FROM THE LIBRARY OF
REV. LOUIS FITZGERALD BENSON. D. D.
BEQUEATHED BY HIM TO
THE LIBRARY OF
PRINCETON THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY
I
x<^OF PRI/V^
^
HISTORY
MR 31 193? .
Logical st^
HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY,
OF BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS.
VOL. I.
FROM THE FOUNDATION OF THE SOCIETY THROUGH
ITS SEVENTY-FIFTH SEASON:
1815-1890.
CHAPTERS I-lII By Charles C. Pe?ikins.
CHAPTERS IV-XV By John S. D wight.
B O S T O N^ :
ALFRED MUDGE & SON, PKINTERS
1 8 8 3 - 1 8 9 .3 .
PEEFACE
The Handel and Haydn Society has ever since its foundation
been the object of sincere attachment on the part of its members,
whose unfailing devotion to its interests has given it cohesion and con-
tinued vitality. To those who, having joined it as 3'oung men, have
grown old in its service, few things in this world seem so important and
so worthy of respect, and the personal interest which they take in its
affairs ceases only with life. Like all genuine feeling, their enthusiasm
is contagious. It permeates the chorus, and, by stimulating all to
exertion in a common cause, gives strength and unity of effect to its
performances.
That the members of an organization animated with such senti-
ments should wish to have its history written is natural, and the
desire, long since manifested, would have been gratified ere this had it
not been for circumstances over which they had no control. The
Society first employed Dr. Luther Farnham as its historian, and then
appointed Mr. Samuel Jennison in his place. This gentleman, who
undertook the task as a labor of love, worked at it from 1873 to 1878
in the rare moments of leisure which he could snatch from the duties
of his profession, and accumulated a great mass of material, consist-
ing of extracts from printed books, letters from early members of the
Society, newspaper cuttings, etc. He intended, as he states in a com-
menced introductory chapter, to cover the whole field of musical
history in Boston, as, for instance, " the rise and fall of various singing
and other musical associations ; the introduction of music into the
schools, the erection of the Music Hall and its organ ; the establish-
ment of educational institutions and conventions, and musical jour-
nals ; the growth of musical criticism, the advent of Italian opera
' troupes ' and of German orchestras, the visits of foreign musicians,
the ' debuts ' and careers of our own vocalists who .have achieved
distinction, the progress of the manufacture of instruments, and in
short everything worthy of note connected with the advance of the
art among us."
With so vast a scheme and very limited time at his disposal, it is
4 PREFACE.
not surprising that Mr. Jennison finally decided to abandon his
cherished project ; but instead of turning the key on his treasures as
one actuated by selfish motives would have done, he, wheu asking
to be relieved from the work which he felt obliged to relinquish,
generously offered to place his papers in the hands of whoever might
be appointed in his place without any restriction as to their use. All
that his successor can do in recording so liberal a proceeding is thus
publicl}' to acknowledge his indebtedness for much valuable matter,
which he might, through want of observation, research, or opportunity,
have otherwise failed to secure.
After spending no little time in examining the materials placed at
my disposal, in gleaning where my predecessor had left anything to
gather, and in making notes from the Societ^-'s records and contem-
porary sources, I began to feel that, considering the extent of the
ground to be covered, I might pass the remainder of mj^ life in like
preparation, when the plan of publishing the history in numbers as
successivel}' completed was suggested, and it has been adopted, in
the hope that if once commenced the work would not be abandoned.
In this first number I have endeavored so to begin it, that my succes-
sors may not find it necessary to pull down what I have been allowed
to build up.
The histor}' of a societ}' which, after sixty-eight 3'ears of life, is full
of vigor, and has. as we ma}' reasonably hope, a long future before it,
will, as years of activity succeed each other, call for fresh chroniclers
to take up the thread where those who preceded them have dropped
it. May it be long before the last appears to write the word jinis
to this record of an institution whose services to the cause of good
music have been alwa3's so conspicuous and so beneficial !
A histor\' which deals with an annually repeated series of meetings,
rehearsals, and concerts, differing in degree of success, but never in
kind, must be to some extent monotonous. Small opportunity is
ottered of var3'ing the narrative of the earlier years of this Society by
biographical details concerning individuals who have carried on its
work, for the simple reason that, with few exceptions, nothing is
known of them, but that the}' were honest and worth}' men, animated
with a sincere love of music and a hearty desire to do their duty as
officers and members. Such being the case, it is hoped that those
readers who find little in the following pages either to interest or
amuse will extend some measure of indulgence to the author.
C. C. P.
July 1G, 1883.
INTRODUCTION.
"Next unto Theology I give the place and highest honour to musick, for
THEREBY ALL ANGER IS FORGOTTEN, THE DEVIL IS DRIVEN AWAY, UNCHASTITY, PRIDE, AND
other BLASPHEMIES ARE EXPELLED." — Luther's Table Talk.
The Handel and Haydn Society was founded nearl}' two centuries
after the Pilgrims, on landing at Pl3'mouth, Sunda}^ Nov. 9, 1620,
had sung the first psalm of praise heard on the shores of New Eng-
land. This psalm was a simple choral in unison, one of the plain
tunes set down in Ainsworth's version, i framed in harmon}' with the
Puritan's Confession of Faith (1572), which allowed the people to
join in singing with one voice, but not of '-tossing the psalms from
one side to the other (antiphonal) , with the intermingling of organs."^
Such metrical psalmod}', which had its origin at the time of the Refor-
mation, was first used in public worship b}^ Luther as early as the
3'ear 1517. The great Reformer wished, as he said, "■ to see all arts,
and more especially music, in the service of Him who gave and created
them." and with this view he prepared the first Protestant hymn, or
choral book, which was published at Wittenberg in 1524.^ Calvin,
1 The Book of Psalmes : Engliahed both in Prose and Metre, by the Rev. Henry
Ainsworth (b. 1560, d. 1(522), an eminent Non-conformist divine and Hebrew scholar,
who about 1590 distinguished liimself among the Brownists, a famous Puritan sect,
SO called from its founder, Robert Brown, who, after settling with his followers at
Middleburgh in Zealand, returned to England, gave in his adhesion to the Estab-
lished Church, and accepted a rectory at Northampton, where he died about 1030.
When Ainsworth was driven from England by the state persecution of the sectaries,
he took refuge at Amsterdam, and when the Brownists built a church there they
made Francis Johnson their pastor, and Ainsworth their doctor or teacher. The
first edition of his psalms, with critical notes, was published in 1612, the second iu
1(517. The Puritans used it exclusively until 1(510, when it was superseded by the
Bay Psalm Book, comi)iled by the colonial clergy. Ainsworth's version kept its
place at Salem until 16(57, and at Plymouth until 1(592. The tunes, in the German
choral style, were printed in lozenge or diamond-shaped (called buckwheat) notes
over the psalms, without dividiug bars.
See George Hood's History of Music in Xew England, p. 11.
2 A sarcastic expression used by Th. Cartwright, whose views were controverted
by Whitgift and Hooker. See Ecc. Polity, Y. 38 ; and History of the Puritans, by
David Neale, Vol. I., p. 194.
3 In selecting tlie best Latin hymns and German songs for this book, Luther was
assisted by John Walter (publisher) and Conrad Rumpf , both musicians iu the service
b INTKODUCTION.
like Luther, favored congregational singing, and soon after his arrival
at Geneva (1519) demanded the restoration of sacred song to a place
in divine worship, from which it had been excluded.^ In order
that the people might learn how to sing in a decent and becoming
manner, he advised that children should be instructed in some sober,
ecclesiastical tunes, in which the congregation should be allowed to
join after listening until it was able to sing them. For this purpose the
Psalms in French and German were at first set to popular melodies
(''Volkslieder"), but these were soon superseded by German chorals
and old church chants, whose superiority was acknowledged even by
the unmusical Calvin.
The difficult}^ of finding writers capable of making a rhythmical
of Friedricli der Weise, Elector of Saxony. Before the Reformation the Roman
ritual prevailed in all the European churches. After it, Luther, formed a ritual,
with the assistance of Melancthon. The Psalmodia, " Hoc est Cantica sacra veteris
EcclesiJB selecta," printed at Nuremberg in 1553, and at Wittenberg in 15G1, with a
preface by Melancthon, proves that the whole of Luther's liturgy was a musical
service. The Psalmodia is divided into four books: 1. Antiphonas, responsoria,
hymnos, et sequeutiae. 2. Cantica veteris ecclesire, etc. 3. Cantiones missae.
4. Psalmi cum eorum antiphonis, finalibus, etc. Luther, who was himself a practical
musician and composer, gives his opinion of music, and of its lawfulness in divine
worship, in his CoUoquia Mensalia. In Sleidan's History of the Reformation of the
Church, for which he parai>hrased the IGth Psalm, " Ein fester Burg," and set it to a
noble tune of his own composition, Luther speaks of his skill in music "as an
acquisition that he would not exchange for a great matter." Probably the sweet
motets which he sang at supper with his friends were German. The practice of
psalmody had its rise in Germany, in all probability, but during Luther's lifetime it
Avas chiefly confined to family worship. At the time of his death no Vulgate trans-
lation of the Psalter had appeared. For this indulgence the Protestant churches
were indebted to the college of the Sorbonne, whose doctors, in 1543, allowed
Clement Marot to publish a French version of the first thirty psalms, dedicated,
says Bayle, to Francis I. To these he added twenty more, and a version of the
remainder was supplied after Marot's death by his friend, Th. Beza.
See Sir J. Hawkins's General History, Vol. II., pp. 531 et seq.
1 Calvin, in establishing a church at Geneva, divided the service between prayer,
preaching, and singing. Plain metrical psalmody only was allowed. Antiphon,
hymn, and motet were e'iminated as being Romish. Calvin emjjloyed Guillaume'
Franc to set Marofs version of the Psalms to easy tunes in one part only. In 1583
he (Calvin) divided the Psalms into pauses (small portions), and apportioned them
to be sung in churches. Louis Bourgeois set eighty-three psalms to music, in four,
five, and six i)arts, printed at Lyons in 15G1. Claude Goudimel set all the Psalms in
four and five parts, printed at Paris in 15(55. Fifty of Marot's psalms were published
with music at Strasburg in 1545. Claude Le Jeune, of Valenciennes, a Protestant
favorite of Henri IV., styled " le Phenix des musiciens," set the psalms of Marot and
Beza. His settings, like those of Goudimel, were in four parts, — superius, contra-
tenor, tenor, and bassus. The tenor part carried the air or melody, composed by
some other i^erson, to which Goudimel and Le Jeune added the harmony in the other
parts. The original melodies which constitute the tenor part were probably com
posed by Guillaume Franc. Sir J. Hawkins, II., i)i). 531, 535.
INTRODUCTION. '
version of the Psalms was not overcome by Calvin until 1542, when
the poet Clement Marot,i having been expelled from France, came
to Geneva, and composed tunes which were sung in churches together
with the compositions of Goudimel and Bourgeois.^
In 1549 fift3'-oue of the psalms versified by Thomas SternhokP
were published without notes, and thirteen years later (1562), after
Sternhold's death, these and the remaining psalms making the first
complete edition of the Psalter, prepared by I. Hopkins and others,
" with apt notes to sing them withal," issued from the press, having
the music in one part, written continuous!}' without division into bars.^
PSALM III.
^
3). ^
JLo;tDt)Oi3oarempfari5tricreatt>ijicl)lDet;enie
«-0^i— ^
:^^H
moje^mo^e.ttjep Wm?l)art, D)l) J as tbtp fep.sotj
^^p4^^^^=l
±:±i±
can I)im not nmtM ? O \m art mpDefence, xbtienj am!}arD befieaD,
n
e
±
Si
ntp «)o?njip ^ tmtlonm borl),anti tljon bolDft t)p mp fteau.
1 Clement Marot published eighteen psalms and three songs, with melodies at-
tached to the first verses, at Strasburg in 1539. A revised edition, prepared by
Calvin and Theodore Beza, was iiublished at Geneva in 1561, of which upwards of
one hundred editions were printed before the end of the sixteenth century.
M. Boyet, Hist, du Psautier.
2 Boui-geois's variation and rearrangement of the old German airs became as
popular among the Germans as among the French. Challoner's History of the Science
and Art of Music, p. 58.
8 Native of Hampshire, "styled Groom of his Majesty's robes," in his will (1549).
He held this office under Henry VIII. and Edward VI.
4 In this edition such of the melodies as were not taken from foreign collections
were probably composed by English musicians then living, such as Dr. Tye, Mare-
beck, Tallis, Bird, Shepherd, Parsons, and Mundy, all reformers. Tbe tunes, about
forty in number, are in general suited to the i>itch and compass of a tenor voice.
The fac-simile inserted in the text was made from a copy of the original edition of
Sternhold and Hopkins in the Boston Public Library. It is an oblong octavo, with
8 INTRODUCTION.
Thanks to the liberal views entertained about music by the fathers
of the Reformation, it was, as we have shown, made an important and
integral part of divine worship ; but although thus retained, it was
reduced to the simple form of unaccompanied tunes, whose grave and
solemn character was strictlj^ in keeping with a religious service which
depended for its effect upon no outward show or complicated ritual.
Like all other parts of the Puritan service, it formed a strong contrast
with that of the Church of Rome, and its use in England was not
brought about without determined effort and a long struggle.
Until Henr}^ YIII. quarrelled with the Pope and made himself
absolute head of the church, the only music used in English churches
consisted of Latin masses and services of the Roman ritual, which,
after that event, were translated and modified ^ The reign of
Edward VI. (1546-1553), which was so full of promise to the
friends of re form ,2 proved too short to allow of radical changes,
and such progress as had been made towards them was violently
checked b}' his successor, Mary, surnamed the Blood}*, ^ who, instead
of destroying their cause, as she fondly hoped, strengthened it, by
compelling many earnest and devout men to take refuge from per-
secution on the Continent, where the}* saw their ideas of church govern-
ment carried out, and were thus able to work in the light of experience,
when, on the accession of Elizabeth (1558-1603), they returned to
their own country, hoping to find favor in the eyes of a Protestant
seventy-seven leaves, title A 1 wanting. Each tune has an initial letter. Title: " The
whole hook of Psalms collected into English meter by T. Sternholdt, I. Hopkins, and
others, conferred with the Ebrue ; icith apt votes to sing them with withal.'' Colophon:
*' Imprinted at London by John Day, dwelling near Aldersgate, beneath St. Martin's,
— cum gratia et priuilegio majestatis per septenariinn. 15G2." On the fly-leaf is written,
W. G. Medlicott, Longmeadow, Mass. The lozenge-shaped notes are very clearly
printed. Page li7 has a tail-piece. On page 141 is a prayer by M. Tallis (organist to
Queen Elizabeth).
1 Until 1530 the Liturgy was sung in Latin. In 153G the Creed, Pater Xoster, and the
Ten Commandments were by the King's command translated into English, and this,
says Fuller (Church Hist, in Brittaiue, Vol. VII., p. .380), was the farthest pace
which the Reformation stepped in the reign of Henry VIII. The retention of the
choral service in England is ascribed by Sir John Hawkins to the love of the four
last Tudor princes for music. Henry VIII. was skilled in music, as were all his
children. Edward VI. played on the lute. Mary and Elizabeth on the virginals and
the lute. See Sir J. Hawkins, op. cit., pp. 535, 538.
At Geneva, music in parts and instruments were not allowed in religious services
for more than a century after the Reformation.
2 The first Eaglish litur^^y under Edward VI., composed by Cranmer in 1548,
was set to musical notes in tlie following year. The King had a body of household
musicians — of gentlemen and of children —attached to the royal chapel. During
his reign, Bisliop Miles Coverdale, of Exeter, published his version of certain psalms.
3 The Romish ritual was restored on Mary's accession.
INTRODUCTION. If
princess. Contrary to their expectations, " she proved herself to be
more the daughter of Henr}- than the sister of Edward, ^ seeming
to disUke nothing of poper}' but its inconsistenc}' with her title to the
throne and its claims against her ecclesiastical supremac}'."^ " The
service in her chapel," says Neale,^ " was so splendid and showy, that,
barring the English tongue, foreigners could not distinguish it from
the Roman, being sung not onh' with the sound of organs, but with
the artificial musick of cornets, sackbuts, etc., on solemn festivals."^
The forty-ninth of the fifty-three articles called " The Queen's Injunc-
tions,'* by which all matters connected with the discipline and service
of the Reformed Chnrch in England were regulated, relates to music in
collegiate churches. It directs that singing men shall be continued
and maintained, and that there shall be a modest and distinct song
so used in all parts of the common prayers that the same may be as
plainl}^ understood as if it were read without singing ; and, furthermore',
allows that, " for the comforting of such as delight in musick. it ma^^be
permitted that in the beginning or end of the common prayer there
ma}^ be sung an hymn or such like song in the best sort of melody and
musick that maj' be conveniently devised, having respect that the sen-
tences of the hymn may be understood and perceived." These are
certainly what, as contrasted with Romish practice, would seem to be
satisfactorv provisions for the musical part of the church service ; but
thej' evidently did not satisfy the Separatists or the Xon-conformists,
for various petitions were presented in the early part of Elizabeth's
reign praying for still greater changes, particularly in regard to
instrumental accompaniment, which was especially abhorrent to the
Reformers.-^
1 The second liturgy of Edward VI. was restored when Elizabeth came to the
throne. The returned Reformers from Frankfort and Geneva tried to prevent the use
of the choral service, and appealed to the authority of Calvin, hut the Queen would
make no more concessions. Tallis and Bird were organists in the royal chapel.
2 Thirteen historical discourses hy the Rev Leonard Bacon, p. 7.
3 Op. cit., I., p. 103.
4 Strype, in his annals, says, in Sept., 1559, began the new morning prayers at St.
Antholin's; bell rang at 5 a. m., when a psalm was sung after the Geneva fashion, all
the congregation — men, women, and boys — singing together.
5 The censures on church music in the decrees of the Council of Trent, 154.5-15()3,
were directed against the abuses rather than against the practice of music. The Re-
formers wished to bring back the old church rule, " Simplicem, sauctamque melodi-
am, secundum morem ecclesife," and the thirty-two commissioners appointed by stat-
ute (Henry VIII. 27, c. 15) eiuleavored to remove from the cluirch what they called
"curious singing," that is, intricate, elaborate, and unedifying music, — Cantus
figiu-atus, i. e., song abounding in fugues, responsive passages, and a commixture of
intricate proportions, termed descant by musicians. Sir J. Hawkins, op. cit., II.,
p. 5o7.
10 INTRODUCTION.
Thus in 1562 the}' asked " that the psalms may be sung distinctly
by the whole congregation, and that organs may he laid aside" ; and in
another petition, ''that the use of organs maybe removed";^ and
in still another, of 1564, mention " musick and organs in divine wor-
ship " among the grievances to be redressed or dispensed with. In
the Puritans' Confession of Faith (1572), both the use of organs and
antiphonal singing are forbidden, and singing in unison is enjoined.
Dismal indeed must have been the effect of a service at which no
other music was permitted than the intoning of Dowd's version of the
Psalms in a monotonous voice, unmelodious and unaccompanied.
But music to these stern Reformers was an unchristian recreation, and
again and again did they attack it with a vehemence of which the
reader ma}' form some idea by the following extract from a pamphlet
circulated in 1586, entitled "A Request of all true Christians to the
Honorable House of Parliament," wherein the petitioners pray that
" all cathedral churches may be put down, where the service of God is
grievously abused l)y piping with organs, singing, ringing, and trowl-
ing of psalms from one side of the choir to another, with the squeaking
of chaunting choristers, disguised, as are all the rest, in white sur-
plices, some in corner caps and filthy capes, imitating the fashion and
manner of Antichrist the Pope, that man of sin and child of perdition,
with his other rabble of miscreants and shaA^elings."
It is evident that this and other efforts of the same kind on the part
of the Puritans had not sufficed at the beginning of the seventeenth
century to secure for them what they desired, a service exactly like
that of the Reformed Continental churches at Geneva, Amsterdam,
and Frankfort, 2 for in 1603, when James I. entered London, one of
the reforms demanded in the famous " Millenary petition " then pre-
sented to his Majesty by the Puritans was that '' church songs and
musick may be moderated to better edification." In this, as in many
other ways, the new monarch failed to meet the wishes of his Puritan
subjects, as did the royal martyr (1625-1618),'^ in the latter part of
1 This, after great debate, owed its rejection to a single vote by proxy of an
absent member. Sir J. Hawkins, II., 5i3.
2 The dispute at Frankfort (1554:) between those who desired strict conformity in
pnblic services to the order established in England by Edward VI., and those who
desired to imitate the simplicity of the Reformed Continental chnrch service, marks
the beginning of the Puritan party, as the name of Puritan was then given to the
latter by their opponents.
3 In 1()32 an attempt was made to supersede the old English version of the
Psalms used since 1564, by that of James I. It was not successful, but radical
changes were made. The old version was used until lOiXJ, when the new was intro-
duced with the sanction of William III. It was entitled "A new Version of the
Psalms of David, fitted to the Tunes used in Churches."
INTRODUCTION. 11
whose reign (1641) a memorandum for reformation was submitted to
a committee of accommodation, praying '' that the music in cathedral
and collegiate churches be framed with less curiosity, and that no
hymns or anthems be used whose ditties are framed b}' private men,
but such as are contained in the Holy Scriptures, or in our Liturg}' or
l^raj-ers, or have public allowance." ^ In 1644, the year after the
beginning of the Commonwealth, the liturgy and the choral service
were abolished, and the Westminster asserabh' of divines having de-
clared it to be a Christian duty to sing psalms both at home and in
church, directed ministers to appoint some fit person to read the psalm,
line b}' line, before the singing thereof b}' the whole congregation.
Soon after the enforcement of this regulation for congregational sing-
ing, the work of taking down organs ^ and burning choral books began,
and was so thoroughh' carried out that at the Restoration (1661) it
was almost impossible to find organs, organists, notes, or singers.
Let us now turn our attention to the hislor}' of church music under
Puritan control in New England, where those who crossed the Atlantic
in order to carr}' out their ideas of church government without hin-
drance, evinced the same dread of choral and instrumental services,
regarding them as popish devices, as those of their persuasion who
remained in the mother conntrj' had done and continued to do.
We read in the •• Pilgrim's Progress," written hj John Bunyauin Bed-
ford jail between 1660 and 1672, that after Christian issued from the
Valley of the Shadow of Death he saw the caves where Pope and Pagan
had lived in old times. Pagan had died long ago, but Pope was still
living, though he had grown so crazy and stitf in his joints that he
could do little more than '• sit in his cave's mouth, grinning at pilgrims
as the}' went b}^ and biting his nails because he could not come at
them." Our forefathers, although well aware of Pope's decrepitude,
could never rid themselves of the fear that he whom the}' regarded as
the arch fiend in person might some day find means to grow young
again, and in the matter of music, as in all else, kept their gates
closely barred against him.
The New England pastor opened the service with prayer, after which
the teacher read and expounded a chapter of the Bible ; then a psalm
was sung in unison by the congregation. Men and women, "^ rising in
1 Xeale, op. cit., p. 701.
2 The organ of Magdalen College, taken down during the Rebellion, was removed
by Cromwell's orders to Hampton Court, where it remained until the Restoration,
when it was carried back to Oxford.
3 The Rev. Elias Nason doubts whether women were allowed to sing in Puritan
times. See the Ancient Psalmody of America. Discourse before the Hist. Genea
Soc, Nov., 1875.
12
INTKODUCTION.
their seats, stood facing the pastor, and sang eacli line as it was
"lined out" or "deaconed off," ^ that is, distinctly read by the
elder, the time taken in Old Hundredth being regulated by one beat of
the pulse. 2 After the psalm thus rendered came the sermon, the prayer,
and the benediction.
1 The practice of lining out the psalm, which originated with Luther, was re-
vived in New England, probably on account of a want of psalm-books sufficient for
increasing congregations. It does not seem to have been a practice of the first
settlers. At Plymouth it was not adopted until 1(582, Many objected to it as having
no Scripture authority, and also because reading of the psalms " doth hinder the
melody, the understanding the affection in singing." Hood, p. 13. The practice
was protested against by Watts (ed. 1718). In his preface, he advises that all who cant
should bring psalm-books, in order to get the sense completely; and that the clerk*
before lining, should read the whole psalm over. The practice gave way in the last
quarter of the seventeenth century, when permission was given to the best singers
in the choir to sit in the front gallery with the person appointed to set the psalm. In
1785 the church at Roxbury voted to allow singing once upon each Lord's day, with-
out reading by the deacon. Lincoln, in his History of Worcester (1779), tells how the
venerable Deacon Chamberlain insisted upon reading the psalm line by line until at
last, finding that his voice was drowned by the choir, he seized his hat and retired
in a flood of tears. For this he was censured, and for a season not allowed to com-
municate.
^ The Old Hundredth was one of the melodies selected by Luther from the people's
Songs, popular at the time of the Reformation. The epithet " Old" was added after
the publication of the new version, in 1(3%, to denote that it was a tune taken from the
preceding psalter of Sternhold and Hopkins. Challoner (p. 59) says it may have been
brought from the East by the troubadours, and Nason that it was comiiosed by Gil-
laume Franc. Sir J, Hawkins (II., 530, note) says that Handel has been often heard
to say that the melody — which, by the way, is identical with that of the 134th
Psalm of Goudimel and Le Jeune — was composed by Luther. Dr. Gilman
(Village Choir, p. 70) speaks of Old Hundredth as a piece of musical antiquity,
which had not been sung in any meeting-house for upwards of thirty years.
When sung, according to Latrobe, it was so drawled out that a breath was more than
expended on each word. Mr. Sharp used to relate an anecdote of a clergyman under
whom he sat in England, whose practice it was on each successive Sunday to give out
the Old Hundredth, as if to sing it were a perfectly novel idea. " This morning, my
brethren, we will sing," etc. One of the choristers at last became so exasperated
that one morning, on hearing the first line given out by the deacon, he, to the horror
of the congregation, broke out with, " Damn all nations that on earth do dwell."
Gould (Church Music in America, p. 29) says that Old Hundred is the only tune
now used to be found in Sternhold and Hopkins, and prints it thus: —
Ravenscroft, 1018, who first gave names of cities and towns, as Canterbury, York,
etc., to tunes in his choice collection, styles Old Hundred or Hundredth a French
INTRODUCTION.
13
No better description of the Sunday services in a New England
meeting-iiouse exists than this, in Ta3'lor's verses : — ^
*' Old home of Puritauic wood,
Through whose unpamted windows streamed.
On seats as primitive and rude
As Jacob's pillow, when he dreamed,
"The white and undiluted day !
Its naked aisles no roses grace
That blossomed at the shuttle's play,
No saints distempered '■* bless the place.
" Like feudal castles, front to front,
In timbered oak of Saxon Thor,
To brave the siege and bear the brunt
Of Bunyan's endless Holy War,
"The pulpit and the gallery stand,
Between the twain a peaceful space,
The prayer and praise on either hand,
gospel face to face.
tune (1G21). It probably first bore the name of Savoy,
of Marot's psalms (15G1) it is given thus: —
In Theodore Beza's edition
^
:&c.
With the words : —
Or sus, serviteurs du Seigneur
Vous, qui de nuit en son lionneur
De dans sa maisou la servez,
Louez le, et son nom elevez.
ORIGINAL FORM.
tWr-
^^-
±==t
ffl^
^-
-i&-
r —
^' 1 1 1
1
1
1
1 1 -
^
r^
= ^ ^-'^ ■^-
^ ■ p
^ <;:> ^ :
_| ^
~ — &-
f:>—^
Like other melodies in the German Psalter, it is an adaptation of a secular tune of
the time. Bourgeois was editor of the German Psalter from 1542-1557, and to him
the tune in its present form may be ascribed. Grove, Diet., IL, p. 495.
In Ravenscrof t it is thus printed : —
m
IB. F. Taj'lor, — from poems entitled The Psalm Book in the Garret,
lished in volume entitled Songs of Yesterday. S. L. Griggs & Co., Chicago.
2 i, e., painted in distemper, frescoed.
pub-
14 INTRODUCTION.
" I hear the revereud elder say,
* Hymn fifty-five, long metre, sing I '
I hear the psalm books' fluttered play,
Like flocks of sparrows taking wing.
**The congregation rise and stand, —
Old Hundred's rolling thunder comes
In heavy surges slow and grand
As beats the surf its solemn drums.
" And now they sing a star in sight, —
The blessed star of Bethlehem ;
And now the air is royal bright
With Coronation's diadem.
" They show me spots of dimpled sod,
They say the girls of old are there ;
Oh, no ! they swell the choir of God, —
The dear old songs are everywhere."
On comiDg to New England the Puritans brought with them Ains-
worth's version of the Psalms, 1612. " Printed in Amsterdam, the
words and the music togetlier." Of this version we have already spoken
as well as of that of Sternhold and Hopkins, an edition of which was
published at Cambridge in 1693. and used inoneor twoof the churches
before 1640, when the Ba}^ Psalm Book,i the first book printed
on this continent north of Mexico, appeared. To AVelde, Eliot,^
1 1st ed. pub. at Cambridge, 1640, —26th ed. pub. at Boston in 1744, — the 27th ed.
at Boston between 1746 and 1750. A copy of the 1st ed. (1640) exists in the Boston
Public Library, 10. 4. 8. O. S. 132, formerly in the Old South Library. Aslipof p;iper
pasted on the front page reads, " belonged to the Xew England Library, begun to be
collected by Thomas Payne, 1703." It is a small 8vo volume without notes. " The
whole Book of Psalms faithfulh* translated," etc. The preface is a plea for the sing-
ing of psalms as authorized by Holy Writ. It concludes with these words, —
" That we may sing in Sion, the Lord's
song of prayse according to his owne
will, until he take us from hence
and wipe away all tears,
and bid us enter into
our Master's joye,
to sing eternall
Hallelujahs."
The 2d ed. of the Bay Psalm Book, revised and increased by the Rev. Henry
Dunster, president of Harvard College, and Mr. Richard Lyon, appeared in 1(3.50, It
was printed in Pres. Dunster's house by Stephen Day, who came from England in
1639 with printing-press and font of ill-cut type.
For description of the Bay Psalm Book, see Tyler, Hist, of American Literature;
Duyckinck's Cyc'a of Literat\n-e; and article by Tarbox in Xew Englander for
March, 1880; also, Meml Hist, of Boston, I., p. 513.
2 The Indian apostle, who in 1660 printed the metrical version of the Psalms,
in his translation of the Bible into the Indian (Nipmuck) tongue. In 1689, Dr.
INTRODUCTION. 15
Mather, and the other eminent divines who prepared it, as to all
sound Puritans, non-conformit}' to the sacred text was, as Hood
remarks, '' the fault of faults," and they therefore made their transla-
tion of the Psalms into metrical verse as literal as possible. ^ At the
close of the volume the reader is " admonished that the verses of
these psalms may be reduced to six kinds, the first whereof ma}' be
sung in verj' neere fourty common tunes, as the}' are collected out of
our chief musicians (English, Scotch, and Welsh composers) by
Thomas Eavenscroft." ^ In the course of a century the Bay Psalm
Book, which was almost exclusively used in New England churches,
passed through nearly thirty editions. Those printed before 1690 con-
sisted of text only, for the singing of which five or six tunes, such as
York, Hackney, Windsor, St. Mary's, and Martyrs, were written out in
copies used by the congregation, but, as the want of a greater variety
of tunes was then felt, an edition with text and notes was published in
1G98.3
Although sanctioned by the church in New England, the Bay
Psalm Book did not at first meet with universal acceptance, owing to
the great variety of opinions prevalent among God-fearing men as to
the propriety of singing at all. To some the metrical rendering of
the Psalms was a tampering with the Sacred Text, and to sing them
was sinful, as Christians ought to praise God with the heart only.
Others thought that one of the congregation should sing while the
rest listened, joining with him in the final amen ; while still another
party held that none but members of the church should be allowed to
sing. Further questionings arose on allowing women to sing with men,
women being forbidden to speak in church (Cor. xiv. 34), or to proph-
esy (Tim. ii. 11, 12) ; and also on the propriety of singing psalms
in metre devised by man to tunes written perhaps by the ungodly,
Increase Mather wrote to Dr. John Leusdeu, Hebrew professor in the university
at Utrecht: " The whole congregation of Indians praise God with singing, and some
of tliem are excellent singers." The same assertion is made in a letter written
from New England to the Princess of Grange in 1689. Hood, op. cit., p. 50.
1 Free translations or paraphrases, like those of Watts, or of Addison, of which
'• The spacious firmament on high " may he taken as an example, would have found
no favor with our forefathers. Hood.
2 Thomas Ravenscroft, bachelor of music, published in 1628, the whole Book
of Psalms with the hymns, evangelical and spiritual, written in four parts by
sundry authors, such as Tallis, Dr. John Dowland, John Milton, the poet's
father, etc. In it the tenor part has the tune,— called the tenor, or plain-song, or
Faburden, — Falso Bordone, — a species of descant. Eavenscrof t's book, republished
in 16;>5, became the manual of psalm singers throughout the Kingdom.
3 Tunes printed in two parts, initial of syllable placed under each note, with
directions as to singing.
1 0 INTRODUCTION.
■which might be looked upon as uninspired tunes in contradistinction
to those which, by long usage, had come to be regarded as inspired. ^
All these objections were discussed and met by the Rev. John Cot-
ton in his famous tract (1647) entitled " Singing of Psalms a Gospel
Ordinance." ^ The four " particulars " treated are : —
" I. Touching the duty itaelf," i. e., of audible singing, respecting
which the reverend author concludes "that sinoinor of Psalms with
a lively vo3'ce is an holy dut}^ of God's worship now in the dayes of
the New Testament," the which he proves by the commandments of the
Lord by Paul, "through the examples of Christ himself and of his
Saints and Disciples in the New Testament, the prophecies of the Old
Testament foretelling and persuading such a dut}- in the New."
II. " Touching the matter to be sung." — On this head the author
declares that " not onl}^ the Psalms of David, but any other spirituall
songs recorded in Scripture may be lawfully sung in Christian
churches, as those of Moses, Asaph, etc.," and also "that an}' private
Christian who hath a gift to frame a spirituall song, may both frame it
and sing it privately- or before the Church ; nor is to be forbidden to
make use of an Instrument of music in his own house, so that atten-
tion to the Instrument do not divert the heart from attention to the
matter of the Song."
III. " Touching the singers'' the writer argues, that all should
sing, women as well as men, sinners as well as saints, for we are told,
**Is any among you afflicted? let him pray. Is any merry? let him
sing psalms." (James, v. 13.)
IV . ' ' Touching the manner of singing." — Under this head the author
discusses whether Psalms in metre of man's device may be sung,
" whether in tunes invented, and whether it be lawfuU in order unto
singing to reade the Psalme." He argues in favor of the versification
of psalms, and the composing of melodies or tunes to which the}" may
be sung, that it is as lawful to translate them into verse as into prose,
and that as words invented by Englishmen may be properl}' usedto
convey divine truth, so ma}' tunes composed by the same for a like
purpose. Finally, he makes answer to those who think that reading
the Psalms is not to be allowed in order to singing by saying, that as
all have not books, and all do not know the Psalms by heart, " it will
be a necessary helpe that the words be openly read beforehand, line
after line, or two lines together, that so they who want either books or
skill to reade may know what is to be sung, and joyne with the rest in
the dutie of singing."
1 Gould, op. cit., p. 33. 2 Hood, op. cit., 35-48.
INTRODUCTION. 17
The strong opposition to * the use of instruments in Puritan
churches 1 makes it surprising that so early as 1641, Thomas Lech-
ford pleaded for it in his so-called •• Plaine Dealing"- in these words :
•• If Psalms and Hymns and spiritual songs are to be sung in the
church, and to sing melodioush' and in good harmony is the gift of
God, and uncomely singing is a kind of sin in the holy assemblies,
why should not the chief leaders and rulers of the Church appoint
some one in their stead to take charge of the singing in the Church ?
and may not some be better fitted to lead in singing than others?
and, lest they may fall out in their tunes to jarring, wh\' ma}' they not
use the help of f<ome musical ins ruments? and, lest thej' should want
able men this way, why should they not take care that some children
be trained up in Music? "
The voice of this man, in advance of his time, was like that of one
crying in the wilderness. Do we not read in the Prophet Amos
(v. 23), said the Puritans, "Take thou away from me the noise of
th}' songs, for I will not hear the melod}' of thy viols?" and is not the
use of instruments in the house of God like the idolatrous concert of
Nebuchadnezzar (Daniel iii. 5), who ordered that '^ at what time ye
hear the sound of the cornet, flute, harp, sackbat. psaltery, dulcimer,
and all kinds of musick, ye fall down and worship the golden image
which the king has set up?" Furthermore, is it not a mockery to
make wood and strings perform acts of devotion, properly performed
by the human spirit only ? To such objections it might have been an-
swered that the Psalm which saith '• Let evervthiug that hath life and
breath praise the Lord" also saith, "Praise him with timbrels and
dances " Instruments of music were regarded as " of the Devil," be-
cause the Romish Church sanctioned their use ; and of all instruments,
the organ, as being specially identified with popery, was the most
abhorred. Writing from England, in 1660, Mr. Leverett (agent for
the General Court) refers to the use of the organ as one of the most
discouraging signs of a return to Romish practices, adding, •• the Lord
keep and preserve his church, that there may not be fainting in the
da}' of ordeal ! " ^ In derision, the organ of that day was called a
^ In early Puritan times not even a pitch pipe was allowed. A law enacted in one
of the X. E. States (1»)75) prescribed that no one should play on any kind of music
except the drum, the trumpet, and the jew-sharp. Everything of the kind was con-
sidered common and unclean. Tlie fiddle, being associated with theatres, balls, etc., .
was called the Devil's instrument.
2 Plaine Dealing, or Xews from Xew England (among certain questions concern-
ing chui"ch government).
8 Palfrey's Hist, of X. Eng., II. p. 448. The London Punch of April 3, 1880, points
•2
18 INTRODUCTION.
box of pipes, and such in fact it was, in comparison with the splendid
instruments of our own time ; but then, as now, it was an instrument of
man's devising. Tliis cause of feeling against it finds expression in
the storj' of the preacher of a later period, when it had somewhat
gained a foothold, who, on being asked to lead in prayer, after the
organ had been heard with the singers, cried out, " Call on the
machine. If it can sing and play to the glory of God, it can pray to
the glory of God also : call on the machine ! " i
Colonial records give but little information about singing in
churches ; but confined as it was to men who sang without accom-
paniment some half a dozen tunes in common metre,^ learned by rote,
it must have been dreary and monotonous to the last degree. In the
early part of the 18th centur3% when part sin^iing was extremely rare,
the singer's repertor}^ was enlarged by various publications, the first
of which, an " Introduction to the Singing of Psalm Tunes," by the
Rev. E. Tufts, with a collection of thirt3^-seven tunes in three parts,
viz., cantus, medius, and bassus, appeared in 1712 or 1714, and
reached its eleventh edition in 1744.^ Next in order of publication
out the existence of this anti-organ prejxidice as still to be found in Scotland. The
text to the illustration " Avaunt " runs thus: Free Kirk divine, of advanced
opinions, who has recently introduced an organ into his chapel. " I'm sorry to hear,
Mrs. ]\[cGrunty, that you are hy no means so regular in your attendance at church as
you used to be." Fair Beggite (indignant at the pastor's latest iniquity). 'Kirk,
indeed ! Wud ye luure me tae Rome wi' the rest of them, wi' your orgins, an' anthems,
and sich like abominations? Na, na; until ye gie me the auld Hunder agin without
the whustles, I'll tak' ma' speeritual comfort at hame." So, again, in Latrobe's
Music in the Church, London, 1831, p. 31(5. it is stated that so late as 1807, when an
attempt was made to introduce an organ into a church at Glasgow, the presbytery
declared their determination to avert so dire a calamity from our churcli and county;
to crush in the bud so scandalous a prostration of sacred things. The Rev. E.
Nason relates that in 1735, when Bishop Berkeley presented an organ to Trinity
Church, Newport, the joeople, in public meeting, voted that '• an organ is an instru-
ment of the Devil, for the entrapjjing of men's sovils," and declined to accept it,
though they afterwards would seem to have reconsidered their vote, as the organ is
still in the church. W. B. Fowler, in his Hist, of Durham, Conn., 186(5, p. 101,
says, " a certain man in my recollection would go to the s. door of the Meeting
House and enquire, ' is the great fiddle there? ' On being told that the Bass Viol
was there, he would depart to his home. He was not willing to be present where
there was such a ' Dagon.' "
1 Latrobe, op. cit. j). 354. Barrel organs were occasionally admitted into churches
in lieu of finger organs.
2 In Aiiisworth's and N. E. Psalm Book, psalms written in alternate lines of
eight and six syllables. Gould, p. 3(5, mentions Oxford, Litchfield, York, Windsor,
St. David's, and Martyrs among tunes used before l()i)0.
8 Instead of notes the initial letters of pitch names were iised as F. for fa, S. for
sol, etc., time marked by punctuation marks on right side of letters, as, e.g.,
F : = a breve; F . = semibreve; F simple = a minim.
INTRODUCTION. 19
came the Psalteriiim Americanum (1718), ^ b}' Dr. Cotton Mather,
'^ fitted unto the tunes commonly used in the church," and after it, a
singing-book bj^the Rev. T. ^Valter (1721), entitled the '• Grounds and
Rules of Musick explained ; or, an Introduction to the Art of Singing by
Note," containing tunes in three parts, made up of semibreves and
minims, and notable as the first music printed in America with a bass
part.'^ The author states that he was moved to the publication of
this book by the deplorable state of singing in New England. Tlie
four or five tunes in use, he sa3's, " had become so mutilated, tor-
tured, and twisted, that psalm singing had become a mere disorderly
noise, left to the mercy of every unskilful throat to chop and alter,
twist and change, according to their own fanc}', — sounding like five
hundred diff'erent tunes roared out at the same time, and so little in
time that they were often one or two words apart ; so hideous as to be
bad beyond expression, and so drawling that the singer had some-
times to pause twice on one word to take breath. The decline," con-
tinues the writer, '* had been so gradual that the ver}' confusion and
dissonance seemed to have become grateful to their ears, while melody
sung in time and tune was offensive ; and when it was heard that tunes
were sung by note, the}" argued that the new way, as it was called,
was an unknown tongue, not melodious as the old ; that it made dis-
turbance in churches, was a needless contrivance of the designing to get
mone3^ required too much time, and made the young disorderly, —
old way good enough."
Other puerile objections urged against the new waj' were that the
next thing will be to pra}" by rule and preach by rule, and then comes
popery ; that it savors of witchcraft to sing a tune bj' following printed
characters wiih the eye, without having first learned it by ear ; that
singing by note will bring about the use of instruments ; that the names
of the notes are blasphemous ; that it is foolish to adopt a new way
when the old wa}" is good enough, etc., etc.^
As early as 1720, when singing by note was first adopted in Boston,
the Rev. Thomas Symmes defended it in an essay entitled " The Rea-
1 The preface to an edition of Watts's Hymns, published in 1718, advises the
singer not to dwell too long on one note, but to increase speed in pronunciation, and
points out such defects as drawling, flatting, singing some notes too flat and others
too sharp, so called embellishments, etc.
2 This book went through several editions, the last of which was published in
IIM. In that year Josiah Flagg published a collection of forty-six tunes, printed
by Paul Revere. The author boasts that the paper is Yankee if the music be
English. See Gould, p. 38.
3 Hood cites ten objectious. — pp. 86, 87.
20 INTRODUCTION.
sonableness of Regular Singing, or, Singing b}' Note," maintaining
that all could learn to sing, and recommending the opening of singing
schools He was followed in 1727 b}' the Ixev. Mr. Chnuncey, in a
pamphlet entitled " Regular Singing defended, and proved to be the
onl}' Wa}^ of singing the Songs of the Lord." D wight, Thacher, Dan-
forth, Mather, Stoddard, and others took the same ground.
The contest raged for twenty years (1720-1740), during which the
example set b}^ Boston was gradually followed in country towns
either wholly or partially. In some places, as at Glastonbury, Conn.
(Feb., 1733), a compromise was effected, by permitting the congrega-
tion to sing one half the Lord's day by note, and the other half by
rote ;i and at Braintree, after the pastor, the Rev. Samuel Niles, had
expelled eight members of the congregation for persisting in note sing-
ing, they were restored by the council, and, in order to satisfy both
parties, the congregation was directed to sing alternatel}" b}' note and
by rote.- In 1742, note singing was formally adopted at Hanover,
Mass., and the example was followed in other country towns, where
singing schools were of necessity established. The first of these use-
ful institutions in Boston was that opened in Brattle Street b}' Dr.
Benjamin Coleman's society, 1720, and the first, or one of the earliest,
in a country town was that opened atHadley, Mass., bj: John Stickney
and his wife.^ Before 1800, singing schools could generally be found
from Maine to Georgia. Roxbur3^ Dorchester, Cambridge, Taunton,
Bridgewater, Charlestown, Ipswich, Newbur3^ and- Bradford made
special and early efforts to reform and improve singing, and, if we may
accept the testimony' of the Abbe Robin who visited Boston in 1781,
not without success. In speaking of the New-Englanders, this traveller
says, " Their psalmody is grave and majestic and the harmou}' of the
poetry in their national tongue adds a grace to the music and contrib-
utes greatly towards keeping up the attention of the worshippers.'^
1 This arraiigeiueut was to be in force until the next election. In July, it was
voted to defer the use of the new way on Sabbath days until the December meeting,
it being understood that the townspeople should meet once a week, or fortnight, to
learn it.
2 Mr. Niles was so little satisfied with this arrangement that he held service in
his own house Dec. 1, 1723, where the sound of the " popish notes" could not be
heard, leaving his deacons to manage the ' crotchety sticks " as best they could in
the meeting-house, llev. Ellas Nason's Discourse before the Gen. Hist, Society,
Nov., 1875.
3 From 172vO onward, a few singers met occasionally in towns for i^ractice in sing-
ing; but meetings for learning the theory and practice of mu.-ic were scarcely
known before 1770. Gould, op. cit., p. 77.
4 Hist, of Mass., by I. S. Barry, ;5d Period, p. 201, note 1, relates that the Abb^
Kobin, when in Boston, lodged in the house with a Frenchman who began to play the
INTRODUCTION. 21
Brissot de Warville, who came among us a few years later (1788), also
bears witness to the changed state of public feeling, b}^ saying that
'' music, which their teachers formerly proscribed as a diabolic art,
begins to make part of their education." ^
Before speaking of the Billings craze, — which intervened between
the general adoption of singing b}' note and the early part of the 19th
centur}', when what may be property called the musical reformation
began, — a few examples of the grotesque text of some of the h3^mns
our forefathers sang with the utmost seriousness ma}' be given.
Here is a verse, taken from the Rev. 8. W. Christopher's " Poets of
Methodism," ^ which could hardly be surpassed in oddity-.
" Ye monsters of the bubbling deep,
Your Maker's praises shout ;
Up from the sands, ye codlings, peep,
And wag your tails about."
The same writer, after quoting from Dr. Watts's 9 2d Psalm the lines,
" Oh, let my heart in tune be found.
Like David's harp of solemn sound,"
relates, that a singer, wishing to improve upon them, gravely proposed
to his pastor to substitute these lines : —
" Oh may my heart be tuned within
Like David's sacred violin ! "
to which the reverend gentleman answered by waggishly suggesting as
an amendment,
" Oh may ray heart go diddle-diddle,
Like Uncle David's sacred fiddle ! "
When Billings got the upper hand with his so-called fugue-ing
tunes, 3 hearts did indeed go " diddle-diddle," and wild were their
dances. The paramount influence obtained by William BiUings
(b. Oct. 7, 1747, d. A. D. 1800), a tanner, who plied his trade in Eliot
flute on Sunday for his amusement. This so enraged the people that they swarmed
about the doors, and would have mobbed the musician had not the landlord warned
him of his danger and obliged him to desist from his unhallowed occupation.
1 Shurtleff's Topography of Boston (1871), p. 85.
2 Page 14, verse quoted by Dr. Belcher, an American authority in psalmodic
literature. The first edition of Dr. Watts's Hymns was published by Dr. Franklin
at Philadelphia in 17il. Many of these hymns had found their way into churches
before this, through Dr. Cotton Mather, to whom Dr. Watts sent a copy about 1721.
Hood, op. cit., p. V)6, says Watts did not take the place of the Bay Psalm Book
mitil after the American Revolution.
3 Gould, op. cit., p. 42, says fugue iug music, thougli called Yankee music, origi
nated in England, where it was adopted in many Protestant churches long before
it was heard of in this country.
22
INTRODUCTION.
Street, Boston, and was the first native self-taught American composer,
is partly to be ascribed to the political enmities of the time, to his
own zealous patriotism, and to the friendship and support of Samuel
Adams. The tune of Chester, called the Battle Hymn of the Revo-
lution, composed by Billings, was the only tune which the Continental
pipers were allowed to play when on the march, and the words to
which it was sung breathe that spirit of defiant trust characteristic of
the people and the times. Had the American Cyclops, as he was
called from his one eye,i been a Rouget de I'lsle, he would have
given them a very difl'erent setting, but, however good a patriot he
may haA^e been, he was very far from being an inspired musician.'
His tunes and fugue-lings are what might be expected as the work of
an uneducated man who knew but little of the laws of harmony, mod-
ulation, or the preparation and resolution of discords, and who had
had no opportunities of purifying his taste or correcting the false
theories, which, as he tells us in the preface to one of his books, led
him to believe "that Nature is the best dictator: she must do tlie
work ; and so I think it best for every composer to be his own carver."
Taking as his model the "Urania," a book published by one James
iThe Rev. Dr. Pierce, of Brookline, who knew Billings intimately, says he was
somewhat deformed in person, blind of one eye, with one leg shorter than "the other,
and with a withered arm. His voice was stentorian and his habits repulsive. He
used to carry snuff in his waistcoat pocket and take it by the handful. Gould, p. 46.
2 When the British occupied Boston, the American army being stationed at
Watertown, Billings thus paraphrased the 137th Psalm: —
By the rivers of Watertown we sat down and wept, when we remembA-ed thee, O Boston.
(
iggn
SiSil^E
w^^j. n^i
By the rivers of Watertown we sat down and wept,
I
Gould, op. cit., p. 48.
" If I forget thee, O Boston,
Then let my numbers cease to flow,
Then be mj- muse unkind.
Then let my tongue forget to move,
And ever be coulined."
INTRODUCTION.
23
Lyon, at Philadelphia, in 1761, which contained the first so-called
fugue-lug tunes ever published in this countr3% he prepared himself
" to make the sanctuary resound with fugues within a compass of four
short hues, of which the closing one went doubUng on its track like a
fox pursued by the hunters." ^ Shade of the great John Sebastian
Bach, it was not of such fugues as these that Milton thought when he
sang 'of the organist,
" Whose volant touch,
Instinct through all proportions, low and high,
Fled and pursued transverse the resonant fugue,"
but of such models of organic strength as those with which thou wast
to endow the world, — fugues whose first law is order, and whose abid-
ing characteristic is inspiration.
What Billings aimed at, to quote his own words, was " to tickle
the ear, to rouse the attention dulled by the drawling tunes of past
times"; and to do this, he, in certain instances, directed that those
which he substituted for them should be still more enlivened by the
dapping of hands. " M v music," he said, "has more than twenty
times the power of the old slow tunes ; each part straining for mas-
tery and victor}', the audience entertained and delighted, their minds
surprisingly' agitated and extremely fluctuated, sometimes declaring
for one part, sometimes for another. Now the solemn bass demands
their attention, next the manly tenor ; now the lofty counter, now the
volatile treble ; now here, now there, now here again. Oh, ecstatic !
Rush on, ye sons of Harmony ! " And rush on the}' did with unexampled
vehemence. "The chorus," says Channing, "chewed the tune and
swallowed the words" ; ^ and another writer remarks that " one part
raced after another, fearful of not winding up together on the last
syllable."^ A practical illustration of the effect produced was fur-
1 Billings's first work, the N. E. Psalm Singer
or American Chorister, was published in 1770.
The author gives a short glossary of musical
terms in the preface, and defines " Fuge or
fuging {sic) as notes flying after each other,
altho' not always the same sound. Music is said
to be fuging when one part conies in after an-
other," etc. There is a copy of this book in the
Mass. Hist. Soc. Library.
2 Recollections of Newport, p. 100.
3 In some cases each of the four singers sang
different words, as in a tune called " Montague,"
cited by Prof. Hubbard.
^m
t=r
Your songs iuvite,Those
1
Let the high heavens
— 9'
r-[— r-t-
Those spacious fields of
--^?i^h*E
Of brilliant light where
24
INTRODUCTION.
nished one evening by some mischievous boys, who hung a couple of
cats by their hind legs over the shop sign at the composer's door, on
which ''Billings's music" was conspicuously inscribed.
Censured for his misuse of discords, Billings published a tune called
" Jargon," set to these words : —
" Let horrid Jargon split ^^^® ^^^'
my ear,
the
And rive nerves asunder;
Let hateful discord greet the ear,
As terrible as thunder."
In his accompanying address to the Goddess of Discord, i which
he calls as neat a piece of writing as was ever penned, Billings requires
the goddess whom he styles " Dread Sovereign," to sign the following
quittance : —
^ 1 See Singing Master's Assistant, pp. 28, 29, and p. 102. Also Musical Recollec-
tions of the last Half Century, pp. 350 and 377.
^^^
-f=^
-t._t
'5'-^r-r-»-
E^^^igi
iS^j
t=t
^^^E^m
Let hor-rid jar - gon split the air, And rive the nerves a - sun-der,
-«— ^-
1=1:
i
-0 — ^--
t=V
^
t=t
■■^-
fortissimo.
1=]:
T=\-
I
^_*_a-
:[=[:
-^— g^-
-^-v-
■0—f^- -i
U^\ L_L_EEtz:
'f- — '9 — F'5'
• J2
i—n — t:
;2-F#— ^-
^
:_rri^z=«z=pz:r^_^:
.z=t=t=t=t[==p:
-^—&-
f^ g?
BSIgPPJl
Let hateful discord gi-eet the ear,
As tcr - ri - ble as thunder.
.;22_,i2_
J-4
r-ry-t
INTRODUCTION. 25
"Received of the author a piece of Jargon, it being the best piece ever
composed, in full of all accounts from the beginning of time and througli the
endless ages of eternity. I say, received of me, Goddess of Discord, given
from our iuliarmouious cavern, in tlie land of chaos, from the year of our
existence, which began at Adam's Fall, 5782.
" Demon Dread, SjJeaker.
Human Horror, Secretary.'"
Further on, the following directions are given for its adequate per-
formance : '' Let an Ass bra}^ the Bass, let the filing of a Saw carry
the Tenor, let a Hog who is extremel}' hungr}^ squeal the Counter, and
let a Cartwheel which is heavy loaded, and that Jias been long without
grease, squeak the Treble."
Enough has perhaps been said to show the reader what manner of
man this was, who, through sheer impudence, kept the New-England ers
under his yoke for more than a quarter of a century, ^ a period which
Gould calls the dark age of music in New England, and with reason, for
it was a time when men worshipped false gods, the work of their own
hands, and despised the solemn and decent strains which had been
dear to the ears of their forefathers " Devotion, appalled at the un-
hallowed sound of the (so-called) fugue, had fled the sanctuar}-," says
one writer; and another states that " it was as useless for singers to
attempt refined music as for the screech-owl to emulate the song of the
nightingale." 2 Another writer, the Rev. Dr. Dana, declares that in
the 3'ear 1800 "music in New England was still in its infancy. For
3'ears the country- has been overflowing with musical productions not
destitute of sprightliness, nor in an}' instance of gleams of genius, but
composed on no plan, conformed to no principles, and communicating-
no distinct or abiding impression through fugitive and unsubstantial
things which fill the ear and starve the mind." In the latter part of the
last century efforts were made to emancipate music from the thraldom
of Billings ; and although some congregations persisted for some time
after his death in singing his music on alternate Sundays, the publication
of books containing such standard tunes as Old Hundred, Mears, and
St. David, which had been laid aside for the past fort}' years, and the
earnest efibrts of Drs. Chaplin of Groton, Pierce of Brookline, Dana of
Newport, Law, Holyoke, Albee, and others, gradually brought about a
1 Billings published six collections of tunes, for the most part of his own making^
of which the Singing Master's Assistant (1778) is the best. He himself thought it
much superior to the N. E. Psalm Singer, his earliest work (1770).
2 Treatise on Musical Taste, by W. Hastings, p. 29 (1822). See also the Musical
Gazette, Boston, 1838, and Templi Carmina, article on, in the North American Re-
view, 1820, Voh II., p. 38.
26 INTRODUCTION.
better state of things. They were, however, bad enough at the best,
during the first twent}* 3'ears of the present century. Referring to that
time in an address delivered in 1851, Dr. Lowell Mason says, " I have
seen eight or ten persons rise when a hymn was given out, and with
pitch-pipes or tuning-forks, and singing-books in hand, attempt what
might be in tiuth regarded as the burlesque choral service of a religious
meeting." Here and in the mother countr}-, as late as 1817, the
music in man}' churches was " a scandalous mocker}' of psalmody, led
by a barrel organ or an incompetent professor." The same defects
were rife on both sides of the Atlantic, namely, " singing flat with a
nasal twang, straining the voice to an unnatural pitch, introducing
continual drawls and tasteless ornaments, trilling on each syllable,
running a third above the written note ; and thus, by a sort of triplet,
assimilating the time to a Scotch reel, etc., etc." ^ So far as the selec-
tion of music included in collections published between 1800 and 1815
is concerned, it was very much better than in those which had ap-
peared previously ; but in point of correctness there was little gain.
Consecutive fifths were not only tolerated, but admired ,2 and con-
secutive octaves between the parts attracted no one's attention.
Tunes were often introduced from recent English publications having a
figured bass, but as no one could read it, or had the least idea what it
meant,"^ such aid to the right filling up of the parts was of no avail.
With incorrect music, ill-trained singers, and incompetent professors,'*
the ordinary church-choir singing must have been intolerable to edu-
cated ears. The proportion of women to men was about twenty to one
1 These defects are pointed out as characteristic of church music in England, by
Latrobe, op. cit., p. 139.
2 e. g., Ocean (Swan), Father Kemp.
^ Gould, op. cit., p. 72.
^ Leaders of choirs who followed the directions given for beating time in the
Farmers' Evening Entertainment (S. Howe, Northampton, 1804) must have found it
difficult to keep the singers together. " To Beat Crotchets in common Time, let the
fingers fall on the table six inches, then bring the heel of the hand down gently, then
raising it a little higher, throw open the fingers to begin the next bar." For triple
time, let the fingers fall on the table, tlien the heel of the hand, then raise the whole
liand six inches, keeping the fingers straight, which fills the bar.
INTRODUCTION. 27
hundred and thii-teen. The bo^'s and counter tenors sang the air with
the sopranos, and the alto part was generally intrusted to men with
falsetto voices. 1 Great opposition was made when it was proposed
to have the melod}' sung b}' women, on the ground that men had a
prescriptive right to lead, and that women were forbidden to take the
first part in song or any other religious service. Solo singing by
women was unheard of in churches, and did not become common in
public until after it had been allowed in the concerts of the Handel
and Haydn Society. Church choirs in the earl}' part of this century
sang generalh' to the accompaniment of some one or more wind and
stringed instruments, — flute, bassoons, and viols. Organs ^ were, as we
have already said, long kept out of churches as papal emissaries ; and,
even when the old prejudice had died away, were the exception, on
account of the outlay necessary to obtain them. The first organ ever
heard in New England was that bequeathed to Brattle Street Church
by Thomas Brattle, treasurer of Harvard College, May 23, 1713,
with the proviso that if the bequest was accepted, " the elders should
within a year procnre some sober and discreet person, that can pla}^
skilfully thereon, with a loud voice." In case of refusal to accept, the
said organ was to be successively offered to King's Chapel, Harvard
College, and to William Brattle, nephew of the testator. ^ The Brat-
tle Street Church authorities having declined to take the organ, it was
offered to those of King's Chapel, where it was set up in 1714, and
played upon b}' Mr. Edward Eustace, an Englishman, who was ap-
pointed organist, with a salary of £20 a year."* Some sixty 3'ears
later, an organ was purchased in P2ngland for Brattle vStreet Church ;
but it is evident that the same spirit of opposition which had pre-
vented the acceptance of Mr. Brattle's gift at a former time still
lingered in the congregation, for we are told that one of its members
offered to pa}' the original cost of the instrument and all expenses
1 The air was generally sung by men, and the part assigned to women was written
on the upper staff in the brace. The alto or counter, placed on the third staff,
had a peculiar clef, called the C clef, originally designed for boys. As boys sel-
dom had skill to lead, and few men could reach the high notes, women with soprano
voices were put on this part also, as in Park Street Church, 1810. This choir
consisted of about forty singers, accompanied by a flute, bassoon, and viol.
-In the early part of the 18tb century, the pipes or sets of pipes were called
an " orgin " or organ, and when collected in a case, the " orgius."
3 Article by Gen. Oliver, Transcript, Nov. 19, 1874.
* Other writers say that the organ set up in King's Chapel in 1714 was a present
from Queen Anne, in the latter part of her reign. On its arrival from England, it
w;vs left unpacked under the portico for many months, — so strong was the opposition
to its admission into the clmrch.
2S INTRODUCTION.
incurred bj' the societ}^ in bringing it across the Atlantic if they
would send it back again ; and that a committee of members waited
on the Rev. Dr. Tliacher, the then incumbent, and made a like offer,
if he would arrange with the captain to have the organ thrown over-
board. As the reverend gentleman declined to listen to them, it was
set up, and used until the church was pulled down, in 1872. Before
this imported instrument was set up in Brattle Street Church, two
organs had been built in Boston, — one in 1745, for the Old South
Church, b}' Edward Bromfield, the first ever constructed in America,^
and the other in 1752, for Christ Church, b}' Thomas Johnston.
The first organ factor}^ in Boston was that of William Goodrich,
and the first instrument constructed in it was placed in the Roman
Catholic Church on Franklin Street in 1815.2 In 1807, Erastus
Walker, of Lebanon, built a hand or barrel organ of unusual size, for
New London, — the largest pipe being twelve feet in length, and the
stops ten in number. When it was dedicated, the rector, taking for
his text, " In that da}^ shall there be upon the bells of the horses,
holiness unto the Lord" (Zech. xiv. 20), preached on the design and
benefits of instrumental music. "In that day," he said, "even
those instruments of music which have long been devoted to other
purposes, and considered to be the signals of carnal merriment, shall
be enrolled among those articles on which the words ' Holiness to the
Lord ' shall be inscribed."
1 It had two manuals and many hundred pipes.
2 In 1815 there were four organs in Boston churches, King's Chapel, Christ, Brattle
Street, and Cathedral. Two years later four had been added, viz., First Church
First Universalist, Old South, and Federal Street. — Transcript, Nov. 30, 1874.
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
CHAPTER I.
It would be an error to suppose that the Handel and Haydn Society
sprang suddenly into life, like the mythic olive-tree at the bidding of
Athena. Its coming was heralded by man}- earlier organizations of
its kind, formed in Massachusetts towards the close of the last and in
the first fifteen 3'ears of the present century, whose eflbrts to amelio-
rate the st3'le of performing sacred music, and to raise the standard of
taste, deserve recognition and remembrance. Among these were the
Stoughton Musical Society, founded Nov. 7, 1786, notable as the fir»t,
and so far as we are aware, as the onh' musical institution which has
held uninterrupted meetings from so remote a period down to the
present time ; ^ the Independent Musical Society, established at Boston
in the same 3'ear, which gave concerts at King's Chapel in 17^8, and
took part there in commemorating the death of Washington (Dec. 14,
1799) on his first succeeding birthday; th » Franklin (1804), the
Salem, the Middlesex, the West Boston (1806-23), the Massachu-
setts Musical (1807), the Lock Hospital (1812), 2 and the Norfolk
Musical Societies. 3 The onh' one of them which has an}' special con-
nection with our subject is the Massachusetts Musical, whose records,
presented in 1864 to the Handel and Haydn Societ}' b}' Henry S.
Nolen, a descendant of its first secretarj^, are inscribed,
1 So spoken of by Dr. Alden of Randolph in a sketch of its history, printed in
the Norfolk County Gazette, Aug. 13, 1870. The society celebrated its fiftieth
anniversary Jan. 2, 1837, postponed from Nov. 7, 1S36.
2 So named from the Lock Hospital Collection, published at Boston, Septem-
ber, 1809. The society sang at the annual meeting of the Mechanics Charitable
Association, Dec. 17, 1812.
3 Other societies which sprang from Boston church choirs were the Brattle Street,
Hollis, Bowdoin, and ^Yiuter Streets, each_ having its own books, contaiuiug tunes
for special use. The Park Street choir, 1810-27, and the Essex Street Musical
Society (1814-20) may also be mentioned among Boston organizations of their
sort. The Lockhart Singing Society, at Andover, was founded early in this cen-
tury, as were the Hubbard at Dartmouth College, and the New Hampshire.
30 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
CONSTITUTION ANT) MINUTES
OK THE
MASSACHUSETTS MUSICAL SOCIETY,
FOUXDED BY
CHARLES NOLEN, Sex.,
and from which sprang
The Boston Handel and Haydn Sociktt.
The claim ^ here made in favor of the older society is untenable,
since it ceased to exist five 3'ears before the birth of its pretended
offspring ; nor can any other connection between the two be allowed
than that of a common membership, in cases where individuals who
had belonged to the first societ}" joined the second, and as it turned
out to better purpose. ^ A similar claim might for like reason be set
up for other musical organizations in Boston, such as the Second Bap-
tist Singing Societj^ and the Park Street Choir, which Gould ^ rightly
designates as having been " an important nucleus to the Handel and
Ha3'dn Society, and as having taken a prominent part in its perform-
ances."
We have before us two letters, written to Mr. Samuel Jennison by
the late Mr. George Gushing,'* one of the most prominent original
members of the Handel and Ha3^dn Societ3% from which we extract
the following passages to show the reader how he regarded the claim
set up b}^ Mr. Nolen : —
" I know not whether it is important for the public to know what
was the immediate origin of the societ3% but if it is, I submit that
facts and not conjecture should be the basis of such knowledge. As
to the Massachusetts Musical Society, I can safely say that its name
was never mentioned in our discussions ; certainly, I for one did not
know that such a societ}' had ever had an existence."
The letter containing these words, dated Dec. 1. 1871, was fol-
1 Dr. J. B. Upham speaks of the Massachusetts Musical, in his semi-centennial
address, May 23, 1865, as one of the earliest agencies having a direct bearing upon
the foundation of the Handel and Haydn Society.
2 One of these was Charles Nolen himself, who was secretary of the Massachusetts
Musical, and afterwards trustee and librarian of the Handel and Haydn.
^ Op. cit., p. 7.5.
* This gentleman, who was for many years cashier at the old Columbia Bank, lived
at Hingham for many years, and died at Watertown in 1880, at the age of ninety-
four. He played the flute for a long time in the Handel and Haydn Orchestra, and is
spoken of by J. S. Dwight (Mem. History of Boston, I., p. 415) "as always an euthu
siastic admirer of Haydn and Mozart."
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 31
lowed two daj's later b}' a second, containing a still stronger repudia-
tion of the claim, ^ye give it iti extenso : —
HixGH-\3i, Dec. 3, 1871.
My dkar Sm, —
I did not mean to trouble you again on the vexed question which has occu-
pied your attention so long, nor should I have done so but for the new item
of information your last note gave me. I think that said "titlepage" con-
tains about the coolest piece of assumption I have met with. I should like
to ask " the gentleman from Penn." what was his authority for such a positive
statement. For aught I know, there may have sprung from tlie M. M. S. a
Handel and Hayden Society, but not, as I think I have sufficiently shown, the
genuine Handel and Haydn. If, however, the compilers of the forthcoming
history persist in their statement of the origin of our Society, I can only say
that they cannot do so without calling in question the veracity of
Yours respectfully, G. Ccshixg.
This we certain!}- have no disposition to do, as we entirel}' agree
with Mr. Gushing about the facts of the case ; but at the same time
we think that, zealous partisan as he was, he would have admitted that
the Massachusetts Musical and similar organizations prepared the
way for the Handel and Haydn Society, and enabled it to start under
better auspices than it would have done had the}^ never existed. Its
beginnings were, in truth, ver}- much on the same level as theirs, its
aims professedl}' identical, and its resources and attainments for
many jears equally meagre : but it lived, while they died, because it
was established at a time when the tide was setting in new directions
with sufficient power to carr}- those who trusted themselves to its cur-
rent rapidly forward.
That the founders of the Massachusetts Musical Society deserve
the credit due to those who take a new departure in any art or science
on a higher level than an}' previously taken will, we think, be allowed
bv all who ma}' have the patience to read the following abstract of its
brief histor}' given in the alread\' mentioned volume of records.
From it we learn that in the month of June, 1807, fifteen gentlemen,
including Mr Charles Nolen, having subscribed two dollars apiece
for the purchase of Handel's Messiah, Judas Maccabeus, and Acis and
Galatea, Prang's twent}' Anthems, Stephens's Cathedral Music, and
Mozart's six Anthems, as a foundation for a musical librar}-, agreed
to meet at the house of Mrs. Marean, for the purpose of organizing a
society for the selection, practice, and improvement in the mode of
performing sacred music. At the meeting,^ which took place on the
1 The persons present at this meeting were : Charles Noleu, William Bennett,
Samuel White, Jr., Elijah Mears, Thomas Burley, James Pierce, Isaac Davis, Asa
Peabody, J. P. Chaplin, Elias Mann, and Edward Bowman.
32 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
20th of June, a committee was appointed to draft a constitution,
which was reported on tlie 21st of October, and accepted. It con-
sisted of sixteen articles, and the following high-toned preamble :
' ' Having observed with regret the limited knowledge of most of the
professors of the divine science of music, and deplored the prevalent
vitiated style of performing that part of sacred worship, the under-
signed, believing that musical libraries and associations would greatly
tend to remedy those evils , do agree to form ourselves into a society
for the purposes of forming a musical librarj'. and of occasionall}^
meeting to perform and discuss the st3ie of performing sacred music."
We shall not wear}' the reader with administrative details, but con-
tent ourselves with saying, that among the duties of the president J as
defined in one of the articles of the constitution, were the naming of
tunes to be performed, the assigning a place to each member, and
that of " keeping time" (conducting). All questions relative to the
style of performing music at meetings and the selection of tunes to be
sung were, however, referred to a selecting committee, whose recom-
mendation was necessar}' to ratify the president's action.
The tunes appointed to be sung at the first meeting were. Old
Hundredth, 2 St. Anne, Blendon, Easter, the 97th Psalm, and an
anthem — " O Lord God of Israel" — from the Worcester Collection of
Psalmodv,^ but as the}' were found to be too difficult, other pieces
were substituted, including Ple^'el's H3'mn. At subsequent meetings
held in 1809-10, Holden's Dominion, Morgan's Hymn for Easter Day,
Handel's " Worth}' is the Lamb," a chorus from Saul, Williams's
anthems "Lift up your Heads," "Arise, shine," and the psalm
tunes Cambridge, Hotham, and Worcester, were sung. In February,
1810, the Society voted to sing the Hallelujah Chorus from the Messiah
at the next meeting, — but it is doubtf il whether they ever did so. Few
of the members could read music, and while it was easy for them to
learn short psalm tunes by ear, they were incapable of committing to
memory a long and intricate chorus like the Hallelujah. Staggered
by the difficulties which opened before them, and unwilling to meet
the ever-increasing expenses, the members agreed on the 21st of March
to sell their small library, valued at about SoO, in order to pay out-
standing debts, and on July 5, at Vila's Hall, after the sale had been
effected, voted " unanimously," says the final record, " that this
Society be dissolved." Signed, " Ch. Nolen, Secretary. Amen."
1 James Pierce filled this office from 1807 to October, 1809,
2 Called iu the Village Choir a " piece of musical autiquitj," which had not been
suug iu auy meeting-house for at least thirty years.
^ The first music printed from type in America, by Isaiah Thomas, January, 1776.
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 33
During its three years' existence tlie Society held tweuty-three
meetings, either in Boston at Vila's Hall, in Roxbur}- at Sumner's, or
in Cambridgcport at Hove^-'s Hall ; but, though a public exhibition was
at one time contemplated, it was never given
We have alread}' referred to t le Park Street Choir as one of the
most important aids '' to the Handel and Haydn Society at its forma-
tion." This organization, which is spoken of b\' Gould ^ as " un-
doubtedlj^ the best of its kind in Boston," owed its superiorit}" to
Elnathan Uuren, who, besides being a skilful musician and an excel-
lent singer, had that all-important power of ''moving a school or a
choir at his will," without which no one. however gifted, can make a
good conductor. The singing b}' his choir at the dedication of Park
Street Church, in 1812, and on other public occasions for many years,
is spoken of in contemporary records "as among the last things to
be forgotten b}' those who were performers or hearers." One of
these — the now venerable Gen. H. K. Oliver, of Salem, long an active
member of the Handel and Ha3Tln Societ}', and at all times zealous in
the cause of good music — says, in a letter written to the Rev. Luther
Farnham, Feb 20, 1869, "1 was a member (bo}' singer) of Park
Street Choir from 1810, or thereabouts, and there knew Elnathan
Duren,^ his brother Abel, Nathaniel Tucker (a Boston wine mer-
chant), N. A. Gould (born a Duren and name changed), William T.
Eustis, John Brigham, and manj' others, all of whom, if I do not err,
were earlv promoters of the new (H. and H.) Society. There were
also Amasa Winchester, ^ a Mr. Webb,"* Samuel Richardson, — with
a bass voice of marvellous ponderosity,^ — William Rowson, trumpet
pla3'er,^G. Graupner''' (father of Mrs. Ostinelli), music publisher and
1 Op. cit., p 75.
2 Trustee of the H. aud H S. in 1815 and 1816.
^President of the Mass. Musical Society from October, 1809, to its dissolution, in
1810; vice-president of the Handel and Haydn Society in 1815, 1816, and 1818;
trustee in 1817 ; president from Sept. 6, 1819, to Sept. 1, 1823, aud again from
Sept. 6, 1824, to Sept. 3, 1827 ; trustee in 1827, 1828.
* This person can neither be Col. T. S. Webb, the first president of the Handel
and Haydn Society, nor Geo. I. Webb, president in 1837.
° One of the most efficient solo singers in the Handel and Haydn concerts. Hi3
delivery of the part of Goliath in Neukomm's Oratorio of David (1836) made a great
sensation.
^ Member of the Philharmonic, and constantly employed by the Handel aud
Haydn Society.
" Gottlieb Graupner, whose shop was in Franklin Street, four doors on the left
from WashiuLTton Street, is spoken of by Mr. J. S. Uwight (Mem. Hist, of Boston, I.,
116) as the pioneer of good instrumental music in our musical wilderness, the first
important teacher of " the piano-forte in Boston, a leader in good works, with a
3
34 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
double bass player, Simon T\^ood, bassoon, and a second Graupner
who pla3'ed the violin. To these I should add Miss Bennett and her
sister, Mrs. Martin, remarkable sopranos, from Park Street, and a
Miss Holbrook." i
Besides the Park Street Choir, other choirs of note furnished con-
tingents to the Handel and Ha^dn Society, such as those of the
Universalist Church, in School Street (ded. 1817), and the Central
Universalist Church (ded. 1823). The singing gallery- in the latter
edifice, which extended across one of its ends, was large enough to
accommodate from one hundred to one hundred and fifty singers, ^
and a small orchestra. An idea of the quaUty of the music produced
by the choristers may be formed from the following semi-serious
description, taken from " Oilman's Village Choir" : '' The taste and
knowledge of music performers was far from being uniform. While
some sang with great beaut}^ of expression and a nice adjustment to
the sentiment of the happy modulations of a flexible voice, others
made no more distinction t)etween the different notes than did the
printed singing itself, or any lifeless instrument that gives out the
tone required with the same strength and the same unvaried uni-
formity on all occasions. Nothing, too, could be rougher than the
stentorian voice of Mr. Broadbreast, and nothing more piercing than
the continued shriek of the pale but enthusiastic Miss Sixfoot. I
shall not disclose the name of the man who anno3'ed us not a little
with his ultra-nasal twang ; nor of another who, whenever he took the
tone pitch, did so by a happy accident; nor of another, who had an
ungainly trick of catching his breath violently at ever}^ third note ;
meagre followiug." After playing the oboe in the band of a Hanoverian regiment
before 1788, when he was honorably discharged, he went to London, where he played
in Haydn's Orchestra in the twelve Salomon Concerts, 1791-92. He subsequently
went to Prince Edward's Island, and thence to Charleston, S. C, 1796-7, where he
married, and whence he came to Boston in 1798. Here he kept a music store, en-
graved music for his pupils, and with a few associates formed a small orchestra. In
1810 or 1811, he and his musical friends, chiefly amateurs, formed a Philharmonic
Society, which met on Saturday evenings in Pythian Hall, and practised symphonies
for their enjoyment. This society gave its last concert on Nov. 24, 1824, at the Pan-
theon, Boylston Square. The orchestra, of perhaps sixteen musicians, was led by
Mr. Graupner with his double bass. The violins were M. Granger, Amasa Warren,
Mr. Dixon the I^nglish consul, and M. Eustaphie've, Russian consul; clarinet,
Granger, Sen.; bassoon, Simon Wood; trumpet, William Rowson; flute, George
Gushing; French horn, tympani, and bass-viol (cello)?
1 These ladies sang constantly in the earlier concerts of the Handel and Haydn
Society.
^ They were drilled in a singing school maintained at the expense of the Society,
which was open two evenings in the week during the autumn and winter months.
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 35
Dor of several of both sexes, whose pronimciation of many words,
particular!}^ of 'how, iv-io,' etc., was dreadfully rustic, and hardl}' to
be expressed on paper."
After the dissolution of the Mass. Musical Society, in 1810, no
effort was made to found a new organization of a similar character
until the close of the war. The welcome news that a treat}' of peace
had been signed at Ghent on Christmas day, 1814, reached Boston
on the 13th of February, 1815,* and was received with the utmost enthu-
siasm. A concert of sacred music at the Rev. Dr. Baldwin's meeting-
house had been announced by the Second Baptist Singing Society
for Thursday, the 16th, with a programme made up of selections from
"the oratorios of the most favorite authors of Europe," to wit, the
first part of the Creation, the Hallelujah Chorus, parts of Judas Mac-
cabeus, the Ode to St. Cecilia's Day, and the Dettingen Te Deum.^
The Advertiser of Feb. 10 invited the public to take advan-
tage of the opportunity thus afforded of listening "to the rare and
astonishingly sublime and descriptive production of Haydn, which has
never been exhibited in New England " ; and the same newspaper
of the loth made an additional appeal for patronage on account of
the peculiar adaptation of some of the pieces to the present glorious
and happy circumstances of the times." . . . These "perform-
ances," sa\s the writer, " seem purposely calculated to celebrate the
attainment of that peace which has so long been the object of our
solicitude and of our prayers." We are, unfortunately, unable to say
how far the concert was treated as a peace jubilee by the audience,
for the only notice which we have been able to find of it, signed
" Many," simply expresses the writer's satisfaction, and says that the
ode written by Mr. Lathrop, and sung by Mr. Phipps, "was loudly
applauded.' ^ In musical annals, it is notable on account of the first
performance in New England of a considerable portion of Haydn's
popular oratorio, and it deserves remembrance and recognition as
indirectly connected with, though not given in honor of, the great
event of the time.
1 The news reached New York forty-eight days after the signing of the treaty,
whence it was transmitted to Boston in thirty -two hours, with what was then " unex-
ampled despatch."
^ " Anthems and choruses, with full accompaniment, trios, duets, and songs, with
light accompaniment. Accompaniment to most of the above pieces written by
Messrs. Granger and Scheffer. Concert to begin at six o'clock, with Overture of
Pleyel by the Band. Tickets 50 cents each." — Advertiser, Feb. 10,
^ Columbia Centinel of Feb. 18. " The extracts from the Creation were very
happily chosen, and, considering the magnitude of the undertaking, extremely well
executed."
36 HISTORY or THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
It was followed by a jubilee, expressly planned b}' the rejoicing
inhabitants, on Feb. 22, the birthday of Washington. " Nothing but
a Te Deum Laudamus^'" said the Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, in his
address at the opening of the First Musical Festival, May 21, 1857, ^
" could satisf}' the emotions of the hour, and the great feature of the
occasion was a source of thanksgiving and praise, without orations or
sermon, in the Old Stone Chapel."
The procession, in which all the State and cit}^ dignitaries took
part, moved from the State House at ten o'clock on the morning of
the 22d, to the Stone Chapel, where the exercises were opened
by the band with an overture. Then followed Handel's Chorus,
*'The Lord shall reign," after which Col. Webb and Mrs. Graup-
ner^ sang the duet, "O Lovely Peace," from Judas Maccabeus.
The remainder of the programme consisted of, " We praise Thee,
O God," chorus from theDettingen Te Deum; prayer by the Rev. Dr.
Lathrop ; hymn, ''Peace, the welcome sound proclaim"; Chorus
from the Creation; an Ode, written by L. M. Sargent, and sung by
Mr. Huntington ; passages from Scripture, read by the Rev. Dr.
Lalhrop ; hj-mn, "Now Peace returns with balmy wing," sung to
the tune of Old Hundred ; and, lastly, the Benediction, pronounced
by the Rev. Mr. Carey. ^ If we may trust the reporters, " the con.
cert electrified a crowded auditory, and received most unqualified
applause from strangers and citizens who have attended the celebrated
jubilees in Europe," and we do not doubt what the writer sa3s, " that it
was the best music ever performed in Boston within his remembrance." '*
That the lovers of music should have taken advantage of "the
enthusiasm of the hour" to renew their former efforts to found a
new musical society is so natural a suggestion that we readily accept
Mr. Winthrop s surmise,^ " that the impressive services of the Peace
Jubilee gave the primary impulse to the establishment of the Handel
and Haydn Society." This is not recognized in the accounts given
of the first steps taken by its founders, but their action followed
so closely upon the Jubilee that we may accept it as such, though we
regard the concert of the Second Baptist Singing Society, which
immediately preceded it, as equally entitled to be considered a factor
1 Addresses and speeches, 18.52-1867, p. 334.
2 We do not know whetlier this lady was the wife or sister-in-law of Gottlieb
Graupner, the publisher. Her name appears in several of the early programmes of
the Handel and Haydn Society.
^Advertiser, Feb. 23.
* C. Centinel, Feb. 25.
^ See his already quoted address.
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 37
in the matter. The already quoted letter, written to the Rev. Luther
Farnham b}" Mr. George Gushing in December, 1871, gives an
interesting account of the origin of the Societ}' : —
" I was a member of the Philharmonic Society, which was got up b^^
a number of amateurs for the performance of vocal and instrumental
music, prhicipall}' the latter. i In the intervals of the performances,
the low state of church music was a frequent subject of conversation.
On one of these occasions, a group of four or five happening to meet,
thcv subject was renewed, when your humble servant, who was one of
them, remarked that it was useless to talk any more about it, but that
we had better proceed to action b}' having a meeting called of such as
felt an interest in the subject. This being at once assented to, a
meeting was shortl}' after held in Mr. Graupner's Music Hall,
which resulted in the formation of the Handel and Haydn Society.
The names of the group of persons just referred to, as far as I can
recollect, were as follows : G. Graupner, Augustus Peabod}' (coun-
sellor-at-law), Matthew S. Parker (cashier of the Suffolk Bank), John
Dodd, and myself."
The meeting referred to by Mr. Gushing probably took place on
the 24th of March. It was succeeded b}^ a second, the first on record,
held at Mr. Graupner's Hall, on March 30, to consider the prac-
ticability of forming a societ}^ made up of members from several
choirs, and attended b}' sixteen persons.^ At an adjourned meet-
ing on Thursday, April 13, the constitution was adopted, and Mr.
Matthew S. Parker was appointed secretary. This gentleman was
directed to call a meeting on the 20th, as he did by notices, of
which the following, addressed to Mr. Amasa Winchester, and dated
April 15, is an example : —
1 Mr. Gushing played the flute both in the Philharmonic and Handel and Haydn
orchestras.
2 We quote from the Advertiser of April 1, 1815, a paragraph entitled Improve-
ment of the Taste for Sacred Music : " It is with much pleasure we learn that
exertions are making to form a general association, comprising the leaders and most
active members of the different singing societies of the several congregations in this
metropolis, for the purpose of bringing into general use the compositions of Handel
and Haydn. To create a fondness, to correct the ear, and improve the taste by-
practising the works of those justly celebrated men, so universally esteemed in
Europe, must be an object worthy the attention of all those who feel a desire to
become acquainted with the wonderful conceptions and extraordinary genius of
talent displayed in their compositions of sacred music. The association contemplates
digesting a plan, embracing all the musical talent in this town, for the purpose of
sacred oratorio performances, towards establishing a fund to carry so laudable and
praiseworthy an undertaking into full operation."
38 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
" Sir, — You are hereby notified that the gentlemen who are to compose the
Handel and Haydn Society will meet on Thursday evening, the 20th inst., at
7 o'clock, at Mr. Graupuer's Hall, for the purpose of organizing the said so-
ciety and electing the officers thereof, at which meeting your attendance is
requested.
" By order. Matthew S. Parker, Sec'y"
It is worthy of remark that the name of the Society is given in this
notice, which preceded its organization. Who suggested it we do not
know ; but we ma}' safel}' give the credit to one of the five gentlemen
named in Mr. Cushing's letter, and suppose that it was agreed upon
at their prelimiuar\' meeting. In response to the secretary's circular,
sixteen persons i met at Mr. Graupner's Hall at the appointed time,
with Mr. Withington in the chair, when the chairman and secretary,
with Messrs. Webb, Peabody, Winchester, and Withington, were ap-
pointed a committee to draft regulations, and notice was given of a
future meeting, at which the regulations would be presented, and to
which the same committee was empowered to invite such other persons
besides those present as they saw fit to select. When it was held at
the house of Elnathan Duren, on the 26th of April, the constitution
was adopted and signed b}' the fort3'-four persons present, and the
following officers were elected to serve until the annual election in
September : Thomas L. Webb,^ president ; Amasa Winchester, vice-
president ; Nathaniel Tucker, treasurer; M. S. Parker, secretary;
Messrs. E. Duren, B. Holt, J. Bailey, Ch. Nolen, Eb. Withington,
John Dodd, Jacob Guild, W. K. Phipps, Jon. Huntington, trustees.^
On taking the chair, the newly elected president addressed the mem-
bers in "a few but impressive words," after which the members
subscribed $53, in sums of about $3 apiece, to meet expenses. This
sum was to be repaid when the state of the treasury should allow.
We quote the preamble to the constitution, not given in the printed
1 G. Graupner, T. S. Webb, J. Dodd, S. Richardson (Brattle Street Choir) ; S. H.
and M. S. Parker (Trinity Chnrch Choir); Eb. Withington, "^yhose alto towered
aloft in 'O thou that bringest ' " (Syphax., 1874); J. Huntington (Old South
Choir) ; A. Winchester, Joseph Baldwin (Hanover Street Choir) ; Luke Eastman,
Aaron or Asa Peabody, and Dr. J. Miliken.
2 Bom at Boston in 1771, son of Samuel Webb; he learned the rudiments of
music from Billings, and became an active member of the Brattle Street Choir. At
Providence he became president of the Psalterian Society. He composed the music
for many odes used by the Freemasons, among whom he held high rank. — Free-
mason's Report, p. 57, No. 28.
3 This name was changed to Board of Directors in 1866, when a deed of trust
was executed for the creation of a permanent fund, administered by three trustees.
