain

paw-nay teen ba-jay hain<r

it is a quarter past three sava tin baje hain

sa-vah teen ba-jay hain^r

it is ten minutes to four

char bajne men das minat hain

chahr baj-nay maynp das min-at bain?

it is five minutes past four

char baj kar panch minat haia

chahr badj kar pahnjch min-at hain?

at what time ? kis vakt ?

kis vakt?

at ten o'clock das baje

das ba-jay

at half past ten sadhe das baje

sahd-hay das ba-jay

at midday do paihar ko

doh pai-har koh

at midnight adhi rat ko

ahd-hee raht koh

the clock is slow g-hari sust hai

g'ha-ree sust hai

the clock is fast ghari tez hai

g'ha-ree tayz hai

the clock has stopped ghari band ho gayi hai

g'ha-ree ban^d hoh ga-yee hai
"literally, one struck is, two struck are, and so on.

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY. 97

THIRTEENTH LESSOR.

The use of the pronoun apna, which means OWN and
SELF, often causes difficulty to foreigners, as it is liable to
be confused with the personal pronoun ap (you). The fol-
lowing explanations will make its use clear.

28. — apna (meaning OWN) is declined like an adjec-
tive, a :reeing in gender and number with the person or
thing owned, according to the rules of ka, ke, kl, thus :
apna, apne, apni. It implies ownership or possession,
as : my own, his own, their own, etc.

EXAMPLES.

I read MY (own) book main apni kitab pahrta hufi

he sells HIS (own) horse wuh apna ghora bechta hai

we have seen OUR (own) ham ne apne bete ko dekha
son hai

have you written TouK kya turn ne apna khat likha
(own) letter ? hai ?

29.— When HIS, HER, THEIR, do not imply OWN, but
refer to some one_eise, then these pronouns must NOT be
rendered by apna but by the_ordinary possessive pronouns
uska, uske, uski, and unka, unke, unki. Examples :

he reads his (some one else's) wuh uski kitab parhta hai

book
they read their (other peo- ve unki kitaben pahrte hain

pie's) books

30. — SELF and SELVES added to pronouns, as MYSELF,
OURSELVES, etc., are rendered by apne or apne ap (un-
declined). Examples :

I bought this book for my- main ne yeh kitab apne liye

self kharldi

they bought these horses unhon ne yeh ghore apne
for themselves liye kharide

he killed himself tts ne aPne ko mar dala °*

oe apne ap ko mar dala

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY.

31. — When SELF or SELVES merely serve to emphasize
the subject, these pronouns are generally rendered by
khud (h'chud), as in :

I myself did it main ne khud ise kiya

you yourself have said it apne khud yeh kaha tha

44.

1. Ram ne apna ghora becha. 2. Ram ne apne
malik ka ghora becha. 3. Krishna ne yeh chi-
zen apne liye kharidm. 4. Usne yeh apne dost
ke liye kharidm. 5. Apna kam* karo. 6. Gharib
admi ko apne rupaye men se do. 7. Ham ne
khud yeh dekha tha. 8. Admi ne khud yeh likha
tha. 9. Wuh khud vahan nahm gayi thi.

* kam (kahm), work.

44a.

1. Ram sold his (own) horse. 2. Ram sold his master's
horse. 3. Krishna bought these things for himself. 4. He
bought them for his friend. 5. Do your own work. 6. Give
of your (own) money to the poor man. 7. We ourselves
saw it. 8. The man himself wrote it. 9. She did not go
(there) herself.

USEFUL INTERROGATIVE WORDS.

HTHBN ?

tVHERE ?
WHY ?

kab?

kab

kahan ?

ka-hahny

kyun?

WHO ? | kaun* ? or
WHICH ? I kis ?

kawn kis

HOW ? kaisat ?

(in what manner) kai-sah

WHAT?

kya?

kyah

HOW MUCH
HOW MANY

? Ikitnat ?

? ) kit-nuh

* kaun followed by a preposition becomes kis.
t kaiaa and kitna take gender and number, thus : kaisa, kaise,
kaisl, and kitna, kitne, kitnl.

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY. 99

HOW LONG ? kab tak ?

(future, long period) kah tak

HOW LONG ? kitni der tak ?

(future, short period) kit-nee dayr tak

HOW LONG ? kitni muddat ?

(past, long period) kit-nee mud-dat

HOW LONG ? kitm der se ?

(past, short period) kit-nee dayr say

These expressions are sometimes used indiscriminately in denoting
tense and time.

Interrogation can also be expressed by tone of voice, generally by
•mphasizing the last word of the sentence, as :

Don't you know ? Turn nahln jante ?

45.

1. wuh sahib kaun hai ? 2. ap un se kab mile
the ? 3. turn us se kalian mile the ? 4. ap kya
chahte hain ? 5. ap ko wuh kaisa pasand aya ?
(). ap isko kaise karte hain ? 7. ap ne iske liye
kitne rupaye diye ? 8. ap yahan kab se hain ?
9. ap yahan kab tak raiheng-e ? 10. ap yahan kitni
der se is kamre men hain ? 11. ap yahan kitni
der tak hong-e ? 12. ap Hindustan men kitni mud-
dat tak honge ? 13. ap ne isko kyun nahin kiya
hai ? 14. ap jante the ? 15. wuh gaya tha ?

45a.

1. who is that gentleman ? 2. when did you meet
them ? 3. where did you meet him ? 4. what do you
want ? 5. how do you like that ? 6. how do you
do this ? 7. how many rupees did you pay for it ? 8. how
long have you been (residing) here ? 9. how long will you
be here (residing) ? 10. how long have you been here (in
this room) ? 11. how long will you be here (in the room) ?
12. how long have you been or will you be in India ? 13. why
have you not done it ? 14. did you know (=you know
vlid) ? 15. did he go (=he go did) ?

100 HUGO'S HJND08TANI MADE EAST.

32.— THE USE OF sa, se, si.

1. — As Adjectives, sa, se, SI (according to gender ami
aumber), mean LIKE, SIMILAR, TO, as :

mera sa beta a son like mine (lit. my like son)

mere se bete sons like mine (lit. my like sons)

merl Si betl a daughter like mine (lit. my like daughter)

meri si betiafl daughters like mine (lit. my like daughters)

2. — sa, S6 or SI, can also be used with other Adjec-
tives, as :

safed si bakarl a goat like white

lamba sa per a tree like tall

3. — 86 as Preposition (invariable) means FROM or WITH.
jangal se lakarl lao bring wood from the jungle
main namak se rotl I salt with bread eat
khata nun

4._With verbs like kaihna (to say), bolna (to speak),
86 also means TO, as :

main ne bha'I se kaha I said to my brother

5. — With passive verbs, S6 means BY, as :

yeb kam naukar se kiya jaega
this work servant by done shall be

6. — In the comparison of adjectives, se stands for THAN.

wuh apne bha'I se ziyada hoshiyar hai
he his brother than more clever is

33. — In Hindustani, there is no indirect narration.
Every quotation is prefixed by ki, THAT. For instance
' he said he would do it ' should be rendered thus : he said
that : I will do it. Examples :

the man said he will let adml ne kaha ki : main apko

you know itla dunga

my father told me to go mere bap ne mujh se kaha

home ki : ghar ja'o

he said he was going to us ne kaha ki : main In-

England glistan jata hun

HUGOS HINDUSTANI MADE EASY.

101

CONVERSATIONAL PHRASES.

When you have writ-
ten that letter, show
it to me.

It is finished now.

Here it is, what do
you think of it ?

Do not speak to me

while I am writing.
Do you want any of

these books ?
I want two or three

books.
Go to the bazaar to buy

them.
When you have done

reading, place the

book on the shelf.
I must have seen him

somewhere.
I cannot remember

where I have seen

him.
This is a nice house,

is it yours ?
That house is not as

nice as mine.

1. Jab turn yeh khat likh

chukp,_ tab mujhe
dikhana.

2. Yeh ab khatm ho gaya.

3. Yeh lijiye, jip iske bare

men kya samajahte
hain?

4. Jab main likhun, tab

mujh se mat bolo.

5. Kya turn in kitabon men

se ko'i chahte ho ?

6. Main^ do ya tin kitaben

chahta nun.

7. TTnko_kharidne ke liye

bazar jao.

8. Jab tum_parh chuko tab

kitab almari men rakh
dena.

9. Main usko kahm na ka-

hin dekha hog;a._

10. Mujhe yad nahm ata ki

main_ ne use kahan
dekha.

11. Yeh_umda makan hai

kya yeh apka hai ?

12. Wuh ghar utna achchha

nahm hai jitna ki
mera.

Explanatory Notes to the above Phrases.
2 khatm ho gaya=finished been gone ; ' to finish ' is expressed by
khatm hona or chukna : 3 lit., this take please you it about what
understanding are ; 9 kahln na kahin, idiomatic for ' somewhere.'

102

HUUO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EAST.

T receive one hundred

rupees a month.
Are you satisfied with

one hundred rupees ?

One cannot do anything

with such a small sum.

How much do you

want ?
How much money have

you lost ?
I have lost three hun-

dred rupees.
They are losing money.

He is gaining (making)

money.
He has wasted his

money.
You have made good

use of your money.

How much a day does
this labourer earn ?

Three or four annas

a day.
He only receives five

annas a day.
He gives me less money

than he gives him.

1. Mujhe sau_rupaya ma-

hina milta hai.

2. Kya turn sau rupaye se

khush ho ?

3. Itni chhoti rakam se

kuchh nahm ho sakta.

4. Tumhen kitna chahiye ?

5. Turn ne kitna rupaya

khoya hai ?

6. Main ne tin sau rupaye

khoe hain.

7. Ve rupaya kho rahe

hain.

8. Wuh rupaya kama raha

hai.

9. Us ne apna rupaya bar-

bad kar diya hai.

10. Turn ne apne rupaye ka

achohha istemal kiya
hai.

11. Yeh mazdur fl roz kit-

na kamata hai ?

12. Tin ya char ane roz.
Use sirf panch ane roz

milte hain.
Wuh mujhe uske banis-
14< bat kam rupaya deta
hai.

13.

Explanatory Notes to the above Phrases.
B to lose khona, past participle khoya ; literally, you by how much
money lost is ? 9 lit., him by his money waste done given is ; 10 lit., you
by your money of good use done is ; 11 kamana, to earn, to gain.

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY. 108

PROGRESSIVE READING,
with Literal Translation and correct English Rendering.

Ek zalim badshah yen janana chahta tha.

A tyrannical king this to know wanted

ki mere bare men, meri raiyat ki kya ral
that me abont, my subjects of what opinion

hai. Is gharaz se us ne ek kashtkar se

is. This purpose with he one farmer from

jo .ek gaofi. ko ja raha tha puchha ki :

who a village to going was asked (that) :

Badshah ke mutallik kya tumhari nTi hai?

The king of concerning, what your opinion is ?

Us ne jawab diya ki : Wuh bara zalim hai
He reply gave (that) : He great tyrant is

aur us mefi insaf ka nam o nishan bhi

and him in, justice of name and trace even

nahin hai. Badshah ne kaha kya turn nahifl

not is. The king said what you not

jante ki jis se turn bol rahe ho wuh ia

know that whom with you speaking are he this

mulk ka badshah hai ? Kashtkar ne jawab
country of king is ? The farmer reply

mefl kaha ki wuh shakhs jo badshah se

in said that the person who the king with

mukhatib hai, dimagh ki kamzori ka shl-

addressing is, brain of weakness of vio-

104 HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EASi'.

kar hai, aur vaktan-favaktan do paihar
till) is, and occasionally noon

men hararat ki ziyadti se behavas ho ja-
in (at) temperature of excess from out of senses be-
ta hai. Badshah yen sun kar bahut
comes. The king this hear doing much

khush hua aur hansta hua shaihar
amused became and laughing city

ko bapis chala graya.

to back away went.