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 39
copies of the by-laws, as it sets forth in an impressive manner the
objects for which the Society was formed : —
'^ While in our country ahnost ever}' institution, poUtical, civil, and
moral, has adv^anced with rapid steps, while ever}' other science and
art is cultivated with a success flattering to its advocates, the admirers
of music find their beloved science far from exciting the feelings or
exercising the powers to which it is accustomed in the Old World.
Too long have those to whom heaven has given a voice to perform
and an ear that can enjoy music neglected a science which has done
much towards subduing the ferocious passions of men and giving
innocent pleasure to society ; and so absolute has been their neglect,
that most of the works of the greatest composers of sacred music
have never found those in our land who have even attempted their
performance. Impressed with these sentiments, the undersigned do
hereby agree to form themselves into a societ}', by the name of the
Handel and Ha3'dn Society, for the purpose of improving the stj'le of
performing sacred music, and introducing into more general use the
works of Handel and Ha3'dn and other eminent composers ; and we
agree to adopt thirteen regulations for the government of the societ}^,
and to abide b}- them."
These regulations provide for the dedication of proceeds of the sale
of tickets (after payment of expenses) for the purchase of a library
and of musical instruments, and fix certain important matters of
administration. They provide that the president shall conduct per-
formances and assign to members the part which they are to sing ;
that a seven-eighths vote of members shall be required to elect officers ;
that the roll shall be called at each meeting, and members not present,
unless able to give a valid excuse for their absence, shall pay a fine of
fifty cents ; that those guilty of disorderl}' conduct or non-observ-
ance of regulations shall be liable to expulsion b}' a two-thirds vote ;
and that meetings shall be held on Thursday- evenings ^ of each week, at
which standing rules or b3'-laws may be adopted as required, etc., etc.
An article signed "Public Good" in the Centinel of April 19
speaks thus favorably of the enterprise : ' ' The Handel and Haydn
Societ}' will combine and select members from the choirs of the
several congregations gathered in this metropolis,^ and will extend
to gentlemen properly qualified from the towns in the vicinity. It
1 Changed to Tuesday by new by-law adopted March 19, 1816.
2 Those which furnished members to the Handel and Haydn Society were, —
1, Brattle Street; 2, Old South; 3, Trinity; 4, Hanover Street; 5, Hollis Street
6, Federal Street ; 7, West Church ; 8, Chauncey Street ; 9, Park Street.
40 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
is contemplated to practise the compositions of such European
masters as have been most eminently great in their works of sacred
music, and it is intended to perform oratorios (/. e., give concerts)
for the geneial improvement of the science. No pains will be spared
to carr}' out this laudable undertaking, and no doubt can be enter-
tained that the pulilic wHll bestow such a degree of patronage as the
exertions merit, to insure which the gentlemen will necessarily be
obliged to act with caution and circumspection in the admission of
members to the Society, as well as in the election of its officers."
At the first meeting of the trustees (directors), held at the house
of Elnathan Duren, April 26, Mr. S. Richardson was chosen librarian
and purveyor. His duties were to attend all meetings, to see that
music and books needed were made read}-, and to provide suitable
refreshments, attendants, fire, and lights. Shortly after (May 1) a
room was engaged at S2 per evening in Mr. Withington's house, Ha}'-
market Place, for trustee meetings, and Pj^thian Hall, a small wooden
building in Bedford (then Pond) Street, next door but one to
Kingston Street, near Rowe's pasture, was taken at S3 an evening, for
Societ}' meetings, and so used until the middle of February, 1817.1
The account of the early rehearsals of the Handel and HaA^dn
Society, given by Mr. James Sharp ^ in an address delivered in 1866,
at a meeting held to celebrate Mr. Benjamin B. Davis's fiftieth year
of membership, is so interesting that we transcribe it for the benefit of
our readers : —
"In 1816 I had passed twenty years of my early life in England, — that
twenty jea.rs which usually determines and fixes a man's tastes and habits.
Music, vocal music, was my passion, and I had lived in a community that
encouraged it. Mj' musical companions w^ere the choir of Winchester Ca-
thedral, under the charge of Dr. , Doctor of Music, and the Southampton
Glee Club ; and when, on Saturday, April 3, 1816, I went on board (at the
London docks) the ship '[Minerva' for Boston, I gave to my friends my little
musical library, supposing, of course, that I should never again, till I returned
to England, hear an anthem, much less an oratorio. After a three months'
boisterous vo3'^age, I arrived in the town of Boston, and although a stranger
and a foreigner, I soon found hospitality and friendship. I resided at South
End; had been in Boston perhaps two weeks, when one Sundaj^ evening I
took my solitary walk across some fields near Essex Street, which were then
called 'Eowe's Pastures.' The day was closing, the shades of evening were
falling upon the quiet streets, and, as I passed occasionally a house where I
could see the happy family gathered around the evening lamp, I felt my
1 Pythian Hall is said to have been moved to South Boston, corner of C and
Fourth Streets, where it was raised up a story and used as a tenement house.
2 An Englishman, vice-president of the Handel and Haydn Society in 1828.
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 41
loneliness ; I realized the absence of those friends and those enjojniients from
which a wide ocean separated me. Just at this moment, while my feelings
were thus subdued, a breath of soft and distant music floated in the air
around me, — so peculiar and so unexplained that my fancy almost suggested
some supernatural agency.
" Listening, I discovered from which quarter the sound came, and, guided
in that direction, I ascertained more and more distinctly the theme that had so
fascinated me. It was the favorite minor-keyed and well-remembered subject
of one of Handel's choruses, ' And He shall purify the sons of Levi.' You
may imagine that I, by entreaty, found admittance to the meeting. That
evening I witnessed for the first time a rehearsal of the Handel and Haydn
Society, — a society in whose ranks and whose engagements I have passed
some of the happiest hours of fifty years of my life ; and the most valuable
and constant friendships I have known have been friendships commenced by
acquaintance on that memorable evening. The place the meeting then occu-
pied was one of a class of buildings not uncommon at that time in Boston.
It was a ten-foot wooden building ; it stood at the bottom of a street called
* Pond Street,' was probably built for a primary school-house, and was called
'Athenaeum Hall.' In this unpretending place were prepared those perform-
ances which, afterwards in the King's Chapel and elsewhere, secured to this
rising Society reputation and respect ; and at these primary meetings were
found those gifted men whose judicious and untiring eftbrts guided the
Society to its present elevated and permanent position. The seats which
these men once occupied are now mostly vacant ; but, as long as the records
of this institution are preserved, the names of Winchester, Dodd, Par-
ker, Chickering, and a long list of others, will be mentioned with grateful
aficction."
Having the fate of the Massachusetts Musical Society before their
eyes, the first managers of the Handel and Haydn Society niust have
felt how important it was to proceed with the utmost circumspection
in all things, and we are therefore not surprised to find thut as early
as the 30th of Ma}' the}^ decided to admit such persons only as had
received a unanimous vote. The one necessary qualification was the
possession of a good voice ; and this, considering that very few readers
at sight were available, was all that could be asked. For this reason
judgment had to be exercised in the selection of music for performance
which could be easily learned by ear, and care had to be taken to
announce the list of selected pieces beforehand, so that the singers
might have time to prepare them. Thus, for instance, the tunes which
were to be sung at the regular meeting on the 1st of August were
selected by the president on the 14th of Jul3\ What th^y were is not
mentioned; but the programme given in the records for the 31st of
August contains, not only such well-known psalm tunes as Mardeii,
Alton, and Harvard College, but something of a more ambitious char-
acter, namely, "The Heavens are telling," and the Hallelujah Chorus.
42 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
The result was so far satisfactory that after the annual election on the
4th of September, when the same chief officers were re-elected for the
ensuing 3'ear,i ^ vote was passed '* that the government of this Society
make preparations for a public exhibition as soon as may be." A
committee was soon after appointed " to ascertain what music had
best be attempted and whether accompaniments to the same can be
procured." As the Society had no music of its own, a subscription
was opened (Sept. 4) among the members for the purchase of copies
of the Old Colony collection, on condition that the editors agree to
print in it from time to time such music as may be selected for pub-
lication by the board of trustees, and a conference was held with
them concerning this matter, as well as about the price of single
copies to members of the Society This plan, under the superintend-
ence of Messrs. Holt and Bailed', who were appointed to act for the
trustees, led to the publication of " Lift up 3'our heads," *' Behold the
Lamb of God," and " His Yoke is easy," from the Messiah, of the
Hailstone Chorus, and " The Lord is a man of war," from Israel in
Egypt, and of a Sacred Glee, b}' George I. Webb, entitled " Wlien
winds breathe soft."
A number of copies of Haydn's Creation (single vocal parts on half-
sheets) were also purchased (Sept. 22) from Mr. Graupner for five cents
a page. Active preparations began on the 4th of September for the
first public performance of the Society, which was afterwards appointed
to take place at King's Chapel on Christmas night,^ and as the time
approached rehearsals were multiplied. ^ The last two were fixed for
the Saturda}^ and Sunda}' nights before Christmas ; but, although the
members had been, as a rule, ver}^ regular^ and punctual in their
1 A change was made in the board of trustees. Charles Nolen retired from it
and William Rowson and Otis Everett were added to it.
■■^ The Centinel of Dec. 22 says of the proposed concert, " We are happy to see
that this respectable Society has appointed a time to favour the public with an oppor-
tunity of listening to its performances. We have been favoured with a copy of the
Constitution of this Society, and are pleased to find that their views are liberal and
commendable ; they exclude no sect, but cheerfully unite with all in singing the high
praises of God. We ardently wish them to persevere in their labours, and most sin-
cerely say, * Peace be within thy walls and prosperity within thy palaces ! ' "
3 Sept. 7, 1815. Rehearsal attended by forty-eight members. Oct. 5. Secretary
directed to supply each member with a copy of the Creation, parts of which were
rehearsed. Oct. 30. Vocal parts assigned. Time of performance fixed. Eight
rehearsals held during the seventeen days before Christmas, one of which (Dec. 16)
was attended by the Philharmonic Society.
•* This is shown by the fact that in the minutes the number of those absent and
not of those present is noted. — Sketch of Handel and Haydn Society, Musical
Library, p. 11.
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 43
attendance, it is said that the president felt so little satisfied with the
rehearsal of Sunday night that he ordered an extra rehearsal on
Monday afternoon, and told the members that unless it proved more
satisfactor}^ than the last that even at that late hour the concert
would be given up.^ This proved to be unnecessary, and in view
of the result we may safely attribute a large part of the president's
anxiety to the responsibilit}" of his position as conductor. The pro-
gramme, which we give for its historical interest, is as follows : —
SACRED 0RAT0EI0.2
THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY
WILL PERFORM AN ORATORIO
Consisting of a Selection of Pieces of Sacred Music, chiefly from the works of Handel and Haydn,
ON MONDAY EVENING, THE 25th INST.,
IN THE STONE CHAPEL IN SCHOOL STREET,
To commence at 6 o'clock.
ORDER OF PERFORMANCES.
PART L
Airs, Choruses, etc., in the first part of the Creation, ending with "The
Heavens are telling."
PART II.
Chorus. " They plaj^ed iu air," etc.
AiR. " I know that my Redeemer liveth."
Chorus. " Sing ye unto the Lord our God," etc.
AiR. " He shall feed his flock," etc.
Chorus. " Lift up your heads," etc.
Air. " Let the bright seraphim," etc.
Duet and Chorus. " By Thee with bliss," etc.
PART IIL
Duet. " The Lord is a man of w\ar."
Chorqs. " He gave them hailstones for rain."
Air. " 'T is Liberty, dear Liberty alone," etc.
Duet. " Come, ever smiling Libert j\"
Chorus. " When winds breathe soft," etc. {Wehh.)
Air. " Oh had I Jubal's Lyre ! "
Chorus. " The Lord shall reign for ever and ever."
Chorus. " Hallelujah ! For the Lord God Omnipotent reigneth."
1 This is not mentioned in the records.
2 In those days the word " oratorio " was used to designate a concert of sacred
music. The word, derived from orare, to pray, was first applied by San Filippo
Neri to hymns and psalms sung by the " Congregazione Dei Padri dell Oratorio " in
their oratory. The place name was afterwards given to the exercise. Who first
used it as we do, to designate a sacred musical drama, is not known, but the first real
oratorios were those composed by Francesco Balducci, who died about 1645.
44 HISTORT OF THE HA>T)EL AXD HAYDN SOCIETT.
This programme is noticeable on divers grounds : and first, as de-
noting the high standai-d of the Society from the beginning. Instead
of l>eing made up of such psalm tunes as were generally sung by church
choirs, it consists of a numl^er of the finest choruses and airs from
Handel's chief oratorios. Great credit is due to Col. Webb and the
trustees for having set the ship in the right direction at the outset,
and thus determined her future course. Secondly, we may notice the
exc-essive length of the programme, which must have occupied at least
three hours in performance. It should, however, be remembered that
as concerts were rare events in 1815, the good i>eople of that day were
disposed to make the most of their opportunities.
On the appointed evening the concert to<:)k place, before an audience
of nearly 1,000 persons, with a chorus of ninety male and ten female
singers, whose treble was strengthened, according to the custom of the
time, by a few falsetto voices.'
In his interesting account of '• the first oratorio of the Handel and
Haydn Society,"' written for the Transcript^ ^Mr. Jennison says : —
" At the organ sat Mr. Stockwell. The orchestra was composed of the
two Gransers. Bennett, and Warren, violins: Niebnhr. 'single bass';
Graupner. doable bass: Alexis Eostaphieve. the Russian consul,- a noted
patron of the art, Mr. Cashing, who played the flate, and Boquet. with per-
haps a few others. The opening recitative in the Creation was sang by Mr.
Jacob Gaild. Mrs. Graupner saog • With verdure cind.' Mr. John Dodd
made his debut in the air. * Boiling in foaming billoirs.' in the performance
of which he was for many years famous. Other recitatives aod airs in
the first part were given by Messrs. Huntinsrton. Holt. Singleton, and Steb-
bins. In the second part. ' / knoic that mij Bf-deemer Ureth ' was sung by Mr.
Huntington: 'He shall feed his ilo'-k,' by Mr. Brown. In this part Mrs.
Graupner is remembered to have sung in brilliant style ' l>t the bright sera-
phim.' This was accompanied by Rowson on the trami)et. Other soloists
were Mrs. Withington. Messrs. Winchester. Parker. Park, and Phipps. Mr.
Webb, the president, took part with Mrs. Withington in a duet."
The effect of the performance, if we may judge from the news-
papers of the time, was very great. *• We have no language ^ says
a writer in the CeiUinel of Dec. 27, '•'to do juHke to the feelings
1 At this concert the price of tickets was tixed at SI. 00. Sixteen hundred tickets
were printed, of which ninety-one were given to members, thirty-eight to clergymen,
two to each member of the orchestra, two to each lady singer, twenty-eight to ward-
ens and vestrymen of church, thirty-one were distributed to press and several given
to Dr. Jackson. 5496 worth of tickets were sold ; four handre<* and twelve tickets
were given away. Total proceeds, $533.
* This " polished gentleman from a European capital," as he is styled in the record,
" was invited by the president (Jan. 18, 1816) to become a member of the Society in
acknowledgment of the value of his services.*'
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 45
experienced in attending to the inimitable execution of a most judicious
selection of pieces from the fathers of sacred song. He can sny that
those tvho are Judges if the performance are iinanimous in th ir dec-
laration of the superiority to any ever before given in this town.
Some (f the parts electiifid the ichoU auditory, and, notwithstanding
the sanctity ifthei^lcice and day, th- excitement^i to loud applause were
fr quently irresistible. The perjormers amounted to about one hundred,
and appeared to embrace all the musical excellences of the town and
vicinity. We should not particularize^ but some of the solos ivere sub'
lime and animating. All the pans of the chapd from which the music
gallery could be seen were fud to crowding ; but we have learnt that
many persons who ivere desiioiis of being present loere prevented by the
engagements of Chri.-^tm'is. For this cawie, as ictll as to be indulged in
a double gratifi ation, ice hope this oratorio will be immediately an-
nounced for repetition.'*
There is a ring of heartiness in this writer's words, due in part to
his untrained and unsatiated condition, which forcibly- contrasts with
the often grudgiugh- given commendations of modern critics. In his
day people were quick to express the enjoyment which anyth ng above
the average gave them, and writers were neither, as now, incHued to
non-wonderment {dOai'naaia) , nor troubled with the fear of committing
themselv-es by praising that which, in the eyes of the better-informed,
did not deserve praise. " Such ivas the ixcitemeit if the heare/s and
the en'hu.'-iasm of the performers,'' says an associate member, writing-
in the light of memory thirtj'-seven A'ears later, ^' that there is notniug
to be compared ivith it at the present day." No wonder that the trustees
of the Society soon responded to the widelv expressed desire for a
repetition of a concert whose unwonted excellence was so generally
acknowledged.^
1816-1817.
It took place on the 18th of Januar}' with the same singers, and
was, we may presume, even better than the first from a musical point
1 On the 4th of January a letter asking for the further use of the King's Chapel
was addressed to the wardens and vestry, in which, after expressing tlie hope that
the church had received no injury at the first concert, the secretary says, " If this
Society had been instituted for private emolument or sii^ister purposes, they could not
hope to obtain the use of a building erected for the worship of God ; but the object
being rather of a public than of a private nature, and intended to improve and
propagate a knowledge of sacred music, they felt persuaded that you would indulge
tliem in granting the use of the house when they made the application ; but it is
with great diffidence they now solicit a repetition of the same favour." Records
Jan. 4, 1816.
46 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
of view, though pecuniaril}" it was less successful, as, although more tick-
ets had been given awa}' than sold, the number of persons present was
less b}' about two hundred and fift}' than on the first occasion, a fall-
ing off which can onlj^ be accounted for by the proverbial fickleness of
the public, which, then as now, is apt to disappoint those who build
their hopes on its passing enthusiasms. ^
The notice that three daj^s before this second concert ^ the Centinel
stated thsit 'Hts Excellency the Governor and the Honorable Council
would be present^ and ventured to express the hope that the members of
the Legislature would " avail themselves of the opportunity of hearing
the performance^ which, for excellence of style^ it is confidently believid
has not been eqtialled in this country." With what indiflference would
such an appeal for active show of interest in a musical event be
received at the State House nowadays, and how surprised the State
and city officials would be were they invited to attend a concert of the
Handel and Haydn Society !
" Tempora mutantur^ et nos mutamur in illis"
Shortly after the second concert had taken place, the president made
application for an act of incorporation (Feb. 5), which act was duly
signed and sealed, on the 9th of February, b}" the Hon. Caleb
Strong, then governor of the Commonwealth. Through it, as stated
in its first section, "Thomas Smith Webb, Amasa Winchester, Na-
thaniel Tucker, and Matthew Stanley Parker, with their associates
and successors, were made a body politic and corporation, for the
purpose of extending the knowledge and improving the stjle of per-
formance of church music, by the name of the " Handel and Haydn
Society."
The first meeting of the thus duly legalized Society was held at Pond
Street Hall on Feb. 13, and the second at Mr. Withington's house on
March 1, at which all the persons named in the act were present A
vote was then passed that all who should sign the constitution and
^ One thousand six hundred and twenty-six tickets were printed, of which four
hundred and thirty-four were given away, — to officers, members, governor and
council, wardens and vestry. Whole number of singers, one hundred and sixty-one ;
players, seven. Tickets, $1.00; persons buying four tickets became entitled to a
fifth gratis ; and those who bought six, to two tickets gratis.
2 Shortly before the concert it was found that the Boston Theatre had advertised
a performance for the same evening. As this would have deprived the Society of the
orchestra, President Webb requested Manager Dickson to change his night. He, while
disavowing any intention of interfering with or attempting to obstruct the plans of
the Handel and Haydn Society, said that he could not do so without considerable
expense. Ultimately he excused Granger, Warren, and Niebuhr from the theatre.
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 47
by-laws within three months from date should be admitted members of
the corporation. Thirty-nine persons did so, at a third meeting, on
the 1 9th of the same mouth, when the" then officers were reappointed
to continue in office until the annual meeting in September, and the
president was authorized to purchase one hundred and fifty copies
of Handel's Messiah from J. Loring for $2 a cop}', half bound, with
leather corners. ^ Some of these copies were doubtless used at the
third concert of the Societ}',^ which was given at King's Chapel on
the 30th of May, when Misses Bennett and Holbrook, and Messrs.
Munroe and Shaw, aided by several singers who had taken part in
the first two concerts, sang selections from the Creation, Messiah,
Israel, and Judas, together with Purcell's Anthem, "Oh give thanks." ^
The expenses incident to the three concerts, the hire of the hall for
rehearsals, and the purchase and publication of music, having alread}"
created a small debt, an assessment of $5 was laid upon all the mem-
bers who had not already advanced money to the Societj, under the
condition that it should be repaid when the state of the treasury might
allow. Thus the sum of $181 was raised before the ann*ual meeiing
on Sept. 2, when the same chief officers were re-elected for the en-
suing 3'ear.^
The death of Mr. Stockwell, who had been the organist of the
Society since its foundation, took place in the early winter, and the
difficulty of finding a successor was the cause of some embarrassment
to the trustees. Boston possessed the ver}' man of men, so far as
musical abilit}' was concerned, in Dr. G. K. Jackson, then organist at
King's Chapel ; but if we are to trust the Centinel^^ he asked " so enor-
mous a sum for his services " when he was asked to assist the Society at
a contemplated performance of the Messiah, that the secretary', Mr.
Parker, was directed to invite Dr. Rayner Taylor ^ to come on from
Philadelphia for the purpose. This gentleman at first declined to do so
1 Published at 2 Cornhill Street, for voice, organ, and violin, with choruses in
score. Price, $3. Under the patronage and inspection of the Handel and Haydn
Society.
^ Proceeds of concert, $286 ; six hundred and fifty-three persons present.
^ Eleven numbers by Handel, four by Haydn, and several by Purcell, Kent, Nares,
Dr. M. Green, Stephens, and Gregory. The concert closed with the Hallelujah
Chorus.
* Melvin Lord succeeded S. Richardson as librarian, while Otis Everett and
William Rowson replaced Charles Nolen and W. H. Phipps on the board of trustees.
^ April 16, 1817. The reason alleged by the secretary is, that the Society "being
an incorporated body, Doct. Jackson does not associate with it."
® Dr. Taylor came to America in 1792, and in the following year settled at
Philadelphia. See notice of Dr. Taylor in J. R. Parker's Musical Biography, p. 179.
48 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
on account of his engagements, and urged the Society to come to terms
with Dr. Jackson, if possible, but, on hearing that this was out of
the question, reconsidered the matter, as we shall see. Dr. Jackson's
action was commented on bj' the newspapers of the time in a sarcastic
spirit, which is not surprising under the circumstances. We trusty
sa3's the Centind,^ referring to the fact that the Society had procured
an organist from Philadelphia, that the Doctor of Music (Jackson)
is HOW Convinced that his services are not essential to the perform dices
of the Messiah and the Creation. It is evident that the govern-
ment of the Handel and Haydn Society showed great courtesy
and patience in their negotiations with this very intractable per-
son, and thereb}' put him all the more in the wrong. Thus in 1818,
forgetting previous rebuffs, tiie committee appointed to obtain an
organist waited on him and received the answer reported May 24,
that the doctor refused to ha>e anything to do with the Societij^ unless
he could have absolute control of its concerns^ or in other vonls, be
president. This was not to be thought of, but, to sho'^ that the
board was able to rise above personal feelings, and do honor to
remarkable talents, even when coupled with rude manners, we ma}^
mention that on Oct. 4, 1821, it appointed a committee to wait
on Dr. Jackson and ask permission to dedicate to him their col-
lection of church music, then about to be published, and confer with
him about the same This time their advances met with a better
reception, as the report of the committee, Nov. 19, ''that Ur. Jackson
has complied icith their request," indicates. The following sketch of
his career in Boston will show the reader that this remarkable musician,
who was conspicuous for his extreme corpulence ^ as well as for his
talents and his irritable temper, treated all the world alike when he
could not have his own wa}*. After his arrival at Boston from Eng-
land, in 1812,3 he officiated as organist at Brattle Street Church for a
few mouths, at the end of which time he was obliged to leave the city
1 April 16, 1817.
^ He weighed about three hundred pounds. The only record of his appearance
is a poor engraving, after a pencil sketch made by Stuart Newton on the back of the
organ at Brattle Street Church.
^ 1745, born at Oxford; 1774, choir boy at King's Chapel Royal; 1784, sung at
Handel commemoration; 1791, received a diploma from St. Andrew's College; 1796,
came to America, visited Norfolk, Va., Alexandria, Baltimore, Philadelphia, and
New York; 1812, at Boston appointed organist at Brattle Street Church; 1813,
gave series of concerts at Boston and Salem, with Graupner and Mallet ; 1815,
settled at Boston, successively officiated as organist at King's Chapel, Trinity, and
St, Paul's. Musical Biog., J.' R. P., 129, 130.
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 49
on account of his refusal to take the oath of allegiance to the American
government, which was required of all persons known or supposed to
sympathize with the British, whose ships were hovering about the
harbor.
His departure must have occurred after the 29th of October, as on
the evening of that day he took part in a concert given at King's
Chapel, on which occasion he pla3'ed the carillon, an instrument con-
taining three rows of bells placed side by side, which were made to
sound by means of hammers connected with a keyboard.^
AVe next hear of him in 1813 as associated with Messrs. Graupner
and Mallet in a series of concerts given at Salem and at Boston, where
he finally established himself (1815) in a house near the foot of
Middlecote, now Bowdoin Street, and successively officiated as
organist at King's Chapel, Trinity, and St. Paul's. Whenever oppo-
sition was offered to his will the doctor sent in his resignation, as at
Brattle Street Church, when complaint was made that he made too
great a display of his accomplishments,'^ and at Trinit}' when Dr.
Gardiner requested him to shorten his voluntaries, and he replied by
advising the reverend gentleman to curtail his sermons. On the fol-
lowing Sundaj' he gave vent to his ill-humor b}' picking out the
psalm tunes with one finger, and on Easter Sundaj', in assertion of
his dignity as sufficient to exempt him from mterference, appeared in
the choir attired in the dress of an English Doctor of Music, with
plum-colored coat, j-ellow breeches, and a square cap. This filled the
measure of his offences and brought about the acceptance of his
resignation.
1817.
As at the beginning of the new year the Society, with about one
hundred and fift\' members, had fairl}" outgrown its cradle, the little
hall in Pond Street, new quarters of more spacious dimensions were
iWlien the great Sebastiaa Bach was organist at Mulhausen (1707-8), he
invented and applied a carillon (glockenspiel) pedal of twenty-six bells as an organ
attachment.
'^ That is to say, that his accompaniments were too florid. Ernest David {La vie
et les oeuvres de J. S. Bach) tells a parallel story of Sebastian Bach at Arnstadt, as
follows : " His style of accompaniment being considered too ornate by the church
dignitaries, the superintendent, Oleauus, requested Bach to shorten his improvisations
and moderate his arabesques. He immediately fell into the opposite extreme so
markedly as to give offence. His biographer attributes this conduct to an excess of
susceptibility, etc.; but the subsequent history of the great musician's troubles at
Leipsic with the directors of the Thomas Schule leaves no doubt that his temper
was despotic and his character irritable.
50
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
sought and found for it at Bojdston, then South Market, Hall, which,
despite the destruction of so niany old landmarks, still rears its
ungaiul}' front on Washington Street. The price agreed upon, as we
learn from the record of a meeting held on the 2d of February, was
$3 an evening,^ including the use of the organ, a small instrument
with one manual which stood at the west end of the hall."^ While it
was being prepared for the use of the Societ}^ rehearsals of the
Messiah and the Creation were held at Pond Street, where, on the 2d
of Januar}^ the Rev. John Pierpoint recited a poem called '' Airs from
Palestine," which, as we are told, gave great satisfaction to all present.
The last rehearsal in Pond Street took place on the 4th of February,
and about the loth^ the Society took possession of Boylston Hall,
which, small as it now looks to us, must have seemed palatial to
the members in comparison with their former quarters.
The diagram here given, drawn b}' Mr. Sharp, shows the arrange-
ment of the chorus and orchestra^ upon the stage in relation to the
organ at the period of which we are speaking. ^
MALE ALTOS,
TWO ROWS.
ORGAN BLOWER.
ORCHESTRA.
SOPRANOS,
MALE AND FEMALE,
^ This was at the rate of S350 a year for accommodations which in 1860 were
rented for 82,500.
2 The pedal organ represented on the concert tickets is, according to a letter
written by Mr. Sharp in 1871, one which was built in London fof the Eev. Mr.
Frothingham's church. However this may be, we know from the Society's records
that a vote was passed on the 28th of October, 1817, to hire an organ, valued at
$1,500, of John jMackay, who agreed to keep it in tune for $90 a year, but reserved
the right to sell and replace it if sold.
3 In the Centinel of Feb. 7 the hall is advertised as " to be let," and in the
issue of Feb. 15 adjourned meetings of the Handel and Haydn Society are
announced for the 16th and 18th, so that the hall must have been engaged for the
Society between the 10th and 15th.
* Members of the Handel and Haydn Orchestra in 1817, as stated by Mr. Sharp :
S. Wood, bassoon; J. Hart, clarinet; G. Pollock, 1st flute ; Filleborn, 2d clarinet
or oboe; Niebuhr, 1st horn; S. \Yetherbee, 2d horn; T. Granger, 1st violin;
L. Ostinelli, 2d violin ; H. P. Heiurich, 2d violin ; A. Warren, 2d violin; W. Bennett,
2d violin or viola; A. Passage, 2d violin or viola ; G. Graupner, double bass.
5 At a later period, before 1825, as we learn from a previously quoted letter,
written bv Gen. Oliver, who then became an honorary member of the Society, the
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 51
The chorus, about one hundred and fifty in number, consisted of
one hundred and thirtj' men and bo3's, including basses, tenors, and
altos, and of twent}' women.
What with the want of proper balance between the parts, the
absence of contraltos, whose soft rich tones are to the modern chorus
what those of the celli are to the orchestra, and the shrill sound of
male voices singing in falsetto, the effect of such a body of singers,
even if well disciplined, must have been be3^ond conception extraor-
dinary; but if we consider that the chorus singers, of whom we are
speaking, were incapable of doing their work with any measure of
what we should consider correctness, or anj^ degree of what we under-
stand b}' style, as denoting a comprehension of the manner in which
the compositions of the great masters should be sung, we may sup-
pose that their performances would be to us intolerable.
As a rule, no confidence is to be placed in the correctness of con-
temporary appreciations to be found in the newspapers of the time,
since they were written for the most part by men whose musical
education was of the most limited nature ; but when, as in an article
signed "O.,'* printed in the Centinel of April 16, 1817, we find a
departure from the usuall}' indiscriminate note of praise, we may put
some trust in the record as an exponent of the real state of the case.
The writer referred to begins b}" saj'ing that the high gratification
which the performances of the Societ}^ have afforded him arises not so
7nuch from their positive merit as from the promise given him of a
more mature and chaste style of execution at some future period^ and
adds, " defects have been great ^ and we are surprised that they are 7iot
greater. Compare the effect of Hamlet's soliloquy when uttered by a
Cooper and ivhen uttered by a school-boy. The parallel will hold in
music. The violins apparently played with no confidence (steadijiess)
in time or tune^ the chorus was more than once completely thrown out
by them {the violins) , and the efforts of the vocal performers completely
paralyzed by their want of spirit. The trumpet seemed to require
painful effort to give it utterance, and was frequently behind time. The
kettledrums were too loud, and sometimes out of time; and the per-
former on the cymbals should have remembered that he was not in the
open air with a military band. In ' Surely He hath borne our griefs *
forces were marshalled on the stage as follows : " The northern end of the hall held
the organ ; in front of this was a space for the orchestra and the principal soloists,
and on right and left was the chorus ; tenors behind trebles (sopranos), and basses
behiud altos. These last were, I think, males, and few in number. Second trebles
(sopranos) had not come on (i. e., were as yet unknown).."
52 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
the chorus was thrown completely out by the orchestra. Much confusion
ensued in the last chorus of the Creation^ when there teas a clashing in
time for a few bars between the instruments and the voices. Some
examples occurred of such excessive loudness and stress of voice as to
destroy all musical tone. The bass was best. The counter tenor icas
mostly given in falsetto,^ a voice of so little power as to be almost lost
in the chorus. More treble was desired,'' etc. These criticisms are
somewhat softened b}^ the acknowledgment of the writer, that many
numbers icere sung by the chorus in an altogether unexceptionable style;
but even with this qualification his account leaves a strong impression
of the man}^ great imperfections noticeable and presumable from the
very nature of the case without the evidence of an ej'e- witness.
An interval of eleven months (May 30, 1816, to April 1, 1817)
separates the third from the fourth concert of the Handel and Ha3^dn
Society, during which it had, by a change of quarters, increased its
importance and fairly donned the " toga virilis." The second period
of its history properl}^ begins with its establishment at Bo^'lston Hall.
On the 27th of January, being still in Pond Street, the trustees decided
to give three public performances of the Messiah and the Creation,
with a selection of suitable pieces between the parts, and on the 27th
of March voted that they should take place on April 1 . On the 2d
of February the president informed the board that Dr. S. P. Taylof
had agreed to come to Boston for a fortnight, in order to play the
organ at the four last rehearsals and the three concerts for the sum or
$200 and the pa3'ment of his expenses, which terms were accepted.
The Columbia Centinel of March 19 mentions his arrival, and inserts
a call for the general and punctual attendance of members at the re-
hearsals, " as it is intended to perform the whole of those two celebrated
oratorios^ the Messiah and the Creation, which have never before (in
their entirety) been heard in this country." The reason for so doing,
given in the same paper of March 26, is in the last degree ingenious
and surprising. As, saj's the writer, there is a diversity of opinion
about their comparative merits, the Handel and Haydn Society proposes
the following plan to give an opportunity of judging between them :
^ Moscheles, during his visit to London in 1821, expressed his surprise at hearing
the alto part sunj^ by elderly men with head voice instead of by boys, as in Germany.
In 1839, the late H, F. Chorley attended the Brunswick Festival, and in writing about
it he speaks of the relief that it was to be relieved from male counter tenors, and of
how much the quartette gained by the substitution of contraltos. {See German
music, cit. p. 26.) He cites as a proof of the want of good contralto voices in Ger-
many the almost universal avoidance of the contralto voice as a solo by every com-
poser earlier than Mendelssohn.
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 53
They will perform one of the three sections into which each oratorio
is divided upon each evening, iL-liicli will give specimens of both before
the other is forgotten. Comment upon such a device is unnecessary,
and we pass on to sa^^ that in a subsequent paragraph the same writer
states that he lately attended one of the rehearsals^ and was pleased to
Jind among the singers a greater variety of Jine-toned, poiverfid^ and
well-modidated voices than could have been expected. The effect of
many of the choruses was^ he adds, highly sublime.
The four concerts,^ making a sort of a musical festival, were given
within a week of each other. Three only had been announced, but
owing to their great success a fourth was added, whose programme
consisted of solos and choruses selected from the programmes of the
previous evenings. Unfortunatel}^ we have no record of the decision
of the public concerning the relative merits of the two masterpieces
then performed with the view of settling the disputed question.
The leading lady vocalist was Mrs. Withington,^ of whose singing
of '''Tis Liberty', dear Libert}^" the PaVadium grandiloquentlj' re-
cords that never did the melUJluous tones of the human voice more
gratefully salute the ear than in this piece. The honors of the day
seem, however, to have been awarded to Oliver Shaw, the blind tenor
singer, composer, and music publisher, from Providence, ^ whose plain-
tive and expressive voice, as we are told, took such hold of the feel-
ings, that, although audible applause icas to have been withheld^ as
unsuitable to the occasion aiid place^ the rule was disregarded. I
have heard from the l>ps of one ivho Usteued to him, writes Mr. Samuel
Jennison, that by his sweet singing, which was simple and natural,
without any pretension to style or ornament, Mr. Shaw often so
touched the hearts (f his audience that there would be hardly a dry eye
in the house.'^ He sang again in Boston at a concert given by the
Handel and Haydn Society on the evening of Saturday, July 5, at the
First Church in Chauncy Place, in honor of President Monroe's visit
to Boston.
' April 1, 4, 6, and 8, the total receipts amounted to $1,542.
2 This lady, who liked to make herself conspicuous, was in the habit of seating
herself at the extreme end of the gallery, so that she might attract as much attention
as possible when she was called upon to move to the front in order to sing a solo.
On one occasion, says Mr. Geo. Gushing, the president, instead of going to lead her
forward, gave her a sharp lesson by substituting another lady in her place.
3 Mr. Shaw's song, " This world is all a fleeting show," was most rapturously
applauded. — Centinel, April 5. Mr. Shaw was honorably having his compositions
republished in London in an elegantly engraved edition. Euterpiad, 11, 45.
^ Miss Beal, Mrs. Glynn, Master Withington, Messrs. M. Park, J. Stone, L. Wood,
and S. P. Taylor were the chief singers at these concerts.
54 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
The programme, which is of excessive length, runs as follows : — ^
SELECT ORATORIO,
Peeformed in- Chauxct Place, Bostox, Saturday, July 5, 1817,
BY THE
HANDEL AXD HAYDN SOCIETY,
In presence of James Monroe, President of the United States.^
ORDER OF PERFORMANCE.
Military Movement, composed by F, Granger, called " President Monroe's March."
Part I. — Handel.
1. Duet : " Hail, Judsea, happy land! "
Clioriis, do.
2. Solo (Hayden) : " Now heaven," etc. Creation.
3. Chorus (from Israel in Egypt) : " Moses and the children of Israel."
4. Recitative : " For the house of Pharaoh."
5. Chorus : " The Lord shall reign."
6. Eecitative : " And Miriam," etc.
7. Air : " Sing ye to the Lord."
8. Chorus : " The Lord shall reign."
9. Trio: " Desolate is the dwelling." Calcott.
10. Solo : " There rest the sinful Mary's tears." Shaw.
11. " He gave them hailstones," etc. Israel.
12. " In splendour bright." Creation.
13. Chorus : " The heavens are telling."
Part II.
1. " Welcome, welcome." Semi- Chorus from Solomon.
2. " David his ten thousands slew."
3. Ode : " Wreaths for the chieftain." Sung at Peace Jubilee.
4. Chorus : " Achiered is," etc. Creation.
5. Solo : " 'T is Liberty, dear Liberty."
6. Duet: " Come, ever-smiliug Liberty."
7. Trio and Chorus : " Sound the loud timbrel." Arison.
8. Solo and Chorus : " The marvellous work."
9. Ai'ia and Chorus : " Strike the cymbal." Fucitta.
10. Chorus: "Hallelujah."
^ Quoted from a volume of tracts in Boston Athenaeum. B., 1693.
2 The Centinel of July 9 says: "About 6 o'clock the President returned to town,
and immediately attended a sacred oratorio, performed in honour of his visit by the
H. and H. Society, with which he expressed himself as much pleased. The house
was well filled, and the performances were very animated. We learn from Mr. F. H.
Jenks that at this concert the lady who was to sing one of the solos was suddenly
taken ill, or was seized with ' stage fright,' and that Miss Bennett took her place at
a moment's notice. There icas somejiurry about this, and the usual professional pique
and jealousy."
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 55
This concert ^ was the last given b}^ the Societj" during Col. Webb's
administration.^ Having officiated as president for a little more than
two years, this worthy gentleman wrote to the secretary on Aug. 31
to decline a renomination, on account of business engagements which
called him to the West for an uncertain period. After making his
warm acknowledgments for the politeness which he had received
during his tenure of office, Col. Webb expressed his regret in giving
up the enjoyments in which he had so often participated, and con-
cluded by expressing the hope that the Society may loiig continue
in peace and harmony to enjoy the pleasures ivhich the sublime art it
professes is so eminently calcula'ed to produce. On receiving this
letter, read at the annual meeting, Sept. 1, the new president, Mr.
Benjamin Holt ;3 the vice-president, Joseph Baile}' ; the secretary,
Matthew S. Parker; and the first trustee, Amasa Winchester, were
appointed a committee to present the thanks of this Society to the
late president for the important services rendered by him in the
judicious and instructive manner in which he has presided over the
Society since its institution^ and to express the high esteem the Society
have of his gentlemanly manners and refined musical taste^ ivith other
qualifications embracing an uncommon suitableness for the office he
has filled with great honor to himself and which has stamped a char-
acter upon the Society that cannot be erased but by its dissolution.
This note was communicated to Col. Webb in a letter from the secre-
tary, evidently dictated by feelings of high regard. Official documents
are not always to be trusted ; but the general tone of this letter, and
the aflE'ectionate farewell with which it concludes, place its sincerity
above suspicion. In 1818 Col. Webb returned to Boston on a visit,
and the Societ^^ taking advantage of his presence, invited him to
deliver the first of a series of annual addresses at the opening concert
of the season. This he declined to do, on account of his intended
^ The receipts amounted to $465.
2 Weekly meetings were held by the officers of the Society during the summer of
1817, for the practice of sundry pieces of music, "that they might tit themselves to
be useful to the members at rehearsals." The frequent entry in the records of, closed
at eleven o'clock, shows ~that they were zealous in their work. On Aug. 8 the secre-
tary wrote to Messrs. Farnhara and Badger, who had informed the Society of their
intention to bring out an American edition of the Creation, to cost a third less than
the English edition, that the want of sufficient funds alone prevented the trustees
from subscribing liberally ; that they would strongly recommend it to the members,
would solicit individual subscriptions, and subscribe in the name of the Society for as
many copies as the state of their funds would justify.
^ Mr. Winchester was elected, but declined the honor, while expressing his will-
ingness to promote the interests of the Society as a member.
56 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
departure for the West ; but he took occasion in his reply to express
his approval of a project which, in his opinion, would be signally
beneficial to the Society. Just a year after this letter was written,
the records tell us, under date Aug. 19, that appropriate services were
performed this evening in conjunction with the Philharmonic Society,
and the higher orders of Free and Accepted Masons, in celebration
of the obsequies of the late Thomas S, Webb, Esq. Eulogy by the
Rev. Paul Dean. This gentleman spoke of the deceased as one
whose whole soid was attuned to harmony. Able in theory, skilful
in practice, and favored with the nicest discriminating power, his
capacious and discerning mind enabled him to discern the smallest
defect, and indicated to him the instrument or the voice that would
best supply its place and perftct the harmony of the whole. With
what admiring satisfaction, continued the preacher, have we seen him
lead in singing the infinitely sublime gloiies of Creation^ Redemption,
and the M ssiah of God, and almost forgotten that the lays were mortal
arid the place ivas not heaven.
In less grandiloquent language, but in words which are of far more
historical value, as they clearl}^ explain the secret of Col. Webb's
influence, his biographer ^ says, he possessed the faculty of sur-
mounting difficulties, removing objections, and allaying jealousies not
infrequent among musicians, and at the same time of retaining the
confidence which he had once inspired. Through his urbanity and
the persuasive conciliation of his disposition, he was peculiarly fitted
to discharge the duties which devolved v^oon him as president of the
Handel and Haydn and vice-president of the Philharmonic /Societies.
Frothingham, one of Gilbert Stuart's pupils, painted a portrait of
Col. AVebb, from which an artist named Penniman made a drawing
of fanciful design, engraved b}' Annim & Smith, about 1820.2 The
print (see p. 58), a framed cop}^ of which was presented to the
Societ}' b}' Col. Webb's daughter, consists of a bust encircled by a
wreath of roses and supported on a pile of music books. An organ,
a precipitous and most unnatural mountain, a halo of glory and clouds
evolved from ''the inner consciousness" of the artist, form the acces-
sories, and the whole is completed by the following dedicatory inscrip-
tion : —
1 J. R. Parker, Musical Biography, p. 185.
2 The drawing was burned in Penniman 's store, Cornhill, and the plate, with a
few impressions, shared the same fate in 1835, when a building occupied by the
Bewick Printing Society, corner of Court Square, where they were j^laced for safe
keeping, was burned. \
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 57
To the Masonic Fraternity throughout the United States, who were cheered
and ilUimined by the liglit of his mind, to the Handel and Haydn and
Philliarmonic Societies, wliich commenced and flourished under liis
auspices, to the enliglitened and good of all classes of men who
reverence genius, and love science, taste, and virtue, this
print is respectfully dedicated by their humble servants.
•' John E. Pexxmax.
Annoi & Smith."
HISTORICAL SYNOPSIS,
1815.
First meeting of Handel and Haydn Society . . . March 30.
Eleventh annual meeting of Handel and Haydn Society, Sept. 4.
First concert of Handel and Haydn Society . . . Dec. 25.
1816,
Second concert Jan. 18.
Act of incorporation signed ...... Feb. 9.
Third concert May 30.
Second annual meeting ....... Sept. 2.
1817.
Fourth concert . April 1.
Fifth " "4.
Sixth '* "6.
Seventh " "8.
Eighth " July 5.
Third annual meeting Sept 1.
58 HISTORY OF THE HAXDEL AXD HAYDN SOCIETY.
hS\k f d
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. od
CHAPTER II.
"If Anything be overlooked, or not accurately inserted, let no one
find fault, but take into consideration that this history is compiled from
all Quarters."— £ia^m/s.
THIRD SEASON.
Sept. 1, 1817, to Sept. 7, 1818.
At the third anuiial meeting of the Society, held ou Sept. 1,
Colonel Webb's letter, declining a renomination as president, was
read by the secretary, and Amasa Winchester was elected to that
office. As he refused to accept it, for reasons given though un-
recorded, Benjamin Holt, who had served on the board of trustees for
the past two years, was nominated and elected. Of this gentleman, ^
by profession a school-teacher, we know but little. Preceded, as he
was to be followed, by a president of remarkable ability, his peaceful
and reasonably prosperous administration was only notable on account
of the occupation of Boylston Hall by the Society, and the appear-
ance of Thomas Phillips and Charles Incledon at its concerts.
Boylston HaU, which was to be the home of the Society for twenty-
two years, had been taken about the middle of September, 1817, on a
four years' lease, with liberty to give it up at the end of the first
twelve months on forfeiture of 850. At the first rehearsal held there
on Nov, 4, the members sang Old Hundredth, selections from the
Messiah, and several anthems from the Old Colony Collection, to
an invited audience ; and, having thus taken possession of their new
and yet scantily furnished quarters by the performance of a pro-
gramme which was repeated at rehearsals during the remainder of the
year, they made preparations for a concert. The secretary was
directed to advertise the hall as a suitable place for concerts, lectures,
and dancing parties, by the trustees, who in December discussed the
advisability of inviting ladies to assist at the rehearsals and concerts
during the season, and decided this important question in the affir-
mative, though not without considerable opposition. The Misses
Singleton, Wiswall, Wellington, Cade, Lynch, and Dixon were the
iMr. Holt married a daughter of the Rev. Thomas Baldwin, pastor of the Sec-
ond Baptist Church. He passed the latter part of his life at Lancaster, Mass., and
died there when past eighty years of age.
60 HISTOKY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
favored candidates. The additiou of female voices to the chorus,
thus made, is worth}' of notice as denoting the acceptance of an im-
portant principle in the constitution of a chorus ; but in point of fact
it was at the time harmful, and so continued to be until the then prev-
alent practice of assigning the tenor part to the sopranos, and the
treble to the male altos and tenor, was abandoned. The confused
and often painful effects of inverted harmonies produced by female
voices singing in thirds and fifths above the melody were too glaring
to be long endured, and the parts were in time properly distributed.
But it was not until Lowell Mason's day that " order fair prevailed."
In 1821 the old system had its advocates in country towns. This is
proved by a letter in the Columbian Centinel^ written by a Mrs. Rus-
sel, in which, speaking of a concert at Maiden, she says, "The char-
acter of some of the finest specimens of psalmody was entirely
destroyed by soprano voices singing tenor parts."
With such abuses, and the defects incident to the untrained condi-
tion of the amateur chorus of the Handel and Haydn Society,
drilled and conducted as it was by an inexperienced amateur, whose
ideas about time, expression, light and shade, etc., were purely per-
sonal, it is wonderful that the Society should have found not only
patient but enthusiastic listeners to their performances of such an
oratorio as the Messiah during many years of probation. This can
only be explained by supposing that Handel's music, and the Scripture
texts to which it is set, had become so much a unit in the minds of
our forefathers, that, however performed, thej' accepted it as an integral
part of revealed truth. To some extent this is still the case, although,
as knowledge of how the music ought to be sung has immeasurably
increased, the right and duty of criticism have asserted themselves
with regard to the JSIessiah as with regard to any other musical work,
sacred or secular.
For the first twenty years of the Society's existence, the Messiah
was, what it still is, the oratorio of all oratorios to attract the public.
Every great work of art has an aesthetic and a scientific side, both of
which are appreciated by the artist, and one only, the first, by all who
with ears to hear, eyes to see, and hearts to feel beaut}' as revealed
in human work, have not knowledge sufficient to analyze structure,
and be able not only to admire, but to comprehend why they admire.
Thus in painting, while the sensitive though untrained nature per-
ceives and enjoys beauty of form, expression, and color, the nature
which is both sensitive and cultivated has the superadded enjoyment
arising from a full comprehension of the painter's mastery over mate-
rials, his skill as a draughtsman, his power of grouping and composi-
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. HI
tiou. his use of the brush, his mauagemeut of light and shade, aud
color.
Music beiug of all the arts that in which the aesthetic and inspired
is most clearly separable from the scientific aud intellectual, appeals
on the one hand most markedly to those whose nature enables them
to enjoy it as they enjoy a sunset or a flower, with charmed senses,
but without mental action ; and on the other, to those whose knowl-
edge of the theory of the art makes them to dissect the complex
structure, to follow the development of the leading ideas, to appre-
ciate the balance of parts, and to trace the evolution of the whole
work from its parent germs.
To these sources of enjoyment a third is added in a great oratorio
like the Messiah, built upon and growing out of sacred Writ, — an
enjoyment shared by all religious minds, namely, that of finding in it
adequate expression given to the spmt and significance of our Lord's
life and words. It is not then surprising that, appealing as it does to
the lover of beauty, the musician, and the believer, the Messiah, in
which the light of Handel's genius shines with incomparable bright-
ness, should have kept an unrelaxed hold upon popular affection for
wellnigh a century and a half, and that now, in the year of our Lord
1886, it should be as fresh to our ears as it was to the ears of those
who heard it on the 13th of April. 1742, when it was first sung under
Handel's direction at Dublin.
But to return to our history at the beginning of 1818. The records
for January oft'er no items of interest, save the election of Samuel
Cooper as organist, and the death, on the 19th, of an excellent tenor,
William A. Codmau, in memor}' of whom the members sung some
appropriate pieces on the 27th, and the Centinel of Feb. 17 quoted
the lines, —
"His voice so soft, so clear.
That listening augels leaned to hear."
Like January, February had its seven rehearsals but no concert.
Meantime the work of fitting up Boylston Hall was rapidly pushed
forward and completed before the 18th of March, when it is spoken
of in the Centinel as " weU furnished with settees, brilliantly illumi-
nated with gas, and provided with an orchestra (platform), which
good judges from every part of the country pronounced superior to
anything of the kind in the Lnion." AU this new-found splendor
was displayed to an admiring public at the ninth concert of the
Society, March 31.^ when Miss Bennett and Miss Glynn, with Messrs.
1 Proceeds, S160.
62 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
Dodd, Winchester, S. H. Parker, and other members, assisted by
the chorus, sang anthems, selections from the Creation, and from
the Messiah, in which the principal solos were intrusted to men,
Coolidge taking "O thou that fallest!", Phipps, ^'He shall feed His
flock," and Huntington, '' I know that my Redeemer liveth." These
airs were originally written in the soprano clef, but it is well known
that Handel was not at all particular as to the keys in which his airs
were sung. Neither did he think it necessary always to allot them to
the same voices. "Thus," says his latest biographer,^ "we find
' Comfort ye,' ' Every valley,' ' Rejoice greatly,' and the airs
relating to the Passion, assigned to a soprano or a tenor indis-
criminately."
In anticipation of the tenth concert of the Society, which took
place on April 2, with much the same programme as that which pre-
ceded it, the Centinel calls attention to "the laudable exertions of
the Society," and with characteristic Bostonian feeling says, " We
attend its performances, not only to be pleased, but to be improved.
Here," adds the writer in grandiloquent language, " while the critic
in music admires the display of skill, and the mere lover of fine
sounds enjoys an exquisite repast, the dead spirit may be awed with
admiration, melted into tenderness, and kindled to praise."
Among the solo singers whose names constantly appear in the
programmes of this period is Miss Bennett (Mrs. Martin) . If the
current anecdote be true of the gentleman at Roxbury, who, on hear-
ing this lady sing, "Angels ever bright and fair, take, oh I take me to
your care," burst into tears and audibly exclaimed, " He will, He
will ! ", this lady must have sung with no little sweetness and pathos ;
but my duty as an historian obliges me to say that Mrs. Martin failed
to recollect the incident when questioned about it in the year 1878.
She had still, however, very clear ideas about the special defect in
singing at these early concerts of the Society, for on being asked
to name it, she replied, " Out of tune."
Of Mr. Amasa Winchester, who was one of the best solo singers,
and of Mr. John Dodd, who had a rich baritone voice,^ I shall
have occasion to speak elsewhere ; but of Miss Glynn, one of the
leading vocalists of the time, I have been unable to obtain any par-
ticulars. All the singers who took part in the first ten concerts of
the Society, with one exception, were Americans born and bred ; but
at the eleventh it had the assistance of an English tenor sins^er,
1 W. S. Rockstio"s Life of Handel, p. 258.
2 Letter of Nov. 12, 1874.
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 63
Thomas, called Irish Phillips,^ who, as actor, singer, and lecturer
on the art of singing, attained no small reputation in this country,
though in England his name is known to few, even of those best
acquainted with its musical history. Nothing is known of his career
there but that he sung at the English Opera House (the Lyceum)
before coming to America ; that he lectured on the art of singing
at Dublin between his first and second visits to Boston ; that he was
principal tenor in EUiston's troupe at the Surrey Theatre after his
return to London in 1823 ; and that he was killed in an accident on
the Grand Junction Railway, Oct. 10, 1841.
He made his first appearance in Boston, April 10, 1818, as Count
Bellino, in the operetta of the '' Devil's Bridge," a character in which
he was painted by Penniman when singing the popular air, " Fauc3^'s
Sketch." In our day the portrait would certainly not be ranked as a
masterpiece, as it then was, neither would the singer in all probability
escape criticism : but all agree that he had one excellence which would
have entitled him to modern favor, namely, that of distinct articula-
tion,— so distinct, we are told, ^^that the ivords of his softest passages
ivere audible in every part of the house." AVithout remarkable compass
or specially tuneful quality of voice, he made, by skilful management,
the most of what voice he had ; and as his personal appearance was
striking, and his ability as an actor above the average, he had many
admirers. The Galaxy of Dec. 26. 1821, says that ''he probably did
more towards correcting the public ear and refining the public taste,
than any other individual" ; and if this be so, his visit may indeed be
looked upon as " marking an epoch in our musical annals."
Kelly in his reminiscences makes mention of Phillips as a pupil of
Dr. Arnold, an accomplished singer and sound musician, and by far
the best singing actor on the English stage ; ^ and Ireland declaring
that he sung with more feeling and expression than any other male
vocalist we have ever had here, Incledou alone excepted. On the
other hand, adverse criticism is not wanting. '^His voice." says a
contemporary, " has not the slightest natural melody in its tones,
and he vainly strives to conceal this radical defect by attempts at
scientific ornament. Whoever recollects how Braham sang ' Love's
Young Dream,' will never sit with patience to listen to Mr. Phillips,
whose manner is totally devoid of pathos, taste, and expression.
He occasionally tries to imitate Braham in those outpourings of voice
which in his case were so grand and overpowering, and gives us little
^To distinguish him from Henry Phillii^s, the famous English baritone, who
came to America in 1844.
- Quoted by Richter, Music in America, p. 151.
64 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
else than plain, downright bawling." ^ Finally, we feel bound to
mention Wood's '^ statement: ''Phillips regarded music as a trade,
and pursued it without the slightest enthusiasm for the art." Unable
as we are to decide between those who praise and those who decry
Phillips's ability as a singer, we can form an estimate of his knowledge
of the art of singing from the abstract of his lectures giyen in the
Euterpiad. of which, as well as of President Winchester's estimate
of his talents, we shall speak presently.
At the regular meeting of the Society on April 18, 1818, the mem-
bers yoted to engage Phillips to sing at a concert on the 28th, and to
pay him S200 for his seryices. He was present at the rehearsals held
on the 25th and 26th of the month, and at the concert,^ which took
place on the appointed eyenings, sung ''Comfort ye," •' Lord, remem-
ber Dayid." '• For the House of Pharaoh," and •' Let the Bright
Seraphim," so much to the satisfaction of the trustees, that immedi-
ately after the conclusion of the concert, they met, and wished to
engage him on the same terms for another on May 1, at which he
sang, " Now Heayen in all her glory shone," " Lord, what is man?"
" In splendor bright," ''Total eclipse," and " Gentle airs, melodious
shrines." '* Well pleased with his reception, and grateful to the
Society for the opportunity afforded him of appearing as an oratorio
singer, Phillips presented to the library, in June, a duet, " Here
shall soft Charity," in September, an air and saci'ed dirge, and on the
9th of April. 1821, sent from England a manuscript anthem, "O
Lord I our Goyernor," composed and dedicated to the Society at his
request l)y Sir John Steyenson.^ which was afterwards printed in the
third yolume of the Society's collection. In the letter which accom-
panied the manuscript, Phillips says : " I send it as the best remem-
brance I can offer for those attentions shown me by the Society at large
during my yisitto Boston." Of his second yisit we shall speak in its
proper place. Hardly had Phillips completed his first yisit. when a
greater English tenor singer than himself, Charles Benjamin Incledon,
arriyed in Boston. A genuine English singer of ballads, " not of the
modern sentimental cast, but of the original manly and energetic
strain." This celebrated artist, son of a medical practitioner at St.
Kenan, Cornwall, was born in 1763. and at the age of eight became
a choir boy at Exeter. Haying studied music under Richard Langton
1 Galaxy, Nov. 9, 1821.
2 W. B. Wood, Personal Recollections of the Stage (Philadelphia, 1855), p. 276.
3 Proceeds, SG03.
4 Proceeds, .Sill.
5 For Sir John's letter to Phillips, see Appendix, letter A.
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 65
and Dr. Jackson, of Exeter, he either enlisted on board the " For-
midal)le," 1779, or,^ according to another account, ^ was carried off
to sea against his will, to prevent him from giving evidence in a trial
relating to one of his superiors. After he had been transferred to
the " Raisonable " on the West India station, his fine tenor voice
attracted tlie attention of Admiral Pigot, with whom, and with
Admiral Hughes, he was wont to sing glees and catches. These
officers gave him letters of introduction to Sheridan and Coleman
when he was about to return home in 1783. On arriving in London,
he joined Collins's company, and made his debut at South Hampton
in 1784, as Alphonso in Dr. Arnold's " Castle of Andalusia." Then
followed engagements at Bath ; at Vauxhall ; at Covent Garden,
17th of September, 1790; and thirty years of activity, during which
he was the prime favorite of the English musical world at theatres,
concerts, and oratorios. His natural voice, which extended from A
below the line to G above, was full and open and simply emitted,
while his rich and brilliant falsetto, in which he could execute orna-
ments of a certain class with volubility and sweetness, ranged from
D below, to E and F above the line. His singing was bold and for-
cible, with little pretence to delicacy or tenderness ; his trill was even,
and his intonation much more correct than is common to singers so
imperfectly educated. As we have seen, Phillips sang for the second
time at the twelfth concert of the Society, on the 1st of May. At
the thirteenth concert, on the 2d of June, the regular singers sang
selections from the Messiah and the Creation, and first performed
Handel's Grand Coronation Anthem. ^ On the 21st of the same
month, Incledon was present at the rehearsal, and as he was known
to be thoroughly trained in Handel's music, his opinion was looked
for with no little anxiety. We are indebted to the Rev. Dr. William
Staunton, of New York, an early and now honorary member of the
Society, for the following interesting account of the characteristic
manner in which he gave it: ''When the chorus, 'For unto us a
child is born,' was going on, Incledon became impatient, and finally
begged the president to stop the performance, for, as he bluntly re-
marked, the choir knew nothing about the grand and peculiar charac-
teristics of that chorus. He then, by request, told the Society what
he knew by tradition, and proceeding to drill the singers, insisted on
the unexcited progress of the semi-chorus portions till the climax
was reached with the words, ' Wonderful ! ' ' Counsellor,' etc., which
should burst upon the ear with the square and solid stroke of a vast
1 Grove, II., p. 2. ^ EiUerpiad, Vol. I., p. 121. 3 Proceeds, S04.
6(y HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
explosion. On this point of contrast, Incledon was strenuous, bring-
ing down bis npUfted arms and open bands with resounding strokes
on tbe top of bis desk." Tbat was a vabiable lesson, and we bave
reason to believe tbat it was taken in tbe right spirit.
Nowhere in the records of the Society is there any sio^n of that
unwillingness on tbe part of the members to submit to cnmjyetent
criticism, which amateur singers often manifest, and it is to this ex-
cellent disposition, in a great measure, tbat the Society owes its long-
continued existence and its present prosperity. At tbe last rehearsal
before the first concert in 1815, the president, as we bave already
said, declared tbat it should not take place unless the singers " made
better work with the music," and in so saying be struck the common
chord of exertion, submission, and patience whose sound is still
heard in our midst. But to return to Incledon : the records tell us
that on the 27tb of June the president was deputed to engage him for
the fourteenth concert of the Societ}^ which took place on tbe 1st of
July, and at which he sang, *' Great God, what do I see and bear? "
*' Charity decent, modest, easy, kind," " Comfort ye," "Every val-
ley," " The horse and bis rider," and "Total Eclipse."^ There is
little doubt tbat at this period of his life the great singer's powers
were considerably impaired, and it must also be remembered that his
forte was ballad, and not sacred, music. When be sang " The
Storm," which is described as a unique vocal and histrionic exhibition,
Incledon could still electrify his audience, but the very qualities which
be then displayed were rather hindrances than helps to him when he
appeared in oratorio. ^ How could the man who " sang like one grat-
ified to excess with his own tones and his own expression," adapt
himself to music which for its perfect execution demands an eleva-
tion of style born of self-forgetfulness? "Vanity," says an anony-
mous writer, quoted in Saroni's Musical Times,^ '' was the besetting
sin of Incledon, the chief yet amusing abatement to his otherwise
just and liberal character. In pronouncing his own name, be believed
he described all that was admirable in human nature. Incledon
called himself the English ballad singer, par excellence, a distinction
be would not bave exchanged for tbe highest in tbe realm of talent."
If his sincerity is to be trusted, he carried back to England a more
1 Proceeds, $75.
2 Mr. Spear tells me (S. J., Oct. 29, '73) that he has played accompaniments for
Incledon ; that Incledon would sing wrong notes, and Spear would correct him,
Incledon said that he did not know anything about notes. He learned wholly by
ear ; sang C in alt freely and easily.
»May4, ia50.
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 67
favorable opinion of the condition of music in this country than he
had expected to form. '^ I have been most aoreeably surprised," he
said, in a letter to the Morning Post^^ " at finding it in such high cul-
tivation. I have never been more agreeably surprised than by my
rapid glance at America. I shall always hold in affectionate remem-
brance the country which welcomed me as a stranger, and patronized
me with as much ardor as it could have showed had I been her son."
Under the name of the ''Wandering Minstrel," as he called himself in
the latter part of his life, Incledon sang in many parts of England
up to 1826, when he was attacked with paralysis at Worcester, and
dying, was buried at Hampstead, Middlesex.
The report of the condition of the Society, made b}^ the secretary
at a meeting held on Aug. 20, is favorable in every respect. Instead
of a debt to be paid, there is a small balance of $120 in the treas-
urer's hands, ^ patrons have increased, and the performances have
improved in quality. "The Society," says Mr. Parker, "by good
management and a strict adherence to the motives and objects which
led to its formation, has attained a character which promises dura-
bility. Its leading and most important object is, and always should
be, the promotion of a uniform, pure, and just style of performing-
sacred nmsic in our houses of public worship. This requires such a
knowledge of its science and practice as shall enable the Society to
perform the compositions of the most highly appreciated authors who
have written on sacred subjects, that their style may be diffused
through the community. To accomplish this desirable object, it is
evident that a considerable individual sacrifice of time, as well as of
opinion, is indispensably necessary. A punctual attendance is desir-
able. Ordinary meetings should be well attended, as we are liable to
the company of auditors, including strangers, by whom we shall be
■well or ill spoken of abroad as our performances may merit. It is
important that each member should be in his place whether he has to
perform or not, as otherwise a bad example is set to young members,
and the member appears lukewarm. We have surmounted many
obstacles, and are sure of success if we are true to ourselves. Let
each member cherish an affection for the Society, which will produce
a corresponding spirit of accommodation and forbearance. When
called to order, let every member come forward and appear in his
proper place, with a heart duly impressed with the solemnity of the
employment in which he is about to engage, that of singing praises
* Republished in the Palladium, Dec. 10, 1819.
2 Tickets sold, $2,763.07. Balance to new account, S120.12.
68 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
to the Most High. While thus conscientiously and faithfully fulfill-
mo: our duty, may we not humbly hope that the great Fountain of
Harmony may be pleased to prosper our sincere attempts to promote
His praise ? "
FOURTH SEASON.
Sept. 7, 1818. to Sept. 0, 1819.
At the annual meeting, Sept. 7, three of the four chief officers of
the past year were re-elected for another twelvemonth ; the fourth,
Joseph Bailey, was succeeded as vice-president b}^ Amasa Winches-
ter. On the 17th. Joseph Lewis was appointed librarian ; and on the
4th of October, Jonas Chickering, who was to prove one of the most
efficient and faithful members of the Society, was elected to member-
ship.
The position of organist was offered to Miss Hewitt ; but as she
declined to take a place which she subsequently filled with so much
credit to herself for several years, Mr. S. P. Taylor, of New York^
who had played for the Society at several concerts in 1817,' was
appointed in her stead.
The season opened on Nov. 24, with a concert of selections from
Handel. Mozart. Chappie. Shaw, and Webbe, sung by Miss Bennett
(Mrs. Martin) and other leading solo singers, who repeated the pro-
gramme on Dec. 3. Thus far the Society had contented itself with
singing portions of the Messiah and the Creation, but had not ven-
tured on producing either, or any other oratorio as a whole. It took
this important step with the Messiah, at Christmas, and followed it
up before the close of the season with the Creation and the Dettingen
Te Deum. The principal singers at the Christmas concert were
Misses Sumner and Bennett, Mr. J. Sharp, and Master White, the
infant phenomenon who on another occasion made so strong an im-
pression upon " Syphax " by his manner of singing Oliver Shaw's
" When the cloud has passed away," that in a letter written in 1874,
he says, " The sweet air is as fresh in my memory as though sung but
yesterday " At the close of his letter, '' Syphax " refers to a custom of
thpse early days which, shocking as it appears to us, was then no
stumbling-block of offence. It is difficult to believe, though it is
nevertheless true, that decanters of ardent spirits- were habitually
^ See first number, Chap. I., p. 52, where his name is incorrectly printed.
2 That this was a general habit in church choirs at the time is shown by Gould
{Church Music in America, p. 102), who says: " TVe have heard with our ears, if not
seen with our eyes, that during the recess, ardent spirit was generously handed round
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 69
provided for the use of the male singers, by the superintendent of the
hall, in one of its anterooms ; and when these were thought to be
too public, in a place under the platform, fitted up for the purpose.
'•' Among my earliest recollections," writes a gentleman who joined the
Society in 1851, "nothing impressed me more than seeing members
leave their seats at rehearsals in the old Boylston Hall, and retire
down the little narrow and steep stairs on either side of the organ, to
refresh the inner man. The process was called ' tuning ' ; and the
members, while engaged in the laborious effort to master Handel's
difficult choruses, found it necessary to • tune ' quite often during a
rehearsal."
The agitation of the temperance question, and the formation of the
Massachusetts Temperance Society, gave a death-blow to this most
objectionable custom, and made it a scandal of the past. The new
year brought no other change in the work of the Society than the
substitution of the Creation for the Messiah at its rehearsals, which
were followed by the production of Haydn's masterpiece entire, at
three successive concerts, on Feb. 16 and 21, and March 2.^ The
Dettingen Te Deum was then taken up and sung on April 1 . Thus
within four months the Society had added three works to its
repertory, of which the two first have been repeated ad infinitum
from that time to this, while the last had up to 18()4 been sung but
three times, including its first performance in the spring of 1819.
Mrs. French, a new singer of high reputation, came to Boston from
Philadelphia in May. and gave a concert in aid of the Boston Female
Asylum on the 18th of June, with tlie assistance of the Handel and
Haydn Society, for whose benefit she sang in return on the 22d, with
great and unequivocal success.
This lady is first mentioned by Mr. Dyer,'2 an English music teacher
at Baltimore and Georgetown, in a letter dated July. 1817, written
to Mr. Secretary Parker, as the wife of a dry-goods merchant, and pupil
of Mr. B. Carr, of Philadelphia. '' Her compass of voice and exe-
cution," he says, ''were considerable. She ascends to D in alt with
ease, and I have heard her sing up to F. On the wliole, I do not doubt
that she is the finest female singer on the continent." ** She is," he
among the singers in the gallery of the church, to cheer them on their course. This
was done publicly, the minister, elders, members, and the whole congregation look-
ing on with apparent satisfaction to see the young people enjoy themselves. . . .
At a certain period, anj-where and everywhere, a glass of liquor was looked upon
to be just as proper and innocent as a cup of cold water."
1 The receipts were respectively 8304. S211, and .S8*t.
2 S. Dyer, editor of New York and Philadelphia Collections of Church Music,
1827, 1828.
70 HISTORY OF THE HAXDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
adds, "a more scientific singer than Mrs. Burke, called the 'American
Catalan!,' of whom you have doubtless heard." ^ With such qualifi-
cations as a voice so sweet that the silvery charm of every note was
to the ear like polished ivory to the touch, great distinctness of artic-
ulation, and an extremely lady-like, graceful, and pleasing presence,"
Mrs. French had no difficulty in captivating her audiences here and
elsewhere. The papers of the time vied with each other in praising
her, and many were the verses penned in her honor. One poet, writ-
ing in allusion to the fall of a part of the ceiling at Washington Hall
in Philadelphia during one of her concerts, expressed his over-
wrought feelings in the following lines, which rise somewhat above
the average of like tributes : —
'"T is said that Orpheus played so well,
He raised Eurydice from Hell :
And St. Cecilia sang so clear
That augels leaned from Heaven to hear.
" But our Cecilia far excels
These fabled feats. Her trills and swells
Enchant the vaulted roofs and walls
Until the azure ceiling falls." -
Another poet, of a more sentimental order, thus tunes his lyre : —
" Lady I to thee a voice was ^iven
The sweetest e'er bestowed by Heaven.
Seldom such strains are heard on earth :
They are of more than mortal birth.
Our passions own the sweet control.
To sympathy they wake the soul ;
And O ! thy soft, melodious art
With love and joy can warm the heart.
Inspire with hope, relief bestow
On the sad child of orrief and woe I "
FIFTH SEASON.
Sept. 0. 1810. to Skpt. 4, 1820.
"We have already spoken in our first chapter ^ of the memorial ser-
vices held by the Society on the 19th of August, with the assistance
1 Previous to Mrs. French's appearance, Incledon and Phillips had both regarded
Mrs. Burke as the best singer in America. "Mrs. French," says the Palladium, of
May 28, " is her superior in cultivation and taste, while her voice has equal volume
and sweetness and greater comi)ass. "
^Philadelphia Gazette, reprinted in Palladium of June 12.
3 See p. 5(5, first number.
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY, 71
of the Philharmonic Society and the Masonic Fraternity, in honor of
its first president, Colonel T. S. Webb. His death, which must have
taken place before July 28, — as, according to the records, a committee
was then appointed to make the necessary arrangements for the pro-
posed services in his honor, — was followed closely by the election of
his real successor, Mr. Amasa Winchester. Mr. Holt had on the
20th of July written to decline re-election, on the debatable ground
that '' the interests of the Society would be promoted by limiting the
term of office to two or three successive years"; and at the annual
meeting,^ Sept. 6, the members, taking him at his word, nominated
and elected Mr. Winchester. Assuredly they could not have done a
better thing, for thereby the right man was put into the right place.
As the president was ex officio conductor, the election of a profes-
sional musician, like Dr. Jackson, for instance, would have been
wiser from a musical point of view ; but while he would certainly have
drilled the singers more efficiently, his irritable disposition would have
kept them in a chronic state of disturbance. With the doctor to con-
duct and Winchester to preside, all would have gone well ; but as the
idea of thus openly dividing the responsibility never occurred to any
one, the election of the latter was for the best. The Rev. Dr. Wil-
liam Staunton, of New York,- one of the early members of the
Society, who claims to have a distinct recollection of Mr. Winchester,
describes him as '' a man of the old school, courteous and affable in
manner. . . . At the rehearsals and concerts he occupied a box or
stand resembling an old-fashioned pulpit, which was placed on the
main floor in front of the platform. In this post he stood, like our
present conductor, between the audience and the performers, but did
not really or visibly act as leader, either by gesture or by use of the
baton. I have no recollection at that period of seeing any actual
conductor, but (with the exception of an occasional hint from the
president) there seemed to be an understanding that Sig. Ostiuelli's
violin was to be the guiding helm by which all things moved."
This shows that, in point of fact, the president's role as conductor
was little more than nominal ; the burden really rested on the shoul-
ders of the leading violinist, Ostinelli. Mr. Winchester was an ama-
teur, who, as we are told, had a great love for, and a fair knowledo-e
of music, and was, moreover, a good singer. He came to Boston
from Newton, where he had at one time been a school-teacher, and
1 The treasurer's report showed a balance of 8194.51, and stated the amount of
debt incurred to be 81,061.56. Half of this sum was owed to Otis Everett for fit-
ting up Boylston Hall. On Sept. 2, an assessment of 810 was laid on the members.
2 Honorary member of the H. and H. Society. Letter of Nov. 1, 1881.
72 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
became a provision dealer iu Faiieuil Hall Market, and a member of
the Rev. J. Stillman's choir. ^
A writer in the Euterpiad^ who signs himself " Ralph," gives an ac-
count of one of the Society's concerts which he attended in 1821, and
says : " The president of the Society took his stand among the choir.
With a fine body of voice, much true feeling, much exquisite taste,
and a very distinct yet musical pronunciation, he sang; and I will
only say, in the language of Kirke White, —
' M}' spirit soared bej'ond the skies, and left the stars behind.' "
Besides his voice, which made him practically useful to the Society,
and a fine presence, which made him an agreeable object, Mr. Win-
chester had a kindliness of nature, and a tact in dealing with men,
which won for him their affection and respect. Of the many anec-
dotes which illustrate his character, it will suflSce to mention that
when an assessment of $10 had been laid on the members, which
some of them could ill afford to pay, he, while insisting upon its
being paid, would secretly slip the needed bank-note into the hand of
the impecunious. Again, when Tom Granger, the violinist, of whom it
was said " that he could play as well asleep as awake," was out of
humor, and proposed to throw up his place in the orchestra, the pres-
ident said to him, *' We shall miss you greatly" ; and added, "By the
b}', I have a very superior steak to-day, and I shall send you home a
piece." In these wa3"S he left behind him such a reputation for
kindly tact that his probable conduct in difficult cases was sometimes
cited as a guide to his successors. Thus, during Dr. Lowell Mason's
administration, it happened one night that Kendall, the tenor trom-
bone, could not reach some high notes in his part ; and Mason, rap-
ping sharply on his desk, said, "We cannot have that trombone." At
this the irate musician left the hall. Fearing that he should lose him
altogether. Mason said to one of the members, '• What would Win-
chester have done?" '' He would," answered the person questioned,
"have tapped ver}^ lightly on his desk, and said, ' That trombone is
very beautiful ; but, if you please, we will try the air without it, and see
how it sounds.' "
During the four years of Mr. Winchester's tenure of office, John
Dodd was vice-president, Joseph Lewis, secretary, and P^benezer
Frothingham, treasurer. The first was a baritone singer, who fre-
quently appeared at the Society's concerts. "-' His rich baritone
still rings in my ears," says " Syphax" ; and the Rev. Dr. Staunton,
^ Letter of B. B. Davis, April 5, 18G9.
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY 73
iu the letter already quoted, speaks of Captain Dodd, as he calls
him, as " a conscientious man, always aiming to do his best for the
credit of the Society." With this aim, when he was called upon to
sing the recitatives in the Creation, '' for which he was admirably
fitted on account of his distinct utterance," it occurred to him that
by committing words and music to memory, he would be able to de-
liver his part with greater freedom and effect. " The plan," says
Dr. Staunton, *' worked well for a while ; but on one occasion the cap-
tain's memory failed him, and, becoming confused, he, to the infinite
amusement of his hearers, sang, ' And God created great whales,
and He said unto them, be fruitful and multipl}', — and — sit and
sing on every tree.'" ^'The gravity of the Society," adds the same
writer, '' was also to my own knowledge severely put to the proof at
times, by the vagaries of a trumpet-player named Rowson, who usu-
ally sat on the uppermost tier of seats, apart from the orchestra. He
had learned in early life to play on an old-fashioned instrument with-
out valves, on which, for the production of many notes, the action of
the lips and tongue was necessary ; and his attempts to execute, with
his thickened and rugged lips, the long runs of semiquavers in the ob-
ligato accompaniment to ^Let the bright Seraphim,' were so uncertain
in pitch and frolicsome in movement that, with the utmost self-com-
mand, it was difficult to control the temptation to laughter." AVithall
these and other drawbacks, the effect of the Society's performances,
if we may trust the memory of early members, was often striking,
and, as they tell us, all the more so because the hall in which they
took place was of small dimensions, *' I have," says a gentleman
who was a member dHring Mr. Winchester's presidency, '• a distinct
recollection of the clearness with which the several points of attack
in intricate fugues were treated and made conspicuous, notwithstand-
ing the mass of sound given out by the choir, the orchestra, and
brilliantly voiced organ."
Turning to the records of the last months of 1819, we find little of
interest to chronicle. A proposal was made in September to restrict
pul)lic performances to charitable or other special occasions, and rely
on the sale of season tickets at $10, admitting a gentleman and two
ladies, and at $5, admitting one person, which plan, though not
accepted at the time, foreshadowed the later action of the Society.
Its twenty-third concert was given on Dec. 23, when a part of the
Creation, and selections from the Old Colony and Lock Hospital collec-
tions, were performed by the chorus and the usual solo singers, includ-
ing Miss Bennett. Mr. Merriam having declined re-election as libra-
rian, Mr. S. Clarke was appointed in his stead on Sept. 9. The last
74 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
rehearsal of the year took place ou Dec. 26, with singing from the
Messiah.
With the new year (1820) came the inevitable return to the Creation.
As when the sun sets, the moon rises, so in ordered and unvarying
sequence the two musical planets which gave light to the Handel and
Haydn Society followed each other, giving opportunit}' for vocal stars
to shine when such were available, which, as we have seen, was seldom
the case. At the twentv-fourth and twentv-fifth concerts, given on
the 3d and 22d of February, Miss Bennett and Miss Copeland,
with the usual male solo singers, assisted the chorus in singing parts
of the Creation and various selections which we shall not enumerate.
In this same month, at a meeting held on the 16th, the plan of pub-
lishing a Collection of Sacred Music, under the auspices of the Society,
was first proposed, and a committee was appointed to draft a sub-
scription paper suitable for circulation. The great financial success
of this undertaking, to which the Society probably owed its escape
from dissolution, gives an interest to the following short announcement
addressed to the musical public by the committee on March 5 : —
'' The Handel and Haydn Society, desirous of extending the knowl-
edge of sacred music from works of eminent composers (and to effect
such an extension they wish to make it an object to all lovers of
melody and scientific harmony), have in contemplation to issue a
publication, as soon as sufficient encouragement may be given, styled
the Handel and Haydn Collection, containing select pieces from
Handel, Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, and other authors of celebrity,
many of which have never before been published in this country.'*
To this end public patronage is confideuth" solicited, and it is stated
that the work is to be printed with pianoforte or organ accompani-
ment, in good type, on double paper, in numbers of twenty-four pages,
eight of which will make a volume, with all possible despatch. The
price to subscribers, who will be allowed to withdraw their names on
the completion of the first volume if they be so disposed, is fixed
at thirty-four and one fourth cents, and a tenth copy is promised
gratis to those who will purchase nine copies. i Early in May the
committee on selecting and publishing music, consisting of the presi-
dent, vice-president, and secretary, Holt, Huntington, and Parker,
speedily brought out an edition of the first number, consisting of one
thousand copies ; and on June 15, the title of the work was deposited
at the District Clerk's office by the secretary. The Euterpiad of
1 Jiine 3, the price of the first number was fixed at from thirty-seven and one half
cents to forty-four cents at the discretion of the committee.
HISTORY OF THE HAXDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 75
June o, ill noticing the publication, says : ''In style, form, and work-
mansliip. it exceeds anything of the kind hitherto attempted in this
country." The writer then goes on to discourse upon religious music
in a philosophic strain, and winds up with a reference to the diffusion
of taste for it which may be expected from the establishment of the
Handel and Haydn Society as a permanent institution of this town.
A second notice, in the issue of June 24. contrasts the first number
advantageously, both as to selection and arrangement, with many
late musical publications, encumbered with false harmony, forbidden
progressions and fruitless attempts at counterpoint. Upon such it was
certainly a great advance in all respects. It contained " The Lord's
Prayer." by Denman, a composer unknown to Hawkins, Fetis, or
Grove; '-Fallen is thy throne," by Martini (the Padre?); "'The
satfron tints of morn," by Mozart; " Sound an alarm," and chorus
'• We hear." from Handel's Judas Maccaba?us ; " Total Eclipse," and
'• Oh ! first created beam," from Samson.
A second number was published before July 29. on which day it is
reviewed in the Euterpiad in like terms of commendation with the
first. It contained Haydn's beautiful National hymn, "Gott erhalte
Fnniz d'-ii Kaiser^" set to words by Dr. Collyer ; '-Lovely is the
face of nature " ; Handel's "O lovely peace I " from Judas Maccabaeus ;
••Is there a man?" by the same composer; and Kent's ^ anthem,
•• Give the Lord the honor due unto his name," — printed, unlike the
other numbers, with figured bass.
The third number, which was ready for distribution to the members
on Aug. 20,2 contained Handel's "How green our fertile pastures,"
from Solomon ; •• O Lord ! whose mercies," from Saul ; " How willing
ni}' paternal love." •- AVith might endued," and " To fame immortal
go," from Samson ; Haydn's chorus, " Come, sweet spring," from
the Seasons : " He sees and he believes," Bishop ; and a trio, " The
bird let loose." words by Moore, music by Beethoven. Although
nothing could be more simple in harmony, more absolutely tonal than
this composition, the writer in the Euterpiad, awed by the great com-
poser's name, declares that in it •' the author explores many of the
inmost recesses of harmony and modulation."
Early in October appeared the fourth number of the collection, ^
containing an anthem for four voices by John Mosh,^ -'O Lord who
• James Kent, born March 13, 1700; organist at Trinity College, Cambridge, and
of Cathedral and College at Winchester; died Dec. 10, 1736.
2 Reviewed in Euterpiad, Sept. 9.
3 Noticed in Euterpiad, Oct. 14, 1820.
^ English amateur, composer, and performer, 1750-1828.
76 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
has taught us"; "Winter has a charm for nie," quartet, by A.
Herbury, an English glee writer of the last century ; i '-Arm. arm
ye brave I " with chorus ; " We come in bright array," from Handel's
Judas Maccaba^us ; and the anthem for four voices, " They played,
in air the trembling music floats," by Sir John Stevenson, which it
will be remembered was sung by the Society at its very first concert,
Dec. 25, 1815.2 Ring's oratorio, "The Intercession," filled the next
two numbers of the volume, of which, and of the remainder of its con-
tents, we shall speak further on, when noting its completion early in
1821. The Society gave its twenty-sixth and twenty-seventh concerts
on March 31 and May 2, when the Messiah and the Creation were
interpreted by the chorus, with solo aid from Misses Sumner and Ben-
nett, and Messrs. Coolidge, Baily, and Sharp. On June 30, sixty
members took part in the religious services at the consecration of St.
Paul's, 3 with Dr. Jackson at the organ, assisted by Messrs. Graupner,
Ostinelli, Tavlor, and a full orchestra.
SIXTH SEASON.
Sept. 4, 1820, to Sp:pt. 3, 1821.
At the annual meeting on Sept. 4, an encouraging account of the
Society's financial condition was presented by the treasurer. The
debt had been reduced within the year from SI, 150 to SlGl, and the
secretary felt autliorized to state that the institution '' has never been
in a more conspicuous situation than at present," — the word " con-
spicuous," as we presume, being intended to coverall social and finan-
cial questions. Well satisfied with the management of its affairs, the
members re-elected the same chief officers, appointed the president,
vice-president, and secretary, with Messrs. Holt, Huntington, and
Parker, to be a committee on selecting and publishing music, and
appointed Mr. S. Clark their librarian. So far back as Jan. 10, Mr.
S. P. Taylor had resigned his position as organist,'^ though he
offered to serve in it until his successor should be appointed. In
September he intimated that he could no longer continue to do so,
and on the 26th, Miss Hewitt accepted the place. This lady (eventu-
1 Musician in ordinary to George III., died Jixne 11, 175)6.
2 For programme, see p. 57, end of Chaj). I.
3 Exiterpiad, I., p. 55.
4 He was then elected an honorary member, and thanked, in a letter from the
president, " for the faithful and scientific maimer in which he had presided at the
organ."
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 77
■ally INIrs. Ostinelli) was the daughter of James H. Hewitt (music
dealer aud publisher in Boston and afterwards in New York), violin-
ist, organist, conductor, and teacher, who brought her before the
public at the age of seven. ^ Until 18 IG she occasionally sung in
concerts at New York, where she resided, and taught music in Mrs.
Brenton's music school. Dr. Jackson gave her lessons on the organ,
and Messrs. Ferrand and Moran on the piano and harp. " Her
piano playing," says a contemporary, 'Ms plain, sensible, and that of
a gentlewoman ; she neither takes by storm nor by surprise, but she
gradually wins upon the understanding, while the ear, though it
never fills the other senses with ecstasy, drinks in full satisfaction.'*
We give this quotation as a specimen of the fine writing of the
period, but we prefer the more sober record of one who still remem-
bers her as " the leading professional pianist of Boston, whose per-
formances at the Apollo Societ}^ were received with as much enthu-
siasm as those of Joseffy and his peers by modern audiences. Her
ability as an organist," says the same gentleman, '• may be estimated
from the fact that at the rehearsals and concerts of the Society, she
played the most elaborate accompaniments from copies which had
been sorely neglected by the proof-reader."
That Mrs. Ostinelli's services were appreciated by the Society is
evident from the fact that she retained her place as its organist for
ten years ; but it is also equally clear, from the circumstances which
accompanied the appointment of her successor, Mr. Zeuner, here-
after to be related, that she was not fitted for the more advanced
demands of a later stage of musical development, which required a
more thoroughly educated musician. Her husband, Sig. Ostinelli,
the best violinist in Boston, and leader in the Philharmonic Orchestra,
was a conscientious and earnest musician, ''who," says the same
witness, "never scrambled through his work like a hireling, and was
always in full sympathy with the chorus."