Correct English rendering of the above.

A tyrannical king was curious to find out what his subjects
thought of him. For this purpose he asked a farmer who was
on his way to a village what his opinion of the king was. He
answered that the king was a great tyrant and that there was no
trace of justice in him.

The king said : Do you not know that he with whom you
are speaking is the king of this country ?

The farmer answered that the person whom the king was
addressing suffered from weakness of the brain and occasionally
at noon, through the excessive heat, went out of his senses.

When the king heard this, he was much amused, and went
back to the city laughing.

Ek machhue1 ne ek dafS ek bahut chhotl
A fisherman one time one very small

machhli pakari. Us chhote makhluk ne

fish caught. This little creature

ro kar kaha ki : Mujhe pakarne se kya
crying said (that) : Me catch from what

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY. 105

fa'ida ? Mujhe barhne ke liye vakt do
use ? Me to grow for time give.

Mujhe darya men bapis phenk' dijiye. Jab
Me river in back throwing do please. When

main aur bari ho ja?un, tab mujhe pa-
I more big become, then me

karna. Machhue ne jawab diya ki : Jha-
catch. The fisherman by, answer given (that) : Strug-
game* se kuchh fa'ida nahin hai. Ab to
gh'ng of any use not is. Now (then)

tu mere hath men hai, tujhe meri tokri

thou my hand in art, thou my basket

men jana hoga. Aj sham meri kar-
in go must. To-day evening my frying-

ha'i men jana hoga, aur main tujhe khane
pan in go must, and I thee supper

men kha'UBLg'a. J machhue, pron. match-ha-ay ;

=in (at) shall eat. 2 P^enk, „ p'hay»»k ;

3jhagarne, „ j'ba-gar-nay.

Correct English rendering of the above.
A fisherman once caught a very small fish. The little
creature cried : What is the use of catching me ? Gfre me time
to grow. Please throw me back into the river, and catch me
when I am bigger. The fisherman answered : Struggling is no
use, I have thee now in my hand, and into my basket thou muse
go. This evening thou goest into my frying-pan, and I shall eat
thee for my supper.

H.S.— 4*

106 HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY.

FOURTEENTH LESSON.

COMPOUND VERBS.

The use of so-called Compound Verbs is an important
feature in the Hindustani language. In the Conversational
Phrases and the Reading Exercises in this text-book, these
compounds frequently occur, and are as far as possible ex-
plained and literally translated, so that the student, by this
time, will be fairly familiar with them.

Occasionally, such Compounds are met with either
hyphened or written in one word, but the more usual
method is to write them as separate words.

34. — When two verbs are compounded, the first (or
principal) verb is used in the stem form only, and the
second (or auxiliary) verb has the conjugation. The verb
used as an auxiliary entirely loses its own meaning
and merely serves to intensify or modify the meaning of
the stem to which it is joined.

EXAMPLES.

baithna,_to sit baith jana,_to sit down

phenkna, to throw phenk dena, to throw away

khana to eat khlfalna}to eat up

torna, to break tor dalna, to break in pieces

kholna, to open khol dena, to open up

marna, to kill mar dalna, to kill outright

glrna, to fall gir parna, to fall down

katna, to cut kat dalna, to cut up

NOTB. — dalna literally means : to throw or to put.

35. — A large number of Compound Verbs are formed
by prefixing Nouns, Adjectives, etc^to the verb._ In such
cases, the verbs karna (to do), hona (to be), dena (to give),
lena (to take), and a few others are generally used as
auxiliarv Verbs.

HUGOS HINDUSTANI MADE EASY.

107

EXAMPLES.

sawar, horseman

shikar, game
udhar, loan

band, closed, shut
khatm, finished

raham, kindness
sabr, patience

" Idiomatically, ' done,' ' finished,

it is done
he has done speaking

sawar hona,_to ride
shikar karna \.
shik_ar kh_elna|tohunt
udhar lena, to borrow
udhar dena, to lend
band karna, to shut up
khatm karna, to finish
khatm ho chukna,*

to have finished

raham karna,

to show kindness
sabr karna,

to have patience

is expressed by chuka, as :

ho chuka

wuh bol chuka hai

A FURTHER LIST OP FREQUENTLY OCCURRING

COMPOUNDS.
yad karna, to remember, kharch karna, to spend

to learn
yad ana, to remember,

to recollect
yadkarana),
yad dilana_Jto remmd
yad rakhna,

to keep in mind
zikr karna, to mention,

to speak of

phir ana', to come back
phir jana, to go back
laut ana, to return
kabnl karna, to accept
nikal dena, to torn out,
to expel

karz dena, to lend
karz lena, to borrow
itbar karna, to trust
le ana^ to fetch
le jana, to take away
khatm karna Ho
khatm kar dena) finish
shuru karna, to begin
let jana, to lie dowr
so jana, to go to sleep*
talab karna, to send for
hasil karna, to get, obtain
hasil kar dena, to procure
barbad karna, to waste

108 HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY.

46.

1. darvaza khol do ; 2. khirki band kar do ;
3. yahan let ja'o ; 4. so ja'o ; 5. in chizon ko le
ja'o ; G. mere liye eli botal sliarab le a'o ; 7.
isko yad karo ; 8. isko yad raklio ; 9. apna ru-
paya mat barbad karo ; 10. gliarib par raham
karo ; 11. sabr karna achchha hai.

46a.

1. open the door ; 2. shut the window ; 3. lie down
here ; 4. go to sleep ; 5. take away these things ; 6. fetch
me a bottle of wine ; 7. learn this ; 8. keep that in mind ;
9. do not waste your money ; 10. show kindness to the
poor ; 11. it is well to have patience.

promise vada

vah-dah

present, gift tllhfa"

tu'h-fah

knowledge ilm

ilm

robber daku

dah-kuh

Frenchman FarasiSl

fah-rah-see-see

Russian Rusi

roo-see

1. turn ko ekdam bapis phir jana chahiye ;
2. wuh bahut jaldi laut aya hai ; 3. kya turn
ko yeh yad nahm* ata ? 4. main tumhara tuhfa
kabul karta hun ; 5. mujhe tumhen apne vade
ki yad dilani hai ; 6. kya turn ne apni chitthi
khatm kar di ? 7. shuru se shuru karo.

* The Negative is usually placed between the two component parts
of the verb.

47a.

1. you must go back at once ; 2. he has returned too
soon ; 3. don't you remember (recollect) it ? 4. I accept
your present ; 5. 1 have to remind you of your promise ;
6. have you finished your letter ? 7. begin at the beginning.

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE BABY. 109

48.

1. ve kyun sliuru nahiii karte ? 2. kya turn
shuru karoge ? 3. main tumnare liye wuli ha-
sil kar dunga ; 4. nmjhe kuchh rupaya karz do ;
5. rupaya karz mat lo ; 6. larkian ilm hasil
karti ham ; 7. badshali ne daku ko mulk se
nikal diya; 8. Farasisi ne Rusi se apne safar
ka zikr kiya.

4Sa.

1. why don't they begin ? 2. will you begin ? 3. I
will get (procure) it for you ; 4. lend me some money ;
5. do not borrow money ; 6. the girls obtain knowledge ;
7. the king expelled the robber from the country ; 8. the
Frenchman spoke to the Russian of his journey.

36.— PASSIVE VERBS.

The passive form of verbs is very little used in Hindu-
stani _ When required it is produced by adding the tenses
of jana (to go) to the_Present Participle of the Verb. In
this consti-uction jana (to go) answers to the English usage
of * to be ' to express the Passive Voice. For instance :

from dena(to give) comes the passive form diya jana (to be given)
„ dekhna (to see) „ „ dekha jana (to be seen)

The verb jana only is conjugated, but the Participle as well
as jana must agree in gender and number with the subject.

ACTIVE. PASSIVE.

I give money, main rupaya deta money is °riven by me, mujh se
hun rupaya diya jata hai

Other Verbs are also idiomatically used to form the
Passive, as :

malum hona, to be known mar khana, to be beaten
shikast khana, to be defeated

Sometimes a slight change in the verb serves the same
purpose, as : pltna, to beat pitna, to be beaten

110

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EAST.

CONVERSATIONAL PHRASES.

You have a faithful

servant.
How long has he been

with you ?
He has been with me

from childhood.
He is a great comfort

to me.
He does all the work

and never complains.

When he is old I
support him.

shall

In India people are
good to their ser-
vants.

They are not over-
worked.

They easily pick up the
English language.

Has that been your ex-
perience also ?

I have not been here
long enough yet.

1. Tumhare pas ek wafa~-

dar naukar hai.

2. Wuh tumhare pas kitne

din se hai ?

3. Wuh mere pas bachpan

se hai.

4. Wuh mere liye bare

aram ka hai.

5. Wuh sara kam karta hai

aur kabhi shikayat na-
hin karta.

6. Jab wuh burha ho jaegu

tab main usju parwa-
rish karufiga.

7. Hindustan men log: apne

naukron se achchha
bartava karte hain.

8. Ve_unse kafi se ziyada

kam nahm lete.

9. Ve Angrezi zuban asani

se sikh lete hain.

10. Kya tumhara bhi yahi

tajurba hai ?

11. Abhi mujhe yahan kafi

vakt nahin hua.

Explanatory Notes to the above Phrases.

1 lit., with you (in your possession) faithful servant is : 5 lit., he all
work does, and never complaint does ; shikayat (she-kah-yat) com plaint ;
6 lit., when he old gone is then I him support shall do ; 7 bartava, treat-
ment ; 8 lit., they them enough than more work not take.

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY.

Ill

I believe that you are

right.
Be pleased to come this

way.

Kindly read this letter.
Please give me your

address.

Do not go yet.
Is there much game in

this neighbourhood ?
There is much small

game and there are

some tigers.
Partridges and water-
fowl are abundant

here.
Bring the guns and a

few bullets.
Take aim carefully.

You have missed the

aim ( = mark).
When it is cool we will

go into the wood.
Do you think there

is any game there ?

Can you swim ?

1. Mujhe yakin hai ki turn

thlk ho.

2. Is raste se aiye.

3. Is khat ko parhiye.

4. Mujlie apna pata di-

5. Abhi na jaiye.

6. Kya paros men bahut

shikar hai ?

7. Vahan_ bahut sa chhota

shikar hai aur kuchh
sher hain.

8. Titar aur batakh yahan

bakasrat hain.

9. Banduk^ aur kuchh go-

lian lao.
10. Hoshiyari se nishana

lag-ao.
11 Turn nishana chuk gaye.

12. Jab thanda ho jaega tab

ham jangal men jaenge.

13. Kya tumhara khyal hai

ki vahan ko'i shikar
hai?

14. Kya turn tair sakte ho ?

Explanatory Notes to the above Phrases.

1 literally, my belief is that you right are ; 10 hoshiyari (boh-
she-yah-ree), carefully ; hoshiyar also means : clever ami skilful ;
13 literally, what, your thought is that there any game is /

112 HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY.

PROGRESSIVE READING,
with Literal Translation and correct English Rendering.

Ek rivaj Hindustan men kadlm zamane se
One custom India in ancient times from

jari hai. Larki ki shad! karna bap ha-

current is. A girl of marriage to do the father al-

mesha apna awwal farz samajhta hai. Ek
ways his (own) first duty considers. A

vazir ne apni jawan beti ke liye, jo

minister (of state) his (own) young daughter for, who

bahut bad-surat thi ek achchhe talim-yafta

very ugly was a well educated

naujawan ki bahut talash ki lekin bila

youth of much searched but without

kisi natije ke. Akhirkar usne apni beti

any result of. At last he his daughter

ki shadi ek andhe admi se kar di, aur

of marriage a blind man with performed, and

uski parvarish ke liye use bahut daulat
his maintenance for him much wealth

di. Thore dinon ke bad ek mashhur aur
gave. A few days after a famous and

kabil hakim, jo andhon ka ilaj karta

able physician, who blind people of treatment doing

tha, vazir ke shaihar men ay a. Vazir ke

was, the minister's town in came. The minister's

doston ne us se kaha ki : Tumhare damad
friends hkfl to said (that) : Your son-in-law

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY.