From May 7, the Society contented itself with rehearsals until
Nov. 14, when it gave its twenty-eighth concert, consisting of selec-
tions ; and this was followed, on Dec. 19, by the twenty-ninth, which
concluded with the final chorus in Beethoven's Mount of Olives. ^
AVe cannot close the record of this year without drawing the
reader's attention to the evidence given of the increased reputation of
the Handel and Haydn Society, by the following advertisement of a
so-called Grammatical Music School, kept by a Mr. Huntington, in
1 See I. R, Parker's Musical Biographies, Boston, 1825.
2 The two iirogrammes are given in full on p. 167, Vol. II., of Euterpiad.
78 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
Cornhill : '' Young gentlemen taught to sing and play upon the flute,
and qualified for performance at church, or at the Handel and Haydn
Society."
At the third concert of the season, on the IGth of January,
1821, the selections were, in the opinion of the Euterpiad critic, ^
" uncommonly choice " ; " but," he adds, as he dons the judicial cap,
' ' it would be a dereliction of principle not to declare our unequivocal
dissatisfaction with what we heard from all quarters, instrumental and
Tocal. The apparent want of individual exertion, constituting a pal-
pable neglect of dut}^ towards public expectation, showed itself on
this occasion. We were reminded by the effect produced upon our
minds of the following effusion of an ancient bard of oui' metropolis
on jargon: 'Let horrid jargon split the air, etc.'"^
In the same strain, a critic writes in t\\Q Xeiv England Gcdaxy : —
" Why we cannot tell, but one thing is certain, the oratorios of the present
season have given less satisfaction to the public than those, of past seasons.
That of Tuesday evening last could hardly rank above an ordinary rehearsal.
The orchestra was lamentably deficient in numbers or power, perhaps in both.
The chorus, ' Lord have mercy on us,' was responded to with all the heart by
every auditor."
Such severe strictures show that miproA'ement in style of perform-
ance hardly kept pace with improvement in public taste, which it
should always lead, not follow. The time had come when stricter
discipline and better training were needed to keep the Society in the
van, and it was perhaps owing to the feeling of non-dependence
upon public patronage, engendered by the late pecuniary success of
the publishing venture, that a more vigorous effort was not made to
obtain it by increased musical excellence. The production of a new
work, King's Intercession, ^ at a concert given on the Gth of Feb-^
ruary, and its repetition on the loth of March, seem to have some-
what stimulated pu})lic interest, as might have been expected from the
popular character of the music. " It is more modern and more easy
of execution than the Messiah and the Creation," says the Euter-
piad^ " and the music admits of more fashionable embellishments than
they do. [ ! I !] The choruses have rather the simplicity of those at
the opera " ; with more in the same vein, which shows us that while
the singers found the Intercession easier to sing, and therefore sang^
^Jan. 20, 182L Euterpiad, Vol. II., p. 171.
2 Billings. See No. 1, p. 24.
3 Matthew Peter King, pupil of C. F. Horn. The Intercession was brought out
at (V>vent Garden in 1817.
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 79
it better, the public found it more suited to their capacity, and there-
fore listened with greater complacency. The work is published in
the first volume of the Handel and Haydn Collection, of which it
filled numbers five and six. The choruses, simply conducted upon
tame, not to say trivial, themes, modulate from tonic to dominant,
and occasionally to related minor keys, making no attempt at counter-
point in vocal or instrumental parts. The music is, in short, a modifi-
cation of the psalm tune and the ballad, to which latter class the
once popular solo, called "Eve's Lament," a melody of a common-
place character, belongs. As men's character may be judged of by
their associates, so ma}^ their level of musical cultivation be tested by
the sort of music which they appreciate ; whence one may conclude
that as the Intercession was admired by Boston audiences in 1821,
their level was not a very high one.
We presume that a letter signed "Ralph," reprinted in the Euter-
jnad^ from the Galaxy about this time, relates to the concert of March
15, at which the Intercession was performed for the second time,
although the writer refers in it to the selections given. " The singer
of the recitative and air from the Creation [probably Capt. Dodd]
showed good taste and feeling, but wanted animation. ' Rejoice, O
Judah ! ' was given by a distinguished bass voice [Richardson ?] , under
perfect command. ' Father, thy work is past,' by the president
[Winchester], with a fine body of voice, much true feeling, exqui-
site taste, and a very distinct yet musical pronunciation. A youth
with a voice as sweet as a lute sang ' In youth's gay spring.' The
choruses were mostly exceedingly well performed, though one, in
which the short tenor solo in the word ' Amen ' sounded like the cries
of a boy afflicted with the colic, might, in the writer's opinion, as well
have been omitted."
At its sixth concert, 2 on April 5, the Society performed the Mes-
siah ; and at its seventh, on May 15, sang selections from Handel,
Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, Boyce, and Bray, for the benefit of the
Howard Benevolent Societ}', " thus making " (to borrow the language
of a letter, signed "Edward Everett and others," in which the Soci-
ety's aid is asked for this charity) " the pleasures of harmony a source
of happiness and relief to those who are otherwise excluded from their
enjoyment." ^
The first number of the second volume of the Society's collection
^ March 17, 1821.
2 Programme : " Hpnor and Arms " ; " To thee, Cheruhhn," from Dettiugeu Te
Deiim; " Glory to God," Mozart; " Tlie Smile," Shaw, etc.
3 Proceeds 3150, which sum was paid over to the Howard Benevolent Society.
80 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
of sacred music, which was published in August, coutains Kent's
anthem, " INIy song shall be of mercy and judgment," Handel's
"Pious Orgies," a quartet by I. S. Smith on Milton's words, "Blest
pair of Sirens," and Zerlina's '' Batti! Batti! hel Mazetto,'' from
Mozart's Don Giovanni, arranged for solo and chorus on the words,.
' ' Gently Lord, O gently lead us ! " It is well, perhaps, ' ' that the devil
should not have all the best tunes," but the principle of association is
strong in the human mind, and the substitution of " Hallelujah" for
^'^ Batti! Batti! hel Mazetto,'' in the following passage.
5:
g^gt^^
Hal - le - lu - jah» Hal - le - lu - jah,
Bat - ti, Bat - ti, bel ma - zet - to,
is as amusing an instance of its violation as could well be cited.
The rehearsal of Aug. 12, which was attended by the West Point
Cadets, under Major Worth, had all the "prestige" of a concert.
Their leader, Mr. Willis, played the trumpet obligato part to the
Judgment Hymn, " The Trumpet shall sound " (sung by S. Richard-
son), and " Let the Bright Seraphim" (sung by Mrs. Martin).
SEVENTH SEASON.
Sept. 3, 1821, to Sept. 2, 1822.
The conclusion of the season brought the usual business meetings
in its train, reports for the year showing the Society to be free of
debt, with a small balance in the treasurer's hands ; a statement that
the sale of the first volume of the Collection had paid all printing
expenses; the re-election of the same officers (Sept. 3) for the
ensuing year ; and of Miss Hewitt as organist, and T. Bird as libra-
rian, vice Mr. Clark, resigned.
At a meeting held on Sept. 18, Lowell Mason, who was to play an
important part in the histor}^ of the Society, was elected an honorary
member ; but as he preferred to take an active part, he declined to
accept, and joined the Society as a regular member in the month of
October. The " father of American church music," as he has been
called,! was born at Medfield,^ Mass., on the 8th of January, 1792,
and died at S. Orange, N. J., Aug. 11, 1872. He went to Savannah,
^Oration of Rev. Geo. B. Bacon. Congrerjational Monthly, January, 1873.
^ Ritter, p . 169, says Mansfield.
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 81
Ga., at the age of twenty, and according to the account of Mr. S.
Jubal Howe,i who knew Mm there in 1821, was superintendent of
sales in a jeweller's shop, and conductor of a chou', for whose benefit
he occupied his leisure moments in harmonizing psalm tunes. ^ He
had previously learned something of thorough-bass by correspondence
with Mr. S. G. Taylor, organist of the Handel and Haydn Society, and
was then studying with F. L. Abel, a musician who resided at Savan-
nah. Thither, as it chanced, came JNIr. W. M. Goodrich, a Boston
organ-builder, to set up an organ ; and Col. Newhall, a singing-master
with a good voice, who had some work to do in connection with a
large hotel, then in process of erection. Mason, who became intimate
with both these men, was very anxious to find means to publish his
collection of church music, consisting of selections from the works of
eminent composers adapted to the use of his chou', believing that it
would meet with a ready sale, and they probably encouraged him in
the idea that he could not do better than make the attempt in Boston.
Having determined to do so, he embarked with Mr. Howe, the narra-
tor, on board a sailing ship, in which they were the only passengers.
At their request they were landed at Falmouth, where they hired a
boy with horse and carryall to take them to Plymouth, which they
reached on a Saturday night, and where they spent the Sunday in visnting
a Mr. Hobart, whose name was known to Mason as publisher of the
Old Colony Collection. Finding that he was not a musician, the
travellers proceeded to Boston, where Col. Newhall introduced Mason
to Dr. Jackson, who examined his manuscript and gave him a first-
rate certificate. The certificate, dated Oct. 5, 1821, five days before
Mason signed a contract with the Handel and Haydn Society, by
which they became joint partners in publishing a book, to be entitled
"The Boston Handel and Haydn Society Collection of Church Music,
harmonized for three and four voices, with figured bass, for Organ
and Pianoforte," runs as follows : —
• • I liaA'e been higlil}' gratified witli the exarnlnatioii of the maiinscript of
the Haudel aud Haydn's Societ}^ Collection of Music. The selection of
tunes is judicious ; it contains all the old approved English melodies that have
long been in use in the church, together with man}' compositions from modern
English authors. Tlie whole are harmonized with great accurac}', truth, and
1 T. F. Seward says he was employed at a hank.
2 S. Jubal Howe related these facts to Mr. S. Jennison in 1871 They agree in
the main with those given in a pamphlet, entitled The Educational Work of Dr.
Lowell ifason, by Theodore F. Seward, which contains a list of Mason's works,
and a sketch of his life by A. W. Thayer, first printed in Dwight's Journal of
Music.
82 HISTOPvY OF THE HANDEL AXD HAYDX SOCIETY.
judgment, according to the acknowledged principles of musical science.
I consider the book as a valuable acquisition to the church, as well as to
every lover of devotional music. It is much the best book I have seen pub-
lished in this country, and I do not hesitate to give it my most decided
approbation.
•• Very respectfully yours.
■ G. H. Jackson."
•• President AViuehester." says Mr. Howe iii the letter quoted above,
'• was also much pleased with Masou's manuscript, and made a bargain
with him about its publication by the Society, without any mention of
his (Mason's) name." This stipulation was inserted in the contract at
Mr. Mason's request for the following reason, thus given by himself : —
" I was then a bank officer in Savannah, and did not wish to be known as a
musical man. as I had not the least thought of CA'er making music a profes-
sion. The clause in the contract which gave the Society the right to dispose
of and sell the property was also inserted at my suggestion, because I had
more confidence in Mr. Winchester for this purpose than in myself, and
besides my residence in Savannah rendered it proper and even necessary."
The contract •• to select and publish from the Collection already
prepared by Mr. Mason, stipulates that no piece is to be inserted
without the consent of both parties : that the Society is to have the
superintendence of the publishing of all editions, and the right to
dispose of them for such sums as they may think proper, but not to
dispose of the copyright without Mason's consent." Before this time,
as we learn from a letter written by Mason to Mr. Farnham, !March
14. 1869, some musical arrangements of his had been published in the
Old Colony Collection. He writes : —
• The first music that I ever furnished to the Society will be found at p.
128, in the second volume of that collection. I put the English words to the
Kyi'ie of Mozart, and sent them to a poor musical friend in Waltham. advis-
ing him to ofler them to the Handel and Haydn Society, and perhaps he might
obtain some little remuneration. He did so, and I believe was rewarded, etc.
The next thing was the very popular Gloria by Mozart, p. 133. This was
about 1S20."
But to retm-n to Mr. Howe's reminiscences relating to Masou's
visit to Boston in the following year, and his contract of Oct. 10.
" Winchester," he says, '-sold the copyright, and Mason probably
put 8500 into his pocket, and went back to Savannah, where he was
still clerk in a bank, feeling rich." The first intunation given him of
the success of the publication was in a letter from Mr. Howe, who at
his request called on ^h\ Lord,i and learned that it was selling well,
1 Messrs. Richardson & Lord took 3,000 copies for ?500.
HISTORY OF THE HAXDEL AND HAYDX SOCIETY. 83
Terv well indeed, and that another edition would soon be needed.
On hearing this, ]Mason busied himself in preparing the materials, it
having been agreed in the first contract that he should continue to
select and arrange deskable compositions for future editions. These
multiplied rapidly, and at the end of five 3^ears had 3'ielded the
handsome profit of $4,033.32, to be divided between the contracting
parties. Mr. Mason then came to Boston in 1821, and entered upon
a long and successful career, of which more hereafter.
Of the three last concerts before the end of the year, the two first,
given on Oct. 30 and Dec. 11, are of no special interest; but the
third, on Dec. 25, ^ for the benefit of the family of Col. Webb, was
notable for its object, and for the reappearance of Thomas Phillips,
the English tenor, after a three years' absence in England. His sing-
ing of the recitative and solo, " The horse and his rider," was, says
the Euterpiad^ ' ' superior to anything within our recollection." Warm-
ing with his subject, the critic goes on to say that the effect produced
by Phillips's delivery of "In splendor bright," will not be forgotten ;
and then, rising to a pitch of unsurpassable eloquence, he records
that on repeating "Lord, remember David," "into whose ad libitum
passages he had already introduced some new and extraordinarily
eft'ective modulations, he added scintillations of science both novel
and classical "II! As if one star of the first magnitude was not
enough on this memorable evening, whose performance, " taken as a
whole," we are told, "has never been equalled," a second of almost
equal brilliancy rose in the sky in the person of Mrs. Holman, who is
mentioned in the Centinel as " a beautiful and interesting woman, with
an admirable voice both in tone and compass." She sang "Angels
ever bright and fair," and repeated it "in response to torrents of
applause from every part of the hall." Sang an anonymous poet in
the Palladium: —
' ' O lady ! when the wings of worth
To heaven thy ripened virtues bear,
Breathe but the tones thou breath'dst ou earth,
Aud tliou wilt find a welcome there." ^
Another female vocalist of merit. Miss Davis, a mezzo-soprano,
described as "an interesting and truly classic vocalist," lent her aid
^ Proceeds $302.
- Mrs. Holman api^eared on the stage with Phillips, who from sundry anecdotes
Avould seem to have been not a little jealous of her success. On consulting him as
to wliether she should sing the favorite song of " Tally-Ho " at her benefit, he replied,
■" By G— ! madam, you bad better put on the breeches at once, and play Macheath."
(Beggar's Opera.)
84 HISTORY OF THE HAXDEL AND HAYDX SOCIETY.
OD this occasion. She was Phillips's pupil, and a successful teacher
of singing and the piano in Boston.
The newspaper articles of the time show clearly that Phillips's
second visit to Boston was less successful than the first. "And
why?" asks a writer in the Galaxy .
" Is not his voice as full, as perfect, as forcible, liis articulation as dis-
tinct? Does not his execution display as much feeling? Are not his musical
ornaments as brilliant and sparkling, his cadences as intricate and as wonder-
ful as ever? Yes; but in the first place, his most celebrated songs have been
sung or played during his absence by almost every real or pretended amateur
in music, by professional men on the stage, by every girl who could finger a
piano, by every boy who could whistle, and b\^ about every fifer who could
play a march before a company of militia."
As his old songs were worn threadbare, his new ones inferior to the
old, and his voice less powerful than of yore, it is not to be won-
dered at that the singer found his hold on public favor diminished ;
but he must have l)een gratified by the general verdict that he had
done much for musical culture in Boston. This feeling is strongly
expressed in a letter written to him b}' Mr. Winchester after his final
leave-taking in 1822. "My regret that the most finished specimens
of vocal talent which have ever been exhibited among us should have
met with so disproportionate a reception is increased, when I reflect
that the improvement of the vocal art resulting from your visit to
this place will be a source of delight to the lovers of music for ages ;
and this consideration," he adds, "will be your best remuneration.
It was but little that the Handel and Haydn Society were able to
contribute to your happiness, but that little flowed from hearts
sensible of the benefits received from your precepts and example."
Our account of Phillips would be incomplete were we to omit
reference to his lectures on the art of singing, delivered in Du])lin in
1820, and repeated in Boston, at Boylston Hall, on the 17th and 21st
of December, with great eclat. In these he analyzed different styles
of singing ; maintained that any one with an average voice, and indus-
try to follow a few plain rules, would soon become an agreeable and
perhaps an excellent singer ; and illustrated his remarks by singing
passages from many beautiful songs and anthems, to his own piano-
forte accompaniment. His last appearance in Boston was at a meet-
ing of the Society on the 15th of December, 1822, when he sang
Handel's " Lord, remember David," and Haydn's " In native worth."
In June, 1823, he took final leave of an American audience at the
Park Theatre, New York, and shortly after sailed for England.
AVe shall conclude our record of the vear 1821 with a rhodomon-
HISTORY OF THE HAXDEL AND HAYDX SOCIETY. 85-
tade entitled the " Genealogy of the Common Fiddle," which appeared
in the Galaxy^ June 8 : —
" I have been unwearied in mj- efibrts and unbounded in my researches,
and with an immense deal of trouble have at last discovered that the Great.
Fiddle which 2:roans so audibly (we presume with old ag:e) in the oratorios
of the Handel and Haydn Society, the mother of all little Fiddles in this
quarter of the globe, was left by Columbus at Hayti, in San Domingo, when
he landed on the island ; and that it was presented and forwarded to the liter-
ary emporium of the New AYorld by Prince Saunders, Esq., as a testimony of
love and respect for his native city."
Was it in consequence of this humorous diatribe that the Society
found it advisable, in 1822, to purchase a double-bass of Mr. Wood,
for the sum of SI 00?
Both Mr. Phillips and Miss Davis sang for the Society on the 8tli
and 15th of January. At the first of these concerts, as we learn from
the FaUaclnim. Phillips sang "Deeper and deeper still" in his best
style. In this, and in " Eveleen's Bower," which was rapturously
encored, he gave a practical illustration of what may be achieved by
following his rules for pronunciation and singing. Miss Davis sang
"Farewell, ye limpid streams," and the '• Mocking-bird," thus prov-
ing that secular music was not excluded from the programmes of the
Society when professional singers took part in them. A little more
frequent assistance of the sort wonld have been advisable, for the
occasionally severe criticisms which are to be found in newspapers of
the time show that the solo singing by members of the Society was
by no means of the best.
Here are specimens, — the first from the Euterjnad, relating to a con-
cert given in February. "We never," says the writer, " experienced so
great a disappointment as in listening to the tenor (J. Huntington)
who attempted ' I know that my Redeemer liveth.' " Again, a season-
ticket holder, writing to the Golaxy at a later date. May 14, 1824,
speaks of the performances of solo singers as "calculated to do
little credit to themselves or to the Society. If needed, they should
be sought outside of its limits. The solo singers at the rehearsal of
the 18th of April were thoroughly inadeqnate.^ On the whole, we
think it is the most ridiculous rehearsal we have ever heard." Stric-
^ To some of these, the advice given by Haydn, to a minor canon of Gloucester
Cathedral about 1753, Avould have been suitable. This canon, who had simg in the
chorus, was violently hissed when he attempted a solo. Haydn said to him, " I am
very sorry, very sorry indeed for you, my dear sir: but go back to your cathedral in
the country. God will forgive yoii for your bad singing, but these wicked j)eople lol
London, they will not forgive you."
^G HISTORY OF THE HAXDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
tures are not coufined to the singers, but extend to the orchestra.
*' When," says another critic, "professional men are paid for their
services, the public is entitled to theii' best possible exertions ; but the
inability of some, the incapacity and indifference of others, com-
bined with the absence of those most needed, had a tendency to dete-
riorate the performance of many of the most effective pieces.^ Two
abuses which existed in 1822, and have ever since been annually
pointed out as needing correction, are the habit of applauding at
oratorios, " a habit," says the Euterpiad^ " more worthy the amuse-
ments of Thespis than of a place devoted to choral worship " ; and
that of leaving the hall during the performance of the final chorus.
If people must leave, they should do so before it begins, was said
sixty years ago, and is said now, and will, we suppose, have to be said
a hundnsd ^^ears hence.
I happen to have in my possession a letter written a few years ago
by one of the oldest living members of the Society, in which the
writer speaks of the very period which we have under consideration,
as marked h\ an ' ' entke absence of applause and of encores during
the performance of oratorios and sacred pieces by the Society," The
passage just quoted from the Euterpiad shows that such was not the
case, and proves that, like Elijah, we are not in this respect better
than our fathers.
There are occasions when the feelings are so wrought upon that it
is well-nigh impossible to resist the impulse to give them outward
utterance ; but such occasions are rare, and when they occur, though
the offence may be condoned, it still remains an offence against pro-
priety.
It seems hardly necessary to remark that we are speaking of
-applause as ill-timed when bestowed upon such essentially sacred music
as that of Handel and Bach. Works like the Stabat Mater of Rossini,
written expressly for vocal display, savor of the opera house, and
may be fitly met with demonstrations suitable to it ; but these are out
of place when made at performances of works like the Messiah or
the Passion, whose words and music are alike sacred.
The programmes of the concerts given on March 12 and 25,
May 31, Nov. 12, and Dec. 1 were made up of the Intercession, the
second part of the Creation, and divers selections, of which the solos
were sung by Mrs. Stone and Mrs. Martin, Misses Cambridge and
Woodward, Messrs. Sharp, Dodd, etc. These call for no special
comment. Phillips, as we have already said, was present at the rehear-
^ Euterpiad, 11., 196.
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AXD HAYDX SOCIETY. 87
sal of Dec. 15, and sang for the last time to the members, who doubt-
less parted from him with regret.
EIGHTH SEASOX.
Sept. 2, 1822, to Sept. 1, 1823.
The annual meeting, at which the same chief officers were re-elected
for the ensuing 3'ear, was held Sept. 2. The treasurer reported a
balance of over S400 in hand, although a new organ worth $1,200
had been purchased of Mr. Mackav in the early part of the year.
This, with eight hundred copies of the Society's publications, worth at
least $2 per Tolume, placed it on a sound financial basis. On the 6th
of September, Mr. Bird was elected librarian and Miss Hewitt
organist, and on the 24th of December the publishing committee was
directed to superintend a second edition of the collection of sacred
music.
The most interesting matter connected with the history of the
Society in the year 1823, to which its progress has brought us, is the
fact that BeethoTen was commissioned to write an oratorio for it.
That the commission was given is certain, but as it is not mentioned
in the records. Mr. A. ^X. Thayer is probably right in thinking that
it was given unofficially by Eichardson and two or three other mem-
bers. In October, 1854, Mr. Thayer wrote a letter to Mr. J. S.
Dwight, the well-known editor of the Miisiccd Journal, to say that he
had questioned Schindler, Beethoven's biographer, on the subject,
and had learned from him that in 1823, a Boston banker, whose name
was unknown to him, having occasion to write to Geymuller, a Viennese
banker, had sent an order to the great musician to compose an oratorio
for somebody or some society in Boston, and that it was forwarded to
its destination. At the time, Beethoven was about to begin a work
for a Viennese society, to be called the Victory of the Cross (Der Sieg^
des Kreuzes), the text of which had been furnished by his friend
Bernard. Pleased with the order sent him for Boston, he determined
at once to fill it with this oratorio. AVishing to know the truth about
the matter, I wrote to Mr. Thayer, then, as now, U. S. consul at
Trieste, for information, and in reply learned that in one of
Beethoven's note-books at Berlin, he had found this passage : —
" Biihler writes — ' The oratorio for Boston? ' I caunot write what I should
best like to write, but that which the pressing need of monej^ obliges me to
write. This is not saying that I write only for money. When this period is
past, I hope to write what for me and for art is above all, Faust."
88 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
Mr. Thayer also found an article on Beethoven in the Morgen-
hlatt far gebildete Lesftr, Nov. 5, 1828, which closes with a notice
of three projected works, one of which is the oratorio, with English
text, for Boston. 1 Xeither at Vienna, nor in the Beethoven papers
preserved by Schindler, could Mr. Thayer find any further mention of
this matter, and we must conclude that it was never anything more
than a project with Beethoven.
We return now to the affairs of the Society during the remainder of
the season. Between the .1st of January, 1823, and the annual meeting
on Sept. 1, four concerts were given, —on the evenings of Jan. 28,
when the whole Creation was sung, and on Feb. 11, March 25, and
May 27, when the programmes were made up of selections, and the
solo singers were there with whose names we are familiar. '' The
chorus of this time," says one of its still living members, '' could hardly
have numbered more than one hundred and fifty voices, and the orchestra
from twenty to twenty-five players, among whom were several vigorous
trombones." The instrumental strength is here probabh^ somewhat
exaggerated ; at least, we know that but thirteen players took part in
the concert of March 25, and that the whole amount paid for orches-
tral assistance during the season amounted only to S382.
The purchase of an organ, a double-bass, and a pair of drums left
the Society S353 in debt at the close of the season, despite the largest
sale of season tickets ever known. Nevertheless, the condition of
affairs might be considered satisfactory, as the treasurer had received
$711 from the sale of the Society's publications, of which about nine
hundred copies remained on hand, valued at two dollars a volume, and
its property was valued at $5,346.
NINTH SEASON.
Sept. 1, 1823, to Sept. G, 1824.
At the annual meeting on the 1st of September, the chief officers
elected were all new, with the exception of the secretary, Joseph
Lewis. The successful candidates were Robert Rogerson, president ;
Joseph Bailey, vice-president ; and AVilliam Coffin, Jr., treasurer. As
the gentlemen who had filled these offices during the present season
^ " Eine Symplionie, qiiartetteii, ein Biblisches oratorium ihm durch den Ameri-
kanischen Consul, in EnfjHsclier sprache, ans dem Vereinigten Staaten iiberscliickt
und vielleicht eine der Diclitungen von Grilli^arzer steht zu erwarten." Tliis poem
of Grillparzer's was tlie libretto of a German opera called Melusina, accepted and
then abandoned.
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AXD HAYDX SOCIETY. 89
ivere now appointed members of the board of trustees, it is evident
that theii' cordial relations with the Society had suffered no change.
The new president, 3Ir. Rogerson, had been a member of the board
during the past four seasons, but his name is not mentioned in con-
nection with the Society after a close of his single presidential year,
which was singularly uneventful. A concert of selections was given
on Nov. 11, but otherwise the Society remained inactive until the
opening of the new year, during which no new singers appeared, and
no new works were offered to the public. This total want of enter-
prise did not pass unnoticed. Severe comments upon the inadequacy
of the solo singers, and the shortcomings of the orchestra at the
Society's concerts, appeared in the newspapers, and judging by
the lame attempts to controvert them, which only succeeded in proving
the weakness of the writers' cause, there can be no doubt that the
criticisms made were fully justified. Three concerts of selections, on
Jan. 20, March IG and 23, and two, on Feb. 24 and March 10. at
which the Creation was sung, represent the Society's work during
the five mouths of 1824 which preceded the annual meeting, and
closed the weak administration of Mr. Roo'erson.
TEXTH SEASON.
Sept. 0. 1824. to Sept. 5. 1825.
It will be remembered that after filling the office of president for
four successive years with singular success, Mr. Amasa AVinchester
had declined a reuominatiou. and was succeeded by Mr. Rogerson.
The change of pilot had not proved satisfactory, and an eff'oit was
made to induce Mr. AVinchester to accept a reuominatiou. Whether
he had declined to do so before his election, which took place at the
annual meeting on Sept. 5, 1825, we do not know : but on being
informed of it, he refused to accept, and the Society was informed on
legal authority, that as the existing laws contained no provision for
filling the vacancy thus caused, it must pass a special act. A meeting
was accordingly called for Oct. 5, at which a motion was made to
suspend '' any by-law or laws which prevent, or may be considered to
prevent, the members from electing a president for the remainder of
the present year " : but after considerable debate it was voted down by a
large majority, probably because its opponents entertained the hope
that Mr. Winchester would cut the Gordian knot by reconsidering
his refusal. This we may presume he did, as no further mention is
made of the matter in the Society's records, and his name appears as
90 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
president ill the list of officers for 1824, with the names of Joshua.
Stone as vice-president, Joseph Lewis as secretary, and William
Coffin, Jr., as treasurer. Mr. Chas. Xolen was re-elected librarian,
and Mrs. Ostinelli, organist. The financial report for the year showed
a balance in hand of Sl,281.71, leaving about SlUU in the treasury
when outstanding bills should have been paid. In November, Messrs.
Eichardson & Lord were appointed to superintend the publication of
5,000 copies of the Society's collection of sacred music, at a cost of
$833.33 ; and at the same meeting a proposition was made to purchase
a piece of land, on which a hall might be erected for the Society's
use ; but unfortunately, as we cannot but think when we consider the
relative value of real estate at that and at the present time, it was
not seconded. Had land been then purchased in the heart of the city,
at a moderate price, even if no building had been erected, it
might have been afterwards sold with sufficient profit to buy and build
elsewhere. In such case the Society, instead of being a homeless
wanderer, would now perhaps occupy a building of ample proportions,
of a simple and somewhat severe exterior, containing a noble concert
hall, adorned with statues of the two great titular composers, and
with portraits of all the great writers of sacred music hanging upon
its walls ; having a fine organ, an ample stage, with permanent seats
for the chorus singers ; rooms for the meetings of the board of
government and for the examination of candidates : and a library,
where scores, musical histories and treatises, manuscripts, etc., could
be consulted at ease. There can be little doubt that sooner or later
this '• castle in Spain" will become a reality in Boston, but it will be
when those who are now living have long since passed away.
May those who are to realize the long-contemplated project, and
enjoy what their predecessors would fain have enjoyed, remember that
" Hoc erat in votis " during many generations.
Whether because a dearth of good singers prevailed in the land, or
that funds were wanting to engage such as might have been found,
certain it is that none appeared during the tenth season, which we
have now under consideration. Its programmes are somewhat more
varied than those of the previous year, but they contain the names of
no new works, nor, judging by the remarks of the critics, was any
improvement in the manner of performing old established favorites-
perceptible.
Selections were sung on Dec. 21, and on Jan. 25, 1825, King's
Intercession was revived, as was the Dettingen Te Deum on Feb. 27.
A part of the Messiah was given on March 22, and the whole of the
Creation on Mav 3. Such is the record of a vear which mav fairly
HISTOKY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 91
be regarded as one which added little or nothing to the reputation of
the Society, whose activities seem to have been specially devoted
to the publication of a third edition of its Collection, and to
the preparation of a third volume of its Sacred Music series.
The purchase of Dr. Jackson's copy of Dr. Samuel Arnold's edition
of Handel's works in fifty-eight volumes folio, effected in the latter
part of the season, made an important addition to the library, which,
remained under the care of Mr. Charles Nolen.
ELEVENTH SEASON.
Sept. 5, 1825, to Sept. -t, 1S2().
At the annual meeting on Sept. 5, the same chief officers were
re-elected. In October, the board of trustees, moved by the late
severe comments of the press upon the public performances of
the Society, which had been but poorly attended, and confident that
it could support itself on the sale of its publications, voted that its
concerts " be and are intended for the improvement of its members
and the amusement of their friends, and that no season tickets shall
be issued." The concert given on Nov. 13 was consequently
attended exclusively by the friends of the members, who, as we are
told, " were highly gratified by the singing of selections from the
Messiah and the thu'd volume of the Society's Collection." With
Mrs. Ostinelli at the organ, and an orchestra of eleven musicians,
engaged for the season at $347,^ the year passed economically and
quietly, if not brilliantly ; but as the policy of excluding the public
was not adhered to, it is clear that the members felt the want of that
stimulus to exertion which can only be supplied from without, and
thought it better to reopen the doors and let in fresh air, than t" die
for want of it. Criticism is often disagreeable to societies as to
individuals, but it is healthful, if for no other reason than that it
di-aws attention to the little done in comparison with the much that
remains to be done.
" Das weuige verschwiudet leicht dem Bhcke
Der vorwarts sieht, wie viel noch iibrig bleibt."
Semi-public rehearsals, to which the members were allowed to
invite their friends, were held by the Society in the three first months
of 1826, and concerts were given on Jan. 31, April 23, and June 4.
1 Marcus Colburn, bass, one of the most noted singers of the day, joined the
Society in 1825.
92 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDX SOCIETY.
In March, an assessment of six dollai-s was laid on each meml>er,
with the proviso that those who paid the fii'st instabnent Ijefore Api-il
21. should receive three tickets gratis for a conceit to be given on the
23d. One might suppose that the funds in the treasury were at low-
water mark, did not the report of the auditing committee in Sep-
tember mention a balance to credit of 8787.32. --This." savs the
record. *• proves that the Society can exist without extensive public
patronage." apparently forgetting that an assessment (always most
unpalatable to members) had just been found necessary, and that
the Society was kept alive by the sale of its publications. Under the
fii'st contract with Lowell Mason, which expired in this year, the
Society cleared 82.516.66. a sum which imder the second contract
rose to 85. 058. '"-^4. A committee was appointed in August to consider
the agreement entered into by the Society with this gentleman, in
regard to the publication of church music, and it very justly reix)rted
a supplementary agi-eement making provision for Mr. Mason's heirs in
case of his death, consideiing that 'should it occm*. * • it would be
contrary to every piinciple of honor and justice to allow that the
Society could claim and hold all the property.'' The subject was
probably brought up in consequence of Mr. Mason's anival in
Boston, at the solicitation of Mr. ^'in Chester and other friends who
had agi*eed to guarantee him an income of 82.000 a year, for two
years, if he would make the change. Thi'ough then* influence he was
appointed to take charge of the music in the Hanover Sti*eet. Green
Street, and Park Street C hm-ches alternately, for six months each : and
when he became dissatisfied with this plan, and by making a penna-
nent arrangement with the Bowdoin Sti"eet Chm'ch. made it necessary
to give up the proposed guarantee, they procm-ed him a position as
teller in the American Bank.^ At the church or the bank Mr. Mason
was near at hand to prepare new works for the Society, or revise
those ah-eady published, and this was eminently convenient for all
paities concerned.
The most notable event in the history of the Society dining the
season of l'"^26 was its paiticipation in the commemoration sei-vices
held at Faneuil HaU on Aug. 2. in honor of John Adams and Thomas
Jefferson. These eminent patiiots died on July 4. a day whose
return this year completed the fii'st half-century of oui- National
Independence, the day of all others with which theh* names are most
closely linked.
The exercises, held in the •• Cradle of Liberty." opened with a
* Theodore F. Seward, op. rit.
HISTORY OF THE HAXDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 93
so-called funeral symphony by Mozart. After a prayer by the Rev. Dr.
Lowell, the Handel and Haydn Society sang selections from Handel's
*' Anthem for the Queen Caroline's Funeral," i at the conclusion of
which Daniel Webster delivered an oration on the lives and services
of the illustrious dead in language equal to the occasion.
''A superior and commanding human intellect," said the orator,
*' a truly great man, when heaven vouchsafes such a gift, is not a
temporary flame burning brightly for a while, and then giving place
to returning darkness. It is rather a spark of fervent heat, as well
as radiant light, with power to enkindle the common mass of human
mind, so that when it glimmers in its own decay, and finally goes out
in death, no night follows, but it leaves the world all light, all on fire
from the potent contact of its own spmt."
After Mr. Webster had ceased to speak, the Society sang a dirge,
set to the following text : —
Hark I attendant spirits say,
Patient spirits come away ;
Ye on earth whose work is clone,
Ye whose glorious race is won ;
Ye among the faithful found
With your country's blessing crowned;
Ye to whom free'd millions raise
Hymns of gratitude and praise ;
Summoned from this house of clay.
Called in their full hour awaj',
Lono:ing for their native skies,
Grieve not for the hallowed dead.
Mourn not worth and wisdom fled,
Filled with years, with honors blest.
They alike in glorv rest.
TWELFTH SEASON.
Sept. 4, 1826, to Sept. 3, 1827.
At the annual election on Sept. 4, Mr. Winchester was re-elected
president for the seventh and last time. Mr. John Dodd was
appointed vice-president in place of Mr. Joshua Stone, and Messrs.
^Original score, dated Dec. 12, 1737.
94 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
Lewis and AVilliam Coffin were respectively re-elected secretary and
treasurer. Concerts with miscellaneous programmes were given on
Nov. 12 and Dec. IG, and after the new year other concerts of the
same sort followed. At those on Jan. 2 and May 13 selections
were sung, and at that of March 25 the Creation was performed
entire.
This meagre musical record of Mr. Winchester's last season as
president is a fair sample of the records of previous seasons under
his direction. It is true that under " selections " we are to understand
an infinite number of solos, duos, trios, and choruses, many of which
were sung in Boston for the first time at some one of the forty con-
certs given during his septennate, but the complete list of programmes
shows that the only new work produced in its entirety on any occa-
sion was a work of the third or fourth rank, King's Intercession, on
Feb. 6, 1820. Parts of the Messiah and the Creation were often
sung, but the first was given completely, or nearly so, but twice in the
seven years, and the second but six times, while the Dettingen Te
Deum was sung but once, Feb. 27, 1825. The secret of this lack of
enterprise, this apparent indifference to any widening of the field
of observation in music by the production of new and great compo-
sitions, of which we cannot but accuse Mr. Winchester and his col-
leagues, is that they allowed themselves to become so completely
absorbed in the endeavor to prepare and publish as many volumes of
sacred music as possible, that any other work for the Society seemed
of little comparative importance. It is true that in this way they did
a great deal towards spreading a knowledge of good music through-
out the community ; and it is also true that their course probably
saved the Society from ruinous embarrassment and possible dissolu-
tion ; but while for these signal services they deserve commendation and
gratitude, they cannot on the other hand be altogether excused for
overlooking the no less incumbent duty of studying and bringing for-
ward from time to time previously unheard works of the composers
whose names the Society bears, as well as compositions of high merit
by other great musical writers.
It is, however, certain that those who have had much to do with the
management of such a Society as the Handel and Haydn, knowing
how difficult it often is to conciliate the material interests upon which
continued existence depends with the artistic aims which only a richh^
endowed institution can exclusively pursue, will be disposed to take
a comparatively lenient view of Mr. Winchester's musical shortcom-
ings, especially as he was in every other respect one of the best pres-
idents that the Societv has ever had.
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 95
THIRTEENTH SEASON.
Sept. 3. 1827, to Sept. 1. 1828.
When Mr. Winchester decliued a renomiuation, there can have
been little doubt in anybody's inind as to the choice of his suc-
cessor. The man whom he had brought to Boston to be the Society's
musical editor, the able and enterprising Mr. Mason, was at hand,
and upon him all votes naturally united at the annual meeting on
Sept. 3, 1827. On being informed of his election, he was introduced
by the presiding officer, and after addressing the members " very
pertinently," to quote the records, " accepted the trust." A vote of
thanks was then passed to the retiring president, " for the zeal and
interest which he has always manifested for the welfare and prosperity
of the Society, and especially for the talent, independence, and impar-
tiality which have uniformly marked his conduct as presiding officer."
That thanks were never better deserved than in Mr. AViuchester's
case goes without saying, nor were expressions of regret ever more
genuine than those caused by the retirement of one who had endeared
himself to all his associates by countless acts of kindness and fore-
thought. In his successor the Society found other qualities, less
engaging but more important to its welfare, — the qualities which
belong to a very able teacher and a strict disciplinarian. It had, as
we have seen, lost much of its hold upon public favor, and stood in
need of thorough reform in its methods of study and style of per-
formance.
Impressed with the necessity of providing more competent solo
singers as a matter of the first importance, Mr. Mason, within three
weeks after his election, persuaded the board of trustees to hire a
room furnished with a pianoforte, where he could meet and instruct
such members as in his judgment were likely to become proficient in the
art of singing. The organization of a solo class, and the appointment
of the president as its instructor, which could hardly have been
avoided under the cu'cumstances, were wise steps ; for the first was a.
crying necessity, and although more learned musicians might have
been found than Mr. Mason to direct it, he was even at this period
of his career exceptionally fit for the post. "He was not a genius,"
says Dr. Ritter, " perhaps only an average talent, but a clear-
sighted, practical man, fit leader of the American people as they
were," and we may add, in many respects, of the Handel and Haydn
Society as it was. Fkst and foremost, he was not so very much
superior to the members as to be unreasonably impatient at their short-
96 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
comings. Second, he was a born teacher, who bv hard work had fitted
hmiself to give instruction in singing. Third, he was one of them-
selves, a plain, self-made man, who could understand them and be
understood of them. At a later stage, a leader with a higher ideal
than the psalm tune was desirable, but some preliminary drilling in
reading at sight, keeping time, light and shade, enunciation, etc., was
needed, and in these things Mason was fitted to do good service.
Some details of his career beyond those already given naturally find
place here.
From 1826, when he came to reside in Boston, until 1851, when he
removed to New York, and there, until within four years of his death,
which took place in 1873, he exercised great influence, through his
compilations, his lectures at teachers' institutes, and his musical text-
books. ^ While in Boston, he lived two and one half years in Essex
Street, Hanover and Park Streets, fourteen years in Bowdoin Street,
and seven and one half in Central Street. " His long life of more than
eighty years," said the Rev. Geo. B. Bacon in a funeral oration deliv-
ered in 1873, '' spans almost the whole history of sacred music in
this country," and by its fruits entitled him to be called the father of
American church music. He left behind him no less than fifty vol-
umes of musical compositions and compilations. ^ The first are gen-
eralh^ corrects harmonized psalm tunes, of simple structure and little
inspiration. The harmonies shift from tonic to dominant and back
again, with an occasional modulation into the relative minor or some
closely related major key. For these he will not be remembered, but
rather for the real service which he rendered to the cause of music
by the introduction of vocal instruction into school education on a
practical and sensible plan. Initiated about 1831, by Mr. AVoodbridge,
after his return from Europe, into the Pestalozzian system as taught by
Nageli and Pf eiffer. Mason adopted it as the basis of his ' ' Boston Acad-
emy Manual," and it is to this little book ^ that we owe the teaching of
singing as a branch of common-school education on sound principles.
With some modifications it might be adopted as a text-book to-day, and
1 Lowell Mason had the degree of Miisical Doctor conferred upon him by the
University of JSew York in 1855.
- " Psalm tunes, short anthems, and songs for children's classes, simple treatment,
melodic and harmonic ; in many, evident endeavor to imitate German chorales ;
tunes smooth, simple, rhythmical constitution, rather prosaic expression, alternat-
ing with commonplace sentimentality, little originality in them. Harmonic treat-
ment confined to closely related chords, generally correct. Four-part arrangement
has little individual life. Alto and tenor have a predilection for stationary existence.
Mason was not much of a contrapuntist."— Bitter.
3 Second edition imhlished in 183(5.
HISTORY OF THE HAXDEL AXD HAYDN SOCIETY. 97
do excellent service . This is no slight praise, considering the many
laborers who have followed him in the field during the last half-cen-
tury, i
As showing the appreciation in which Mason's services were held
here in 1851, we may mention that on his leaving Boston in July of
that year, he was presented by his admirers with a silver vase thirteen
and one half inches high, nine and one half wide, designed by Charles
E. Parker,^ and executed by Henry Haddock, silversmith, which bore
this inscription : ' ' Presented to Lowell Mason by the past and pres
ent members of his chou-s, July, 1851." The vase was decorated with
an elaborately engraved church organ, and with shields supported by
musical instruments, on one of which'was inscribed " Omnis spiritua
Jaudet Dominum.''' Elsewhere appeared the words '^ Laus Deo''-,
'^ Handel and Haydn Society Collection^ 1822" (the first book pub-
lished by Lowell Mason) ; '' Cantica Laudis, 1850'' (the last).^
As at the annual meeting which resulted in Mr. Mason's election as
president, the members re-elected Messrs. Dodd, Lewis, and Coffin to
the offices of vice-president, secretary, and treasurer, he had experi
enced advisers to assist him in conducting the affairs of the So-
ciety. The financial report for the past season stated its expenses at
$•2,141.19, the receipts at $1,502.35, and the profits on sales of copies
of the Society's edition of the Creation, SI, 000. This left a balance of
Sl,"50inhand for use as required. In September, Charles Nolen
was re-elected librarian, and Mrs. Ostinelli, organist. Boylston
Hall was hired for another year at a rental of S5oO, and there the
Society sang the Creation on the 2od of December. The only new
name mentioned among the solo singers on this occasion is that of
Miss Rock. At the first concert given in 1828, on Feb. 1", selections
from the Messiah were sung — "' Comfort ye," and '' He shall feed his
riock " — by Mr. Sharp. Among the selections given at the second
concert on March 9 were the Sanclvs and Benedictus from Mozart's
Requiem ; and at the third, on April 13, the Dies Ir^te and the Benedic-
tus from the same. Mrs. Holden, Miss Pease, Lowell Mason, and S.
Richardson were among the singers at this concert, and at the fourth
and last for the season, given on Aug. 24, when selections from the
Creation were sung. Besides singing at its own concerts in 1828, the
Society took part in a concert given on Jan. G by Mr. Charles Edward
^ Lowell Mason went to Europe in 1837, and again in 1852, when he bought tlie
Rink Library at Darmstadt, which he bequeathed to Yale College. See Ritter, op.
cit. p. 171, and Musical Letters from Abroad.
- Firm of Bond & Parker, arclntects.
^Saroni's Musical Times, III., 180.
98 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
Horn, who, at a later period, as we shall see, became its conductor.
This distinguished English singer and composer, who was born in
London in 1786, first studied music under his Saxon father, Karl
Friedrich, and afterwards under Incledon's master, Vincenzo Rauzzini.
Before his first visit to America, ^ he had sung with success at the
Lyceum and Drury Lane Theatres, and had officiated as director of
music at the Olympic. His voice was poor in quality, but so exten-
sive in compass that he was able to take tenor as well as baritone
parts in opera. The secretary's record of Mr. Horn's concert, " as
perhaps the greatest and the best musical entertainment ever given
in this city, if not in this country," makes us regret that he did not
enter into particulars about it. All we know is that IMrs. Knight, Mrs.
Blake, Miss Gillingham, Messrs. Paddon and Knight were the solo
singers, that the chorus was that of the Handel and Haydn Society,
and the orchestra that of the Tremont Theatre.
Of Mrs. Ostinelli's benefit concert on April 20, at which the
Society also assisted, we are told that the audience was large and the
performance of the first order. Other items of importance connected
with this year's history are the agreement between the Society and its
president that he should edit a collection of church harmony to be
published by Messrs. Richardson & Lord : the hiring of Boylston
Hall for a further period of three years, at a rental of $400 ; the
printing of three hundred to five hundred copies of Haydn's Mass in
B flat ; and the revision of the by-laws, which, as then revised, and
with later revisions, are printed in the edition of 1867.
FOURTEENTH SEASON.
Sept. 1, 1828, to Sept. 7, 1820.
At the annual meeting on Sept. 1, the same officers were elected,
with the exception of Mr. Dodd, who was succeeded as vice-president
by Mr. J. Sharp.^ At this meeting, the small sale of season tickets,
the high rent of Boylston Hall, which had been leased for religious ser-
vices on Sundays during a portion of the year only, were mentioned
by the treasurer as sufficiently explaining a balance of $1,220 against
^The notice of Horn in Grote's Dictionary says he went to America about
1833, the date of his second visit. His first, as proved by the Handel and Haydn
records, took place in 1828. He was appointed conductor to the Society on July
23, 1847.
2 On Sept. 2, Mr. Sumner Hill was appointed librarian, and Mrs. Ostinelli re-
appointed organist.
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 99
the general account ; and the acknowledgment was made by the secre-
tary that the performances of the Society have not been as highly
appreciated in Boston as might have been wished. " Its publications,"
however, he added, by way of consolation, " have found favor in the
eyes of the most eminent musicians in every part of the country."
During the season which followed, the publishiug interests seem
still to have been in the ascendant. The seventh and eighth editions
of the Handel and Haydn Church Music book were published, and
the receipts derived from it and other Society publications amounted to
$2,213.96. Some evidence of musical enterprise was shown by the
production of Haydn's Mass in B flat at a concert given on the 28th
of February, and of Mozart's Mass in C at another given on April
12, but the programmes of the other two performances given during
the season, on Jan. 18 and March 1, were made up of selections, sung
by members of the Society, probably belonging to the president's solo
class.
FIFTEENTH SEASON.
Sept. 8, 1829, to Aug. 2, 1830.
The annual election on Sept. 8 resulted in the re-appointment of
Messrs. Mason, Lewis, and Coffin to their respective offices, and the
election of Samuel Richardson, a book-keeper by profession, as
vice-president. 1 He had served on the board of trustees in 1826,
was elected president in 1832, and at a later period, as we shall see,
sang the part of Goliath in Neukomm's oratorio of David. A
contemporary describes him '' as a man of large frame, noisy, jovial,
jolly, generous, obtrusive, free and easy, not too refined, and as
given to doing the i<?aiecessary talking business at the Society's meet-
ings." We are told that when he thought the chorus was singing out
of tune, he would stamp loudly with his foot ; but this is hardly credi-
ble, for no musical society could long hold together under a conduc-
tor w^eak enough to tolerate such a breach of propriety. Contrary to
their usual habit, the trustees decided in November to announce a
series of six concerts to be given during the season, with season tickets,
at S16, admitting a gentleman and two ladies, or two gentlemen, and
appointed a committee of twenty-six members to solicit subscriptions.
At the first concert of the series, given on Dec. 13, amass by Buhler,
-who is spoken of in the records " as one of the most eminent com-
^Mr. Cah'in Bullard was appointed librarian, and Mrs. Ostinelli, organist, on
Sept. 18.
100 HISTORY OF THE HAXDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
posers of the present day," was sung. We must frankly confess that^
though tolerably familiar with at least the names of the great musi-
cians of this century, we knew nothing of Biihler, and found it neces-
sary to have recourse to the dictionaries for information about him.
Grove gave us no help, and this was consolatory to our pride, as show-
ing that he could hardly have been so eminent as the secretary had been
led to believe. This suspicion was confirmed l^y reading Fetis's notice
of Frangois-GregoireBiJhler, chapel-master of the cathedral of Augs-
burg, who died in that city Feb. 4, 1824, after having written many
compositions characterized by his biographer as " weak in style,
abounding in ideas unsuited to sacred music" ; a composer, in short,
" whose natural and facile melodies obtained favour in small towns,
where they can be adequately executed with but little trouble." AVas
it because Boston was then, comparatively at least with what it is at
present, considered a small town, and because the mass in question cost
the Society but little trouble to prepare it, that it was the one novelty
of the season selected for performance? Four of the five other concerts
of the series given after the new year, namely, on Jan. 24, P'eb. 21,
March 21, and June 20, had miscellaneous programmes. The fifth, on
April 4. gave the public another opportunity of listening to the
familiar strains of the Creation. For the programmes of all these
concerts save the first. President Mason was directly responsible,
as on the 26th of January the board had empowered him to select the
music to be performed during the remainder of the season. While
we know what he selected, we should be glad to know how what he
selected was sung, so as in some measure to be able to judge what
progress had been made since he began to drill the chorus and teach
tlie solo singers immediately after his first election. This we cannot
do with the imperfect data which have come down to us.
We notice, among the curiosities of the season, a letter addressed
to the board by the committee of the Central Universalist Singing
Society, in which complaint is made that its performances and rehear^
sals are seriously interfered with by the Handel and Haydn's occupa-
tion of every Sabbath evening for " performances in sacred music."
The object of this address is, says the letter, " to request you to-
omit your meetings on the first and third, or second and fourth. Sab-
bath evenings in every month, for the purpose of giving us and other
societies who are complaining of the same disadvantages an opportu-
nity for lectures, rehearsals, etc. Evidently the world was not
'^ wide enough for you and me." in the opinion of these gentlemen.
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 101
CHAPTER III.
"No MAX CARRIES HIS BED INTO HIS FIELD TO WATCH HOW HIS CORN GROAVS,
BUT BELIEVES UPON THE GENERAL ORDER OF PROVIDENCE AND NATURE; AND AT
HARVEST HE FINDS HIMSELF NOT DECEIVED." —Jeremy Tuylor (of Faith).
SIXTEENTH SEASON.
Aug. 2, 1830, to AuCx. 1, 1831.
By a vote passed on the 9tli of February, 1830, the time for
holding the annual meeting was changed from September to August.
It accordingly took place on the 2d of the latter month, when the
same chief officers were chosen for the ensuing year. As, on the
30th, the treasurer was empowered to invest $800 in the Massachu-
setts Life Insurance Company as the nucleus of a permanent fund,i
w^e may conclude that the Society felt itself financially prosperous,
perhaps because the ninth edition of its Church Music book had been
contracted for, and a good revenue continued to be derived from the
other publications, previoush^ prepared by its indefatigable president,
whose editorial activity was unceasing. Not that he was otherwise
neglectful of the Society's interests, as he proved at this time by
using his influence to insure the election of Mr. Charles Zeuner as
organist, in place of Mrs. Ostinelli. This took place on the 24th of
September, to the great indignation of the friends of the late incum-
bent, who, in a letter signed by thirty-eight members, ^ remonstrated
against it on the ground that as Mrs. Ostinelli had filled the situation
'•with ability and success for eleven years," she ought not to be
dispossessed by "a German professor of music, a foreigner to whom
many of us are strangers, and wdiose qualifications for the situation,
however scientific may be his acquirements, cannot, we presume, be
placed in competition with one who has presided so long and faith-
fully, and with so much satisfaction to a majority of the Society," etc.
•' AVe, therefore," say the remonstrants, "request that the president
and trustees will, at their next meeting, reconsider their vote, ancl
prevent the existence of discord and schism among the members of an
1 This is not to be confounded with the existing i)ermanent fund Avhioh was
established on May 25, 1866, during- Dr. Ui)hain's presidency.
- See Appendix.
102 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AXD HAYDX SOCIETY.
institution whose real object is the creation of harmony in word and
deed." This the board declined to do, by a vote of seven yeas to
five nays,i "moved," as they said in their answer, by "a sense of
duty to the Society, whose performances must improve under a
professional musician, conversant not only with the organ, but with
orchestral effects, and generally skilled in the theory and practice of
instrumental and vocal music." This answer admitted no reply.
Zeuner, as every one knew, was a trained musician and a man of
talent, and so far superior to any person then connected with the
Handel and Haydn Society, in knowledge of choral requirements and
effects, that his appointment was a step in the right direction. Had
his temper been under better control and his temperament less hasty,
he would, however, have been of far greater use to the Society than
he was, during the nine years of his connection with it. Born, like
Luther, at Eisleben, in Saxony, Sept. 20, 1795, he was baptized
Heinrich Christophe, a name which, for some unknown reason, he
exchanged for that of Charles, after he had established himself in
Boston. Moore ^ says that he came to America about 1824, though as
we have no certain information concerning him until 1830, when he
became organist of the Handel and Haydn Society, for whose concert
of Nov. 20, 1830, he wrote an organ concerto with full orchestral
accompaniment, and composed a march, the "Grand Masonic,"
performed at the laying of the corner-stone of the Masonic Temple
we should be inclined to place the date of his arrival several years
later. 3 In 1832 he published an oratorio, called the Feast of the
Tabernacles, which was performed at a concert of the Boston
Academv of Music in 1836.'*
1 As some compensation to Mrs. Ostinelli for her ejectment, the board presented
her with a double ticket to the Society's oratorios and rehearsals, and offered her
the free use of Boj'lston Hall for a concert at the end of the season.
2 Appendix to Moore's Encyclopaedia of Music.
3 Transcrifjt, Oct. 5, 1830.
4Ritter, Music in America, p. 250, quotes from Academy Report, as to this
performance in 18-36. According to an account published in the Metronome, Octo-
ber, 1873, Zeuner wrote the oratorio in 18-38 or 1839, and offered it to the Handel and
Haydn Society for §3,000. This they refused, and as a counter proposal offered to
produce the work at their own risk. Zeuner then offered the manuscript to the
Boston Academy of Music, and it was accepted, the oratorio to be performed eight
times and the profits to be divided. The rehearsals began with Zeuner as con-
ductor, and George J. Webb as organist, but they soon exchanged roles, as Zeuner's
irritability and impatience with the chorus made it impossible to get on with him.
After the eight performances at the Odeon, moreover, Zeuner demanded his share
of the profits, and finding that not only were there no profits, but a considerable
loss (which the Academy took upon itself), he went to the Odeon, got possession of
his manuscript and printed parts, and in his anger destroyed them.
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AXD HAYDN SOCIETY. 103
The "American Harp," a thick volume containing all save five of
his compositions, appeared in 1839, and this was followed in 1848 by
the "Ancient Lyre." Many tunes in the Psaltery and new Car-
mina Sacra, published b}" Lowell Mason, were written by Zeuner,
who, while in Boston, officiated as organist at Park Street Church,
as president of the Musical Professional Society, as organist of the
Handel and Haydn Society from 1830 to 1838, and as its president
from May of that year to the following February. * He then left
Boston for Philadelphia, where he became organist of St. Andrews's
Episcopal Church., and afterwards of the Arch Street Presbyterian
Church. Towards 1857 he showed signs of aberration of mind ; but
as he had always been noted for his eccentricities, they passed more
or less unobserved. They were, however, called to mind on the 7th
of November, when his dead body was found lying in Smith's woods,
near the Schuylkill, where the unhappy man had shot himself through
the head with a gun.
Zeuner must have taken his place for the 'first time as the Society's
organist at a concert of selections on Nov. 21. Selections were also
sung at the second and third concerts of the season, on Dec. '26 and
March 16. In April, the Buhler Mass was repeated for the second
time, as were the Agnus Dei from the Haydn Mass on June 5,
and the Creation later in the month. In this same month the
Mechanic Charitable Association invited the Handel and Haydn
Society to subscribe towards the erection of a building containing a
hall suitable for their purposes. On this condition, the trustees
replied on the 29th that they would recommend the members to
become subscribers, and would gladly engage to hire the hall when
finished. They did not, however, offer to subscribe for the Society ;
and perhaps on this account the project remained in nublbus. On
the 10th of June, the trustees accepted Messrs. Appleton & Co.'s
estimate for building a new organ. The price named was 81:, 000, and
the old oro-an was ordered to be sold for 81,000.
SEVENTEENTH SEASON.
Aug. 1, 1831, to Aug. 6, 1832.
At the annual meeting on Aug. 1, Lowell Mason was elected presi-
dent for the fifth and last time, with J. S. Withington as vice-presi-
Hack's Mtisical Magazine for 1840, p. 197, regrets his departure, but says that
his loss will be comparatively little felt, "as he has of late lived in retirement,
hiding his talent and wasting it on trifles."
104 HISTORY OF THE HAXDEL AND HAYDX SOCIETY.
dent ; Messrs. Lewis and Coffin were re-elected to their respective
offices ; and the Society, thus fulW equipped, entered upon its seven-
teenth season, which, sooth to say, offered little of novelty, either in
the way of music or solo sinoers.
Selections were sung with the Haydn Mass on Oct. 2, Dec. 11, and
Jan. 15. Washington's Birthday was celebrated by a concert on the
2Gth of February, when Horn's Ode to the Pater Patrice^ an ele-
gantly bound copy of which had been presented by the composer to
the Society on Jan. 19, 1829, was sung, together with appropriate
choruses and anthems.
The final performance of the season, when selections were again sung,
took place on the 20th of May, in Boylston Hall, which was taken on
a fresh lease of five years, at $400 per annum. In the early autumn
the stage was re-arranged, the seats in the auditorium raised, so that
it became as well suited to its uses, as a hall of its capacit}^ could be.
EIGHTEENTH SEASON.
Aug. G, 1832, to Aug. 5, 1833.
The treasurer's account presented at the annual meeting of Aug.
6, 1832, stated the receipts of the past season to have been $1,146.15,
and the expenses $1,959.29, leaving a debt of $813.14, whch the mem-
bers voted to pay off from the publication fund. After the usual
business had been transacted, they elected Samuel Richardson as
president, with the same vice-president, secretary, and treasurer as
before. The retiring president, to whom a vote of thanks was passed
for "his promptitude, zeal, and fidelity, and his untiring and well-
directed efforts to promote the great objects of the institution," was
chosen into the board of trustees. On Oct 23, his new collection of
sacred music, "The Choir," was commended by vote.^ On Sept. 18,
Chas. Zeuner was re-elected organist, and B. S. Hill, librarian.
Musically speaking, the season now under consideration was unus-
ually active. No less than thirteen concerts were given ; but as no new
works were produced and no new singers appeared, they are conspic-
uous rather for number than quality. Selections were given at the
four first of the season, which took place on Nov. 4, Nov. 18, Dec. 2,
and Dec. 9. The first of them inaugurated the new organ, built by
Messrs. Appleton & Co., which had 1,688 pipes, three banks of keys,
and pedals comprising two octaves, and a plain case in what the
^The tenth edition of liis Church Music, 14,000 copies, had been published in
1831.
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDX SOCIETY. 105
newspapers call the Grecian style, flanked by square towers ; ^ on the
whole, a more modest-looking instrument than the great Music Hall
organ, that Jumbo among instrumental elepliants, and in comparison
a pygmy indeed, being but twenty-one feet high and fourteen broad.
At Christmas, or, to be particular, two days earlier, and in celebra-
tion of Christmas, the ^lessiah, which had not been given at this festi-
val since its first complete performance on Dec. 25, 1819, was sung
by the Societ3^ Then necessarily followed the Creation, twice given,
on Jan. 27 and Feb. 3, and this in turn was succeeded by the Messiah
in March. On the 24th and 31st of the same month, selections from
the Mount of Olives and the Creation, with the Haydn Mass in the
second part, were sung, as w^ere other selections on April 29, and on
May 12, at Mrs. Ostinelli's benefit concert, and on June 23, in aid
of the completion of Bunker Hill Monument. Whether President
Andrew Jackson was or was not present on this occasion is uncertain ;
probably not, as he was indisposed, and went to Cambridge after the
morning service on Sunday, and as the reporter of his progress. Major
Jack Downing, does not refer to the oratorio.
NINETEENTH SEASON.
Aug. 5, 1833, to Aug. 4, 1834.
The purchase of a new organ, and the fitting up of Boylston Hall,
at an aggregate cost of $5,000, were unusual items of expense, which
told heavily against the Society in the treasurer's account, presented
at the annual meeting on Aug. 5. The receipts had been unusually
large, S3, 482. 29 ;butsohadthe expenses, which amounted to $6,971.21,
leaving a balance against the general account of $3,518.92. Still, as
the property of the Society was valued at $8,433.05, and its many
publications still continued to sell,- the new board of chief officers,
or rather the old board re-elected, saw no reason for down-hearted-
ness, so far as we are aw^are. As Ex-President Lowell Mason found
himself much pressed with outside work, he declined to serve again as
trustee, and Geo. W. Edmunds was chosen in his place. On the 13th
of August, Mr. Zeuner was again elected organist, with a salary of
S2()0, increased on Nov. 1 to $300, and Mr. B. S. Hill was re-appointed
librarian.
1 Travscript, March 18, 1833.
2 On Nov. 26, the Society extended its contract for the publication of its Clmrch
Mnsic collection four years, in the agreement that it should be stereotyped at the
expense of the firm, and that the new book of Psalmody should be in-inted in new
type like the last edition of The Choir.
106
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AXD HAYDN SOCIETY.
Foui' concerts were given before the new year, namely, on Oct. '27 y
selections ; Dec. 1 and 8, the Creation ; and Dec. 22, parts of the
Mount of Olives and the Haydn Mass. AVe spare the reader the
dates of the eleven concerts given between Jan. 1, 1834, and the close
of the season, referring him, if he be curious, to the classified list given
at the end of this chapter. Nor shall we trespass on his patience
otherwise than by repeating, once for all, that the programmes were
made up of selections from the Messiah, the Creation, the Mount of
Olives, and the Haydn Mass, with Miss Belcher, Miss Adams, and
Mrs. Baker, Mrs. AYashburn, Mrs. Cuddy, Mrs. Adams, and Mrs.
.X^^ ^^ Long as female vocalists. As it seems desirable to illustrate the
(^y^ character of the music included under the oft-repeated word " selec-
tions," we shall here reprint the programme of one of the above
concerts from a time-worn copy which we happen to have in our
possession.
OPvATOPvIO
TO BE GIVEN BY THE
' ' Ha 71 del a n d Ha y dn Society ^^^
AT THEIK HALL, ON SUNDAY EVENING, MAY 18, 1834.
\
PART I.
GRAND ORGAN CONCERTO.
[Composed and dedicated to the H. & H.
Soc'y. by their Organiet, Charles Zeuner.]
CHORUS.
The great Jehovah is our awful theme,
sublime in majesty, in power supreme —
Halleluiah.
O. C. C. Vol. 2. p 81. Haxdel.
DUET. Ch. Zeunek.
There is an hour of peaceful rest,
To mourning wand'rers given,
There is a joy for souls distrest,
A balm for every wounded breast,
Tis found above in heaven.
There is a soft, a downy bed,
Tis fair as breath of even,
A couch for weary mortals spread,
Where they may rest their aching head.
And find repose in heaven.
CHORUS.
Pharaoh's chosen Captains hath he drowned
in the Red Sea. Thou in mercy Lord hast led
thy people forth, hast led them forth like
sheep.
Soc. Coll. Vol. 2. p 160. Haydk.
RECITATIVE AND ARIA.
[Composed expressly for the H. & H. Society
by T. Comer.]
[Words from Thompson's Hymn to Nature.]
ACCOMPANIED RECITATIVE.
Grreat source of day ! best image here below
Of thy creator, ever pouring wide.
From world to world, the vital Ocean round.
On nature write with every beam His praise.
The thunder rolls; be hushed the prostrate
world ;
While cloud to cloud returns the solemn
Hymn.
ARIA.
Bleat out afresh, ye hills, ye mossy rocks,
.Retain the sound; the broad responsive low.
Ye vallies, raise; for the Great Shepherd,
reigns;
And his unsuff'ring Kingdom yet will come —
There with new powers will rising wonders
sing.
CHORUS.
How Excellent thy name O Lord, in all the
world is known, above all heavens O King
ador'd, how hast thou set thy glorious throne.
Soc. Coll. Vol. 2. p 143. Handel.
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
107
PART II.
CHORUS.
[From the Oratorio of Israel in Egypt.]
He gave them hailstones for rain, Fire
mingled with the hail, ran along opon [«ic]
the ground.
O. C. Coll. Vol. 1. p 65. Handel.
SACRED CAVATINA, BY CH. ZEU-
Oh ! cease my wand'ring soul
On restless wing to roam,
All this wide world, to either pole
Has not for thee a home.
Behold the ark of God !
Behold the open door ;
Oh I haste to gain that dear abode,
And rove, my soul, no more
There, safe thou shalt abide,
There, sweet shall be thj- rest.
And every longing satislied
With full salvation blest.
RECITATIVE & CHORUS.
And Israel saw the great work which the
Lord had done, to bring his people to their
inheritance.
Arise O Judah, arise in the song of glad-
ness, for the Lord hath chosen his people to
their inheritance, hear it O Judah, the Lord i:^
ever gracious to his people. O praise him for
evermore. Amen.
S. C. Vol. 2. p ISO. Hatdx,
[Recitative and Aria, from the Oratorio of the
" Creation."]
RECITATIVE.
And God said, Let the earth bring forth
grass, the herb yielding seed, and the fruit tree
yielding fruit, after its kind, whose seed is in
itself upon the earth ; and it was so.
ARIA.
With verdure clad the fields appear, delight-
ful to the ravish'd sense; by flowers sweet
and gay, enhanced is the charming sight.
Here vent their fumes, the fragrant herbs;
here shoots, the healing plant, by load of
fruits th' expanded boughs are press'd; to
shady vaults are bent the tufty groves; the
mountains brow is crowned with closed
wood.
liecitatire and Aria, from the Oratorio
"THE FEAST OF TABERXACLES " —
(manuscript ) Poetry by Rev. Professor
Henry Ware, Jr. of Cambridge, (piece No.
10 1st part.) — Music by Charles Zeuner.
I/igh Priest,
RECITATIVE.
Now let the morning sacrifice begin I
Fire the rich censer I Let the incense rise
In rolling clouds of fragrance, till it fill
The ffofi/ Place, and with the clouds of heaven
Mingle its perfume. — Bring the victims forth !
Bid the high Altar blaze I And while its fires
Flash upward brightening all the morning
sky,
Ye tuneful Levites, at your sacred post.
Exalt ffisnaiuie, for whom these honors rise.
ARIA.
Strike all your strings I Breath forth your
loudest voice I
Wake timbrel, harp and lute — wake psaltry,
pipe
And sackbut cymbal, drum and trumpet, wake !
Let Zion hear and Israel's utmost shore,
Let furthest Gentile catch the sound and
know-
That Israel's God, is God of earth and heaven.
Grand Hallelujah I Chorus from the Orato-
rio of the Messiah.
Coodon, Printer, 32 Congreas Street, Boston.
As after a dead calm at sea a little breeze is refreshing, so is it in
the voyage of life. We may therefore imagine that the board of
trustees felt a little pleasurable excitement necessary one evening in the
month of April, as they listened to a letter from President Richardson
complaining of Mr. Zeuner's irritable and jealous disposition, and
threatening to resign unless the offender was immediately dismissed.
AVisely reflecting that they might find it more difficult to fill the place
of oro-anist than that of president, and at the same time desirous of
actins: courteously towards their chief officer, they directed the sec-
retary to inform him in a respectful manner that the feelings of the
board were such as to prevent them from proceeding in any other
108 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
way than that of indefinite postponement of the subject of his com-
munication, and before separating, passed a vote requesting him to
continue in office. AVhen he carried out his threat on the 27th,
they accepted his resignation, and the Society would have been left
without a head had not Mr. Richardson finally consented to keep his
place until the end of the season. We notice that on June 30 a
committee was appointed to examine into the articles of copartner-
ship between Mr. Lowell Mason and the Society, and to obtain a
legal opinion as to whether, in case the said bond is dissolved by
-common consent, the Society will be prevented from printing or pub-
lishing new editions of its collections of sacred music. This action
seems to have given rise to rumors unfavorable to Mr. Mason, for on
the 13th of August he addressed a letter to the board, asking tha
the joint contracts and accounts may be properly looked into so as to
put an end to false reports in circulation. This request was complied
with by the appointment of an investigating committee, which in due
time reported that the Society had every reason to be satisfied As
concerns its gains in the matter, it certainly had, for on Oct. 31 of
this year they had amounted to $10,621.32. For the rest, we shall
have occasion to explain more fully, when we reach tl^e period at
which a peaceable separation between the parties concerned was
effected.
TWENTIETH SEASON.
Aug. 4, IHS-t, to Aug. 3, 1835.
With the close of the season Mr. Richardson retired from office,
and the members elected as his successor INIr. Charles AV. Lovett,
who in 1832 and 1833 had filled the office of vice-president, to which
Mr. Jonas Chickering was now appointed'. The same secretary and
treasurer were re-elected at the annual meeting, as were the same
librarian and organist a fortnight later. In September an orchestra
of fifteen musicians was engaged, and Mr. Thomas Comer was ap-
pointed conductor.
The new president, Mr. Lovett, who was born in Boston in 1802,
and died there in 1873, held a position in the State department for
fifty years, for the last seventeen of which he was chief clerk to the
Secretary of the Commonwealth. His fine tenor voice made him a
valuable member of the West Church choir and of the Handel and
Haydn Society, which he joined in 1828. Braham, after hearing him
sing a certain song, paid him the high compliment of saying, *' I
know of but one person who can sing it better, and that is myself."
HISTORY OF THE HAXDEL AND HAYDX SOCIETY. 109
His swau song ^^'as ^'Tlie Heavens are Telling" (from the Creation),
uttered so faintly that his son, sitting by his bedside, had to lean over
him to catch the broken accents of a chorus in which he had so often
joined. Thus died '' this worthy gentleman of the old school and
faithful public officer, whose death," says an obituary notice published
at the time, " will ])e lamented, and whose memory will be cherished
as such by all who knew him." During the autumn and early winter
after his election, the Society gaye six concerts, at three of which,
on Oct. 5, 12, and '2(), Mr. Loyett's favorite oratorio, the Creation,
was sung. At the fourth, on Nov. 2, Handel's overture to the
Occasional Oratorio, with additional accompaniments by Mr. Comer,
was performed. At the fifth, selections from the Mount of Olives
and the Havdn Mass were repeated, and at the sixth, on Dec. '28,
the Messiah.
Between New Year's day, 1835, and the close of the season, nine
more concerts were given, at which the Creation and the Messiah,
selections, including Zeuuer's "Ode to Washington " on Feb 22, were
sung. The programme of the ninth concert included selections from
the Chevalier Xeukomm's oratorio of David, which was brought out
in the following year with the most unexampled success. In January
the board had voted to print HajTln's Seasons, with a view to its
speedy production, but a mouth later it decided to substitute David, as
" having higher claims on its immediate notice," and requested Mr.
Mason to superintend tlie printing of a sufficient number of copies
for its use.
TWEXTY-FIRST SEASON.
Aug. 3, 1835, to Aug. 1, 183G.
But one new name appears in the list of chief officers elected at
the annual meeting on Aug. 3, namely, that of Mr. Allen Whitman,
as successor, in the important place of secretary, to Mr. Joseph Lewis,
who, on retiring after sixteen years of faithful service, received a
vote of thanks, and a silver pitcher appropriately inscribed.^ As
librarian, Mr. William Bennett succeeded Mr. Hill, but the conductor
and the organist were unchanged. Thirty-eight ladies were engaged
for the chorus, and fifteen musicians for the orchestra, with Mr.
Warren as leader of the violins. Thus equipped, the Society, after
singing the Creation and the Messiah each twice, and the Haydn
Mass with selections from the Mount of Olives once, between
1 This pitcher, which cost 875, was iiresented to Mr. Lewis on Sept. 29.
110 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
October, 1835, and the end of January, 1836, brought out David on
the 28th of February, and performed it at seven concerts, the last
of which took place on the 10th of April.
The extraordinar}^ vogue of this oratorio in Boston was in a great
degree due to the dramatic interest of the libretto, and the popular
character of its music. Hack says truly ^ it stands nearer to the
stage than to the church, and Ritter^ characterizes it as "shallow
and empty." Its author, the Chevalier Sigismund Neukomm,^
Haydn's favorite pupil, was a man of talent and facile invention,
but he was not a man of genius ; and although for a time he enjoyed
great popularity, "* his name is now forgotten save by the few who
knew him personally, and esteemed him for his charming and lovable
qualities. These made him welcome everywhere, as, for instance, in
Moscheles's household at Leipsic, where he went by the name of the
Encyclopaedia ; for whoever wanted information on any subject, says
Madame Moscheles, in the life of her husband,^ was sure to obtain it
of him. "Sorry," she adds, "that he writes such an inordinate
quantity of music, and carries out the principle he advocates, that
one must be writing daily." Mendelssohn's " Letters " and Chorley's
"Musical Recollections" give the same impression, making us feel that
the Chevalier wrote music as TroUope wrote books, by a daih^ grind :
" No matter what the grist-mill might turn out, it had to be put in
operation every twenty-four hours." Is it, then, surprising that his
numerous compositions for the church, his five oratorios, and his
innumerable songs, have alike been shelved for all time? Even at
its first performance at the Birmingham festival of 1834, for which it
was written, Neukomm's David was characterized by a leading Eng-
lish periodical as ''theatrical and noisy" ; as occasionally possessing
the grace of Haydn, but never approaching the majesty of Handel ;
as a structure whose parts are consummately put together, rich in
embellishment, but wanting in majesty ; having melodies frequently
graceful but never original, and choruses which, in accordance with
the whole style and character of the piece, belong to the theatre rather
than to the church. ^
Now that we have seen what the critics thought of David as an
1 1., 125.
2 History of Music in America, p. 235.
3 Born in Salzburg, July 10, 1778 ; died in Paris, April 13, 1858.
4 Chiefly gained by his two songs, " The Sea " and " Napoleon's Midnight Review."
At Birmingham he was familiarly known as the King of Brummagem. — Grote's
Dictionary.
5 Life of Moscheles, I., 218.
6 Quoted by Hack, Vol. I., p. 157.
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. Ill
oratorio, let us see what they had to say about the way in which it
was presented by the Handel and Haydn Society. Speaking of the
performances in the season of 1S3U to 1840, a writer in the Musical
Magazine^ whose words are quite as applicable and even more so to
those of 183G. which we liave now under consideration, says that with
the limited resources of the Society in regard to place, choir, and
orchestra, the oratorio here labored from the first under a triple dis-
advantage as compared with those afforded it by the Birmingham
Society. Owing to the smallness of the Boston hall, the want of
balance between the choir, in which the male voices predominate over
the female, and the orchestra, in which the wind smother the stringed
instruments (fourteen of the first, half of brass, and only eleven
of the last) , the oratorio never received its proper effect. Still an-
other cause of failure was the want of ensemble in both choir and
orchestra, due to the fact that each performer sang or played as an
individual, without any reference to the body of performers or to the
unity of the whole work. The critic illustrates this remark by an
ingenious and apt comparison between ancient battles, in which each
warrior attacked an individual enemy to conquer or l)e conquered,
and modern battles, where the various "corps" act in concert with
the main body, and never lose sight of its operations. How the solo
singers acquitted themselves the deponent sayeth not. As the parts
were at first distributed, Colburn sang Dnvid ; Dodd, Saul; Taylor,
Jonathan; AYithington, Goliath; Lothrop. The High Priest; Sharp,
The Messenger; Mrs. Strong, 3Iichael ; and Mrs. Baker, DaticVs
Sister. As for the success, it was prodigious. On the opening night.
Feb. 28, "the large audience was most enthusiastic." At the fifth
performance, March 27, "* BoylstonHall was again filled to suffocation,
and many who were unable to procure seats, went away disappointed."
And so it went on until the end of the chapter. Verily, "Saul has
slain his thousands, and David his ten thousands."
TWEXTY-SFXOXl) SEASON.
Aug. 1. 183G, to Aug. 7, 1837.
At the annual meeting, held on the 1st of August, Bartholomew
Brown was elected president, George J. Webb, vice-president, J. Hill
Belcher, secretary, and Abner Bourne, treasurer. The new president,-
'I., pp. 125 to 128.
-Born ill Danrers, Mass., Sept. 8, 1772; died in Boston of paralysis, April 11,
1851, aged eighty-one years and six months ; joined the Handel and Haydn Society,
Nov. 5, 1815.
112 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
one of the original members of the Society, who proved to be its Jeffer-
son Davis within a year, is thus credited with every virtue by his biog-
rapher, Ebenezer Alden.i '• P^minently popular on account of his
goodness of heart, loving and beloved, he was a lawyer of standing,
given to literary and musical pursuits, a friend of temperance, and
foremost in every good work." Many of his compositions, glees,
'' anthems, and choruses are printed in the 'Bridgewater Collection of
Music,' which he edited jointly with Judge Mitchell, of Bridgewater."
How far this excellent record is reconcilable with the two facts that
Mr. Brown was the first president who accepted a salar}^ for his ser-
vices as such, and that, failing to obtain a re-election, he left the
Society, and devoted his energies to the formation of a rival institu-
tion, we must leave the reader to determine for himself.
Of the new vice-president, Mr. George J. Webb, who was to render
valuable aid to the Society in many ways during his long connection
with it, we shall speak as occasion offers. The report of the treasurer
for the season just concluded, stated the gross receipts to have been
$5,335.44, of which sum $1,904.50 came from public performances.
As the expenses amounted to 84,760.86, a balance of B574.58
remained in the Society's favor.
On the 12th of August the board voted the president a salary of
$300 per annum. This grave innovation, wdiich w^as soon abandoned,
would hardly have been justifiable, had Mr. Brown come to Boston to
conduct the concerts of the Society, as it has been said that he did.^
This we doubt altogether. That he came to Boston six years before
the Society was founded, we know from Mr. Alden, and that he joined
it in 1815, the year of its foundation, is certain; but neither in Mr.
Alden's memoir, nor in the records, is he otherwise mentioned than as
a member of the cliorus.
Oil the 1st of October, according to an agreement entered into with
Mr. Lowell Mason on the 20th of May, the new contract governing
their publishing interests went into operation. By it Mr. Mason,
after paying S2,000 to the Society, w^as entitled to sale profits for two
years, at the end of which, and for a like term, the Society was to take
two thirds and Mason one, he being at liberty, during the whole four
years, to publish on his ow^n account whatever he pleased. Subse-
quently, during a further period of ten years, at the expiration of
which the book propert}^ became vested in the Society, it w^as to
1 See Memoir of Bartholomew Brown, read at a meeting of the New England
Historic Genealogical Society, Feb. 5, 1862,
2 Mr. James Sharp made this statement to Mr. Jennison.
HISTORY OF THE HAXDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 113
receive ninety per cent of tlie profits, and Dr. Mason the remaining
ten. In a letter to Mr. Luther Farnham which lies before us, dated
March U, ISGD, Dr. Mason says : —
' ' I was lookiiiii- over old papers lately, and happened to come across the
enclosed airrcement between the Handel and Haydn Society and myself. It
is onr tinal auTeement to dissolve the copartnership in the book matter ; I send
it to you merely for the purpose of showing you that it was all a quiet,
peaceable doing- on both parts, notwithstanding much talk came out of it,
and attempts were made by a few individuals to make it out that our separa-
tion was caused by a quarrel, or something worse, on my part. Those, how-
ever, who were the most forAvard to make difficulty, afterwards became my
warm friends, though perhaps some, or one at least, may have always sup-
posed that I wronged or took some undue advantage of the Society. I do
not write this, dear sir, Avitli any thought that the subject will be alluded to
in your liistory, l)ut merely for your own information, and thinking that the
old paper may have some interest to 3'ou."
0\\ Oct. 2 the Society brought out a new oratorio by Mr. Charles
E. Horn, entitled the "Remission of Sin," with text taken from
Milton 1 Composed for the New York Sacred Music Society ^ in
1835, it was first performed at their hall in Chatham Street on the 7th
of May, with the son of the composer, Charles Horn, Jr., his wife,
Miss Julia Wheatle}^, and Mr. Sheppard as the principal vocalists.
Partly because the receipts did not cover the expenses, and partly on
account of the lateness of the season, it was not repeated in New York
at the time, and Mr. Horn accepted the offer of the Handel and
Haydn Society to produce it in Boston, if he would furnish the solo
singers. Here, too, it was sung but once in 1836, though it had a
second hearing in February of the following year.^ Ten of the other
seventeen concerts of the season were devoted to Neukomm's David,
four to selections, one to the Creation, one. that of Jan. 1, 1837, to
the Messiah, and one to the Haydn Mass and Horn's " Remission of
Sin."
1 Hack, 11., p. 87.
2 American yhisical Jovrnal, p. 96.
3 The original score and parts of another oratorio by Horn, called "Daniel's
Prediction," are said in the Metronome, October, 1873, to be in the possession of Mr.
W. M. Byrnes, president of the Franklin Insurance Company, an old member of the
Handel and Haydn Society (joined in 1839), and one of the principal amateurs of
his day.
114 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
TWi:XTY-THIRl) SEASON.
Aug. 7, 1837, to May 28, 18:58.
The annual election, held on the 7th of August, resulted in the
election of Mr. George J. Webb as president, Mr. Jonas Chickering
as vice-president, Mr. William Learnard as secretary, and Mr. Abner
Bourne as treasurer. The election of i\Ii-. Webb seems to have been
a surprise to Mr. Bartholomew Brown, who on its announcement
addressed the mem])ers on the subject of his non-election to a second
term of office, and left the hall. Shortly after, he joined a new
musical organization called the Boston Oratorio Society, taking with
him several other disaffected members ; and when the trustees of the
Handel and Haydn Society learned that Neukomm's '' Hymn of the
Night," which they had printed for their own use, and announced for
performance on Oct. 1, had been sung on the same evening b}^ the
rival association, they appointed a committee to consider what action
ought to be taken in the case. On the 13th it reported, that as
Bartholomew Brown, Thomas Comer, Marcus Colburn, Allen Whit-
man, J. C. Brown, Anselm Lathrop, and W. H. Henderson had
violated then- obligations as members, they were by the fourteenth
article of the by-laws deserving of expulsion. A vote to expel in
case of non-repentance was taken on the 20th ; and on the 25th the
same conmiittee reported that, despite all arguments to the contrary,
the delinquents persisted in their right to do as the}' pleased in the
matter, stating that they had promised to assist the new society at
ten more concerts, and intended to do so, whatever the consequences
might be. On hearing this, the trustees voted to expel Messrs. Brown,
Lathrop, and Whitman. Mr. Henderson afterwards tendered his
resignation to the board, and it was accepted. What, if any, action
was taken in regard to Messrs. Comer and Colburn, we do not know. ^
In the month of August, Mr. Zeuner was re-elected organist, and
Mr. Sumner Hill librarian ; but as lie had not returned to the city in
September, Mr. Edward Haskell was chosen in his place. The new
president, Mr. Webb, made a brief address 'to the Society on Sept.
3, and thus inaugurated an administration which proved beneficial
in every respect ; for besides being an accomplished musician, com-
poser, and singer, he was a kindly and efficient officer. The follow-
ing letter, written forty-six 3'ears after his first election, in reply to one
iJn January, 1838, the trustees received a letter from Mr. Brown, complaining
of his exi)ulsion, to which they returned no answer.
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AXD HAYDX SOCIETY. 115
asking him for some reminiscences of his connection with the Society,
to be used in this History, shows that his affection for it had not cooled
with the hipse of time.
Xkw Youk City, 125 E. 24Tn St.,
July 17, 18S8.
Chaklks C. Pei?kixs, Esq.
Jly Dear Sir ; — Owiiia- to tlie misdirection of your letter of the 2d inst.,
it did not reach me till within a day or two since. I was happy to hear from
3'ou, as it recalled to my recollection some pleasing memories of tlie long past.
My age now is just eiglity years ; and luiAing kept no written record of the
events which transpired during my membership of the Handel and Haydn
Society. I am unable to recall any incidents tliat might serve you in your
History of that Society.
The more prominent members during my official position were Jonas
Chickering. Eichardson, Chas. Lovett. James Sharp, and Capt. John Dodd.
The solos were chiefly sustained by the four latter names. At that time it
was an exceptional thing to engage outside professional singers, thougli at
about this time we employed Caradori, Madam Bishop, and the English tenor,
John Braham.
I am realh' sorry not to have it in my power to aid you in your purpose,
and I must beg you to take the - will for the deed."
With sincere regards, believe me.
Yours very sincerely,
George J.vrsiEs Webb.
In this letter ]Mr. AVebb alludes to three distinguished artists who sang
for the Society presumably while he was president. Madam Bishop
did not, however, appear in Boston until 1S5*J, when he had long since
ceased to take an active part in Handel and Haydn affairs. Braham,
however, came in 1840, during Mr. AVebb's second term of office, and
Caradori Allan in 1887, during his first. This great singer, then in
her thirty-eighth year, and the fourteentli of her professional career,
after singing in opera with great success on the Continent and in
England, abandoned the stage, and made her first appearance in
oratorio at Westminster Abbey in 1834. Subsequently she assisted
at many festivals and concerts in English cities, and after her return
from America sung at Birmingham in the Elijah, at its first perform-
ance on Aug. 26, 1846. Her high brilliant soprano voice had lost
none of its beauty when she crossed the Atlantic, and gave to crowded
audiences in New York, Philadelphia, and Boston, new ideas of the
enchanting power of the human voice. The critics thought her style
somewhat too florid for oratorio, and such perhaps it was ; but with
this admission enouoh remained to make her singino- a thousand times
welcome to the thousands who were privileged to listen to it. She
sans twice in Boston for the Handel and Havdn Societv in the
IK) HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
Messiah, on New Year's eve and on the 7th of Jannary. At the
first of these concerts, says the secretary, her delivery of '' 1 know that
my Redeemer liveth " will long "be remembered as a masterly per-
formance, jnst in intonation and exquisite in taste." At the second,
he records that " she acquitted herself with the same distinguished
ability as on the former occasion. "^ About seven hundred and fifty
persons, including chorus and orchestra, were present at the first concert,
but at the second the audience was somewhat smaller. The orchestra
of twenty- three musicians, eight of whom were volunteers, was dis-
tributed as follows : —
Three first violins (one volunteer), six second violins (five volun-
teers), two flutes (one volunteer), two clarinets, two altos, one double
bass, two trumpets, two horns (one volunteer), one trombone, one
bassoon, one kettle-drum.
The records from which these details are taken mention that a number
of Indian chiefs. Sacs and Foxes, were present at a rehearsal of the
Society on Oct. 29, 1837, and that they were especially delighted with
the organ, which they conceived to be the abode of the Great Spirit.
Between Jan. 7 and the close of the season, the Society sang the
Creation twice, Neukomm's " Hymn of the Night," with selections^
once, and once selections only.
In April, Mr. Webb, whose salary we notice had been-* fixed by a
vote of the board at $150, wrote to decline a renomination, and a
committee was appointed to urge him to reconsider his action, as his
withdrawal after a single term would be highly prejudicial to the
interests of the Society. As he refused to do so, although his return
to office two years later shows that this was not on account of any want
of cordial feeling betw^een him and the trustees, they passed a vote
thanking him for the dignity and impartiality with which he had dis-
charged his duties as presiding oflBcer, and expressing their high
respect for his talents and character.
TWENTY-FOUKTH SEASON.
May 28, 1H38, to May 27, 1839.
At the annual meeting on May 28, Mr. Charles Zeuner, whose
appointment as organist eight years before had, as the reader may
• Mme. Allan had agreed to sing in the Messiah on the following terms : After
deducting $(]0 for exiienses, she was to have three fourths of the receipts. These
amounted to ^6m at the first of the two concerts ; at the second, $480 were taken at
the door.
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 117
remember, met with violent opposition, was elected president. Cer-
tainly no better proof that he had in the mean time gained the respect
and confidence of the members could have been given than this ; but,
as the sequel showed, it would have been wiser to have taken some
other mode of recognizing his signal services than this. The only
good result which followed was that the place of organist, left vacant
by Mr. Zeuner, was filled by Mr. A. U. Hayter, an English musician
and composer, who was destined to play a most important part in the
annals of the Society. Born at Gillingham, P^ngland, on the 16th of
December, 171)1), at the age of six ^ he was sent by his father, Sam-
uel Hayter, an eminent organist, to the collegiate school connected
with Salisbury Cathedral. Here he received instruction from Mr.
Corfe, organist of the cathedral, whose place he eventually occupied
for several years. Called to a like post at Hereford, he remained
there until 1835, wdien he came to New York, and took the place of
organist at Grace Church, of which his friend, the Rev. Dr. Wain-
wright, was rector. Shortly after. Dr. AVainwright, who had accepted
a call to Trinity Church, Boston, went to P^ngland to purchase an
organ ; and in 1837, when it had been received and set up, he sent for
]Mr. Hayter, who came and took the place of organist, wdiich he was to
fill for more than twenty-five years. One who knew him well ^ says that
he was '' an, P^nglish churchman and organist of the strictest sort in
liis creed and playing, so strict in the first " that thousands of dollars
would not have tempted him to play at any other than the Episcopal
service, and in the last "severely proper." In the records of the
Handel and Haydn Society, Mr. Hayter is first mentioned as having
taken Zeuner's place at the organ on Eeb. 11, 1838, at a rehearsal.
In ]May, as we have seen, he was called to fill it for a season. This
proved to be a prelude to many other seasons, during which he not only
played the organ, but also advised the trustees in all musical matters ;
instructed those members who had been selected to sing solos, how
they should be sung ; and virtually conducted the performances,
although the office of conductor was, more or less nominally, vested
in the president. When, as in the case of Mr. Wel)b, he happened
to be a trained musician, Mr. Hayter's role was that of a wise coun-
sellor in time of need ; l)ut there can be little doubt that non-profes-
sional presidents, like Mr. Clark and Mr. Chickering, were only too
glad to give the baton into the hands of an organist whose knowledge
1 These biographical details are taken from a notice of Mr. Hayter which
apjteared in the Fost, 1873.
■^ Mr. James Sharp, vice-president of the Handel and Haydn Society in 1828,
and for several seasons member of the board of triistees.
118 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AXD HAYDX SOCIETY.
and experience so far surpassed tlieir own, and thus to make lihn con-
ductor de facto if not de jure.
Proof tliat they often did so is furnished bv the statement of an old
member^ that he " distinctly remembers atteudiug rehearsals night
after night conducted by Mr. Hayter, through whose untiring patience
and energy the Society was enabled to give some of the finest per-
formances ever given in this country, and without the aid of outside
talent." After the annual meeting which made Mr. Zeuner president,
he ofiiciated as the Society's organist for the last time, on June 4,
when services incident to the two hundredth anniversary of the
Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company were held in Chauncy
Place Church, and ''Old Hundred," the ''Hallelujah Chorus," and
" Awake the Trumpet's Lofty Sound " were sung by the Society. After
this, until October, public performances were suspended. The trus-
tees had indeed discussed the advisability of giving them up altogether,
as they had become a source of expense instead of profit, and con-
fining the work of the members to reliearsals, to which they would be
allowed to invite their friends. That those who advocated this course
had some show of reason on their side, is evident from the small
receipts taken not only at ordinary concerts, but also at those given
with the aid of distinguished singers. Thus, for example, at the three
last given in the early winter and spring of 1838, with Mrs. Franklin's
aid. the receipts were respectively 830, $38, and $27.50 ; while at the
two preceding, when Caradori Allan sang, they amounted only to
$3(51 and i'liW. Now as Mrs. Franklin's salary was $200 for the sea-
son, and Madam Caradori was paid three fourths of the receipts,
minus $80 taken by the Society for expenses, it is evident that with
the ordinary or the extraordinary prima donna, the giving of concerts
was a losing game. The JLisica.l Mayazine^ finds reasons for this
state of things in the want of a proper building ^ and the want of
sufficient rehearsals. "If the Handel and Haydn Society would every
year give us only one new and sterling oratorio, thoroughly rehearsed,
and repeat that often enough to make the audience familiar with it,
we think it would do much good to the cause of music. It has the
means to do it, so far as the director, chorus, and orchestra are con-
cerned ; and with careful practice the same would be true also of its
1 Transcript, August, 1873.
2 fluck, Vol. I., p. 15.
3 The subject of obtaining one was again brought up in June, 1838. On the 18th,
a committee was appointed to confer witli Mr. Pike about a new hall, to ascertain
terms for the purchase of an estate, make a survey of it, and obtain a general plan
for the building to be erected on it.
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 119
solo singers, for it has good tenor, bass, and soprano voices at com-
mand." The proposal to give up public concerts, and the above
advice given by the editor of the Musical Magazine^ were alike disre-
garded, and matters were allowed to take their usual course. In
October, Madam Caradori sang in the Creation twice to tolerable
houses. November had its tw^o concerts of selections, with but a beg-
garly sale of tickets ; and December, one on the last day of the year,
when the Messiah was sung to an audience which brought S27.50 into
the treasury.
It was evidently high time to " sound an alarm." Called together,
the trustees determined to summon David to their aid, trusting that,
armed with the sling and the stone of Neukomm's music, he might
avail to slay the Goliath of public apathy. In this they were not
disappointed. Eleven times before the close of the season did he
give proof of his power, bringing $1,142 into the treasury, and giv-
ing the Society about S500 profit.^ Instead of Colburu and Withing-
ton, who had sung the parts of the Philistine giant and the Israelite
shepherd boy when the oratorio was first brought out, Messrs. Jonas
Chickering and Samuel Eichardson were substituted. ''This selec-
tion," says the Rev. William Staunton, in an already quoted letter of
personal recollections, '' was obviously made in view of their vocal
ability, and of the spirit in which they would be sure to perform the
duty allotted to them ; bnt over and above this, it happened that there
was a very marked correspondence between the physique and general
bearing of these gentlemen and the ciuTent ideas which we have of
the ancient combatants whom they were called upon to represent.
Richardson was a tall, bulky, and muscular man, of jovial aspect, with
a radiant countenance and powerful lungs. Added to this, one of his
eyes was in true position, while the other sensibly verged toward a
squint. I honestly think that a better Goliath could hardly have been
found either in or out of the Society's ranks. And when in the
course of the oratorio he came forward as the champion of the Phil-
istines, the dismay and uproar of the Israelites, expressed in the
chorus 'Behold the Giant!', seemed fully justified. On the other
hand, Chickering was a man somewhat delicately made, rather below
the average statm-e, and with a face expressive of all that was gentle,
winning, and benignant. And when he modestly stepped to the front
in a line with the towering giant, who glanced at him with a droll
^ At the fourth performance, March 17, the aisles, galleries, and every seat and
every foot of flooring were occupied. Hundreds were turned away, unable to find
their way within the doors of the hall.— Transcript, March 19, 1839.
120 HISTORY OF THE HAN'DEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
contempt, exclaiming, 'Give me a man, that we may fight together I',
the only check to the expression of svmpathethic feeling on the part
of the audience, was the secret assm'ance that Chickering would
speedily give the braggart heathen his due with a sling and a stone."
An article on Ha^'ter, in the Metronome for September, 1873, says
that Richardson, who had previously sung the part of Goliath in a very
crude manner, was correctly retaught it by Hayter. It says nothing
of Mr. Chickering's David, but mentions Colburn in the part as " a
shouter rather than a singer, relying rather on coarse, violent effects
than on the skilful management of his voice." Marshall Johnson, who,
as we learn from the same source, was selected from the chorus and
trained in the part by Hayter, sang it "in far better style than Colburn,
doing great credit to himself and to the Society." As a fitting con-
clusion to the history of the Handel and Haydn Society's performances
of David, we give the Chev. Neukomm's answer to a letter written
b}^ the secretary, at the board's request, to inform him of his election
as an honorary member, and of the great success of his oratorio in
Boston.^
Paris. Dec. 21, 1839.
t
Gentlemen, — I have just received the letter which you did me the honor to
address to me on the 27tli of May last. Xot finding me in Paris, it was
forwarded to London, which I had just left, and then sent back to Paris, where
I have just received it. All these circumstances will serve as an excuse for
my tardy answer. Accept, gentlemen, my best thanks for the kind reception
which you have given to my works. Permit me also to express my grateful
sense of the honor which you have done me, by inscribing my name on the
list of members of the Handel and Haydn Society. May the Xew World, under
the protection of these two sul)lime men of genius, preserve the sound doc-
trines of our art, and with them the purity of musical principles. Maj^ it
forever repudiate all those extravagant productions of the present day
engendered by the mania for novelties, which tend to destro.v even the tra-
clitions in our old and decrepit Europe, together with the masterpieces which
a better age had left us. Accept, gentlemen, all the wishes which I shall not
cease to form, for the prosperity of your Society.
I am, with the highest consideration, gentlemen, your devoted servant,
SiGISMUXD NeUKOMM.
Address :
Care of ^I. A. Leo. banker, 11 Hue Louis le Grand.
Reference has been made to the salary first attached to the presi-
dential office during Bartholomew Brown's administration, and
accepted by him and his successor, Mr. Webb. On Jan. 9. 18.39, it
was fixed at $300, but President Zeuner refused to accept it. Whether
iPvecords of Handel and Haydn Society, Vol. IV., and letter on file.
HISTORY OF THE HAXDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 121
be would have had the same couscieutioiis scruples if he had felt
himself at ease iu his new position, and working in harmony with the
board, is questionable. Certain it is that within a month of the time
when the salary was voted, remarks were made (Feb. 3) in the board
upon his continual absence from its meetings and those of the Societv,
and a committee was appointed to inform him "that the interests of
the Society and his own reputation seem to require him to resign," and
to request Mm to do so. This he did on the 7th ; and the board replied
by passing a vote of regret and of high esteem for his talents as a
composer and executant of sacred music. Thanking him for his long
continued services as organist, they express the hope that he and the
Society may soon again co-operate in the promotion of the art divine.
This co-operation they endeavored to bring about on June 11, by
electing him organist .for the season : but as he declined the position,
Mr. Hayter was re-appointed, and authorized by vote to spend $100,
during his proposed visit to Europe, in the purchase of the scores of
the Messiah with Mozart's additional accompaniments, St. Paul, Mt.
Sinai, and sets of parts for the Creation and the Mount of Olives, and
one new oratorio not specified.
Mr. Zeuner shortly after left Boston for Philadelphia, where, after a
residence of some eighteen years, he, as has been already' recorded, put
an end to his life during a fit of insanity in 1857. Hack, in a review
of the winter season of 1 839-40, ' speaks of Zeuner as one whose
name stands identified with the history of music in Boston. " for he
has contributed towards elevating our style of church music by his
publications." '2 '^ His loss is comparatively little felt at the present
time," adds the writer, -'as he had lately kept much retired, hiding his
talent, and wasting it on trifles." ^'^^e hope," he concludes, "that
his new career [as organist in Philadeli)hia] will excite him to new
exertions, and will again place him in that station in regard to the
art which he is qualified and ought to fill. Otherwise we would
remind him of the man in the parable who hid his Lord's talent in a
napkin."
'^Musical Magazine, Vol. II., p. 197.
2 So also Hack, I., p. 80, refers to David, given on 2J:tli of Fehrnary, and adds,
** We are sorry to see Mr. Zeuner no longer at the liead of this [Handel and Haydn]
Society. "We regret the necessity- which led to his resignation, will not examine into
who is to hlame, hiit will say that, if there had been on all sides a genuine love for
the art, mutual good-will and forbearance, Mr. Zeuner would, by his talents and
knowledge, have been capable of bringing the Societj- forward very much."
122 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDX SOCIETY.
TWENTY-FIFTH SEASON.
May 27. ls39. to May 27. 1S40.
3I1-. Increase S. Witliiiigtou, who had l)eeii a member of the board
of trustees iu lS2f< and 1829. and who had snng the part of Goliath in
the oratorio of David as originally cast, was elected president at the
annual meeting on May 27, with Mr. George Hews as vice-president,
and Messrs. Learnard and Parker as secretary and treasurer. As the
new president had had experience in the conduct of affairs, and as he
was a good amateur musician, we may believe that Hack was justified
in saying that it would have been difficult to make a better choice
among the members of the Society. The report of the treasurer
showed a balance of 81.436.44 to the Society's credit, and the secretary
stated that with l)ut two exceptions dming the last twelve years, there
had not l)een. as now, money enough on hand at the end of the season
to meet all demands.
Between Sept. 29 and Nov. 3, five performances were given, —
two of selections and thi-ee of David. They were the last concerts
of the Society in Boylston Hall, which it had occupied for so many
years. The first steps towards a change of quarters were taken in
October, when negotiations were opened with Mr. Redman, proprietor
of the Lion Theatre, to hire the building for five years at 81,700 j;er
annum. The bargain was concluded late in the month, and a com-
mittee was appointed to fit up the hall, which finally received the name
of the Melodeon.^ Additional regulations for the government of the
Society in its new home were thought necessary, and the secretary
being requested to report them, wrote a circular, which was printed
for the convenience of the members, and written out at length iu the
fifth volume of the records. Beginning with a short statement of the
reasons which made a change of quarters desirable, Mr. Learnard
reminds the members, that to secm-e all the advantages incident to the
occupation of larger and more suitable accommodations, it will be
necessary for them to be faithful in their attendance, zealous to
improve the character of performances, and active in exerting influ-
ence with then- friends to attend the concerts of the Society, so that
it may have funds to enlarge the scale of its operations, and be able
to add to its library. More than all, they must attract the public by
increased excellence in choral singing. Among existing evils he points
out too much nominal membership ; too loose an observance of the
1 It was at rirst proposed to call it the Adelphi.
HISTORY OF THE HAXDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 1 23
by-laws, which ought to be more energetically enforced than tliey have
been. It is only by •* individual exertion, and steady devotion to the
interests of the Society," he adds, that it can be raised to a hioher
place than it has hitherto occupied. In conclusion lie points out that
the Handel and Haydn Society ought to be regarded as a scJiool of
instruction, and expresses a hope that professors of music will
generally take an interest in the rehearsals, and, when not otherwise
engaged, will, whether members or not. attend them. When, on
Saturday, Dec. 8, the members met for the last time in Boylston Hall,
which they had occupied for twenty-three years, the president pro-
posed that they should take leave of a place which liad been the scene
of so many pleasant meetings, by singing the Hallelujah Chorus at
the close of the rehearsal. This they did, as the record says, '• with
full organ accompaniment and in excellent style."
On Dec. 22 they met again for the first time at the ^lelodeon.
seventy-one in number, to rehearse the Messiah for performance on
the 26th, when it was sung before an audience of uearly one thousand
persons, by a chorus and orchestra of about one hundred and seventv-
five persons, with Mrs. Franklin, the Misses Wakefield and Fuller.
and Messrs. Eichardson, Baker^ Taylor, and Johnson as soloists.
The new hall is spoken of in the Musical JIagazine ^ as elegant and
commodious. •• The stage part of the house," says the editor, •• is
fitted up with seats rising in a semicircular form for the choir and
orchestra, in the midst of which, at the end, the Society's large and
excellent organ is to be placed. We congratulate the Society on their
new and superior accommodations."
TWENTY-SIXTH SEASOX.
May 27. 1840. to Miy 31, 1841.
On May 25, Mr. Withiugton informed the trustees of his resolution
not to accept a renomination as president. They received it with
expressions of regret, followed by a vote of thanks, which he acknowl-
edged •* in a few brief but pertinent remarks." Two days later, at the
annual meeting, Mr. George J. Webb was elected as his successor,
with the same vice-president, secretary, and treasurer ^ as before, and
Mr. Withiugton was appointed to the board of trustees.
"■ Vol. I., p. 407.
2 Mr. Abner Bourne, who had heen treasurer for the i)a.st four years, died on the
10th of July, 1^0. On the 21st, Mr. Matthew S. Parker was elected in his place,
and Mr. I. F. Payson to that of Mr. Parker in the board of tiitstees.
124 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
The report of the secretary made at this meeting speaks of the
fiuaucial couditiou of the Society as unexpectedly favorable, consid-
ering the heavy expenses incident to its removal to the Melodeon.
These, including the sum expended on necessary alterations and the
rent, will, he thinks, be covered by the sum derived from the lease
of the Iniilding. when not needed by the Society, to outside parties.
He acknowledges that good results have followed upon the issue of
the cii'cular a twelvemonth previous, in which members were admon-
ished of their shortcomings in regard to attendance at rehearsals and
concerts, but at the same time he seizes the opportunity to remind
them that the existence and prosperity of the Society depend more
than ever upon their hearty and constant co-operation, now that other
societies are lal)oriug in the same field, and that the diminished sale of
the Society's pul)lications betokens the speedy termination of further
profit from that hitherto fruitful source of support. After alluding
to the fact that at the close of twenty-five years since the foundation
of the Society, but three of its original members, Messrs. Dodd,
Parker, and Richardson, still take an active part in its affairs, he
mentions that others are still living, who, though seldom present at
its meetings, have lost nothing of their old interest in its prosperity.
Of these, three, Messrs. John Mackay, Otis Everett, and Winches-
ter, the ex-president, " to whom perhaps more than to any other per-
son the Society owes its present high and honorable popularity," have
within the year given substantial proof of then* good-will by gifts, the
first and last named of $100 each, and the second of SoO.
The twenty-sixth season was opened on the 4th of October, with a
new oratorio. Neukomm's Mt. Sinai, sung on that evening and on
four sul)sequent occasions, the last on Nov. 1. by Mrs. Franklin,
Miss Stone. Messrs. AVithington. Wetherbee. Johnson, and Welling-
ton. Lacking the dramatic and sensational elements of DaAdd, which
it preceded in the order of composition, though superior to it as an
oratorio, it met with a rather cold reception in Boston, and was soon
laid on the shelf. The JL/sicol Magazine ^ praises Mrs. Franklin's
tuneful and expressive singing in Mt. Sinai, Init it takes exception to
meretricious cadences and embellishments which she saw fit to intro-
duce. It also commends the solo bass singers for their unassuming
good taste in delivery, but it more than hints that they had but little
command over their voices ; and while mentioning that the tenor had
a powerful voice, of good compass, expresses the regret that he had
done so little to improve the capital which God had given him ; the
^ For an analyst's of Mt. Siiiai, see Vol. II., p. 37ie< seq.
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 125
chorus has hnproved in light and shade diii'iiig the past year, and
had the brass instruments in the orchestra been less blatant, the gen-
eral effect would have been satisfactory. Though by no means the
first critic of the Society's performances, the editor of the 3Iusical
Magazine brought more ability and experience to l)ear in the execu-
tion of his task than any of his predecessors ; and as he took care to
make alloAvance for existing conditions, and tempered censure with
l)raise when it was deserved, he secured for himself a hearing, and
did good service to the cause.
In the first number of his periodical, after arguing in favor of the
Society's practice of giving concerts on Sunday evenings, he reminds
the members that they thereby declare them to be not social, but
reUgious, exercises : which they only can be, if care is exercised in
selecting such works for performance as breathe a duly religious
spirit, like the compositions of Haydn. Handel. Mozart, and Bach, and
when much attention is given to the manner of performing them.
The first condition he says is easy ; but the second, as depending upon
steadiness of purpose and an entire absence of selfishness, is more
difficult. " For it is not only the spirit in which nuisic is conceived
and composed, but also that in which it is performed, which gives it
its sacred character." This position he illustrates in another place by
commenting on the way in which a bass singer in the Creation came
leisurely down from his seat, and carelessly sang the recitative '-And
God said ; " and by pointing out as disrespectful the habit of many
l)eople in the audience of putting on their overcoats and crowding to
the door as soon as the signal for the final chorus in an oratorio is
given. Hack had furthermore the sense to see that the shortcomings
of the chorus were due not only to insufficient rehearsals, but also to
the incompetency of their amateur conductors ; and in the JIuskal
Magazine of Jan. 4 he pointed out the remedy ; namely, the separa-
tion of the office of president from that of conductor, who, as he says,
ought to be '• one of the most talented professional men in the city."
This needed reform was virtually effected by the election of Mr.
George James AVeU). whose competency no one could dispute. He
had shortly before resigned his connection with the Boston Acadeni}"
of Music owing to some not fully explained dissension between him-
self and its conductor, Mr. Lowell Mason, and was therefore able to
accept the position again offered him by the Handel and Haydn
Society.
The greatest musical event of his administration was the appearance
of the oreat Enolish tenor, John Braham, then in the sixtv-seventh
126 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
year of his age,i at the Society's concerts. After filling Europe with
his fame, and amassing a large fortune, which was swallowed up in
theatrical speculations undertaken in 1831, Braham determined to
cross the ocean, believing that the strength of his reputation, and the
voice which yet remained to him, would suffice to attract the public,
and enable him to replenish his purse. In his best time his voice had
a compass of nineteen notes, and his falsetto from D to A was so
entirely under control, that the point of transition between it and his
natural voice was hardly recognizable, "^ but in 1840 it had lost a
great deal in power and tone.^ Still, his noble style of delivery,
which time could not affect, remained to charm his hearers. If I may
judge from my own experience, the impression made by this truK great
singer is ineffaceable ; for though forty-six years have elapsed since I,
a lad of seventeen, heard him sing '' Total eclipse " at the Melodeon,
it is still clear and strong. This must have been at one of the four
concerts given by the Society with his assistance in November, 1840.
On turning to the records after writing the above, to consult the pro-
grammes of these concerts, I found that on Friday evening, Nov. 1,
the concert began with the overture to Samson, and that unmediately
after it Braham made his dehut by singing the famous aria in
question. As he did not, so far as subsequent programmes show,
repeat it, I must have heard him at this concert, when, accord-
ing to the record, the veteran tenor " fully sustained his pre-eminence "
as the first living vocalist, and completely answered the high expecta-
tions which had been raised in the public mind. While it is interest-
ing to know what the Handel and Haydn Society- thought of Braham,
it is interesting to hear what so good a judge of chorus singing as he
said of the Society. In a letter to President Webb, dated Baltimore,
March 15, 1841, he writes : —
"I never heard choruses more beautifully given than hy the Society.
The different liirhts and sliades, so difficult to be attained, the delicacy of
delivery by a body of choristers as if performed by a single voice, do the utmost
credit to the conductor, Mr. Webb, the organist. ^Ir. Hayter, as Avell as to
the ladies and gentlemen of the Society."
The announcement of Braham's first appearance on Friday evening,
Nov. 1, excited great interest. One thousand four hundred and twenty-
1 Born in London in 177i ; died there Feb. 17, 185(J.
2Grote's Dictionary, Vol. I., p. 2(59.
3 His skilful performances gained him as many friends and iiartisans, as the want
of youthful buoyancy in his voice, Avhich no skill coiild completely disguise, and his
style of singing (sometimes so exaggerated and affected as to border ou the absurd )
made him bitter antagonists, —/^ac^•, Vol. I., pp. 173 and 419.
HISTOKY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 127
five tickets were sold at the door before the concert began, and the
audience mnnbered about sixteen hundred persons, who enthusiasti-
cally applauded the great tenor's singing of " Total eclipse," " Waft
her, angels," "Sound an alarm," and '' In native worth." He again
appeared on the 20th and 22d, with undiminished success, and then
left Boston to sing elsewhere, promising to return shortly. After
two other concerts of selections in November, the Society sang the
Messiah at Christmas, and repeated it on the 3d of January. i This
last was the better performance of the two, says Hack. ^ "Comfort
ye " was beautifully given, but in " Thou shalt break them " the tenor
broke down, a catastrophe "which he would have avoided had he
not tried to imitate Braham." So much for high-vaulting ambition.
The great original re-appeared on the 17th and 21th, in Neukomm's
David. Hack, who speaks of the first performance as one of the
best of this oratorio wliich he has ever heard, ^ takes Braham to
task for loading the first recitative with embellishments, and for
sio'hino- and drao-o-lno- his voice from one note to another in the air.
" 1 Avill lay me down in peace," on the 21tli, he sung more " simply
and in a nobler style ; " but on the 31st, he closed Luther's Judgment
Hymn'* with "a prolonged figurative cadenza," which raised the
critic's ire.
This was appeased at a subsequent concert, the second of two given
with Braham in February, when he sang in ]Mt. Sinai, and abstained
from all extemporaneous embellishments, and " dehghtiug us," says
Hack, by the expression which he gave to every word of his text,
" which is the principal excellence of his style." ^ "Again the mighty
grandeur of the Commandments, and the beautiful accompaniment of
the very melodious solo songs throughout, struciv us as the principal
excellences of the work, which is of far greater excellence than the
same composer's David : though for want of a tale to tell, and lack of
action, it failed to excite any great interest in the audience." *5 After
Braham's departure, David was repeated, on May 2, for the benefit of
eight musicians, who, having been dismissed from the orchestra of the
Tremont Theatre for having assisted the Society in six concerts during
1 Receipts, S59.50. 2 Vol. II., p. 15. 3 vd. H., p. 48.
4 The last lines are said to have been delivered by Braham, in the declamatory-
style of which he was master, with thrilling impressiveness. Fairhanks's letter to
S. J., Oct. 24, 1871.
5 Hack, Vol. II., p. 64; and on p. 172, he says, "How many have learned from
Braham to use judgment in giving effect to every note of the song, to every tone of
the voice."
6 April 20, funeral obsequies of President Harrison. Society assisted, and
.secretarv- acted as marshal ; no singing mentioned ; Rufus Choate, orator.
128 HISTORY OF THE HAXDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
the engagement of Mr. Braham. had, as they stated, snffered a loss
of $240.
On this occasion the members of the orchestra vohmteered to play
without remuneration, and the Society purchased tickets liberally. The
concert yielded 8223, which sum was paid over to the beneficiaries.
In this same month of 3Iay (28th), the board decided to establish a class
for musical instruction, under the direction of President Webb, and
to grant the gratuitous use of the Melodeon for that purpose. The
prospectus, printed by Hack J calls it an annual class to be lield
during the sessions of the National Musical Convention, and from the
first meeting on Aug. 18, choral, glee, and solo singing are included in
the course, together with lectures on thorough-bass. Evidently this
class was started in emulation of one of the same description previously
established by the Boston Academy of Music, under Lowell Mason's
du'ection. Hack^ very justly observes that instruction limited to so
short a period as the meeting of the Convention, ten days, can be of
little use, especially in the theory of music ; and says that if the So-
ciety really means to do good, it should make the class permanent.
Other editorials and communicated letters published in the Musical
Magazine show that the Academy and the Society were pitted against
each other in this matter of teachers' classes, and that the rival
leaders. Mason and Webb, had their hot partisans. '-The Conven-
tion met," says Hack,^ '-and we are sorry to say our fears [of the
result of rivalry] are fully realized ; for it has ceased to exist. Two
new Conventions have grown out of it, — the American Musical Con-
vention, organized at the Odeon, and the National Musical Convention,
re-organized at the Melodeon. . . . We fear that this separation will
not end the war," etc. According to the record, the Convention
was dissolved on the 2Gth of August, •' owing to the discussion of a
question intended to injure the Handel and Haydn Society." This
question, as Hack tells us."* was, •' ^ Do oratorios, as they are generally
conducted, exert a salutary infiuence in the cause of church music ? '
This was taken l)y the one party as a direct attack : and in their
defence they took the broader ground of defending the salutary
influence of oratorios in the aVjstract, in which the other party met
them ; and poor Handel had much to suffer for his wickedness and
want of religion in composing the Messiah for the amusement of
the people.-^ Thus our confused ideas of sacred music, not music
1 Vol. II., p. 208. 2/ir,. p. 204. 3 Vol. II., p. 328 4page328.
5 An Oi'thodox clergyman was represented in the newspaper report as having said
that Handel knew nothing of sacred music, and that there was nothing which
partook of the nature of sacred music in the Messiah. — S. J., ms. note.
HISTORY OF THE HAXDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 129
sacred to US, but music contained in the psalm books, {rem acu tetigit)
again worked mischief," etc. Ritter, in his Music in America,^
referring to the short duration of the first National Musical Conven-
tion, says : " It owed its independence to a quarrel which in 1889 arose
between Mason and Webb. The importance which it seemed to
acquire was detrimental to the interests of the class conducted by
Mason. Means were therefore found l)y the Mason party to destroy the
independence of the Convention, in order to protect their private
interests." A dissolution, as we have seen, followed ; and of the two
new associations then formed, only one lived for a few years, namely,
the American, under the control of Mason and the Academy. ^ From
it issued the so-called convention music teacher, who composed psalm
tunes, compiled old collections '-with new and startling titles," and
evolved new singing methods out of stale material or musical manu-
als, in order to diffuse musical knowledge, according to the eclectic
system or no system. ^ The Handel and Haydn Society made no
further attempt at giving instruction, and in October the board
indefinitely postponed all consideration of a scheme for founding a
couservatory of music, proposed by President Webb on Sept. 8, and
reported on favorably on the loth.
TWENTY-SEVENTH SEASON.
May 31, 1841, to May 30, 1842.
At the annual meeting on May 31, it appeared from the treasurer's
report, that owing partly to the cost of publishing Xeukomm's ora-
torio of .Nit. Sinai, and of makuig certain indispensable alterations
in the Melodeon, calculated to increase its usefulness as a lecture-
room, etc., the expenses for the season had exceeded the receipts by
about one thousand dollars. The secretary, in view of the deficit,
recommended fewer concerts during the ensuing year, giving more
time for stndy and consequent improvement. He stated that the
Society's performances had never been more highly commended than
during the past season, referred to Braham's warm praise of ''their
manner and style," ended his report with an exhortation to the mem-
1 Page 259.
2 Saroni, Musical Times, Teachers' Institute, Webb and Mason Lectures, p. 27,
1849; pj). 580, 90, and 603, 1850. Persons attending musical conventions in New
York can hardly form an idea of what a Boston convention is. Teachers and pupils
here mingle together to work for the common good. Mr. Mason is tlieir god, and
Mr. Webb is his prophet.— iSe/><. 2, 1850.
3 Ritter, p. 261.
130 niSTOKY OF THE HAXDEL AXD HAYDX SOCIETY.
bers to do all in their power to secure the permanency of an institu-
tion which has thus far '• happily withstood the open assaults of its
adversaries and the cuDuiug artifices of its secret foes."
On this same evening, Messrs. Webb, Hews, aud Learnard were
respectively re-elected to the offices of president, vice-president, and
secretary, and Matthew S. Parker was chosen treasurer. On June
22, the president's salary was fixed at S300, and iu view of the neces-
sity of economy, that of Mrs. Frauklin was cut down to S150.
This she at first refused to accept, and when in July she reconsidered
the matter, it was too late, as other arrangements had been made
with Mrs. Turner, Miss Wakefield, and Miss Stone, who in the
mean time had volunteered to take solo parts when required, and
'' thus save the Society from the expense of hiring any female siuger
permauently." ^
At the first concert of the season, given in November, the Society
sang Spohr's cantata. ^- God. Thou art great," aud Romberg's '' Tran-
sient and Eternal." These works had been so insufficiently rehearsed
that the performance is noted in the records as "the most inferior given
for many years." Instead of repeating them after more careful prep-
aration, the trustees engaged Braham to sing in the Creation on Dec.
12. and in the Messiah on the 10th. The receipts were, respectively,
S320 and 82(30 ; Init at a repetition of the latter oratorio with local
singers on the 26th, they fell to 81)5.
In February, 1812, Braham returned to Boston for the last time. At
a concert of selections given on the (3th, he sang •• The Better Land "
with much feeling and fine taste : and at his farewell performance
on the loth. •• All is Well." with his son Charles, •' a youth not yet
out of his teens, with a voice of great compass, of exceedingly pleas-
ant and melodious quality."- '• To hear this duet," said Miss Stone,
*' was alone worth the price of a ticket."
The rehearsals of Spohr's Last Judgment.^ which had been con-
tinued through January, were resumed after Braham's departiu'e, aud
the oratorio, brought out on the 20th of March, was repeated on the
27th. and on the 3d, 10th, and 17th of April. At three of these
performances the principal soprano part was sung by the daughter of
1 Aug. It), excm-siou to Xaliant. complimentary to lady singers engaged for season ;
abont one hundred and twenty present : dinner, dancing, and singing of songs and
glees. Expenses defrayed by a voluntary contribution. President Wel)b in
attendance.
2 Transcript, Feb. 2(5.
3 Die Letzien I)ii>f/e, first produced at Dus.seldorf in 182G. is not to be con-
founded with Spohr's earlier work, Das Jungste Gervht. written in 1811.
HISTOKY OF THE HAXDEL AXD HAYDX SOCIETY. 131
the composer, Madam Spohr Zahu, whose great artistic merits were
not at all appreciated. Hack^ says, '^that while Braham, whose
performances, bv their exaogeration and affectation, sometimes border
on the absnrd, was cheered and flattered. Madam Zalm, with her
powerful and touching presentation of German song, was entu-ely
neglected."' The contrast to the ear between the ornate manner of
the English tenor, and the severely classic style of the German soprano,
must have been as great as that to the eye between a flamboyant
Gothic cathedral and a Greek temple. Braham gave all the world
somethiug to admire, purists as well as sensationalists, but Madam
Zahu addressed herself only to the educated, who form the minority
in every audience. Again, in singing her father's really great orato-
rio, she stood at a disadvantage with a public, whose taste for the
sensational in nuisic had long l)een assiduously cultivated by listening
to Xeukomm's David. Meditative, suggestive, and uudramatic save
in the highest sense, Spohr's Last Judgment seemed tame to ears
attuned to cheap effects, and it was withdrawn after a few perform-
ances. Again the Society had recourse to David : but whether, as the
secretary oi)ines, the public had liecome satiated with concerts for-
eign and native during the season, or l)ecause it had had enough even
of its loug-established favorite, it was sung to small audiences both
on April 24 and May 1. The part of Micali was taken by Miss
Anna Stone (now Mrs. P^llsworth PLliot), who for many years ren-
dered signal service to the Society. Her name first appears on its
records as one of the three ladies, already mentioned, who, when
Mrs. Franklin declined to sing during the season on the terms offered
her by the trustees, enabled them to dispense with her assistance
by volunteering to take solo parts when required. This she did in
Romberg's '• Transient and Eternal," and in the Messiah in the latter
part of 1841. It is evident that she was at once regarded as the best
solo singer in the Society, for in February of the following year she
was called upon to sing Handel's duet, "O Lovely Peace I" with
Braham. "• Possibly," we should say certainhj from our own recollec-
tions. " Miss Stone was one of the most effective singers that Bos-
ton has produced." ~ She began as an alto; but Paddon, the great
teacher of tliose days, decided that her voice had the treble ring to it,
and in the course of a season or two brought her out in soprano solos.
She was never refined or delicate in her vocal efforts, but she pos-
sessed a voice of phenomenal force and compass, and in such selec-
tions as '' Let the bright seraphim." and '^ Rejoice greatly " she was
without a rival.
Op. cit. III., p. 44. 2 Boston Budget, March 2, 1884.
132 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
TWENTY-EIGHTH SEASON.
May 80, 1H42, to May 20, 1843.
As Mr. Webb had declined a renomiiiatioii to the presidency, Mr.
James Clark, a builder by trade, and one of the original members
of the Society, was nominated, and elected at the annual meeting,
with the same vice-president, secretary, and treasurer as before. On
the special qualifications he may have had for the office, history is
silent ; but his short administration, which bridged a gap between two
remarkable presidents, Messrs. Webb and Chickering, is notable for
the production of two new works of great importance, Mendelssohn's
St. Paul and Rossini's Stabat Mater. Before either was brought out,
the members, having refreshed their spirits by an excursion to Horn
Pond in July, where, with their invited guests, they greatly enjoyed an
entertainment conducted on strictly temperance principles, once more
endeavored to attract the pul^lic by putting the once magic name of
David on their programmes ; but the four performances in October
and November were thinly attended, and the last, on the 13th, brought
only S32.o0 into the treasury. On the 11th of December they sang
selections and Romberg's "Transient and Eternal," and at Christmas
the Messiah, but with no better results. The vSociety had entered
upon one of its periodical fits of depression, which the two new works,
brought out soon after New Year's day, failed to relieve. St. Paul,
first given on Jan. 22, with Misses Stone, Garcia, and Emmons, and
Messrs. Taylor, Kimberly, Baker, Byram, and Wetherbee, as soloists,
was twice repeated within a month to audiences which grew small by
degrees and beautifully less. This was partly owing to the want of
special vocal attraction, and partly to the inability of the public to
appreciate music so lofty in its strain of inspiration and so scientific
in its character.
Greatest of modern oratorios in the opinion of many nuisicians,
St. Paul never has been and never can be a popular favorite like the
Stabat Mater^ which succeeded it on the Society's programmes, but the
latter work needs great singers to give its operatic arias and concerted
pieces due effect, and these were not obtainable when it was brought
out in the JLnglish text,i on the 2Gth of February, before a somewhat
larger audience than any which had attended the performances of St.
'- Mr. George Parker translated the Latin text, and Mr. Hayter adapted it to the
music. He also tanght the singers how it was to he sung, and arranged the orches-
tral parts in an effective manner! — Metronome, Septemher, 1873; Transcript, Dec. 5,
1846.
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 138
Paul. At the second and third repetitions the attendance steadily
diminished, and at the fourth, was so small that the receipts amounted
to S62.50 only. "This," says the secretary, " was not an adequate
return for the expense and labor of preparing new and beautiful
music, which the public is not inclined to encourage and patronize."
After this double failure, the Society returned to Neukomm's
"Hymn of the Night," Romberg's "Transient and Eternal," and
selections, which were given at three concerts, whose receipts
amounted, respectively, to $16, S29, and $19.50.
No wonder that at the close of such a season the affairs of the
Society were found to be anything but prosperous. With a debt of
$1,708. the cessation of all income from the sale of its publications,
and perplexity as to what could be done to win back public favor, the
situation was not a little depressing. Feeling himself unal)le to cope
with it, or influenced by some other unknown reason, Mr. Clark
declined a renomination, and retired, with a suitable vote of thanks for
his services.
TWENTY-NINTH SEASON.
May 29, 1843, to May 27, 184-t.
The same page of the records which contains the vote of thanks to
the retiring president, contains a second vote, thanking Mr. Jonas
Chickering " for his generous loan of a pianoforte during the past
season, and for his many acts of liberality to the institution." If
the gratitude thus expressed was founded on a lively sense of favors
to come from the same quarter, no feeling of the sort was ever more
fully justified by the result, for the vote of 1843 has been substan-
tially passed, with a change of Christian name, at every subsequent
annual meeting up to the last held in May, 1886. The subject of
the oriojinal vote has lono- aoo gone to his honored rest, but his exam-
pie has been followed by his sons, to one of whom, Mr. George
Chickering, its present vice-president, the Society continues to be
indebted for the annual loan of a grand piano at its weekly
rehearsals. Standing so high in the esteem of the members of the
Society as Mr. Jonas Chickering did, it is not surprising that they
chose him for their president at the annual meeting held on the 29th
of Mav.^ He had been a member of the board of trustees in 1831,
^ Tlie other chief officers elected were: J. Q. Wetherbee, vice-president, rei)laced
in October by B. F. Baker; A, O. Bigelow, secretary ; M. S. Parker, treasurer ; J.
F. Payson and S. Moody, librarians.
134 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDX SOCIETY.
1832, 1833, aud vice-president in 1835 and 1837, so that he was
thoroughly conversant with the affairs of the Society, which was now,
as we know, in special need of such wise guidance and counsel as it
had every reason to expect from him as chief officer. ^ The secre-
tary's report, which was read on the evening of his election, suggests
several extreme measures calculated to free the Society from debt,
such as dropping the orchestra altogether, or reducing it to a string
quartette, limiting the performance " of gems like the Messiah and
the Creation " to extraordinary occasions, inasmuch as in his opinion
" the community has a positive disrelish for orchestral sounds when
administered in large doses," and giving only miscellaneous pro-
grammes, " which," he sarcastically suggests, " approach nearer to the
understanding of those who are paying auditors."
None of these propositions was adopted. On Nov. 16, the trustees,
at the suggestion of the president, discussed the bold policy of giving
a series of oratorios on a much more magnificent scale than hitherto,
" for the purpose of re-establishing the reputation of the Society, it
being very evident that its performances have during the last two or
three years been of a less high order than before." AVith this intent,
the president and orchestral committee were empowered to engage
the orchestra of the Academy of ]Music for twelve successive
Sunday evenings, if it can be done for $50 per night; and when, on
the 24th. the committee reported that this was impossible, the}' were
authorized to engage as good an orchestra as could be obtained for
the sum specified, with Leopold Hering, a remarkable violinist who
had lately taken up his residence in Boston. Admitting that he had
little knowledge of oratorio music at the time of his appointment, as
has been said,^ and that Hayter had considerable trouble in teaching
him how to play Handel's music, he was from the first a valuable
1 The following biographical details are taken from the Metronome, for April,
1873, p. 4. Jonas Chickering, son of a blacksmith at New Ipswich, X. H., was born
in April, 17{>7. At the age of seventeen, he was apprenticed to a cabinet-maker for
three years. The next year he showed his ingenuity bj- skilfully repairing the one
pianoforte in the town belonging to Mr. S. Batchelder. His love of music induced
him to learn to play on the clarinet. In 1818, Feb. 15, he came to Boston, worked
for some time at his trade, and then found employment in Mr. Osborne's pianoforte
factory, the only one in Boston, until Feb. 15, 1823, when he and a Mr. Stewart en-
tered into partnership as pianoforte manufacturers under the firm name of Stewart &
Chickering. On its dissolution in 1826, Mr. Chickering carried on the business
single-handed, and gained no little reputation as a maker of pianos. On Feb. 13,
18:3(), he formed a partnership with Mr. Mackay, which lasted for ten years, and
carried on business at No. 334 Washington Street, afterwards on Franklin Square.
Mr. Chickering occupied the Music Temple, where he fitted up a room for chamber
concerts. Died Dec. 8, 1853.
2 Metronome, October, 1873.
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 135
addition to the orchestra, which he strengthened and steadied with his
violin. We can well believe that the president, when conducting the
intricate passages of an oratorio, found it convenient to lean upon so
skilful a leader as the new incumbent.
The first concert of the season on June 18, when selections were
sung by members of the Society, was made socially notable by the
presence of the President of the United States ; while the second, on
Sept. 24, had a musical importance, as the Stahat Mater was then
sung by the Seguiu troupe, which had lately arrived from England to
begin a long and successful series of operas and concerts in the prin-
cipal cities of the Union. Though not vocalists of the first class,
Mr. and Mrs. Seguin were conscientious and pleasing singers. The
lady had a soprano voice of considerable compass, with some previ-
ous training as an oratorio singer ; her husband, a deep bass, which
so fascinated the ears of a tribe of Indians, to whom he sang in
Canada, that they made him a chief, and gave him a name in their
language signifying -'the man with the deep mellow voice. "^ During
the remainder of the season, the Society contented itself with its own
solo singers, giving three performances of the Creation on Oct. 29,
Dec. 3 and 10, and two of the Messiah, on the 27th and 31st.
David was once more revived on Jan. 21, and repeated on the 27tli,
and on Feb. 4 and 11. Then followed Spohr's Last Judgment, on
the 3d, the 10th, and the 17th of March, and the season closed with
three performances of the Stahat Mater, on the 7th, 14th, and 21st
of April.
THIRTIETH SEASON.
May 27, 1841, to May 26, 1S45.
The secretary's report at the annual meeting, which took place on
the 27th of May, and at which the same chief officers were re-elected,
is written in a gloomy tone, fully justified by circumstances. The debt
of the Society amounted to $2,018.13. The Melodeon had not l)een
let for some time, and of the one hundred and seventy-eight members,
not more than half had attended at rehearsals or concerts during the
past season. To meet the debt, the secretary proposed a quarterly
assessment of fifty cents, or an indirect assessment In' the compul-
sory sale of a copy of Neukomm's Mt. Sinai to each member.
Fortunatelv better davs were at hand, and the necessitv of resort-
1 He died in 1852, in New York, where liis wife, who retired from the stage, tanght
mnsie for many years .
136 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
iug to either measure was avoided by an unexpected turn of for-
tune's wheel. Meanwhile the members cheered their spirits by organ-
izing an excursion to Horn Pond, where a complimentary dinner,
attended by one hundred and six persons, was given to the ladies of
the chorus on the ")th of August. They met again to sing the Crea-
tion on the 30th of September, at a concert which may be taken as
marking the nadir of the Society's fortunes. These began to rise
towards the zenith on the 20th of October, when the eminent English
baritone singer. Henry Phillips.^ the original Send to Braham's Di/v/d,
made his first appearance in this country at a concert whose pro-
gramme was made up of selections. In England he had made a
great reputation for himself, both in opera and oratorio, and since 1825
had filled the position of first bass singer at the concerts of ancient
music. His voice can have lost but little when he visited America, ^
as on his return home, after a year's absence, he with little diffi-
culty regained his place as the leading English basso over such rivals
as had meanwhile disputed it. During his first visit to Boston, he
sang four times with the Society after his first appearance, namely,
on Oct. 27 and Nov. 3 in the Creation, on Nov. 10 in the Messiah,
and on the 17th in a miscellaneous programme. Two other concerts of
the same kind were given in December, the first on the 8th and the
second on the loth, with the assistance of Mme. Arnault, about whose
powers as a singer I can find no record.
We now come to the happy moment when the mighty Samson did
by his strength partially pull the Handel and Haydn Society out of
the pit of debt into which it had fallen.
The great success of the oratorio was mainly due to Mr. Hayter,
who suggested it to the Society, and did everything in his power to
perfect its performance. This is duly acknowledged in the following
inscription, engraved ui)on a silver pitcher and a pair of goblets,
which were given to him after the thirteenth performance: "Pre-
sented by the Handel and Haydn Society, of Boston, to A. U.
Hayter, in token of their estimation of his services as organist, and
his assiduous exertions in bringing so successfully before the public
^ Born in Bristol. Aug. 13. ISOl : retired in 1863. Phillips sang for the last time in
public, in May, 1S71, at St. James's Hall. His name, associated imperishably with
the classic days of ballad singing, was known only by report to many of the audience.
{Metronome, p. 5.) He died in Dalston, Nov. 8, 1876.
2 A musical critic of the time says : " We are among those who think that Phillips
excels Braham in sweetness and purity of tone, in tlexibility of voice, and in that
power which gives true expression to the more tender emotions of the human heart."
— S. J., note : extract from Mr. Stone's scrap-book.
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 137
Handel's oratorio of Samson, May 20, 1845.*' After a few rehears-
als of the oratorio late in 1844, it was laid aside until the new
year, when it was again talven up. and finally brought out on the
2()th of January, with Miss Stone, INIiss Garcia, and Messrs. Baker,
Marshall, Aikin, and Taylor as chief vocalists. A writer in the
Metrotiome for September, 1873, states that Hayter taught the solo
singers their respective parts. This arduous task, together with his
professional engagements, occupied his whole time, and robbed him
of needed rest and recreation. He also drilled the chorus until
they could sing their parts almost faultlessly, supplied additional
orchestral parts to Handel's meagre score, and on the evenings of
the public concerts " played the organ in such a marked manner that
it held the whole mass of singers and players together. The presi-
dent did, indeed, stand up and wave his baton. Init in point of fact
everything depended upon Hayter, who conducted tlie oratorio from
his organ bench." ^
In contemporary comments upon the performance of Samson, we
find complaints of the accompaniments as " altogether too loud and
boisterous for the solo parts," Imt the piercing tones of Bartlett's
trumpet in the accompaniment to "Let the bright seraphim" are
spoken of as niore than rivalled by the magnificent voice of Miss
Stone, elsewhere compared to " the shower of meteors which illumine
our November nights." ]Much delay is said to have occurred between
tlie recitatives, airs, and choruses, perliaps to afford the conductor an
opportunity of changing his place from the piano to the organ, and
also in the rising of the chorus. The most important error in the
cast of Samson was the assignment of the part of his father Manoah,
and announced by Micah as "the reverend sire, old Manoah,"
coming " with careful steps and locks as white as snow," to a hand-
some young man of eighteen or twenty, whose juvenile appearance
destro^'ed all dramatic effect. The effect was almost ludicrous, when,
at another moment, the youth sang, " Where is my son, Samson,
l)roud Israel's boast? Infirm my age I " Despite all these drawbacks,
the success of the oratorio was unequivocal. It was given thirteen
times, for which the receipts were about three thousand dollars ; nnd
the season, in consequence of this unexpected turn in affairs, is spoken
of by the secretary in his annual report as " the most successful ever
known." At the ninth performance, on March 23, the part of
^ A writer in the Transcript for 1842 speaks of the peculiar and admirable style
in which Hayter played accompaniments, adapting himself to the singer without
display, accompanying and not presiding at the piano and at the organ without a
rival.
138 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
Samson was sung by Mr. Jones, an English vocalist of some celeb-
rity, before " a house crowded to its utmost capacity;" and at the
twelfth, on April 20, by Henry Phillips, under equally successful cir-
cumstances. The same distinguished singer took the part of Saul in
Neukomin's David on the 18th and IDth of April.
One more piece of good fortune occurred in this season, namely,
the renting of the Melodeon, on Feb. 13, to tlie Rev. ]\Ir. Parks's
society, for Sunday services, at $1,200 a year.
THIKTY-FIKST SEASON.
May 20, lS-t5, to May 26, 1840.
We may believe that members present at the annual meeting held
on May 2(3, who listened to the report of a season spoken of by the
secretary as '• the most successful ever known," were cheerful and
hopeful in spirit. With a profit of fully $2,000 on the thirteen per-
formances of Samson and a decidedly increased average of attendance
at rehearsals and performances, there w^as ground for confidence in the
future. It is true that the financial condition w^as not yet as sound as
might have been desired, but it was sounder than it had been three
months ])ef ore, w^hen, as stated at a meeting held on Feb. 11, the
liabilities of the Society amounted to about $5,500. As the treasurer
had but $1,518 on hand to meet them, a quarterly assessment of two
dollars was voted, to be continued until the debt should be extinguished.
On May 24, although the Melodeon had been refitted at an expense
of $4,000, the debt stood at $3,500, and with the hope of reducing it
still further ])v Samson's aid before the end of the year, the annual
meeting broke up, after the same chief officers had been re-elected.
The autumn campaign opened w4th Samson, which was sung three
times in October, on the 10th, 19th, and 26th, and it would have been
repeated on the 2d of November, had not the sudden death of Leo-
pold Ilering, of disease of the heart, on the day previous, caused
a postponement. This event caused great regret, expressed in the
resolutions adopted by the Society, connnending this accomplished
violinist as man and musician. At a general meeting held on Dec. 8,
a motion to discontinue the assessment laid in February, prevailed,
partly, i)erhnps, because it had been found difficult to collect it, and
partly because it was thought possible to get along without it, in view
of the approaching production of Moses in Egypt, which the Society
counted on, and, as the event proved, justly, for a success second only
to that of Samson. It was brought out in tlie English text on the
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY . 130
21st of December,' and after the Messiah had been sung on Christmas
evening, was repeated on the 29th, b}^ Miss Stone, Mrs. Franklin, and
the English tenor, Mr. Jones, aided by solo singers from the ranks
of the Society. "Miss S.," says a contemporary critic, " sang with
great spirit." For good reading, time, intonation, and steadiness, she
particularly commended herself to all good musicians. TJie presence
of Sanguiso with Siguora Basili, his prima donna, and the other mem-
bers of his Italian troupe, is said to have given " fresh impulse and
animation to the singers," who, at this and at the seven subsequent
repetitions of the oratorio during the next three months, were greatly
applauded for their efforts. These repetitions took place on Jan.
18 and 26, Feb. 1, 8, and 22, and on March 1 and 8. After Samson
had been twice performed on the 22d and 29tli of the same month,
Moses again continued his triumphant progress on the 4th, 5th, and
12th of April. The receipts for the fourteen performances given
during the season are stated in the treasurer's report, presented on
May 22, to have been $2,700 ; the balance against the Society,
$1,938.27. On April 14, Miss Stone was paid $142.50 for her
services, which, considering how great they had ])een during the
season, seems but a meagre recompense.
THIRTY-SECOND SEASON.
May 20, 1840, to May 31, 1847.
The annual meeting held May 26 resulted in the re-election of the
same chief officers,^ and the musical season opened on Oct. 11 with
the Creation, which was repeated on the 18th. The subsequent per-
formances of David on Nov. 8 and 15, and of Moses on Dec. G, 13,
20, and 27, were attended by small audiences, and severely criticised
in the newspapers as inferior to the general standard. The chorus
had grown careless, and the public tired of hearing these familiar
works interpreted by the same singers, while the orchestra no longer
had the help of Hering, whose place was inadequately supplied by
Herr Mijller, the new leader. The appointment of a professional
musician as conductor was suggested in the board as most desirable,
but this needed step was not taken until the following year, as the
^ " Its production in English not attempted in any other part of America, nor
even in England." — *S'. J.
2 The treasurer reported the debt of tlie Society to beSl,i)38.27. The receipts from
ten performances of Moses during tlie season, amounted to about S2,70<\
140 HISTOKY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
president considered it inexpedient. Between New Year's day and
the close of the season ten concerts were given, at wliich Moses was
performed six times and Samson four, with but mediocre results.
THIKTY-THIKD SEASON.
May 31, 1847, to May 29, 184.S.
With the exception of the secretary, Mr. A. O. Bigelow, who was
succeeded by Mr. Joseph G. Oakes, the same chief officers were
re-elected at the annual meeting on May 31. The report of the
secretary speaks of the large number of members who had absented
themselves altogether from rehearsals during the past season ; of the
want of proper rehearsals, wliich had caused the poorness of several
performances to be severely commented upon by the press ; and of a
falling off of 81. ."^00 in the receipts of the season, as compared with
those of that which preceded it. All these things gave the new board
of trustees matter for reflection, and it resulted in the taking of
two important steps, namely, the l)ringing out of a new oratorio,
Judas Maccabiieus : and the appointment of a conductor, with a salary
of 8300. The gentleman selected for this important office, never
before formally filled, was ^Ir. Charles E. Horn, an English musician
and composer long known to the Society, which had assisted him at
his first concert in Boston in January, 1S28. and had sung his orato-
rio. ''The Remission of Sin." in 1837 and 1838. With such a musician
at the conductor's desk, and Mr. Hayter at the organ, great progress
was to be looked for in the style of performance, and we are not
surprised to be told that when, after twelve careful rehearsals, Judas
Maccabieus was brought out on Dec. 5, the chorus showed the effect
of '• careful training in promptitude and decision of attack, and solid,
unwavering execution." At the third performance on the 19th, the
tenors were found fault with for want of precision in attack, and Mrs.
Eranklin for continually singing below pitch. '' See, the conquering
hero," says a critic, " suggested Bombastes Furioso, for the drum came
in with such force as to bear down chorus and orchestra, both of which
were out of tune." At the fourth performance on Dec. 26, Mrs.
Franklin contrasted unfavorably with Miss Stone ; Mr. Jones, the
English tenor, sang flat ; Mr. Thomas Ball,^ bass, here first mentioned,
lacked spirit and flexibility ; and in the final chorus the orchestra
made a bad slip, which passed unperceived, " thanks to the homeward
' Admitted to membership ou March 3, 1847.
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 141
rush of the audience." *' Despite these drawbacks," says the critic,
by way of makiug up for his previous sti'ictures, '• the concert gave
great satisfaction." However this may be, the oratorio did not
attract sufficiently to pay its expenses : and after one more perform-
ance, on Jan. 2, it was hiid aside for Elijah, which fortunately met
with the heartiest approval and support. The first rehearsal of this
great work,^ second only to the Messiah in favor with the Boston
public, took place on Jan. 16 ; and the first performance, after only
six rehearsals, on Feb. 13, with a chorus and orchestra of nearly
two hundred performers. The solo singers were : Thomas Ball,
Elijah; Jones, Obadiah ; E. Taylor. Ahab ; Miss Stone. t!.e
Queen ; Miss , the Wi'hic ; Miss Emmons, the Angel.
According to the newspapers, the hall was crowded, and the
applause, not customary on Sunday night, was hardly restrainable.
Such success, says the Chromatype. was never before known to
attend a first performance. In the trio •• Lift thine eyes," Miss
Stone's voice was too prominent, but in the declamatory airs, " Hear
ye. Israel," ''Thus saith the Lord." -'its unequalled brilliancy told
with wonderful power." Mr. Ball, who made his debut, sang with
feeling, power, and dignity : but in •• Is not His word " he wanted fire :
•• in a word, his musical boots were a little tight." After this brilliant
beginning. Elijah continued its triumphant course until April 9, when
it was sung for the ninth and last time during the season. Within the
following week the Society took part in the funeral services held
(April 15) in honor of John Quincy Adams at Faneuil Hall, by sing-
ing a chant, "Blessed is the man." a hymn to the tune Savannah,
•• Oh, what is man. gi'eat maker of maiikmd.
That thou to hhn so great respect tlost bear I "
and an air and chorus from the Messiah. Prayer was offered by the
Rev. C. A. Bartol. and a eulogy delivered by the Hon. Edward Everett.
At the two last concerts of the season, on May 6 and 14, the
Stabat Mater was sung by Misses Stone and Emmons, Sig. Perelli,
Sig. Novello. and Siguora Biscaccianti. daughter of the well-known
violinist. Louis Ostinelli, whose name, with that of his wife, who was
for ten years organist to the Society, has been so often mentioned in
these pages. Miss Eliza Ostinelli. born in Boston in 1827, went abroad
in 1843 to perfect her musical education, under Madame Pasta. Vaccai,
Nani, and Lamberti.^ In 1847 she married Signor Biscaccianti at
» Originally sung at Birmingham. \Tnder Mendelssohn's direction, on Aug. 16,
1846. " 2 Moore.
14J HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AXD HAYDN SOCIETY.
Lilian, made her debut in Verdi's Eroani. and soon after returned to
America, with the reputation of an accomplished singer. With her
fine soprano voice, which had a compass of two octaves and a
half, and effective presence, she became an established favorite from
the date of her first appearance in Boston at the concerts of the
Handel and Haydn Society in May, 1848.1
THIRTY-FOUKTH SEASON.
May 29, K^-t,^. tu May 2s. 1849.
No change was made in the list of chief officers nominated for elec-
tion at the annual meeting on May 29, at which time the whole num-
ber of members was two hundred and thirty-three. The secretary
complained in his report of the scant attendance at the Society's
monthly meetings, three of which had adjourned for want of a
quorimi during the past season. He reported the death of the Ex-
President Samuel Richardson, and spoke with great satisfaction of
Mr. Horn, who. on June 10. was re-elected conductor, with a salary
of 84U0.
On July 25. by order of the trustees, members who had not paid
assessment dues, were notified that, unless they did so on or before
Sept. 1, they would forfeit their membership.
The concert programmes, from October to January, present three
new names of solo singers, with which all are familiar ; namely,
those of August Kreissmann, tenor, who sang with Mr. Ball and Miss
Stone, in Moses, on Oct. 29; John Liphet Hatton. tenor; and
INIme. Anna Bishop, soprano, who appeared with Miss Stone. Messrs.
Ball. Provost, and Millard, in the two performances of the Messiah
given on Dec. 24 and 31.
Mr. Kreissmann, president of the Orpheus Society, and long a
successful singing teacher in Boston, was a familiar figure in its
musical circles, until illness, of which he died in Germany, obliged him
to retire from active life. His pleasing voice, excellent style, and
sympathetic delivery made his singing of German Ueder^ of
Beethoven's Adelaide, and songs of its class, most acceptable ; his
kind and gentle disposition endeared him to his friends ; and his
' After sej)arating from her husband in California, Biscacciauti returned to
Europe, and established herself as a music teacher in Florence. Several years ago
her friends in America, hearing that she was in need of pecuniary help, raised a
subscription for her. and seven or eight hundred dollare were contributed towards
it in Boston.
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDX SOCIETY. 143
excellent musical traiuiiig euabled liinv to do very excellent aud effi-
cieut work iu his profession. Mr. Hatton,^ an accomplished English
mnsician. l)red in the traditions of the old school, was a facile com-
poser of ballads, glees, aud part sougs, aud is remembered as such rather
than as a vocalist, though his fine style aud good voice management
enabled him to produce an excellent effect iu the concert-room. Of
Mme. Auna Bishop, the thu'd new singer who assisted the Society in
December, 1848, we have been able to obtain but scant information. In
England, her highly cultivated soprano voice gained her a position
second only to that of Clara Novello as a concert singer, aud as,
unlike that celebrated artist, she travelled extensively, not only iu the
United States, but in Mexico and Austi-alia, her name became far
more widely known. Notices of her visit to Boston eleven ^^ears after
her first appearance speak of ''her classic features, her bewitching eyes
aud mouth, of her voice, which still retained its peculiar purity, ^ and of
that clear, crisp enunciation and breadth of style characteristic of the
best English vocalists, which marked her delivery of recitative." ^
This is referred to by another critic,'^ who says '' her correct English
style of delivery in recitative is highly to be commended. Her voice
is a full-toned soprano, of a rich, melodious quality, aud under the
best possible control of a mind that understands and is capable of
appreciating the great works of the immortal Haudel."
Madame Bishop sang again for the Society with Mr. Hatton on Jan.
7 in a miscellaneous concert, and then probably left Boston, for at
the next, on the 28th. the Stabat Mater was sung by Biscaccianti,
Perelli, and Rosi. Mr. Hatton re-appeared iu Elijah ou the 11th and
18th of February, and perhaps sang iu the final concert of the season
on the 18th of March.
THIRTY-FIFTH SEASON.
May 2S. ls4t». to May 27. 1850.
At the annual meeting on the 28th of May. the same chief officers
were re-elected, two of them, the president and vice-president, for the
last time The season had uot been remunerative, partly, in the
opinion of the secretar3% on account of bad weather ou mau}^ concert
^ Boi-n iu 180t> : chiefly self-taught ; wrote several operas and musical entr'actes
for tragedians, which were brought out at the Princess's Theatre, when he was music
director under Charles Kean. His sacred drama of Hezekiah was brought out at
the Crystal Palace in 1877.
'■2 Boston Journal, 18o<t. 3 Boston Post, 1859. ^Daibj Evening Traveller.
144 HISTORY OF THE TIAXDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
nights, and partly because an unusual number of concerts had been
given during the winter. On the 21st of October the Society met
with a serious loss, by the death of its conductor, Mr. Charles E.
Horn, whose place was not professionally filled until 1851, when Mr.
J. E. Goodson received the appointment. The death of Mr. Horn
was particularly unfortunate at the time, as the Society was about to
bring out Donizetti's Martyrs, originally sung in Paris as an opera in
1840. It was performed in Boston for the first time on Dec. 16, with
the following cast: Miss Fanny Frazer. PauHna; Mr. F. Howard,
Polyeucte; Mr. J. L. Hatton, Sever us ; Mr. Thomas Ball, Felix; Mr.
D. A. Granger, Calixtus.
Despite the musical weakness of the work, which even as an opera
occupies an inferior place in the list of its author's compositions for
the stage, the Martyrs achieved a success so decided on the first night
of performance that it was repeated six times before the end of
January to full houses. Saroni,^ who attended the fourth perform-
ance, speaks of Miss Frazer as a great acquisition. He commends
her pleasing voice and her decidedly impressive manner of singing
sentimental passages. He has also a good word for Mr. Ball, "who
sings with taste and discretion," and for INIr. Granger, the basso ; but
about Mr. Howard and JNIr. Hatton he is silent. The choruses, he
says, were for the most part well sung, though not exempt from
deficiencies and inaccuracies in time, and the orchestra pretty good,
when not so overpoweringly loud as to mar the effect of solo passages.
Samson was to have followed the Martyrs, but, after several rehears-
als, it was laid aside, on account of the lateness of the season, which
closed with two performances of the Stabat Matei\ on April 7 and 21,
by Max Maretzek's Italian troupe, under his direction. As the singers
were Bertucca, Patti, Perrini, Guidi, and Novelli, it goes without saying
that the audiences were laroe and enthusiastic.
THIRTY-SIXTH SEASON.
May 27, 1850, to May 2G, 1851.
Before the annual meeting, Mr. Chickering had written to decline a
renomination, on account of his increased business occupations. His
decision, which caused much regret, gave the board an opportunity of
expressing their " deep sense of obligation to him for the zeal and
intelligence with which he has discharged the very responsible duties
i Musical Times, Vol. I., p. 181.
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 145
of his office." These words were fi preamble to the following resolu-
tion, passed at the annual meeting : —
" Besoh-ed. That the thanks of this board be presented to Jonas Chicker-
iiig, Esq., for the able and impartial manner in which he has presided over
tlie meeting-s of the Society and of the board of trnstees : also for his liber-
ality in permittino- the Society and the ])oard to hold their nnmerons meetings
at his extensive warerooms dnring the past seven years of his administration."
The election which followed resulted in the choice of Charles C.
Perkins as president, and Abraham (). Bigelow as vice-president, with
Messrs. Oakes and Parker as secretary and treasurer. Never having
belonged to the Society, I was elected a member before my election
as its chief officer, and on June 4 took the chair at a meeting of the
trustees, with what the secretary was pleased to record as " ver}'-
appropriate remarks, and thanks for the honor bestowed." At this
meeting a committee was appointed to consider and report upon a
plan of proceeding calculated to advance the mterests of the Society,
including the selection of oratorios to be performed ; an arrangement
for the sale of tickets which would, as far as possible, preclude loss ;
rules for securing regular attendance at rehearsals, and the engage-
ment of competent solo singers.
Tlie report of the committee on Aug. 4, advised that two oratorios
should be given at six concerts ; that one thousand tickets should be
sold by subscription through the efforts of the members ; that free
passes should 1)e dispensed with ; and that any member who had failed
to attend the three rehearsals held before each concert should not be
allowed to sing or enter the hall without having purchased a ticket.
These recommendations were adopted, and two oratorios, the Crea-
tion and the Elijah, were selected for performance. But to give
them, it was absolutely necessary to find that vara avis, a competent
tenor singer, and this proved to be a matter of no small difficulty.
The first selected was a Scotch ballad singer, ^Ir. Dempster, who
proved himself so incompetent at a rehearsal of the Creation on Dec.
1, that the president was requested to advise him to withdraw, rather
than run the risk of injuring his reputation by attempting to sing music
completely foreign to his style. This delicate mission having been
performed with the desired result, Sig. Guidi, an Italian tenor belong-
ing to Max Maretzek's troupe, was tried with success on Dec. 13, and
he was engaged for three performances of the Creation, which took
place on Dec. 22, 29, and Jan. 3, Misses Stone and Garcia, and
Mr. Ball, singing the other solo parts. Rehearsals of Elijah began
on Nov. 10, and it was sung in public on March 2, 9, and 16, by the
146 HISTORY OF THE HAXDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
Misses Stone, Emmons, and Lothrop, Mrs. Fowle, Mrs. Hill, and
Messrs Thomas Ball, Gnidi, AVebb, Clark, and Botliamly.
The season closed witli two performances of the Creation on A[)ril
6, with Sig Gnidi, and April 27, with Mr. Arthnrson, an English
tenor who took his place. All these concerts were well attended, and
warmly praised by the newspaper critics.
The success of the Elijah was due in so great measure to Mr. Ball,
that the Society moved to give him a solid proof of their appreciation
of his services. Accordingly, on April 28, the secretary sent him a
letter saying that —
"As for the first tunc in many years the concerts have been sustamed by
the public, the government wishes to express its feelings of gratitude to
those who have assisted gratuitously at them; and ' in view of Mr. Ball's past
services, and the able way in which lie has sung Elijah, beg to oiler him a
testimonial of a purse containing one hundred dollars in gold,' and a watch
inscribed ' A tribute to the vocal merits of Thomas Ball, from the Handel and
Haydn Societjs Boston, April, 1851.' With best wishes for your health and
prosperity, and our hopes that your purse, like the widow's cruse of oil, may
fail not till Time in his course around the dial of yonr watch shall tind you,
like the Elijah of old, ready to die, we remain," etc.
To this letter Mr. Ball replied on the 30th, saying that he shall
always look upon the watch with pride and pleasure, — " pride that I
have been called upon to take so conspicuous a part in the concerts of
so great a Society, and pleasure in possessing such a proof that my
efforts, however unsuccessful, have been approA^ed."
At the close of this successful season ^ 1 addressed a letter to the
board, declining the honor of a renomination on account of my inten-
tion to pass several years in Europe, and a few days later received a
highly gratifying answer, containing a copy of resolutions passed ])y
the government, and signed by the vice-president and secretary.
These expressed "regret for my departure, thanks for untiring efforts,
close attention to the interests of the Society, and uniform courtesy,"
and tendered "warm wishes for my welfare and success." Thus
terminated my first short connection with the Society, which, after the
lai)se of twenty-live years, was destined to be more enduringly renewed.
I shall conclude this chapter with a letter addressed to "Messrs.
Handell and Hayden, Musicians, Boston, Mass.," which I received
during my year of office, and have carefully preserved as a literary
curiosity.
' Receipts, 3<), '509. 43; expenses, . 55,218.4*).
HISTOKV OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDX SOCIETY. 147
Clarksburg. Va.. July 27. 1850.
Messrs. Handeli. and Hayden
Gentlemfti. Hearing from a gentleman lately from Boston, that yon were
the instructors of a mnsical society in that place. I take the liberty of
addressing you a few lines for the purpose of obtaining some information
regarding your Society, and you will please excuse the liberty I have taken,
as I am an entire stranger to you. I wish to know the terms upon which you
take scholars for instruction, and whether you take any ior their services,
who have not the means to pay for tlieir tuition. I have thought lately of
cultivating my taste for music, which I think is very good, or at least tolera
bly good. The first time I attempted. I could pla.v a tunc on the violin, and
in three or four days I could play most any tune I knew except some difficult
waltzes or reels. I can play on the flute as well, or verj' nearly as well, as our
best performers, and some of them have been to our fashionable watering-
places playing. Besides playing on several bass instruments, on the accor-
dion and the piano, but I never tried the piano but once, and I played a tune
on it then. I can play some ten or twelve instruments all together. Please
let me hear from you soon, and if your terms suit. I can give you most any
number of certificates of my musical talents. Awaiting your answer. I remain
yours faithfully.
Then follows the signature, here suppressed for obvious reasons.
PEEFACE TO VOL. I. -NO. 3.
So far had this History of the Handel and Haydn Society progressed,
under the able hands of its late lamented president, Charles Calla-
han Perkins, when, through a fatal accident,^ he was so suddenly
summoned from a useful, beautiful, and happ}' life to, doubtless,
higher fields of usefulness, for which his cheerful, unremitting, and
unselfish labors here had been a constant education.
As one of his friends and fellow-laborers for many years in the
musical vineyard of our dear native Boston, and as one who, unpro-
fessionalh^, has had a pretty intimate acquaintance with our musical
development for half a century, especially during the period of the
Journal of Music^ which bore my name for nearly thirt}' years (April,
1852, to September, 1881), I am requested by the Society to con-
tinue these annals from the point where he left off. With no great
assurance of my own worthiness to follow in his footsteps, I fear it
would trouble m}- conscience were I to decline the task. So, trusting
to indulgence, I will do what in me lies to carr}' on the record a few
stages further.
JOHN S. DWIGHT.
Boston, April, 1887.
1 From the very interesting memoir of Mr. Perkins by his friend and kinsman,
Samuel Eliot, LIj. D. (reprinted from the Proceedings of the Massachusetts Histor-
ical Society), I take the following paragraph : —
" In the latter part of August, 1886, he went to Windsor, Yt., to make a visit at
his son's summer home. Two grandchildren were there to welcome him, and with
them and their parents a few serene and happy days sped by. On the afternoon of
Aug. 25, he went to drive with two companions, one of them a young lady, who
afterwards spoke of his enthusiasm at the beautj^ of the country and of his conver-
sation on many lovely things. Something about the harness gave way, control of
the horses was lost, and the carriage was swept on as to destruction. The young
lady relates that the last thing she remembers of him was the smile he gave her,
as if to save her from alarm . Then the crash came; he was thrown and instantly
killed."
HISTOKY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 151
CHAPTER JV.
THIRTY-SEVENTH SEASON.
May 26, 1851, to May 31, 1852.
We resume the history at a comparatively feeble, uneventful period,
just upon the eve of the completion of the Boston Music Hall, through
which and other stimulating influences the old Society was soon to
feel new life, and gain expansion. Its members and supporters re-
gretted the absence, in Europe, of its late president, Mr. Perkins,
from whose zealous devotion, sincere, enlightened, practical, so much
was to be hoped. But they knew that even from the Old World his
eye was on them, and he watched their progress, looking about him
for what good means might fall in his wa}^ for furthering it. Mean-
while, the Society did not despair, but looked around among its fore-
most for the man to take his place. The annual meeting (May 26)
resulted in the election of Abraham O. Bigelow for president, with
J. S Farlow for vice-president ; and for treasurer and secretar}^,
Messrs. M.S. Parker and J. G. Oakes, as before.
Mr. Bigelow, long known as the senior member of the prominent
firm of Bigelow Brothers & Kennard, jewellers, was born at Westmin-
ster, Aug. 2, 1812, and died (as it were, but yesterda}') on the 29th
of April, 1887, at the ripe age of seventy-five, at Jamaica Plain,
where he had long resided with his family. He was well known and
held in high esteem. He had served the city for two years as alder-
man a quarter of a century ago, and was sent to the State Legislature
for two successive years. Like his brothers, he had a real love for
music, and from the time of his short presidency to his death was
always interested in the work and success of the Handel and Haydn
Society. For several years he had been president of the Massachu-
setts National Bank. He is truly described as ''a man of warm
affections and deep sympathy, and any work tending to the benefit of
the city or the people of Boston always had his cordial support and
co-operation."
On June 24, a letter, accompanying a service of plate, was sent to
the secretar}-, J. G. Oakes, in thankful recognition of his services for
four years past, to which Mr. Oakes replied with "deep gratitude''
a few davs later.
152 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDX SOCIETY.
President Bigelow did not essa}- to wield the baton in jyroprid per-
sond; but, Aug. 15, Mr. J. E. Goodson, an accomplished English
musician and organist, — one of the first, within our recollection, who
plaj-ed fugues of Bach here, in Tremont Temple, — a thinking man,
too, with mind much occupied in philosophical and social questions,
was appointed conductor. We have the impression that he sta3^ed
not longer than a year or two in Boston, and then sought his fortune
in the West ; but we have quite lost sight of him. At the same time,
Mr. George F. Ha^'ter, son of A. U. Hayter, was appointed organist.
Early in October, five hundred and ninety-five subscribers were
reported for a series of six concerts, at the good, old, popular price,
be it remembered, of fift}' cents per concert ! But it was a period of
depression and of small things for the remainder of the 3'ear. After
a noble beginning with the Elijah^ in March, the too sleepy public
required more " realistic " stimulus, and the old year went out with a
return to Neukomm's David, which was given Dec. 14, 21, and 28.
The heavy giant's forehead was still impressible to the sharp stone
from the young shepherd's sling. Saroni {Musical Times, Jan. 3,
1852) thinks " they might have spent their time on something wor-
thier than this threadbare product of the Chevalier N., which, for the
most part, possesses little intrinsic merit." He hails good promise in
the directorship of Goodson, though " he allows himself to be carried
away by the powerful choruses, he following them, rather than they
him." " He has one requisite, i. e , spirit and enthusiasm." Accord-
ing to this writer, some of the choruses were sung very w^ell ; some,
very badh' ; the principal fault being want of attention on the part of
the singers. " In the final chorus it appeared to us that choir and
orchestra vied with each other to see which could produce the greatest
discord."
For the three remnining concerts of the subscription series (Feb. 8,
15, and 22, 1852), damson was selected, and vigorously rehearsed
thirteen times, partly, we can imagine, as being in its subject some-
what kindred in dramatic interest to David, and popular on that
ground, while in the higher musical sense contrasting with it as a work
of pure Handelian gold. Counting from its performances by the
Society in 1815, when it ran through sixteen Sunday evenings in suc-
cession, with a single interruption (and that David!), these were to
be the twenty-third, twenty-fourth, and twenty-fifth renderings of
Samso7i. Evidently, it was not a success financialh^, however it may
have been from an artistic point of view, for, at a meeting held Feb.
21, it was decided not to repeat it, on account of the expense.
So the season was allowed to close with two presentations (March
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AXD HAYDX SOCIETY. 15o
■25 and April 4) of a miscellaneous programme, more economical,
inasmuch as the solos were gratuitoush' sung by members. On the first
evening the audience numbered about twelve hundred, at the Melo-
deon. The first part consisted of selections from the Creation; the
second was more miscellaneous. In that very month of April it was
— if mention of the coincidence be pardonable — that the first at-
tempt, both serious and persistent, at instructive musical journalism in
Boston, Dicighfs Journal of Music, alwaj's an ally of the Handel and
Haydn Society, and at least an honest and a friendly commentator on
its work, during the nearly thirty years of its continued publication,
first made its modest bow to the friends of music in this country. In
its second issue (April 17), the editor, who had not heard the Creation
extracts, wrote : " But the second part displa3'ed much laudable and
not ineffectual ambition on the part of a number of our native ama-
teurs and choristers. Miss Bothamly is a new germ of rare promise.
, . . To a voice of liquid purity, large, penetrating, and of good
soprano compass, she unites unmistakable assurances of soul and
real talent. Her sister, Mrs. Emmons, too, possesses a large and gen-
erous contralto, which she blended with the more trained voice of the
other, with true musical feeling and perception, in Rossini's ' Quis est
homo.' Only b}' the best Italians have we heard their rendering of
that duet surpassed." Praise is also given to " a very precise and
delicately balanced piece of male quartet singing " of The Chapel, by
Kreutzer.
About this time, in the illness of Mr. Oakes, Mr. J. L. Fairbanks
was made secretary pro tern.
THIRTY-EIGHTH SEASOX.
M.vY 31, 1852, TO May 30, 1853.
At the annual meeting. May 31, Messrs. Bigelow and Oakes having
declined a re-election, the following choice of officers was made : —
Silas P. Merriam . . . President.
. John Dodd ..... Vice-President.
John L. Fairbanks . . Secretary.
Matthew S. Parker . . . Treasurer.
The reports of treasurer and secretary were not altogether encour-
aging. The receipts of the past year were $2,275.98 ; the expenses,
?2,930.32. The secretary reported nominally 200 members, of whom
80 had not appeared during the season. The average attendance at
154 TTISTORY OF THE HANDEL AXD HAYDX SOCIETY.
rehearsals and concerts was onl^^ 68. "A faithful nucleus keeps the
Societ}' alive." But we may hope that better da3's are coming. Are
we not soon to have a grand new music hall, with a Beethoven statue
in it, and a great organ at a vast expense, to be the pride of all the
land? And are we not to have a permanent conductorship, in a man
of tact and presence and authority, wielding the baton to this day
(1887), and who knows how much longer? And shall not the old
Society expand and strengthen under new quickening influences and
in a broader field, not limited to three oratorios of " Mr. Handell "^
and the one b3' "Mr. Hayden "?
The summer and autumn records offer only the following items :
Aug. 19, resolutions were passed in honor of the late secretarv^
J. G. Oakes, who died July 2. Aug. 31, Mr. George James Webb
was appointed conductor. Sept. 7, of three candidates for the place
of organist (A. U. Hayter, G. F. Ha^'ter, and F. F. Mueller), Mr.
Mueller was elected. On the question of orchestra, it was proposed
to engage the "Musical Fund" for three concerts, and the " Ger-
mania" for three. But the former would have " all, or none" ; and
it was voted to take the Germania ; in which case Mr. Webb declines
to conduct. The Germania, on being asked, refuse to retire from the
field ; and Mr. Webb's resignation is accepted (Nov. 10), after a few
rehearsals of Judas Maccabceus.
In October, proposals were issued for six oratorio performances :
three of Handel's Judas, and three of Engeddi, the Anglicized re-
christened (or un-christened) version of Beethoven's Christ at the
Mount of Olives; all the music was retained, but transferred to an
older subject, with other characters and words, except in such
choruses and airs as might fit an}' sacred subject.
But meanwhile, in anticipation of the season's programme, an
episode occurred which may in some sense be regarded as the start-
ing-point of a new period in the Society's development. In Novem-
ber of this year the long-expected Boston Music Hall stood complete
in all its grandeur and its beaut}'. Here was a hall, larger and finer
than any in this country, or hardly any in the Old World, destined
thenceforth to be the theatre of oratorio, as well as other noble music.
Its architecture, internally, was noble and attractive, although exter-
nally the building stood far back of the two streets, Winter and
Tremont, nearly concealed from view, while sheltered from street
noises, and required no architectural adornment, — only plain, solid,
fire-proof, well-proportioned walls. Its height from floor to ceiling
was 60 feet, length 120 feet, and width 60 feet; in shape, a regular
parallelogram, having on three sides two shallow balconies, though the
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDX SOCIETY. 155
lower balcom^ opposite the stage was wide aud capacious. It was
beautifully lighted by jets of gas running round the cornice on all four
sides far above the audience. It had seats for 2,700 people. It was
owned in joint stock, largeh* held by a few munificent subscribers,
among whom occur the well-known names of Upham, Apthorp, Perkins,
Curtis, Chickering, and others, but also as widely as possible distributed
in small shares among actual musicians and music-lovers of humbler
means. This arrangement gave excellent assurance for some time
tliat the costly structure would be kept sacred to its proper end and
use, to art, and not become the foot-ball of stock-jobbing interests.
Unfortunately for the future, in the rules of tlie corporation it was
forgotten to require the general sanction for the transfer of individual
shares ; and cunning speculators, unobserved, soon began to pick them
up, in the hope of acquiring, collectively or singly, a controlling in-
terest, with power to divert the propert}^ from its original uses, which
they had not much at heart. Only by the zealous intervention, more
than once, of some wealthy and right-minded individual has the
Music Hall thus far (1887) been saved.
The new hall was inaugurated on the evening of Saturday, Nov.
20, by a brilliant concert, in which all the leading musical societies of
Boston eagerly took part, to wit : besides the Handel and Haydn, the
Musical Education Society, the Musical Fund Orchestra, the Germa-
nia vSerenade Band, and Kreissmann's Liedertafel, of German part-
song singers. And, by a lucky chance, just then two of the world's
famous queens of song, each with her concert troupe, were singing to
delighted crowds here in our city. Not Jenny Liud ; that queen of
all, with her commanding power, her genius and her mngnetism. had
taken her farewell, after being married to Otto Goldschmidt, in the
house of Boston friends ; and though the first thought of the new
hall really sprang from a feeling of the lack here of any sufhcient
place for such a singer, her voice was never heard in it, nor with the
old Society at all in oratorio. But, next to the Lind, we probably were
never favored by two finer singing birds of passage than Mmes Son-
tag and Alboni. The latter was engaged at great expense to add spe-
cial lustre to the inaugural concert. The great contralto sang on this
occasion, strange to say, only soprano or mezzo-soprano arias, the
same as in her own opening concert a few nights before, — such as
" Casta Diva," a canzone from La Fille clu Regiment, " Non piu
mesta," from Cenerentola, and in a trio from // Barbfere, with Sig.
Sangiovanui and Sig. Rovere. But her voice had great compass, as
well as that rich, warm, generous, unctuous quality, which corre-
sponded with her person ; and her execution had such perfect ease and
15<) HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAIT^N SOCIETY.
finish, that in spite of characteristic nonchalance, she always roused
enthusiasm. The two oratorio societies, united, sang '* The Heavens
are relliug " and the -Hallelujah Chorus" from TJie Jfe-siaJi ; the
Handel and Haydn sang the *• HalleUijah" from Beethoven's Mount
of Olii'y-s: and the Musical Education Society the chorus. '-Happy
and Blest." from St. Paul; and the latter was the more fortunate
effort of the two ; for the younger chorus was ambitious, and took
pains : while the parent society, so to speak, was not just then in per-
fect health and discipline. Its •• Hallelujah " in the new hall was heard
confusedlv. imperfectly, while the delicate and lovely St. Pml chorus
told with perfect distinctness in every comer of the hall, even its
softest passages. The overtures to Die Zinberflote and Oberon^
which opened the two parts, were neither heard nor played well : the
Andante of the Fifth Symphony was better. But miscellaneous occa-
sional programmes, combination concerts of societies and artists
co-operating only for the nonce, are seldom satisfactory. And then
it was the first test of a great, brand-new haU. And the walls of a
hall, like those of a violin, must ripen and grow musical by frequent
and continuous response to musical vibrations : they must outgrow
their crude condition, and become gradually attuned, acclimated to
harmony. Besides, there were aU manner of theoretic speculations
and opinions, some d priori, some only of the moment, about the
acoustics of the hall, to distract the ear and mind from listening to
the music musically. The truest tones were heard the best. Every
note of the Alboni (who had her own conductor) ••found all that
space obedient and responsive to its true vibrations" Mr. G. .T.
^ebb was the conductor-in-chief.
This dedication of the hall was supplemented the next evening
(Sunday) by a concert given jointly by the Handel and Haydn
Society and the other bright star, named above, the ladylike, refined,
accomplished Henrietta Sontag, one of the purest and most finished
of soprano singers, no longer in her prime, but one in whom a rare
perfection of art and faultless taste went far to make up for the loss
of virgin freshness in a voice once so exquisite. Rossini's Stabat
Mater was never before heard to such advantage in oui- city. The
solos were sung by Mme. Sontag. MUe. Caroline Lehmann, and Sigs.