113

ka ilaj karane ka
treatment do of

ne jawab diya ki :

reply gave (that) :

achchha mauka hai. Us

good opportunity is. He

Main apne damad ka

I my (own) son-in-law of

ilaj hargiz naiim
cure ever not

darta nun ki
afraid am that

hasil karne par
obtained having on

napasand karne
dislike to do

bhala'I isi men

welfare this in

chahta,

wish,

ankhon

eyes

wuh

lagegra.

will begin.

Hai ki

is that

kyiinki main
because I

ki raushni

of light

meri beti ko

my daughter

Meri beti ki
My daughter of

uska khavind
her husband

zindgi bhar andha rahe.
life throughout blind remain.

Correct English rendering of the above.

From ancient days, it has been a custom in India for a father
to make it his first duty to give his daughter in marriage. v

There was a minister of state who had a very plain daughter.
He made great search for a well educated youth who would
marry her, but without success. At last he married her to a
blind man, to whom he also gave great wealth for his maintenance.

A short time after, a famous physician, who had treated many
blind people, came to the city where the minister dwelt, and his
friends said : This is a good opportunity for your son-in-law to
be cured. But the minister replied : I do not wish my son-in-
law to be cured, because I fear, if his sight were restored, he
might begin to dislike my daughter. Her welfare depends upon
her husband remaining blind all his life.

114 HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EAST.

Meh ki amad Hindustan men bara vakiya

Rain of advent India in great event

hai, kyunki Hindustan zirayati mulk hai
is, because India agricultural country is

aur achchhi fasl ke liye thik vakt par

and good crops for proper time at

men ka kafi mikdar men parna nihayat

rain of enough quantity in falling extremely

zaruri hai. Iske alava barish se hava

important is. This besides rainfall by, air

men tari aur thandak ati hai, jis se gar-

in moisture and coolness coming is, which for heat

mi se tang ae hue logon ko aram milta
with troubled people comfort received

hai. Kheton aur maidanofi men ghas

is. Fields and open spaces in grass

bahutayat se ugati hai aur barsat men maveshi

abundance with grown is and rainy season in cattle

ziyada-tar hari ghas par hi raihte hain.
mostly green grass on living are.

Correct English rendering of the above.
The advent of rain is a great event in India, because India
is an agricultural country and in order to get good crops, it is
extremely important that a sufficient quantity of rain should fall
at the right time. Moreover, rain brings moisture and coolness
in the air, which is a great comfort to the people who are troubled
by the heat. In fields and open spaces, there is abundance of
grass, and in the rainy season the cattle live almost entirely on
green grass.

HI GO 8 HINDUSTANI MADE EASY. 115

FIFTEENTH LESSON.

37.— 1. There is only one RELATIVE PRONOUN in Hin-
dustani, namely JO Gob) WHO, WHICH ; as in :

the boy who was here larka jo yahan tha

the horse which is in the ghora jo us khet men hal
field

2. JO followed by ne becomes jis (jiss) in the Singular
and jinhofi (jin-hon-,) in the Plural, as in :

the dog which killed »>« cat kutta jis ne billl ko mar dala
the goats which ate np the bakarian jinhon ne ghas kha
gras-s dall

3. JO (WHOM, WHICH) followed by ko, or some other
Preposition, also becomes jis in the Singular, but Jin in
the Plural, as in :

the man whom I called adml jis ko main ne bulaya

the boy to wl-im I showed larka jis par main ne raham

kindness kiya

the horses which he bought ghore jin ko us ne kh.arlda

the sheep which the butcher bher jin ko kasa'f ne kat

cat up dala

4. When ko is omitted, JO remains unchanged, as in :
the field which he reaped khet jo us ne kate

the water which 1 drew pan! jo main ne ku'e1 se ni-
f rom the well kala*

38. — WHOSE (or OP WHOM, OP WHICH) is also rendered
by jis in the Singular and by jin in the Plural, as in:

the boy whose book is here larka jiski kitab yahan hai
houses of which the doors makan jinke darvaze tute1

are broken hain

this country the rivers of yeh mulk jiski nadian4 &m*\-
which are like those of ca ki tarah hain

America

1. ku'a (koo-ah), well.

2. nikalna (ni-kahl-nah), to draw (aa water}.

3. tutna (toot-nah), to be broken.

4. nadl rirer ; nadian, rirers.

116

HUGOS HINDUSTANI MADE EASY.

SUE

suraj, m.

soo-radj

inoon chand, m.

star
sky

shade

chahn#d
tah-rah
ahs-mahr,

, m.
, m.

(saya, m.
1 ?hhaya, f .

say-ya> cb'hah-yah
sunshine <UXUp, t.

to shine

cha-mak-nm.

shining ehamkdar

or bright chamk-dahr

clear saf

sahf

air, wind hava, f.

ha-vah

bot winds lU, f.

loo

storm tufa~n, m.

too-fahn

wind, sandstorm andhl, f.
ahn^d-hee

sand ret, m.

rayt

sandy retila

ray- tee-lab

earth khak, f.

(ashes) h'cbahk

desert reg-istan, m.

ray-gis-talm

rain meh, m.

may'h

to rain barasna

bar-as-nah

cloud badal. m.

bah-dal

thunder garaj, f.

ga-radj

lightning bijll, f.
bid j -lee

flash chaniak, f.

oha-mat

damage nuksan, harjana

nuk-sahn, har-jah-nah

danger khatra, m.

h'chat-rah

dangerous khatarnak

h'chat-ar-nahk

snow, ice baraf, £.
ba-raf

hail Ola, m.

oh-lah

useful nmfid

muf-eed

usually amuman

a- moo- man

49.

1. Raste ke darakhton ka saya garm dhup
men bahut mufld hai. 2. Jab meh barasta hai,
tab badal ki garaj aur bijli ki chamak aksar
sath hot! hai. 3. Hindustan men asman aniu-
man saf raihta hai. 4. Chand aur tare khub

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EAST. 117

chamakte hue nazar1 ate hain. 5. Rajputana
Hindustan men retila hissa hai. 6. Vahan an-
dhi aksar at! hain. 7. Dhake men tufan baz-
vakt* bahut nuksan karta hai. 8. Ma'i aur Jun
ki lu bar! khatarnak hot! hain.

1 nazar, sight, view ; nazar ana, to be seen.
2 bazvakt, sometimes.

49a.

1. The shade of the trees on the path is very useful in
the hot sunshine. 2. When rain falls (=it fains) the thun-
der of the clouds and the Hash of lightning ^ften occur with
it. 3. The sky is usually clear in India. 4. The moon and
the stars are seen shining brightly. 5. Rajputana is a sandy
part of (in) India. 6. Sandstorms often come there. 7. In
Dacca a storm sometimes does much fiamage. 8. The hot
winds of May and June are very dangerous.

50.

1. Jab asman men badal a jate hain, tab suraj
ki g-arnii kam ho jati hai. 2. Himalaya pahar
ki chotion1 par hamesha baraf raihti hai. 3. Re-
g-istan men unt2 par sawar ho kar jate hain. 4. Sir
par ola parne men khatra hai. 5. Tumhen dukan-
dar3 ko harjana dena hogra. 6. Ek din khak
men mil jana hai.

1 chotl (choh-tee), peak ; 2 uat (oonjt), camel ; 3 dukandar
(duk-ahn-dahr), shopkeeper.

50a.

1. When clouds appear in the sky, the heat of the sun
diminishes (less becomes). 2. There is always snow on the
peaks of the Himalayas. 3. They go into the deserts riding
on camels. 4. There is danger in hail falling on the head.
5. You will have to pay damages to the shopkeeper. 6. One
day we have to mingle with the earth=die (Indian proverb).

118 HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EAST.

39. — The FAMILIAR FORM of the SECOND PERSON.
THOU tu THEE tujhe or tujhko

too tudj-hay tudj'h-koh

THY, THINE tera, tere, teri

tay-rah, tay-ray, tay-ree

EXAMPLES.

If It was not thou, it must have Agar frfi na tha, to tera bap

been thy father. raha hoga.

1 thought he would have told Mera khyal tha ki usne tujh

thee. se kaih diya hoga.

Foreigners should avoid the use of this pronoun.

40. — The verb lagna, which really means ' to stick,' is
used in various ways. It often means ' to begin,' ag in ;
he began to eat wuh khane laga

we shall begin to read ham parhne lagenge

NOTE. — Before lagna the a cf the Infinitive changes into e, as
illustrated above.

Further usages of lagna.

I feel hot mujhe g-armi lagti hai

I feel pain or pity mujhe dard lagta hai

this picture is stuck on yeh tasvir dival mefl

the wall lagl hai

the physician applies the hakim dava lagata hai

medicine [hai

I enjoy it mujhe achchha lagta

you do whatever you turn jo chahe_ karo,

like, what does it mat- mera kya lagta hai ?

ter to me ?

how many rupees did is mez men kitne ru-

this table cost ? paye lage ?

the argument does not yeh dalil nahlfi lagtl
apply

HUGO 8 HINDUSTANI MADE EAST.

119

CONVERSATIONAL PHRASES.

Which is the best news-
paper ?

Can you tell me of a
good newspaper ?

Are the newspapers
written in Hindi cha-
racters ?

It is very difficult to
read the Hindi let-
ters.

When I have been a
little longer in In-
dia I hope to read
them easily.

One gets confused with
the different dialects.

You tell me that the
Hindi language as
given in this book,
is understood all over
India ?

If you do not go now
yon will be too late
(=much lateness).

Sab se achchha akhbar
kaun hai ?

Kya turn mujhe ek ach-
chha akhbar bata sak-
teho?

Kya akhbar Hindi ha-
rafon mefi likhe jate
hain?

4. Hindi haruf parhna ba-
hut mushkil hota hai.

Jab mujhe Hindustan
mofl kuchh aur din ho
jaenge tab maifi um-
mid karta hun ki
unhefi asani se parh

Mukhtalif bolion se ad-
mi g-habra jata hai.

Turn mujh se kaihte ho
ki Hindi zuban jaisi is
kitab men di hui hai,
sare Hindustan men
«»amjhi jati hai ?

Ag"ar_ap abhi nahin jate
to apko bahut der ho
jaegi.

Explanatory Notes to the above Phrases.
1 lit., all than good newspaper, which is ? 2 bata, from batana, to
tell, to acquaint ; 5 kuchh aur din, lit., some more days (idiomatic for :
a little longer) ; nmmid, hope (noun), ummid karna, to hope (lit., hope
do) ; 6 lit., differ Mit upeeches with, one confused going is.

120

HUGOS HINDUSTANI MADE KAST.

In India two kinds of
carriages are used.

They are called bullock-
carts and horse-car-
riages.

Bullock-carts are used
in the villages.

Horse-carriages are used
in the towns.

We will go out for a

drive.
Our friends will go on

horseback.
We shall be back (re-

turn) at nine o'clock.
I cannot go out, be-

cause it is too hot.

He is ill, therefore he

cannot come.
My sister is preparing

the tea.
Put plenty of sugar in

the tea.
The children want

(need) some milk.
There is no milk in

the house.

1. Hindustan men do kism

ki garian istemal ki
jati hain.

2. Unko bailgari aur gho-

ragari kaihte hain.

3. Bailgarian gaon men

istemal ki jati hain.

4. Ghoragarian _shaiharon

men istemal ki jati
hain.

5. Ham gari men bahar

jaenge.

6. Hamare dost ghoron par

jaenge.

7. Ham nau baje laut

a'enge.

8. Main bahajr nahin ja

sakta chunki garmi
bahut hai.