Badiali. Pozzolini. and Rocco : oui- own Society supplied the chorus :
the Germania, largely augmented, the orchestra ; Carl Eckert (of the
Sontag troupe) conducted admirably; and Carl Bergmann led the
violins. Mme. Sontag was at her best; her ^n^si jioriture and her
pianissimo were heard distinctly in the farthest parts of the hall.
She also sang •• I know that my Redeemer liveth," so the record
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDX SOCIETY. lo7
saith, *• as SO consummate an artist could not help singing it, but
with no peculiar loftiness or genuine fervor of expression ; that song
was not inspired with her." The choruses were '^ unimpeachable,"
and though there were fewer instniments than on the night before,
this time there was no complaint of their not sounding well.
This episode well past, with the new Music Hall completed, tested,
and approved, and with its ample theatre secured as field for oratorio
practice and performance, the old Society resumed its steady course
with a fresh, buoyant spirit and hopeful signs of progress. The
next step was to appoint Carl Bergmann conductor pro tern. Mr.
Bergmann. who first joined the Germanians as a troml3one player,
was also a violoncellist of rare skiQ and taste, at home in all the
finest classical chamber music. He was a sterling musician, in the
best sense, and was soon called to the headship of that choice little
orchestra, where he proved himself *' a conductor of the true stamp ;
one who not only feels and understands the music, but who, by a sort
of natui-al eloquence of look and gesture, expresses the force of each
musiciil idea as it is coming, keeps before the music, visibly anticipat-
ing each effect, possessing all his men with the same feeling in safe
season for the attack." Such a conductor, with his model orchesti-a.
which, though small, could be filled out according to requii*ement,
was a real gain, as the rehearsals of the winter's programme showed.
Leaving the Chi-istmas performance of Tlie Messiah to another
society, this time, as for one or two years before, the Handel and
Haydn proceeded to give the three promised performances of Judas
Jfaccabceus, on Dec. 10 and "26 and Jan. 2. The chorus was larger
than ever before, — two hundred and fifty voices. The solos were
by Anna Stone, brilliant in *• From mighty Kings": Mrs. Kmma
A. Wentworth, whose sweet, petite^ fine, clean budlike notes pene-
trated every hearer" in ** Pious Orgies": Mrs. T. H. Emmons, and
Messrs. Fix)st, tenor, Hamilton, Low. etc. Mueller was organist : but
through most of this period the organ was so out of order that the
pianoforte did duty for it. The spacious auditorium was completely
filled. The three performances were, on the whole, thought unsur-
passed by any former triumph of the old Society. — especially the
chorus singing and the orchestral accompaniment.
On Feb. n, 1853, the Germania Society, under Bergmaouf direc-
tion, gave to Boston its first hearing of the gieat Ninth or Choral
Symphony of Beethoven. The Handel and Haydn Society* sang in
the last or choral portion of the work, to words from Schiller's
••Hymn to Joy," a most arduous undertaking, in which no singers
can succeed except by sheer enthusiasm, which lifts them, for the
158 HISTOKY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
time, above themselves. The quartet of soli, commonly deemed
impossible by any but the most exceptional voices, was fairly repre-
sented by Miss Stone, Miss Humphrey. Mr. Low, and Mr. Thomas
Ball. The assembly was immense, — larger than could find seats;
and though there was a very great variety of opinions regarding the
charm and value of a work so difficult to understand without repeated
hearings, yet b}' the more appreciative it was heard with wonder and
delight ; and the performance, even on so small a scale orchestrally,
was pronounced a great success, — so great that it had to be repeated
April 2. The concert had a frontispiece consisting of the Zauberjio'e
overture, a concerto of Viotti, by the "little Camilla Urso," and the
second piano concerto of Mendelssohn, played by Alfred Jaell.
On the next evening, Feb. G, came the first performance of Eiigedi^
with Bergmann for conductor, and the Germanians for orchestra ; for
soloists, ]Miss Stone, Mrs. Weutworth, Mr. S. B. Ball, and Mr. B. F.
Baker. The oratorio was preceded by a short first part, which in-
cluded Mehul's overture to Joseph^ and selections from Elijah. The
choruses exhibited the fruits of thorough drill under Herr Bergmann,
one editor exclaiming, "What a godsend to us is this man I " The
solo singers received favorable mention, the ladies high praise. The
distant chorus of approaching soldiers (not Romans I), and that ex-
pressing the fear of the surrounded party (not Christians I), were
made graphic and impressive, and the closing Hallelujah was sublime.
It was a night of drenching rain, and the receipts were only $125.50
at the old fifty-cent price, remember. Besides, how could David in
the Wdderness be half as interesting and impressive, or how could
Beethoven's music, in such forced connection, sound as well as it
would wedded to his own chosen subject, Christ at the Mount of
Olives? Verily, the Anglican ecclesiasticism is not so human, not so
large and catholic as music! Engedi — if we must take it in that
form — was repeated Feb. 13. with selections from Judas and the
Creation ; and Feb. 2(», with some from the JIessi{(h ; and again in an
extra concert on the 27th. On March 6, Judas was given once more
to the delight of a great audience ; the organ, now rehabilitated, con-
tributed not a little to the effect, under the skilful hands (and feet) of
Mr. Mueller.
On the 17th " a social levee" was held at Union Hall, to "cele-
brate the victory " of an uncommonly successful season. April 3,
the Creation was given, with Anna Stone, Mrs. AVentworth. and
Messrs. S. B. Ball, J. H. Low, and Thomas Ball. Audience immense.
April 24 and May 1, the Son tag company gave the Stabat Mater
again, preceded by miscellaneous selections. The Sontag orchestra
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AXD HAYDX SOCIETY. l.")9
was " not so congeDial " to the chorus singers as theh- now accus-
tomed Germania ; and all agreed that these renderings were not very
felicitous.
THIRTY-NINTH SKASON.
May 30, 1853. to, May 29, 1851.
At the annual meeting, MAy 30. the principal officers were re-elected.
In a long report the secretary tells of the lease of the Music Hall for
five ^ears, for such evenings as the Society might require during its
active season, at a rent of $50 for each Sunday-evening concert, and
$15 for each use of the lower, or Bumstead Hall, for rehearsal. i!e
spoke highly of the services of F. F. ^lueller as organist. Twenty-
nine meetings of the Board of Trustees had been held. The season
was financially and otherwise successful. Income exceeded outlay
by 81,448.58; deducting rent of halls (S780), there was a net cash
balance of $668. o8.
The summer passed with notliing to record except the presentation,
July 5, of a silver service to the indefatigable secretary. J. L. Fair-
banks, and a merry excursion down the harbor to Hingham, — indica-
tions that the happy, social spirit, resulting from a successful concert
season, had not yet wholly effervesced, — until Nov. 19, when six sub-
scription concerts were announced, at popular prices : for the series,
$2.00, for the single evening, fifty cents. Sams')n and 3foses in
Erjypt were to divide the course equally. The Germania to be the
orchestra ; with Bergmann for conductor, and Mueller at the organ.
On the 27th. Samson was performed with, for solo artists, Miss Stone,
Mrs. Weutworth. and Messrs. Low, H. M. Aiken, T. Ball, and B.
Wheat. Again the Handel and Haydn waived the performance of
the Messiah at Christmastide. But it was given twice : on Christmas
eve, by the Musical Education Society, with Bergmann for conductor,
and with Anna Stone and Miss Doane, soprani, .Miss Agnes Stone,
contralto, Mr. Arthurson, tenor, and Mr. Aiken, bass ; and on the even-
ing of Christmas, by the newly formed Mendelssohn Choral Society,
for its debut, also under the baton of Carl Bergmann, and also with
Anna Stone, besides Mrs. AVentworth. Miss Humphrey, Mr. S. B. Ball,
and for a powerful basso, Herr F. Meyer. We mention these particu-
lars to show how dependent on the same solo talent and the same con-
ductorship the three choral societies of that day were. On Dec. 4,
Mme. Sontag having been persuaded to give the first of her farewell
series of concerts with the Handel and Haydn Society, selections were
sung from the Jlessiah, Samson, Judas, and Rossini's Stabat, with a
160 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
brilliant success. Furthermore, Dec. 11, the same factors were com-
bined in a performance of the Creation.
But meanwhile a shadow of great mourning came over our old
Society, — as in fact over the whole community. On the Dth of
December was announced the death of Jonas Chickering ! ^ No
personnl loss could have been more deeply felt. An ardent and most
useful member of the Society almost from its beginning, and at one
time its president, he was endeared to all its members by his gener-
ous and gentle traits of character ; his practical good judgment,
energy, and uprightness ; ^ his proverbial charity and kindliness, and
his unceasing benefactions, not only toward the choral society which
he loved, but to all deserving musical enterprises and musicians.
Prosperity onl}^ set in a clearer light that native simplicity and mod-
esty, w^hich went with real dignity in him. It was truly said of him,
" He was a representative man; the words friend, neighbor, fellow-
citizen, meant more to us when we met his face and took his hand." ^
The old Society was prompt to meet and pass resolutions expressive
of the general feeling, one of which " requests the privilege of paying-
some tribute to his memory at his funeral." We read : —
* The funeral cortege was very large, consistmg, besides the Immediate
family aud friends of the deceased, of the members of the Handel and Haydn
and Musical Education Societies, the Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic
Association, several Masonic bodies, the workmen of his factory to the
number of some two hundred, and other bodies of pianoforte manufacturers
and their employes. These, with nearly all the resident musical professors
1 See pages 68, 133-4 of this vol.
2 Which suggested the playful toast once offered to his health : " Jonas Chicker-
ing, like his own pianos, grand, lapright, and square! "
3 In the preceding September, at a dinner of the Massachusetts Charitable Me-
chanic Association, of Avliich Mr. Chickering was then the president (shortly after
tlie destruction of his pianoforte warerooms by fire), the following tribute was
received from the Hon. Robert C. Winthrop: —
" I had intended to avail myself of the opportunity to propose the health of my
valued friend, your president. May I ask you to do this iu my name, if it has not
previously been done by soriiebody else ?
" I have met Mr. Chickering in more than one association, civil, political, and
religious. I may almost say, in the wpll-remembered words of Shakespeare, ' I have
sounded him from the lowest note to the very top of his compass" ; and I can truly
add, that I have always found him in perfect chord, and tuned to concert pitch.
He makes pc^rfect harmony wherever he goes.
•' The sympathies of the whole community were with him, when the devouring
element arrested his business for a moment, and we all rejoice that he has re-estab-
lished liimself so speedily and so successfully.
" I would offer as a sen'iment —
" ' JOXAS Chickering, who fulfils the whole idea of a President of a Mechanic
Charitable Association. He has been tried in the fire, and has come out pure
metal.' "
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 161
and principal amateurs, and many of our most distinguished citizens, occu-
pied the body of the church. There were crowds who could not And entrance.
The solemnities consisted of the Episcopal service read by Bishop Eastburn
and assistant, and of solemn music by the organist and choir of the church.
The societies above named escorted the procession to Cambridge bridge,
where carriages were provided for the many who Avished to follow his
remains to their last resting-place at Mount Auburn." — Journal of 3Iusic,
Dec. 17.
Handel's very dramatic oratorio, Samson, — full of deep and ten-
der, as of grand and stirring numbers, yet apt to weary by its over-
proportion of recitative and aria to great choruses, which should
preponderate in oratorio proper, — was repeated with the same
singers on the evenings of Jan. 1 and 8, 1854. Then a retirement
for a few weeks, until Jan. 29, for a new run of the popular opera
done over into quasi oratorio shape, Kossini's florid, sensuous, en-
chanting strains of Moses in Egypt^ — always a good charm to con-
jure by when the public appetite seemed dull to food more strength-
ening. With the same conductor, orchestra, and organist, and with
the usual soloists of that time (Miss Stone, Mrs. Wentworth, Miss
S. E. Brown, and Messrs. Arthurson, T. Ball, Aiken, and AYheat),
it was repeated Feb. 5 and 12, to complete the series of six, to over-
flowing crowds on pleasant nights ; but, on the plea that several of
the nights were stormy, an imperative demand was raised for extra
performances of Moses ^ which were given on March 5, 12, and 19,
and April 6. Whereat one " discomfortable cousin" of a critic
remarked: "We cannot blame the Society for harping upon any
string that vibrates to the chink of dollars ; but it would be good to
hear some solid choruses of Handel once more ! " Nay, once again,
on April 18, were the mellifluous strains set playing, like an exhaust-
less artificial fountain. Verily the "Swan of Pesaro " was in the
ascendant ! Vox populi^ vox Dei !
And so ends the thirty-ninth season. And with it the long connec-
tion with its brilliant soprano, Anna Stone, who soon after became
the wife of Dr. Eliot, and removed to New York. Can we do less
than reproduce our own words at the time ?
' ' Boston can hardly realize the loss it will sustain in the departure
of Miss Stone. Every oratorio known to the present generation of
music lovers hereabouts is associated with her voice in the principal
soprano part. To the Messiah, Samson^ Judas 31accahoeiis^ etc., of
Handel ; to the St. Paul and Elijah., of Mendelssohn ; to the Stabat
Mater and Moses in Egypt, of Eossini, and to many others she has
been indispensable : not to speak of the choir singing and the mis-
162 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
cellaneous or classical concerts in which she has so frequently borne
distinguished part. Her clarion-like soprano, in some of Handel's
most soul-stirring songs, and especially on the top waves of a sublime
surging chorus with solo, can hardh' be replaced. Her great facility
in reading music, too, however difficult ;"her quick comprehension and
mastery of complicated musical relations, have made her services
invaluable in the first study and first bringing out of the great master-
pieces of oratorio." — Journal of Music^ April 22.
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 163
CHAPTER Y.
FORTIETH SEASON.
May 29. 1854, to May 28, 1855.
At the annual meeting. May 29, the secretaiy paid a feeling trili-
ute to Jonas Chickering, b}^ whose death the Society had lost a great
benefactor and an ever-thonghtful friend. He also suggested a meas-
ure calculated to benefit the Society, both economically and otherwise,
namely, the formation of a solo class, composed of a few singers on
each part, to be taught at the general expense during the summer
months. The idea was received with favor, and on the 30th of June
a plan of organization was considered and adopted. When it came
to the annual election, Mr. Merriam having declined further service,
after a presidency of two years, the following officers were chosen : —
J. L. Fairbanks .... President.
Gkorge Hkws ..... Vice-President.
H. L. Hazelton .... Secretary.
M. S. Parker ..... Treasurer.
O. J. Faxon ..... Librarian.
Mere properly begins a new chapter of our history, for this year
solved the problem of a permanent conductorship. In September, to
the general regret, the Germania Musical Society disbanded. Youth
and single-blessedness were essential to its fraternal tie. Some of
its members had yielded to the dual destiny, and they scattered, set-
tling singly or in groups in various cities. Boston retained a goodly
share of them ; but their excellent leader, Carl Bergmann, could not
be induced to stay among us ; Chicago, and afterwards New York
won him, for he felt more at home in a community of Germans.
Upon his recommendation, Mr. Carl Zerrahn, the first flute player of
the Germanians, a good musician, a gentleman of refined tastes, full
of zeal, and of commanding presence, as well as of persuasive man-
ner, was on Sept. 5 made conductor of the Handel and Haydn.
With a few of his old comrades and some of the best resident musi-
cians, he soon began to orojanize and train a small local orchestra.
164 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
According to a recent biographical notice, Carl Zerrahn was born
at Malcbow, in the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, JuU' 28^
1826. He began to study music in his twelfth year, at Rostock, witb
Friedrich Weber, and continued his musical education at Hanover
and Berlin. How long, we are not informed ; but not many years
after he had entered upon his professional work, he found himself
obliged, like many other 3'oung musicians in Germany, to look abroad
for those means of support which, owing to the grave political dis-
turbances of the year, 1848, had been greatly imperilled at home.
He accepted the position of flutist in the '' Germanian Orchestra,'*
newly formed by young men in the spirit of Liherte, Egalite et Frater-
nite, full of enthusiasm, to give concerts in the United States. On
their way hither, by the advice of the distinguished musical amateur.
Lord "Westmoreland, then British ambassador at Berlin, thev srave
several concerts in England with more honor than profit ; and then^
Aug. 2, 1848, embarked for New York, where their performances,
begun in October, excited the greatest enthusiasm. Their progress
in the principal cities of the Union was triumphal ; and no wonder,
considering their very great superiority (in all but numbers) as an
orchestral organization to any previously heard in America. AVhen it
broke up, its members scattered to sow good seed single-handed, and
among them no one more abundantly than Carl Zerrahn, who imme-
diately entered upon his new duties as conductor to the Handel and
Haydn Society. Each w\as eminently suited to the other, as the
event, now for three-and-thirty years, has proved. The members
needed for their leader just what they found in Zerrahn. A well-
trained musician, quick to recognize shortcomings, but at the same
time fully conscious that some of these must be overlooked in order
to gain the maximum of attainment possible from a body of amateur
singers, brought together at weekly intervals during a portion of the
year ; with eminently good judgment as to what he could command ;
with unfailing patience and good-humor, and many popular qualities,
Zerrahn soon won and has always kept the esteem and confidence of
the chorus, whose members will bear from him a sudden and sometimes
sharp rebuke, or a playful bit of sarcastic comment, which from any
one else would rouse their opposition and generate ill-feeling.
By the terms agreed upon with the Society, Mr. Zerrahn was to be
paid $25 for each public performance during the season. The first
rehearsal under him was held at Bumstead Hall, Sept. 24, when the
members sang " The horse and his rider," from Israel, and the '• Hal-
lelujah," from the Mount of Olives. In October, a programme of
eight subscription concerts was issued, which included three perform-
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDX SOCIETY. 165
auces of Elijah, the Jfessiah at Christmas, and selections from Israel
in Egypt, Neukomm's Mt. Sinai, etc., while for more popular bait, the
same old clusters from the Rossini vine still dangled in near prospect.
Elijah opened the~ season on Dec. 3, with Mr. Aiken as the Prophet,
and Mr.^Arthurson, the English tenor, a conscientious, refined sino-er,
with a sweet voice and good style, and a fi'ne model for our singers at
that period in the art of recitative. For female solo talent, reliance
was mainly placed on young debutantes from the new Handel and
Haydn Solo School. Credit was won by Miss Twichell. contralto,
Miss Hazeltine, soprano, and Miss Hill, in the part of the Widow.
It was repeated on the 10th and 17th. By these performances the
xiew conductor made his mark. The new orchestra was fairlv o-ood •
the chief drawback was in the solo singers, and some thought it a
pity that, instead of economic fledglings from their own solo school,
the Society could not have secured, for one, the English prima donna
Miss Louisa Pyne. then giving English opera at the Boston Theatre.
On Christmas eve another tenor. Mr. Harrison Millard, an American
proved himself an acquisition in the Messiah; besides whom, Miss
Anna Stone was induced to come on from New York, and Mr. Aiken
sang with good effect, supported in "The trumpet shall sound" bv
the excellent trumpet playing of Mr. Heinicke. Some of the most
important alto and soprano arias were intrusted to the pupils of the
solo school.
The sixth concert, Jan. 7, 1855, consisted of selections from Sam-
son, Jephtha, and Neukomm's Mt. Sinai, — the last commonlv voted
dull Millard's two tenor solos, "Total eclipse" and "Waft her
angels," gave great satisfaction ; his voice, even in its lower tones
filling the ear in all parts of the great hall, and with no loss of its
native sweetness. The air, with florid accompaniments, from Mt.
Sinai was well sung by Mrs. Hill. The quaint overture of Samson
pleased: and the great choruses, "Great Dagon," "O first created
beam," and " Let their celestial concerts all unite," were made effec-
tive. Here, too, the solo requirements were eked out by pupils of the
solo school ; and here, too, we take leave regretfullv and finallv of this
school, finding no further mention of its doings. It does not seem
to have proved so fruitful a nursery as had been expected. Whv. we
are at a loss to say, for certainly the idea was good. These selections
were repeated on the following Sunday, with the wise substitution of
some things from Elijah lor some from Mt. Sinai.
The seventh concert of the season, Feb. 11, was a star occasion.
A double star, of rarest lusti-e and of world-wide fame, shone over
Boston, — Grisi and Mario were singing here in opera. Of course
166 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
thev must illuminate one of the Handel and Haydn nights, at least ;
and, of course, Stabat Mater — what we may call the p?/>7>Ze cluster
from the Rossini vines — must be hung out in front again ; for what
else is there at all available for a sacred concert with Italian opera
song-birds? These great artists came not in their prime. The
"Diva" was at least forty-four 3'ears old, and had been singing in
public for a quarter of a century without interruption when she came
to America. The magnificent voice, which for sixteen consecutive
seasons had enchanted Frenchmen, Englishmen, and Russians, was so
far in its decline that those who heard her in this country for the first
time could form but little idea of what she had been in her prime.
" My own recollections of them," saj^s the beginner of this history,
in a note, " go back to the year 1843, when they sang together, ''A^lx
Italiens,' with Tamburini and Lablache, in Bon Pasquale (composed
for them by Donizetti) ; when as Norma, Anna Bolena, Semiramide,.
and Donna Anna, Grisi seemed the very queen of song ; when she
and Mario were the rose and the nightingale of Heine's Parisian
letters — 'the rose, the nightingale among flowers; the nightingale,
the rose among birds.' What mattered it that those who were behind
the scenes said that Giulia Grisi was no musician ; that she learned
her parts b}' rote and with great difficult}^? With her superb voice,
her noble beauty and her dramatic power she filled the stage, and left
an ineffaceable impression. Mario, handsome as a picture, showing
the gentleman in every movement, with a real tenor voice, whose
quality lapped the senses in delight, was then the ideal Almaviva and
the Don Ottavio par excellence, from whose lips pearls and diamonds
fell as from the lips of the princess in the fair}^ tale. When, twelve
3^ears later, he came to America, the voice was less rich than of yore,
the falsetto less easily reached and more frequently resorted to ; but
it was still lovely at times, and with him what had been was more
evident to them who heard him for the first time than with Grisi."
With them came to the Stabat Mater Signorina Donovani and
Signor Cesare Badiali, the ripe and noble basso who had sung before
with the Societ}^ in the inaugural concerts of the Music Hall, Novem-
ber, 1852. As he made his first appearance on the Italian operatic
stage at Trieste in 1827, he had seen nearly thirt}^ years of profes-
sional life when he came to America ; but as his method was sin-
oularly good, his execution facile, and his voice of fine quality, he
was still able to astonish and delight an audience. Both chorus ranks
and auditorium were remarkably full that night ; the Orchestral Union
had been " strengthened in its strings, not to say fearfully in its
brass, by spare hands from the Italians " ; and after a fugue voluntary-
HISTOKY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 167
on the organ, Sig. Arditi waved his baton and the orchestra gave
what is called Mercadante's Overtnre to tlie Stabat Mater, of which,
of course, there followed a notnble performance, which need not be
described.
For the eighth and last subscription concert. Feb. 18, the other,
shall we say the (jolclen cluster from the old Rossini vines, Moses in
Egypt^ was brought out once more, with Miss Stone, Mrs. Hill,
Arthurson, Aiken, and J. W. Adams, to such overflowing audience
that it was waved before them twice more, on the evenings of Feb. 25
and March 4. So closed the season. The promised selections from
Israel in Egypt, if they were rehearsed at all, were prudenth' reserved
for a future season.
FOETY-FIRST SEASON.
May 28, 1855, to May 20, 185G.
At the annual meeting. May 25, j\Ir. J. S. Farlow was elected
president, and all the other officers were re-elected. The event of
the season was the production, for the first time in this country, of
Handel's Solomon, of which the work of rehearsal, under Carl Zer-
rahn, began in September, and the public performances followed on
Nov. 18 and 25, and Dec. 2 and 9. This last but tln-ee of Handel's
twenty-six oratorios, composed in 1749, contained much to interest and
charm even a popular audience, both b}' its picturesque dramatic char-
acters and situations, and by its wealth of noble music full of variety
and contrast. The proportion of recitative, aria, and duet to chorus
is, perhaps, too great, and added so much to the length of the first
performance that it had afterwards to be abridged The subject is
treated in three parts (reduced here to two). Part I. celebrates the
wisdom, piet3% wedded love happiness, and splendor o^ King Solomon.
It is a sort of royal, religious idyl. Part 11. is dramatic ; its theme
is justice, and it recites or sings in aria, duet, and trio the judgment of
the wise king in the case of the two mothers claiming the same
infant. Part III. introduces the Queen of Sheba, and is mainly
lyrical, being largely occupied with a series of contrasted choruses,
somewhat in the manner of Dryden's " Ode to St. Cecilia," illustrat-
ing the power of music in describing various passions. The audience
nearly filled the hall ; the chorus numbered over two hundred singers ;
the orchestra was on the scale of four first and four second violins, —
effective as it well could be without " added parts" to the thin and
incomplete instrumentation. The choruses, so far as we remember,
were sung with precision, fair balance of parts, rich and full ensemble
168 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
of tone, and plenty of spirit, especialk the grand and splendid ones ;
in the lovelier and softer ones — some of those passion choruses, for
instance — there was room for more light and shade, and the ex-
quisite "Nightingale" chorus had not the pianissimo suggested b}^
its words.
The parts of both queens were rendered in a sweet, silvery, flexible
voice of large compass, and well trained to such florid music, by an
English lady, Mrs. Leach, a favorite soprano in the concerts of New
York. The two women were represented by Mrs. Reed and Mrs.
Hill, fairly, considering the ungracious character of some of the music.
Mr. George W. Pratt,' a young Bostonian fresh from Leipsic studies,
sang the part of Solomon in a strong baritone, rich and telling in the
upper notes, with clear, correct, sustained delivery, distinct articula-
tion and good recitative. He could have learned a grace or two from
the two Englishmen, Mr. Leach, who sang the two bass airs of the
Levite, and Mr. Arthurson, our model Handelian tenor of that time,
who took the character of Zadoc.
At the second performance of Solomon a severe storm thinned both
audience and chorus ; but it went off with spirit, being reduced to
more reasonable length, and several of the solos were sung better than
before. It was much improved the third and fourth time, Dec. 2 and
9. Mr. Hayter had heightened the expression of that tender song of
Solomon, ''What though I trace," by tasteful additional accompani-
ments. But there was still reason to think that the dramatic scene of
the two women added more to the tedium than to the edification of
the evening ; the music rewards study, but must be ineffective without
more accompaniment and very superior singers : it could be spared.
Mr. Millard took Mr. Arthurson's place the last time. Solomon was
at all events a solid, rich addition to the Handel and Haydn reper-
toire ; yet it was laid upon the shelf, not to be taken down again for
a quarter of a century, namely, at the Festival of 1880.
The Christmas season was at hand ; and so was our Boston favorite
of the dramatic stage and concert room, our rich contralto, Adelaide
Phillipps, who, after long and earnest European studies, particularly
under Manuel Garcia in London, to whom she had been strongh^ com-
mended, with substantial gift of means, by Jenny Lind, had returned
to America in the spring of this year, the result justifying every
promise. She was born at Stratford-upon-Avon, Shakespeare's birth-
place. Her father brought her to this country, at the age of seven.
Her mother was of Welsh extraction, and from her she inherited
Died in March foUowini
'history of the HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 169
many noble and tender traits of character. In Boston at a very early
age she began to be known and admired upon the dramatic stage at
the Museum, where she was the favorite for years. Her first lessons
in the art of singing were with Mme Arnoult, who took great in-
terest in her voice and talent. She returned from pAirope an accom-
plished artist. 1 She had already earlier in the month been singing to
enthusiastic acceptance in the Messiah and St. Paul, as given by the
Mendelssohn Choral Society. Now she was to be heard with the
Handel and Haydn, who gave the Messiah on the Sunday evening
before Christmas, Dec. 23. The hall was packed in every corner a
good half-hour before the beginning, for there was a feeling that the
old Society was about to do its best. We read, too, that after a suc-
cession of stormy, dismal Sundays, " the day itself had been beauti-
ful beyond any of the rare and rosy winter days in one's remembrance ;
the earth smelt sweet of spring ; it seemed a day borrowed from some
better, purer planet; you met cheerful faces everywhere." All the
more so after that notable performance. Miss Phillipps made a very
deep impression by her rendering of the great contralto arias, espe-
cially " He was despised," and even in "I know that my Redeemer
liveth," which was transposed half a tone to accommodate her voice.
"He shall feed his flock" and "Come unto Him" were divided
between her and Mrs. Wentworth. Mr. Millard surprised all by his
pure and simple style in " Comfort ye " ; and though he had not all the
depth of sentiment for " Thy rebuke," or all the strength for " Thou
shalt dash them," yet he acquitted himself artistically in both. Mr.
Leach, for a bass voice not ponderous, did excellent service. The
Messiah, with the same singers, was repeated on the 3i'th.
For the second, or new year half of the season, the record is as
follows : Feb. 10, 1856, the Creation, with Mrs. J. H. Long, Mrs.
Wentworth, Mr. C. K. Adams, and Mr. J. Q. Wetherbee. Feb. 17,
selections from Moses in Egypt and Stabat Mater, with artists from
Maretzek's Italian opera: Mme. Lagrange, Mile. Nantier-Didiee,
Miss Elise Hensler, and Signori Brignoli, Salviani, Morelli, and
Amodio. March 30, April 6 and 10, Moses thrice again, with Mrs.
Harwood, Mrs. Wentworth, Mrs. F. A. Hill, and Messrs. Arthurson,
J. W. Adams, Wetherbee, and S. B. Ball.
^ For a full account of her life and character, and her distinguished career, see the
Record " by her devoted friend, Mrs. R. C. Waterston. — Boston, 1883.
170 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.'
FORTY-SECOXD SEASON.
May 26, 1850, to June 3, 1857.
At the annual meeting, May 26, Charles Francis Chickering, second
son of the late Jonas Chickering, was elected president ; Geo. Hews,
vice-president ; Loring B. Barnes, secretary ; M. S. Parker, treasurer ;
and O. J. Faxon, librarian. In July, Mr. Zerrahn was reappointed
conductor, with a salary of 8250 : and ]Mr. F. F. Mueller, org-auist.
The first suggestion of the new president was to produce the new
English oratorio, LU, by Costa, the famous conductor of opera and
oratorio in London, where the new work had excited so much atten-
tion during the year. Rehearsals began Sept. 21. There was also
talk of giving Mehul's Joseph^ one of Mendelssohn's two oratorios,
besides his Christus fragment, and one or two of his Psalms, chorals of
Bach, etc. Vaiu hopes were entertained of the great English soprano,
Clara Xovello. The mood was enterprising. There was no public
performance, however, until Dec. 23, when the Messiah was given
with a chorus of two hundred and fifty voices, brought well up to
*' concert pitch" by their months of work upon the fresh material of
Eli, and with Mrs. Long, Mrs. T^^entworth, Mrs. I. I. Ilarwood,
and Messrs. C. R. Adams, J. P. Draper, and Thomas Ball for solo
singers. The hall was crowded. The newspapers pronounced the
chorus singing the finest yet heard in Boston, — prompt, distinct,
expressive. Orchestra unusually good ; in it were such men as Suck,
Eckhardt Fries, Gaertner, Schulze, and Riha. The solos were
thought less commendable, though high praise was awarded to Mrs.
Long in the great soprano arias ; and Mrs. Harwood's fresh, rich
mezzo-soprano, of a peculiarly sympathetic quality, was much relished
in the contralto songs. Mr. Draper pleased b}" the good tenor quality
of his voice and his good style, but wanted power. Mr. Adams to a
delightful voice added tasteful delivery and good conception of the
music. Mr. Ball sang as of old, with lack of life and elasticity, and
a tendency of the ponderous voice to droop away from pitch ; " evi-
dently he had been moulding beauty out of marble more than out of
tones those two years past in Florence."
Now for the first time in eight or ten 3'ears was the old Society
Tvithout rivals in the oratorio field. Both the Musical Education and
the younger Mendelssohn Choral Societies, ^ weary of courting fickle
^ The Musical Education Society, under the direction of Mr. George J. Webb,
dated back to about the year 1847. The Mendelssohn Choral Society was formed in
October, 1853, under the presidency of * ' that vigorous organizer in choral as in mili-
tary matters, the late Gen. B. F. Edmands."
HISTORY OF THE HAXDEL AND HAYDX SOCIETY. 171
public favor, had retired into private sessions for theii' own improve-
ment and enjoyment. They had done good work, both of them, and
must have the credit of devoting their time to worthy tasks, such as
St. Paul, Ahxandej-'s Feast, parts of Jephtlia and of Israel in Egypt,
€tc. ; but they had not succeeded in proving any actual necessity for
their existence, while it was so hard to find support for even one
great choral organization.
The study of EU still went on industriously. Meanwhile Thalberg,
the first of the ''new school" pianists, was in town; and with him
the renowned contralto Mme. D'Angri and the baritone Morelli ; and
it was thouoht advisable to enlist these artists in a Sundav-evening
■concert. Accordingly, the Handel and Haydn, with very short time
for rehearsal, gave, on January 18, the Requiem of Mozart, a truly
great work, of which few of the Boston audience had ever heard
more than a few extracts. Mrs. Long and Mr. Arthurson also sang iu
it. In spite of not a few shortcomings, the work made a great
impression upon manv, although one writer notes it down as a dis-
creditable fact that the Requiem was received with chilling indiffer-
ence. That for the first part. The second part included the Rossini
Stabat Mater, which seemed secular and showy after Mozart, and the
aria " Ah ! mou fils " from the Prophete, sung with great sweetness
and expression by Mme. D'Angri. And what was there for the great
pianist? "^Vhy, he played two of his operatic fantasias, — two
*' sacred" ones, - — namely : on his own Erard instrument, that on the
Choral, etc., from Les Huguenots, and on a Chickering grand, his
broad transcription of the Prayer from Moses in Egypt, followed by
his Andante for an encore.
Costa's Eli reached performance Feb. 15. The chorus exceeded
three hundred voices, and the orchestra (Mr. Zerrahu's '' Philhar-
monic," with which he had been for some time giving symphony and
miscellaneous concerts with good success) numbered thirty-six instru-
ments. The new oratorio (composed for the Birmingham festival of
1855) surpassed the expectations of the severelv classical, and proved
to be a noble and impressive composition, learned and musician-like,
tasteful, dignified, often beautiful and occasionally grand, — not a
work of genius, but of high musical culture. Never did a first per-
formance of an oratorio here pass off more successfully. The solos
were by Thomas Ball, as Eli; Miss Mary E. Hawley, a refined and
musical contralto from New York, as Samuel; Mrs. J. H. Long, with
her clear and flexible soprano, as Hannah; Mr. C. R. Adams, tenor,
as Elkanah ; Mr. Wilde, whose fresh and resonant baritone told to
advantage in the denunciations of the Man of God ; and Mr. S. B. Ball,
172 IIISTOEY OF THE IIAXDEL AVD HAYDN SOCIETY.
tenor, who struggled manfully with the ungracious war-song of Saph.
Eli was repeated Feb. 22, improving on acquaintance ; yet the mod-
erate attendance was so discouraging that it was then laid aside until
a better time, and Elijah was taken up for rehearsal, mainly with,
reference to a new plan, — what might be called an '• epoch-making"
movement in the old routine of the Society. This was nothino- less
than a great three-days' musical festival, after the model of those at
Birmingham, Cologne, and elsewhere, for which singers and musicians
should be drawn together from all quarters, and three oratorios be
given, with perhaps miscellaneous or orchestral concerts between, — all
on a large scale for these parts. But in the mean time, Thalberg, with
Mme. D'Angri and company, had returned to Boston, and on the
29th of March the Mozart Requiem was again performed by the Han-
del and Haydn, with a quartet of solo artists: Mme. D'Angri, Mrs.
Long, Mr. Arthurson, and a new basso, Herr Weinlich, who seems to
have made sad work with the Juba mirum, though his voice told in
concerted pieces. For second part, a "sacred concert" followed, in
which Thalberg played mainly the same t'lings as before; Mme.
Johannseu sang the old church air by Stradella, Pietd. Signore, admi-
rably ; D'Angri again, Ah! monjils; and the Hallelujah Chorus closed
the whole.
The Festival was the suggestion of Mr. Chickering, March 15. It
was warmlv seconded, and a special committee appointed to mature
the plan. On the next day the members were asked to sign a book,
promising to attend all rehearsals and concerts during the Festival,,
which was to take place on the 21st, 22d, and 23d of May. A sub-
scription guaranty fund was raised to the amount of 88,000, — twice
the amount asked for. The Society's debt. April 21, was represented
to be $1,905.16. which was paid off by subscriptions among members
and friends. The terms for the Music Hall were 8300. Mr. Zerrahn,
the indefatigable conductor, had 8300 for his services. He went to
New York and engaged musicians enousfh to swell the number of the
orchestra to seventy-eight instruments ; namely : twelve first violins,,
twelve second violins, nine violas, ten violoncellos, eight double-
basses, three flutes, three oboes, four clarinets, two bassoons, four
horns, four trumpets, four trombones, one tymp. and triangle, one
bass drum and cymbals, one side drum. The chorus, at its fullest,
as in the Messiah^ numbered six hundred. The solo singers engaged
were: Mrs. Eliot (Anna Stone) for two oratorios, at 8325; Mrs
Long, at concerts. 8100; Miss Adelaide Phillipps, 8800; Mr. Simp-
son, tenor, from New York, 8175; Mr. S. W. Leach, 8150. Alsa
Mrs. Mozart, Mrs. Hill, Miss Twichell, Mr. C. R. Adams, and Dr.
Guilmette, of New York.
HISTORY OF THE HAXDEL AND HAYDX SOCIETY. 173
The Society was modest enough in its ideas. It did not pretend to
rival the loug-established European festivals, but only at an humble
distance to follow their example, and hoped to realize a feast of noble
music on a scale then unexampled in America, and give a quicken-
ing impulse to the choral societies and orchestras of our comparatively
young and untaught country. Wisely the oratorios selected for the
three days were the three with which the singers were the most familiar ;
three which they felt themselves at home and sure in, while they all
ranked and must ever rank among the noblest works in oratorio form,
— Haydn's Creation^ Mendelssohn's Elijah, Handel's Messiah. — all
three great, and sure of a great audience. The first and the last were
rendered obbligato bv the very name of the Society, while the work
of Mendelssohn, next to those of Handel, had made the greatest im-
pression here, at least, among all oratorios. The time for Bach was
yet to come. To give more significance and dignity to the open-
ing, one of our most distinguished citizens, who had few peers as
statesman, orator, and scholar, one who from his college days had
loved the noblest music, who followed every earnest effort in its behalf
with an intelligent interest, always a strong friend and supporter of
this old Society, the Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, was invited, and con-
sented to deliver an inaugural address before the first day's oratorio.
The miscellaneous and orchestral programmes had in the nature of
the case to be made up somewhat tentatively at first, and liable to
changes as the time approached. One great feature which had been
seriously contemplated, Beethoven's Choral Symphony, was given up ;
the task looked too formidable, at least to solo singers. The number
of DwighVs Journal of Music for that week, issued on Thursday in
advance, was made a festival number, and contained Mr. AVinthrop's
address entire, from copy furnished by the author, together with de-
scriptive analyses of the three oratorios, briefer notices of the instru-
mental music, and an outline of the historv of musical festivals abroad.
And so, by the unstinted labor of president and secretary, and com-
mittees, especially of the strong and ever-vigilant conductor, and of
all concerned, the scheme was ready for the trial.
First Day. Thursday, May 21. Rain, rain, rain ! Three days of
it, after ten days of a chilling, pertinacious easterly storm, — fit type
of the old Puritan spirit, foe to all things genial. But then it was
just on the verge of "ministers' week," the anniversary May meetings
of the religious societies, which had come to be proverbially rainy.
It was somewhat discouraging to the public ; not so to the givers of
the feast, the managers, and those who took part in it At the
appointed hour of ten in the morning, while the rain still fell in tor-
174 HISTOKY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
rents, — yet a milder kind of rain, not out of harmony with the young
buds and springing grass and Haydn's music, which we were to hear,
— there were about one thousand persons in the audience, leaving
some fifteen hundred seats unoccupied. Yet a brilliant and imposing
spectacle presented itself. The well-filled chorus seats, rising terrace-
wise back to the organ screen, and into the first balcony upon each
side ; the orchestra, filling the main space in the middle, with singers
crowding round it ; the dais for the principal singers and part of the
female choir built out in front ; the noble statue of Beethoven over-
looking all. — there was a sight to shame, not indeed the present,
but the indifferent, utilitarian absent public. In a few moments the
government of the Handel and Haydn Society took their seats in the
semicircle in front of the stage, and the president, Charles Francis
Chickering, introduced the orator of the day, who was received with
due applause. Mr. AVinthrop's truly eloquent address was in every
way worthy of him and of the occasion. It struck the moral key-note
of the Festival, and was exceedingly happy in conception, execution,
and delivery. It recognized how feeble is poor human speech com-
pared with music's own transcendent heavenly expression ; it contained
enough of history, musical reminiscence, and appreciation, surveying
the whole field in a rapid glance from a commanding point of view,
not overloaded with superfluous learning, not technical, but leading
the mind up by easy, sure ascent to a just sense of the value of the
art, and of festivals held in its honor, like the present. All heard
delighted, and were the better prepared to listen to the great music
with an understanding spirit. (The address will be found in full in
the Appendix.) The orator threw in some extempore allusions,
which were very timely ; one especially, to the presence of the vener-
able Josiah Quincy, which of course waked a warm and audible
response.
After some delay, at a few minutes past eleven, the principal
singers were conducted to their chairs in front, amid loud applause,
particularly Boston's old favorite, Mrs. Anna Stone Eliot (then of
New York) , whom the members of the choir seemed to take great
delight in welcoming. Several hearty rounds, too, announced the
advance of tall and stately Carl Zerrahn to his conductor's stand.
In the chorus I had counted four hundred singers during the address ;
there were probably, by this time, at least four hundred and fifty in
the seats Then from the seventy-eight instruments began the orches-
tral introduction, representing Chaos, to Haydn's Creation. A very
graphic and impressive rendering. And it may as well be said here
once for all, that all the rich and exquisite instrumentation, which
HISTORY OF THE TIAXDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 175
forms so essential a feature, in this oratorio, and is so characteristic
of Haydn's genius, both in the accompaniments and in the interludes
and the descriptive fragments, was brouglit out with more vividness
and beauty than we had ever heard it here before. If any of us had
grown weary of the tone-pictures, which seemed like ingenious child's
play in music, now we were once more surprised and pleased ; it was
all fresh again, like the green fields after a purifying shower. Ever}^
instrument, except the flutes occasionally flatting, did its part per-
fectly ; the fine body of violins, and indeed all the strings, told with
beautiful effect in such passages as the Sunrise symphou}', and the
bassoon was admirable. The chorus singing surpassed what we had
heard before, sublimely thrilling in the great moments, such as the
outburst upon "And there was light ! " "The Heavens are telling,"
etc. ; boldly pronounced, and with infallible precision in the frag-
mentary, responsive parts, where phrases are tossed from one mass
of voices to another in complicated fugue or canon, as in '• Despair-
ing, cursing rage attends their rapid fall" ; while very smooth and
clear and even in such flowing passages as "Anew created world."
There was a balanced fulness of parts, and such ensemble as we had
not often heard.
Mrs. Eliot was yet suffering the effects of recent illness, which
rather impaired the old clarion ring and splendor of that voice. But
in the choruses with solo it touched the edges of the waves with
brilliant light ; and there was a refined and thoughtful tone and spirit
in her arias, especially "On mighty pens," where her fine execution
and experience atoned for all sliortcoming of the vocal organ. The
other great song, " With verdure clad," was rendered tastefully and
smoothly in the rich and mellow voice of Mrs. Mozart. Mr. Leach
had had a thorough English schooling in the oratorio music of Handel
and of Haydn, and was master of those st3'les. His bass voice was not
ponderous, but his expressive shading more than made up for the
want of power. In those graphic images of " foaming billows," the
*' purling brook," the "roaring lion," the "flexible tiger's spring,"
•etc., he was always happy. There were two tenors. Mr. George
Simpson, a very young singer from New York, won favor more by a
very sweet, pure, easy flowing voice, — so far vox, et 2:)rLetei'ea nildh —
than by any considerable claims to style or culture, or by any show
of fire or passion. Nor had he got beyond " a certain level sentimen-
tal ballad sweetness, which smacked more of the popular serenaders
and minstrels than of the oratorio school." The other tenor, Mr.
Charles R. Adams, already regarded as the most promising of our
young native tenors, — a promise brilliantly fulfilled since in Vienna,
176 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
where he held the first place iu the opera for nine years, — was ill and
not in his be§t voice, — ah, those east winds and rain! Yet he
acquitted himself very acceptably in several recitatives, in the air,.
" Now vanish before the holy beams," and in the beautiful trios with
Mrs. Eliot and Mr. Leach. The parts of Adam and Eve were sus-
tained by Dr. Guilmette and Mrs. J. H. Long. The latter fell easily
and gracefully into the quiet rapture of Eve's liquid melody. The
bass was strong and telling, and showed thoughtful study, but seemed
better fitted for a more declamatory kind of music.
Many who, after long enjoyment of the naive, happy, childlike,
sunny melody and harmony of good father Haydn, had grown dull to
its mellifluous sameness, this time found the familiar oratorio brightened
into fresh life and charm. It rose, indeed, " a new created world."
In the afternoon at half past three, with no increase of audience,
and no surcease of rain, began the first miscellaneous concert. Ver}'
miscellaneous : from Beethoven to De Ribas, from the mighty Corio-
lanus overture to a Scotch ballad ! The orchestra was admirable ;
the vocal selections hackne3'ed, left as they were to the singers' own
convenience, almost at the Inst moment. Here is the programme : —
Overture — " Tannhauser " B. Wagner.
Air — D'Alamiro, from " Belisario " .... Donizetti.
Mr. Ada:ms.
Violin Solo — '• La Sylphide," Fantasia .... JloIIenhauer.
Herr Edward Mollexel^uer.
Aria: Che faro — " Orfeo " Gluck.
Miss Adelaide Phillipps.
Scherzo - from the Scotch Symphony .... Mendelssohn.
PART II.
Overtm*e — " Coriolanus " Beethoven,
Scotch Ballad — '^ Bonnie Wee Wife."
Mr. George Simpson.
Fantasia — On theme from " Gustavus" for Oboe . . De Bihas,
De Ribas.
Ah, non gimige — " Soniiambula " Bellini.
Miss Adelaide Phillipps.
Overture — '• William Tell" Bossini.
Of course, the Mendelssohn scherzo and the Tell overture are always
interesting. So is the aria from Gluck's Orfeo., when sung in the
large voice and style of Adelaide Phillipps. The violin and oboe
solos were well-executed show pieces, and nothing more.
Second Day. Friday, May 22. A bright sun shone at last, and
there was a much larger audience, with plenty of room for more.
Mendelssohn's Elijah, not yet an old story among the oratorios, was
the one for which man}' busy people had reserved their one spare fore-
HISTORY OF TPIE HANDEL AXT) HAYDN SOCIETY. 177
noon. This fact, with the more modern and dramatic nature of the
work, aud the rich modern instrumentation, gave a zest and fervor
to its getting up ; so that its performance, critically weighed, was
the best work of the three days. It was given entire without omission
of a single bar. The chorus was larger than on the da}' before, and
sang with a will, leaving little to be desired in power and volume, in
euphony aud balance of parts, or in precision, animation, light and
shade. The rich and noble instrumentation came out bravely. In
the part of the Prophet, Dr. Guilmette sang with a strong and telling
voice, with animation, and good understnnding of the music. In that
profoundly tender aria with violoncello, "It is enough," he showed
not a little pathos ; but he was not always true in pitch, and sometimes
careless in the cantabile recitative. His delivery was too unequal ;
a,nd sometimes he prolonged a note beyond sense or reason, as if
coolly illustrating a method. Mr. Simpson sang sweetly, but impas-
sively, with good carriage of the voice, the tenor air, " If with all
your hearts " Mr. Adams was ill, and had to retire after a single reci-
tative. Miss Phillipps in the contralto airs, Mrs. Long iu "Hear ye.
Israel," and the part of the queen, aud Mrs. Mozart in the scene of
the widow, gave good satisfaction. The duet. " Zion spreadeth her
hands," was agreeabh' sung by Mrs. Mozart and Miss Twichell ; so
was the part of the boy, in the duet preceding the Rain Chorus, by
Mrs. Hill. Three choir boys from the Church of the Advent, Masters
IVhite, Loriug, and Chase, gave pure delight iu the unaccompanied
Angel Trio. The oratorio made a great impression ; there would have
been few empty seats, could it have been sung again.
The afternoon concert was some improvement in respect of pro-
gramme upon that of the day before ; yet even that would shine in
comparison J5^-itll some miscellaneous programmes iu the English fes-
tivals. It was as follows ; certainly nothing could liave been much
better than the opening numbers of the two parts : —
Symphou}', No. 5 — (C minor) Beethoven.
Coucertstueck Weber.
William Mason.
Overture — "Euryanthe" Weber.
Cavatiua — 0 Mio Fernando, from " La Favorite " . . Donizetti.
Mks. Mozart.
Grand Concerto — for the violin (F major) . . . Vieuxtemps.
Herr Edward Mollexhauer.
Cavatina — from " Torquato Tasso " .... Donizetti.
Miss Twichell.
Grand March — from " Lohengrin " JR. Wagner.
" Reception at the Emperor's," with Eight Trumpets
ObbUiiato.
178 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
A perfect summer morning smiled on the third day of the Festival.
The order of things was reversed this time, — the miscellaneous,
concert given in the morning for the fevf not swallowed up in busi-
ness, and the Messiah in the evening for the many. If the concert
programme was not wholly free from trivial features, it was rich in
matter of the sterling sort : —
Symphony, Xo. 7 — (A major) Beethoven.
Koudo — PreiicU per me De Beriot
Miss Adklaide Phillipps.
Overture —" Fiugal's Cave " Mendelssohn.
Sceua ed Aria — " I Brigaiiti " Mercadante.
Dr. Gullmette.
Allegretto Sclierzando — from the Eighth Symphony . Beethoven.
• Duet — The Thirteenth Psalm, with French Horn and Vio-
loncello Obbligato by Messrs. Hamann and W. Fries.
Composed expressly for this occasion, and dedicated to the Handel and Haydn Society, by the
President of the Xew York American Music Association.
Miss Phillipps and Dk Guilmette.
Overture — 'Leonora" Beethoven.
Evening. Handel's Messiah. If the reader will fancy himself
seated in the Boston Music Hall on that last night of the Festival, he
will probably regard the scene much as a certain writer did, who said
of it sincerely at the time : '' The Festival has at length wrought con-
viction in men's minds, that it is something honest, as it is rare and
good. It is now clear to all that this is no musical ' Convention ' for
the sale of psalm-books, no Julien-Barnum Crystal Palace humbug,
but a sincere Festival of Art, a presentation of grand music on a suf-
ficiently grand scale. The public is awakened at the eleventh hour to
a sense of the great opportunity, which it will seize by the skirts ere
it quite vanish. The Music Hall is crammed with listeners in every
seat, and standhig place, and doorway, from floor to upper gallery.
31 any have paid extra prices for their seats. There is the utmost
eagerness to hear the Handel Hallelujahs from that mighty chorus.
And it is mightier than ever ; the stage is packed as closely as the
auditorium." Newspapers report the number of singers at about 540 ;
say 175 sopranos, 150 altos, 130 tenors, and 85 basses; but it was
said, on good authority, that the choir fell not much short of seven
hundred.
Yet it is not strange that, of the three oratorios, the Messiah was
the least perfect in the presentation. It was too familiar, and conse-
quently had been carelessly rehearsed. The orchestra was frequently
at fault. All which did not prevent the work from being the most
HISTOKY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 179
impressive of the three. Handel is always Handel ; and in any
decent rendering his Hallelujahs do their perfect work. The several
solo singers entered well into the spirit of the music : Mr. Simpson,
sweet and true in " Comfort ye,", etc. ; Mv. Leach, with his not heavy
bass voice, more than feebly indicating the recitative and aria of
"Darkness," " Why do the heathens rage," etc. ; Adelaide Phillipps,
if not at her best, yet rendering feelingly and beautifully the con-
tralto strains ; Mrs. Eliot, Mrs. Long, and Mrs. Mozart, all good in
the soprano arias. Mr. Charles R. Adams sang with much expres-
sion, •' Thy rebuke," and in the duet, "O death," with Miss Phillipps.
Mr. Simpson's light and innocent voice and manner, in ''Thou shalt
dash them." was likened by one listener to " a child's head in a heavy
iron helmet." Dr. Guilmette sang, " Thou art gone up," and "Be-
hold, I tell you a mystery," in which the "last trumpet" (finely
played by Heinicke) was senselessly encored.
This was the end. Enthusiasm was unbounded ; long and loud
plaudits shook the hall ; three rounds of cheers for the Society ; calls
for Carl Zerrahn, amid deafening shouts and clapping of hands, who
came forward to receive a wreath in token of the general gratitude for
his unceasing and efficient services in conducting the enterprise through
such a series of artistic triumphs.
Now for a calm survey of the results. I quote from my own
record, as it was jotted down a few days after the feast ; some, per-
haps, will think it over-sanguine : —
'•111 a word, the result has been: artistically, inoralh'. a great success;
financially, a failure ; but in the circumstances, such a failure as amounts, in
all minds, to a virtual triumph. In spite of the overwhelming audience of
Saturday night, the guarantors will have to pay, how much we know not.
Yet no one is discouraged; all are in the' best spirits possible. They have
shown what can be done ; the public will believe hereafter, and will look out
in season when another Festival approaches. We have left ourselves no room
to more than hint some of the animating reflections with which the Festival
has filled our mind. We announced it, saying that we could not overestimate
its importance. We find we did not say too much. For these reasons, among
others : —
"1. For the first time almost in our country has an artistic demonstration
here been made, and carried through, upon a grand scale, without false pre-
tence, vain show, or humbug. The best thing, the most hopeful thing about
it is, that it has all been honest. Nothing of artistic integrity and value has
been sacrificed to mere money-making views. They who undertook it of
course hoped to succeed : but they were more anxious to do a good thing.
They were not so eager to advertise it to excite great expectations of what
should be done, as they were to do it, and to do the best that could l)e done.
Eveiw promise has been kept, to the letter and in the spirit. Three of the
180 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
greatest oratorios were to be brought out on a grand scale, worthy of com-
parison with English festivals, and it has been done. The choir was to reach
six hundred voices, so announced on the strength of seven hundred accepted
invitations; it has averaged that, as nearly as accident and business allowed,
and there were no dummies in the choir. The orchestra was to be seventy-five,
and it was seventy-eight. The best available solo talent was to be engaged,
and so it Avas ; it was no one's fault that there could not be had better. The
music was to be thoroughly reliearsed, and nothing slighted ; and it was so,
and most ettectively, thanks in great part, to the unwearied energ}' and skill
and patience of Mr. Conductor Zerrahx. In spite of a cold and unresponsive
public, and in the face of certain loss, they did all this, and did it in a manner
that eclipsed all our former musical performances, electrified all who heard
from the very first, and finally stirred up that slow and sceptical public to a
loud and anxious call for more, for a repetition on Sunday evening, — an efibrt
to recall what by their own fault they had let go by and lost. The which call,
to the honor of the Society, was not complied with. They would do what
they had undertaken, no more, no less. They would not, even for the sake
of certain gain so easily secured, sufi'er this Festival to contract any taint of
association with the too usual management of public exhibitions, in which
the ' last time ' is followed by the ' positively last,' till words have lost their
meaning. Eager as any one to listen to another such performance, we appre-
ciate and respect the motive of this refusal. The managers have done them-
selves all honor in the premises. The\' have their reward, in the wholesome
feeling which attaches to this Festival, in the conviction now created of its
genuineness, and in the certainty that such sound seed so planted shall surel}'
spring up to an abundant liarvest in the future. There will be more festivals.
They will become an institution in the land. This Festival might have been
managed with more stir, and have reaped more money; but would it have
contained so fair a future?
"2. It has revived people's faith in great music. Music has been under a
cloud with us for two or three years. Humbug and showy, dazzling things
have been so much more successful than good things, that the good things
have lost prestige. It needed an occasion like this to brighten out the neglected
beauties of immortal works and make them live again, and lift us up again.
There is a new sense now in many minds of the importance, the iudispen-
sableness to our best life, of the great works of musical art and genius.
" 3. Listening to the grand orchestra and chorus has taught not a few, for
the first time, the right relation between solo and ensemble. The}' have learned
to enjoy a great musical performance as a whole, and not regard a few solo
singers, prime donne and tenori, as the all in all. It is seen that these maj' be
of moderate excellence, — may be in some parts quite feeble, — and yet the
grandeur and beauty of the whole be felt. It were better, of course, to have
Jenny Linds, Novellos, and Lablaches, — and some day we shall have them;
but we have found hoAV well we can get along without them, so long as we
have Handel, Mendelssohn, or Beethoven speaking through impersonal but
adequate masses of voices and of instruments.
" 4. We have been pleased to notice the improved tone of newspaper criti-
cism which this Festival seems to have created. yVlmost for the first time we
have had really criticism; we have seen articles not limited to petty details,
HISTORY OF THE H AX DEL AND HAYDX SOCIETY. 181
to mere talk about individual performers, but entering into some instruetive
notice and analysis of compositions and of authors, and, seizing the spirit of
the whole, discussing the right points. It is a good sign, and may it go on.
"5. It has created Vi popular interest in great works. Symphonies,
played on so grand a scale, have made their mark on all who listened. That
I^eethoveu's statue now has a significance to many who thought but little of
the man, ' the idol of the classicists,' before ; and so of Handel, so of Men-
delssohn, and others."
This estimate of the results of the Festival, of course, is not com-
plete without the following compte rendu ^ which could only be pre-
sented a week or two later : —
"The total receipts of the Festival were 85,336, and the expenditures
are estimated at §7,299, leaving a deficiency of 81, 903 to be assessed upon
the guarantors at the rate of thirty per cent upon their several subscriptions.
The guaranty was subscribed b}' quite a large number of persons, in sums
ranging from 8500 to 825, and less. We have not heard of one who does not
bear the tax quite cheerfully ; for all regard the Festival as a complete success,
full of encouragement for like attempts hereafter. Perhaps the uninitiated
would like to know how much it costs to get up such an aflair. Here are the
principal items : —
For orchestra, extra music, loan of libraries, copying music, etc. . §2,917 -15
" vocal and instrumental soloists 1.337 00
" printing, advertising, posting, etc 1,2G9 73
'* rent of hall, and alterations, together witli door-keepers,
ticket-sellers and ushers 995 20
" conductor, organist, librarians, etc 493 73
" It strikes us this is very modest pay for the conductor and the organist,
considering their indefatigable labors throughout all the numerous rehearsals
and in private, — labors that would seem to outweigh what is done by all the
solo singers. But Carl Zerralm has found further reward, not alone in glory,
but in a very pleasant occasion which we were too late to chronicle last week :
to wit, a meeting of ladies and gentlemen of the Society in Chickering's
rooms, when the president, in a neat speech, presented the conductor with a
purse of 8200 in gold, subscribed by members as a hearty testimonial of their
sense of his great services in conducting them so safely and so gloriously
through. Mr. Zerrahu and wife are already on their way to Europe for a
summer visit to the fatherland."
182 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
CHAPTER VI.
rORTY-THIED SEASON.
June 3, 1857, to May 31, 1858.
The Handel and Haydn Society may well be imagined to have come
out of its first three-days' Festival in jubilant and hopeful spirits. If
it was not a matter of financial rejoicing, it was essentially a great
success. So near did it come to making both ends meet, and so
cheerfully was the small loss borne by guarantors, that in itself how
could it fail to give new impulse, and inspire a new ambition to
achieve yet worthier and nobler things? The victory must be fol-
lowed up. Now can we seek the best ; now can we emulate the high-
est ; now can we afford, in this our new access of faith and strength,
BOW on the full tide of enthusiasm, to throw away weak fears, and
resolutely disdain cheap bids for popularity ?
Alas I so it seemed ; but it was reckoning without our host, — the
times ! The times were sick, past all remedial virtue of Ars Musica.
We could not sing them into health. The very atmosphere was close,
and full of doubt and ominous suspicion and mistrust, which more
and more from day to day seemed to settle down like a black and
fatal pall, and overshadow our fair national existence. A great,
absorbing conflict, a terrible rebellion, and a war, one of the greatest
in all history, between two sections of our glorious Union of free
States, was steadily and rapidW — 3^et to most minds so slowly as to
seem incredible — approaching. Few saw it clearly, but it was
written in the stars. A vast and seemingly insoluble problem, in-
volving a conflict of material interests, divided South from North.
Slavery weighed like an incubus upon the national consciousness and
conscience. The whole temper of society, of business, of politics,
was growing more and more uneasy. Some, while they felt it, won-
dered what it meant ; others knew too well. The dark local institu-
tion to which one section of our people blindly, madly clung — the
national crime and curse of slavery — had reached a climax when, by
all the laws of nature and of God, it must be strangled, flung away
forever, or the dear light of liberty, the Ufe of our Republic, must
utterly go down, and with it the world's best hope.
The cloud had not yet burst, by many it was scarcely heeded, at
HISTORY OF THE HAXDEL AND HAYDX SOCIETY. 183
the beginning of the period upon which we are now entering in our
Handel and Haydn history. But the crash was near enough to trouble
the tides of consciousness in all the public and the private life.
There was a strange anxiety that paralyzed business, made men feel
their fortunes insecure, and inclined them to an indefinite postpone-
ment of the delights and graces of all music, arts, and finer culture.
Even before the end of this Festival year 1857, the times were "blue" ;
we hear of " money panic " ; the air was full of suspicions of each
merchant's credit. Four years of this dubious, anxious twilight fol-
lowed ; then four years of ivar! This chapter must include these
eight years of terrible depression and transition between our first
bright Festival and the next, which only came with victory, coincid-
ing fortunately with the fiftieth birthday anniversary of our Society.
With this forewarning bird's-eye glimpse of the near future, we resume
our steady chronicle of the Society's transitional and half-suspended
consciousness and effort for the next eight years. It will not be a
brilliant chapter.
At the adjourned annual meeting, June 3, 1857, the principal
officers were re-elected. Of course, President C. F. Chickering, to
whose impulse the Festival was so largely due, with his energetic
adjutant. Secretary Barnes, must be. allowed an opportunity to carry
on a work so well begun, if it were only within their or any human
power. A vote of thanks to the Festival orator, Hon. R. C. Win-
throp, was passed. An invitation was accepted to sing, at Charles-
town (Bunker Hill), on the 17th of June, an original ode by the Hon.
George Lunt. The secretary reported thirt^^-four new members added
during the past year. Sept. 4, Conductor Zerrahn was reappointed ;
salary, $250. Sept. 25, Mr. James C. D. Parker was appointed
organist in the place of Mr. Mueller, who had accepted a call to
Albany. Mr. Parker was a young Bostoniau of high connections
and of liberal culture, a Harvard graduate of 1848, in whom the love
of music prevailed over professional tastes and interests (he studied
law awhile), and drew him to Leipsic, where he availed himself of
every means to make himself a sound musician, both in theory and
practice, as interpreting performer and composer ; always a very quiet,
modest gentleman, fall of zeal for art, and constantly improving.
Thus equipped, the chorus set themselves about the study of Israel
in Egypt once more, the generous president haviug imported score
and parts of that and of the Hymn of Praise. At least four con-
certs were contemplated : Messiah (Christmas) ; Mozart's Requiem
184 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
and Ili/mn of Praise; Elijah; and then Israel, which was rehearsed
throughout November, but then dropped until '' the times " should be
less " blue." Indeed, it was even urged, " Why not accept the measure
of the times, and have cheap concerts, at twenty-five cents admis-
sion?"— on the principle that half a loaf is better than no bread.
The Christmas performance of the Messiah, Saturday, Dec. 20,
was for the charitable fund of the Boston Provident Association, and
the tickets were put at one dollar. The soloists were Mrs. Long^
Mrs. Weutworth, Mrs. T. H. Emmons (sister of Mrs. Mozart), Mr.
C. R. Adams, and Mr. J. Q. Wetherbee. It was a "raw night" for
music or for charity, therefore the more need of both ; and both
were realized in fair, if not full, measure. A journal says : '• There
were for audience, say more than half the Music Hall full of people,
and most of these were such as came in earnest, paid their way and
listened well." ^
Nothing more was heard this season of two features of the con-
templated programme ; to wit, the Requiem and Israel in Egypt.
The presence here of operatic stars was availed of, as so many times
before, to lend attraction and eclat to the performances, and their
convenience was consulted in the choice of oratorios. This time it
was Carl Formes, the great basso, alike renowned in oratorio and
opera, the chief star then of Ullman's operatic troupe. He was of
Spanish origin. His father fought under the banner of Napoleon^
The young Carl, born at Muhlheim, on the Rhine, in August, 1818^
was himself a soldier. He was taught music at an early age, and
showed a great love for the art. But his father urged some other
occupation, "2 which he found distasteful, and to avoid it he enlisted
in the Austrian service. This took him to Vienna, where he found
good musical instruction. In January, IS r2, he made his dehiit in
Cologne, in the part of Sarastro in the Zauberftote, with unequivocal
success, and was admitted into the company of artists from that night.
In 1813 he was chosen a member of the Court Opera at Mannheim,
and in 1844 became a prima basso assolnto at the Imperial Opera in
Vienna, witli the largest salary ever before given to a German artist^
and secured to him for life. In the Revolution of 1848, he took up
arms in the cause of the people, and was among the first in the barri-
cades. After other vain attempts in other cities, shut out from
Vienna, he became a member of a German opera company, which
1 For several years before and after this, each member was allowed to bring- two
friends to the ijerforniances. This practice helped to fill the hall, but not the
treasury.
- He was, for a while, shoemaker, beer brewer, and sexton.
HISTORY OF THE HAXDEL AXD HAYDN SOCIETY. 185
went to London and gave performances at Drury Lane, in 1849.
With him were Mmes. Kudersdorff and Caradori, Reichardt, the tenor,
and Carl Anschiitz as director. The affairs going badly, Formes took
the burden on himself, producing the operas and singing day by day,
refusing all remuneration, that the poorer ones might live. This gave
him solid fame and friendship among artists. Then he went to the
Royal Italian Opera at Covent Garden, and created a perfect enthu-
siasm in Meyerbeer's Robert le Diahle and Les Huguenots. But what
most endeared him to the London public was his grand performance,
in the Knglish language, in the oratorios of Handel, Haydn, and
Mendelssohn. Surely it was something for us to get a taste of that
here in our Boston .Music Hall! Nature had showered her gifts on
Formes, which, with his strong intellect and earnestness, he had im-
proved, so as to make him the greatest basso artist of his day. He
was received with great distinction by Queen Mctoria, who selected
him as the musical tutor of her children. Mendelssohn honored him.
The operas of Martha^ Straclela, and the Merry Wives of Windsor
were composed for him ; and so was Costa's Eli. His form was full,
manly, and commanding ; his face and eyes were dark, with an expres-
sion at once severe and genial. He looked the scholar and the soldier.
With Formes came Mme. Caradori and Mr. Perring of the UUman
troupe ; and these, with Miss Milner, Mrs. Harwood, Miss Haw ley,
contralto, and Mr. C. R. Adams, and with a well-balanced chorus of
over three hundred voices, who caught the spirit of the noble basso,
and were moved to do their best, sang Elijah on Saturday evening,
Jan. 23, followed on the next evening by the Creation^ in which Mr.
Wetherbee took the part of Adam, holding his own well even so
nearly side by side with Formes. Caradori was the Eve, and .she, too,
in Elijah, sang '• Hear ye, Israel," with a large and powerful, but
hard kind of German voice, with energetic delivery and considerable
execution. The freshness, vitality, and sweetness of Mrs. Har wood's
voice in the quartets, the recitatives of the youth, etc., bore the palm
among the sopranos. Both performances were completely successful.
There were two thousand listeners the first night, and many more the
second Music Hall was again in its glory. Formes is reported to have
said that he had never sung Elijah in London with a better chorus.
The voice of Formes was a genuine basso jyrofondo, from low C to G,
— two octaves and a fifth ; of equal quality throughout, all smooth
and very powerful.
In February, Manager UUman proposed an oratorio with the Society,
to be given in New York ; but this was found impractical )le. He
agreed, instead, to come on here with his singers and give four per-
186 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
formances : Elijah, April 3 ; Messiah, April 4 ; the Hymn of Praise^
preceded by a miscellaneous selection, April 10 ; and the Creation^
April 11. Elijah suffered from the fact that Formes was partially
disabled by a cold and the fatigue of recent labors, and from a want
of the usual spirit in some of the choruses. But Mme. D'Angri was
much admired in the contralto arias, and in the Angel Trio, in which
Mrs. Long and Mrs. Harwood co-operated finely. In the Messiah^
Formes made a grand impression, in spite of the drawback (so
common with ponderous bass voices) that his intonation was not
always true, and of the worst fault of his, a tendency to too much
portamento^ to which add some remaining signs of hoarseness. Mr.
Perring's sweet, pure tenor tones were much admired ; a voice not
robust, not great, but his execution was praised as being smooth^
artistic, chaste, expressive throughout. Mme D'Angri, Mrs. Long,
and Mrs. Wentworth won sincere applause, though the large contralto
was by some thought too dramatic, — too much as if acting out her
sorrows on the stage, in " He was despised."
On April 10, Mendelssohn's Symphony-Cantata, Lobgesang, or
Hymn of Praise, — one of his greatest works, both as orchestral
symphony and oratorio, — was given for the first time in Boston. The
symphony, in three long and beautifull}^ contrasted movements, was
finely played by Mr. Zerrahn's orchestra ; and with his thorough drill
and skilful handling of the choruses, the old German choral, etc., the
success of the work was complete. Mrs. Harwood and Miss Adams-
sang the duet for two sopranos very finely. The intensely dramatic
and exciting passage, '* Watchman, will the night soon pass?"
which leads into the uncontainable rapture of the chorus, "The
night is departing," needed a tenor more robust than Mr. Perring^
could command. Of the Creation, the next evening, it is hardly
necessary to say more than that Herr Formes was unusually false in
intonation in the descriptive arias of Raphael, but that he sang the
part of Adam in a much truer, smoother, and more satisfactory man-
ner ; that Mrs. Long surpassed herself in the two airs, '' With verdure
clad," and " On mighty pens," while Mrs. Harwood, as Eve, and Mr.
Perring were equal to the melodious requirements of the music.
For such a season of depression, not a bad record, both as to quan-
tity of programme and of work I Although Handel's Israel must wait
another year. But it is not a bad policy — in fact, it is wise economy
— for the old Society to keep certain great and diflScult works in store-
for several years, taking them down for study now and then, await-
ing the fulness of time for bringing them out in pubhc. They will
keep I
HISTORY OF THE HAXDEL AND HAYDX SOCIETY. 187
• Ou the 12tli of April, resolutions of sincere regret were passed on
occasion of the removal of President C. F. Chickering to New York,
the great piano-making business of Chickering & Sons requiring that
a member of the firm should represent it there.
FORTY-FOURTH SEASON.
^[ay 81, 1858, TO May 30, 1859.
Thomas E. Chickering, the oldest of the three sons of Jonas Chick-
ering, was elected to succeed his brother in the presidency. The
other offices were filled as before. The treasurer reported: Receipts
for the past year, S4,59.").20 : expenditure, $5,239.07; leaving a
balance due to the treasurer of S543.87. all bills having been paid, and
no claim existing against the Society. The secretary's report touched
on the organization of the Society, gave an interesting account of
some of its first concerts, and reviewed the season in a hopeful spirit.
The regular business of the annual meeting over, Mr. Alexander W.
Thayer (biographer of Beethoven) suggested and urged the propriety
and expediency of a Festival in April, 1859, in commemoration of
the Centennial Anniversary of Handel's death. But this was no time
for festivals on this side of the Atlantic.
After four quiet summer months, rehearsals began at Chickering's
rooms in the Masonic Temple, Oct. 3. A concert followed on the
10th, by an arrangement with Mr. Strakosch and his opera troupe,
which included Mme. Pauline Colson, for some time the favorite
prima donna of the New Orleans Opera ; Sig. Junca. the great basso
profondo of the same ; also Teresa Parodi, Mme. Patti-Strakosch,
Sig. Brignoli, who for many years since was a favorite tenor in Bos-
ton : Sig. Labocetta, tenor ; Amodio, baritone ; and Barili, tenor. The
first part was miscellaneous, opening with the Mercadante overture
to Rossini's Stabat. For a first '• sacred " piece, Sig. Labocetta sang
the romanza from II Gi v. ramento -^ith considerable expression. Mme.
Strakosch gave a chaste, musical rendering of '• Ah ! mon fils." The
charming Colson's voice was hardly suited to Schubert's Ave JIaria ;
it was too tremulous, though there were beauty and fervor in her sing-
ing. Junca, in " Qui sdegno " ('' In diesen heil' gen Hallen"), the
great bass aria from Mozart's Zauberflote, was firm, correct, but
hard and lifeless after Formes. Parodi did her best in a very bold
and impressive rendering of Mendelssohn's ''Jerusalem, thou that
killest." Of course, Part Second was the Stabat JIater, which seems
to have been providentially written for Italian opera singers, when
188 IIISTOKV OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIEIY.
engaged to lend eclat to oratorio performances. Colson sang splen-
didly, " Et intlammatus " ; Hrignoli unequally, but for the most part
expressively, in " Cujus animam"; Amodio, effectively and well in
*' Pro peccatis." Mmes. Parodi and Strakosch, too, were good ; and
the unaccompanied quartet, " Quando Corpus," was rarely heard in
better tune, or sung more sympathetically than that time. The audi-
ence nearly filled the Music Hall.
Rehearsals of Israel in Egypt filled the interim until Dec. 19, when
advantage was taken of the presence here of Ullman's opera troupe —
this time a famous one — to give a miscellaneous concert with his
principal artists. These were the bewitching little Countess Piccolo-
mini ; Mile. Poinsot, a fine high soprano; iMme. Laborde, the exquis-
itely finished florid French soprano (what the Germans call a coloratur
singer) ; with them Carl Formes, Mr. Perring and Mrs. Harwood.
The selections were from Israel^ the Creation^ Solomon, and Elijah.
The audience was about twelve hundred.
On Dec. 26, the Music Hall being pj'eoccupied by a Fair in aid of
the Young Men's Christian Association, the Christmas performance
of the Messiah was given in the elegant and spacious Boston Theatre,
to the delight of some and the regret of others. Great was the crowd,
and great the joy of the Society at putting money in its purse after
such frequent losses. Here was a temptation which it required some
courage to resist, a new attraction for the multitude. For many went
to see the theatre, under cover of a somewhat unworldly occasion ;
and many went to enjoy an anti-puritanical triumph in this new recog-
nition of a place too long eschewed as secular and unclean. Many
were the arguments, in newspapers and in conversation, to show what
an advantage it would be to oratorio to quit the sober Music Hall and
bring itself nearer to the people in the free-and-easy gilded temple of
the drama, which with a little carpentering might be so easily adapted
to the purpose. But the unsatisfactory acoustic experience of that
one trial, and a loyal feeling for the noble Hall which had been built
for Music at such great expense, prevailed against the flattering sug-
gestion. The effect of the chorus, ranged in rows upon the stage,
was very much impaired. If the sopranos, well exposed in front,
were sharply heard, the other parts behind them were smothered,
swallowed up by the side spaces and the hanging draper}- above. Yet
the choruses had been studied with extra care under Mr. Zerrahn.
Some restorations were to be commended : such as the too often
omitted chorus, " And with his stripes," and the short series of con-
trasted pieces, " For as by man came death," etc., all of which are of
the finest music in the work. The tempi were well taken, and it was
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDX SOCIETY. 189
a good average performance. A particular attraction was Mme.
Eliza Biscaccianti ^ {nee Ostinelli), a native prima donna, of whom
our Boston could be proud. She had been in town some weeks re-
cruiting from the wear and tear of her seven ^^ears' triumphant oper-
atic career in Italy and elsewhere, and more recently in the inclement
climate of St. Petersburg. Unfortunately, she was too ill to sing, so
much so, that her name was withdrawn. But rather than disappoint
an audience of old friends, she did appear, and sang between the
parts, ^' With verdure clad" in pure Italian style, with rare delicacy
•and sweetness. She also essayed " I know that my Redeemer," in
spite of too evident ph3'sical exhaustion ; nor did that great aria lie
within the peculiar province of the artist. There was not much to
admire in the voice or st^'le of the English contralto from the opera.
Miss Hey wood. Mrs. Harwood won the heartiest responses of the
evening. Mr. Perring had approval for the simplicity as well as the
chaste, expressive style with which he rendered "Comfort ye my
people." Simplicity was not among the virtues of Dr. Guilmette's
delivery of the bass arias.
Feb r liar 1/ 13, 1859. Israel at last! The great task, occasionally
nibbled at, attacked in fragments, in fits of resolution few and far
between, was finally essayed in earnest ; and after eight more re-
hearsals, the giant Handel's greatest work, with the sole exception
of the 3fessiah, — commonly ranking as the equal of that, — was
offered to the public, and the public would not liave it. Of course,
it had a public here, as wherever an appreciative interest in music
exists ; but the great public which decides the fate of such enter-
prises, at least for the time being, the public which pays, testified its
indifference or its positive dislike b}^ staying away, or by finding the
whole thing dull and wearisome, and by A^oicing itself in newspaper
criticisms, full of rebuke, contempt, and ridicule. The hall was only
two thirds full. Handel in this form did not pay. The loss of money
sapped the courage needed to repeat a great work which, perhaps
more than any other, requires several hearings to malvc its grandeur
and its beauty understood and felt. Something, to be sure, must be
allowed for imperfections in a first attempt. Some of those colossal
choruses, which Handel's genius upheaved like a long mountain chain,
are exceedingly difficult; some very intricate and subtle in the fugued
interweaving of their eight parts. And then there are so many
choruses, — twenty-eight of the thirty-nine numbers being choral.
eleven in uninterrupted (unrelieved, the critics would say) sequence.
^ See earlier notice of lier, on pages 141-2.
190 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
The arias, duets, melodies — the verdant vales and flowery streams
between the mountains — are comparatively few, although some have
been added, i. e., adapted out of Handel's other works, which are
usually incorporated in the presentation of Israel in Egyjyt. These
arias and duets were commonly found too quaint and antiquated ;
they seemed dry and tedious after the intoxicating melodies of the
Italian opera. Yet there was no denying a certain charm and
piquancy in the airs, finely sung by Mrs. Harwood and by Mr.
Adams, or the duet between Mrs. Long and Mrs. Harwood : while
the sonorous, martial duet, '^ The Lord is a man of war," in which
Mr. Powers and Mr. Wetherbee so manfully bore equal part, even
startled into something like enthusiasm those who called the oratorio
dull. Many of the grand choral masses moved superbly, and by not
a few listeners the}' were enjoyed intensely. AVhat uplifting, edify-
ing, glorious music ! was no uncommon exclamation The orchestra,
for that day at least, was, on the whole, efficient ; and the important
organ accompaniments, which Mendelssohn, with reverent and skilful
hand, in Handel's spirit, had written for this oratorio, which he '' had
always view^ed as one of the greatest and most lasting musical zvorks,'*
were carefully played by Mr. J. C. D. Parker. Still the Boston
public and the Boston critics, with hardly an exception, set them-
selves obstinately or facetiously against the opinion of Mendelssohn
and Macfarren, of Mozart and Beethoven, of all musical Germany
and England, and the verdict was : a failure ! And there was no
appeal in those years, any more than there was rain in those years of
Elijah ; none until another Festival after the coming four-years' war.
Some of those precious specimens of newspaper musical " criticism'*
were, fortunately, pilloried at the time and saved up for the curiosity
of future antiquarians of the art.^
^ Culled from fuller extracts in DwiyhVs Journal of ^hlsic, Feb. 19, 1859: —
{From the BoHton Courier.)
"... The undivided performance of even the best of Handel's oratorios is an in-
fliction too severe for an audience of modern tastes to endure. As Is^rael in Egypt
is not the best of Handel's oratorios, it follows, etc. , . . The music does not fulfil
the musical want of the public. ... It has neither sentiment, grace, nor vitality.
Of course, there are certain noble exceptions among Handel's works, such as a few
airs in damson and the Messiah, some choruses in Solomon, etc. ; but it unfortunately
happens that Ifrnel is unusually deiicient in those qualities which charm or rouse
the multitude. It contains no memorable airs, the few that relieve the ponderous
masses of choruses being all in the meaningless style of rough roulade which com-
posers in Handel's time uniformly followed. . . . The performance of such works^
entire, adds nothing to the development of artistic feeling in the commiinity ; the
labor and expense bestowed upon their preparation are a waste of means, which ought
t o be lamented rather than encouraged."
HISTORY OF THE HAXDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 191
Thus vras a noble aspiration balked. The reaction was to the
opposite extrenje, from the sublime song of Mii'iam to Neukomm's
David with his sling I It was a shifting of the venue, and taking the
case into a lower court. If the friends of the higher Art will not or
cannot sustain us, let us appeal to those who love the circus better,
and post up a bill for them. So the more earnest part of the Society,
{F7'om a facetioits gi'umbler in the Transcript.)
" What could possibly induce the Handel and Haydn Society" to turn body-catchers
and snatch this decently interred thing from its well-secured repose ? . . . TYhy not
let these i)oor old Egyptians and Israelites rest quiet in their sarcophagi, instead of
exhuming their nuisty remains and forcing us to hark from their tombs a doleful cry
of their i)lagues and sorrows? Why force them all to become wandering Jews, to
be marched out and handled in such away? . . . We certainly sympathize in one
thing, for we are glad when the Israelites had departed. They go through ' the
deep and the wilderness '; and a deep wilderness it is, a howling wilderness, into
which the poor peo])le get, for the travellers run about every way but the right one.
" Among the most oppressive influences is that produced by the unfortunate vic-
tims who are thrust forward singly to bewail their fate. One youthful Jewess
arises, and in a dreary strain as soggy as their own swamps, tells of certain frogs, etc.
. . . Two Israelitish matrons sally forth and insist that the ' Lord is their
strength ' ; and a garrulous pair they are, for neither will let the other make the
assertion without instant interruption ; and judging from the amount of breath ex-
pended on the same remark, the Lord must certainly have endowed them with
strength of lungs, at least- Whether their endurance would outlive that of their
hearers, we cannot say.
" Then two stalwart felloAvs arise to endeavor to prove that ' the Lord is a man of
war,' €tc., etc. ... A little Rabbi starts up to state that * the enemy said he would
pursue,' etc. . . . When this little Rabbi disappears on the run, there comes
forth a lovely Jewess, who affirms that ' the Lord did blow with the wind,' and a
pretty long blow it was, and a strong one, too. What else but the wind the Lord
could blow with, she could not suggest, etc. . . .
" One grand annoiincement made by the whole tribe is that ' the peoi^le shall hear
and be afraid.' Here is a certain fact I For those Avho hear these lugubrious sor-
rows of fly-bitten Egj-ptians and itinerant Israelites will surely be mortally afraid to
hear them repeated. . . . Seek not to inoculate the life of 1850 with the blotches and
blains which bother the whole medical faculty of Egypt," — and so on, and so on.
{From the A.TLA^ and Bee.)
"... Several of the choruses are extremely grand and majestic; . . . but we
doubt very much if the oratorio will be considered of sufficient interest to be again
performed. It has been shelved long since (I) by the sacred musical societies of
Europe, and now only a chorus or two is ever introduced into the oratorio perform-
ances." (! ?)
{From the Boston Journal.)
" We must confess that the early hearers of this work formed a correct opinion of
its merits: nor do we wonder that they were so readily cloyed with its monotonous
series of choruses. . . . The Society were wise in announcing but one performance
of this work. Where an audience with patience to sit through so much blatant
vocal music, or lungs for the performance of it can be obtained, we are ignorant."
li)2 niSTOHY OF THE HANDEL AM) HAYDN SOCIETY.
in their cbiigrin, with half-conscious sarcasm, were prompted to re-
solve, sure, of course, of support from the class found everywhere,
who go for popular applause rather than for the reward of the artistic
conscience.
On Feb. 22, a concert was given with the Mercantile Library Asso-
ciation in honor of Washington's birthday, when an address was
made by Governor Banks. Four days later, David was taken from
the shelf for rehearsal. To many it was like good old times ; to
others, mortifying and unappetizing. But why mortifying? There is
good music in David, of a commonplace and taking sort. It has
brilliant instrumentation, and enough of the dramatic, rather sa}'
melodramatic, operatic character to make it by no means ^-caviare to
the general." But it was •' a worn-out local fancy of the greener days
of musical taste in Boston." It was truly said of it and of its author :
*• Xeukomm's greatness is exclusively a musical fancy confined to this
locality. We do not read in anv of the musical reports of Germany,
France, England, of am' work of his having been for years taken
from the shelf. He belongs as a composer to the uninspired, respect-
able no-geniuses, the ' gdttlicJte Philister.' whom the Germans are most
willing to let sleep. Here in Boston an accidental popularity" (it
was at least more juicy than New England psalmody) •• attached fif-
teen years before to David. Some still remembered it with pride, and
thought to recover what was sunk in Israers Bed Sea, by setting up
this golden calf one more."
So David was announced for April 8. •• in conformity to the de-
mands of their patrons and the popular taste of the community."
The soloists were Mrs. Long. Miss Louisa Adams, and Messrs. C. R.
Adams, J. P. Draper, P. H. Powers, Geo. Wright, Jr., and Edward
Hamilton. The performance was a good one, but an easterly rain-
storm thinned the audience. April 10 it was repeated to an audience
still smaller. It was then decided to give a benefit concert for the
Society, in the hope of making up the losses of the season. The
hall and orchestra were offered gratis ; and the Hymn of Praise was
given May 14, when an inspiring performance of that noble work
was followed by a miscellaneous selection : 1. Weber's FreyschUtz
overture; 2. Scena and duet from II Trovatore ("Qual voce"), b}^
Mrs. Long and Mr. Draper; 3. Cavatina from II Giuramento^ by
Mrs. Harwood ; 4. Scena, "Fall of Zion," Paesiello, sang by Mr.
Powers; 5. Coronation March from Meyerbeer's Prophete. These,
with Mr. Adams, were the solo singers in the first part. There was
a slim attendance, the receipts amounting to only about two hundred
dollars. Shortly before this, April 2, the Handel and Haydn chorus
HI8TOEY OF TJIE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 193
had lent its voice to tlie sublime "Joy" hymn, wliicb concludes
Beethoven's Ninth, or Choral, Symphony. This was, on the whole,
a brilliantly successful performance for the benefit of Carl Zerralm,
after his heroic perseverance through another season of his " Phil-
harmonic" (Symphony) concerts. Here was more game for the
Handel "critics," — for the small newspaper criticism which carps
at what is great and above the level of its comprehension. Yet tlie
occasion was a grand one ; there was real enthusiasm and delight
beneath the surface in the moderately large audience ; and the singers,
who had been warmed up to their high task in the rehearsals, seemed
to sing " better than they knew " And so closed another season ; in
the words of Secretary Barnes, " a toilsome season of uuremunera-
tive labor " AVe seem to have touched low-water mark, if not the
bottom. The next reaction must be upward. And we must remem-
ber that "the times" were sick. True musical enthusiasm, in the
sense of art, had but an exhausted, heavy, and depressing atmos-
phere to breathe. We were two years nearer to the outbreak in the
shape of war.