9. Wuh bimar hai, isliye

wuh a nahin sakta.

10. Meri baihin cha taiyar

kar rahi hai.

11. Cha^ men chmi khub

dalo.

12. Bachchon ko kuchh

dudh ki zarurat hai.

13. Ghar men dudh bilkul

nahin hai.

Explanatory Notes to the above Phrases.

1, 3 & 4 istemal ki jati hain, lit., use of going are ; 7 laut, from
lautna (lawt-nah), to return ; 12 lit., to the children some milk neces-
sary is ; 13 lit., in the house milk at all not is.

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI HADE EASY. 121

PROGRESSIVE READING,

with Literal Translation and correct English Rendering.

Mandi men. — Rahim, dekho ! turn apna su-
Market in. — Rahim, look here I your own morn-
ball ka kam khatm kar ke, sabzi mandi

ing's work finished done, fruit and vegetable market

men jao. Phal Abdulla mevafarosh se aur
in go. Fruic Abdulla fruit-seller from and

tarkari Ilahi Beg kunjre se lana. Anar,
vegetables Ilahi Beg greengrocer from bring. Pomegranates,

am aur kela ek ek darjan lana. Angur,

mangoes and plantains each dozen bring. Grapes,

khajur aur pista ek ek ser lana. Ab-

dates and nuts each two pounds bring. Ab-

dulla se puchhna ki : hamko Kullu ki seb,

dulla from inquire that : us Kullu of apples,

Kashmir ki nashpati, Kuete ke aru aur

Cashmere of pears, Quetta of peaches and

kharbuze kab milenge ? Ilahi Beg se kaihna

melons when shall get ? Ilahi Beg to might say

ki hamko us ne abhi phulgobhi, matar,

that us to him by as yet cauliflowers, peas,

patgobhi aur tamatar nahm diye hain,
cabbages and tomatoes not given are,

agarche unka mausim a-gaya hai. Ham
although their season arrived is. We

122 HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY.

alu, muli, shalgham, gajar aur piyaz khate-

potatoes, radishes, turnips, carrots and onions eat-

khate thak g*aye haifL Hamare parausi

ing tired are. Our neighbour

sahib ke pas, unke kunjre ne baingan,

gentleman by his greengrocer

bhiiidi aur kaddu pahunchaye hain.

supplied are.

Turn apne kunjre ko khabardar
You our greengrocer to warning

agrar wuh aur achchhe kunjron ki tarah
if he other good greengrocers like

hamko tarkari nahm muhayya karegu, to ham
to us vegetables not supply will do, then we

us se kharidna chhor dengre. In sab chizon
him from to buy cease shall. These all things

ko mazdur ke sar par liva lana.
porter of head on bring (fetch).

Correct English rendering of the above.

At the market. — Rahim, look here ! when your morning's
work is finished, go to the fruit and vegetable market, and bring
fruit from the fruiterer Abdulla, and vegetables from the
greengrocer Ilahi Beg.

Bring pomegranates, mangoes and bananas (plantains) one
dozen of each. Also grapes, dates and pistachio nuts two pounds
of each. Inquire of Abdulla when we shall get the apples of Kullu,
the pears of Cashmere and the peaches and melons of Quetta.

Tell Ilahi Beg that we have not yet been supplied with
cauliflowers, ceas and tomatoes, although their season has come.

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY. 123

We are tired of eating potatoes, radishes, turnips, carrots and
onions. Our neighbour obtained from his greengrocer (the three
vegetables mentioned in the text). You must warn our green-
grocer that if he does not supply us with vegetables like other
good greengrocers, we shall cease to buy from him. Bring all
the goods on the head of a porter.

Ek amir admi ek fakir ko apne jawa-
A rich man an ascetic to his jewels

hirat dikha raha tha. Fakir ne kaha

showing was. The fakir said

ki : In jawahirat men hissa batane ke
(that) : These jewels in share distributing

liye tumhara mashkur him. — Kya ! mere
for to you grateful am. What I my

jawahirat men hissa ! Apka matlab kya

jewels in share ! Your meaning what

hai ? — Turn mujhe inko dekhane ki ija-
is ? You me these seeing of per-

zat dete ho. Iske alawa, turn hi in
mission gave. This besides, you them

se kya kar sakte ho ?
with what doing can be ?

Correct English rendering of the above.

A rich man was showing his jewels to an ascetic. I am
grateful to you, said the latter, for sharing your jewels with me.

What ! sharing my jewels 1 What do you mean ?

You allowed me to look at them ; besides this, what more
can you do with them?

124 HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY.

SIXTEENTH LESSON.

41.— CAUSAL VERBS.

This term implies that something is caused to be done,
to take place, or to be brought about.

A simp_le verb can be made causal and doubly causal by
inserting a and WE, respectively, between the stem of the
verb and the termination. Many Causals are better translated
by different words. Examples :

sunna TO HEAR

sunana, to tell (=to cause to hear)
sunwana, to cause to be told

parhna TO READ

parhana, to teach, instruct (=to cause or make to read)
parhwana, to cause to be taught or instructed

In many cases the Causal and the doubly Causal verb
have the same meaning, as :

milna TO MEET

milana or milwana, to cause or arrange to meet

karna TO DO

karana or karwana, to cause to be done, to bring about

Some Causal verbs are formed irregularly, as :
sona TO SLEEP

sulana, to make one go to sleep

sulwana, to cause (some one) to make (another) go to sleep

letna TO LIE DOWN

litana, to make (some one) lie down

litwana, to cause (some one) to make (another) lie down

sma TO SEW, STITCH

Silana or silwana, to cause to be sewn or stitched

dh.ona TO WASH

dhulana or dhulwana, to cause to be washed

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EAST. 125

4 2 .—INTERJECTIONS.
Some of the most commonly used INTERJECTIONS, are :

ai ! oh ! hallo !

hai hai ! what a pity I

hay hay ! alas !

K - . ^- . , , hoshiyar ! be careful I

bap ! Dap ! help ! rnercy !

literally : father ! father 1

wah jviih !\ bravo ! or
Shabash ! I well done 1

bahut achchha ! all right '
Chup ! hush !
dur ! begone !

ya Khuda ! 0, God i

afSOS ! sorry ! (lit. sorrow !)
ch h l chill ! shame I

to play khelna, causal : khilana | to bite katna, causal : katana
to rob lutna, causal : lutwana

snake sanp

nurse da'l

dah-ee

scoundrel badmash

bad-mahsh

game, play khel
k'hayl

51.

1. Hay hay ! is gharib ko badmash ne luta-
wa diya. 2. Shabash! turn ne khub khel khi-
laya. 3. Han, man ne da'i se bachche ko su-
lane ke liye kaha tha. 4. Ya Khuda ! is larke
ko chahe jitna parhaen kuchh asar nahm hota
5. Bap ! bap ! yeh mujhe sanp se katata hai. 6
Bahut achchha ! main us admi se wahi ka-
raunga jo ap chahte hain.

' 51a.

1. Alas ! the scoundrel caused this poor man to be
robbed. 2. Bravo ! you caused a nice game to be played.

3. Yes, the mother told the nurse to put the child to sleep.

4. Oh God ! whatever one may teach this boy, it has no
effect. 5. Help! mercy! this man causes the snake to bite
me. 6. All right ! (or very well !) I shall make this man
do what yon want.

J.26 HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EAST.

43. — When addressing an officer of high rank, the
word Huzur (your honour) may be used. In connection
with this, note the following :

TO ARRIVE is tashrlf lana

TO DEPART is tashrif le jana

used in such expressions as :

When did your honour arrive ? Huzur kab tashrif la'e haifi t
When will your honour leave or depart ?

Huziir kab tashrif le jaenge ?

tashrif implies : the honour of your presence ; tash.-
rif lana therefore means : _to _bring the honour of your
presence, and tashrif le jana means : to take away the
honour of your presence. The verb, of course, must be in
the Third Person Plural (polite form).

These expressions are also used in ordinary conversation.

44. — The following hints with regard to SALUTATION
and THANKS, may be of service.

The ordinary salutation is salam, PEACE. The fol-
lowing expressions are in common use :

salam karna to greet or salute

salam bolna or | to give or send greetings or saln-
salam dena J tations

which is a polite way of sending for anyone you wish
to speak to.

For instance, patwari ko salam do (or salam bolo)

means : give my salam to the patwari (village accountant),
by which message the accountant will understand that you
want to speak to him.

Again, when someone calls to see you, and sends in his
card, you say to_your servant who brings you the card,
salam do or salam bolo. The servant gives your salam
to the caller, who then comes in to pay his visit.

_Hindus often greet one another with the cry Ham !
Ram ! (the name of a deity).

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EAST. 127

45. — THANK YOU, to servants and inferiors Js ex-
pressed by bahut achchha, or merely_ achchha, * all
right,' 'that will do.' Bahut achchha is also used in
the literal sense of 'very well.'

THANK YOU, to equals and superiors is _expressed by
shukr, shukr hai or shukr guzar hona, thus :

thanks shukr or shukr hai

I thank you main ap ka shukr guzar hun

46. — aur (AND) is often omitted between two Nouns,
AS in :

boys and girls larke larkiyan

milk and sugar dudh shakar

up and down unch nlch

big and little chote bare

AND in certain cases is expressed by O, as in :

ab o hava water and air (that is, climate)

sard o garm cold and hot

47. — The word hi conveys emphasis, and can be

added to almost any word, as in :
only one ek hi

just before paihle hi se

it happened just here yahan hi hua tha

I have called YOU main ne turn hi ko bulaya
(not another) hai

hi is often placed between two words for additional
emphasis, thus :

wuh dekhte hi dekhte gfcayab ho gaya

he disappeared while we were just looking (=in a moment)

48. — The verb chahna (to wish or want to), is used
idiomatically to express that something is about to take
place, as in :

he is about to come here wuh yahan aya ehahta hai

(=he is due)
the clock is about to strike | gharl baja chahtl hai

128 HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY.

49. — The addition of the word wala can make_almost
any verb into a noun, expressing agency. Wala takes
gender and number, wala, wale, wall.

The final a of the verb changes into 6 before wala.

EXAMPLES.

from bechna, to sell comes bechnewala, a seller

„ kharidna, to buy „ kharldnewala, a buyer

„ dena, to give „ denewala, a giver

„ likhna, to write „ likhnewala, a writer

50. — wala can also be added to a noun, and indicates
the PERSON connected with the thing expressed by the noun.

EXAMPLES.

from shaihar, a town comes shaiharwala, a townsman

„ gaon, a village „ gaonwala, a villager

„ phal, a fruit „ phalwala, a fruiterer

,, phul, a flower „ phulwala, a flower-seller

52.

1. main ap ko likli hi raha tha ; 2. wuh yeh
karna hi chahta tha ; 3. grhar pas hi hai ; 4.
wuh ja hi rahi thi ki wuh agaye ; 5. main is
jagah ka raihnewala nahm him ; 6. graonwalon
ke banisbat shaiharwale amuman zyada parhe
likhe hote ham; 7. is ghore ka kharldnewala
kaun hai ? 8. Chinwale bare achchhe karigrar
hote hain ; 9. marnewale se bachanewala bara

hai.

52a.

1. 1 was just writing to you ; 2. he was going (=just
about) to do it ; 3. the house is quite close by ; 4. she
was just (on the point of) going, when they arrived ; 5. I
am not a resident of this place ; 6. townsmen are gener-
ally better educated than villagers ; 7. who is the buyer of
this horse ? 8. the Chinese are excellent craftsmen ; 9. the
saviour is greater than the slayer.

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY.

129

CONVERSATIONAL PHRASES.

There are four paihars

(= watches) in the day.

There are also four

watches in the night.
A summer's day has

five watches.
One hour is a very

short time.
The sun shone all the

afternoon .
It is very bad to sleep

till eight o'clock.
You should always get

up at five o'clock in

the morning.
Last night I was awake

all night.
It is difficult to sleep

when it is very hot.