Being at that time engaged in journalism, I ventured to make a
note of one fact, which should have encouraged the Society to aim
high, and persevere with faith another season. It was this : —
"The siugers in the Handel and Haydn cliorns probably represent, as well
as any two or three hnndred persons whom yon could select, the averao-e taste
and likings of the musical audiences of Boston. What would carry the vote
in the chorus ranks to-day, would be sure to be ratified by a general Mnsic
Hall audience to-morrow, if not instantly. Now, we fonnd the great majority
of the singers getting more and more deeply interested and enthnsiastic about
Israel in Egypt, with each successive evening spent in its rehearsal; Avhile
the same majority went mechanically and wearily through their parts in
David. It was their corporate dutj'^ to their brethren in the minority, alone,
that nerved them to the work."
If it was not the proudest, this was not the least instructive, period
of the Handel and Haydn Society experience.
FORTY-FIFTH SEASON.
May 30, 1859, to May 28, 1860.
At the annual meeting, May 30, the officers were re-elected, and a
deficit on the past j^ear of about eight hundred dollars was reported.
An assessment of $5.00 was laid on the members, payable on or
before Oct. 1. A donation of $100 was received from Oliver Ditson.
The secretary's report was largely historical, deriving from the past
194 HISTORY OF THE HAXDEL AND HAYDX SOCIETY.
a lesson of higli faith and perseverance. There had been thirty-four
rehearsals since the beginning of October, with an average attendance
of less than two hundred ; and there had been seven concerts, in which
from two hundred and fifty to three hundred and twenty-five were
found occupying chorus seats ; whereupon the worthy secretary read
a lecture to delinquents. He recommended a fund for ordinary-
expenses, and eventually the building of a hall to seat a thousand or
twelve hundred persons, to be used for ordinary occasions without an
orchestra .
Here let me mention an event which could not be without influence
on the future development of our choral societies ; namely, the begin-
ning, during that summer, of the public school musical festivals,
which gave a new impulse to the teaching and practice of vocal music
in all the schools, and thus tended to raise up singers, fresh, trained
voices, to replenish and rejuvenate the choral ranks of Handel and
Haydn societies in future. This movement in the schools sprang
mainly from the enthusiasm and the organizing energy of Dr. J. B.
Upham, the gentleman who was soon to become president of the old
Societ}^ and lead it through a series of festivals, which fairly entitle
him, in this history, to the degree of Festival President. Nor was it
all feasting ; it was solid work.
October 1. Mr. J. C. D. Parker being obliged by pressure of mani-
fold professional duties to resign the place of organist, which he had
acceptably filled for several years, Mr. B. J. Lang was chosen his
successor. On the 22d, work began with the rehearsing of Handel's
Samson once more. — a giant of another kind from the one slain in
David. Now there is hope. It is like a reviving, downright rain
after a midsummer drought. •' Let their celestial concerts all unite ! "
Two performances of this intrinsically worthy popular favorite were
given ; the first on Nov. 27. The leading soprano was that brilliant
and experienced singer, Mme. Anna Bishop, who was once more in
this country, with her voice and stjie wonderfully well preserved.
With her sang Mrs. Long, Messrs. C. R. Adams and P. H. Powers,
and Dr. C. A. Guilmette. The orchestra w^as excellent, the chorus
carefully trained, and such was the satisfaction with which it was
received by an audience that filled the Music Hall, that a repetition
was announced for Dec. 4 ; but a violent snow-storm compelled a
postponement to Dec. 11, when it was given with a result equally
encouraging. The Handel and Haydn was itself again, and there
were new hopes of Israel^ of II>/mn of Praise, of St. Paul, even of
Handel's Jephtha, and all noble things. Mme, Bishop, with her full-
toned soprano voice, rich and melodious in qualit}', created a furore
HISTORY OF THE HAXDEL AND HAYDX SOCIETY. 195
in " Let the bright Seraphim," with Heinicke's trumpet. Her delivery
of Delilah's recitative was artistic, and her singing of "With plain-
tive notes " was ver}' fine. Mr. Powers, to whom belonged the part
of Manoah, could not sing on account of illness, and his place was
creditably filled by Mr. Aiken. The year closed with the annual
Chi-istmas performance of the Messiah, Dec. 25. It was one of more
than average excellence, and drew a good house The two choruses,
" Surely" and " And w^ith his stripes,'.' were not among the omitted
numbers this time, and served to prepare by contrast the reckless,
careless sounding "All we like sheep have gone astray." Mrs.
Harwood and Mrs. Long distinguished themselves in their arias,
although the latter's bright soprano voice was hardly suited to "He
was despised." Mr. Adams and Mr. Aiken were both good. The
organ voluntaries of the 3'oung new incumbent, Mr. Lang, were well
chosen and effective. And this nearly makes up the account of the
whole season. After New Year, Jan. 17, the Society assists at a
meeting of the Franklin Typographical Society, when an oration is
pronounced by Edward Everett. Feb. 11, it assists in Mr. Zerrahn's
third Symphony Concert, singing in Beethoven's Choral Fantasia, of
which Mr. Lang plays the pianoforte part. The rest of February,
March, and April were given to rehearsals of St. Paul. That exhausts
the record of the season.
FORTY-SIXTH SEASON.
May 28, 18G0, to May 27, 1861.
At the annual meeting, Col. Thomas E Chickering was re-elected
president, with the other principal officers of the last year. The
secretary reported twenty-five admissions and twenty-nine discharges
during the year ; and that not one of the three oratorio performances
had paid expenses. From the treasurer's report it appears that the
season had cost $4,476.60, while the receipts were $4,189.10, leaving
a deficit of 8287.50. There was also a note against the Society, due
in August, for SI, 200, making the total indebtedness 81,487.50, and
showing a financial condition not so good as that of the year before.
Among the additions to the library were the scores and full vocal and
instrumental parts of Handel's Jephtha and Mendelssohn's St. Paul.,
the gift of Mr. Theron J. Dale.
September 30. Rehearsals began in the beautiful hall of the new
and spacious warerooms of Messrs. Chickering & Sons, on the cor-
ner of Avon Place and AVashington Street, made free to the Society
196 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDX SOCIETY.
with the characteristic liberality of the proprietors. What did they
rehearse? The times were bad for any serious new enterprise in art.
Both oratorio and symphony were prudently awaiting the subsiding
of the tumultuous waves of the political campaign which ended in
the election of Lincoln and the first overt measures of secession.
This absorbed the thoughts and time of the whole nation. Yet the
Society was neither dead nor sleeping. The music of the day was
mainly in the streets. In November, a guaranty subscription was
solicited. This, like the prospectus of Mr. Zerrahn's Philharmonic
concerts, met with no response ; so that an utter dearth of these things
threatened. Nevertheless the Messiah^ after Christmas, Dec. 30,
was not allowed to fail. The audience was immense, but the discour-
agements for going on were greater. Adelaide Phillipps sang, in her
large, artistic style, of course. A young debutante. Miss Gilson,
with a high and pure soprano, reaped the most applause. Mrs. Har-
wood sang *' I know that my Redeemer " nobly Mr. C. R. Adams,
not then the tenore robusto that he now is, sang expressively and
sweetly ; and a new bass, Mr. J. R. Thomas, showed a correct method,
with a light and flexible voice. Queer criticisms, of the facetious
kind that followed Israel in Egypt, shrunk not from the 3Iessiah this
time.
The next public efforts were: Feb. 10, 1861, a miscellaneous con-
cert, with Mile. Carlotta Patti and Herr Stigelli. Selections from
St. Pa?//, Elijah, Solomon, and the Messiah. It opened with bad
omen, an apology for Stigelli on account of indisposition, which
caused great deviation from the programme in the solo numbers.
He sang, however, better than the audience expected. Mile. Patti
displayed her florid vocalization in Schubert's Ave JIaria. as well as
in Mozart's Queen of the Xight. March 17. — A miscellaneous concert
at the Boston Theatre (then called Academy of Music), with Gran's
opera troupe. Bad management and poor performance. Great con-
fusion about seats. Rossini's Stahat Mater a foregone conclusion.
March 31. — The Messiah, given with the Italian opera troupe, filled
the hall completely. Yet the gross receipts were 897.50. The solos
were by Miss Adelaide Phillipps, who sang the contralto airs '' with
inmost feeling " ; Miss Clara Louise Kellogg and Miss Isabelle Hinck-
ley, fresh and immature in the Handelian music; Signor (Herr^ Sti-
gelli, the fine tenor, who sang with dignity and true expression ; and
Dr. Guilmette, whose voice was " wavering."
We have reached the eventful month of April, 1861. Now the
word is War 1 Civil, domestic war, between the northern and south-
ern sections of our hitherto united great and free Republic. The
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 197
secession of the latter had ah'eady been five months in formal prog-
ress. Now, April 14, Fort Sumter was evacuated, after a vigorous
resistance to the bombardment of the rebels. The call for arms in
defence of the Union went forth at once from Washington ; and on
the 17th a Massachusetts regiment, the first in answer to the call, was
mobbed and fired upon in Baltimore upon its loyal march over the
national highway to the capital. Inter a ma silent leges. And music,
too, appalled, — music as Art, — must needs be silent. What is there
now for oratorio, or symphony, or opera to do? Only the drum and
fife, the bugle and the trumpet, the cannons and alarm-bells, now can
claim attention. A Handel and Hadvn Society, appealing to a serious
love of music, finds things more serious in possession of all earnest
minds ; all hearts beating to the rhythm of the love of freedom and of
country. The lighter and more superficial, even frivolous forms of
melody, which answer the momentary ends of mere amusement, will
naturally be most in vogue at such a time ; the opera, perhaps, will
have some chance.
But if there be any way in which Music may lend support to the
nation's cause, whether by indirectly raising money, or by uplifting,
stirring, cheering, strengthening (as great music sometimes does) the
spirit of a people, is not our old Society ready and eager to do its
best? One opportunity soon came. The following announcement
was issued: "The Handel and Haydn Society, desirous of contribut-
ing something toward the preservation of our common country, in
this, its day of trial, will, with the co-operation of the Philharmonic
Orchestra, the Germania Band, and Mrs. Long, Mrs. Harwood, Mrs.
Kempton, and Mr. Powers, give a grand concert of miscellaneous
patriotic and national music at the Boston Music Hall on Saturday
evening, April 27. The entire proceeds will be handed over to the
Governor of the Comm.onwealth for the purpose of arming and equip-
ping troops in the service of the country." The entire proceeds were
S3 78. 50. which very modest sum was gratefully received in the name
of Massachusetts by his Excellency Gov. John A. Andrew. The
concert went off with much spirit. The patriotic airs were brilliantly
given and applauded with enthusiasm. Some stirring Handel choruses
were sung, and the audience joined in the noble strains of what is.
falsely called " America," being in fact " God save the King."
198 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
FOKTY-SEVENTH SEASON.
May 27, 1861. to May 26, 1802.
The annual meeting was held May 27, at Chiekering Hall, the vice-
president in the chair. The treasurer reported the financial condition
to be about the same as at the last annual meeting ; the profit on the
Christmas performance of the Messiah^ together with some two hun-
dred dollars contributed by members, about squared the expenditures
of the season, leaving the Society in debt 81,362.58, secured by rail-
road bonds, exclusive of the valuable library and other property. The
secretary's report was long, and contained much important matter.
Thirty-three regular weekly rehearsals had been held, besides four
business meetings of the Society and nineteen of the Board of Trust-
ees. Nine members had been admitted, and three discharged. He
dwelt on the fact that, in the then present state of things, no society
could rely on public patronage for support ; that similar organizations
elsewhere, and for similar purposes, like the Sacred Harmonic Society
of New York, exacted a yearly price of membership ; that a moderate
annual assessment on each member would not only meet the current
expenses of conductor, organist, rent of library room, etc., but would
stimulate esjjrit de corps^ and enlist the hearty co-operation of each
and every member, since men value most the privileges they have to
pay for, and membership in such a Society is certainl}' a privilege ; it
is the one way of becoming familiar with the great sacred creations
of Handel, Haydn, Mendelssohn, and others. He therefore advised
an amendment of the By-Laws such as to admit of an annual assess-
ment of jive dollars. He also alluded to the great advantage which
the Society would gain from such a measure, in finding itself free
from all " entangling alliances," however temporary, whereby it has
been often forced to appear before the public wholly unprepared, in
company with artists " who care nothing for us or the audience to
which we introduce them, and are as unprepared as ourselves for ren-
dering satisfactorily the music assigned them."
The report strongly urged the importance of another addition to the
Bj^-Laws, whereby the attendance of members at rehearsals might be
secured, on penalty of forfeiture of membership in certain cases, with-
out the tedious process of advertising a roll-call in "three or more
daily papers." This, even if it reduced the members of the chorus,
would lead to better discipline and improve the quality of the public
performances. After these and other suggestions (not all so sound
as these) , the report wound up with a glance at the disturbed condi-
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 199
lion of the country : " In times like these we can do nothing. Did I
say we could do nothing? Have we not already commanded the
Muse, and brought her into the service of our country's cause? We
have just given a concert for the benefit of the troops. . . . May we
not hope that our trouble will soon cease, and that peace may be pro-
claimed throughout the length and breadth of our land? Then will
we again unite in a grand triumphal jubilee of welcome to those who
have fought our battles, and contributed of their might to the uphold-
ing of the majesty of the laws." It was a hope long deferred, but
the jubilee came none the less, and all the more glorious, in the ful-
ness of time.
After the unanimous nomination of Dr. J. Baxter Upham for the
office of president, the meeting was adjourned to June 4, when Dr.
Upham — a gentleman of culture and large public spirit, a graduate of
Dartmouth College in 1842. and of the Harvard Medical School in
1847, a gentleman to whom Boston was indebted more than to any
other for the enterprise which built the Music Hall, and secured the
noble organ which was soon to adorn it and complete it, and from
whose enthusiasm the cause of music in our public schools was still
receiving such an impulse — was elected president, with no change
of other officers. A hearty vote of thanks was passed to the retii'ing
president. Col. T. E. Chickering.
The secretary, in the report above quoted, had made various strin-
gent recommendations and warnings on the score of economy in those
dark times. He even went so far as to suggest a return to the ancient
practice of having the rehearsals conducted by the president of the
Society, instead of by a hired conductor( !). This, of course, caused
a smile, as possibly the wily officer intended that it should ; for, rather
than beat such an ignominious retreat, what sacrifice within their
means were not the members ready enough to make? It does not
appear that the five-dollar assessment project met with a very warm
response ; had it passed, there probably would have been no further
need of guaranty subscriptions to this day. But one effect of the
discussion may be found in the generous attitude taken by Mr. Zer-
rahn and Mr Lang, the conductor and organist, who readily agreed
to retain office without fixed salary, and be content with whatever
small balance might remain in the treasury after the expenses were
paid. (At the end of the year, .July 1, 1862, they got $41.69 each !)
The work of rehearsal, we may be sure, was busily resumed, as
usual, in October ; for therein lay the real life of the Society. By
this means it could at least keep itself in running order. Better than
gold was it to know good music, and be able to sing it well together.
200 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
That good seed planted, the harvest would be sure to follow in due
season.
No public performance was attempted until after Christmas, Dec.
29, when the Messiah was given, after unusually careful preparation
in the matter of the choruses. Not a chorus was omitted nor a con-
certed number ; nothing but a piece or two of solo. The chorus seats
were not quite so full as on some earlier occasions, but this was one
of the good results of the new rule excluding " dummies," and made
up in quality more than was lost in quantity. The orchestra was
larger and better than could have been expected in those times, when
the war was making such draughts on our musicians. We were re-
duced to one bassoon, and that of a somewhat uncertain sound ;
which could not be said of the trumpet, which rang out splendidly in
"The trumpet shall sound." There was room for improvement in
the chorus singing, our singers being still impatient of that "Old
World " drill, which cultivates a sensitive ear to what at first seem
inconsiderable blemishes. Few of them had yet learned not to con-
found familiarity with mastery or knowledge. In the soprano arias
Mrs. Long was uncommonly happy, whether in voice, or style, or
feeling ; and she was heard with peculiar interest, having announced
her resolution of retiring from the stage and devoting herself exclu-
sively to teaching. The airs " Come unto him," " But thou didst not
leave," etc., and " How beautiful " were sung by Miss Gilson, a fresh,
3^oung voice of silvery purity and sweetness, yet a little cold. Mrs.
Kempton's deep contralto was as rich and warm as ever, but her
upper notes, owing to a cold, were tremulous and husky. There was
a new soloist, announced as "the celebrated English tenor," Mr.
Gustavus Geary, whose voice was robust, rich, and resonant, but
whose struggles for pathos and expression seemed affected and un-
natural. Mr. Thomas, of New York, rendered the bass solos well,
albeit with a voice hard and dry in quality. Great was the crowd of
attentive listeners, and the receipts were $763.
Great applause greeted the announcement by President Upham
that, at the suggestion of Hon. R. C. Winthrop, the Messiah would
be repeated on New- Year's afternoon, for the benefit of the United
States Sanitary Commission Fund Conductor, organist, and all the
assisting artists, vocal and instrumental, volunteered their services
for this most worthy object ; and the friends of the soldier were
exhorted to see that the funds of the Commission were increased
thereb3^ The receipts were $385.75, as stated in a letter of acknowl-
edgment from Huntington Wolcott, Esq., treasurer of the Sanitary
Fund.
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 201
Early in February, 1862, we find the Society engaged in the rehear-
sal of Mendelssohn's Lohgesang, and Handel's Dettingen Te Deum.
Both works have victory in them, — the thing chiefly wanted in those
times. Before the end of the month there were Union victories to
talk about and celebrate with song. It was too late to secure the
Music Hall for the 22d, Washington's birthday ; so the concert was
announced for Saturday evening, March 1, Mr. Zerrahn having
waived the right of the hall that evening for his fourth Philharmonic
concert, and lending the whole force of his orchestra to this patriotic
musical rejoicing. There was fine field for it in the symphonic prel-
ude of the Hymn of Praise, as well as in the accompaniments of that
work and the Dettingen Te Deum. It was a grand solemnity, this
commemoration of victory. Every seat was filled ; every face glowed
with sympathetic fervor ; every singer and player looked as if his
heart was in his work. The simple decorations, too, were tasteful
and suggestive. Flags culminating in a wreath encircled the motto,
^' Te Deum," the whole forming a fine background to the noble
statue of Beethoven, " who is certainly in place where Victory means
Freedom." To make all perfect, and to bring the theme directly
home to all, it chanced that Col William Raymond Lee, and other
brave officers of the Twentieth, had arrived home only the evening
before from their captivity in Richmond since the affair of Ball's
Bluff. Their entrance with Governor Andrew and his staff, amid
patriotic strains from the orchestra, and the repeated cheers of the
whole hous(^, made an enlivening episode to begin with ; which the
singing of the "Star-Spangled Banner" — the solo of each stanza
given out with fervor by Miss Washburn, and the whole choir joining
in the refrain with orchestra — carried up to a thrilling climax.
Then was sung (for the first time as a whole in Boston) Handel's
Dettingen Te Deum, which he composed in 1743, to commemorate a
victory gained by the Knglish and Austrian arms over the French,
and which has ever since voiced the national thanksgiving of the
English after victory. If not to be counted among Handel's greatest
works, it is massive and grand in its choruses, and not wanting in
solos and trios of considerable interest. By its solemn, stirring texts
it harmonized with the occasion. The trumpet call which introduces
and is worked into the whole accompaniment of the first five-part
chorus, "We praise thee, O Lord, we acknowledge Thee"; the
semi-chorus, "To Thee all angels cry aloud," which secures by con-
trast the full splendor of that most inspiring chorus, " To Thee Cher-
ubim and Seraphim continually do cry," with its perpetual reiteration
of the phrase "continually"; the great Sanctus, "Holy, holy"; in
202 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
short, all the choruses bore the great seal of Handel. And they were
in the main sung correctly and with spirit. The solos were accepta-
bly rendered by fresh and satisfactory voices, all taken from the
ranks and new to the audience, with the exception of Mr. Simpson^
the tenor from New York. Mr. Myron W. Whitney made an impres-
sion by his remarkably round, sonorous, musical bass voice. Mis&
Granger's fresh and clear soprano, limited to bits of solo in a quartet
and choruses, told with good effect. And Miss Fitch sang the alto-
part in the trio with tenor and bass tastefully, in warm, sweet tones.
The Hymn of Praise^ besides giving more scope to the orchestra,.
" touches every key of praise and thankfulness, from the most trumpet-
tongued to the most tender, sweet, and trustful " ; and the whole per-
formance was inspiring. Miss Granger and Miss Washburn blended
to a charm in the duet, " I waited for the Lord," the choral waves
rolling in richly and smoothly, so that the piece was encored. Mr.
Simpson had cultivated his sweet, sympathetic tenor to a reall}^ artistic
style since the first Handel and Ha3'dn Festival, and rendered the
dramatic scene of the " Watchman " with a good deal of expression.
Chorus and orchestra were so good, worked with such a will, that the
interest waxed more and more exciting to the end. This joint
demonstration of music and of patriotism, one of the most memorable
events, so far, of our Music Hall, hardly admitted, in the nature of
things, of repetition, with all the circumstances which combined to
render it complete. Of the result financially we find no statement.
The season ended with a performance, April 20, of the Creation.
Miss Chapman sang the largest part of the soprano arias after but
six days' study of the music, not of the kind she learned in Italy ;
and by her fine, clear, powerful voice, as well as by the style, the
character and spirit in her singing, she bore away the first honors.
Miss Gilson, Mr. Hazelwood, a new and pleasing tenor, and Mr. M.
W. Whitney acquitted themselves with credit. The receipts fell short
of the expenses.
FORTY-EIGHTH SEASON.
May 26, 1862, to May 25, 1863.
At the annual meeting the officers were re-elected. The receipts-
for the past year were reported at $4,623.20 ; the expenses. So, 102. 40.
The secretary in his long report drew from treasures old and new in
the annals of the Society, showing how much had been done through
its concerts in the cause of charit}^ the Messiah having proved a
fruitful source of income for that purpose here, as it had done in
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 203
England and Ireland in Handel's own day. He dwelt again on the
need of stricter discipline and more punctual and constant attendance
at rehearsals. A committee had been charged with the careful con-
sideration of his suggestions, in the last year's report, both on this
subject and on that of an annual assessment, which resulted in a
strong recommendation of both measures. But at a meeting of the
Society, called expressly for the purpose, it was decided, in view of the
critical state of the times, to let the proposed changes lie over for a
season. Five gentlemen had been admitted to membership, and four
had received an honorable discharge. A tribute of respect was paid
to one of the highly esteemed members of the Society, for many
years its secretary, William Learnard, who died on the evening of the
last annual meeting. Some of the iliost active members had gone to
the front, and were fighting the battles of the country. " Our pres-
ident, too (Dr. Upham), has voluntarially gone forth in the noble work
of alleviating the sufferings of the sick and wounded." This natu-
rally has reduced the chorus, yet the oratorios have been given in a
creditable manner.
The report closed with a reference to the success of the Musical
Festival of 1857, the first of the kind ever attempted in this country,
and proposed in glowing terms triennial festivals thereafter, of " majes-
tic proportions," alluding in this connection to the great Handel Fes-
tival at the Crystal Palace in London, and to the enormous success of
Israel in Egypt ^ as there given in 1859. This portion of the report
sheds such a flood of light upon the question of that (here) much-
maligned oratorio, that I am tempted to reproduce it in full.
The secretary says : —
" In a pamphlet prospectus of the coming (London) Festival,
issued by Mr. Manager Bowley, we find the following in reference to
the great festival of 1859, when twelve hundred were gathered to-
gether, independent of the band, in the performance of Handel's
oratorios. He says : ' For the last day's performance in 1859 the
sum of sixteen thousand pounds was received for tickets' (I), aud
he adds : ' With what additional satisfaction must this be regarded,
when it is borne in mind that this unparalleled amount was obtained
by the representation of that stupendous masterpiece of musical art,
Israel in Egypt, the oratorio of oratorios I It has taken one hundred
and twenty years to arrive at a full appreciation of its merits I '
"As to the excellence of the performance of Israel in Egy^jt, and
the effect thereof, M. Meyerbeer is quoted as having declared that, ' with
all his life-long varied experiences of the greatest musical solemnities
in all countries, Israel in Egypt, at the Handel Festival, had far sur-
204 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
passed them all.' And yet when this same great work was performed
here, by the Handel and Haydn Society, some two or three years
since,— and well performed, too, considering the inadequacy of the
choir, as to numbers, to give the massive composition its full effect, —
the carping critics brought all their mighty batteries to bear in a flood
of ridicule not only upon the oratorio, but on the Society for resusci-
tating a work that had long been shelved, as they said, in England,
and should be buried so low here as never to reach the davliffht
again ! "
But, leaving Israel to vindicate itself here, as elsewhere, as it will
surely do when peace returns, our thoughts must now revert to the
War, which is still making larger draughts upon the young manhood
of the country, and even claiming recruits within the ranks of harmony.
Col. Thomas E. Chickering, late president of the Handel and Haydn
Society, has assumed command of a fine regiment (the 41st), which he
is soon to lead out in defence of countrv and free institutions This
regiment has not, like others, received help from private sources.
Therefore, the old Society is moved to give it and its chief a godsend
in the shape of a grand patriotic concert in aid of the regimental fund.
It took place Oct. 25, with the co-operation of Miss Julia Houston,
Mr. R. Hall, the Philharmonic Orchestra, the Orpheus Musical
Society, and the principal military bands of the city. — the Brigade,
Hall's, Gilmore's, and the Germania. The receipts were about $650,
of which $500 were given to the fund.
The Messiah, as usual, came round in Christmas week, Dec. 28.
Mrs. Long had been drawn from her retirement, to sing once more,
and at her best, "There were shepherds," "Rejoice greatly," and
the great song of faith. Miss Gilson's sweet, clear voice betrayed
" stage fright." ]Miss Annie Louise Cary, a healthy, natural, and
hearty singer, fresh from her native Maine, till then a stranger to so
large a stage, but destined to achieve great popularity and a distin-
guished rank among the world's contraltos, sang creditably, but with a
certain lifelessness of style. Her day will come. Mr. William Cas-
tle, a fresh young tenor from New York, whose chief musical expe-
rience had been among the " minstrels," and who sang this music for
the first time, made an excellent impression. His pure, sweet voice
had enough of power and endurance for this important task, and he
managed it with such skill and judgment as to give fair expression
and eflTect to "Comfort ye" and "Every valley," and even the
pathetic " Thy rebuke " ; but he was not equal — scarcely any singer
was, except Sims Reeves — to " Thou shalt break them with a rod of
iron." For him, too, there were laurels in reserve. Mr. Rudolphsen
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AXD HAYDX SOCIETY. 205
delivered the bass arias with dignit}' and power. Some of the
choruses never went better. But the chorus, very large, was not well
balanced ; tenors and basses too preponderating ; contraltos few and
feeble ; sopranos feeble, too, though many. The orchestra was excel-
lent. There was a splendid audience.
Rehearsals of Ehjali followed with the new year, 1863 ; and this
unfailing favorite, well selected to revive the flagging interest in
oratorios, was performed on March 15. The Music Hall was crowded.
The solo singing was all good. The "title part " was intrusted to
Mr. Rudolphsen, who, although not up to Mendelssohn's ideal of the
prophet, — nor was Formes, nor even Mr. Weiss, in England, for
whom the part was written, — yet had his rich, solid tones well under
control, while his delivery was conscientious and appropriate, never
feeble nor offensive. The principal soprano arias and recitatives
were worthiW presented by Mme. Guerrabella {iiee AVard), — an
American lady who had married a Russian Count Guerbel. in Rome,
and being deserted by him, began a successful career as a singer.
She had been very highly cultivated in the Italian style, and may be
supposed to have been more at home in the music of Bellini and
Donizetti than in that of Mendelssohn. But her interpretation was
all good ; her rendering always dignified ; her feeling of the music
unaffected. There was a chaste abstinence from ornament : at the
most, a few final trills finely executed. Her manner and presence
were in keeping with the noble music, which she seemed to approach
with an unfeigned respect. Miss Houston and Mrs. J. S. Cary did
justice, respectively, to the parts of the queen and the contralto arias.
Mr. Castle fully confirmed the good impression he had made in the
Jfessiah. All the princij^al artists took part in the double quartet,
and several of them in the quartets, which compared remarkably well
with any previous renderings.
March 22. Elijah was repeated with diminished audience and a
loss of $250 !
FORTY-XIXTII SEASOX.
May 25, 1863, to May 30, 1864.
Again we look to the secretary's report made at the annual meeting.
May -^5, to learn the animus and temper of the Society for twelve
months past, together with its hopes and purposes. The doings we
have already sketched. After a brief recital of these, the secretary
reminds us of the difficulty and the cost, in money and in labor, of
preparing such a work as Elijah for public performance, and points
206 HISTORY OF THE HAXDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
out a reciprocal duty between the Society and the public. Without
local rivals, and b}^ far the largest and most efficient choral organiza-
tion in the country, the Handel and Haydn Society is still defective
in many important requisites for a perfect rendering of the great
oratorios. It still needs better balance of the four parts, and a more
constant attendance at rehearsals on the part of each and every
member. On this last point, Mr. Barnes is more stringent than
ever, and shows up, in a withering light, the poor excuse of those
who think that there is no particular need for their rehearsing, since
they have sung the work for years, and know their parts by heart ;
yet when a part goes wrong, it is commonly traceable to some of
these I He mentions the attempt made to secure better attendance
by a frequent calling of the roll, "which resulted in the discharge
from the Society of seven members, who had proverbially been
absent from rehearsals, the receipt of a large mail of excuses from
the sick and disabled, and a much fuller attendance on each evening
of the roll-call."
The report then proceeds to the gratifying announcement that the
Great Organ, one of the largest and most perfect in the world, which
will soon furnish new and grander background of accompaniment to
their chorus singing, has arrived, and is to be erected in the Music
Hall during the summer. Kegarding the pecuniary embarrassments of
the Society, he relates that the Board of Trustees, at a recent meet-
ing, had voted to make an appeal to friends, and the public at large,
for aid in establishing a fund of $20,000 to be permanently invested,
the income to be expended in bringing out important works, institut-
ing a series of festivals, and combining all the choral force of the
immediate neighborhood of Boston in one great choir, after the
manner of London, Birmingham, and other English cities. He
closes with suggesting the spring of 1865, at which time the vSociety
will have completed the first half -century of its existence, as a fit
time (one might say imperatively fit) for another musical festival,
which shall be greater than the first (in 1857). Before this, he would
increase the membership to four hundred. And coinciding with this
sentiment of fifty years to be remembered and rejoiced in, we shall
find, when we reach the time, another mighty stimulus and inspira-
tion, — the thrill of a new national assurance, enough to dispose the
general heart and mind to everything exultant and sublime in praise
and thanksgiving and great festival of song. But many a dark and
trying chapter of our war has to come home to us before that !
President Upham had returned and occupied the chair. The officers
were re-elected. The treasurer, M. S. Parker, showed the receipts of
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 207
the year to be $4,787.79, and the expenditures ?4,937.79, leaving a
bahmce of SI 50 against the Society, which, with a note of $700 due,
made its liabilities S8o0 ; to meet which, the Society held an Ogdensburg
bond worth $1,040, thus leaving an actual balance of $190 on hand.
We are now, it must be remembered, at the turning period and
near the crisis of the War of the Rebellion. This was the summer,
1863, of the momentous battle of Gettysburg. There could not be
much room for music in men's minds, at least not much for public
musical performances, for musical enterprises requiring money, time,
and thought. The fate of the nation trembled in the balance. It
was a moment of absorbing hope and fear. The storm had lasted
longer, had raged and was still raging far more furiously than our san-
guine secretary in his report two years before so confidentlv trusted.
Gettysburg was in July. But six months earlier, on the 1st of January
that year, a new element of strength, a new great hope and inspiration,
was added to the Union cause. President Lincoln's immortal Proc-
lamation of Emancipation to the slave had been that day promulgated ;
and liberty-loving, loyal citizens of Boston, on the afternoon of that
day, had taken worthy recognition of the great event by a memo-
rable concert in the Music Hall, — a " Grand Jubilee Concert," — a
concert as remarkable for the artistic composition of its programme,
musically considered, as for the occasion that inspired it. Mr. Zer-
rahn and his orchestra were there ; Mr. B. J. Lang threw himself into
it with fervor, raising, drilling, and leading the vocal forces ; Mr.
Otto Dresel stepped from his habitual retirement to iuterpret the
greatest of the Beethoven Concertos ; Miss Houston and Mr. August
Kreissmann sang. And, to crown all, Ralph Waldo Emerson was
there to read his ''Boston Hymn," which he had written for the occa-
sion, having completed it that ver^' morniug. P^x-Mayor Josiah Quincy
introduced the poet. Although the Handel and Haydn Society, owing
to political division (or at least lack of unanimity) within its ranks,
could not lend its aid officially, by name, yet it will be worth remember-
ing with some satisfaction that, without a Handel and Haydn Society,
the important choral features of that concert would have been impra<-
ticable. Elijah^ and the Messiah^ and the Hymn of Praise looked
to that quarter for a large proportion of the voices. To those of its
members who did take part, feeling that the war question had now
passed the stage of politics, and that Providence had taken it out of
that sphere altogether, it must always be a pleasure to remember that
they were part and parcel of the heartfelt and enthusiastic rendering
of that memorable programme. The choral history of this period is
not complete without it. Here it is in brief : —
208
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
PROLOGUE BY R. W. EMERSON.
PAKT
1. Overture to " Egmont "
2. Solo and chorus from •' Hymn of Praise " .
Air (Mr. Kreissraann) : " The sorrows of death."
..." Watchman, will the night soon pass? "
Soprano (Miss Houston) : " The night is departing! "
Choinis: "The night is departing." . . . "Gird on the
armor of Light."
3. Concerto in E flat, for piano and orcliestra
Pianoforte bv Mr. Dresel.
Beethoven.
Mendelssohn.
Beethoven.
TART n.
4. Dr. 0. W. Holmes's Army Hjmn, Solo (Kreissmann)
and Chorus O. Dresel.
o. Fifth S.vmphonj" Beethoven.
6. («.) Chorus from "Elijah": "He watching over
Israel" 3Iendelssohn.
(6.) Hallelujah from " Messiah" .... Handel.
7. Overture to " William Tell " Eossini.
There was an ntter dearth of music all that summer, and until
November. But all that summer, at the same time, during six long
months, one of the builders of the long-waited-for Cxreat Organ (Messrs.
Walcker & Son of Ludwigsburg) , with his men, were busily putting
together the great instrument, with its army of pipes great and small,
and its im.posing frout or housing, at the stage end of the Music Hall.
Its capacity and qualities had been tested in various ways, private
and public. And now came the opportunity for the Handel and
Haydn Society to combine its voices w4th it in a "Grand Choral
Inauguration " This took place Nov. 28 ; and proved so impressive,
so inspiriting, that the concert had to be repeated on Dec. G. The
two performances may be spoken of as one, since they presented the
same matter, with the same interpreters, the only difference being in
the seating of the singers and arrangement of the stage. We find
the following description of the scene : —
" The orchestra of forty instruments (AVm. Schultze at their head) occu-
pied the middle of the platform before the organ, at which sat Mr. Lang
behind Crawford's statue of Beethoven. The sopranos and altos were
grouped in curved lines on either side: and rising behind them, tier on tier,
upon a temporary staging, the tenors and basses into the side balconies, mak-
ing a fine show, with the majestic organ in the background, its lower corners
only being obscured. On the second occasion the chorus occupied a still
loftier and wider amphitheatre, built for the concert of the twelve hundred
school children, and the platform came much farther forward into the hall,
HISTORY OF THE HA>'DEL AND HATDX SOCIETY. 209
whereby the sound, especially of the orchestra, told more eftectively. The
organ, too. shone out for the first time in aU the glory of its great front pipes,
some missing ones having at last arrived ; five of these filled the central field
behind the carved head of Bach, vrhere had been flags ; these, with a large
pipe in each of the square end towers, made the front, hitherto abridged of
part of its ett'ective width, shine all along the line."
This may serve for a general type of the spectacle presented by the
stage and organ end of the hall at many festivals and concerts in the
following years. Now for the music.
The old practice of " playing in " the chorus singers with an organ
" vohintary " was wisely discontinued. The first sounds of the pro-
gramme fell fresh upon ears not already dulled by music heard, but
never listened to as music. The first burst was overwhelming : full
chorus of near four hundred voices, full organ and full orchestra, all
\A^\\i\\\ig fortissimo in Luther's choral, " Ein' feste Burg," developed
into a •' Religious Festival Overture" by Otto Nicolai. The volume
of tone was immense, and the sonorous ensemble was as round and
musical and fresh as it was startlingly grand and powerful. Then fol-
lowed the ingenious and somewhat fanciful symphonic working up by
the clever young Berlin composer of the Merry Wives of Windsor, on
the rendering of which we find this comment in our journal at the time :
'•Oh that Boston had an orchestra half as good for an orchestra, as
the organ is for an organ I " Under the circumstances we would have
been content with Luther's choral j)?(re et simple. Then came Han-
del's HaUelujali chorus, with an effect that can be easily imagined.
But the great feature of the first part was Handel's music to Dry-
den's ''Ode for St. Cecilia's Day," composed in 1736, never before
heard in this country. Although not to be counted among Handel's
great works, it is full of genial and delightful music, and is moderate
in length, — one hour at the most. It was peculiarly appropriate for
the opening of the organ, both by its allusions to the characteristics of
the various instruments embodied in an organ, and by its cheerful,
solemn, noble air, with prelude. '-But oh! what art can teach the
sacred organ's praise?" Moreover, it has stirring and heroic pas-
sages, which chimed well with the temper of the times after Gettys-
burg. There was one serious difficulty. Handel's score, as he has
left it, offers but a thin sketch or outline of accompaniment ; no
Mozart, Mendelssohn, or Robert Franz had taken it in hand. Some
of the arias had nothing but a bass with a high flute, or violin ;
Handel was in the habit of filling out the harmony upon his organ.
But this deficiency was turned to good account for this occasion. The
accompaniment was confined exclusively to the organ, Mr. Lang
210 HISTORY OF THE HAXDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
having transcribed for it whatever hints there were of Handel's
instrumentation. Thus the new instrument won an opportunity to
show the quality of all its various imitative stops, oboe, flute, trum-
pet, violin, etc., which he contrasted charmingly. The grand choruses,
*'From heavenly harmony this universal frame began," ''The trum-
pet's loud clangor," with the " Hark I hark!" and the "Charge!
charge!" of the tenor solo (Mr. L. W. AVheeler), followed by the
chorus charging all along the line, with quick reiteration of " the
double, double, double beat of the thund'ring drum " ; the sublime
finale (solo and chorus), ending with —
" The trumpet shall be heard ou high,
The dead shall live, the living die,
And music shall untune the skj-,''
were sung with spirit and precision. Of the solos, the nobler soprano
strains in praise of Cecilia, of Music, and " the great Creator," which
continually lead the movement in all the latter portion of the work,
were powerfully delivered by Miss Houston, her best voice seconding
the spirit in which she sang. In the earlier aria, "What passion
cannot music raise and quell?" slow, sweet, full of quiet rapture,
she sang in a pure tone, with truth and delicacy of feeling; and in
that quaint melody, with its antique cut and ornate figures, " The
soft, complaining flute," and " Woes of hapless lovers," her render-
ing was tasteful and as effective as could reasonably be expected.
The succeeding tenor aria, "The sharp violins," which the poet
couples herewith "jealous pangs and desperation, fury," etc., is a
curious piece, with wide, impassioned intervals, and quaint figures
also ; but Mr. Wheeler acquitted himself in it as only a well-taught
singer could. The interest of the ode went on crescendo from the
beginning to the great finale, of which the effect was wonderful. We
have gone into so m.uch detail of the work, because that was its last
(to this day) as well as first production here in Boston. The reason
is obvious : it lies in the matter of accompaniment. Some Robert
Franz must help us, if we are to hear it again.
The second part of the concert consisted of the Hymn of Praise^
of which the grandeurs and the beauties came out clear and unmis-
takable. The solos were finely sung by Miss Houston and Mr.
Wheeler, Mrs. Fiske seconding the former well in the duet, " I waited
for the Lord." In the thrilling notes, " The night is departing."
Miss Houston's voice electrified the audience, as it had done notably
before in that Emancipation Jubilee.
We have only to add that the first performance added from four to
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 211
five hundred dollars to a fund for the extinction of the debt on the
organ. The repetition was by invitation of the Music Hall directors,
who paid all expenses, dividing the proceeds with the Society.
The Messiah, after Christmas, Dec. 27, drew an immense audience,
at double the old price. The receipts were $1,934. The organ both
helped and marred the performance, if we may trust the following-
record : —
" It made the choruses more ponderous and gi'ancl, and withal raorebrilliaut ;
its hundreds of blended voices in eacli chord, with all its finely attempered
• mixtures ' and harmonics, being clearer, truer, and more penetrathig than the
indifierent average of human organs. Some of the choruses, the great, broad,
popular ones, like the Hallelujah, went splendidly- Others, more fugued
and fragmentary (hnitative), full of points to be snatched up quickly, uow
by this and uow by that set of voices, went badly (such as • He shall break
their bonds asunder'). This was, in a great measure, owing to the uuaccus-
tomedness in singing with the organ, as well as to the new location of the
difterent bodies of singers, which the organ has made uecessarj-. The
conductor stands far out in front ; the tone reaches his ear an instant after
the key is pressed down, so that the organist has to anticipate by just that
instant. The pipes, according to the quarter where they are housed, arouse
and bear oft' the nearest singers, in spite of the conductor's wand. The
tenors, for instance, sit (sat then) right against that side of the organ where
all the strong pipes of the 'great' organ, trumpets, cornet mixtures, and all,
leap out aloud. There is general bewilderment. Conductor wonders that
the Messrs. Tenors will still keep in advance ; all but the most resolute, sure
singers drop away for fear of doing mischief, leaving the burthen of the
work in a great measure to the organ."
But these were difficulties which time and familiarity were sure to
remedy. The orchestra, too. often began out of tune : no fault of
the musicians, since it was an awkward thing for them at once to
adapt their instruments to the low French normal pitch to which the
organ had been tuned. Time brought the remedy for that, too.
Of the solo singers. Miss Maria Brainerd, of New York, made a
good impression in the principal soprano airs. She had some sterling
qualifications for an oratorio singer; a pure, sweet, powerful voice,
flexible and evenly developed, sustaining itself well in " I know that
my Redeemer." She seemed an earnest, conscientious artist. Hei;
chief fault was too much of the false kind oi portamento . Mrs. J. S.
Gary's contralto was more rich and musical than ever ; there were
feeling, style, fine shading in her rendering. So good were the qual-
ity of tone, the'method, style, and spirit of the tenor, ;Mr. Wheeler,
that it was said of him, "He really deserves to have more power of
voice " ; yet it was by no means painfully inadequate even for the
212 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
great Music Hall. Mr. J. R Thomas, of New York, sang the bas&
songs very evenly and clearly.
On Feb. 21, 1864, for the first tune since 1857, Costa's Eli was
brought out again, with Miss Houston in the part of Hannah, Mrs.
J. S. Cary as Samuel, Mr. Wheeler as Elkanah, Mr. Kimball as the
Man of God, and Mr. Rudolphsen as Eli. The solo singing was of
more than average excellence, the balance of parts unusually good,
the chorus well trained, and the audience large. The season reached
its penultimate task in a second (Easter) performance, before a very
larse audience, of the Messiah^ in which the Great Organ swelled the
volume of the chorus very palpably, and with all the more effect that
it was sparingly used in gentler passages ; while the solos were
remarkably well presented by Miss Houston (who took all the
soprano pieces), Mrs. Cary, Mr. Wheeler, and Mr. Rudolphsen ; and
completed itself, May 8, with a creditable rendering of the E ij<h,
which the singers, then, as now, were sure to attack with zest and
con amove. Besides Mr. Wheeler and Mr. Rudolphsen, were Adelaide
Phillipps, always impressive in the contralto arias, with her rich,
large, cultivated voice and style ; ^liss Houston, at her best and
always earnest in some of the soprano arias, albeit sometimes ner-
vous in her anxious effort to do justice to such music ; and another
soprano, Mrs. H. M. Smith, whose purity of voice and honest style
commended her. And these three ladies sang the "Angel Trio,"
which rarely had been heard to such advantage.
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 213
CHAPTER Yll.
FIFTIETH SEASON.
May 30, 1804, to June 16, 1865.
At the anuual meeting, Ma}^ 30, the old board of officers were re
elected. The treasurer reported the receipts of the year to Ma^' 27,
at S'2^'254: 32 ; expenses, 5^1,538.97, — leaving the Society out of debt,
with a balance in the treasury of over 8700. The librarian's report
showed an addition to the library' of eight hundred and sixt3'-nine
vocal parts and seven scores. Secretary Barnes congratulated the
members on a successful year at last, in those hard times. Of the
six concerts of the season, five had been in the joint interest of the
Society and the Music Hall Association, — the first, as we have seen,
a voluntary offering to the organ fund. There had been thirt}' rehears-
als, with a fair attendance, averaging, on pleasant evenings, one
hundred and ninet^^-seven members ; the highest number present at
any rehearsal was two hundred and ninety-one. There had been
thirty admissions of new members, and two expulsions. The secre-
taiy did not discuss the condition and prospects of the Society in his
u^ual exhaustive manner, but gave place to the thoughtful, excellent
address of Dr. Upham, the president. After a complimentary allu-
sion to "the instructive reports of our worthy secretar}-" on past
occasions, followed b}' pleasant recognition of the presence on the
active roll of members (now in the forty-ninth year of the Society)
of '' an honored few," who took part in its earliest public perform-
ances ; and after briefly summing up the work and the successes of
the season (ah-eady recorded in these pages), with fit tribute to the
noble organ, the address becomes didactic, and discourses at length,
with wise and practical suggestions, upon what we maj' call the
man lie of a choral society. This is too much to the purpose not to
be given here in full : —
" There have been shortcomings euoiigh ; andglarmg faults, — faults which
have reference to the Society as a bocl}^ — faults (the more frequent and inex-
cusal)le) which are referable to a few, who bj' their inattention and careless-
ness liave sadly marred the well-directed efibrts of all the rest, — and faults,
too, of that still more limited class, who are yet to be found in all associa-
tions of this nature, — termed not inappropriate!}" the individual vociferators^
214 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AXD HAYDN SOCIETY.
— whose zeal, out of all proportion to their knowledge, spoils both the temper
and the tone of their immediate neighbors, and is, at the same time, sadly
damaging to the general effect.
"And here let me caution the Society against the idea, too often indulged in
by associations of amateurs, who have acquired a standing and reputation for
the good things they have achieved, that perfection in their performances has
already been attained. This, if cherished, will prove a fatal mistake. Non
progredi est regredi (not to progress is to retrograde) should be the motto of
us all. Nor should we be disappointed and restive under the more stringent
animadversions upon our best efforts, to which the Society has in later years
been subjected. Bear in mind, what has been well said, that just in propor-
tion as an association for the promotion of art — a musical association in
particular — has been successful in advancing the taste and judgment of the
public who make up its audiences, in the same proportion it must expect less
indulgence in its dtfects, and a severer criticism of its most faithful per-
formances. And this, indeed, it can well afford to bear, for the strictest criti-
cism presupposes an acknowledged capacity for excellence.
" Xow for a few plain facts and hints of a practical cast.
"The first and most important in the category of complaints, which my
two or three years' observation with you leads me to make, has reference to
the ordinary operations of the Society. It is the want of regularity and
punctuality, on the part of the members, in their attendance upon the stated
meetings for practice and rehearsal. This is an evil which has long been
felt, and oftentimes brought to your notice. From the abstract of the records
for the past year, just given, we learn that it is still in full force. Indeed,
absenteeism seems almost to be the rule rather than the rare exception. Now,
it needs no argument to prove that, without an honest and conscientious
observance, on the part of all, of their duties in this respect, the Society,
constituted as it is, can never hope for progress and improvement, much less
to arrive at anywhere near the confines of perfection. But, perhaps, there
may be some to Avhom the requirement of a weekly rehearsal, during the
seven or eight months that make up the season, appears inordinate and unrea-
sonable. To such we would refer the rules and regulations of similar asso-
ciations in London and elsewhere, where, not unfrequeutly, in addition to the
meetings for weekly- practice throughout the whole j'ear, as man}- as fifteen
or twenty special occasions are made, at all of which the members are bound,
under penalty of forfeiture of membership, except for the most ample and
sufficient reasons, to be present. In the London Sacred Harmonic Society,
the candidates for admission are now pledged beforehand to a rigid observ-
ance of its rules and regulations, among the most stringent of which are
those requiring punctual and regular attendance on all meetings for practice.
It would be well if a similar rule were adopted and enforced in our own
Society.
" Another practice of a portion of our members, which grows out of the
laxity of rules, and which deserves to be strongly reprehended, is that of
frequenting only those rehearsals which immediately precede a public per-
formance, and with such superficial preparation, occupying their accustomed
seats on the evening of the concert. In this way, as has been intimated, many
an otherwise creditable performance, for which careful rehearsal by a consci-
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 215
■entioiis few has been made, is marred and ruined. As a remedj' for this evil,
I would respectfull}- suggest that some means be adopted, by registration or
otherwise, to mark the attendance of individuals at such rehearsals as may be
given in preparation for a public performance, the presence and participation
in three or more of which should be required of all who take part in the con-
cert. If such system of elimination should result in reducing the chorus on
these public occasions to one half its usual numerical force, the accuracy and
-efficiencj^ of the residue would be the better appreciated and felt.
"Among the radical faults of singers, in our own country especially, to
which this Societj' forms no exception, is the almost universal inattention
that prevails as to the proper position of the body, whether standing or sit-
ting. I deem this subject of sufficient importance to dwell upon it emphat-
ically, and urge it upon your careful consideration. I believe that if every
association of this nature had its competent instructor in physical training,
as it is understood at the present day. especially if to this were added some
knowledge of the art of correct vocalization and the proper management of
the voice, the efiect of the chorus, in respect of volume and power of tone
alone, could be at least doubled. But without such special instruction, a sim-
ple observance of an erect position of the body, and a proper disposition of
the organs immediately concerned in vocalization, would do much towards
the production of a purer intonation, greater ease, precision, and fluency of
deliver}'; everything, indeed, that is improving to the singing voice.
"Again, a positive element of loss which too often prevails in an extensive
choral organization is the neglect or refusal of a considerable percentage of
those who are abundantly competent to sustain themselves creditably, to join
in all their allotted parts at a concert. Some of the finest effects of the ' Mes-
siah,' as given by this Society at the last Christmas season, were, as I believe,
inadequately produced from this cause alone. It may be by reason of physi-
cal fatigue, on the part of some, but it is more frequently from indifference,
or the feeling, perhaps, that, among the great mass, these single efforts may
not be missed. To this argument, however specious it may appear in a single
individual case, it is only necessarj^ to apply the reductio ad ahsurdum ; for
what would become of a great chorus if all should be possessed Avith the
impulse to remain silent at one and the same moment? It is only necessary
to allude to this point, and I leave it to the reflection and good sense of those
who may have been accustomed so to transgress.
" As an aid in bringing about and maintaining an improvement in some of
the points to which I have alluded, as well as otherwise to increase the effi-
ciency of the Society, and assist its practical operations, I would recommend
the establishment of a Staff of Superintendents, — as they might be called, —
to consist of, at least, eight persons, one half to be taken from the Board of
Trustees, the others to be chosen annually from the Societ}* at large. They
should be selected for their intelligence and ability, and for their devotion to
the interests of the Society, and conscientiousness in the discharge of its
required duties. It should consequently be regarded as a post of honor, as it
would be one of responsibility and labor. They could, with advantage, be
apportioned equally among the several departments of the chorus, — thus
giving two to each part, — the librarian to retain as now his general super-
vision of the orchestra, and be included among the staft'. It would be the
216 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
dut}' of these gentlemen to attend to the proper seating and arrangement of
their respective departments, both at rehearsals and concerts, — to see that
all are properly supplied with music, — to take note of the attendance of
members, and report the same regularly at each meeting to the secretary or
the president of the Board, and generally to provide for everything that per-
tains to the comfort and adds to the efficiency of the corps under their imme-
diate charge, — to do this with firmness and energy, and at the same time
with discretion and courtesy. This, of course, would take the place of the
present Seating Committee, whose duties are merged in those of the Staft' of
Superintendents. The number could, if required, be enlarged on occasions of
extra duty and emergency. The four thus chosen from the Society at large,
together with the librarian, might, with propriety, be ex officio members of
the Board of Trustees, but without the privilege of a vote at its meetings.
I am certain that, if such organization be established, it would do much to
regulate and systematize the Society's operations, and bring about that unity
of purpose and action so much needed in every association of this kind.
' ' A word here as to the proper numerical force of our chorus department,
and the better balancing of the parts. Taking into account the accommoda-
tions and acoustic capacity of the building we are likely to occupy for public
entertainments for some time to come, there is demanded, to give proper
effect to such works as we are accustomed to undertake on our ordinary occa-
sions, a chorus of full four hundred vocalists. By this, I mean that number
of really competent, co-operating, and well-trained voices. This, with the
unrivalled organ we have at our command, and an orchestra of sixty instru-
ments (the command of which, I am sorry to say, at present we have not),
would leave little to be desired.
"If the plan now before the School Board of this city should become a
law, viz., the introduction of a system of thorough instruction in vocal music
into the primary schools, under the supervision of an able teacher,' — as it is
already taught by a special corps of teachers in the higher classes of the
grammar schools, — we shall not be at a loss for material wherewith to recruit
our ranks, or to raise our complement of active members to any number at
which we may deem it expedient to limit ourselves; for the result of such
plan must be, in a few years, to increase immeasurably a knowledge of the
principles and practice of choral music throughout the whole community.
Indeed, we ought even now, under the partial operation of the present system
of musical education in our public schools, to find among those who annually
o-raduate from the gi'ammar department an abundant supply of material for
this purpose; and it only needs, as I believe, some sj'stematic mode of regis-
tering the best pupils in the advanced classes in music, to render the scheme
a practical one."
The address concludes with a reminder of the interesting fact, that
the year upon which the Society was just entering would terminate
1 Since the above was written, this important step towards the establishment of
a more complete system of musical education in our public schools has been taken,
the Board having, by a nearly unanimous vote, adopted the order recommended
bv the Standing Committee on Music, for the appointment of a special instructor
in music in the primary schools of Boston.
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDX SOCIETY. 217
with the completion of the first half centui-y of its life, and with the
following cheerful and appropriate suggestion : —
" It is fitting that so memorable an epoch in our history should be celebrated
with more than usual circumstance and ceremony ; and, while I would not
counsel a departure from the ordinary rehearsals, and a rigid preparation for
the approaching concert season, I Avould propose that a proper time be set
apart as a festival week, in which this Society, with picked orchestra and
chorus, enlarged to the utmost limits the capacity of our hall will allow, and
aided by the most renowned virtuoso talent this continent, if not the world,
can supply, shall interpret in succession the sublime works of the great mas-
ters of symphony and oratorio.
"It would be out of place, perhaps, for me to indicate, now and here, the
details of a gi-and programme for such occasion. This will require much
thought and consideration on the part of many, and the careful exercise of
discretion and good judgment. But it should be early marked out and deter-
mined upon in all its features, and the preparation for it set about in earnest
by all who are to take part. A year is none too much time wherein to make
ready for the work. I would adA'ise, therefore, that this matter be committed
into the proper hands at once, with instructions to spare no pains nor
expense, within reasonable bounds, to make the occasion significant of the
^rand epoch it is to mark in our annals, and worth j' the great names, the per-
formance of whose noblest works will be linked with its observance."
It was voted that such a Semi-Centeunial Festival be held in April
or May, 1865.
The temper of the times disposed to festival. The Union cause
had very largely gained ; rebellion had shi'unk into narrow limits,
though the serpent was not yet quite strangled. But there were signs
of light; we began to see the end, with peace, and liberty, and har-
mony restored. Yet much lay still in doubt. The darkest hour, they
say, is that before the dawn. And the two months of July and
August of this very summer, 1864, have been called the darkest and
most anxious period of the war.
If no brilliant efforts in the field of music were to be immediately
expected, preparation for the Festival would soon bring earnest work.
Some of the noblest, most important and befitting tasks for such a
Society had been too long held in abeyance. Israel in Egypt still
remained a terror ; and there was no thought yet of old Sebastian
Bach, his Christmas Oratorio, his Passion Music and Cantatas, —
*• a richer than Calif ornian field for exploration even in the Old World,
now and for many years to come." Nay. Jephtha, Judas Jfaccabceus,
many more works of Handel, had either faded out of recollection, or
had never yet been heard among us. The Festival, however, will
advance us somewhat : future festivals still more.
The weeklv rehearsals neoau earlier than usual. — in the middle of
218 HI8TOKY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
September. It was resolved to double the number of the chorus-
Israel was taken up again in earnest ; the Messiah, Elijah^ perhaps-
the Creation^ and the Hymn of Praise^ were to figure in the five days''
programme ; and there should be an orchestra of from eighty to one
hundred instruments for alternate concerts between the oratorios-
So things began to look alive.
But, apart from Festival, the work of the season proper must not
be neglected. It began Nov. 27, with a performance of Costa's Eliy
with the same solo artists as in its last performance, Feb. 21 : Miss.
Houston, Mrs. Car}-, Mr. Wheeler, and Mr. Rudolphsen. There was-
but a moderate audience.
True to the good, old custom. Handel's Messiah was restudied and
refurbished up for Christmas, the choruses again undergoing critical
rehearsal under Carl Zerrahn, for whom, and also for Mr. Lang, the
organist, the heaviness of labor must have been lifted into joy b}" the
success which crowned it. The oratorio was given both on Saturday
and Sunday evenings, Dec. 24 and 25, changing the group of solo-
singers, with the exception of the tenor, Mr. L. W. Wheeler. For
the first evening there were : Mrs. Anna Stone Eliot, of New York^
returning to the scene of her old triumphs ; Mrs. Smith, who sang-
"Rejoice" and "How beautiful" with charming purit}", sweetness^
and evenness of voice, and with simplicity and truth of feeling ;
Miss Addle Ryan, whose chief drawback in the contralto airs was the
very natural one of magnifying to herself the terrors of singing for
the first time in so large a hall, and consequent over-exertion of her
voice ; and Mr. M. W. AVhitney, whose bass tones and whose manner
were both musical and manly. The hall was quite well filled. Sun-
day evening's performance was the best of the two, and had by far
the greatest audience. The special feature of interest was the re-
appearance, after several years' retirement from the concert room, of
Mrs. J. H. Long, " who took upon her the entire soprano part with
even more acceptance, more sustained ease, power, eloquence of deliv-
ery, more sweetness, evenness and reach of voice, more finish and
maturity of style, than in the days when these great songs were
thouo-ht to be hers bv rioht among all our native siug-ers." Mrs. J. S.
Cary's warm and sympathetic contralto made itself and made the
music felt. The bass arias fell to the share of Mr. Rudolphsen, who
had acquired more mastery of our English accent, and whose substan-
tial bass voice sustained itself through the Handelian roulades grace-
fully and well. Mr. Wheeler had scarceh^ risen from an illness of
some weeks, so that his tenor voice, never very powerful, was weaker
than usual ; yet he exerted himself with a becoming loyalty to art.
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 219
Nothing more until April, — the eventful, joyful, suddenly sad-
dened, vet triumphal month of April, 1865 I The long period of
depression is past. Those eight long years of a whole nation's
travail, of coming and of actual war, are accomplished, giving birth
to a new world, as it were, of real Liberty and Union, with no canker
at the core. Richmond has fallen ; the heart of the rebellion has been
reached. Peace is proclaimed. Magnanimity goes hand in hand
with victory. Arms are laid down ; there shall be no further calls for
drafting and recruiting ; the peaceful occupations and society of daily
life shall be no more disturbed. We are one people in a fuller sense
than ever before. The air is full of rejoicing. Music and our old
Society must not be behindhand in all this. We were just on the point
of assembling in the Music Hall to find voice for our joy and gratitude
in the great anthems of victory, and hear the Handel and Haydn
chorus, with new inspiration, sing the Hymn of Prai.^e and Handel
Hallelujahs, when suddenly came flashed over the land the appalling
news : Lincoln is dead I This second Father of his Country has fallen
by the hand of the assassin. Music held her breath and listened to
the very voice of God in the great national bereavement. These two
opposite experiences, which made one little week so long, flashing the
clearest light across the whole dark struggle, fusing all hearts in one
great solemn joy, — and then, -'in a moment, in the twinkling of an
eye," in one great grief, which puts the seal of certainty upon the
victory of Right, — have made a Nation of us. For so grand a victory
a typical and crowning sacrifice was needed ; and he, who had so
wisely, firmly, reverently, humanely, guided us through the long
struggle, — he who had '' borne his faculties so meek" and been " so
clear in his great office," — he who could say such touching words
without any rhetoric, — he, who by manifest simplicity and goodness,
by plain, unpretending, solid virtues, by absolute integrity and a
patriotism that knew not self, by sincerest sympathy with the people,
the whole people, nearer to all because, not being brilliant, he was so
full of the true life and purpose, had won the heart of all this people
to a degree scarcely suspected by itself, — he, our good, great Presi-
dent, became the nation's martyr in its highest place. Now is our
cause consecrated, our joy solemnized, our victory which God hath
given us, complete.
livery concert was of course suspended, — nay, forgotten ; every
theatre was closed. Silence was the onlv music great enough to
satisfy. But this mood, so deep, so wholesome, could not long re-
main. The grief, the gloom, had a new hope, new life in it. Art
soon finds her voice again. The sacrifice has only made the meaning
220 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
of the victory more clear. Now are the times ripe for a festival of
music. All good signs concur. Not only is the public reacW to
support it, eager to enjoy it, but all these glad and grave experiences
prepare the heart to feel the dignity, the holiness of great and real
music. And this great moment, by a fortunate coincidence, arrives
just on the eve of the fiftieth anniversary of the birth of the Handel
and Haydn Society. The Festival may now go on. "Far off its
coming shines " ; say, rather, it is close at hand.
The main features of the plan, after much consultation, correspond-
ence, modification, much reluctant sacrifice of fond ideals, were now
essentially complete and definite. The Festival was to occupy the
five days beginning on Tuesday morning, May 23, and ending on
Sunday evening, the 28th. A chorus of six hundred voices was an-
nounced, — a promise more than kept. For the orchestra one hun-
dred instruments were engaged, including nearly all the old " Ger-
manians," with the leading members of the New York Philharmonic
Society, and others from Philadelphia, besides our local orchestra.
And the accompaniments were to be enriched and strengthened by
the massive harmonies of the Great Organ, played by B. J. Lang.
The weak point, comparatively, was in the array of solo singers,
which, of course, could not vie with those of Birmingham and Lon-
don. Large pecuniary inducements had been offered to Sims Reeves
and other famous English artists, but in such hopes the managers
were disappointed. They could, however, offer a respectable show
of many of the best concert and oratorio singers at that time in the
country, namely: —
Soprani: Mme.Frederici, of Grover's German opera; Mme. Van Zandt and
Miss Maria Brainerd, of New York ; Miss J. E. Houston, Mrs. H. M. Smith,
and Miss Matilda Phillipps (younger sister of Adelaide), of Boston; and Mas-
ter Richard Coker, the " boy prima donna" (as he was sometimes called), of
Trinit}' Church, Xew York.
Contralti : Mrs. Jenny Kempton, of New York: and Mrs J. S. Gary, of
Boston.
Tenori : Franz Himmer, of the German Opera; J. E. Perring and John
Farle}', of Xew York ; G. W. Hazelwood, of Boston.
Bassi: Carl Formes and Josef Hermanns, of the German opera; F.
Rudolphsen, of Boston.
These were the interpreters. For subject-matter the nine concerts
of the five days and evenings offered : Otto Nicolai's Religious Festi-
val Overture^ an address by the president of the Society, and Mendels-
sohn's Hymn of Praise, for the inauguration of the Festival on
Tuesday morning ; four evening oratorios : the Creation, Israel in
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 221
^gyj^t (selections), Elijah, and the Messiah. The four afternoon pro-
grammes of classical and miscellaneous music contained the Eroica
and Seventh Symphonies of Beethoven, the great C major Symphony
of Schubert, and the Scotch Symphony (A minor) of Mendelssohn ;
Overtures : to Leonore, No. 3, and Coriolanus, Beethoven ; to Exry-
anthe, "Weber ; to Midsummer NighCs Dream and Ruy Bias, Mendels-
sohn ; to William Tell, Rossini ; The Naiads, Sterndale Bennett ; to
Rienzi and Tanyihduser, Richard Wagner ; also Les Preludes, by
Liszt, the Fackeltanz (torchlight dance) by Meyerbeer, and a variety
of songs and arias, and vocal show-pieces, which will be mentioned
as they come along. To the nine must be added a Great Organ con-
cert given by Mr. Lang at noon on Saturday.
The hum of preparation is continually heard about the Music Hall.
For many weeks the rehearsals of the choral forces, under the ener-
getic baton of Zerrahn, have been going on with intenser fervor and
increasing frequency, — for some time three rehearsals every week,
until orchestra and solo artists are brought in to make up a complete
whole. An ample guaranty fund against pecuniary loss has been
readily subscribed to, and now all is ready for the opening. It came
with the usual May baptism, the old rainy habit of the weather, which
had prevailed for weeks before the Festival, and did not abate until
the first day was over !
Tuesday Morning, May 23. The hour for the opening, eleven
o'clock, had arrived. The first sight of the imposing scene insured
success. There at a glance were all the elements, in orderly array,
of such a realization of great song and symphony as had been so
long, in hope and fear alternately, looked forward to. When all
were ready, and all waiting for the signal from Conductor Zerrahn's
baton to burst forth into song, suddenly that gentleman stood with
fixed look toward the audience, with the government of the Society
grouped around him, and gradually all the faces and the forms of
the whole mass of singers and musicians became likewise fixed, as
in that famous banquet scene in the palace of the " Sleeping Beaut3\"
It was soon seen that the photographer in the gallery was holding
back the flood of harmony e'en then about to burst on the impatient
ear. And what a scene it was there at the stage end of the Music
Hall ! I have not the photograph at hand, which was only partially
successful ; but from notes taken at the time can (also but imper-
fectly) recall the scene : —
" The seating of the chorus and the orchestra was in itself a work of art.
A more admirable economy of room, combined with acoustic adaptation and
spectacular effect, could hardly have been contrived. The platform had been
222 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
brought forward into the hall : rows of seats rose araphitheatrically on either
hand into the side balconies, completely filled with choristers ; tenors and
basses, crowding that section of the balconies, overflowed down several steps
of either staging, and the stream, still broadening forward and downward,
grew gay with the manj^-colored dresses of alti and soprani. To one looking
up at either wing of the chorus from below, the mass of heads seemed poured
out from above in just the form (a frigid simile indeed) in which the glaciers-
spread down through the mountains; — we, the audience, may pass for the
moraine. Clearly the promised si\x /ir<?i(?red voices were not merely nominal ;
there were actually at least seven hundred. The level space at the feet of the
two great choral slopes was filled with the orchestra of about 07ie hundred
instruments. These, too, w^ere ingeniously and Avell an-anged. In the fore-
ground, facing inwardly from each side, sat row^s of violins, twenty-two
first and twentj^-one second : behind them, a row of ten violas (tenors) faced
the audience : a solid square of wind instruments sat behind these (three flutes,
four oboes, four clarinets, four bassoons, four horns, three trumpets, two
cornets, three trombones, one tuba, one serpent), flanked on each side by a
double row of violoncellos and double-basses, ten of each; and behind them
tj'mpaui. drums, triangles, etc., abutted on the front of the Great Organ,
which in the backgi'ound looked superbly. Medallion portraits of Handel
and Haj'dn were suspended, amid evergreen and flowerj' wreaths, with golden-
chorded lyres, vases, national flags, etc., in front of the two central towers,
just hiding the two carved giants ; and between them, the bronze Beethoven,
somewhat overweighted with garlands, stood the august genius of the hour.
In that orchestra it was pleasant to recognize the faces of many of the old
' Germania,' though we missed Carl Bergmann. AVilliam Schultze led the
violins."
The nervously protracted moment of suspended vitality, under the
spell of the photographer, found relief at last in insuppressible
laughter. Then up went the conductor's baton, up rose all the
ranks of chorus singers on their feet, and the flood-gates of harmony
broke loose. The first burst was overwiielming, chorus, orchestra,
and organ uniting their full volume in one massive rendering of
Luther's choral, Ein' feste Burg, upon which rugged but sublime
foundation Otto Nicolai has built up his Religious Festival Overture.
This, followed by the overture proper, a strong fugue movement,
Handelian in style, and, after contrapuntal working up of fragments
of this theme, the entrance of a second, livelier theme, both finally
supplying quaint accompaniment to the choral, formed a significant,
grand opening of the Festival
Then came an appropriate address by the president of the Society,
Dr. J. B. Upham, who related some amusing details of the history of
a choral society which preceded the Handel and Haydn in Boston ;
spoke of the origin of the latter, of its achievements, and its influ-
ence on musical taste in the whole country ; drew hopeful anticipa-
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 223
tions for us from the musical history of the Old World ; and briefly
but suggestively characterized the great works which composed the
programme of the week. The address was heard with interest, and
frequently applauded. It will be found in full in the Appendix.
So much for introduction of the great symphonic, choral feature of
the opening, The Hymn of Praise. It was to have been sung in
celebration of the final Union victory, when music's voice was hushed
by the appalling news of President Lincoln's death. It was equally
appropriate for the thankful, solemn, patriotic mood of the whole
public mind in this week of festival. It was composed, remember, to
celebrate the invention of the art of printing, and for the inaugura-
tion of the statue of Gutenberg, at Leipsic, on the 25th of June, 1840.
Praise and gratitude to God for Light, — light spiritual and intellect-
ual ; the waiting and longing for it through all the weary night of the
dark ages ; the break of day, the free career and joy of a redeemed
humanity ; and first, and last, and throughout everywhere, in every
chorus, song, and interlude, the praise of God : tliese were the themes
and promptings of Mendelssohn's heart and genius when he conceived
the Lohgesdiuj.in some respects the most felicitous and most inspiring
of his larger works. It sounded well that morning, — better, even,
than it had ever sounded to us before. It expressed for us the spirit
of the hour, — for those of us tliere gathered in the Boston Music
Hall, and, so it seemed, for this whole people.
There is no need to enter into the details of the really glorious per-
formance, or attempt to describe the splendor, the mighty volume,
the resistless power and grandeur of its choruses, with the effect so
enhanced by seven hundred voices and so complete an orchestra. It
was a new experience to hear such an orchestra. '-How searching,
pungent, tingling with nervous vigor and vitality, the collective tone
of all those violins, moving with sympathetic unity, and how inevita-
bly master of the situation, in spite of all the brass I How boldly,
unmistakably outlined every passage ! How rich, warm, round, and
satisfying the tone of the middle strings, tenors and 'cellos, those
heart-tones of the orchestra, which we had always missed in our small
bands I How grand the dozen double-basses I Another delightful
sensation, for years onh' remembered, but denied the ear in Boston,
was the honest sound of two real, good bassoons (we had had to
make shift with a 'cello for one of the pair) I All the wood and brass
were excellent. Verily, twenty violins upon a part sound more than
twenty times as well as one ; and those seventy odd strings all
together, in wide harmony, realize a tone such as no great organ can
give more than a windy, dry suggestion of." Perhaps this enthusi-
224 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
asm may cause a smile to-da}^ when we have half the year for daily
food an orchestra far superior to that just now described, and kept in
continual training. But it was an event for musical Bostonians in
186.).
In view of the time and the circumstances, which gave that Festi-
val a twofold significance, it will be well, perhaps, to recall the thrill-
ing impressiveness of the great dramatic middle point and climax of
the work. *' The anxious tenor recitative, ' Watchman, will the
night soon pass?' with the fitful, wild accompanhnent ; the clear
soprano answer, 'The night is departing ! ' high and biight, flooding
all with instant light, like the first ray of the morning sun shot sud-
denly athwart a world of darkness ; then the blazing outburst of the
chorus, taking up the words, waxing more and more excited with the
fugued rendering of ' Let us cast off the works of darkness, and let
us gird on the armor of light' ; and finally the massing together of
all the male voices in one more utterance of 'The night is departing,'
echoed by all the female voices, ' The day is approaching ! ' both
masses joining in long notes for a close : all this set every chord
vibrating in the inmost American and human heart of every one of
us ; for it told the very story, all the suffering, the hope and fear, the
waiting, the joy, the miracle of those four great yeai s in the history
of the cause of Freedom." '' How prophetic," indeed (to quote from
Dr. Upham's address), '-would that performance have proved, had it
come earlier ! " But it did come eailier, if in an humbler way.
Many among us do not forget that the prophetic significance and up-
lift of this solo and chorus were felt, in the same hall, as much earlier
as the 1st of January, 1863. when it was sung in honor of Abraham
Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, not, to be sure, with the full
force and will of the Handel and Haydn Societ}^, but with stirring
effect by a hastily improvised much smaller chorus, which included
many of its members. This time we had the musical aspiration of
that day realized upon a grander scale, just as the dawning hope of
that day had now become the fully risen sun of victory, with liberty
for all men.
The three solo singers were found equal to their parts : notably
Miss Houston, whose clear soprano rang out splendidly in " The night
is departing," as it had done on that truly "prophetic " earlier occa-
sion ; Miss Laura Goodnow sustained the second part in the duet,
"I waited for the Lord"; and Mr. George W. Hazelwood. with a
sympathetic tenor, which he used with taste and judgment, took, at
short notice, the place of Mr. Pening. who was ill in New York.
The audience, though large, hardly filled the hall that day. Two
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AXD HAYDX SOCIETY. 225
listeners for each of the eight hundred sound-producers on the plat-
form were about its measure. This shortcoming was owing to three
drawbacks : partly the rain ; then the difficulty of procuring famous
solo singers, and mortifying disappointments in the case of some who
were engaged ; but, most serious of all perhaps, the high price of
admission, so foreign to our democratic habits then, and necessarily
excluding many of the best music-lovers, too unwoldly to be wealthy.
Some thought that lower prices would have paid better ; but there was
hope that the audiences would go on increasing with the momentum of
the Festival.
The old familiar oratorio of the Creation, given in the evening, also
lit up strongly certain texts in keeping with the time: ''And there
was light," "A new created world," "Achieved is the glorious
work," and more that do not need enumeration. With that fine
orchestra, one felt a new justification for the name '* Handel and
Haydn," which the Society had taken at the outset, instead of per-
haps Bach and Handel : namely, in the fact that Haydn in those days
was the great type of instrumental, as Handel was of choral, music
The Messiah of the one, the Creation of the other : on those two
corner-stones the old Society was built.
The audience was larger than in the morning, for there was natu-
rally a desire to hear the old work '• re-created for us" (as the Tran-
script had it), by such a choir and orchestra and organ. Here was
music in which the seven hundred felt at home, — choruses which
almost sang themselves, — and they were all eager for the fray;
"there was an exhilaration about it, as of a crowd of lusty bathers
plunging into the surf." The ciioral effects surpassed all that had
been imagined, reaching the climax, of course, in "The heavens are
telling," which had to be repeated. But the chief, the characteristic
charm of the Creation resides in the orchestra ; and with such an
orchestra for the interpreter, all the luxuriance of delicate, melodic
figures which entwine and overgrow the whole, tlie billowy rhythm of
bold, massive string accompaniments in the strong passages, the blend-
ing and contrasting of rich colors everywhere, were as enjoyable as
so much fresh and variegated landscape. The array of solo singers'
was hardly equal to that of 1857. Mrs. Van Zaudt and Miss Brain-
erd, both of Xew York, divided the soprano arias between them.
The former, having the younger, fresher, more powerful and more
sympathetic voice, sang "With verdure clad," gracefully and sweetly,
albeit with some questionable Italian opera ornament, superfluous in
phrases which Haydn has already turned so perfectly. The latter,
with much more culture and more oratorio experience, sang " On
226 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
mighty pens " and the melodies of Eve acceptably. Mr. Farley, new
to the task of oratorio, with a clear, rich tenor in the upper tones, —
less satisfactory in the lower, — did all carefully, some things effec-
tively, but had not Arthurson's mastery of recitative. There was
disappointment in the case of Formes, who was ill, and Mr. Rudolph-
sen, a still improving artist, sang all the bass solos in a large and
manly style.
Second Day. Wednesday, 3 P. M. The only public performance
that day was the first of the four instrumental and vocal concerts.
Some time must be left for rehearsal ; if not of chorus, at least of
orchestra and solo singers — birds not to be caught too often. Pro-
gramme : —
PART I.
1. Overture to " Rienzi " Wagner.
2. Quartet (Canon) from " Fidelio" .... Beethoven.
Mme. Fuedkrici. Mrs. KE:NrpTON, Franz Himmer,
Jos. Hermanns.
3. Symphony No. 7, in A major Beethoven.
PART n.
1. Overture to " Midsummer Night's Dream " . . Mendelssohn.
2. Lied: " An den Sturmwind " (To the Storm) . . Carl Evers.
Joseph Hermanns.
3. Prayer from " Der Freyschiitz " Weber.
Mme. Frederici.
4. Reiselied Mendelssohn.
Franz Himmer.
5. Fackeltanz Meyerbeer.
The Seventh Symphony had been for years a prime favorite among
symphonies in Boston, next, if not equal in interest, to the one in C
minor. To hear it brought out by such an orchestra was an event
for those days. It was grand, uplifting, glorious indeed ; yet critical
listeners missed the fineness, the nice gradation of light and shade,
which might have been expected from so rich and rare a combination
of means. Want of sufficient rehearsal was the trouble. The hurried
conditions of the Festival only admitted of one rehearsal for each
concert, which had to be held in the forenoon of the same day, be-
tween the exhausting labors of oratorio and concert. Could that
orchestra have been kept together for months, instead of a single
week ! Yet the chance of hearing four symphonic masterpieces in
four days was too rare to forego for the sake of more refining upon
one or two. The " Midsummer Night's Dream" overture was more
delicately rendered ; the fairy flutter of the many violins subdued to
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 227
something like a real jyianissimo . The opening and closing numbers
of the programme had plenty of smart, brilliant, loud effect, the
early overture of Wagner beginning well, but running into brass-
band commonplace, and Meyerbeer's Torchlight being better suited
for the streets than for an oratorio festival. But these selections
o-ave the blowers of brass instruments a chance to show their mettle
(metal). The vocal pieces were sung by three favorite artists of
Orover's German opera : Mme. Frederic! Himmer, the Herren Him-
mer and Hermanns, and Mrs. Kempton, who gave the famous quartet
from Fidelio so well that they had to repeat it. But the effect was
weakened by the want of orchestral accompaniment ; Mr Lang-
sketched this skilfully upon the organ, but such -a canon needs the
marked individuality of separate instruments. The same want of
orchestra destroyed the effect of Frederici's exquisite singing of the
prayer from Freyschiltz. The prayer alone, without the recitative
and the whole scena, seemed a small thing to come all the way from
New York for. The bass and tenor Lieder were given with good
effect It was one of the penalties of crowding so much into a week,
and one of the misfortunes of engaging solo talent at a late hour,
after man}^ disappointments, that all orchestral accompaniment to
the singing in these concerts had to be dispensed with.
Third Day. Thursday, 3 P. M. Second afternoon concert.
Programme : —
PART I.
1. Symphony in C major Schubert.
1. Overture to '• Leonora " (No. 3) .... Beethoven.
2. Aria from " La Traviata " Verdi.
Mrs. Jenxie Van Zandt.
3. Cantata: "Adelaide" Beethoven.
Mr. John Farley.
4. Concert Waltz Venzano,
Mrs Yax Zandt.
5. Overture to " Taunhauser " Wagner.
The glorious Symphony by Schubert had been looked forward to
as one of the rare attractions of the Festival. It had been presented
here half a dozen times before, from as early as 1852, but never
fairly, only outlined as it were with insufficient means, and sneered
at by newspaper critics as "tedious," "prolix," "music of the
future," "broken crockery music," lacking " symphonic form" ( !),
etc. But these musicians, who were now to play it, kneiv how good
228 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
it was. They sprang to their task with a will ; they enjoyed all their
labor that week, but this they enjoyed most of all. And truly it was
given with great ver^'e; the players forgot themselves in the music;
and each successive movement wrought up the great audience to a
higher pitch of inspiration. Doubtless most listeners were ready to
subscribe to Schumann's satisfaction with its " heavenly length."
The great Leonora Overture (commonly called the third which
Beethoven wrote in C, but properly the second) had also passed
through its humiliations of inadequate performance and of withering
newspaper criticism. Will it stand the fiery trial this time? Yes,
for it has at last become somewhat familiar with us, and has for the
most part outlived criticism. Here w^ere now violins and other strings
enough to build up the great crescendo near the end ; here was Mr.
Arbuckle for the fine trumpet flourish from without ; and here was all
the orchestra required to bring out all its dignity, dramatic fire, and
depth of sentiment. But with not a few hearers, it is quite supposa-
ble that the Taunhduser Overture bore off the palm among the
orchestral productions. The vocal miscellany, with the exception of
the " Adelaide," which Mr. F'arley sang with taste and feeling, was
not worthy of companionship with such great music.
Thursday Evening. Selections from Israel in Egypt^ followed by a
second performance of the hymn of Praise. Handel's Titanic ora-
torio, piling Ossa upon Pelion with its great mountain range of
choruses, after so many baflied efforts to set it before the w^orld here
in its glory and its grandeur, should have been the great event, the
crowning triumph of this Festival. ''The stone which the builders.
had rejected" should have "become the head of the corner" in^
this temple. But, in the first place, there were only selections, —
fifteen out of the twenty-five choruses. Then the recitatives and
arias, considering their ([uaintness and their difficulty, required great
singers, or singers trained to the style and loving it, and had only
good ones at the best. Then the omissions not only broke the con-
nection, disturbing the unity of the whole, and setting several pieces
in a feeble or a false, uncertain light ; but they included some of the
most remarkable choruses in the whole work, such as, " The people
shall hear and be afraid," " They loathed to drink," etc. It is a case
where the whole is better than a part ; specimens could do no justice.
That the singers must have been equal to the task is proved by the
fact that they were successful in the most difficult and complicated
of all the choruses, "He led them through the deep, as through a
wilderness." The momentum of such more familiar double choruses
as "He gave them hailstones," and " The horse and his rider,"
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 229
carried all before it, and the former had to be repeated. But there
had not been yet quite pains and drill enough to secure the needed
military energy and promptness of such an army of voices in choruses
so trying. Light and shade, too, had been comparatively overlooked,
or postponed ; it was all one uniform fortissimo ; passages like
" Darkness which might be /eZ^" which would have gained unspeak-
ably by being hushed to a pianissimo^ were loud like the rest. It
was but another earnest aspiration, after all ; faith in themselves and
in the public, courage, labor, will, were still insufficient, — the con-
summation waits for another Festival. Most of the solos were given,
and given creditably (bating some superfluous trills), by Mrs. Smith,
Mrs. Gary, and Mr. Farley. The contralto air, " Thou shalt bring
them in," suited the warm, tender, natural cantabile of Mrs. Gary ;
and Mrs. Smith achieved something very near a positive success in
the sublime Miriam passage which heralds in the final chorus.
The crowd was great, the room warm, the delay long, so that the
Hymn of Praise, though admirably executed, found hardly such fresh
listeners as before. And it was a sad curtailment, that of the first
orchestral movement.
Fourth Day. Friday, 3 P. M. Third afternoon concert. Pro-
gramme : —
PART I.
1. Overture to " Emyanthe " . . . . . . V/eher.
2. Aria, " l^obert, toi que j'ahne" Meyerheer.
Master Eichard Coker.
8. Symphony Eroica (No. 3) Beethoven,
part n.
1. Overture to " William Tell" Bossini.
2. Cavatiua from " II Giurameiito " .... 3fercadante,
Mrs. J. S. Gary.
3. Cradle Song Gottschalk.
Master Coker.
4. Aria, '• O mio Fernando " Donizetti.
Miss Matilda Phillipps,
.">. Symphonic Poem, " Les Preludes " .... Liszt.
Another Beethoven Symphony, the earliest one of the four greatest
of the immortal nine ! The Eroica, next to the Ninth, was the one
least familiar here, and the interpretation it received this time did
not a little to bring its wonderful movements home to us. The over-
tures by Weber and Rossini are of the most brilliant and imaginative
order, without a particle of clap-trai), and it is always good to hear
them. The Preludes is commonly regarded as the best, the most
230 HISTORY OF THE HaNDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
musician-like and interesting among the rather anomalous " Sym-
phonic Poems " of the Abbe Liszt. It is certainly a masterpiece of
instrumentation, if its themes, ideas, are sentimenal, and pall upon
the ear by repetition rather than development. It has passages of
great power and others of great delicacy, in \Yhich the genius of each
instrument is tenderly coaxed out. The rendering was splendid.
The vocal selections again seemed out of place. The " bright, par-
ticular star " was Master Coker, the Trinity choir boy of New York ;
but the hackneyed "Eobert, Robert," was neither suited to a boy nor
to the place. His delicious voice lent charm to Gottschalk's little
Cradle Song.
Fourth Day. Saturday Noon^ May 27. Naturally the lovers of
organ music, especially those who had made a pilgrimage to the
Festival from other places, were curious to hear all they could from
the Great Organ, to appreciate its various registers, and realize its
power and volume. And so, a pleasant little noonday episode, an
after-thought, in fact, was provided for them, — a programme of organ
music by itself, played by a master of the stops like Mr. B. J. Lang.
1.
Prelude aud Fugue in C
.
Bach.
2.
Transcription of the Overture to
" A Midsummer
Night's Dream "...
.
Mendelssohn
3.
Pastorale in F .
.
Bach.
4
Flute Concerto, Allegro
.
Bink:
5.
Quartet from ' ' Fidelio " (played
upon the Vox
Humana stop)
.
Beethoven.
6.
Improvisation.
Saturday Afternoon. The last orchestral and vocal concert had,
on the whole, the most satisfactory programme of the four, Beet-
hoven's fierv, compressed Coriolanus Overture ; Mendelssohn's
^' Scotch" Symphony ; Sterndale Bennett's graceful concert overture,
*' The Naiads," and Mendelssohn's dramatic overture to Ruy Bias,
all received excellent treatment. The musicians had grown more
in love with their work and more en rapport with one another day
by day, so that these last renderings left little if anything to be
desired. The quartet from Fidelio was demanded from the same four
artists, who were in fine voice and "form," particularly Frederici.
She also revealed a remarkable compass of voice — beautiful and
telling always, singularly musical and strong in the deep contralto
tones — in "Ah mon fils ! " from Meyerbeer's Prophete. Mrs.
Kempton sang Schubert's "Wanderer" with p..wer and fervor; Herr
Hermanns sang a little German song in English, " The Mill Wheel" ;
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 231
and Herr Himmer, the tenor, gave great pleasure with an Ave Maria
by Marschner.
Looking back over these four concert programmes, one can hardly
help remarking the conspicuous absence in these, as well as in the
oratorio nights, of the great name of Mozart ! Surely his perfect
G-minor S^unphony, if nothing more, might have replaced a hackneyed
Italian aria, or vocal waltz variation piece, to good advantage.
Saturday Evening^ May 27. The rush for tickets (again we repro-
duce our own notes from the time) exceeded all before. Extra seats
had been placed in the hall, and every place and corner had its occu-
pant. There had been a presentiment, which was fully verified, that
Elijah would be the great event of the Festival. It was the great
success, indeed, in point of grandeur, spirit, light and shade, and
general unity of performance. The singers were well trained in the
work, and they all loved to sing it. All the choruses went admirably.
Master Coker's clear voice- was in place here, and told finely in the
Boy's part before the Rain choius. Miss Houston sang the soprano
solos in her best style. Mrs. Gary distinguished herself by her truly
beautiful, chaste, warm rendering of the contralto airs ; some thought
there had been nothing better in the week. Herr Hermanns, to heal
in some degree the disappointment about Formes, had been induced
to study and deliver two of the airs of Elijah ; but the gain was only
nominal ; he was too much tied to his notes and English words to
sing with freedom. But Mr. Rudolphsen, who took up the burden of
the grand old prophet, covered himself with honor. His declamation
was admirable, his musical conceptions good, and he entered fully
into the spii-it of the part, making it dignified and grand. A few
faults of English accent, and the somewhat unpleasing quality of a
few lower notes, were about the only drawbacks. Mr. Farley marred
the conclusion of two perfect tenor arias by his eagerness to advertise
his high B flat. But as a whole, this performance of Elijah was a
triumph, and sent thousands away happier, if not better, stronger, and
believing more than ever in great music, that it is divine.
Fifth Day. Sunday Evening^ May 28. The Fiftieth Anniversary
Musical Festival ended worthily with what may be counted as the
Society's fiftieth performance of Handel's Messiah.^ The crowd of
listeners was again immense, for many come to the Messiah as to a
religious service, who are indifferent to other oratorios. There is no
need to dwell for the fiftieth time upon its beaut}^, power, and grandeur.
1 Counting several performances of portions of the oratorio in the early days
as one.
232 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AXD HAYDN SOCIETY.
It may be taken for granted that it acquired new interest, new inspira-
tion and new depth of meaning from the time and the occasion, and
from the great mass of voices and of instruments combined in the
performance. If the voices showed some signs of fatigue after an
exhausting whole week's work, the performance equalled expectation
in the main. Many of the choruses, especially the " AYonderful "
chorus and the ''Hallelujah," carried all before them, the latter
drawing most of the listeners upon their feet, spontaneously, rather
than by constraint of custom. The chorus, " All we like sheep," was
too hurried for the indolent and careless image it suggests ; nor was
the deep and tender feeling and beauty of " Surely " and " With his
stripes all we are healed " expressed so palpably and clearly as it
might have been. It is not worth while to mention one or two other
slightly blurred passages ; they were not enough to seriously mar or
weaken the general effect of a truly noble choral rendering. The reci-
tatives and arias were undertaken b}^ Mi-ss Brainerd, Mrs. Kempton
(Miss Twichell) , Mr. Farley, and Mr. Rudolphsen, all doing their best
in music that demands the best. The tenor only, whose pleasing voice
had learned its clever ways from the Italian opera singers, showed
that he had never yet been fairW naturalized in the serene, high
element of Handelian oratorio. But he was more careful than in
Elijah, complied with the conductor's hints, and did not take liberties
with his text to show off his high notes. Mr. Rudolphsen had ac-
quired rare evenness and aplomb in rolling out the long roulades of
Handel's bass songs. All he did was unexceptionable. Miss Brain-
erd made her best impression of the week in these soprano solos ;
they were at least carefully studied, fluent, finished renderings. Mrs.
Kempton won plentiful applause in the contralto arias ; her tones
were rich, her execution good, and she sang with a certain air of
fervor, although her "pathos" in " He was despised" was too much
after the unquiet Italian stage manner ; the expression was too lachry-
xnose, — a common fault with singers in that music ; you feel the
melody of Handel most in the most chaste and simple rendering.
Such was the Messiah^ at its best as we had known it here, in 1865.
But we are writing in 1887 ; and the intervening years have shed a
new light back upon all past renderings of the work, revealing and
explaining serious imperfections which were perhaps unnoticed, but
must have existed in them all. These relate chiefly to the very incom-
X^lete extent to which Handel's evident intentions in the matter of
the instrumental accompaniment had been carried out. Mozart,
whose arrangement was the one always used, had filled out the instru-
mental score for many of the numbers, but by no means for all. It
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 233
was only some years later, when Robert Franz, at the request of our
Society, addressed himself to this important task, that it became
possible to present this most familiar of oratorios in its completeness,
and with all its beauty, power, and meaning. This will appear later
in this history.
So ended the second Festival. It was a gratifying and inspiring
success, artistically and socially, and even financially, for, while it
cost more than SI 7,000, it left a balance of S4,000, which went
to the benefit of the two great war charities of Boston and the
Society's own fund. One half of this profit was divided equally
between the Sanitary Commission and the Christian Commission.
The other half, about $2,000, was the foundation of the Society's
Permanent Fund, which was put in trust by an instrument dated May
28, 18G6, and which, at the date of this writing (1887), amounts to
nearly $30,000. That this Festival was on the whole a just theme
of pride for Boston, and ver}^ creditable to the old Society (which
seemed to rejuvenate itself in that effort), creditable to its devoted
officers, to the enthusiastic, able, indefatigable conductor, the skilful
organist, the well-selected ample orchestra, and to the seven hundred
volunteers and regulars who went so heartily into the chorus work ;
that it gave a new impulse to the cause of noble music in the land,
and new assurance of more and better Festivals to follow, was
thought to be the least that could be said of it. That was the common
feeling, with whatever consciousness and frank admission of short-
comings. It did not reach the ideal ; and if in certain happy moments
it did seem to approach it, probably no member of the Society, with
good right to feel elated, lost his head so far as to imagine that the
Handel and Haydn Societ}' of Boston had placed itself in the front
rank of all the world of music by this brave effort, or that it was
now able to compete, save at an humble distance, with the great fes-
tivals of Germany and England.
A great success it was, but ichat success? Let me dovetail to-
gether a few sentences from my own comments in the "•Journal of
Music " at the time : —
1. It seems to have been agreed that the success was more one of
quantity than of qualitv in execution, much as there was to praise
in that respect. The effects were those of mass and grandeur, rather
than of fineness, delicate and subtle distribution of light and shade.
There was more of spirit and momentum, militar}^ energy and unanim-
ity in great mass movements and manoeuvres, than of poetic fusion
and subdued blending of all the individualities in one exquisite,
expressive whole. Almost never a 2>^'^'^^issimo^ to vary and relieve
234 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
the sweeping and triumphant charges of the seven hundred ; and
what effect so beautiful, so wonderful, and so refreshing as the pia
nissimo of a great host of voices ! The conductor knew this ; but it
was not easy, in those new conditions, before each singer felt himself
entireW at home, and felt the others with him in those strange seats,
so many and so far apart, to persuiide each that his or her single
voice could be audible, or sound like any voice at all, unless delivered
with full force. Singers have to learn to trust themselves on such
occasions. The same, too, with the orchestral performances. There
were man}^ good musicians there, but they were brought together for
the nonce, and not accustomed to each other. Rehearsals necessarily
were few and hurried, crowded into weary hours between the concerts.
There was little chance for an exacting, critical, refining study upon
the master-works performed.
2. As we have already seen, the solo singing, while much of it
was satisfactory, was the weak feature of the Festival. The manage-
ment did all that could be done, but the time was unfavorable for the
collecting of great vocal talent. Here, again, hurry, want of time
for consultation and rehearsal, allowed tares to creep in with the
wheat in the selections of vocal miscellany for the afternoon concerts.
And what real gems there were suffered for want of proper setting,
— that is to say, of orchestral accompaniment.
.3. The programmes certainly contained enough pure gold, without
too much alloy, to warrant calling the Festival a grand one. It was
mainly made up of compositions of the highest order. Four great
oratorios, the Hymn of Praise^ four of the noblest symphonies, eight
or nine of the most sterlhig overtures, to say nothing of the other
selections, were enough of a good thing for one week. The only dis-
turbing elements were the hackneyed Italian opera show-pieces, the
" Venzano Waltz," and one or two noisy orchestral effect pieces, full
of brass, and only edifying when lieard out of doors. The experi-
ence of such a Festival ought at least to teach one lesson : that in
dealing with solo singers, in the making up of programmes, the choice
of pieces must not be left to the singer's own vanity or indolence, or
ignorant unconcern whether his or her pet piece and patent reaper of
applause will make or mar the harmony of the whole programme ;
but it must be controlled by the conductor or by the management ; at
all events, by the one mind and purpose that should shine throughout
the whole. Some great names were conspicuous by their absence, —
enough to mention Mozart. Nor is it enough to have onl}- matter of
unquestionable merit. The programme, to have piquancy and to
mark progress, should offer points of rarity and novelty. Such
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 235
points in our Festival were Israel in Egypt and the Schubert Sym-
phony. But Bach was still a region wholly unexplored by us. And
much more might be named, without acquaintance with which a
Handel and Haydn Society must not be content. These, of course,
are only questions of time.
4. It ma}^ be a question whether our programme was not too
ambitious, — in the amount of matter, not in height of aspiration;
whether it w^as not too much to undertake at once. "Enough is as
good as a feast." The Germans have learned this ; their festivals
seldom last more than three days, and they seldom load those days
with such a mountainous outlay of work. Would not three days be
better than a week, and much more sure to pay ?
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 237
CHAPTER VIII.
FIFTY-FIRST SEASON.
June IC, 1865, to iMay 1^8, 1866.
Having chronicled the doings of the Handel and Haydn Society
from its birth to its fiftieth anniversMry, and having duly celebrated
that occasion (which so happily coincided with the return of peace
and with reunion, without slavery, after the War of the Rebellion) by
a grand live-days' Festival, which showed the height of our musical
attainment ^o far, let us now pause a moment to look back over the
laborious ascent, and make a brief summarj- of progress and accom-
plishment
What great and noble works, what masters has the Societ}' intro-
duced to the musically inclined people of Boston and its neighbors,
during these fifty years? In other words, what has been its musical
repertoire, in its chosen department, so far?
1. Of standard oratorios proper, the list has surely been more than
respectable, alike in length and quality. Under this head, we count
five oratorios by
Handel : Tlie Messiah, given almost annually.
Samson, many times.
Judas Maccabceus, several times.
Solomon, several times.
Israel in Egypt.
To which add, as compositions not so large, but worthy of the
same noble company : —
Dettingen Te Deum, three times.
Ode on St. Cecilia's Day, twice in 1863.
Haydn : 7%e Creation (twin corner-stone with the Messiah, on which the
foundations of the Society were laid) , also almost yearly.
Beethoven: Mount of Olives, twelve times (although four times under the
English bastard form of Engedi!).
Mendelssohn : St. Paul, four or five times.
Elijah, about twenty times
Hymn of Praise, eight or ten times.
Spohr : Last Judgment, eight times.
Costa : Eli, four times.
238 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
2. Then of church compositions in other large forms, — Te Deums^
masses, requiems, etc., — there were performed the following : —
Haydn : 3Iass in Bflat, eleven times between 1829 and 1837.
Te Deum in C, once onljs in 1831.
The Storm, a descriptive cantata, usually called "The Tempest,"
seven times.
Mozart : 3Iass in C, in 1829.
Bequiem Mass, twice in 1857.
Rossini : Stabat Mater, fifteen to twenty times.
B. To these add a miscellaneous assortment of once populnr but
Inferior oratorios, like Neukomm's David and Mt. Sinai; others by
composers now unknown (Buhler, King) ; operas turned bodily into
oratorios, as Rossini's Moses in Egypt^ given about forty times, and
Donizetti's Martyrs (seven times in 1849, 1850) ; occasional odes;
Romberg's Foiver of /Song and Tra>sient and Eternal; and (not
classed here as being trivial or of no value) Nicolai's overture with
chorus, " Ein' feste Burg." These mostly, however much in fashion
some of them were once, had lived out their little day before the
fiftieth anniversary ; and while they lived, they figured, let us say. as
pastime and occasional letting down from the more serious tasks, both
for the singers and for the crude tastes of the miscellaneous public.
Such was the material which the Society had bad to work upon in
fifty years ; such the music, and so noble most of it, with which this
community had, through its zeal and labor, become more or less
acquainted, and really familiar with the best of it, thousands having
learned to love it.
As to the progressive quality of the performances ; as to the num-
ber of singers growing on from year to year, from the small handCul in
1S15 to tlie seven hundred voices at the fiftieth anniversary ; as to
the advancing standard of choral discipline, of style and taste in the
delivery ; as to the wavering steps of pi ogress in the meiins of
orchestral accompaniment, beginning with mere skeleton orchestras,
enlarging and improving very slowly, never realizing what would be
•called an orchestra in these present days, until the exceptional get-
ting together of a great body of musicians for a festival occasion ;
and as to the number of distinguished vocal artists ('*solo talent")
who had been introduced upon our oratorio platform, we will attempt
no summary, simply referring to the foregoing chapters of this history.
We now resume the record.
The Festival was followed on Wednesday evening, June 14, 1865,
by a pleasant social reunion in the Music Hall. The ladies and gen-
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 239
tlemen composing the Festival chorus felt they had a right to rejoice
together and exchajge congiatulatious while the spirit was upon
them. It was partly, perhaps mainly, designed as a complimentary
acknowledgment to the ladies who had taken so zealous and so cred-
itable a part in the oratorios. (For it must bo remembered that
only men are members of the Society, while the ladies are their help-
ers and their guests.) It was also made the occasion of several well-
merited presentations. To Mr. Loriug B. Barnes, the indefatigable
secretary of the Society, who had been as it were the chief engineer
of the gieat enterprise, was presented a silver tea-set of five pieces ;
to Conductor Carl Zerrahn a silver ice-pitcher and salver, and also
on behalf of the ladies .of the chorus a pair of gold-lmed goblets ;
Mr. B. J. Lang, the organist, was the recipient of a gold guard
chain. Apt and interesting speeches, by Gen. Henry K. Oliver,
Judge John P. Putnam, and Mr. Francis H. Underwood, formed the
medium of presentation in each instance ; Dr. J. B. Upham, the
president of the Society, occupying the post of chairman. Dancing
and supper followed, and the festivities were kept up with great zest
till after midnight. The spirit that pervaded this reunion was a
good earnest of the next year's work.
Two evenings later, June 16, came the adjourned annual business
meeting. Ofiicers were chosen for the ensuing year as follows : —
President. — Dr. J. Baxter Upham.
Vice- President. — Oren J. Faxon.
Secretary.- — Loring B. Barnes.
Treasurer. — Matthew S. Parker.
Librarian. — George H. Chickering.
Trustees. — Edavard Faxon, George Fisher, George W. Palmer,
J. S. Sawyer, Charles H. Johnson, Frank N. Scott, O. Frank
Clahk, George Hews.
Of these trustees the first four were from the old board. A vote
of thanks was passed to the retiring trustees, Messrs. Isaac Wood-
ward, S. L. Thorndike, George P. Carter, and W. O. Perkins.
The treasurer's report, in the absence of the venerable incumbent,
Mr. M. S. Parker (then in his eighty-sixth year), was read by the
secretary, showing that the total receipts, ndded to the balance in
hand at the beginning of the year, amounted to SI, 332. 01 ; and that
the expenditures of the year were $989.31, leaving a balance in the
treasurer's hands of $342.70, with the Society wlioUy free from debt.
The librarian, G. H. Chickering, reported increased duties owing
to the Festival, which he performed with characteristic willingness,
the burden having been greatly lightened by Mr. Bedlington. the
240 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
assistant librarian. Of the music added to the library during the
year, he mentioned the orchestral parts of Mendelssohn's Porty-second
P aim; 105 vocal parts and two scores of Costa's Eli; 300 copies
of Israel in Egypt, — all these mostly procured from England. The
next addition purchased was a portion of the music formerly belong-
ing to the Mendelssohn Choral Society, consisting of 118 chorus
scores of the M>^ssia,h, 144 of Elijah, and many orchestral parts.
The additions during the year summed up as follows : 2,133 separate
vocal parts, 473 vocal scores, 649 pianoforte vocal scores, one or-
chestral score, and 193 separate orchestral parts. The music bought
for the Festival cost about SI, 050 ; and that bought before the Festi-
val, not for it, cost S215.26. These additions, with what the Society
possessed before, properly arranged on shelves and complete ly filling
them, formed, in the opinion of the librarian, the most valuable
library of* its kind in the country. There had also been purchased,
jointly with the INIusic Hall Association, a set of wood-wind instru-
ments (six clarinets, two flutes, two oboes, and two bassoons) . made in
New York, to overcome the difficulty, or impossibilitv, of tuning the
instruments owned by the members of the orchestra to so low a pitch
as that of the organ. The Society's share of this expense was S300.
The instruments failed to answer the purpose for which they were
intended ; they were put into the hands of the orchestral players,
and all trace of them is lost.
From the report of the secretary, Mr. Barnes, much of interest
might be extracted, were there room. The Festival, of course, had
dwarfed the every-day work of the Society. Previous to that it had
appeared but three times before the public during the entire season :
first in Eli in November, which resulted in a small loss, and twice in
the Messiah at Christmas to full houses. A concert commemorative
of our great national victories was in preparation for Easter, but
was suddenly suspended by the assassination of President Lincoln.
Then came the Festival with its nine oratorios and concerts, with all
its rehearsals and laborious work for all. That excitem.ent pnssed,
" there still remained one more duty for that great Festival chorus to
perform, and that was, in answer to an invitation of the city of Bos-
ton, to perform suitable music on the occasion of the eulogy by the
Hon. Charles Sumner on the late President Lincoln." That occurred
elune 1, and the pieces simg were: the chorals ''Cast thy burden
upon the Lord " and Luther's Judgment Hymn, and the chorus
'•Mourn, ye afflicted people," from Judas Maccaboius.
Twenty four persons had been admitted to membership during the
year ; and five or six more, who had passed examination and been
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 241
admitted by ballot, had declined to qualify and were not enrolled.
One member only had resigned, and there were no expulsions, a thing
unprecedented for several years before. The leport made mention
of the death of two of the « eldest and most honored members, both of
whom had joined the Society during its first year, namely, John F.
Payson ( lune 8) and John H. Piay (July 6) ; also a third, a younger
member, counting from 1838, James Dyer, — all three being of the
most active and efficient members. The first two passed away
within a few hours of each other, at about the date of the annual
meeting in 1864.
Mr. G. W. Palmer, one of the trustees and treasurer of the Fes-
tival Fund, then presented a brief but very satisfactory statement,
from which it appeared that the whole amount, received from the Fes-
tival was $21,180, and the total exi)enses a little upwards of 817,000,
leaving a balance of very nearly $4,000, of which one half was divided
equally between the two great war charities of Boston, while the other
$2,000 went to form the foundation of the Society's Permanent Fund.
The pre-ident, Dr Upham, then read his annual report, an inter-
esting paper, beginning with congratulations on the success of the
Festival, and the marks of progress and improvement in the general
condition of the Society. He alluiled to the correction of some prom-
inent faults pertaining to this and other associations of a kindred
nature, intimating that more could be done to advantage in the same
direction. ''Indeed, the more the discipline of the Societ}' can
appro.ich to militarv system and exactness, the belter it will be
ultimately relished by the membeis themselves, and the easier and
pleasant er will their ordinnr}" duties at our meetings appear." Other
standing faults were pointed out, among which absenteeism at rehears-
als was counted as first and foremost and dwelt upon with emphasis.
The habits of an improper position of the body while singing, of an
inadequate utt' ranco, and of imperfection in the quantitj' and quality
of ihe voice, were recommended to the careful and conscientious
attention of the singeis; and the employment of a competent in-
structor in the eleimnts of vocal drill, as then practised in the several
departments of the public schools, was advi>ed as the best possible
inv- stment of a portion of the time and money of the Society.
(Whether the members, to any considerable extent, ever availed
themselves of this excellent advice, the writer of this history- is unin-
formed ; it can hardly be said that subsequeiit performances made
any such fact palpable to sense.) The importance of an equal dis-
tribution of voices among the four parts, and the policy of increasing
the standard number of the chorus to six hundred, and of keeping it
242 HISTORY or the HANDEL and HAYDN SOCIETY.
for some time within that limit, was urged, while the examiniDg com-
mittee were asked to be more strict and careful in canvassing the
actual apportionment of voices and ascertaining with exactness the
number of active and efficient members.
The report closed with an interesting and instructive historical
sketch of the great musical festivals of the world, from the Handel
Commemoration in Westminster Abbey in 1 784 down to the preater
examples of our own da}' in England, Germany, Switzerland, and
now in our own land. Letters of sympathy and cordial greeting and
congj-ntulatiou from the New York Harmonic Society and the Handel
and Haydn Society of Philadelphia were then read.
Here ends the record of the Festival of sixty-five. Now we take
up the line of march and trace the mark it left upon the life and work
of the Society (say) for the next twelve years, a stadium ending with
another Festival, the fourth Triennial, in ls77. A period of well-
earned rest must intervene before the autumn calls to new rehearsals.
The first symptoms of fre-h enterprise appear in an unofficial
announcement, perhaps hardly more than rumor, early in September,
that the Society has a plan, a good one. It proposes to give four
oratorio performances, on a grand scale, with a chorus of six hun-
dred voices, and an orchestra of double the usual streng'h, the price
of tickets to be one dollar. In this series it would make a point of
bringing out Israel in Egypt for once in its completeness ; and
besides the Messiah and Elijah, to revive perhaps the Jephtha^ per-
haps the ,/udas Maccabceus of Handel, taking more time for the study
of St. Paul. Worthy aspirations ! We shall see.
The time for the beginning of the series was fixed for Nov. 16.
Meanwhile the Society, alwa3's ready to give one of its most familiar
oratorios whenever a great singer came along to help them, took
advantage of a short stay in Boston of Mile. Parepa, and with her
valuable assistance gave the Creation on the 15th of October. She
infused life into the beautiful but somewhat hackne^^ed oratorio, even
into the often tedious dialogue of Adam and Eve. Mr. Rudolphsen
sustained the bass part, and Mr. Hazlewood the tenor. A more than
passable orchestra was mustered in spite of distracting claims on the
musicians, and it was pleasant to see Carl Rosa and Theodore Thomas
working in the ranks with the first violins ; it is so artist-like to love
to help out the ichole !
The scheme of oratorios for the season proper opened Nov. 18, with
Judas Maccabceus. once before quite popular here, and more often
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCLETY. 243
sung in Germany and England than any work of Handel after Israel
and tbe Messiah. How it escaped performance during our four
years of war, we have always wondered ; for it was the very music
which we wanted to " fire the Northern heart." In the earlier phases
of the great life struggle of the nation, we could all have sung quite
earnestly that chorus : —
" And grant * a leader bold and brave,
If not to conquer, born to save ! "
But the memories of the war were still fresh. No texts to which
great music could be set could more insure its appeal to all our hearts-
than these, to which Handel wrote his patriotic, his heroic oratorio-
par excdlence. But it is always interesting and inspiring, seldom out
of season ; if it was not heard in those dark days, it was well to hear
it now.
The rendering was on the whole successful, considering the short
preparation, and that this harp had been hung upon the willow for
twelve 3^ears. There was room for improvement, but it was sung
with a will, some of the choruses very effectively, as ''Tune your
harps," the '' Conquering Hero," etc. The numbers of chorus
singers were not up to the fond ideal of 600 ; there may have been
400. and the contralti comparatively weak. As for the orc'ies'ra,
'Mt had bassoons" for once ! So necessary was it thought to hail
the presence of an instrument so essential, and which Handel used
by the dozen in his day. The great organ, played by Mr. Lang,
made some of the great choruses loom like distant mountains in rare
states of atmosphere. The weak side of the performance lay in the
solo parts, although it was not all weak. The most important part,
that of the hero Judas, demands a great tenor, one who can ring out
'• Sound an alarm " with the vigor of Sims Reeves. Mr. Farley was
inadequate ; his recitative was stilted, dragging, and monotonous.
Nor could he " call forth powers" to cope with such a task as the
air, full of roulades, which has those words for its theme. Mr.
Rudolphsen, the basso, was the most satisfying of the soloists. Miss
Houston, always earnest, having her inspirations, which now and then
would set a passage in a fine bright light, and with a voice clear, musi-
cal, and flexible, yet lacked that reassuring firmness which the hearer
would fain feel at every point. The rich contralto of Miss Annie Gary,,
blending with Miss Houston's, left the lovely duets about •' Liberty"
and " Peace" among the pleasantest memories of the evening.
The same oratorio was repeated on Christmas eve before a large,.
* The petition echoed itself in Grant!
244 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
not crowded house, but with a larger chorus, better balanced, better
drilled, and with a great accession to the solo force ; for it was just
the music for Parepa, and Mr. Castle was a decided improvement
upon the last tenor ; especially in his voice, which, while of a rather
light, elastic quality, had strength and reach, and was musical and
sympathetic. There was plenty of "silver tiumpet " in the manly
vigor with which he surprised the audience in '-Sound an a'arm."
But in his general style he was far from showing a true oratorio cul-
ture ; the habits of English opera and ballad singing, and the
applause of unmusical publics, were too manifest in bad accentuation
and pronunciation, and in unrefined cadenzas. In point of s'yle, of
well-conceived, consistent rendering of his music, Mr. Somes, in the
small parts allotted to him, pleased more than Mr. Castle.
On the next (Christmas) evening the Messiah drew an enormous
audience, as it well might do at any time, but the more so this time
with such solo artists as Parepa and Adelaide Phillipps, besides Mr.
Castle and Mr. M. W. Whitney.
On Saturday, the last night of the year, the hall was packed even
fuller. This was for Elijah^ the unfailing favorite. With the crowd,
or in spite of the crowd, it is reported as the greatest performance
of that oratorio yet heard in America. Enough to say that the solo-
ists were Parepa, Phillipps, Mr Castle, and Mr. Campbell, in voice
and presence more commanding than Rudolphsen, but much inferior
in style, betraying the same kind of musical schooling and associa-
tions which have been remarked in Mr. Castle. That week's experi-
ence certainly developed a great deal of true musical enthusiasm.
Before crossing the line between the old year and the new (IH65
and 18GG) to record the work of the Society during the latter half-
year of its fifty-first season, we must pause a moment over the new-
made graves of two of its oldest and most honored members. John
DoDD died in November, 18G5. Matthew S. Parker, the venerable
treasurer for many years, followed at the age of eighty-six years, on
the 9th of January, 186G. At a special meeting of the board of
trustees, held Nov. 26, the following resolutions, offered by the
president, were passed unanimously : —
Whereas, The trustees of the Hauclel and Haydn Society have learned of
the decease of their esteemed friend and brother, Mr. John Dodd, whose
long- life of activity and usefulness is now, at the ripe ag:e of eighty-five
years, brought to its close :
Therefore I^esolved, That while we recognize in this event the deafings of
an all-wise and merciful God, we cannot but mouru with unfeigned sorrow the
loss of one who has been always identified with the interests of this Soci-
ety, whose name is upon the honored roll of its original founders, and after-
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 215
wards and for many years prominently connected with its government ; an
earnest, zealous, and faithful worker in the ranks; a pattern of punctu-
ality and promptness ; a worthy example to the young and old ; and also for
half a century has never ceased to feel and to manifest a deep interest in the
Society's welfare and success.
Besolved, That we cherish with gratitude the thought of the many virtues,
the kindly sympathies, the honor, honesty, and integrity of life which show
forth so conspicuously in the character of our beloved associate ; and while
we sympathize most earnestly with the bereaved family in their great loss,
at the same time we rejoice with them in the possession of that un-peakable
gift, the memory of a just and good man, which is blessed.
Besolved, That as a tribute of our esteem, and a lasting memorial of our
love and affection for our associate, these resolutions be placed upon our
records, and a copy of them be presented to the family of the deceased
LORING B. BARNES,
Secretary Handel and Haydn Society.
Again, not two months later, Jan. 14, 1866, at a meeting of the
Societ}^, the president, having been requested by a vote of the board
of trustees, submitted, with a few feeling remarks, the following
resolutions, which were seconded with appropriate words by others
and unanimously passed : —
Wheueas, Since the last meeting of this Society it has pleased Almighty
God to remove from the scene of his earthly labors our friend and brother,
Matthew S. Pahkkr; therefore
Besolved, That we avail ourselves of the earliest opportunity individually
and personally to record our sense of the great loss we have sustained in
the death of our esteemed and venerable associate, whose many estimable
qualities of mind and of character had so endeared him to all our hearts.
Besolved, That, while with a deep and earnest sorrow we deplore our loss,
we also thank God for the long life of usefulness and honor which has just
closed; a life fragrant with the memories of good deeds, beautiful in its
unpretending piety, full of Christian benevolence, abounding in charity and
kindliness and good-will towards all, a model of gentleness and purity, and,
outreaching almost the utmost limit of the years that are allotted to man,
patient and resigned unto the end.
Besolved, That as members of the Handel and Haydn Societ3% of which
our honored brother was the last surviving original associate, and has con-
tinued now more than fifty years its firmest and most steadfast friend, —
holding all this while, with an interval of but two or three years, some post
of honor and trust in the administration of the Society's affairs, its first
secretary, and for the last twenty-five years, and until his death, its trusty
and devoted treasurer, — we desire to express and put on record our high sense
of his invaluable services in the sacred cause to whose interests we stand
pledged; of the faithfulness and assiduity with which he has always dis-
charged the official duties we have committed to his care ; of the praise-
worthy example he has given us in his conscientious attendance upon the
oft-recurring and sometimes tedious requirements of the Society's ordinary
246 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN^ SOCIETY.
work, no less than his punctuality and constancy at its public performances,
and the rich legacy he has left us in the memory of his unsullied honor and
integrity and consistency of character in all the relations of life.
Besolved, That the secretary of the Society be requested to transmit a
copy of these resolutions to the family of the deceased, expressing to them,
at the same time, our earnest sympathy with them in their affliction, and our
firm assurance that the soul of our friend and brother has found, in heaven,
the reward of his Christian faith and faithfulness upon the earth
With the beginning of the new year, 1866, and steadily for three
months, we find the members of the chorus faithfully employed in
the study and rehearsal of St. Pa»l^ one of the two great oratorios
of Mendelssohn, which had by no means yet received its fair share of
attention here, in contrast with Elijah. Tlie old Society was at last
resolutely facing one of its serious problems of many years. Israel
in Egypt was another and had been in contemplation for this season,
but it was perhaps wisely enough reserved for later opportunities.
St. PauU it was settled, was to close the announced programme of
the season.
It came to performance on the 1st of April, which was Easter.
The audience was so large, so deepl}' interested, that there could be no
excuse for letting it go unperformed so long again. (In fact it had
only once been attempted by the Society in 1843.) Its music in its
prevailing tone of color is more sombre than that of Elijah^ yet it is.
fully as exciting to the deeper feelings, and strengthening and uplift-
ing to the soul. If it is less brilliant, and presents no such variety
of vividly conceived and wonderfully painted scenes, yet the one
theme is taken so to heart, and musically developed with such con-
sistency and such completeness, that as a whole it is equally and even
more absorbing — at least after one has listened to it carefully sev-
eral times and studied it. Elijah may always be more popular, but
pause before you call it greater than St. Paul. The music of the
latter is singularly one in spirit with the subject and the text. The
composer is so true to that, has so filled himself with its import, that
he seems hardly to have aimed at mere musical effect as such, but
only at a noble, sincere, full, and never overwrought expression of
characters, events, and sentences all full of meaning and most sacred ;
the expression thereof by those means and forms of musical art
which had l)ecome to him an ever-ready, all-sufficient mother tongue.
While, therefore, on the spiritual, the poetic, the dramatic side, the
work is so true, so earnest, and so real (not '» realistic "), it is no
less beautiful, original, and whole as a work of art, a composition.
With all its contrasts, — songs, chorals (for like Bach in his Passion
music, Mendelssohn builds here on the choral, the sweet, deep.
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 247
heartfelt plain-song of the Reformation), and choruses of serene,
high Christian faith, turbulent outbursts of Jewish prejudice and
vengeance, or light-hearted, sensuous heathen worship, — it still pre-
serves a unity of musical style which makes the beauty of all parts
felt and implied more or less in each part. And here we may ven-
ture to suggest, that possibly the Handel and Haydn Society, in
mastering the St. Paid problem, were already unconsciously prepar-
ing for the yet greater problem, with which they were morally bound
within a few years to wrestle, — the Passion music and the Christmas
oratorio of John Sebastian Bach. They are already on the stepping-
stones to that. For jMendelssohn in *S^. Paul not only makes use of
the choral, but, like Bach, too, he intrusts the narrative, very con-
densed and plain, to a single reciting voice (soprano or tenor) , which
introduces the dramatis personoi and then lets them sing in person ;
now the two false witnesses, now Stephen, now Paul ; now the voice
from heaven, " Saul, why persecutest thou me?" which he gives to
a soprano choir to make it as little earthly and (humanly speak-
ing) as impersonal as possible. There is something quite dramatic
in this arrangement, and Mendels-ohn had the resources of the mod-
ern orchestra and his master}' thereof to make it more dramatic
still.
The oratorio appears to have been quite as well rendered as could
reasonably be expected on a first attempt ; imleed, considering the
ever new difficulties which a work so long, so taxing to physical and
mental powers, presented in rehearsal, the effort exceeded expecta-
tion. The well-know^n aria, '^ Jerusalem! thou that killest," was
sung with fel'vor, sweetness, and sustained nobili'y of style by Miss
Houston, who was in remarkably good voice that season and less
unsure of herself than sometimes. She was no less successful in the
almost equally beautiful soprano arioso, •'! will sing of thy great
mircies." In the trying recitatives she was ofien, but not always,
happy. The one air for contralto (also well known in concert
rooms), '' But the Lord is mindful of his own," — that warm, rich
strain of sincere melody, — told to good advantage in the large, rich
voice and unaffected style of Mis^ Annie Cary, not yet developed into
the world-renowned singer that she afterwards became after more
study and with more earnestness and animation. The only tenor
aria, " Be thou faithful unto death," received an eloquent rendering
from Mr. Castle, who had rid himself of some bad habits, and whose
voice had even gained in reach and volume since he had sung here
before. He snng it as if he felt that it meant something. His reci-
tatives in the First Part, especially that in which Stephen rebukes
248 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
the council, " Ye haivl of heart," demand the highest powers. He
grappled with the task manfully and thoughtfully, risiing in one place
to great energy of declamntion, although the contrasts of loud and
soft were somewhat too spasmodic. Mr. AYhi'ney deliveied the two
strongh' contrasted bass arias in the character of Paul, " Consume
them all," and '' O God. have mere}'," in a serious, manly style, and
in a voice at most times musical as well as ponderous and tellinjz,
though somewhat dry and hollow in the upper tones. His solo with
chorus, *• I praise thee, O God," was one of the satisfying pieces in
the oratorio; and his duet with tenor (Paul and Barnabas), "For
so hath the Lord himself commanded," was received with open
applause. Paul also has a noble piece of recitative, where he expos-
tulates with the Gentiles who would worship them as Mercurius and
Jupiter, '' O wherefore do ye these things ? ", in which the singer mijjiht
find matter for long study.
Of the work of the chorus, and the performance generally, we will
briefly quote from our own record at the time: -'The plainer cho-
ruses, especially the chorals, went admirably, — a full, smooth,
euphonious, well-balanced, and well-blended stream of tone, refresh-
ing and edifying even in that hot and crowded hall. Most of the
choruses, even the more complex and contrapuntal, were carried
through well ; SMve that it still threatens to take years to cure com-
pletel}' that chronic fault of all our large choruses, the timidity and
non-appearance of scores of voices in certain difficult and critical pas-
sages ; the responsibility of carrying them thiough. still more of tak-
ing theui up, is commonly left to the few who are more sure and
confident. We think, however, that we notice a constant improve-
ment in this particular; the only thorough remedy will be found in
the same full attendance upon each and every rehearsal that is shown
with such alacrity when it comes to a public performance. The joy
of joining in the festival must first be earned by study in rehearsal
and at home. The heavier choral passages wei'C grandly held up by
Mr. Lang's sparing and judicious use of the great organ ; and the
extremely interesting orchestral accompaniments (a study by them-
selves) were made effective by a fuller band than usual, after good
rehearsal. ]\Ir. Zerrahn conducted with his usual unflagging vigil-
ance and energy, and has reason to congratulate himself on the
result of his long and faithful training of his lorces for so great a
task. We certainly think it a mistake of the Handel and Haydn
Society not to repeat St. Paul at the earliest convenience ; it has
made a good impression once, and many hundreds of delighted
hearers only wish to know it better that they may enjoy it and
HISTORY OF THE HAXDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 249
admire it more." That opportunity we were not to have until
another winter !
Meanwhile it was thought best to spend the remainder of the
season in the preparation of a concert for the express purpose of
increasing the Festival Fund. This was given May 13, foi'mally
closing the real mu-ical season. And a noble close it was. It was
in some sense a revival, or a reflection, of the splendors of the Fes-
tival of twelve months before. Between five and six hundred voices
were assembled, and the orchestra increased to sixty instruments, so
that the performance was nearh^ on the same grand scale. The drill
of chorus and of orchestra had been very careful. The selections
(Part I., Nicolai's Religious Festival Overture^ and Mendelssohn's
Forty-second Psalm, '' As the hart pants" ; Part II., Mendelssohn's
Hymn of Praise) were of an interesting and inspiring character. All
went heartily and full of life. Yet the Music Hall, strange to say, w^as
not crowded. May, with its apple blossoms, was a strong competitor !
The chorus singing was uncommonly good ; and so was the
orchestra (for those days), bringing out the contrapuntal interludes
and variations of the Nicolai Overture with strong and unmistakable
outline, while the choral unison on Luther's hymn, '• Ein' fe.'itf^ Burg,"''
approached the sublime. Tlie Mendelssohn Cantata {Forty-second
Psalm) was new to the public. Not so grand, so varied, or elaborate
as his larger works, it is purely beautiful and full of tender feeling
from beginning to end ; indeed, a lovely composition, in which the
inmost yearning and deep trials of the soul, as well as the sweetest
comfort, alike find expression. Seldom before had the Society been
so happy in the rendering of a whole work as they were with this.
It is comparatively easy, lo be sure ; and yet it was no child's play.
The soprano solos were divided between Miss Houston, who sang
admirably, with all her feeling, and Miss Sarah VV. Barton, who
made her first appearance then in oratorio, and whose clear, rich,
true voice, and effective execution, not without fervor, although of
too birdlike and briijht a quali y for the mournful sentiment of the
strain, made a highly favorable impression, and gave much to lioj^e
from her. The Hymn of Praise, then grown familiar, was nearly as
great a success as at the Festival. In the nature of the case, one
hardly expects to hear a perfect rendering of the middle portions of
the chorus, "The night is departing"; with the best training, that
needs the inspiration of some good genius of the moment, lifting the
singers above themselves for once. For the rest, the choruses went
capitally. Miss Houston sang the soprano solos ; and neither the
splendor of her voice nor the right inspirations failed her. Miss
250 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
Barton sang with her the duet, " I waited for the Lord," which was
so good as a whole that the call for a repetition was irresistible.
Mr. Hazlewood was the tenor.
These selections, added to the Creation^ Judas Maccabceus, the
Messiah, and *S^ Paul, certainly made out a rich season as to
quantity and quality of matter studied and produced, even though
Israel in Eg>j2)t was pushed forward, and Bach's day, for our western
hemisphere (we living on the green side of the apple) , was not yet to
come for several 3'ears.
FIFTY-SECOND SEASON.
May 28, 1866, to May 27, 1867.
At the annual meeting, held in Bumstead Hall, May 28, the fol-
lowing officers were elected for the ensuing year : —
President. — J. Baxter Upham.
Vice-President. — O. J. Faxon.
Secretary. — Loring B. Barnes.
Treasurer. — George W. Palmer.
Librarian. — George H. Chickering.
Trustees. — J. S. Saavyer, Charles H. Johnson, O. F. Clark,
Levi W. Johnson, George Hews, F. N. Scott, S. L. Thorndike,
John A. Noavell.
Mr. L. B. Barnes, as treasurer j^ro tein.. presented the following
statement : —
RECEIPTS.
Treasurer's balance from last year $342 70
Amount received from Mr. Bateman (Parepa's manager) for
our performance of the Creation, Oct. 15 1865 . . 200 00
Gross receipts for performance of Judas Maccahceus, Nov.
19, 1865 779 00
Gross receipts of performance of Judas Maccahoius, Messiah,
and Elijah, Dec. 23, 24, and 31, in connection with Mr.
Bateman, as agent of Mile. Parepa
Gross receipts for performance of St. Paul at Easter. April
1, 1866
Gross receipts for benefit concert {Hymn of Praise, etc.),
May 13. 1866
Admission fees of 65 members at $5.00 each ....
From treasurer Festival Fund, interest on $2,000, 1-^^ bonds
due June 15, anticipated
and balance of Fund in his hands of
Received of J. B. Smith in settlement
Subscriptions in the board of trustees to cover deficit .
9,410
00
1,395
00
926
00
325
00
73
00
34 86
50 00
80 06
§13,615
62
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AXD HAYDX SOCIETY. 251
EXPENDITURES.
For advertising, printing, and incidentals ....
P'or soloists, exclusive of Mile. Parepa
Paid H. L. Bateman for his share of receipts on the perform-
ance of the three oratorios named
For orchestra the entire season
For rent of Mu>»ic Hall And Bumstead Hall, including erection
of stage for each performance, and other expenses .
For purchase of new music, binding, etc. ....
For salaries of conductor and organist
For doorkeepeis, ticket sellers, ushers, etc
For rent of library room
Paid Mr. Williams to relinquish the Music Hall for oratorio
Elijah, Dec. 31 100 00
Paid S. M. Bedlington for attendance, and for preparing new
catalogue of library 200 00
Paid for carriages for soloists 28 75
Paid for insurance on librarv 35 00
$1,808
12
1,610
55
4,705 00
1,819
00
1,592
00
7(14
45
600 00
242
75
100
00
$13,615 62
From the reports of the president and librarian, it appeared that
the sources of the loss (made up by members of the board of trus-
tees) were "to be found mainly in cojineetion with the praiseworthy
efforts of the Society to increase their Festival Fund by an extra
concert, given at the close of the season (May 13), and with unusual
attr ictions for public patronage. Hereafter, it would seem that such
plans, if resorted to nt all, must be carried out with greater regard
to economy, and with less confidence of a support from without, in
ratio with the enlarged forces and increased attractions that may be
offered." Material additions to the library, however, reckoned at
the cost of 8600. made the financial result of the year's operations
really a g'in.
Sixty-five gentlemen had been admitted to membership. — the
larsfest number ever before added in a sino-le vear ; and there had
been no resignations, no expulsions, though very serious losses, as
has been already shown, by death. The seven public performances,
with the exception of the hastily improvised one of the Creation^ "in
which the Societ}' held the secondary, and somewhat questionable
position of accompanists to Parepa," were given after much thorough-
ness of preparation, with increased orchestra, and the best available
solo vocalists in the country, the large organ, and a chorus of be-
tween four and five hundred voices. The rehearsals, which began
early in October, had continued weekly, sometimes oftener, without
intermission, and more than usual interest in them was manifested
252 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
by a larger and more constant nttendance of the members ; yet the
president wished "it were possible to add, that absenteeism^ that
bane of every amateur musical society, had been altogether re-
formed " Other faults were named in the report : too great haste on
the part of many to leave the room before the exercises of the even-
ing have fairly closed, — nothing so disheartening to the conductor,
or so dampening to the interest and enthusiasm of those who remain ;
loud talking an<l whispering on the part of auditors present by invi-
tation or by sufferance at rehearsals ; and the custom of some mem-
bers of transformino- themselves into auditors, instead of takino- their
proper places in the choir.
The actual numerical force of the chorus, as determined by their
attendance at rehearsals and concerts, was 568, apportioned nearly a&
follows: sopranos, 176 ; altos, 128; tenors, 109; bassos, 155. This
was exclusive of about 160, whose names were upon the rolls of mem-
bership, but who, from their distant residence, or from disability of
various kinds, rarely met with the Society. From this it appeared
that the proper balancing of the chorus was not yet accomplished,
the sopranos being largely in excess, the tenors lamentably deficient
in numbers. Hence the examination of candidates for admission
should, for the present, be restricted to o:ood tenor and alto voices.
And of the duties of the examining committee, a word was added : —
" Theirs is a delicate and difficult task. It often happens that
those who have excellent \oices, nnd can sing readily, with good
meihod and with effect, any piece they have learned, present them-
selves before the committee for examination ; but, when required to
read at sight, even the simpler forms of psalmody, they find them-
selves at fault.
" The superficiality of many who set themselves up for teachers in
singing, in this particular, is notorious. The committee are perfectly
right in rejecting all such candidates. This Society is in no sense
a school for beginners in the art of reading, but rather for improve-
ment, advancement, and progress in the appreciation and practice of
music in its highest development."
After some practical suggestions on this point, the report spoke of
sixteen meetings for business which had been held by the board of
trustees during the year. At one of the last of these they unani-
mously adopted a vote creating a special beard of trustees for the
management of the fund which had its origin in the great Festival of
1865. The report recites the instrument of trust in full, whereby
the Handel and Haydn Society, desirous of creaiing, for its benefit,
a '• Permanent Fund," the foundation of which shall be the net pio-
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 253
ceeds from the great Festival of May, 1865, to be increased from the
profits of future concerts and festivals, and from tlie donations and
legacies of their friends and patrons, or otherwise, give and transfer
to three trustees, J. Baxter Upham, John P. Putnam, and Nathaniel
Harris, the sum of two thousand dollars, and its increase up to that
present time, to be held by them and their successors in trust for
certain uses and purposes very carefully defined at length, — in form
too technical for reproduction in these pages.
" This instrument," the report continues, " I deem to be of the
utmost interest to the Society. It sets forth the fact that we have at
last the nucleus of a Permanent Fund, which, it is hoped, from this
small beginning may grow to such proportions as will place us at
length in a position to be no longer dependent upon the assessment of
our members, or the fickleness of public patronage for a support."
The president's report alluded, in conclusion, to the entiie unanim-
ity of action which had characterized all the meetings of the board,
and to the alacrity and good feeling with which its recommendations
had been seconded and carried out by the Society ; adverting also, in
terms of highest admiration and praise, to the zeal and unwearied
efforts of the able and efficient conductor, Mr. Zerrahn, aided by his
accomplished assistant, Mr. Lang.
And now for the usual summer rest, with hope of earnest prepara-
tion and performance to begin again in the autumn, and result in a
rich season, richer perhaps than ever, of great music by gieat
masters.
Plans were rather slow in shaping themselves. By the middle of
September none had been announced. There was a certainty, of
course, of the Messiah at Christmas. But from grand performances,
as last year, with the splendid aid of Mme. Parepa, there was natu-
ralW a shrinking, seeing that that involved sharing the gross proceeds
with her manager, as if the lady's single services were a fair offset to
chorus, orchestra, organ, conductor, and all the other stars, however
differing in glory ! But there were many good and noble orntorios
within their reach, even should it be without r/?'ea^ and famous singers.
For the first coming together for autumnal practice it was not amiss
to recommend the chorus, '' Be not afraid ! "
A good beginning was made in the choice of St. Paul for the first
oratorio of the season. That one performance of the work enlire in
the spring was certainly too impressive to justify any unnecessary
delay before its repetition. After faithful rehearsal, it came to per-
formance on Sunday evening, Nov. 25. The Music Hall was com-
254 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
pletely full, und there was no flagging of interest from the b( ginning
to the end. The performance as a whole was one of the best yet
recorded in these annals. The choruses were all well sung, both the
grand ones and the sweet and graceful ones, both the plain chorals
and the fugued and intricate pieces of polyphonic writing. A marked
improvement both in the balance of the parts and in the average qual-
ity of voices in all parts, particularly in the tenors, became a common
theme of conversation and of public critical recognition. Then, loo,
the rich and graphic instrumentation, than which none more masterly
and splendid can be found in oratorio, was brightened up and
strengthened by the full orchestra of the Symphony concerts. — not
such an orchestra as we can boast in }^S8^ but the best available at
that day. Mr. Zerrahn was fully master of the situation, and all told
of the vigilance and patience with which he had watched the whole
thino: throuojh the labors of rehearsal. The solo work was creditable,
without resorting to great notabilities. The singers, witli the excep-
tion of Mr. George Simpson (suddenly called in to supply the place
of Mr. James AYhitney, confined by severe illness), were all of our
own "domestic talent" Miss Houston was equal to her reputation
in the soprano recitatives and arias ; Miss Kate Rametti, a debutante,
daughter of the well-known flutist, sang the one contralto aria, •' But
the Lord is mindful," and made an excellent impression by the power
and richness of her voice, her simple, tasteful rendering of the music,
and her modest manner. Mr. M. W. Whitney had to sustain the chief
weight of the solo music in the character of Paul, and he achieved the
task with dignity and effect. The tenor was at fault sometimes in
reading, as well as weak and superficial in style ; but the manner in
which he sang "Be thou faithful unto death" proved that he had
it in him, with due study, to do justice to such music. And was
St. Paul to relapse into silence for the winter here? So indeed it
proved.
December 23. Annual Christmas performance of the Messiah, Sun-
da}' evening. Rain fell in torrents, but the Music Hall was crammed ;
for this with many had become an annual religious festival : many
must hear this oratorio at Christinas, who seldom care for any other.
The choruses went on the whole as well as usual. In point of musical
sonority, balance of parts, etc., the e was improvement manifest; but
there were tares still to be weeded out, and there were timid, tardy
motions to be strengthened in more than one of the fugued pieces,
which might have been clearer. The airs and recitatives were mostly
in new hands. Their efforts were all creditable ; but only in Miss
Houston, who sang " I know that my Redeemer." was there anything
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 255^
like fresh inspiration. Mrs. H. M Smith vocalized " Rejoice-
greatly '' and other airs with good voice skilfully but coldly. There
was charm and pathos in Miss Hametti's rich but immature contralto.
The younger Mr. Winch (William J.) had a beautiful, clear tenor
voice, of good power, hardh' yet developed, and sang with so good a-
method, in so chaste a style, and with so much intelligence, that he
was heard with greater pleasure than many more expeiienced and
would-be impassioned tenors. The new basso, also, Mr. J. F. Winch,
had a capital deep voice, and sang as if more study and experience
would make him a superior oratorio singer.
With the new year (1867) the Society took up an oratorio of Han-
del which hid never before engaged its attention as a whole. This
was Jephtha, the last of his eighteen English oratorios, of which the
composition whs begun on the 21st of January and finished on the
30th (.f August, 1751, just ten years later than the Messiah. The
work extended over six months, whereas the Messiah cost him only
twenty-four days ; and he was seldom occupied longer than a month
or six weeks on a single oratorio. But in Jejyhtha he was several
times interrupted by his eye disease and even by occasional blindness.
It m;»y be easily imagined that he put much of his most serious
thought and feeling, much of his best power into such a work, and it
ranks indeed among his noblest oratorios. That it is not heard more
frequently is doubiless due in no small degree to the want of com-
pletion by an able hand of the printed sketch, which is all that we
possess, of Handel's orchestral accompaniments. Without that even
the Messiah yvould have been unavailable for making its coinplete and
just impression. How, or to what extent, the difficulty was obviated
by our Society on this occasion, we are not informed. It is significant,
that this still stands as the first and only performance of Jephtha irh
the records. A few extracts from it have been well known here both
before and since ; such as the fine teiior recitative and aria, '^ Deeper
and deeper still," and ''Waft her, angels, to the skies," and one or
two choruses. But the music for the most part was new and untried
for our singers. It shows throughout the ripeness of the composer's
consummate art, and contains some of his finest inspirations. The
choruses, all of them, though they are comparatively free from fugues,
are very original and grand. '• When his loud voice in thunder
spoke " ; that solemnly impressive one, " How dark, O Lord, are thy
decrees " (the fac-simile of the original manuscript of which shows the
very place at which Handel's blindness overtook him, compelling a
suspension of work for a week or two), " They ride on whirlwinds,'*
*' In glory high, in might serene," etc., are singularly graphic aad
256 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
imaginative. But, it must be confessed, the work abounds with
solos of a rather formal, uninspiring cnt, especially in the First Part;
and it was well to abridge several of the longi r ones by leaving off
the minor stniin with the Da capo.
Jephtha was publicly given on Sunday evening, Feb. 17, — once and
not again. Most of the choruses were well sung, with full orchestra
and organ. The soprano airs furnished few great opportunities for
Parepa. She sang tliem artistically, as she did everything, with
•clear and copious tone and faultless vocalization ; but naturally
enough much of the time with a free and easy business-like routine,
securing an effect now and then by the superfluous holding out of a
clear, high tone ; great audiences, then and now, being children
enough to applaud such tricks. But " Tune the soft melodious lute "
was exquisitely sung.
Mrs. J. S. Gary took the contralto part of Storge. wife of Jephtha,
which contains the richest and most pathetic of the solo music, full
of presentiment of woe ; and her warm, sweet voice, her uniformly
true style and feeling, were what the part required. The part of
Hamor, a young warrior betrothed to Iphis, was intrusted to Miss
Kate Rametti, whose only drawback was that of modesty, amount-
ing even to timidity, this time aggravated by a cold. Miss Clara M.
Lorino^ made her debut in the Music Hall in the single recitative and
air of the Angel ; her clear, fresh, sweet soprano, and the way in
which she entered into the spirit of the music, won her a success.
Mr. Simpson did his best, and not without success in those two gems
for the tenor above named, which Braham and Sims Reeves used to
sing so wonderfully, and which Mr. Arthurson also had sung here
with perfect style and feeling, though with limited vocal means. To
the earlier, heroic strains of Jephtha, Mr. Simpson was haidly equal.
Mr. M. W. Whitney, in the part of Zebul, wholly recitative, except
once near the end (where each of the characters is led up to the
footlights in turn to sing a parting recitative and air), declaimed with
weight and dignity, if somewhat monotonously. The Music Hall
was crowded, and the performance much admired. When will
Jt-phtha. be taken up again, in real earnest, with the accompaniment
properly elaborated by some true Handelian like Robert Franz, and
made to show the wealth and depth of beauty and of meaning there
is in it?
On the following Sunday evening, Feb. 24, for a more popular
•attraction, the Creation was brought to the front again, with the
hall so crammed with standing ticket- holders that it was ver}- diffi-
cult to find passageway to seats ; too full in fact, so that some people
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 257
became nervous. Doubtless Parepa was the magnet ; certainly her
singing of this music was always something magnificent. Mr. W. J.
Winch was the tenor, and M. W. Whitney the basso.
Armed with the same powerful Parepa-Rosa magnet, besides other
good soloists, wiih the full orchestra of the S3'mphony Concerts, and
the great organ, the Society conjured vast crowds into the Music
Hall on Saturday and Sunday evenings, April 20 and 21, for its
Easter oratorios.
Saturday evening offered Rossini's Stabat JIa'er and Mendelssohn's
Ilymn of Praise. The former is sensational and secular, to be sure,
except in some passages, and had become hackneyed as the only
"sacred" ventuie of the Italian opera troupes, whose managers
would have them make hay on Sundays as well as all the week. But
the exceptional excellence of the performance rendered it enjoyable.
We had never heard the soprano parts more splendidly sung than
by Parepa ; and Mrs. Gary, with her pure contralto and chaste st^^le
and feeling, sang like a truly musical and soulful artist. Mr. James
W^hitney, with a voice sweet in quality and artistically used, lacked
weight and power and sword-thrust energy for " Cujus animam";
that other concert hack, the '' Pro peccatis," would have been re-gal-
vanized into life by Mr. Rudolphsen, if it could have been by any-
body. The opening chorus, the unaccompanied quartet, " Quando
corpus," and the " Inflammatus," in which both Mme. Rosa and
the chorus were sublime, came upon many of us as good as new. It
was well enough in itself to leave off Rossini's weak and jejune
fugue finale ; but that involved putting the '' Quando corpus " and the
paradisal glories before the " Inflammatus," and that again involved
a transposition of key in the latter. Mr. M. W. Whitney's bass
was as firm as a rock in the quartet, as wherever he bore part, and
that gem of the work was sung so nicely that it had to be repeated.
The chorus was fuller than usual, and in this easy work, compared to
the oratorios on which they had been studying, the voices came out
round and clear and unanimous, so that the ensemble was inspiring.
The Hymn of Prcc'se^ a work of more sterling metal, followed to
advantage. The orchestral symphony charmed more than ever be-
fore. One or two of the choruses might well have been taken a
shade less rapidly ; and there were still some scrambling and confu-
sion in such places as the latter part of "The night is departing.'^
But nearly all was strikingly effective. Mme. Rosa's bright voice
was electrifying in the glad announcement that ushers in that chorus ;
and everywhere both she and Mrs. Gary lent their best powers to the
music. Mr. J. W^hitney, for the tenor recitative, lacked dramatic
258 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY'.
force and weight of voice, but he did all with feeling and with good
expression. The audience showed great enthusiasm.
The Mendelssohniau vein was well kept up the next night in
Elijah, a spirited performance; the great choruses, backed bv the
thousand throats of the great organ, extremely effective. Mme.
Rosa had full field for her glorious voice and talent in the chief
soprano pait throughout. In the fine melodrama of the boy looking
out for rain ; in the sublime **Holy. holy." that opens the quartet;
in "Hear ye, Israel," and in the concerted pieces, no one at that
day could surpass' her. The angel trio, with three such voices as
Parepa-Rosa, Miss Houston, and ^liss Fhillipps, had a new and
peculiar interest. The contralto tones of the last-named lady seemed
to have reached their perfect ripeness. Miss Houston did excellent
service in some of the smaller soprano parts. Mr. James Whitney
had grown into better rapport with the Music Hall, his tenor solos
coming out with more power than in his previous efforts ; and he
caught the spirit of the music. For the central figure, the prophet,'
Mr. Rudolphseu was highly satisfactory. On both evenings every
seat was sold and occupied, and a handsome sum redounded to the
treasury.
At a meeting held May 1. some proposed changes in the by-laws
-were accepted; and it was voted to pay Carl Zerrahn S500 for his
Tear's services as conductor, and B. J. Lang 8300, as organist and
pianist.
So ended one more season. Its record was a good one. J^^phtha
was the only new accession to the repertoire. St. Poul was the new
thing of the year before, and it preserved still novelty enough. And
there was also the Messiah, and the Creatini. and Judas Maccabcens,
and Elijah, and the Hyran of Praise, the Eorly-second Psalm, and
Rossini's Stabat Mati-r. Will it be out of place here for the annalist
to recall some reflections which passed through his mind on looking
back over that season's record? They are such thoughts, such ques-
tionings, such fears, as must huve occupied occasionally many of the
best friends and even members of the Society. There is safety and
precaution in the entertaining of such fears.
" The Creation and Messiah, great and never to be forgotten, are very old
■stories with us. — so much so that it would cost a miracle, at least a new in-
-spiration, to lift the chorus out of tlie old unconscious habits, faults and all^
in singing them. Even Etijah and the H(/m7i of Praise are getting to be as
familiar as household words with all our music lovers. Two great obstacles
there always are to widening the field of our acquaintance with great works
of this kind: two discouragements to studying and bringing out other great
\works which, bv their intrinsic worth, have quite as great a claim on us as
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 259
any in our list. First, the mass of a great choir are too hizy to set to work,
with mastering energ}^ upon a difficult new work (new to them), even should
it be by Handel's great contemporary, who was at least his equal. Then, the
material economy of such a society, the eye to outward and immediate suc-
cess, so easily forgets the real, excellent first purpose, that of learning things
and doing things for art's sake, being ttinpted by some dazzling opportunity,
as the chance presence of a famous prima donna, into doing the easy old
thing over again for the hundredth time, just for the sake of presenting her ;
the people pay and crowd the hall to hear the singer, the singer being the
first consideration, the music altogether secondary. The prosperity is so
intoxicating, so easily w^on, that the same round of oratorios bids fair to
repeat itself indefinitely; indeed, have not these few, Avhich we all know
almost by heart, proved just the right sort of background on which to display
the nightingales and divas, about wdiom we are all so crazy, that we do not
care w'hether we are ever to know Sebastian Bach or not?
" Perhaps for that, we need a new Society; some smaller, earnest club of
singers, who would devote themselves to this specialty of learning the Pas-
sion music, the Magnificat, the Christmas Oratorio, or some few of Bach's
three hundred church cantatas We confess we sometimes wish that our old
Society w^ould either become a great deal better, made up entirely of earnest
spirits, or so much worse, that we might without ceremony dispense with it
and build up another on a new foundation. We have rejoiced more than
once of late years at the infusion of new wine into it; but perhaps, after all,
new wine needs new bottles."
We cite the above as a fair, an essential part of the history we are
writing ; for, to appreciate the progress of the Society, we must also
see it as reflected in the minds of friendly, serious observers. But
wait awhile ! Perhaps the time is near when we may exclaim, as
Frederick the Great once did to his courtiers, and as if nothing
else could be half so interesting, " Gentlemen, old Bach has come ! "
FIFTY-THIRD SEASON.
May 27. 1867, to June 3, 1808.
The annual meethig was held in Bumstead Hall on Monday even-
ing. May 27, the president, Dr. J. B. Uphara, in the chair. The
treasurer's report was flattering: receipts for the year past, $12,-
495.50 ; expenditures, $9,627.63 ; leaving a balance of S-%867.87,—
a result unprecedented in the history of the Society. From the
president's report it appeared that there had been nine regular meet-
ings ot the government, and that the Society had been called together
Ave limes to act on business ; and all these meetings were harmoni-
ous. Thirteen members had been admitted, eia^ht discharged, and
2n0 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
four had resigned. There had been thirty-two rehearsals with good
attendance and six public performances, with choruses of five hundred
voices, orchestras of fifty (for the availableuess of which thanks
were given to the enterprise and liberality of the Harvard Musical
Association), aided by celebrated singers, and by the response of
large and remunerative audiences. Besides touching with renewed
emphasis on the evil of absente ism from rehearsals, and other minor
points of discipline, the president urged the speedy taking up of a
plan long mooted among the members, the preparation of the annals
of the Society for publication. " Such a history," he said, "would
be a most acceptable possession to all the present and past members
of our venerable association, and would not be without interest to
others who have at heart the welfare of the cause we are endeavoring
to support and to advance. The time for such a work, if it is ever
to be accomplished, ought not to be much longer delayed. Our earli-
est associates are rapidly passing away. All the original members
are now dead. In a brief while, it will be impossible to find among
the living any in whose memory lingers a picture of the early trials
and struggles through which our now sturdy and vigorous manhood
has been attained." In conclusion, he called attention to the fact
that the coming year would furnish opportunity for the first in the
regular series of Triennial Festivals, which he believed it to be the
policy and purpose of the Society to adopt, and of which the great
Festival of 1865 might be considered the auspicious beginning. At
the same time he hoped '• that the ordinary work of the year might
not be interfered with, nor the regular concert season shorn of its
goodly proportions, ])ut that all things appertaining thereto might be
provided for, decentl}' and in order, with unabated zeal and in its
proper time."
The trustees of the Permanent Fund stated its amount at 82.248.20,
according to the value of the government bonds held by the Society.
The meeting proceeded to the election of officers for the ensuing
year, with the following result : —
President. — J. Baxter Upham.
Vine- 1 -resident. — O J.Faxon.
Secretary. — Lorixg B. Barnes.
Treasurer. — George AY. Palmer.
Librarian. — George H. Chickering :
all re-elected ; with an almost wholly new board of directors :
O. Frank Clark, Theophilus Stover, Charles H. Webb. D. L.
Laws, E. C. Daniells, R. M Lowell, Stephen Somes, Oliver B.
LOTHROP.
HISTOKY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 261
The first meeting of the new board was held June 4. It was
voted, that the first Triennial Festival should be given in the spring
of 1868, on substantially the ba»is of that of I860 ; and that appli-
cation should be made to friends of the Society and others for
subscri])tions t'» a guaranty fund, like that of 1865, not binding until
$25,000 should have been subscribed. It was also voted to have
printed and suitably bound fifteen hundred copies of the new by-
laws, with the deed of trust, an abstract of the library catalogue,
etc. Alt^o, to transfer 81.500 from the books of the treasurer to the
Permanent Fund.
October 2. At a meeting of the board, Mr. Carl Zerrahn and the
Hon. John Phelps Putnam were made honorary members of the
Society ; and it wns voted to rehearse Handel's Samson for perform-
ance in November.
At this meeting there sprang up a lively controversy, a thing
extremel}' rare in the deliberations of the board of government.
That sudden overturning of the old board of directors was not with-
out its significance, it seems. There was a point in view, a comet,
as it were, silently foretold : it now stood visible in the horizon. A
motion was made by Mr. C. H. Webb, that Rossini's Moses in Egypt,
as the Society had given it in former years, should again be taken up
at an early day. This elicited a pretty warm discussion. The pres-
ident and all the five executive members opposed the motion, on the
ground that, although the work had been given and had been popu-
lar in past years, it was really not an oratorio, and should never have
been brought out by this oratorio society ; and that it would be a
step backward to return to it. Hut it was the darling wish of the
other members ; all the directors, seven of whom were present, advo-
cated the work, and deemed it suitable and proper in all particulars,
and worthy of the Society's best endeavors. The vote stood : yeas.
7, nays 5. And so the sugary Rossini opera — excellent in its way
and in its place — was once more to put on the sober garb of orato-
rio, and masquerade in the same company with Mendelssohn and
Handel. But the struggle was not yet ended, as we shall soon see.
It now came to laying out a programme for the regular season in
accordance with the closing suggestion above quoted from the presi-
dent's annual report. In the first place, concerts were to be pre-
pared for the seasons of Thanksgiving and Christmas, while the
winter's practice should bear chiefly on the Triennial Festival in May.
The first concert, on Saturday evening, Nov. 23, had not the usual
crowded audience. This may have been partly owing to the miscel-
laneous character of the programme, which was made up of excel-
262 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAVDN SOCIETY.
lent selections; but the continuity of interest was too often broken,
making it not always easy for the chorus voices to find their pitch at
once with certainty, while the impression of each chorus obliterated
that of the one before, and left the mind distracted. The solos were
thrown into bad perspective by the medley. Yet Mrs. Kempton,
though ill and therefore a little tremulous, sang *• But the Lord is
mindful," and '' O rest in the Lord," with power and feeling; and
Miss Houston gave, •• Jerusalem, O thou that killest," very impres-
sively. The duet •• O lovely peace," from Judas, was finely sung.
The choruses, four from St. Paid, and '' The heavens are telling,"
from the ( realion, were impressive. Mendelssohn's foiiy- second
Psalm, " As the hart pants." given entire, was more enjoyable.
Handel's S<nnson, on the next evening, drew a larger audience,
■and on the whole went admirably. It was judiciously abridged, and
given with great spirit. The great choruses, some of Handel's best,
told with str.-ng effect. Miss Houston fairly carried her audience
away by the clearness and brilliancy of her high tones, and by her
sure and admu'able delivery of the ringing trumpet song, '' Let the
bright seraphim." Mrs. Kempton, too, won sincere applause in the
part of Micah. Mr. James Whitney gave the touching tenor air,
^' Total eclipse," with expressive tone and style, showing careful
study. Mr. H. Wi'de, with a strong and resonant voice, did good
justice to the part of Manoah ; and Mr. M AV. AVhitney's ponder-
ous bass was heard to advantage in that of Harapha.
These two performances were given at a loss, — a loss made good
by the usual Christmas production of Handel's Messiah. It was
given twice, on Saturday and Sunday evenings before that joyful an-
niversary. The new point of interest on the first evening was the
first appearance in oratorio of Mr. George L. Osgood, a member of a
large family all amateur musicians, the famous singer of his class
(1866) at Harvard, the possessor natuially of a beautiful tenor voice,
which he had cultivated for a year in Germany. His voice, his
refined style, and true expression had already won much favor in one
of the Symphony concerts. He gave "Comfort ye" in clear, pure,
warm tones, with admirable declamation, and sang " PIvery valley'*
with a fluency and evenness of execution remarkable for one so
young in years and in this kind of experience. In *• Thy rebuke,"
etc.. he was almost equally successful, entering into the deep pathos
of the music with true intelligence and feeling. The only want was
of greater weight and sustained power of voice, — a want more felt
in the tasking and exceptional air, •• Thou shalt break them," though
mucli could be set down to nervousness. Of Mme. Parepa-Rosa,
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 263
Mrs. Gary, and Mr. M. W. Whitney, there is no need to repeat
things chronicled so manv times.
The second night was stormy, but made slight reduction in the
audience, though greater inroads in the ranks of the chorus. Never-
theless, the Messiah went with more spirit and precision than the
night before. Mr. Castle this time sang the tenor solos, with greater
power and volume of voice than Mr. Osgood, but not with more
expression, nor so refined a quality of tone. His effort was, how-
ever, highly successful ; and so was that of Mr. Rudolphsen in the
bass solos. The rest was as before.
December 28. At a meeting of the government it was voted to give
no performance at Easter, on account of the near approach of the
Festival. Moses in Egypt was assigned to Feb. 29, and Elijah to
March 1.
After a rehearsal of the former, Jan. 5, 186S, at the request of the
conductor and the organist, the board was convened, when Mr. Zer-
rahn protested against the performance of the Rossini opera as an
oratorio, which he characterized as a very good opera, but he con-
sidered it as progressing backwards, instead of forwards, to present
it to the cultivated patrons of the Handel and Haydn Society.
Then Mr. Lang spoke, and begged the government to reconsider
their action. He earnestly protested against it, and wished his pro-
test to be entered on the records
But it was fighting against a foregone conclusion. After another
long discussion of its propriety (Jan. 10), Mose-i was insisted on by
a vote of 6 to 5, and it was rehearsed for five or six weeks, together
with Elijah. The Rossini party had its triumph; let us trust that
they enjoyed it. "' Shall there be no more cakes and ale, because
thou art virtuous?"
On Feb. 11, the president submitted to the board a programme for
the Festival. The scheme contemplated nine performances ; five of
them choral, and four miscellaneous orchestral and vocal The
^'orks then agreed upon were : Hymn of Praise; a cantata of J. S.
Bach; the Creation; St. Paul; Costa's Naaman (for which damson
was afterwards substituted) ; the Messiah., and Beethoven's Clioral
Symphony.
On Feb. 29 (leap-year day) came the coveted performance of
Rossini's Moses in Egypt^ as transformed into a quasi oratorio. The
house was full, and the performance was a good one, with a goodly
array of solo singers : Mme. Pare[)a-Rosa (fortunately recovered
from illness). Miss Edith Abell, My. George Simpson (from New
York), the Messrs. Winch, and Mr. M. W. AYhitney. There was a
264 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
fitness in the choice of date for these delicious melodies and con-
certed pieces, since Rossini wrote them, and he was born on leap-
year day. Many undoubtedly enjoyed the thing, and were to be con-
gratulated upon having had their way. Probably no harm resulted
in the long run ; the appetite once appeased was not likely to grow
ravenous again very soon, and the Society could pursue its upward
way serene and undisturbed. Its programmes did not show a down-
ward tendency from that day onward, as the Festival would soon
make evident.
At all events, Elijah^ which drew a crowd on the next evening,
March 1 , both in matter and in manner made amends. Chorus and
orchestra (in which it was pleasant to see Carl Rosa take his place
among the first violins) were prompt, sure, and effective. The solos
were all good, with the exception of the new contralto, Mme.
Eliza Lumley, from London, whose rich voice was painfully tremulous^
Mme. Rosa, taking all of the soprano solos, including the Youth,
sang superbly, and at the same time simply, indulging in no super-
fluous cadenzas. Miss Houston, limited to duet, trio, etc. ; Mr.
Rudolphsen, as Elijah ; and Mr. Simpson, were all up to expectation.
The receipts that evening were very large.
There is no more of that season left to chronicle until we reach the
third, or First Triennial, Festival, for which the guaranty fund sought
(S25,00( ) was easily doubled, and no subscriber had to be assessed.
This it comes now in order to describe.
THE FIRST TRIENNIAL FESTIVAL.
During the week from Tuesday, May 5, to Sunday, May 10, inclu^
sive, musical interest on this side of the Atlantic had its centre in
Boston. Five great oratorios, grandly given by a well balanced, well-
trained force of seven hundred and fifty voices, with an orchestra of
more than a hundrerl instruments, the best solo singers in the coun-
try, with one of the grandest organs in the world too, as well as in
the noblest Music Hall upon this continent, — besides four Symphony
concerts, with splendid programmes and with such an orchestra, —
this could indeed be called a Festival. There might have been more
smoke than fire in all this ; for the American people had sometimes
erred in the ambition to do things on a bigger scale than others, to-
compel cheap wonder by display of quantity, with too small regard
to quality. So this great Festival might have been a windy, unsatis-
factory, self-glorifying enterprise, a massing together of imposing
*' monster" concerts, havino- a doubtful influence on musical taste
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 265
and culture, compared with tlie usual more quiet, steady agencies.
But the whole spirit and the matter and the manner of it forbade that
supposition. The musical matter chosen was all of high intrinsic
worth, deserving large interpretation, and to be received with ears
and souls quickened by a general sympathy ; the means of execution
were adequate ; the labor of arrangement, organization, and rehearsal
had been earnest and continuous, prompted by an artistic desire to
make all these means cooperate with ease and certainty in perform-
ance as nearly perfect as possible in this busy and distracting world,
and in an inclement season particularly trying to singers' throats, as
well as to the whole musical and moral temper of any but an utterly
unsensitive '• harp of a thousand strings."
Our old Society made a first brave experiment of musical festivals
in May, 1857. That was not a bad one, in spite of many discourage-
ments. The second, in May, 1865, on occasion of its fiftieth anni-
versary, was a more matured attempt, and on a larger scale. This
third one, inaugurating the custom of Triennial Festivals, went as far
beyond that of 1865, as that went beyond the one of 1857. The
chorus, never averaging so well before in numbers, or in quality of
voices, or in the right sort of musical spirit, had been kept in re-
hearsal nearly all winter on the oratorios, and on the exacting choral
portions of the Ninth Symphony ; and Mr. Zerrahn's drill had been
more critical and searching, as well as more inspiring, even than
before.' The four parts were uncommonly well balanced. Accord-
ing to the handsomely printed and convenient book programme of the
Festival, the soprano singers numbered 230 ; the alto, 171 : the tenor,
1-42. and the bass, 20-1:. — total, 747 voices. P'or a month or more
there had been four rehearsals in a week.
For solo singers, although the hopes which had for some time rested
upon one or two of the ftimous English singers, and upon the great
German baritone Stockhausen, had been disappointed, the govern-
ment were able to present a goodly list, headed by Mme. Parepa-
Rosa and Miss Adelaide Phillipps, each a host, and continuing with
such names of good assurance as ^liss Julia E. Houston, Mrs. J. 8.
Gary, Mr. Geo-ge Simpson, of New York ; and Messrs. James Whit-
ney, John F. Winch, H. Wilde, J. F Rudolphsen, and M. W. Whit-
ney. Two distinguished instrumental artists were engaged : Miss
Alide Topp, an interesting young German pianist, pupil of Von
Billow, strongly recommended by Liszt, and Mr. Carl Rosa, the ex-
cellent violinist.
The orchestra was larger and better than that of 1865, and num-
bered 115 musicians. To the sixtv or more of our own, who had
266 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
been moulded together and refined by three years' good practice of
the best classical music in the Sympliony concerts of the Harvard
Musical Association, there were added about forty of the best mem-
bers of the New York Philharmonic Society and several from Phila-
delphia,— among them many welcome faces of Mr. Zerrahn's old
" Germania " associates. The proportions were excellent: 22 first
violins, headed by our own William Schultze, with Julius Eichberg
as lieutenant; 20 second violins, 12 violas, 10 violoncellos, 13 double
basses, 4 flutes, besides piccolo, 4 oboes, 4 clarinets, 4 bassocms, 0
horns, 4 trumpets, 1 cornet, 3 trombouf s, 2 ophicleides, 1 serpent, 4
instruments of percussion.
Sunday morning and evening were devoted to rehearsals ; that of
the evening being public, each of the seven hundred and fifty singers
being allowed to bring a friend, while all the remaining space of the
great auditorium was filled by those who paid a dollar for the privilege
of an advanced hearing of the opening concert. So that the Festival
excitement really covered more than a week. Then, for the first
time, the full force, vocal and instrumental, was brought together ;
when lo ! a curious difficulty : there was too much of a good thing !
As the sopranos on the one side, and the conti altos on the other,
filed in upon the platform, the human tide kept rising rank upon rank
up either slope, until it even trenched upon the side balconies ; where
were the gentlemen tenois and basses to find room? The}- bestowed
themselves in the corueis around the organ, in the balconies, and
finally away up in the second balcony above, and still more remained
outside, to wander about the hall finding no place or ■' coigne of van-
tage" whence to join their voices with their brethren, while the great
choir and orchestra ami organ rolled out their mighty floods of har-
mony. But this was an evil not irremediable ; better err on the safe
side and have loo many rather than too few ; a natural shrinkage has
to be allowed for, and the experience of great choral bodies shows
that to make sure of six hundred singers, at least eight hundred must
be invited. (Modern discipline is better.) What should they all
accept, all come? Well, many evils cure themselves, as Tuesday
m.orniug showed.
The day of the opening, Tuesday, May 5, was bright and auspi-
cious. 1 hat spring, until then black and wintry, for once wore a sun-
shiny and delightful aspect. By the appointed hour of 11a. m., the
large and eager audience were in Iheir places ; presently the tide of
o'chestra and singers — the latter reduced to a convenient seven hun-
(Xi'Q^ — flooded all the stage again, and only the adjoining lower bal-
conies ; and at that moment the Music Hall presented a beautiful and
HISIORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 2(l7
brilliant scene, yet with wise abstinence from extra ornament. In the
lull that ensued after the principals and the conductor had been wel-
comed to their places, Dr Upham, president of the Society, stepped
forward and made a brief address of welcome to the feast, which he
explained to be "a series of musical performances which the Society
hope may prove to be the first of a long and unbroken succession of
Triennial Festivals, similar in their nature to, and on a scale commen-
surate with, those great musical gatherings which, for more than
half a century, have been kept up triennially at Birmingham, and at
brief intervals at Liverpool, at Worcester, at Gloucester, at York,
and elsewhere in Great Britain, and more recently in the Inrger
cilies along the valloy of the Rhine in Germany."
He added that it had seemed to the directors of the Music Hall
Association an appropriate occasion on which to plnce against those
walls the rare and beautiful sculptures which had recently been pre-
sented bv Miss Charlotte Cushman, then for the first time to be
publicly seen. " These are the busts of Beethoven, of Palestrina,
and of Mozart, designed by Wilhelm Matthieu, a Danish sculptor
living at Rome, w^ho was a companion and co-worker with Thorwald-
sen, and whose works, I venture to say, can claim fellowship and
equ ility with those of ihe great master I have named, with those of
Canova and of Dannecker. It is a beautiful custom in the cities of
the Old AVorld, to connect the first exhibition of a rare work of art
with imposing pageant and ceremony.
" ' As of yore the swart Egyptians rent the air with chor;il song,
When Osiris' golden statue triumphing they bore along ;
As along the streets of Florence, borne in glad procession, went
Cimabue's famed Madonna, praised by A'oice and instrument,'
so it has seemed most fortunate and opportune now and here to
associate the unveiling of these creations of a kindred art — the
almost living and breathing porti aiture of this great trio of musical
kings — with their own solemn revelations in symphony and in sono-.'*
Then the curtains ag.iinst the rear wall of the Music Hall were let
fall, and there were disclosed the busts of Palestrina and of Mozart,
poised upon their symbolical brackets, on each side of the Apollo
Belvidere. Many of the audience rose eagerh', the chorus waved
their handkerchiefs, and Charlotte Cushman's gift was acknowledo-ed
with many a token of appreciation and of pleasure. The Beethoven
bust and bracket were set up temporarily in the lower vestibule.
Conductor Zerrahn waved his baton, and all the voices and all the
instruments, and the great organ, at which sat Mr. B. J. Lan^. burst
268 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
at once upon the ear, fortissimo^ in all their weight and splendor, in
Luther's choral, " Eiyi' feste Burg,'' with which Nicolai begins his
*' Festival Overture " This is a massive, brilliant, and effective work
for an opening; but it had been given here twice before on such
occasions, and was not made for immortality. Not a few would
have preferred one of the cantatas of Bach (a purpose which we
have seen the directors did for a time entertain). How fitting
would have been Bach's cantata on that very choral !
Mendelssohn's 95th Psalm, " Come, let us sing," was the one new
vocal selection of the Festival, — short, sweet, full of fervor, mas-
terly in style, and not without variety or powerful contrasts. The
opening tenor solo, "• O come, let us worship," a warm, melodious,
cheerful invitation, was sung in good voice and style by Mr. Simp-
son, who, as precentor, ushers in the chorus with the same strain.
To its composed and peaceful rhythm succeeds the excited 6-4 of
the more stirring, jubilant, tumultuously tuneful chorus, '' Come,
let us sing to the Lord with gladness," taking pattern from a half-
sentence of bright soprano solo (Mme. Parepa-Rosa) , which soars to
a sustained high G, and drops an octave, — very animating in her
large, clear tones. This splendid, overwhelming chorus, which is in
C major, ends in a canon in the minor ; beginning with tenors and
basses in unison, strong and stern, " For the Lord is a mighty God,
and a mighty ruler over all false idols," in which Truth's terrible and
warning aspect for a moment is disclosed with a right Old Testament
Hebrew relish ; of course the final chord is major — "a might}^ God " —
and triumphantly held out. Next comes one of Mendelssohn's most
characteristic and beautiful duets, for two sopranos, with a lovely undu-
lating figure in the accompaniment, '• In his hands are all the corners
of the earth," which was finely sung by Mme. Rosa and Miss Phil-
lipps. From its gentle and beguiling stream, we are summoned by
the bold fugued chorus, " For His is the sea," to a religious sense of
what is grand in nature. It is the most eloquent chorus in the Psalm,
and with the rich and lovely orchestration almost graphic. It ends, how-
ever, in a gentler and familiar strain, a return of the opening theme, "O
come, let us worship." One felt the significmce and grandeur of this
chorus brought out in the rendering. The fifth and final number, in
G minor, opens with a sweet, sad, pleasing andantino for the tenor
solo, "Henceforth, when ye hear His voice entreating, turn not deaf
ears," etc. This touching strain is akin to that of '' Hear ye, Israel,"
in Elji.h, but more deeph^ shaded. The rhythmical flow is ruffled at
the thought of Israel's rebellious hearts, and the instruments whisper
with short breath, growing more and more excited, and swelling to
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 269
a startling climax, as the voice tells of the divine wrath ; but
the music means it more in sorrow than in anger. Then the
pleading theme is sweetly taken up in chorus by the female voices
only, with intermittent tenor solo, till it takes possession of the
whole chorus, and is worked up with increasing power and volume,
and more and more florid and highly colored instrumentation, until it
reaches a pitch of agonizing'earnestness, almost unendurable, in that
reiterated diminished seventh chord, "Turn not deaf ears"; but
instantly out of this stern rock is struck as it were a sweet spring of
tears, a lovely instrumental figure leading us back to the meadows,
and rippling around the remainder of the chorus, which is in the
tender strain of the beginning, and thus brings the composition
to a close, only with a whispered last reminder, loving and gentle
(yet again with diminished seventh, this time inanissimo) , ''Turn
not deaf ears and hard hearts ! "
But the grand feature of that morning's programme was the Hymn
of Praise. Sufhce it to say, that that Sinfonie-C'intata, after re-
peated hearings here, seemed greater than ever, perhaps the greatest
sacred work of Mendelssohn ; in no other surely was he more supremely
Felix. The three symphonic movements, with such an orchestra,
went to a charm. Then the whole multitude of voices burst forth on
the first chorus, "All men, all things," as if by an innate irresistible
necessity, as if their song had been all the while potentialh' contained,
and thus far detained, in the long symphony. The effect was stu-
pendous, a glorious sun-burst of light and life and praise, dazzling
and flooding all. The solo parts were all good. Mme. Parepa-
Rosa's voice seemed never more bright and birdlike, soaring with
perfect ease. The duet with Miss Phillipps, "We waited for the
Lord," with chorus rising full and tranquil like a tide of sweet,
exhaustless harmony, was admirably sung, and the inevitable encore
was insisted on with more than usual fervor. Mr. Simpson sang the
Watchman recitative, and other solo portions, in good taste, as well
as with good voice. Upon the whole, this noble work had never
before received here a more inspiring interpretation.
Of the evening's performance of Samson, we reproduce our own
record {Dwighfs Journal of Music, May 23, 1868) : —
" We have ever found this more tedious than any of Handel's oratorios.
And for the reason that it is not an oratorio in the distinctive sense, of which
the Messiah, Israel in Egypt, Bach's Passions, and Mendelssohn's St. Paul
are the best examples, although it is nearer to the dramatic origin of oratorio
before it had developed into an independent character of its own. Samson
is a nondescript, mainly dramatic and personal, crowded with characters,
who have great lengths of recitative, almost always given without life or
270 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
point, and with arias, cliaracteristic, to be sure, and sometimes beautiful,
very various, now quaintly florid like those of Delilah, now serious and noble
like 'Return, O God of hosts,' now of this individuality, now that; but
broken up into so many kinds and personalities, that all seems longer than it
is; and even with the omission of a third part of the work, as on this occa-
sion, it taxes patience to sit through it all. Scattered among these are
splendid choruses, whose refreshment ever comes most timely; they sink
into the mind like rain into the thirsty desert. ' O first created beam,'
' Then round about the starry throne/ 'Fixed in His everlasting seat,' etc.,
are splendid pieces, and superbl}" were they sung.
"We do not say that there is not in nearly all these arias something to re-
ward study; but, crowded into one work, they are as confusing and sit as
heavily upon the spirits (grown so nimble through the choruses; as a miscel-
laneous promenade concert. Generally they fell to good interpreters, —
excellent, in Mme. Eosa and Miss Phillipps. The former sang in several
characters, warbling ' the merry, merry pipe ' of the Philistine woman, and
cooing Delilah's ' plaintive turtle notes,' with thorough comprehension and
mastery of all the piquant accent and quaint, ingenious turns of phrase and
ornament through which Handel makes this character so unmistakable. Of
course ' Let the bright seraphim ' lost none of its refulgent splendor. Miss
Phillipps produced a deep impression in the contralto air, ' Return,' and her
whole part of Micah was indeed admirable. Mr. Wilde, in the part of
Manoah, showed himself possessor, hardly master, of a rich and telling bass
voice, which he used manfully, with fair execution and expression. Mr.
Whitney had the declamatory part of Harapha, and did it ample justice. We
wonder that such musical rodomontade as the air ' Honor and arms,' by
whomsoever sung, can still find admirers ; it is as uninteresting as so pompous,
commonplace a hero himself w^ould be. Simson is German for Samson, but
Mr. Simpson's voice hardly suggests the strong man. He sang the sweeter
portions well; best of all ' Total eclipse,' an air which has a certain beauty
of its own, but which to us is chiefly interesting as prologue to the sublime
chorus, ' O first created beam.''
Second Day. Wednesday Afternoon, May 6. First miscellaoeous
concert, with the following choice programme : —
1. Overture to " Euryanthe " C. M. von Weber.
2. Song from Kinaldo, " Lascia ch'io pianga " . .Handel.
Miss Adelaide Phillipps.
3. Symphon}-, in G minor Mozart.
4. Concerto for the Pianoforte, in A minor . . Schumann.
Miss Alide Topp (first appearance in Boston).