The mosquitoes are very

troublesome.
A mosquito-net is a 11.

necessity.
Go and buy one at the 12.

bazaar.

Din men char paihar
hote hain.

Rat men bhi char pai-
har hote hain.

Garini ke din men panch
paihar hote hain.

4. Ek ghanta bahut thora

vakt hai.

5. Suraj sare sepaihar
_ chamakta raha.

Ath baje tak sona bahut

kharab hai.
Turn ko subah hamesha

panch baje uthna cha-

hiye.
Kal main sari rat jagta

raha.
Jab bahut g-armi hot!

hai, tab sona mushkil

hota hai.
Machchhar bahut taklif

dete hain.
Masahri zaruri hai.

10.

J'a'o bazar
le a'o.

se ek mol

Explanatory Notes to the above Phrases.

6 literally, the sun whole afternoon shining remained ; ohamakna, to
shine ; 8 lit., yesterday I whole night awake remained ; jagna,, to
awake ; 12 mol lena, to purchase ; mol le a'o, idiomatic for : go and
buy (lit., purchase taking come).

B.8. — 5

130

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EAST.

No one knew where he

had gone.
Some were saying one

thing, some another
The town is not very

far from here.
There is a village close

by.
After a time we shall

get used to it.
That is his own story.
The dog went of his

own accord.
If you do that you will
get yourself into trouble.
It is your own fault.

He deceived himself
and his friends.

I forgot myself.

Nobody goes near him.

I was nearly dead with
fright.

He may have told me.

He must have done it.

When he comes you
must say to him (that)
I have done it.

Do as I tell you.

Do not be so slow.

1. Kisi ko na jnalum tha

ki wuh kalian guya hai.

2. Ko'i yeh kali raha tha,

aur ko'i wuh.

3. Shaihar yahan se dur

nahm hai.

4. Ek g-aon nazdlk hai.

5. Kuchh_din ke bad ham

iske adi ho jaenge.

6. Yeh usi ka kissa hai.

7. Kutta ap hi chala graya.

8. Agrar turn yeh karog*e to

afat mefl phans jaoge.

9. Yeh tumhara hi kasur

hai.

10. Usne apne ko aur apne

doston ko dhokha diya.

11. Main apne ko bhul guya.

12. Uske pas ko'i nahm jata.

13. Main khauf se qarib qa-

rib mar g;aya.

14. Shay ad usne mujh se

kaha hog-a.

15. Usne zarur kiya hog-a.

16. Jab wuh a'e to us se

kahna ki : Main ne
yeh kiya hai.

17. Jaisa main_tumhen ka-

hun vaisa karo.

18. Itne sust mat ho'o.

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EAST.

181

India has three hun-
dred million inhabi-
tants.

There are 100 good sol-
diers in this regiment.

We have sent off fifty
letters this week.

This is the second day
of the month.

The third day is a holi-
day, [day.

The seventh day is Sun-
Pay will be given on
the last day.

Who has brought the
deputy's letter ?

The messenger is here

( = present) your honour.

Tell him to give my
best compliments to
his master.

Well, where were you
yesterday ?

There was much rain
yesterday, sir, I could
not come.

Very well, sir, I will do
this work.

Let the gentleman come

in. [gentleman.

Bring a chair for the

1. Hindustan men tetis ka-

ror raihnewale (admi)
hain.

2. Is paltan men sau ach-

chhe sipahi hain.

3. Is hafte ham ne pachas

khat bheje hain.

4. Mahine ka yen dusra

din hai.

5. Tisre din chhutti hai.

6. Satwen din itawar hai.

7. Akhiri din tankhwah di

jaegri.

8. Dipt! sahib ki chitthi

kaun laya hai ?

9. Huzur chaprasi hazir

hai.

10. Kaho, sahib ko bahut

bahut salam bole.

11. Achchha, kal turn ka-

han the ?

12. Janab kal bahut pani

barasta tha, a na saka.

13. Bahut achchha, sahib,

main_ yen kam kar-
dung-a.

14. Sahib ko salam do.

15. Sahib ke liye kursi la'o.

132 HUGO*S HINDUSTANI MADE EAST.

PROGRESSIVE READING,

with Literal Translation and correct English Rendering.

Hindustan men ghar ke bahar ka kam
India in home of outside of work

amuman mard hi karte hain. Gaon men
generally men only doing are. Villages in

auraten bhi kheton men baz kam karti

women also fields in some work doing

hain, maslan, bij bona aur fasl katna,
are, for example, seed sowing and crop cutting,

vaghaira. Shaihron men gharib darje ki
etc. Cities in poor class of

auraten bataur am mazdur ke rozi
women in the capacity ordinary labourers of livelihood

kamati hain. Mohallon men aksar aura-
earning are. Residential quarters in often wo-

ten phul, phal, aur sabzi bechti hain. Yeh

men flowers, fruit, and vegetables sell. These

auraten malin1 kaihlati hain. Abtak au-

women gardeners called are. Until lately wo-

raton ne moharir? kam nahm liya hai.
men by clerical work not taken is.

Kharid-farokht bhi ziyadatar mard hi karte

Buying and selling also mainly men only doing

hain. Isliye bazaron men auraten kam
are. Therefore bazaar in women less

1 mall, m., malin, f., gardener ;
3 moharir, clerk : moharirl, clerical.

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY. 183

dekhne men ati hain. Albatta tirthofi
sight in coming are. However, places of pilgrimages

par, melon men, auraten bakasrat nazar ati
at, fairs in, women in plenty to be seen

hain, aur khullam-khulla purl azadi se
are, and openly full freedom with

chalti phirti hain. Rozana isteshnon par,
moving about are. Daily stations at,

relg-ari men sab darjon ki auraten

railway trains in all classes of women

bakhubi dekhi ja sakti hain. Hin-
fairly well seen can be. In-

dustan men khavind bivi ka rishta maz-

dia in husband wife of relation reli-

habi mamla khiyal kiya jata hai.
gious matter considered is.

Correct English rendering of the above.

In India, the outside work is generally done by men only.
In the villages, the women sometimes do some of the work in the
field, such as sowing the seed and cutting the crops.

In the cities, the women of the poorer class earn a living as
ordinary labourers by selling flowers, fruit and vegetables in the
residential quarters. These women are called garde ners.

Until lately clerical work was not done by women. Buying
and selling is also mainly done by men. Therefore women are
not much seen in the bazaars, but in places of pilgrimage, and at
fairs, there are plenty of women to be seen, moving about quite
freely and openly. Daily, at railway stations, and in the trains,
women of all classes are fairly well represented.

In India, the relation between husband and wife is looked
upon as a religious matter.

134 HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY.

Hindustan men sab mazhab pae jate hain.

India in all religions found are.

Un men se mufassil-zail bayan ke kabil

Them among (—in) the following mention of worthy

hain. Hindu mazhab, Islam, Isai mazhab,

are. Hinduism, Mohammedanism, Christianity,

Pars! mazhab. Islam ke log- Musalrnan

the Parsee religion. Mohammedanism of people Moslems

kaihlate hain. Hinduon ki tadad Musal-
called are. Hindus of number Mos-

manon, Isaion, Parsion ki mushtarka tadad

lerns, Christians, Parsees of combined number

se bhi ka'i guna ziyada hai. Hindustani

than of many times more is. Indians

aur khaskar Hindu log g-osht kam khate

and in particular Hindu people meat little eat.

hain. Hindu gae ke gosht se aur Musal-
Hindu cow's flesh from and Mos-

xnan su'ar ke gosht se sakht parhez karte

^ms pig's flesh from strictly abstinence doing

hain. Baz Hindu gosht, sharab aur andon
are. Several Hindus meat, wine and eggs

ko bhi istemal karne se katai inkar karte
of also using from, altogether refusal doing

hain. Logon ki am ghiza dudh, makkhan,
are. People of usual food milk, butter,

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI JiADK EAST. 135

ghi anaj, chaval, phal, tarkari, va-

clarified butter, corn, rice, fruit, vegetables,

ghaira hain. Amuman har Hindu rozana

etc., are. Usually every Hindu daily

nahata hai. Har Musalman ek din men
bathing is. Every Moslem one day in,

panch dafa namaz parhta hai.
five times prayers reading is.

Correct English rendering of the above.

In India all religions are found. The most important among
these are the following : Hinduism, Mohammedanism, Chris-
tianity and Parseeism.

The people professing Mohammedanism are called Moslems
(or Muslims). The number of those professing Hinduism is far
greater than the combined numbers of Moslems, Christians and
Parsees. Indians, and in particular the Hindus, eat little meat.
Hindus abstain from eating beef, Moslems abstain from eating
pork. Many Hindus abstain altogether from meat, wine and eggs.

The usual food of the people is milk, butter, clarified (or
Indian) butter, corn, rice, fruit, vegetables, etc.

The Hindus generally bathe once a day. The Moslems say
their prayers fire times each day.

Pahar ki tara'i men bahut se sher aur

Mountains of base in many of tigers and

hathi hain.— Kabni kabhi sanp makanon men

elephants are. Sometimes snakes houses in

chale ate hain.— Blialu aur tendue pahari

coming are. Bears and leopards hillj

mulk men raihte hain
country in living are.

186

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EAST.

SHORT VOCABULARIES OF USEFUL NOUNS.

THE TOWN. — shaihar, m.

shai-har

government building_

sarkari imarat, f.

sar-kah-ree im-mah-rat

custom house

chungi giiar, m.

chune-guee g'har

post-office dak khana, m.

dahk h'chah-iiah

telegraph office_

tar g'har, m.

tahr g'har

hospital shafa khana, m.
or aspatal, m.

shaf-ah h'chah-nah, as-pa-tahl

church girja, m.

guir-jah

mosque masjid, f.

mas-djid

temple maiidir, m.

man0-dir

police station thana, m.

t'hah-nah

court of law adalat, f .

a-dah-lat

civil court

divani adalat, f.

dee-vah-nee a-dah-lat
criminal court_

fauidari adalat, £.

fawj-dah-ree a-dah-lat

revenue court

adalat mal, f.

a-dah-lat mahl

prison jel khana, m.

jail h'chah-nah

shop dukan, f.

doo-kahn

road sarak, f,

sa-rak

street gall, f.

gah-lee

THE HOTEL. — hotal, m.

hoh-tal

waiter

vay-tar

vetar, m.

bill, bill of fare bil, m.
bill

servant naukar, m.

naw-kar

tip

in-ahm

dahm

inam, m.
i

dam, m.

visitor maihman, m.

mai'h-mahn

first floor

paihli maiizil, f.

pai'h-lce

second floor_

dusri mafizil,

doos-r

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EAST.

187

THE RAILWAY. — Pel, f.

rayl

station isteshan, m.

is-tay-shun

platform pletfann, m.

playt-fahrm
booking-office

tikatghar, m.

tick-at-g'har

ticket tikat, m.

tick-at

luggage asbab, m.

as-bahb

engine ail jan, m.

railway carriage

relgari, f.

rayl gah-ree

luggage van malgraxi, f.

mahl-gah-ree

Station master

isteshan mastar, m.

is-tay-shan mahs-tar

guard gard, m.

gahrd

porter kllll, m.

ku-lee

trunk, box trank, m.

express train

expres gari, f.

ex-press gah-ree
mail train dak grari, f.

dahk gah-ree

time-table taimtebil, m.
taim-tay-bU

H.S.— 5*

SHIPPING.— j ahazi.

ja-hah-zee

steamboat
sailing-vessel

ja-hahz

man-of-war

jangi jahaz, m.

jan<r-guee ja-hahz
merchantman

mail or tijarati jahaz, m.

mah-lee or ti-jah-ra-tee ja-hahz

mast patwar, m.

pat-wahr

rope rassi, f .

raa-see

steward stuard, m.

stoo-ard

sailor mallali, m.

mal-lah

mate met, m.

mayt

captain kaptan, m.

kap-tahn

cabin kamra, m.

kam-rah

roof
wall

THE HOUSE. —

gliar, makan, m.

g'har, ma-kahn

chhat, f.

ch'hat

dlval, f.

dee-vahl

floor farsh, m.

farsh
staircase zina,m.

zee-nah

window khirki, £.

k'hir-kee

188

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EAST.

THE HOUSE (continued)

door darvaza, m.

dar-vah-zah
front door

samne ka darvaza, m.

sah iii-nay kali dar-vah-zah
dining-room

khane ka kamra, m.

k'hah-nay kab kam-rah

drawing-room baithak, f.

bait-hak

bedroom

sone ka kamra, m.

soh-nay kah ka.u-rah
study

parline ka kamra, m.

[i!ir-h'n;iy kah kam-rah

bathroom, lavatory

g&usul khana, m.

h'ru-sul k'chith-nah

office daftar, m.

daf-tar

garden bagil, m.

bah'r

flower garden _

phul bag&, m.

p bool bah'r

orchard bagilTcha, m.

bah-h'rec-chah

FURNITURE. — saman, m.

sah-rnahn

table mez, f.

mayz

chair kursi, f.

kur-see

armchair aram kursi, f .

ah-rahm kur-see

writing table

likhne ki mez, f.

lik'h-nay kee-mayz

picture tasvir, f.

tas-veer

ornaments zevar, m.
zay-var

curtains parda, m.

par-dah

carpet farsh, m., dari, f.

farsh, da-ree

matting chata'l, f.

cha-tah-ee

mirror shisha, m.

shee-shah

desk desk, m.

desk

lamp chirag'h,, m.

chir-ah'r

bed charpai, f.

chahr-pah-ee

stove chulha, m.

chool-hah

sofa sofa, m.

soh-fah

store-room godam, m.

goh-dahm

THE BODY. —

jism, badan, m.

head

jism, ba-dan

sar, m.

forehead peshani, t

pay-shah-nee

hair bal, m.

bahl

ear kan, m.

kahn

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EAST.

189

THK BODY (continued).

ere ankh, f.

ah»fk'b

nose nak, f.

nshk

month munh, m.

mu»* h

face chehra, m.

chay'h-rah

tooth dant, m.

cheek rukhsar, gal, m.

ruh'ch-sahr, gahl

neck gardan, f.

gar-dan

shoulder kandha, m.

ka»v-d'hah

arm bazu, m.

bah-zoo

hand hath, m.

haht'h

finger ungll,f.

nof-lee

thumb ang'utha. m.

a«f-goo-t'hah

nail nakhun, m.

nah-h'choon

cheat chhati, £.

ch'hah-tee

stomach meda, pet, m

may-dah, payt

heart dil, m.

dill

leg tang, f .

foot pair, paon, m.

payr, pah-o»f

knee ghutna, m.

g'hut-nah

paw
tail

pafija, m.

pa«*-jah _

punchh, f.

h h

BATING AND DRINKING,

khana, pma

k'hah-iiah, pee-nah

food khana, m.

k'hab-nah

breakfast

subah ka khana*

(=morning food)

su-bab kaii k'hah-nah

dinner sham ka^hana m.
or byalu, f.

(^evening food)

shabm kah k'hah-nah, b'yat-loo

tea cha, f.

cbah

coffee kahava, m.

ka-ha-vah

chocolate chaklet, f.

chahk-layt

wine, beer sharab, f.

(any intoxicant) sha-rahb

soup shorba, m.

shohr-bah

bread rotl, f.

rob-tee

meat gosht, m.

gohsht

cheese chlZ, f.

cheez

eggs ande, m.

a»fl-day

milk dudh, m.

dood'b

'Two other names for breakfast are
(cb'boh-tee hah-ri-ree, ka-lay-wah) ;

chhotl hazirt, f., and kalewa, m.

any of these names also apply to lunch

140

HUGO 8 HINDUSTANI MADE EASY.

EATING, DBINKINO (continued)

butter makkhan, m.

mak-k'han

Indian or clarified
butter ghi, in.

g'hce

fruit phal, m.

p'hal

vegetables tarkari, f.

tar-kah-ree

sweetmeats mith.a'1, f.

mit-hah-ee

TRADES.— tijarat, f.

ti-jah-rat

basati

ba-sah-tee
greengrocer kunjra

grocer

fruiterer mewafarosh.

may-wah-fa-rosh

butcher kasa'l

kas-ah-ee

baker tanurwala, _

rotiwala

tan-oor-vah-lah, roh-tee-vah-lah

milkman grhosi

g'hoh-see

provision merchant

bani'a

ba-ni-ah

fisherman mahlgir,

machhua

mah-hee-gueer, mach-hu-ah

fishmonger machliliwala

mach'li-lee-vah-lah

confectioner halwa'l

hal-wah-ee

cook bavarchi

bah-var-chee

water carrier

bhishti, sakka

b'hibh-tee, sak-kah

gardener mall
mah-lee

carpenter barh.a'l

bar-ha-t:e

mason memar

may-mail r

blacksmith lohar

loh-hahr

goldsmith sunar

sun-ahr

jeweller jauharf

jaw-ha-ree

bootmaker mochl

moh-chee

tailor darzi

dar-zee

cloth merchant bajaz

ba-jahz

washerman dliobl
d'hoh-bee

cowherd gadariya

ga-da-re-yah

UTENSILS AND TOOLS.
, m. (aw-zahr)

plate thali, rakabi, f .

t'hah-lee, rak-ah-bee

lota, m.
loh-tah

ug
glass

gllas, m.

gui-lahs

cup pyala, m.

p'yah-lah

spoon chammacli, £.

cham-madch
knife Chaku, m.

chah-koo

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY.

141

UTENSILS, TOOLS (continued)

fork kanta, m.

kahn^-tah

hammer hathaura, m.

hat'h-aw-rah

saw ara, m.

ah-rah

screw pech, m.

paych

screwdriver pechkas, m.

paych-kas

nails kll, f.

keel

ruler rul, f.

rool

spade khurpT, f.

k'hur-pee

scissors kainch.1, f.

kainp-chee

razor astura, m.

as-too-rah

WRITING MATERIALS.

likhne ka saman.

lik'h-nay kah sah-mahn

paper kaghaz, m.

kah-h'raz

letter papej

chitthi ka kagiiaz, m.

chit-t'hee kah kah-h'raz

blotting paper SOkhta, m.

soh'ch-tah

envelope lifafa, m.

lif-ah-fah

pen kalam or qalam, f.

ka-lam

pencil pensil, f.

inkstand davat, f.

dah-vaht

postage stamp_

dak tikat, m.

dahk tick-at

seal xnuhar, f.

mu-har
note book notbuk, f.

noht-buk

pocket book paketbuk, f.

pah-kayt-buk

diary dayari, f .

dah-ya-ree

COLOURS. — rang, m.

blue

red

green

yellow

grey

orange

black

white

nila

nee-lah

surkh, lal

surh'ch, lahl

sabz, hara

sabz, ha-rah

zard, pila

zard, pee-lah

bhura

b'hoo-rah

narangi rafig1

nah-ran<r-guee ra»wg

kala, syah

kah-lab, s'yah

sufed

su-fayd

THE ARMY.— failj, t

fawdj

general janaral

dja-na-ral

colonel karnal

kar-nal

major rnejar

may-djar

142

HUGOS HINDUSTANI MADE EASY.

THE ARMY (continued)

captain kaptan

kap-tahn

officer afsar

af-sar

regiment paltan, f.

pal-tan

foot soldier sipahi

si-pah-hee

horse soldier sawar
sa-wahr

cavalry grlmr sawar, m.

g'hur sa-wah

infantry pyada, in.

p'yah-dah

Hag, standard jhafida, m.

dj'hanj-dali

tent
uniform

khima, m.

h'chee-mali

var-dee

vardi, f .

barracks barak, m.

bah-rak

to march Chalna, or

ruldisat hona

chal-nah, ruh'ch-sat hoh-nah

war, battle lara'i, jangr, f.

lar-ah-ee, dja«sg

attack hamla, m.

ham-lah

cannon top, f.

tohp

gun banduk, f.

ban0-dook

sword talwar, f .

tal-wahr

bullet goll, f.

goh-lee

powder barud, f.

bah-rcxxi

shot chharra, m.

ch'har-rah

ammunition g"Ola barud, m.

goh-lah bah-rood

TITLES,* PROFESSIONS, etc.

khitab, m., peshe, m.,
vagliaira

h'che-tahb, pay-shay, va-h'rai-rah

king raja, badshah

rah-jah, bahd-shah

queen rani, malka

rah-nee, mal-kah

prince rajkumar,

shahzada

rahj-ku-mahr, shah-zah-dah

princess rajkumari,_
shahzadi

rahj-ku-mah-ree, shah-zah-dee

heir apparent

yuvaraj, wall

yu-vah-rahj, va-lee

judge jaj, munsif

jadj, muii-sif

•INDIAN TITLES — beginning at the lowest rank. These cannot be
translated into English.

Rai (rab-e), Rao (rah'o), Khan (h'chahn) ; Rai Bahadur (rah-e
ba-hah-dur), Rao Bahadur (rah-oh ba-hah-dur), Dlwan Bahadur (di-
vahn bah-hah-dur), Khan Bahadur (h'chahn ba-hah-dur) ; Raja (rah-
jah), Maharaja (ma-hah-rah-jah), Nawab (na-vahb).

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY.

143

TITLES, PBOFKSSIONS (continued)

lawyer, solicitor vakil
va-keel

lawyer's clerk muharir

mu-hah-rir

priest purohit

pur-oh-htt

doctor hakim, daktar

hak-eein, dahk-tar

teacher guru, mastar,_
parhanewala

gu-roo, mahs-tar,

par-hah-uay-vah-lah

bank

BANKING, etc.

bank, f.

bank-manager_

bank ka menejar

bangk kah may- nay- jar
bank-clerk

bank ka munshi

ban0k kah mun-shee

cash nakd, m.

nakd

loan

karz, udhar, m.

karz. ud-hahr

cheque, draft

chek, hundi, f.

cneck, hu«y-dee
currency note

karansi not, m.

ka-ranfl-see noht

money rupaya, m.

ru-pa-yah

MONEY VALUES.

mpaya silver coin and paper = Is. 4d. at par.

roo-pa-yah

athanm silver and nickel coin =8 annas, nominally 8d.
at'h-an-nee

chawanm „ „ =4 annas „ 4d.

chaw-an-ne«

dawanni „ „ =2 annas „ 2d.

daw-an-nee

ekanni nickel coin =1 anna „ Id.

ayk-an-nee
adhanni copper coin =^ anna „ id.

ad'h-au-nee (size of a penny)

paisa copper coin =J anna „ Jd.

pai-sah (size of a halfpenny)

pa5! copper coin = one twelfth anna one twelfth Id.
pah-ee (not much used, except in calculations)

muhar sovereign (gold coin) nominally £l.

mu-har

pafich mpaye ka not a five-rupee note
das rupaye ka not » ten-rupee note

bis rupaye ka not a twenty-rupee note

and go on, notes of 30, 40, 50, 100, 500, 1,000, 10,000 rupees.

144

HUGO S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY.

LIST OF INDISPENSABLE WORDS,
ADVERBS, PRONOUNS, PREPOSITIONS, CONJUNCTIONS AND
IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS.

about karfb

ka-reeb

above all sab se paihle

sab se pai'h-lay

across par

pahr

after bad

bahd

afterwards bad ko
bahd ko

again phir

p'hir

against khilaf

h'chi-lahf

all sab, kul

sab, kul

almost karib karib

ka-reeb ka-reeb

aloud zor se

zohr say

already paihle 111
pai'b-lay bee

also bhi

b'bee

although groya

goh-yah

always hamesha

ha-may-sbab

and

aur

apparently dekhne men

dayk'h-nay may««r

as jaise

jai-say
as much, as many itna

it-nab

as much as itna . . . j itna

it-nah jit-nab

at all events JO ho

job hob

at least kam se kam

kam say kam

at most ziyada se ziyada

ze-yah-dah say ze-yah-dah

at once ekdam

ayk-dam

at present aj kal

ahj kal

at that time US vakt
us vakt

because chunk] , isliye ki

choo»0-kee, is-li-yay ke

behind pichhe

peech-hay

besides alawa

al-ah-wah

beyond bad
babd

both donon

doh-rio»i<r

but lekin, balki

lay -kin, bal-ke

by se

say

by chance ittifakan

it-ti-fah-kan

by no means_

kisi tarah nahin

kis-ee ta-rah na-heen»

constantly hamesha,

kadam kadam par

ha-may-shah, ka-dam par

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY.

145

close to pas, nazdik

pahs naz-deek

each bar

bar

early jaldl

jal-dee

either. ..or ya...ya

yah.. .yah

elsewhere aur jagah

awr jah-gah

enough kafl

kah-fee

entirely bilkul
bil-kul

especially khas kar

h'chalis kar

even if agarche

a-gar-chay

ever, always hamesha

ha-may-shah

everywhere har jagah.

har-ja-gah

exactly bilkul thlk

bil-kul-t'heek

exceedingly nihayat

ni-hah-yat

except sivaya

si-vah-yah

few, a few chand

channel

finally ant men, akhir

ant maynff, ah-h'chir

first awwal

av-val

for liye

le-yay

formerly paihle

pai'h-lay

forward age

»h-gay

from 86

say

generally am taur par

ahm tawr par

hardly mushkil SO

mush-kil say

hence yahan se

ya-hahrifl say

hereupon is par

is par

here and there

jahan tahafl

ja-hahn0 ta-hahny

how ? kaise ?

kai-say

however, but lekin

lay-kin

if agar

a-gar

immediately fauran
faw-ran

in men

in case agar

a-gar

indeed bhl, zarur

b'hee, za-roor

in front of samne

sahm-nay

in future ayinda

ah-yi»i/-da)i

inside andar

an-dar

instead of bajaya

ba-djah-ya

in the same way

jyon ka tyofl

kah t'yow?

just, just now abhi

ab-hee

146

HUGOS iilJSDUBXAAl ALAbE

last

akhiri

ahk-he-ree

left (to the) baym taraf

ba-yeenfl ta-raf

lifelong zindgi bhar

zinfld-^uee b'har

like, as ki tarah.

kee ta-rali

mutually apas men

ah- pas mayn0

near nazdik

naz-deek

neither . . . nor na . . . na
na...na

never kabhi nahin

kab-hee na-hee*y

nevertheless is par bh.1
is par b'hee

no nahin

na-heen?

none, not any ko'i nahin

ko-ee na-heen<r

nothing kuchh nahin

kuch'h na-hee»v
now ab

nowhere kahin nahin

of ka

kah

of course zarur h.1

za-roor hee

often aksar

ak-sar
on, upon par

par

on account of kl wajah S6

kee va-djah say

only sirf

sir!
on the contrary bar khilaf

bar h'chi-lahf

«r ya

yah

otherwise varna

var-nah^

outside bahar

bah-hav

perhaps shayad

shah -y ad

privately akele mefl

a-kay-lay maynj

quickly jaldl
jal-dee

quite bilkul

bil-kul

rather balki

bal-ke

right (to the) dahini taraf

dali-lii-nee ta-raf

scarcely mushkil se

mush-kil say

seldom bahut kam

ba-htit kam

several ka'l
ka-ee

shortly, briefly

mukhtasir taur par

muh'ch-ta-sir tawr par
since se

^y -^ . A-
slowly ahista

ah-his-tah

so that jis men

jis may*!?

so is tarah

is ta-rah

some, any ko'l, kuchh

koh-ee kuch'h

some, a little kuchh
kuch'h

somehow or other

jaise taise

jai-say tai-say

something kuchh
kuch'h

sometimes bazvakt

bahz-vakt

HUGO 8 HINDUSTANI MADE EASY.

147

some whore or other

kahin na kahin

ka-huenp na ka-heeng

so much, so many Utna
ut-nah

soon jaldl

jal-dee

still abhi, tobhi

ab-hee toh-b'hee

suddenly bat hi bat men

baht hee baht-mayny

surely zarur, beshak

za-roor bay-shak

than S6

say

then tab

tab

therefore isliye
is-le-yay

thereupon is par

is par

though groya

gob -yah

through se, se ho kar

say, say ho kar

three days ago tarson
tar-son?

thus is tarah

is-ta-ra
together ikattha

ik-at-t'hah

too (much) nihayat

ni-hah-yat

towards taraf

ta-raf

truly sach much

sach much

two days ago parson.

par-son?

under niche

nee-chay

undoubtedly

ho na ho, beshak

boh nan hob, bay-shak

unless agar . . . nahm

agur...na-heen<r

until tak

tele

usually amuman

a-moo-man

what ? kya ?

k'yah ?
whatever kuchh bhl

kuch'h bhee

when ? kab ?

kab?

when jab

jab

whereas chunki

choonfl-kee
wherever jahafi kahin

ja-hahny Ka-heenj

while (during) men
mayx?

who ? which ? kaun ? kis ?

kawn ? kis ?

who, which JO, jis
job, jis

whoever ko'l bhl, JO kol

koh'ce b'hee, job koh-ec

whole, the kul
why ? kyun ?

k'yootij

with SO

say

without baghair

yes
yet

han

abhl

ab-bfH-

148

HUGO S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY.

IDIOMATIC PHRASES.

Come what may.
At ull events.
It may happen.
It is the truth.
Hearing is better than

speaking.
Patience is an excellent

quality.
The fruit of rashness

is repentance.
To the wise a hint is

enough.

Fortune does not in-
crease with wisdom.
Man has reason, a brute

has none.
This is the best of all

(= better than all).
Never mind.
As soon as possible.
As one sows, so one

reaps.
All is well that ends

well.

Time is money.
Learn it by heart.
At the point of the

sword.
If it is to be done, do it

at once.

Jo chahe ho.

Har taur par.

Yeh ho sakta hai.

Yeh sach hai.

Sunna behtar hai kaihne

se.
Sabr achchhi khaslat

hai.
Jaldi ka phal pashema-

ni hai.
Akil ko ishara kafi hai.

Dana'i se daulat nahm

barhti.
Aki admi ko hot! hai,

janvar ko nahm.
Yeh sab se behtar hai.

Kuchh parva nahm.
Jitni jaldi ho sake.
Jaisa boye, vaisa kate.

Jiska natij'a achchha hai

wuh sab achchha.
Vakt hi daulat hai.
Ise zubani yad kar dalo.
Talwar ke zor se.

Agur yeh karna hai, to
fauran karo.

HUGO S HINDUSTANI JIADK KiSY.

149

COMMERCIAL PHRASES.

Take this draft, and

bring the money.
Be quick, so that I

may have the money

in time.
Let me have the money

by twelve o'clock.
The money must now

be sent to Mr. — .
What is the price of

rice now ?
Do not buy to-day,

wait till to-morrow.
Do you understand

business ?
I am not easily imposed

upon.

I cannot understand the

bazaar prices.
The bazaar rate is

never the same for

two hours.
Have you compared

these things with the

sample ?
Do the goods and the

sample agree ?
They do not agree.
The goods are inferior

to the sample.

Yeh hundi le jao aur

rupaya le ao.
Tezi karo jis men ki

mujlie vakt par ru-

paya mil jae.
Barah baje tak mujlie

rupaya mil jae.
Ab rupaya Mistar — ke

pas bhejna chahiye.
Ab chaval ka dam
_ (bhav) kya hai ?
Aj mat kharido,kal tak

intizar karo.
Kya turn tijarat sa-

majhte ho?
Mujlie jaldi dhokha na-

hin diya -ja sakta.
Bazar ke dam meri sa-

majh men nahm ate.
Bazar ki dar do ghante

tak to zarur wahi ra-

Kya turn ne in chizon

ko namune se mila-

ya hai ?
Kya saman aur namu-

na ek se hain ?
Ve ek se nahm haifi.
Saman namune se gha-

tiya hat

150

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY.

Two or three packages
are superior.

Get a pass for the goods
to be shipped.

How much money was
collected yesterday ?

Bring the goods in carts
from the custom-
house.

When Mr. — comes, tell
him I want to speak
to him.

How long are those
goods to remain in
the custom-house ?

Sir, I have not got the
invoice, how can I
get them out ?
There are different rates
of duty for different
goods.
I cannot (myself) open

the boxes.

The custom-house offi-
cer is here to open
the packages.

I will sign the in-
voice.
The things cannot be

sent without a pass.
They promised to send
the goods to-morrow.

Do tin puriya behtar

hain.
Jahaz se saman bhejne

ke liye pas le ao.
Kal_kitna rupaya ikat-

tha kiya graya ?
Chungi g-har se asbab

gari par le ao.

Jab Mr. — ae, to kaihna
ki^ main us se bat kar-
na chahta hun.

Wuh asbab chungi ghar
men kab tak raheg-a ?

Sahib, mere pas bilti na-
hm, men unko kaise
chhura sakta hun ?
Mukhtalif saman ke liye
chungi ki mukhtalif
dar hain.
Main khud bakson ko

nahm khol sakta.
Chungi ka afsar yahan
bandalon ko kholne ke
liye hai.
Main bilti par dastkhat

kar dung*a.
Chizen bina pas ke na-

hin bheji ja saktm.
Unhon ne kal saman
bhejne ka wada kiya
hai.

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EAST.

151

Have you collected all the

bills ?
His affairs are in a bad

state.
He has called his creditors

together.
Is the cargo damaged ?

This man deals honestly
with everybody.

The goods you have pur-
chased are very dear.

You have been deceived

by this man.
He cannot pay his debts.

The articles purchased on
the loth of this month
have not been delivered.

Tell me the amount of

what is due. [rect.

The accounts are not cor-

Everything is in confusion.

See to it that the books
are kept properly.

In answer to your letter
of the 3rd inst.

I am in receipt of your
Jotter of the 1st ult.

Kya turn ne sab bil ja-
ma kar liye hain ?

Uska hai garbar hai.

TJsne apne_ mahajanofi

ko bulaya hai.
Kya_saman ko nuksan

hua hai ?
Yeh admi sab ke sath

iman rakhta hai.
Jo saman turn ne khari-

da hai wuh bahut ma-

hanga hai.
Tum_is admi se dhokha

kha gaye.
Wuh karz ada nahm kar

sakta.
Is ^nahme ki pandrah

tarikh ko kharidT hui

chizen dakhil nahin

ki gray! hain.
Mujhe batao ki kitna

dena hai.

Hisab thik nahm hai.
Sab garbar hai.

Dekho hisab ki kitabefl
thik thik rakhi jaen.

Tisri tarikh ke tumhare
khat ke jawab men

Mu.jhe akh.iri mahine ki
paihli tarikh ka khat
mila.

152

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY.

I have the pleasure to in-
form you.

Please send it to me by
return of post.

I hope to receive it by
the 7th.

In your letter you pro-
mised us a discount of
5 per cent.

You have only taken off

2% per cent.
I will send you a cheque

as soon as I receive the

goods.
We shall be much obliged

to you.
Please let me know your

lowest terms for cash.

How much will the duty

amount to (=be) ?
The bill is payable at sight.

We cannot wait any

longer.
Send in my account as

soon as possible.
The firm has failed.

The Bank-rate is down.
There is an error in your
account.

Mujhe ap ko yeh batane
men khushi hai.

Maiharbani kar ke iau-
tati dak se mujhe yeh
bhej dena.

Main sat tarikh tak pane
ki ummid karta nun.

Apne khat men ap ne
panch fi sadi batta
dene ka wada kiya hai.

Ap_ne sirf dha'i fi sadi

kata hai.
Saman pate hi, main

chek bhej dunga.

Ham ap ke bahut shukr

gnzar honge.
Maiharbani kar ke apni

sasti se sasti nakd dar

batla'iye.
Chungi kitni hog-i ?

Yeh darsani hundi hai.

Ham ab zyada intizar

nahin kar sakte.
Mera hisab bhejo, jitni

jaldi ho sake.
Karkhane_ka devala nl-

kal gaya hai.
Bank ki dar kam hai.
Tumhare hisab men ek

ghalati hai.

HUGO S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY.

153

Give me a receipt.
I have a letter of recom-
mendation.
The samples are delayed.

Give me your estimate

(=rates).
Send the goods by fast

train.
Can I insure the goods ?

Your esteemed order duly
to hand.

No invoice was sent with
the goods.

We hasten to inform you.

We will allow you a re-
duction of 10 per cent.

Your orders must be fairly
large.

I sold the goods at a large
profit.

We hope the above prices
and terms will suit you.

May we hope that you
will shortly favour us
with an order ?

We can either charter a
whole steamer, or part,
as it suits you best.

Mujhe rasld do.

Mere pas ek sifarashi

chitthi hai.
Namune bhejne men der

ho g-ayi.
Mujhe apna bhav batao.

Saman tez g-ari se bhej-

na.

Kya saman ka bima ka-
_ ra sakta hun ?
Apia farma'ish mill.

Saman ke sath bilti na-
hm bheji gayi thi.

Ham ap ko itla dete ham.

Ham apko das fi sadi
batta deng-e.

Ap ki mang kafi bari
honi chahiye.

Main ne mal bare mu-
nafe par becha.

Hamen ummid hai ki
upar ke dam aur shar-
tenap ke muaflk hongi.

Kya ham ummid karen
ki ap jald hi hukm
inayat karenge ?

Ham sara jahaz ya ek
hissa kiraya kar sakte
hain. jaisa ap ke mua-
fikho.

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EAST.

I shall pay on receipt of
the goods.

We have made every
effort to execute your
order.

Will yon kindly let us
know by return of post ?

Please accept our best
thanks for this favor.

There was a good trade
done in that village.

Our market is still very
quiet.

There is little hope of an
early change.

The demand is not yet
strong enough.

We hope to obtain a
better price in a week.

Speculators have for the
moment seized on this
article.

Nobody can tell how the
market will turn out.

If a considerable change
takes place, we shall in-
form you by cable.

Prices will fall consider-
ably in a few days.

Mal_ane par main dam
dungra.

Ap ka hukm bajane men
ham ne purl koshish
ki hai.

Kya lauta_ti dak se itla
dene ki inayat kareng-e ?

Is inayat ke liye hamara
bahut shukriya kabul
kijiye.

Us g-aoii men achchhi
tijarat hui.

Hamara Jmzar abhi ba-
hut khamosh hai.

Jaldi badalne ki bahut
kam ummid hai.

Abhi mang kafi nahin
hai.

Ek hafte men ham beh-
tar dam pane ki um-
mid karte hain.

Is vakt sattewalofi ne is
chiz par kabza kar
liya hai.

Ko'ijiahin kah _sakta ki
bazar ki kya halat hogri.

Agar achchha fark_hua
to_ham ap ko tar se
itla deiige.

Kuchh dinon^ men dam
bahut gir jaenge.

HUGO'B HINDUSTANI MADE EASY.

156

The mone y market is very
firm.

We must be prepared for
still dearer money.

The value of the rice and
wheat exported last week,
amounted to half a mil-
lion rupees more than
the previous week.

It is essential to ship the
goods at the lowest pos-
sible rate.

The date of the arrival
does not matter much.

Do not forget to insure
the goods.

We think there will short-
ly be a very great de-
mand for cotton in this
country.

Our present supply will
not be sufficient to meet
the demand.

We propose entering into
another speculation with
you, on equal terms.

We herewith send you
invoice for goods or-
dered on the 5th inst.

We are sending them off
by ship to-day.

Rupaye_ka bazar bahut

mazbut hai.
Is se bhi meheng-e ru-

paye_ ke liye hamen
_ taiyar raihna chahiye.
Akhiri haf te bahar bhej e

hue chaval aur g-ehun

ki kimat paihle hafte

ke banisbat panch lakh

rupaye ziyada thi.
Yeh nihayat zaruri hai

ki mal kam se kam dar
_ par jahaz sebheja ja'e.
Amad ki tarikh ki kol

bat nahin.
Mal ka bima karana mat

bhulna.
Hamara khiyal hai ki

kuchh din men hi is

mulk mefi rui ki ban

mang hogri.
Hamara maujuda saman

mang ke liye kafi na

hoga.
Hamara irada^ hai ki ap

ke sath barabar hisson

men ek aur satta

karen.
Panchvi tarikh ko man-

ga'e hue mal ki bilti

ham bhejte hain.
Ham aj_unhen jahaz se

ravana kar rahe hain.

J56

HUGOS HINDUSTANI MADE EASY.

We are certain that you
will be satisfied with the
quality and price.

We await your acknow-
ledgment of the ri'cei pt.

The goods invoiced on the

17th inst. have arrived

here to-day.
Unfortunately they are in

such a bad condition

that we cannot accept

them.
Will you let us know

what we can do for you

in this matter ?

We beg to inform you
that the cotton sales
have been in progress
for a week.

We advise you to buy
now (at once).

The terms quoted do not
include carriage.

The firm has been estab-
lished many years.

The bill of lading has not
yet come to hand.

Awaiting the favour of a
reply.

Hamen yakm hai ki ap
chiz aur dam se khush
hong-e.

Ham rasid ki pah u rich
ka intizar kar rahe
haiii.

Sattrah tarikh ko jis
mal ki bilti bheji g-ayi
thi wuh aj ag-aya.

Badkismati se wuh itni
kharab halat _mefi hai
ki ham manzur nahifl
kar aakte.

Kya ap hamen bataefig-e
ki is mamle men ham
ap ke liye kya kar
sakte hain ?

Ham ap ko itla dete hain
ki ek hafte se rui ki
farokht ho rahi hai.

Ham apko salah dete

haifi ki ap fauran hi

khariden.
Is bhav men bhejne ka

kharch nahm shamil

hai.
Yeh karkhana muddat

se qayam hai.
Ladne ka bil abhi nahifl

aya hai.
Jawab ki maiharbanl ka

intizar hai.

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY.

157

MISCELLANEOUS PHRASES.

Where can I buy those

articles (things) ?
To whom do these parcels

belong ? [yours ?

Is he any relation of
What are you doing here ?

I know what I have to

do.
I understand you quite

well.
Now I know what to

say.
Someone must do it.

I believe there is no one

at home.
He must have about three

hundred rupees in hand.
There were about two hun-
dred persons present.
Some house or other must

be vacant.
This house compared with

that house, is the more

beautiful.
These two books are quite

different.
The one is much larger

than the other.

Wuh chizen main kahafi

kharid sakta hun ?
Yeh parsal kis ki hain ?
Kya wuh tumhara rish-

tedar hai ?
Turn yahan kya kar rahe

ho ?
Main janta hun ki mujhe

kya karna hai.
Main tumhen thik thik

samajhta hun.
Ab main janta hun ki

kya kahun.

KisI na kisi ko yeh kar-
na chahiye.
Mera yakin hai ki ghar

par ko'i nahin hai.
Uske pas karib tin sau

rupaye honge.
Ko'i do sau admi mau-

jud the.
Koi na ko'i makan za-

rur khali hoga.
Us g-har ke mukabile

yeh grhar ziyada khub-

surat hai.
Yeh do kitaben bilkul

mukhtalif hain.
Ek dusri se bahut ban

hai.

158

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY.

What has happened ?
I tried all sorts of things,
but it was no good.

You ought to be ashamed

of yourself.
He reads the paper every

morning.

We go there every day.

We gave him good advice,
but he paid no heed.

This is the work of two

men.
One man cannot possibly

do it.

The letter which you wrote
has not arrived.

The man whom you saw
yesterday, is not here
now.

You have only to ask for
it to get it.

I feared you were not
coming.

I have got all I wanted.

Wherever his master is,
there his dog will be also.

He is a great favourite in
this part of the country.

Kya hua ?

Main ne tarah tarah ki

chizen azma'm par

kuchh matlabnanikla.
Tumhen sharm ani cha-

hiye.
Wuh roz subah akhbar

parhta hai.

Ham vahan roz j ate hain.

Ham ne use nek salah di

thi par us ne kuchh

khiyal na kiya.
Yen do admion ka kam

hai.
Ek admi kisi tarah yeh

nahin kar sakta.

Apne jo khat likha tha
wuh nahin aya hai.

Jis admi ko ap ne kal
dekha tha, wuh ab ya-
han nahin hai.

Mangte hi wuh (chiz)
tumhefi mil jaegi.

Mujhe dar tha ki turn

na aogre.
Mujhe jo chahiye tha

wuh sab mil gaya.

Jahan malik, vahan ma-
lik ka kutta.

Mulk ke is hisse men
use sab chahte hain.

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EASY.

159

Everybody is talking about
him.

Surely this is some other
man.

It cannot be the same

man.
I have changed my mind.

I won't go to-day.

He is not old, but he is

older than I am.
You had better go now.
The heat is abating.
The wind has changed.
This is the rainy season.
It is raining in torrents.

There is a storm.

There is very little water

in the river, you will be

able to ford it.
The carts must cross by

the bridge.

This coolie has worked
hard, he ought to have
a good tip.

It takes about two hours
to go up this hill.

I came down the hill in
one hour.

This is a hilly country.

Har shakhs us ke bare
men bat kar raha hai.

Beshak yeh ko'I aur ad-
mi hai.

Yeh wuh admi nahin lio

sakta.
Main ne jipna irada ba-

dal diya hai.
Main aj nahin jaunga.
Wuh buddha nahin hai,

par nmjh se bara hai.
Ab tumhenjanachahiye
Garmi kam ho rahl hai.
Hawa badal gayi hai.
Ajkal barsat hai.
Musladhar pani baras

raha hai.
Tufan hai.
Nadi men bahut_ kam

pani hai, turn par kar

sakoge.
Gariyan pul se hi ja

sakti hain.

Kuli ne bari maihnat ki
hai, usko achchha
inam milna chahiye.

Is pahari par jane men
ko'i do ghante lagte hain.

Maifi ek ghantejnen pa-
hari se niche a gaya.

Yeh pahari mulk hai.

160

HUGO'S HINDUSTANI MADE EAST.

Which towns of India
have you visited (seen) ?

Wiien I got there I found
that I had come to the
wrong place.

There is no harm in it.

What harm is there in

it?
What is the meaning of

this phrase ?

The consequences of this
quarrel will be serious.

Don't you think so ?

I cannot do this work.
These phrases will be
useful.

Turn ne Hindustan ke
kaun shaihar dekhe
hain?

Jab main valian pahun-
cha, to mujhe malum
hua_ki ghalat jagah a
gaya.

Is men koi harj nahin
hai.

Is men kya harj hai ?

Is flkre ke kya man!
hain ?

Is jhagre ke natije aham

honge.
Kya turn yeh nahifl

khyal karte ?
Main yeh kam nahin

kar sakta.
Yeh flkre kam ke hofige.

POINTS OF THE COMPASS. — qutub, disha, f.

north uttar, shumal
south dakhin, junub

northward
(to the north."

southward
(to the south)

eastward
(to the east)

westward
Cto the west)

uttar or shumal ki taraf
dakhin or junub ki taraf
purab or mashrik ki taraf
pachohhim or maghrib ki taraf

A 000125615 5

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