5. Overture to Leonora (No. 3) . . ' . . . Beethoven.
The symphony and overtures were the same which had figured in
the first concertj of the Harvard Musical Association three years
earlier. The home nucleus of the orchestra had become so much
better blended and assimilated by three years of artistic concerts,
that when the best players from New York and Philadelphia came to
supplement them, they played together as if they had long been accus-
HISTORY OF TflE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETT. 271
tomed to it. Miss Phillipps sang that very simple but very noble and
pathetic air from one of Handel's Italian operas in her best voice and
manner. She was partial to the song which suited her so well. The
first sight of Miss Alide Topp, the young German pianist, was the
signal for spontaneous and lively greeting ; youth and grace and
beauty, the glow of artistic enthusiasm, blended with the blush of
modesty, won quick sympathy. Her performance of Schumann's
extremely difficult, as well as finely poetic and original concerto was
wonderful. — at least to a Boston audience at that day. The touch
was crisp and clear ; the full chords rang out instantaneous in all
their breadth and fulness ; the distribution of accent, the phrasing,
the light and shade, seemed all that could be desired ; there was del-
icacy where that was needed, there was force to a wonderful degree
for those slender arms, — force which the strongest passages could not
exhaust. There was the charm of abandon too ; she lost herself com-
pletely in her music. Any suspicion of affectation was at once dis-
armed. All the best qualities of the modern technique were there in
a degree we had hardly seen surpassed. The interpretation of the
work was intelligent and highly satisfactory ; Schumann seemed
speaking for himself. The public were electrified. After no end of
fine piano playing, here was still a fresh "sensation." Persistently
recalled, the young artist appeared at the side door repeatedly, in
trembling acknowledgment ; but there was no help for it, pla}' again,
she must ; four giants were alread}^ covering the Chickering grand
with coarse cerements, to huddle it away, when this bright creature
stood among them, and it had to come to life again and give out music.
She played, from memory, the first of Liszt's "Hungarian Rhapso-
dies." displaying every phase of Lisztian virtuosity.
Third Day. Thursday Ajternoon^ M ly 7. Second miscella-
neous concert, with another noble programme : —
1. Overture, " Meeresstille und gliickliclie Fahrt" (Be-
calmed at Sea; a breeze; happy voyage; coming
into port) Mendelssohn.
2. Scena ed Aria, " Ah, perfido! ■' Beethoven.
Mme. Pauepa-Rosa.
3. Concerto for the violin, in G Spohr.
Carl Rosa.
4. Symphony, in C Schubert.
Schubert's gloriously great symphony, of the "heavenly length,'^
was magnificently played. How warmly, with sweet, rich, manly
heart tones, the 'cellos pleaded in the andante ! How the great
bassos thundered in the rush and whirl of the finale I Mendelssohn's
graphic concert overture, — a " tone-painting" in the true subjective
272 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
and suggestive sense, — an illustration of a fine poem of Goethe,
came home to the imagination in the rendering by that grand orches-
tra. Beethoven's highh' dramatic and impassioned scena, quite Italian
for him, was a good selection for Mme. Rosa ; the best resources of
her voice and art were brought in play to good advantage, and made
a great impression. Mr. Carl Rosa plaj^ed like an artist ; he held
his audience in close attention, and was heartily applauded.
Evming of Thursday. For the first time the Music Hall was
crowded. Strange that so grand a Festival must reach the middle of
its period before most people, music lovers too, begin to realize their
opportunities ! It is not owing to indifference so much. Think how
readily and solidly this Festival was guaranteed ! But from this
point of the Festival it was full tide to the end.
Mendelssohn's St. Paul was the one important gain to the reper-
toire of the Society since the preceding Festival (1865). It was
timidly approached at first ; many times it was talked of, looked at,
tried a little, and then put back on the shelf. But once taken up in
earnest, it got a great hold on the singers, and in each successive per-
formance it made a deep impression on the public. This time deeper
still ; for it was in truth a magnificent presentment of an essentially
great, artistic, and profoundly religious oratorio ; and some of us in-
dulged the hope that it would prove a stepping-stone to Bach himself.
The solo parts were all creditably given by Miss Houston, Mrs.
J. S. Cary, Mr. Simpson, and Mr. Rudolphsen. For the rest, we
copy a few sentences from one of our New York visitors, the editor
of Wataon's Art Journal^ which chimed with our own impression at
the time : —
*', . . Admitted that St. Paul is a great work, we must as candidly admit
that on this occasion its choral interpretation was in every respect worthy of
its greatness. The masses of voices were well balanced ; they had studied the
work thoroughly ; and there was a heartiness in their delivery which proved
that they sang for the love of singing, and with the desire to sustain the
reputation of the old and honored Handel and Haj^dn Society, — a reputation
which overshadows that of any other vocal organization in the country.
Thus animated, the effectiveness of the singing may be imagined. Accus-
tomed as we have become to hearing this splendid body of singers, the
mighty volume of tone which burst forth at the words ' Lord ! thou alone
art God!' completely overwhelmed us. . . .
"The superb performance of this opening chorus was but the initial num-
ber of a series of grand vocal efforts, which seemed to increase in intensity
with the development of the work. In those strongly marked and emphatic
choruses, 'Take him away,' 'Stone him to death,' etc., the spirit and the
promptness of the singers were manifest : every point was taken up with
decision, and the emphatic enunciation of the words gave a feeling of reality
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 273
whicli is not often achieved by a chorus, however well it may be trained. It
needs, besides training, an ambition to excel, and a love for the work being
done.
"In the gentler choruses, such as 'Happy and blest,' 'How lovely are
the messengers,' etc., other fine traits were displayed. The pianos were full^
rich, and soft; the great volume of sound was toned down to a gigantic
whisper, and the current went as smoothly as though the multitude of voices-
were one voice, cultivated and directed by art. In the grander choruses, all
these qualities were combined ; and where all was so completely admirable^
it is difficult to select one for special comment. The chorus, ' O great is the
depth,' which is unsurpassed in the majesty and grandeur of its movement,
was sung with a power and weight which could hardly be surpassed : the
same may be said of the first and last choruses of the second part ; but
probably the most impressive of all is that brilliant aspiration, ' Rise up^
arise ! ' which, after a movement of unspeakable majesty, culminates in that
w^onderful choral, ' Sleepers, ^vake ! a voice is calling I ' In this the highest
excellence of choral singing was attained, and as the last notes of the warn-
ing trumpets died away, and the voices sank into a whisper, the wiiole audi-
ence burst out into a shout of applause, which made the building ring, and
still but faintly expressed the enthusiasm of the people. Mendelssohn never
had better justice done to him in any part of the world; no finer voices ever
joined to interpret his inspirations, and never did a more willing, earnest,
and conscientious body of singers meet together to perform a musical work.
Heartily did we wish that New York could, for once, hear what we heard
that night, and at each oratorio during the Festival ; for we are certain that
it would awake it to a sense of its utter inferiority, and would shame it into
the endeavor to achieve a similar result."
Fourth Day. Friday Afternoon^ May 8. Third concert, vocal and
instrumental. The hall was crowded, for expectation was on tiptoe
for Beethoven's Choral Symphony. This was preceded, for a first
part, by Wagner's Tannhduser Overture, brought out with superb
power and breadth by that orchestra of one hundred and fifteen in-
struments ; Weber's grand scena from Oberon^ " Ocean, thou mighty
monster ! " to which Parepa was entirely equal ; and the two move-
ments from the unfinished Symphony in B minor, of Schubert, which _
by their sweet, sad melody and occasional climaxes of grand symphonic
power had grown in favor with successive hearings ; and the rendering
this time wus one of the best orchestral interpretations of the week.
Then came the great event of the Festival, the first really satisfac-
tory performance in this countr}' of the Ninth ov '-'- ChoraV Sym-
phony. There had been on the whole a good performance of it in the
Harvard Symphony concerts of the year before ; but then Mr. Zer-
rahn had only half so many violins and basses under his baton ; vol-
ume and breadth were wanting ; then, too, as in all earlier attempts,
the quartet of solo singers were not equal to the frightful difficulties
274 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
of their parts, although the chorus of some three hundred select voices
had studied it in earnest until the music realW inspired them, and the
result was that the audience got a never to be forgotten glimpse of
the meaning and the grandeur of that highest reach of the deaf mas-
ter's creative genius. What we had in outline and in spirit then, we
were now to have in spirit and in palpable embodiment. The
" Ninth" was at last to be realized. To show how it was done, the
historian will take the libert}^ to bring in evidence a nearly verbatim
reproduction of his own contemporary record : —
Thanks to the fervent co-operation of that noble orchestra, — of
that chorus of seven hundred voices, who had become so well einstu-
dirt (as the Germans say) into the music that it lifted them above
themselves, so that they sustained themselves at giddy heights of
song where mortal singers ordinarily are soon made breathless, — of
that quartet of soli (Mme. Rosa, Miss Adelaide Phillipps, Mr. Simp-
son, and Mr. Rudolphsen), the first competent one it ever had in this
country, — and, above all, of Carl Zerrahn's all-animating earnest-
ness and calm control as master spirit of the whole preparation and
achievement, — this vast, perplexing, much-disputed, and in truth
exceptional creation, about which not only musical publics, but even
musicians of high standing, have been sceptical, was felt, confessed,
almost unanimously, at its full worth.
The three instrumental movements were wonderfully well brought
'Out. No weakness this time in the first violins, no poverty of tone in
the middle strings, no mere faint outlining of the 'cello part so all-
important, no lack of mass and weight in double basses ; so that the
hollow void of rustling empty fifths in the beginning, and the blinding
force of the stern Fate theme that cleaves through it, and the stormy
working out of this relentless theme, with such commotion of the
nether elements, towards the end of the Allegro, were palpable in
general bearings and details ; while the doubling of the usual pairs of
reeds, flutes, horns, etc., made it easy to show all the warmth and
beauty of those pleading human strains, in which a sweeter solution
of the now dark life struggle is promised, and a hint, a germ of the
final " Joy" tune is thrown out, if we did but know it.
The uncoutainable merriment of the Scherzo, the shaking off of the
shadow for a time (vainly, yet it is wonderful how long and how ex-
quisitely the humor and the strength hold out), simply forgetting it
in pastoral gayety and healthy tingling life in all the senses, with the
delightful toying of bassoon and oboe in the trio, was all clear, elas-
tic, lifesome, fine. And then the heavenly Adagio, where the tones
of the first chord drop in one by one like musical rain from heaven,
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 275
and where the choral theme, with the alternating three-fonr strain,
so rich and deep in feeling, is varied with such subtle, fine divisions,
— the whole air electric with those pizzicato sparks emitted by now
one and now another set of strings, as if possessed, enchanted by the
theme, until the slow, good-natured horn itself becomes inspired and
soars into a florid, eloquent cadenza, — did it not hold the souls of
all that listened poised in upper air, a blissful, serene, spiritual ele-
ment, a moment of eternity !
But neither the struggle of the strong will, nor child-like abandon-
ment to the simple joy of living, nor spiritual revery, however high
and holy, avails to solve the problem. Hence the second part of the
Symphony. The wild, fierce agitata of the orchestra cries out in
anguish for the solution, and the dozen double basses with the 'cellos
(this time in perfect unison) almost talk in their recitative. The
motives of the Allegro and the Scherzo are recalled in turn ; but the
basses grimly, impatiently refuse comfort. The heavenly Adagio is
touched; the answer is more gentle. But more yet is needed The
reeds sweetly hint the "Joy" tune; consentingly the basses take it
up and hum it through in half -hushed unison ; other instruments steal
in with graceful phrases of accompaniment ; the tune takes possession
of the whole orchestra and rings out in full harmon}^ tutti fortissimo ^
subsiding to a sweet meditative cadence, before the theme, now
found, is taken up by voices and instruments, as has been all along
intended. The a^iYa^o prelude is renewed, and this time the bass solo
voice exhorts to cheerful song, to words of love and universal brother-
hood, to Schiller's " Hymn to Joy."
How it is sung, by alternate soli and full chorus ; with what won-
drous changes and surprises of rhythm and of modulation, and to what
a sublime heio;ht all the voices soar and hold out on the lono^ religious
notes, where the thought of the '' embrace of all the millions " leads
to the felt presence of the Creator and the Father, while the whole
air thrills with the vibration of the instruments, throbs with the
sparkle of the myriads on myriads of stars, why need we tell? Suf-
fice it to say, those seven hundred voices did do all that, did clearly,
musically, brilliantly give out those arduous tones and firmly hold
them out, did render all those trying passages and figures without
blur or indecision; and that ihe clear, powerful soprano of Mme.
Rosa, so all-sufficient and enduring, the strongly pronounced bass of
Mr. Rudolphsen, mastering the difficulties of a part of such wide
compass, and (though with less certainty) the two middle voices, less
important, did achieve those solo passages, in which every quartet
before had nearly broken d(-wn, even to that elaborate four-part
276 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
cadenza, — all so palpably and clearly that all felt the greatness of
the music and were transported, filled with a glorious realizing sense
of the sublime ideas of Schiller's Ode interpreted, illumed with all the
heart and soul and genius of the great musician, whose life-long high-
est aspiration (in his soul's secrecy and in his art) found there the
very text it wanted.
Fifth Day. Saturday Afternoon, May 9. Fourth miscellaneous
concert, opening with Mendelssohn's Reformation Symphony . This
was its first performance in this country. Neither in imaginative
invention, nor in unity, nor in effectiveness, did it seem at all equal
to his other symphonies, still less to his overtures, which are so origi-
nal and individual. And it is known to have been Mendelssohn's
express desire that it should not be published ; but the great talk
made about it among his English admirers, together with the specu-
lative instinct of publishers, finally badgered his executors into giving
it to the world among the " posthumous works." It was composed
for an occasion, the tercentenary festival of the Augsburg Confession,
June 25, 1830 ; and having a historical significance, as well as points.
of musical interest, it is entitled, like any elaborate work of a master,
to an occasional hearing in all musical communities. Its significance
and chief power are found in the last movement, which is based on
Luther's choral, '' Eiri' feste Burg.'' This, taken as the type of Prot-
estantism, is worked up with a wealth of counterpoint and of acces-
sory thoughts, and with a charm of instrumentation, far more
edifying than the attempt of Nicolai, with which the Festival began.
The first movement {Andaxte and Allegro con fuoco) , tliough full of
rush and brilliancy, — a struggle of the old and new religions, they
call it, — did not give us a feeling as if it were kindled from a fire
within ; nor did it, for several pages, sound quite Mendelssohnian.
But there is one gem in the symphony, one charming bit of sunshine,
the Scherzo ; healthy, bright, and happy enough for Father Haydn ;
of exquisite art and grace in the trio with its autiphonal trills ; but
what it may have to do with the Reformation is not clear. The An-
dante, sweet and serious, is only one of the composer's commonplaces,
saying more feebly what he has said better elsewhere. The audience
on the whole were interested, for the work was well interpreted.
This concert offered one other novelty (for that day) in the E-flat
Concerto by Liszt, which served for a second display of Miss Alide
Topp's brilliant, exquisite piano playing. She played it with an enthu-
siasm worthy of better music ; " for anything more wilful, whimsical,
outree, far-fetched than this composition is, anything more incoherent,
uninspiring, frosty to the finer instincts, we have hardly known under
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 277
the name of music." All were again iu raptures with the young
pianist, who did well, on being recalled, to lay Liszt by for the
unpretending, more poetic Berceuse of Chopin.
Miss Phillipps sang Mozart's "Voi che sapete " charmingly. For
overtures by the great orchestra there were Spohr's to Jessonda, and
Rossini's to William Tell, — the latter given with great fire and
spirit.
That Saturday offered two more performances. At noon an
organ concert, with an excellent programme, Mr. B. J. Lang being
the competent interpreter on the great organ of the Music Hall.
1. Organ Prelude and Fugue in C . . . . Bach.
2. Sonata in B fiat, Op. 65, No. 4 . . . . Mendelssohn.
3. Pastorale in F Bach.
4. Fugue on the letters B-A-C-H .... Schumann.
5. Improvisation.
6. Fantaisie in G, Grave (full power of the organ), Bach.
What can we say of the Creation in the evening, more than that
the hall was overcrowded, and that the rendering was of the very
best in quality, as it was in means the most amply furnished of any
ever before known in Boston? The solos were sustained by Mme.
Rosa, Mr. James Whitney (tenor), a^nd Messrs. J. F. Winch and
M. W. Whitney (basses).
Sixth and Last Day. Sundaij Evening, May 10. Handel's Mes-
siah makes the climax in all Festivals, the Christmas Festival in-
cluded, of the Handel and Haydn Society. Of a work so oft return-
ing, we need not speak in detail. Many of the choruses, especially
the "Wonderful " and " Hallelujah," we thought we had never heard
so grandly given, not forgetting Birmingham. We only regretted
the omission (there have to be omissions) of one of the most beau-
tiful and most pathetic of all the choruses, "And with his stripes,"
without which the contrast of " All we like sheep " loses much of its
vividness and force. This time the solos were in good hands :
Mme. Parepa-Rosa, Miss Adelaide Phillipps, Mr. Simpson, and
Mr. Whitney.
The Festival was followed by a social reunion, with dancing and
congratulations, on the evening of Ma}^ 14, in the Music Hall. At a
meeting of the board (May 18) the sense of obligation to Carl Zer-
rahn for his great services as conductor was expressed by voting him
a yearly salary of $300, besides $500 for his share in the success of
the Festival. On May 25, he was also offered a gratuity of $200.
And a few days later he was on his way to Kurope for needed rest
and fresh musical experience.
278 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AXD HAYDN SOCIETY.
CHAPTER IX.
FIFTY-FOURTH SEASON.
JuxE 3, 18G8, TO May 31, 1869.
The annual meeting was held on the evening of June 3. The
report of the treasurer, Geo. W. Palmer, showed the receipts for the
year, including cash on hand, to have been $12,639.87 ; expenditures,
$11,510.16 ; balance in treasury, $1,129.71. The receipts at the first
Triennial Festival were $23,620 ; expenses, $20,283.06 ; net proceeds,
$3,336.94, which, added to the Permanent Fund, made the whole
amount of that fund $7,576.05.
The president, Dr. Upham, in his report, paid a special compliment
to Mme. Parepa-Rosa, and alluded to the Festival as an achieve-
ment worth}' of pride and congratulation. Never since his connection
with the Society had there been a greater interest among the members
or so high a degree of attention and of discipline, as during the past
year. The death, during the year, of Mr. Stephen Somes, a member
of the board of trustees, was afterwards brought to the attention of
the Society in a few words of appropriate eulogy by the president.
Officers for the ensuing 3'ear were then elected as follows : —
President. — J. Baxter Upham.
Vice-President. — J. F. Faxon.
Secretary. — L. B. Barnes.
Tieasurer. — George W. Palmer.
Librarian. — George H. Chickering.
Directors. — Theophilus Stover, E. C. Daniells, Oliver B.
LoTHROP, Samuel Jennison, D. L. Laws, R. M. Lowell, George
Fisher, Levi W. Johnson.
Now follows a suspension of nil concert life throughout a summer of
great heat and drought. The only music was that of the brass bands
in the streets, which only aggravated the feeling of extreme heat ; so
that one was reminded of the answer of the boy sent out by Elijah in
the oratorio, to look for signs of rain : "The heavens are as brass
above us I " ''Brass ! all, all is brass," might have formed the hotly
whirling motive of a choral fugue. By the middle of September the
Society had not full}' shaped its plans for the oratorio season, beyond
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 279
xleciding ou a performance in Thanksgiving week. Jeph'ha was
talked of, and of course the Messiah for Christmas. There was also
some thought of taking up, for a novelty, Sterndale Bennett's Woman
of Samaria, after its recent success at Birmingham. Nor did it look
by any means impossible that the old Society would brace itself up to
the work of making a strong beginning upon Bach, and devoting
some of its time all winter to the study of the Passio7i Music, so as
to bring it out, in whole or part, during the next spring. That
indeed w^ould be a new era in its history ! At any rate such aspira-
tions, destined sooner or later to be realized, deserve to count in the
record of a society's true inward life and progress.
In October the Sundaj^-evening rehearsals were resumed, with Mr.
Lang conducting during the absence of Mr. Zerrahn, and at the same
time accompanying at the pianoforte. Judas MaccabcPAi-i and Elijah
were the works in hand. There was some thought of taking up the
Mass by John K. Paine (since made musical professor at Harvard),
a work entitled to a hearing after the praises it had won in Berlin.
As for Bach's S(. Mattheio Passion Music, the government had
already taken measures to procure the most approved edition of the
orchestral and vocal parts, and to have the text done into English in
as close and singable a version as possible, so that both might be
published here, and the study of the great work begin with energy,
in the hope of bringing out a goodly portion of it during Passion
Week.
Mr. Zerrahn was welcomed home again, full of fresh musical im-
pressions gathered in his Fatherland, in season to conduct the two
oratorios immediately after Thanksgiving, on Saturday and Sunday
evenings, Nov. 28 and 29. The first was Handel's heroic oratorio
par excellence, the ever-welcome Judas MaccabcEus. The performance
seems to have been of hardly average excellence. Some of the ringing
easier choruses went evenly and grandly ; but in others voices hesi-
tated or went astray ; while a stridulous quality in high soprano
passages, and a coarseness in the tenors, were noticeable in contrast
with the Festival chorus. The solos were more fortunate. Miss
Houston sang " From mighty kings " with great effect Mrs. Barry
(late Mrs. Gary) had not changed her warm contralto voice, nor her
artistic style, with change of name. Miss Anna Granger had a
fresh, bright, out-leaping voice, suited more to gay and brilliant
things than to the melodies of deep interior life. A good singer in
her way, phrasing the music well and losing not a note, nor slighting
one, though indistinct in verbal utterance, she had in Judas a couple
of pieces suited to her ; in " So shall the lute" she executed the rou-
280 HISTORY or THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
lades witn clean-cut evenness and freedom; her "sprightly voice
sweet descant ran " indeed. Mr. James Whitney was the tenor, and
Mr. Wilde, the bass.
El'jah fared much better in the choruses, but the orchestra was
rough and careless. Miss L. M. Gates shared the soprano solos with
Miss Houston, and in "Hear ye, Israel." gave proof of a fine, flexi-
ble voice of large range, sweetness, and of easy, free delivery. Miss
Houston and Mrs. Barry both sang with characteristic care and
fervor. Mr. J. F. Winch took, for the first time, the part of Elijah,
much of it successfully. Mr. Wm. J. Winch, with large tones, not
without sweetness, made a conscientious, earnest effort, with no air
of pretence ; but voice and manner were not then ripe for the tenor
solos in Elijah.
Then came two performances just after Christmas. On Saturday
evening, Dec. 26, the hall was crowded to its utmost capacity by
loyal listeners to the Messiah. The chorus seats were not so full as
usual ; and the orchestra, owing to theatre engagements on that night
of the week, was somewhat shrunken from its fair proportions. The
instruments were sometimes out of tune ; but that might have been
largely due to the low pitch of the organ. Most of the choruses went
well; and the beautiful one, "And with his stripes," was restored.
The performance gained peculiar interest from the two principal lady
singers. Miss Adelaide Phillipps in the contralto airs surpassed her-
self, showing herself in all the sincere, ripe artist. Very interesting,
too, was the first appearance in oratorio of Miss Anna S. Whitten ;
and most sincere and genuine and sympathetic was the use she made
of her beautiful soprano voice. It was not without some slight fal-
tering of timidity in the beginning ; but as she went on, she won
upon her audience. The spirituality and beauty of the music suffered
little in her rendering, which confirmed the promise of her first public
effort in a Symphony concert a short time before. Mr. James
AVhilney and Mr. John F. Winch sustained the other principal parts
acceptably.
Sunday evening brought a smaller crowd of hearers, while the
chorus seats were full, and the orchestra was raised to the full com-
plement of the Symphony concerts. It was one of the grandest
presentations of El'jah we had had here until then. Miss Phillipps
again lent her noble voice and art. Miss Houston was at her best in
the principal soprano parts. It was understood that she was about
to retire into domestic life ; so that the beauty, brilliancy, and fervor
of this supposed last public effort enhanced the feeling of the loss.
She sang as if she loved it, and fain would not leave it. The
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 281
smaller soprano parts — the boy looking out for rain, and in the con-
certed pieces — were taken by IMrs. D, C. Hall, who proved her-
self the possessor of a voice so true and beautiful, so telling, and
who delivered it so well, that one wondered why she never had been
called upon before in this way. Mr. Rudolphsen came back to his
old part, the Prophet, which he always made effective, more so than
ever this time. Mr. Whitney made his best mark so far in the
tenor arias.
For the Easter season, it being too late to undertake the Passion
Music that year, two oratorios were rehearsed, one of them new, the
other great. Costa's Naaman (which probably would have been
called Elisha but for Mendelssohn's Elijah) drew a large audience on
Saturday evening, March 27, but not so large as St. Fanl the next
night. It was creditably performed, considering its novelty and
strangeness, but not nearly so well, ^o heartily as kSI. Paul, which took
possession of the singers. Naaman, as a composition, was all one
might expect of the author of Eli, the London conductor, an Italian,
graceful and thoroughbred musician as he was. It is a clever work,
but not a work of genius. It is pleasing, — at least where the author
is content to be himself and not too ambitious to keep step with the
mightier ones, — but it is not great. It is frequently pathetic, some-
times imposing, oftener brilHant, but does not seem to have spruno-
from any deep religious sentiment, from any hond-fide inspiration, so
much as from the pardonable promptings of outward position, emula-
tion, and example. It cannot be called original, unless certain in^eu-
ious contrivances of orchestral illustration or intensification, dramatic
surprises, etc , merit that distinction ; for either the composer flows
on easily in the manner native and habitual to him, which is the
Italian operatic manner, good of its kind but commonplace, or he
labors after models like Elijah in too obvious imitation.
It is, however, quite dramatic (sometimes melodramatic), and
herein lies, perhaps, its best distinction. The characterization of
persons is well considered and in the main felicitous. Certainly the
part of the captive Jewess, Adah, " the little maid," is musically in-
dividual and charming ; and it was well suited to the pure, sweet
soprano and the fervent, chaste, devout expression of Miss Whitten,
who sang it beautifully. The part of the distressed widow and the
miracle of the oil are plainly modelled after the Widow in Elijah, and
come in at the same early stage in the proceedings. Miss Phillipps
evidently had her own distress, that of a severe cold, so that she even
sang out of tune for once, and with less force than usual, but artist-
like, with true expression. She also sang the music of Timna, wife
282 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
of Naaman, mostly recitative, except a solo with chorus, "Be com-
forted," and the second voice in a trio, — these more successfully,
and very touchingly and simply the Dream of the Child, the melody
of which is rather in the commonplace and sentimental modern Eng-
lish vein, somewhat ennobled by superior musicianship.
The scenes with the Shunamite woman contain some of the freshest
music ; for instance the trio in the first part, which is in a nobler and
less Italian-stage style than most of the concerted pieces. There is,
real pathos, almost Handelian, in the air addressed to her dead son ;
and in all the part the clear, true, brilliant voice and good delivery of
Miss Gates showed to advantage. Costa treats the part of the-
prophet Elisha, both in the cut of its recitative and melody and in-
strumental illustration, much after the manner of Mendelssohn's.
Elijah. Like that, it is the central figure of the oratorio, dignified
and grand, but far less interesting. Mr. Rudolphsen sang it all
intelligently and carefully, with artistic style, but in a somewhat dry,
hard quality of tone, which had been growing upon him. Mr. James
Whitney lacked only strength for the unhealthy hero, Naaman, whose
approach is always heralded by a sensational and pompous march, in
which form of writing Costa liked to indulge a turn for ingenious^
eccentric instrumentation. His distressful utterances, with their fever-
ish agitato accompaniment, are perhaps worthy of the subject, an ill-
chosen one ; but the music, with some fine passages, is wearisome.
The second tenor part, Gehazi, was fairly rendered by Mr. W. J.
Winch.
The most popular pieces were the two trios and the quartet, " Honor
and glory," — pleasing and graceful in their wa}', although, with one
exception named above, they sound as if right out of the modern
Italian opera. The trio, " Haste I to Samaria," is bright, but trivial.
The choruses, various in character, musician-like, interesting, seldom
rise to grandeur, nor are the most elaborate ones the best. In these
the parts flow less naturally and blend less genially ; the intervals are
diflScult ; and from the very fact that they were not sung with any-
thing like the confidence and the effect to which we were accustomed
in the choruses of Mendelssohn and Handel, voices faltering and
some parts faintly audible, one could infer that the music did not
take hold of the singers very strongly, though many of them may
have liked some of its details. There was a simple grandeur in the
choral, '' When famine over Israel prevailed," which is plainly har-
monized, with organ, all the orchestral voices silent except the huge
bass tuba. And " The curse of the Lord is in the house of the
wicked " has a fine motive beautifully wrought out. The finale of the
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 283
first part, like that in Elijah^ is a chorus of praise and thanks for
water after drought, — a palpable imitation, as in the rush of the
violins, the strange atmospheric modulations which convey the sense
of moisture, etc. ; it is graphic and exciting, but follows longo inter-
vallo after " Thanks be to God, wholaveth the thirsty land." As the
most important work of an accomplished musician, Naaman was not
unworthy to be brought out, once or twice at least, by our Society,
considering that it could not get ready early enough in the season to
take up Bach's Passion or the Israel of Handel, and that, short of
these great things, it had but little new and easily practicable to
choose from.
St. Paul, on Sunday evening, was superbly rendered ; the music
seemed to carry all along with it. The choruses were sung with a will,
and came out full and round and strong. The solos, b}' Miss Hous-
ton, Miss Phillipps, Mr. J. F. Winch, and Mr. James Whitney, were
highly satisfactory.
During the month of May, there was much thought and discussion
in our city, as well as in musical circles everywhere, on the important
question of a reform of the concert pitch, which had become too high
for the convenience and best effect of singing voices. It was
agreed on all hands that the pitch had risen about a whole tone since
the time of Bach and Handel, else where did the former find the
human voices for his sustained high parts? Here in Boston we had
already a certain foothold gained in favor of conformity with the
new " French pitch" ; the great organ of our Music Hall was tuned
to it. One more step had been taken by our public-school com-
mittee, who had introduced the new pitch, or normal diapason, into
all the schools. What more could be done to bring us wholly into
line with the new movement? The orchestral wdnd instruments, the
reeds especially, could not be lengthened out to suit the organ with-
out deranging their scale, altering their intervals unequalh' ; hence a
chronic difficulty of pitch in all the oratorios. To procure new in-
struments, properly made for the purpose, would involve an expense
beyond the means of most of the musicians. It was therefore agreed
between the three committees of the Handel and Haydn Society, the
Harvard Musical Association, and the Boston Music Hall Associa-
tion, to have another set of instruments (those from New York in
1865 having proved unsatisfactory) ordered from J^urope ; and, to meet
the expense, a concert was organized and given on Thursday afternoon.
May 20, 1869, in aid of the efforts of the joint committee '' to establish
here the normal diapason, or French pitch, for all orchestral or choral
performances.'' The concert was an encouraging success. The first
284 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
part took the form of a symphony concert, consisting of a Beethoven
symphony (No. 8), an aria of Mozart ("Non piu di fiori"), by Miss
Adelaide Phillipps, and an overture (to The W ater Carrier) by Cher-
ubini. The Handel and Haydn chorus furnished the second part, in
an excellent performance of the Hymn of Praise^ the solos by Miss
Houston, Miss Phillipps, and Mr. W. J. Winch. Mr. Zerrahn of
course conducted, and Mr. Lang was in his place at the great organ.
The symphony was played through by the orchestra at the usual high
concert pitch ; but before the voices, with the organ, came in, the
instruments had to be tuned down (by such imperfect means as were
available) to the organ or French pitch ; nor was there much attempt
to hide the awkward process either from sight or hearing. Such a
tuning (down) as there was, prolonged and m^^stifying ! Some one,
plainly from the " rural districts," asked his companion, " What is all
this?" " Oh," replied he, " this is where the normal diapason comes
in." The little episode was a good practical demonstration of the
need of the reform. The receipts of the concert were nearly $600,
and in due time the new instruments arrived ; but some fatality has
always beset the best attempts to use them ; and, like the earlier
ones, they have vanished out of sight and knowledge.
On the next evening (May 21), the Society joined in a very hearty
and enthusiastic testimonial, a farewell concert to Miss Adelaide
Phillipps, who was soon to leave us to fulfil a long engagement at
the Italian opera in Paris. The work selected was Rossini's Stabat
Mater, with Miss VV bitten, Miss Phillipps herself, and Messrs. James
and M. W. Whitney. There was Mr. Zerrahn with his orchestra,
who played the overture to Egmont^ and accompanied Miss Alide
Topp in the Concert-stuck of Weber. Miss Phillipps sang Rossini's
florid aria " Una voce" with the most brilliant exuberance of oi'na-
ment; and Miss Granger sang "Come per me sereno " from the
Sonnamhula,
So ended another season, richer in promise, to be sure, than in
fulfilment. Glowing aspirations, hopes and plans almost heroic fol-
lowed the great Festival. But during a summer's rest enthusiasm
is on the ebb. As winter's work approaches, it becomes not so easy to
do all that had seemed so attractive, so inspiring in the hour of tri-
umph. The working motive comes not from the past, but from a
new great object looming before us in the immediate future. Life
runs in waves, and ever between two heights must lie a valley of
depression. After each Triennial Festival, look for one year of
shrinkage. Still the year's work, unless measured by the hopes and
plans at the outset, was by no means below the average, and on the
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 285
■whole more than creditable. For the programme (as achieved, and
well achieved) reads: Handel's Judas Ifaccabceus and Messiah;
Mendelssohn's Elijah (twice), !St. Paul, and Hymn of Praise; and,
for a novelty, Costa's Naaman, — not an inconsiderable list. If we
had reached the bottom of oar valley, we were still far above the
level of the sea. Many a choral society wonld be prond to climb as
high as that.
FIFTY-FIFTH SEASON.
May 31, 1869, to May 30, 1870.
At the annual meeting (May 31) the report of the treasurer showed
that the receipts from concerts, etc., together with a balance on hand
of 81,129.71 at the beginning of the year, were $9,723 12. The
whole of this had been expended, leaving the treasury without funds ;
but as the Society was out of debt, no assessment was required.
The permanent fund was valued at $8,195. The report of the libra-
rian showed the library in good condition. A beautiful fac-simile of
Handel's autograph score of the Messiah, in chromo-lithograph, had
been presented b}^ Carl Zerrahn, and a fine engraving, representing
the " Apotheosis of Handel," b}' Dr. Upham. The officers were all
re-elected, with the exception of one director, Mr. Wm. H. AVadleigh,
in the place of Theophilus Stover. The president's report was, as
usual, interesting and instructive, but too long to give here in full.
After some introductory details and comparisons of three of the great
choral societies of the world (the Sing-Akademie of Berlin, the
Sacred Harmonic Society of London, and our own Handel and Haydn
Society), Dr. Upham stated that there had been fourteen meetings of
the government to attend to the musical and business interests of the
corporation, and three business meetings of the Society. Thirty-
nine gentlemen had been admitted to membership, sixteen had been
discharged, five had resigned, and no one had died Much was said
in praise of the unusual number of rehearsals ; much of the perform-
ances, especially of Elijah and St. Paul, while that of Jadas Macca-
bceus feU below the mark. From the closing paragraphs we quote : —
" VT'ith this anniversary closes the eighth vear of my official coiiDectiou with
our venerable association. In this terra of eight years, the Society has gone
through some of its most trying experiences, aud it has known some of the
most joyous and triumphant eras of its history. It has seen the last of its
original members, the remnant of that heroic baud who upheld the honor
and bore the burden of its struggling iufaucy, drop into the tomb. It has
passed into and out of the cloud of rebellious war, the like of which the
286 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
world had never known before, and in which it bore its share of the general
doubt and uncertainty and gloom.
" On the other hand, it has seen the creation of a fund upon a secure and
substantial basis, with encouraging prospects of its continued increase. It
has established a series of triennial festivals, with a success so signal and
unqualified as to give assurance of their permanency as an institution."
(Alas! 1888.) "It has but recently joined with our sister associations in
art to arrest and bring back to a safe anchorage the musical pitch, which in
these latter years of storm and excitement had drifted so wide of its moor-
ings. It has crossed the boundary line of its first half -century of life, and
is now in the maturity of its strength, never before so conscious of- its own
power, never so honored and so loved, never so ready and so able to do
battle for the noble cause to whose interests it stands pledged."
What then for another year? With a glance forward over its
record we lind no concert until Christmas, when was given of course
the Messiah^ and Naaman for the second time ; then, for Easter ora-
torios, the Creation and Elijah^ — that is all. On the other hand a
beginning was at last actually made (Jan. 2, 1870) on the study and
rehearsal of Bach's St. Mattlieio Passion Music^ though it came not to
performance that year. The reason of all this? " Peace Jubilee,"
w^hich so disturbed the peace of music, during, before, and after that
midsummer of 1869. Into the current of that great wave of popular
excitement, into that broad sea of many thousand voices and, many
hundred instruments, gathered by the enthusiasm and ambition of one
man, by all the arts of advertising, popular appeal, and influential
indorsement quietly and skilfully secured, the Handel and Haydn of
course, some reluctantly, some willingly, na^^ ardently, were swept as
by the resistless power of fate.* It swallowed up their summer and
in fact their year. To climb out of the valley (if we may return to
our figure), they had first to cross a vast and surging sea. They
formed of course the nucleus, the sure and solid heart and centre
of the great chorus of ten thousand voices (instead of twenty thou-
sand, as at first announced), and they did their work as well as
practicable under the strange conditions, the vast hall for sound, the
multitudinous companionship, the audience too multitudinous for
musical appreciation. In the five days, June 15 to 19 inclusive,
which made the author of the plan a popular hero in his way, — days
in which fixed stars like Mendelssohn or Mozart, had they lived
among us, must have " paled their ineffectual fires" before such cal-
cine effulgence, — the Handel and Haydn chorus swelled the volume
of Luther's choral, Ein'fesle Btirg ; "God save the King" (nick-
* The invitation to join in the Jubilee, after long discussion in the board of
directors, was accepted by a vote of nine to two, the president voting nay.
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 287
named America); Rossini's Injiammatus ; " Star-spangled Banner "
(with artilleiy and bells) ; great choruses of Haudel, Haydn, Mozart,
Mendelssohn, and more which need not be mentioned. It shared the
abundant popular applause ; it had ranged itself on the side of the
many, of the idol of the day, but largely to the sacrifice of its own
proper work. Could it be helped ? Its fifty-fifth season tells a short
and comparatively meagre story.
The Jubilee excitement once over, the old Society may vibrate back
into its ''normal diapason." Here is a good sign, which we read in
Ihvight's Journal of Music of Aug. 28, that year : —
*' The government of the Handel and Haydn Society were never more in
earnest. AVe do, not know that the}' have decided on the list of oratorios to
be brought out. But there is one important piece of news which we are quite
safe in telling-. This time, it appears to be really a settled thing that Bach's
great Passion Music (after the gospel of St. ^Matthew) will be taken up and
studied with the design of producing it in Passion Week. The full score (as
ediied by Kobert Franz) and the orchestral parts were procured from Ger-
many last winter, but too late to enter upon so formidable a task at that time.
The voice parts for the double chorus will soon be in readiness. Messrs.
Ditson & Co. already have them in the engraver's hands, and are prepai-ing
to publish an octavo edition (like their Mendelssohn and Handel oratorios
after the Novello pattern) of the entire work for voices and pianoforte, with
both German and English words, — the latter translated* here expressly with
the utmost care to keep them as close as possible in spirit, sense, and form to
the original text, antiquated and quaintly pietistic as it is, while scrupulously
studying in every sj'llable and vowel sound Bach's never careless marriage of
the word and tone. Thus there will be plenty of copies of the full vocal
score, at a moderate price, both for the singers to sing from, and for the in-
quiring listener to look over while he listens, or to stud\- at his leisure. For
an American publisher this is a bold venture and an honorable one. But
we believe it will repay in the long run. Bach's Jlatthei'- Passion is bound to
take its place in the repertoire of the great choral societies in this country,
as it has long since done all over Germany, where it is performed in a dozen
places every year ; as it has done too in London, where it is to be revived next
winter, and even in Paris, witness the interest it excited at the Pantheon a
jxar ago. AVithus it is a question of time only ; it may never be popular, but
it will be, it is already, in such demand, that it cannot be kept out of the
market or the concert room much longer. For our old Oratorio Society, too,,
it is a brave, bold undertaking; perhaps the boldest step they could take;
with due faith and persistency it will not prove a rash one. Why should they
not essay the boldest, the most difficult of tasks? They have for years been
taking all the arduous steps that lead right up to it ; they have mastered Han-
del's oratorios, except the Israel, which yet w^aits for adequate performance;
they have had great success with St. Paul, which is a steppiug stone to Bach;
they have even triumphed signallj' in the whilome discouraging choruses of
* By John S. Dwight, adopting Franz's piano accompaniment for many of
the arias.
288 IIISTOKY OF THE HAM-EL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
the Ninth Symphony. Wliat task remains, what further height to gain, if
they would still make progress, but to grapple manfully with and solve the
long-postponed problem of the great religious mut>ic of Sebastian Bach?
Even if they do not succeed in doing it perfectly, or more than passably
at first, for w^ant especially of great solo singers, masters of the (here at
least) rare art of recitative, still the effort will reward with a sweet sense of
progress ; it will inspire and charm with a new knowledge, a new love, with
the beginning of a new possession that shall grow sAveeter and richer the
more deeply they enter into it and realize it."
On the 16th of September, the Society chose ten delegates to
represent it at a so-called " National Musical Convention," snmmoned
by Mr. E. Tourjee, the enterprising bead of the New England Con-
servatory and organizer of the " Peace Jubilee" chorus. This was
one of the feeble offshoots, or say echoes, of the Jubilee. It held
two sessions in the Music Hall, Sept. 22 and 23 ; adopted a " perma-
nent organization " (which proved very short-lived) ; whereupon
papers were read, discussions held, with agreeable interludes of organ
playing and vocal music. The plan seemed vague, and so seemed
much of the talking, — some of it having more sound than sense. But
some of the papers which were read contained sound and valuable
ideas. In March following, a proposition that the Societ}^ should
join the " National Musical Congress " in a " Jubilee " in June was
unanimously negatived ; and that is the last we hear of the ' ' Con-
gress."
There were many Bach " straws in the wind " that autumn ; symp-
toms of expectation, showing how much the long talked of Passion
Munc occupied men's minds. In the organ concerts at the Music
Hall arrangements of several choruses from the Passion figured in
the programmes; while organ fugues, toccatas, etc., of the old mas-
ter, and other things suggestive of his name, were being made famil-
iar. Communications by way of advice or suggestion to the singers
cropped out in the newspapers. Tiie time for study and rehearsal
will soon come, — with what immediate result?
Early in December, Mr. Lang, the much-esteemed organist of the
oratorios, after a long illness, sailed for Europe with his family and
several of his pupils, intending to spend about a year principally in
Dresden. INlr. J. C. D. Parker was the one preferred to occupy his
place as organist during his absence. -Meanwhile rehearsals went on,
with an attendance ranging from 200 and 250 on stormy evenings to
525, averaging 390 singers. The works in hand were Naaman and
the Messiah. Forty new members were admitted in November; 165
had been absent from all meetings and rehearsals for eight weeks, 91
of whom were "suspended."
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 289
On the evening of Christmas (Saturday) the Music Hall was com-
pletely filled with the usual devouth^ attentive audience. The chorus
numbered about six hundred singers, and the performance w^as, per-
haps, the best ever heard here until then. The solo principals were
Miss Houston, Miss Adelaide Phillipps, Mr. W. J. Winch, and Mr.
Myron W. AVhitne}', — all highly satisfactory, particularly the con-
tralto. The orchestra was hardly strong enough, and in some of the
wind passages the chronic incongruity of old and new pitch marred
the euphony. Mr. J. C. D. Parker presided ably at the organ.
Sunday evening (Dec. 26) the rain thinned both chorus ranks and
audience ; yet the second performance of Nuaman was more spirited
and telling than the first. The solos were sustained by Miss Hous-
ton, Miss Phillipps, Miss Lizzie M. Gates, and Messrs. W. J. Winch,
Edward Prescott, and J. F. Rudolphsen.
With the new year, 1870, the study of Bach's Pa-sion Music was
begun in earnest. In January it was rehearsed five times with
attendance varying from three hundred to three hundred and fifiy
singers. At first it interested but comparatively few, who came to
it more or less prepared whether by inward affinity or private study ;
but gradually and steadily it gained ground in the sympathies of
many. It was most instructive study, whether it came to public per-
formance or not, and it sowed seeds in many hearts of a deeper,
sweeter musical sense than they, perhaps, had known before. On
Feb. 4 (the vice-dresident, O. J. Faxon, being present for a short
time and warmly welcomed, after nearly a year's absence through
severe and dangerous illness), it was voted to give selections from
the Passion on the Saturday before Easter (reckoning without the
host !), together with a Mendelssohn cantata ; and Elijah for Easter.
The Bach rehearsals, with the same average attendance, went on
into March, when it was decided to substitute the Creation for the
Passion in the concert of April 16, by reason of inability to produce
it adequately for lack of a sufficient orchestra. Time will cure that.
The performance of the Creation (disappointing all our hopes of
Bach) was an indifferent one for this Society, the weather stormy,
orchestra to some extent a makeshift one, audience small, and
altogether not a fortunate revival. The chief singers were Miss
Houston, Mr. Prescott, and Mr. M. J. Whituey. The next evening
(Easter, April 17) brought a fine performance of Elijah. It had
the accustomed orchestra ; it had been rehearsed with zeal ; the
chorus seats were fuller ; the audience larger and more eager. The
central figure of the Prophet stood forth very nobly in the recitative
and the cantabile of Mr. Whitney, who took this all-important part
290 HISTORY OF TTIK HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
for the first time. Much had been expected, but not more than was
realized, from the new contralto, Miss Antoinette Sterhng, from
New York. This young lady, who two or three years before had
created a sensation in a miscellaneous concert here by the richness
and the volume of her voice, had since enjoyed the best opportuni-
ties of instruction abroad, especially with Mme. Viardot Garcia, of
whom she was a favorite pupil : and she had sung with marked favor
in concerts at Cologne and London. She delivered her sentences of
recitative with fine intelligence and with great power and fervor ; and
in her two arias all was simple, earnest, and expressive, her tones
singularly rich and telling. Her manner was easy, self-possessed,
and quiet. Miss Houston's clear and powerful soprano more than
held its own. Mrs. J. W. Weston sang the smaller soprano parts,
that of the youth, etc., very acceptably; and Mr. ^y. J. Winch in
the tenor solos showed no slight improvement both in voice and style.
That this much-broken season, with such good intentions post-
poned, was not pecuniarily profitable, appears from a vote of the
board (May 11) notifying the trustees of the permanent fund that
all the interest thereof for the past year was needed to meet the bills
of the Society. And again (May 23) the treasurer was authorized
to borrow a sum not exceeding five hundred dollars.
FIFTY-SIXTH SEASON.
May 30, 1870, to May 29, 1871.
At the annual meeting (May 30), the president presented his
annual report, which was accepted and approved. In opening he
referred to the deficiency in funds, and said that the treasurer had
been authorized to negotiate a temporary loan. Thirty-five new mem-
bers had been admitted during the year ; four had resigned, and four
had been honorably discharged. In the same time ninety-one had
been suspended under a new article of the by-laws, of which number
seven had been reinstated. Two members had died in the course of
the year. The number of rehearsals was twenty-nine, with an aver-
age attendance of three hundred and six, the gentlemen averaging
better than the lady members. The public performances had been
fewer than usual, only four, besides the assistance rendered at the
Peace Jubilee, and once at a celebration of the Mercantile Library
Association. The annals of the Society would probably be ready for
IKiblicatiou during the coming year.
The president alluded to the attention given to Bach's Passion
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 291
3fusic, and said that the reasons for its non-performance were many
and sufficient ; an orchestra adequate to the double functions de-
manded could not be obtained ; but the hope of vet producing it was
not abandoned. He suggested a higher standard of requirement in
the examination of candidates for admission ; complimented the
Salem Oratorio Association, and closed with eulogistic reference to
the invaluable aid of their excellent conductor, Carl Zerrahn, to their
accomplished organist, Mr. Parker, and to Mr. O. J. Faxon, then
retiring from the yice-presidencv, after filling that office for eleven
years, to whom a complimentary resolution was presently passed.
The librarian reported six hundred and fifty copies of Bach' s Pas-
sion Music added to the library. The treasurer's report showed the
receipts of the year (including one year's income of the fund,
$438. G2) to be $5,493.37 ; expenditures (with balance of S395.25
due to the treasurer) the same. There were outstanding bills leaving
the Society in debt about two thousand dollars. The permanent fund
amounted to S7,400. The election of officers resulted as follows : —
President. — Dk. J. Baxter Upham,
Vice-President. — S. Lothrop Thorxdike.
Secretary. — Lorixg B. Barnes.
Treasurer. — George \V. Paljier.
Librarian. — George H. Chickering.
Directors. — George Fisher, Samuel Jexxisox, Levi W. John-
son, A. Parker Browtje, Edward Faxon, T. Frank Reed, Charles
H. Johnson, VT. O. Perkins.
It will be remembered that this was "Jubilee" season; Jubilee
was in the air. Music having run her quiet, modest course until mid-
summer in her wonted way of Art, then all seemed given over to the
nois}' echoes, here and there, of the last year's Peace Jubilee in
Boston, to Monster Concerts, Choral Festivals, and at the acme, " out
of all whooping wonderful," a Beethoven Centennial Celebration in
New York (with Gilmore guns and anvils, and all the modern im-
provements which may have been supposed to interest the great com-
poser deaf to his own music, — of which, however, one whole sym-
phony and extracts from others were included in the programme, to
make it clear that this great splurge had something to do with Beet-
hoven). Indeed that programme was astounding. Nothing more
ingeniously grandiloquent and swelling could have entered into the
imagination of the inventor of the Jubilee himself. Were the words
"Grand," "Complete Combined Grand," "Grand-Popular-Clas-
sical-Patriotic-National," etc., ever reiterated so many times in one
bill of fare? The explanation of it was plain enough. The same
292 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
restless, enterprising class of spirits who got up the Boston Jubilee,
existed also in New York and in all our great commercial cities, always
eager to be doing something on a '' stupendous scale " ; could they
be quiet until they had imitated, possibly surpassed, the great exam-
ple of the year before? The centennial year of Beethoven (born in
December) was only seized upon to give the project color.
^ Now, our old Handel and Ha^'dn Society, festively inclined no less-
than musically, were not slow to accept an invitation to that New
York celebration, all their expenses of journey and hotel being paid
by the management. On Monday evening, June 13, five hundred and
forty-six members of its chorus (S. 160, A. 133, T. 113, B. 140) left
bv the three boat lines and reached New York the next mornins;.
During the first two days they attended rehearsals very constantly.
On Thursday evening they were allowed to sing the first part of
Elijah (the managers lacking courage to risk the whole work). The
solos were by Parepa, Antoinette Sterling, Mr. Castle, and Mr. M.
W. Whitney. It was pronounced the best performance of the cele-
bration, and the one most enjoyed. With that exception the whole
huge affair was '' nothing more nor less than a series of cheap vocal
and instrumental concerts." On the fourth day, for lack of public
support, the great bright bubble broke, leaving three concerts, includ-
ing Handel's Messiah^ to exist on paper ; and our friends came home,
" disgusted with the management, delighted with the trip." It was
on this occasion, during one of the rehearsals under a pretentious bat
incompetent conductor, that a severe thunder-storm came on, causing
some flutter in the female portion of the chorus, when an officer of the
Society called out, " Ladies, there is no occasion for alarm. Dr.
is a perfect non-conductor.''
At a special meeting of the Society, a few days later, a warm vote
of thanks, with renewed pledge of confidence, was passed to Carl
Zerrahn ; also a vote of thanks to Secretary Barnes. Sept. G, at a
meeting of the board, a committee was empowered to treat with Mile.
Christine Nilsson's agent for four or more appearances in oratorio in
November or later. It was voted to hold a second Triennial Festival
in May. Messrs. Zerrahn and Lang were reappointed at salaries of
8500 and $300. Rehearsals began Oct. 2, with Judas Maccabceus^ four
hundred singers present. Then for four Sunday evenings the choral
portions of the Ninth Symphony were rehearsed, attendance from four
hundred and seventy-five to five hundred and ten (S. 168, A. 138, T.
92, B. 112). Nov. 20, Svmphony and Jfessw/i rehearsed, with Mile,
Nilsson for a listener, and much pleased she was with the chorus.
Nov. 27, rehearsed Israel in Egypt^ five Imndred voices.
HISTORY OF THE HANDKL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 293
On Monday afternoon, Dec. 10, after a week of various musical
performances in Boston commemorative of the centennial anniver-
sary of the birthday of Beethoven (Dec. 17, 1770), the Society,
jointly with the Harvard Musical Association, gave a performance of
the Ninth (or Choral) Symphony, after long and vigorous rehearsal
of the choruses. This was preceded in the programme by the over-
ture to Egmont ; the quartet (in canon) from Firlelio ; an andante
and adagio from the Prometheus ballet ; and the Hallelujah chorus
from the Mount of Olives. In this memorable concert the rich week
of the Beethoven Centennial reached its climax and its close. It
was a remarkable success, although the audience fell short of expec-
tation ; there was a loss of over $500, which was shared equally
between the two societies. The chorus was five hundred and fifty
strong, and did its work nobly ; the orchestra of sixty-four instru-
ments was never more responsive to ]Mr. Zerrahn's control. Even
the almost impossible quartet of solo singers was well represented
by Mrs. H. M. Smith, Mrs. C. A. Barry, Mr. W. J. Winch, and Mr.
Rudolphsen.
Next in order, fitly crowning that Beethoven j^ear (for there is
always kinship among greatest things), came the annual performance
of the Messiah, both on Christmas eve and on the evening of Christ-
mas. The fatigue of the hard week was felt, and so was the
benumbing spell of sudden winter ; so that the chorus seats were
not at their fullest, and the orchestra was small. But with Zerrahn
at the helm, and Lang at the great organ, with a chorus well trained,
and with good principal singers, the oratorio went grandly as a whole.
On Sunday evening the house was full, and so was the orchestra, and
there was more life and spirit pervading the whole effort. Mrs.
Weston, bating excessive nervousness (it was almost her debut), sang
the soprano solos on the first evening with refinement : a sincere
musical quality and feeling making themselves felt in her pure, fresh,
liquid tones. On Sunday evening Mrs, Julia Houston West, with all
her wonted fervor, and with more than wonted power, sang the
great arias and recitatives. Miss Sterling took the contralto solos.
The tenor on the first night was Mr. Winch ; on the second, Mr.
F. C. Packard, who, for a first appearance in so formidable a task,
made a remarkably good impression. The bass solos were intrusted
to Mr. M. W. Whitney.
1871. The new 3'ear opened with six or eight consecutive rehear-
sals upon Israel in Egypt. A stormv season thinned the average
attendance, which ranged from 250 to 400.
Early in February, the Society and the community were called to-
294 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
mourn the loss of Gen. Thomas E. Chickei'iug, the oldest of three
brothers who so successfulh^ continued the noble business built up
by their father. His winning, amiable disposition from his childhood
made him many friends. He had served a thorough practical appren-
ticeship in his business, having, first and last, with his own hands
made every part of a piano. His sympathies were large, so that he
found time for zealous participation in musical, military, charitable,
and social enterprises. He had been president of the Handel and
Haydn Society, Commander of the "Ancient and Honorable," and
during the war did honorable service at the head of a regiment, for
which he was brevetted general. He was modest, manly, kindly,
gentlemanly, and true. To all, in all conditions, his words and man-
ner were those of a friend. At a special meeting of the board of
directors (Feb. 17) the following resolutions were presented by Mr.
Samuel Jennison : —
Whereas, the recent and sudden death of Gen, Thomas E. Chickering has
removed from among us a gentleman widelj' and honorably known in this
commimitv, and one who has always manifested a warm interest in the Han-
del and Haydn Society :
Hesolved, That the sad occasion presents fitting opportunity for the
board of directors of this Society, which once enjoyed a prosperous
season of several years under his presidency, and which never failed to
receive favor at his hands, to express their appreciation of the liberality
with which he, together w^ith the firm of which he was the head, ever
responded to the call for aid in all musical and charitable enterprises ; and
especiallj' is it to be remembered that with him the offer of aid sprang from
the generosity of his nature rather than from the desire to advance private
interest, or from the love of popular applause.
Hesolved, That to him as the head of a partnership of brothers, succeed-
ing to the career of an honored father, himself once president of this Soci-
et}', this community is indebted, to an extent that cannot be estimated, for
the means of promoting the cultivation of the art in whose service this
Society had its origin, which has shed grace and refinement upon thousands
of New England homes, and has lent its invaluable influence in embellishing
the social life and manners, and in elevating this citj' to its proud and emi-
nent position of Patron of Music and of Choral Song.
Hesolved, That this Society desires to pay tribute to his memory by taking
part in the musical exercises at his funeral, and thereby to testify its sympa-
thy with his family and friends in their sudden bereavement.
Hesolved, That these resolutions be entered upon the records of the
Societj-, and a copy be sent to the family of the deceased.
He was buried with distinguished honors. The funeral service was
at Trinity Church in Summer Street, Bishop Eastburn and the Kev.
Phillips Brooks officiating. Large delegations from the various mili-
tary bodies with which Gen. Chickering had been associated were
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 295
present; and tlie workmen in the employ of the Messrs. Chickering,
to the number of three hundred and ninety, filled the entire left of the
body of the church. There was an impressive musical service under
the direction of Mr. J. C. D. Parker, the organist of the church ;
and the Handel and Haydn Society, under their conductor, Carl
Zerrahn, sang the choral from Elijah. "Cast thy burden on the
Lord." The funeral cortege then moved to Mt. Auburn, where the
remains were deposited in the family tomb.
The work of rehearsal now went on, mainly with reference to the
coming Festival, until April, and with an average attendance of 411,
the highest number at one time being 550. On March 3, it was voted
to return to the old ''concert pitch," for the reason that, although
new instruments at normal diapason pitch had been provided, still
the movement in that direction had proved a failure for want of sym-
pathy on the part of the musicians of the orchestra. What became
of those new instruments (bassoons, clarinets, oboes, flutes) remains
a riddle to this day, 1889.
On the first and second days of April was realized at last a long-
cherished desire of the Society to give some oratorios with the dis-
tinguished aid of the young Swedish singer, Christine Nilssou. On
Saturday evening, preceded by a semi-public noonda}^ rehearsal, the
Messiah was given with a chorus of nearly seven hundred voices.
Our notes at the time say : " There is something individual, original,
and charmino;lv sincere in what the vouno; Swede does ; somethino-
genuine from within, which is even better than the purity and sweet-
ness of her voice and her artistic modulation of it ; and we were not
surprised to hear from her a somewhat different rendering of the
great songs in the Messiah from the examples set to us by great sing-
ers heretofore. The distinguishing quality of Christine Nilsson's
singing of them was its beautiful simplicity, much of the time almost
childlike, and a pervading gentleness, the expression as of a deep,
interior, meditative rapture (even in ' Rejoice greatly'), rather thau
the perpetual giving out of the full power of voice to triumph by
main force. Hence, when the strong, emphatic points did come out,
they told with a peculiar power, because the feeling was so genuine,
so uncontainable. There was a virginal purity and sweetness, and a
clear power, in her delivery of ' There were shepherds ' ; it was
indeed an imaginative realization of the scene, the holy peace and
beauty of the starry night, with its mh*aculous new hope ! ' Rejoice
greatly,' given with exquisite grace and evenness, was not less truh'
the expression of true joy because it did not leap out into loud, bold
revelry of song ; it was the heart full of happiness communing with
296 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
itself ; something too much, perhaps, of the sotto voce, so that some
of the more shaded tones may not have fully reached the ear in all
parts of the hall ; but still one knew how true and good it all was ;
and how feelingh' the words ' He is the righteous Saviour,' etc., were
expressed in the tearful voice ! ... In the great song of faith, ' I
know that my Redeemer liveth,' it is not too much to say that she
actually made it new to us, imparting such freshness to it, such origi-
nality (not sought for as such) ^ that, for the first time since we heard
Jenny Lind, her countrywoman, sing it, we were not bored, but happy
to hear the song repeated. It was characterized, as we have said,
by quiet fervor and assurance ; a heart's confession to itself, rather
than a bold proclamation and profession ; touchiugly shaded as the
various reflections came up. And when the words ' I know ' returned
again, it was not with strong, bold emphasis, but with a ' still voice,'
far inward, as in rapt rever}' and ecstasy of faith."
It seemed to infuse a new spirit into the whole. Seldom did the
choruses all go so well, and well were the}' accompanied. The other
leading singers, also, did their best: Miss Annie Gary, Mrs. Houston
AYest, and the Messrs. Winch. The Creation had a no less uncom-
monly good performance. Nothing could be more evenly and exqui-
sitely melodious than Nilsson's singing of "With verdure clad";
though "On mighty pens" was better suited to the grander, soaring
st3'le of Jenny Lind, whose voice went up there like a rocket Mr.
Whitney's grand, deep bass was never so telling as in those descrip-
tive pieces ; Mr. Simpson was happy in the tenor airs ; and Mrs.
West, in the trying predicament of inheriting the soprano role from
Nilssou (in the Adiim and Eve scene), acquitted herself in a most
praiseworthy manner.
From that time forward the second Triennial Festival in May was
the one objective point of the whole work of the Society, with a clear
field before it. Rehearsals came thick and fast : no less than twelve
in April, with attendance varying from 200 to 53G ; in May, five more.-
SECOXD TRIENNIAL FESTIVAL.
May 0-14, 1871.
The scheme was an immense one. perhaps almost too ambitious.
Think of Handel's Israel in Egypt, copious selections from Bach's
Passion Music, Mendelssohn's Hymn of Praise and Elijah, Beetho-
ven's Choral Sympliony, and Bennett's Woman of Samaria, together
with much more, in one week's programme ! Well might the worthy
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 297
secretary, elated with the result, exclaim, "• Probably the most stu-
pendous programme ever presented at any Festival, either at home
or abroad, was here presented, and the performances, of the oratorios
in particular, elicited from the most critical the most unbounded
praise." It included nine great concerts, five of oratorio and four
of symphony, etc., ending on Sunday with the never-failing 3fessia7i.
The chorus numbered over seven hundred voices, properly balanced
and of better average quality than ever before. The orchestra, with
that of our own symphony concerts for a nucleus, included many of
the best musicians of the Philharmonic and Thomas orchestras of
New York, others from Philadelphia and other places, to the number
of one hundred in all. The principal vocalists were : —
Sojyrani: Mme. Erminia Rudersdorff, for the first time, than whom
no soprano for a dozen years had shown herself more thoroughlj^ qual-
ified for the oratorio tasks of the Birmingham and London festivals ;
besides Mrs. Julia Houston West and Mrs. H. M. Smith.
ContraUi : Miss Adelaide Phillipps, Miss Annie Louise Gary, and
Miss Antoinette Sterling.
Tenon' : jVIr. AVilliam H. Cummings, expressly from Loudon, and
Mr. William J Winch.
Bassi : Mr. Myron W. Whitney, Mr. J. F. Rudolphsen, and Mr.
John F. Winch, — all residents of Boston.
For solo pianists, two distinguised German artists, Miss Anna
Mehlig, of Stuttgart, and Miss Marie Krebs, of Dresden, were
engaged. Of course Carl Zerrahn conducted, and Mr. B. J. Lang-
presided over the 5,700 pipes of the great organ, which had been
tuned up to the reigning concert pitch (at a cost to the Societv of
81.000).
First Day. Tuesday Afternom, Ma>/ 9. Nicolai's Religious Fes-
tival Overture, founded on Luther's choral, ^^ Ein' fe^te Burg,'' for
orchestra, chorus, and organ, again, for the fourth time, did duty at
the opening of a Handel and Haydn Festival. It has hardly the
intrinsic worth to warrant that distinction ; but it served to impress
the audience at once with the full weight and breadth of the great
gathering of forces, vocal and instrumental. Next came the rousing
aria, "Sound an alarm," from Handel's Judas Maccahceus, which
introduced the young English tenor, Mr. Cummings, who was more
than a good singer, really a good musician, having had an organist's
education, which is an excellent foundation. A pupil of Dr. Hop-
kins, of the Temple Church, he was known also, unprofessionally, to
sing well. Accident first brought him out in that capacity. Only
seven years before, Sims Reeves had called on him to take his place
298 IirSTORY OF TFIE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
in Judas Maccabceus^ and after much hesitation he consented ; hi&
success was marked; he was encored in ''Sound an alarm," and
from that time, after some period of study in Italy, lie had been a
public singer, mostly in the field of oratorio. A musician in his
instincts and his culture, we found him also a refined, intelligent,
well-educated gentleman. We never heard this battle song so pow-
erfully given by any one, with the exception of Sims Reeves, who
evidently furnished him the model. In an able review of this Festi-
val by the Inte Mr. F. C. Bowmau, of New York, we find the follow-
ing just estimate of Mr. Cummings : —
" There was no passionate earnestness in his singing, but an even excel-
lence. Whatever he did was characterized by discretion, good judgment,
and a broad intelligence. He was a sini^er of such refinement and delicate
sensibilit}^ that at the close of whatever he sang one could not but commend
the tact with which the salient points had been brought out, tlie admirable
wisdom with which every musical phrase had been balanced, and the exact
measure of expression accorded to it. Mr. Cummings's voice was by no
means a marvel of beauty, whether as regards quality or quantity. Many
men have finer voices, and even more have larger ones; but in the well-
trained skill, the discipline of years, the discretion and the wisdom that
o-uided INIr. Cummings in the use of his powers to their best advantage, and
enabled him to convey to his hearers the exact meaning of the composer, he
has no eciual among us."
Third on the programme came Mendelssohn's four-part song,
" Farewell to the Forest," sung by the entire chorus unaccompanied.
It was an absorbing, rich, cool, broad mass of euphonious harmony,
each of the four parts being palpably felt, and all, in time and tune,
in lioht and shade, in clear, precise enunciation, as perfect as one
could wish. In the third stanza it went without the conductor's
wand, steady as clock work, with no shade of drooping from the
pitch. It had to be repeated. Yet the unpretending part-song was
never written to be sung in that way ; it was subjecting it to too
strong a magnifying lens.
After a graceful rendering of Rossini's " Xon piu mesta " by Miss
Gary, Mme. Rudersdorff made her first appearance here in a scena in
the classical character of Medina, composed for her by Randegger,
then the foremost Italian teacher of singing in London. Rudersdorff
was her maiden name. She was born in December, 1822, at Ivan-
owsky in Russia ; but at the age of three years she was taken to
Hamburg, where her father was engaged as concert master. Her
beautiful voice was formed at an early age through Marianne Sessi ;
afterwards Banderali and Bordogni became her teachers. After
appearing in England and Germany as a concert siuger, she made her
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 299
debut in opera at Carlsriihe in 1841, and was then engaged at Frank -
fort-on-the-Maiu, where she was married in 1844 to Dr. Kiicheu-
meister. a professor of mathematics. In the prime of her youth and
beauty, both of voice and person, she made a notable career in Ger-
man opera. After renouncing the stage for a time, she accepted
an engagement at Breslau in 1846 ; afterwards in BerUn from 1852
to 1854. when she removed to London, where she resided until her
coming here. Her first role in London was Mozart's Donna Anna ;
but she soon gave herself to oratorio and concert singing. lu the
Birmingham Festival of 1861, where the present writer first heard
her, she shared the leading soprano honors with such artists as Tiet-
jens and Mme. Lemrhens-Sherringtou, and her voice at that time
seemed more worn than it did here. It must have been glorious
once. Her strong side, next to her complete musicianship (rare
among singers), was her dramatic fire and the intensity with which
she threw herself into the passion and expression of her song. There
was a marvellous vitality about her ; her earnest, sympathetic pres-
ence seemed to quicken chorus, orchestra, and all around her ; it was
even said that orchestras in London stood in fear of her, she l<new
their parts so well. She was at home in all the great music and in
every part of it: if need were, she could have. conducted any of the
oratorios impromptu, orchestra and all. Mme. Rudersdorff was a
woman of great and various experience in the world : she was eccen-
tric, brusque, origiual, genial, very social, witty and entertaining,
well read and intelligent on many subjects besides music, a brilli-mt
conversationalist, warm-hearted and generous, very independent,
very attractive, and sometimes provoking. In 1872 she took up her
abode in Boston as a singing teacher ; later transferred her school to
a farm residence in the interior of Massachusetts. She died Feb.
26, 1882. The clever actor, Richard Mansfield, is her son by a
second husband whom she married in London. Among her pupils
were Anna Drasdil, Emma Thursby, and Emily Winant.
The Jfedea scena. as the very name suggests, is a long, impassioned
outburst of jealous love, revenge, and tenderness, on the same scale
with Beethoven's *• Ah perfido," only more extravagant and with a
larger proportion of fierce declamatory recitative. It sounded the
whole compass of that sort of passion, as well as of tlie singer's
voice, which, while weak in the middle portion and sometimes inaudi-
ble at some distance, often thrilled you by its splendid high tones, as
well as by its strong deep tones of indignation. It was a revelation
on her part of superb vocal and dramatic power. The Hallelujah
chorus from Beethoven's Mount of Olives, sung and accompanied
300 HISTORY OF THE HAXDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
with great spirit, dosed the miscellaneous first part of the concert.
Part second was filled by Mendelssohn's Symphony-Cantata Lohge-
sang or Hymn of Frai.se, more worthy of the opening of so great a
Festival. There is no need to repeat what has been said so many
times before of the power and beauty of the work, or of the zeal and
the effectiveness with which both orchestra and ^singers gave them-
selves out in it. The memorable feature was the admirable render-
ing which Mr. Cummings'gave of the tenor solo, and the recitative,
*' Watchman, will the night soon'pass?" And Mme. Rudersdorff, in
answer to the AVatchman, instead of ringing out the sentence in a
clarion tone, sang softly, sweetly, " The night is departing," nnd then
repeated the word "departing" with a burst of splendor. Many
were speedily converted to the new reading. In the lovely duet,
" I waited for the Lord," her dramatic sforzando habit was rather in
contrast with the even flow of Miss Gary's smooth, rich voice ; other-
wise, the duet was all but perfect on the part of solos and of chorus.
Upon the whole a noble opening concert I
Second Day. Weonesday Afternoon, May 10. A concert, or-
chestral and vocal, with the following programme : —
1. Overture to ieonora, No. 3 Beethoven.
2. Fifth Pianoforte Concerto, in E flat, with orchestra . Beethoven.
Miss Anna Mehlig.
3. Cavatina; " Se m'abbandoni," from JV^iYocn . , Mercadante.
Miss Annie L. Gary.
4. Overture to Genoveva Schumann.
5. Symphony in G (No. 13, Breitkopf & Hartel) . . Haydn.
0. Grand Scena : "Andromeda" . . . . . Mozart.
Mme. Eudersdokff.
7. Aria: " Una A'oce poco fa," from /Z ^a>-6fere . . Itossini.
Miss Phillipps.
8. Symphonic Poem: " Les Preludes " .... Liszt.
In the evening the hall was crowded for Elijah, the oratorio in
which, more than in any other, the seven hundred siugeis were known
to be at home and sure. Every chorus, great or small, sublime or
tender, solemn and devout or graphic and dramatic, went to a charm.
''Thanks be to God " almost took the audience off their feet ; the
orchestra, too, was superb in that, and indeed throughout. The
double quartet might have been sung better; but "Cast thy bur-
den upon the Lord " (Mme. Rudersdorff, Miss Phillipps, Mr. Cum-
mings, and Mr. Whitney) was almost perfect as a piece of quartet
singing. (It was understood that Mme. Rudersdorff had drilled the
voices.) By some fatality the Angel Trio, never before intrusted
HISTORY OF THE HAXDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 301
here to three finer artists, never went so badly I The music of the
Prophet seeks too high a level for Mr. Whitney's best voice ; but much
of it he sang nobly and impressively : particularly "It is enough."
Mr. Cummings was all that he had taught us to expect of him in the
tenor solos. Mme. Rudersdorff threw an intensity and vigor into the
part of the Woman, which made that scene for once quite thi'illing ;
and her rendering of '' Hear ye, Israel,'' and '' Be not afraid," was
electrifying. Miss Phillipps in '* O rest in the Lord," and Mrs.
Houston-West in the smaller soprano parts, were excellent.
Third Day. Thursday Afternoon, May 11. The second orches-
tral and vocal concert had not so large an audience as such a pro-
gramme, with such an orchestra, and such solo artists, seemed to
warrant.
1. Overture :•' Xachklange aus Ossian " . . . Gade.
2. Aria: '• ¥sic wfpoTlem.'' tvo\n Stabat Mater . . Bossini.
Miss Cary.
3. Coucerto. for piauoforte ■svith Orchestra . . Schumann.
Miss Marie Khebs.
4. Cavatma : •• Eobert. toi que j" aiiiie ■' . . . Jleyerbeer.
Mme. Rudersdorff.
5. Aria, from Orchestral Suite iu D . . . . J. S. Bach.
6. Symphony iu C Schubert.
Evening. Israel in Egypt. For the first time iu this country this
colossal oratorio of Handel was presented entire. Only fragments of
it had been given here before. The Society, since its fiftieth anniver-
sary (1865), had by successive timid, half-way efforts, been growing
up to the great work as a whole. Again we must be allowed to copy
from our own notes written after the performance : —
More marked than the improvement in performance, seemed the progress,
both with singers and with public, in the appreciation of this music : it would
astonish were we to cite some of the newspaper criticisms of those former
days side by side with the uniformly respectful, the deeply impressed,
delighted tone of the comments upon this occasion.
The unflagging grandeur and sublimity, the vivid imagery, the stupendous
scene shifting, — • sometimes instantaneous, by a single chord, as when a
lightning flash lights up the night, always in the stately preparation of one
wonder by another, chorus upon chorus, miracle upon miracle, — the great
lights and shadows, the long repeated, now approaching, now receding, echo
of the contrapuntal thunders, of that great mountain range of choruses,
was palpable enough in mass and substance, clear enough in outline, precise
and positive enough in all main strokes, in spite of confusion and timidity in
details here and there, to awe and elevate the listening crowd, and keep expec-
tation fresh unto the end.
There was a sense of wholesome feeling in the completeness of this efi'ort.
Every chorus, every recitative and curious air, even those in the -'Appen-
302 HISTORY OF THK HANDEL AXD HAYDN SOCIETY.
dix," happily adapted from other works of Handel by Sir George Smart (only
excepting the bass air, " He layeth the beams," which is not an integral part
of the work), Avas given, — much to the relief and lightening, we do believe,
of any "heaviness" which may have attached to old abridged presentations
of the work; it is a case where the whole is lighter (more elastic) than a
part.
Of the solos we will speak first, as the greatest novelty. The First Part, as
left by Handel, contains nothing but two bits of tenor recitative (one usher-
ing in the great opening chorus expressing the sighs of the children of Israel
in bondage, the other immediately after it. " Then sent He Moses," to intro-
duce the series of "plagues of Egypt," both delivered with true simplicity
and dignity of style, and with distinct .enunciation, by Mr. Cummings), and
one aria, "Their land brought forth frogs," etc., grotesquely graphic \vith
its hopping violin figure, but a serious and melodious air enough, which Miss
Sterling sang in her rich tones with large, simple, sustained style, not strain-
ing for too much expression. Moreover, of Sir George Smart's interpola-
tions there were given two noble pieces of soprano recitative, "Thrice
happy Israel in the light of God," and "But soon as Pharaoh," which gave
room for some of the best tones and the thrilling declamation of Mme.
Rudersdorfi". Then a grand one for the bass, " He measured the waters"'
(without the air, "He layeth the beams") : and, a little further on, another,
"God, looking down, confounded all their host," followed by the bold and
graphic air, " Wave from wave, congealed with wonder, stood, a crystal
wall, asunder" ; all given in majestic tone and style by ]\Ir. Whitney.
In the Second Part, after the great opening chorus (the Song of Moses),
comes a duet for sopranos, "The Lord is my strength," a musing minor
strain, begun by one voice after the other, canon-like, in successive frag-
ments, truly beautiful and quaint, the voices joining in exulting, bird -like-
triplets near the end, and carefully and nicely sung by Mme. Rudersdorfi" and
Mrs. West, though in quality their voices are not very sympathetic. A little
further and we come to the great duet of basses, "The Lord is a man of
war," which they say was begun badly, but which leaves on our mind as a
whole the impression of very admirable singing on the part (equally) of Mr.
J. P. Winch and Mr. Whitney. This piece pleased so well that it required
firmness to refuse a repetition. In the trying air, " The enemy said, I will
pursue," Mr. Cummings gave further i^roof of his intelligent, chaste, manly
declamation, giving the latter part, -I will draw my sword," with fine
energy. The soprano air, which follows it, "Thou didst blow," is quite
peculiar (as it was to most entirely novel) in its half-declamatory, half -florid
structure, and very difficult, giving opportunity, however, for great dramatic
coloring, which Mme. Rudersdorfi" improved like a true artist, though it did
not present her voice always to the best advantage. The duet for soprana
and tenor, "Thou in thy mercy," is a quiet, heart-felt strain, full of the
sweet sense of mercy and deliverance, and w^as sung with fit expression.
There remains only the air, " Thou shalt bring them in," a simple, tranquil,
trustful melody, in low tones, where Miss Sterling's voice was very rich, and
simply, beautifully sung.
Now of the great " mountain chain " of choruses (forming twenty-eight out
of the original thirty-five numbers of the work), it Avould require a description
of them all to tell how well or far from well each one was sung. Most of them
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AXD HAYDN SOCIETY. 303
are double choruses, most of them very difficult, and some of them are long.
The opening double chorus, which is a very grand one, as it were a great
choral overture or prelude to the whole, "And the children of Israel sighed,"
was impressively rendered. The four-part fugue, " They loathed to drink,"
with its strangely characteristic theme, expressing the sense of '-loathing"
by the interval of the " extreme flat seventh," was perhaps not absolutely
sure and true in intonation, yet the intricate movement of the parts was on
the whole clear and efiective. A difficulty, more in the single than in the
double choruses, must have been experienced by the singers from the way in
which they Avere placed, divided as they were into two choral bodies at oppo-
site sides of the stage, so that many who were singing the same part were
separated from each other by the whole w^idth of the hall, and could hardly
hear or feel each other. Moreover they had rehearsed it only once in that
place and from those seats ; could the stage arrangement be made permanent,
rounding that end of the hall into a convenient, graceful amphitheatre, so
that the rehearsals could take place there, the difficulty would be greatly
remedied, for all would get to feel at home in the situation before it came to
a public performance. How aptly the •• frog " air followed upon this chorus !
The double chorus about "all manner of flies" was quite effective, and the
fine divisions of the violins made the suggestion very vivid. The grand
announcement, "He spake the word." would have been still grander, had
Mendelssohn (whose arrangement of the score was used) known of the
three trombone parts which Handel actually wrote for this and similar pas-
sages, and left on a separate sheet, which has since been embodied in the
score in the complete Leipsic edition of Handel's works now in course of
publication. " He gave them hailstones " was the sensation of the evening ;
it was magnificently sung; ."./?re mingled with the hail," /. e., it was sung
with spirit; and all parts, orchestral and vocal, "ran along" with such a
crisp and positive precision, that the scene was real. This was too good to
pass off" with one hearing, and the encore had to be granted. The strange,
sombre modulations of ' ' He sent a thick darkness " were palpable if not
precise; and the "smiting" chorus, though here and there a little timid irt
attack, held attention breathless by its startling and relentless force. The
pastoral simplicity and sweetness of •• But as for his people, he led theiik
forth like sheep," was smoothly, evenly, and beautifully expressed.
■| hat there should have been some signs of unsteadiness, some blurred and
wavering outline here and there in such a long stretch of trying and fatiguing
choral work, was to be expected, nor can it be otherwise until the same:
singers shall have performed it several times in public; new singing robes,,
especially such regal ones, must be vorn, to feel at ease in them. These
symptoms of constraint and insecurity were mostly noticeable in such intri-
cate poh^phonic mazes as "He led them through the deep, as through a
wilderness." Here they were in the woods indeed. Eight voice parts (to say
nothing of the instrumental parts), all with imitative, yet differing frag-
ments of melodic runs and turns, heading so many ways, pausing and begin-
ning each so fitfully and frequently, and yet all bound to strictest unity of
plan, were surely involved in a task that might well be bewildering to them-
selves; and even should they thrid the labyrinth ever so steadily and coolly,
to the average listener, with ear untrained to musical intricacies of this sort,
it would still sound bewildering, as doubtless Handel meant it should, though
304 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
■with clear hint enough of a divine leading all the while. In this, and a few
more such fugued double choruses ("Thy right hand, O Lord," "Thou
sentest forth thy wrath, which consumed them as stubble,'" etc.), there may
have been some blur or faltering, but not always really so much as there
seemed to be, for the unfarailiarity of the general ear with movements of so
intricate a structure must be taken into the account.
The same qualification must apply also to certain criticisms upon another
score, that of seeming discords, or imperfect chords; for more than once,
emboldened by the grandeur of these subjects, Handel used such freely; his
sure instinct told him that nothing commonplace would do ; and, once rightly
apprehended, these exceptional eftects are very grand; not all the discord
must be charged to the singers.
Some of the great pictorial passages, however, those phrases of two or three
bars which engrave themselves indelibly upon the mind as complete, awe-in-
spiring pictures (" The floods stood upright," " the depths were congealed,"
where a new chill strikes through the tones each time they are repeated in an
altered key, " shall melt away," •• shall be as still as a stone," etc.), made their
impression in a way that will not be forgotten. Then there are certain great
broad choral sentences, or proclamations, in eight parts of course, brief and
commanding, which introduce the more elaborate descriptions, such as, " He
rebuked the Red Sea, and it was dri-ed up," " And Isr.iel saw that great
work," the introduction to *' The horse and his rider " : of these the effect was
sublime, almost appalling. Tlie more peculiarly ecclesiastical choruses, in
Alia hreve rhythm ("And I will exalt him." etc.), evidently modelled upon
the old Church of England service music, tracing its lineage to Palestrina,
of course are not calculated to flatter the popular ear, and may seem dull to
many who admire "Elijah," but they are solemn and impressive, and they
bring repose at needful moments in the midst of the exciting splendors of
that mighty choral and orchestral magic-lantern, which in every image which
it casts upon the wall (of darkness) awes you with the vivid likeness of a
startling miracle. Verily Handel knew what he was about when he put in
the pieces Miiich we children fancy to be dull !
Our .possibly too trivial) simile reminds us of what we once witnessed in
Berlin at Christmas time, when certain artists arranged an exhibition of
transparencies, admirable copies of great master works of sacred painting,
and between the pictures, as we sat in the dark room, musing on what we
had seen, there would resound a strain of solemn music from a choir invis-
ible, the celebrated Dom-chor; is it not just what Handel has here done, to
rest, not dissipate the mind, between his more stupendous pictures?
We should speak of the Song of Moses and the children of Israel, which
begins and ends the Second Part sul)limely, as one of the triumphs of this
performance ; just alluding by the way to the pregnant suggestion of those
introductory chords in the orchestra, where the chord of each tone of the
diatonic scale is sounded in succession, through its several inversions, as if
preluding on a world harp, trying all its strings, preparatory to a universal
song. In the intricacies of " Tne horse and his rider" the singers had an
arduous task, but they "triumphed gloriously." Where it returns at the
end, led in by Miriam's noble recitative and exhortation, "Sing ye to the
Lord." to the height and grandeur of which Mme. Rudersdorft" was equal, it
justifies itself by the triumphant true ring of its enduring quality: and again
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 305
the long tasked voices had vitality enough to bear them bravely through. Their
leader's animating sign seemed present everywhere, from tirst to last of the
■whole work ; and, like strong swimmers, very few gave out before they reached
the shore. It was indeed a noble eftbrt of the seven hundred, rewarded
by the close attention and delight of nearly all that numerous audience;
and it must have gladdened the heart of Carl Zerrahn to feel that the severe
and patient study through which he had so many nights conducted them and
cheered them on, had wrought out anything so near to victory, — the begin-
ning of sure victor}' it may be called, so surely as the eflbrt in the same spirit
shall be followed up. The orchestra, so far as our memory serves us, did
its work well too ; and the great organ (though only in part available, being
still in the process of '• tuning up "to " concert pitch," — heu x>risca fides !)
did, under Mr. Lang's skilful and judicious treatment, solidly subsidize the
deep foundation harmonies and swell the volume and extend the background
of the whole Handelian tone architecture.
Fourth Day. Friday, May 12. The eveuiDg was given to rehearsal
of the Passion MxLsic. The afternoon concert was as follows : —
Overture to the Hindoo Legend, •• Sakuntala" . . . Goldmark.
Songs, a. ' • Canzonetta " Mozart.
b. ■• Es war ein Konig in Thule " . , . LiszL
Miss Sterling.
Grand Recitative and Aria, " Deeper and deeper still," and
" Waft her, angels, to the skies," from •' Jephtha" . Handel.
Mr. Cummings.
Unfinished Symphony Schubert.
The Ninth (or " Choral ") Symphony, in D minor, Op. 125.
(Comp. 1822-3) Beethoven.
The first part of this programme was too long to usher in the
Choral Symphony. Moreover it was heavy ; the Sakuntala overture,
with all its beauties, being lengthy, surfeiting, and sombre, and it
was not discreet to let a smaller symphony, even the lovely " un-
finished" one of Schubert, step in immediately before the giant mas-
terpiece of Beethoven. Mr. Cummings's Handelian aria was in good
keeping with that, and admirably sung ; so was Mozart's well-known
canzonetta " To Chloe " ; but Liszt's not very musical setting of the
Goethe ballad was rather out of place. It' was a new proof of the
vitalit}', the inspiration of the '' Jo}'" Symphony, that, after we
already felt satiety, and with the prospect of its great length before
us, a few bars of the opening orchestral movement wrought such
mai*vellous refreshment, and that the lengthening procession of beau-
tiful and wonderful ideas kept heart, soul, and sense alive and full of
rapture to the end. The Ninth Symphony had at last come to mean
something in this community. Our musicians liked to play it ; our
306 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
chorus singers never were more happy than when they had a call to
sing it, terrible as the task once seemed, and trying as the voice
parts are, ranging at a height which nothing but a certain lift of joint
enthusiasm enabled them to carry and to hold. This time the work
went better as a whole than it did three years before. The chorus
sang more surely and more easily, the natural result of practice and
familiarity. The orchestra was admirable. The quartet of solo
voices, although it lacked Parepa's all-sufficient and unfaltering
soprano, was on the whole the best that we had ever had. Mrs. H.
M. "Smith's musical, clear soprano was sure, true, telling, well sus-
tained ; Miss Sterlings contralto b}^ its weight was always felt ; Mr.
Cummings in the tenor was invaluable, lending a new charm and.
completeness to the whole ; and Mr. Rudolphsen, then in excellent
condition, delivered that most difficult opening recitative for the bass,
the exhortation which brings in the voices, as well as his trying pas-
sages in the quartet (in that almost impossible qundrunle cadenza for
instance) in a manner too artistic to escape the recognition of exact-
ing connoisseurs. And so with the last symphony of Beethoven
closed another climax of the Festival, — but not the last one.
Fifth Day. Saturday^ May 13. Three performances. At noon
an organ concert, at which Mr. B. J. Lang performed the following
programme : —
1. Fantaisie in G Bach.
2. Prelude in E flat Bach.
3. Fugue in B flat Schumann.
4. Improvisation.
5. Sonata in B flat Mendelssohn.
The fourth and last orchestral and vocal concert occupied the after-
noon. It opened with a brilliant performance of "Wagner's overture
to Tannhduser. Next came the noble recitative and aria, " Non piu
di fiori," from Mozart's La Clemenza di Tdo, which few could sing
more nobly, with more delicate expression, than Miss Adelaide Phil-
lipps sang it, with the fine obbU'gato accompaniment by Mr. Weber on
the clarinet. The charming pastoral adagio and andante from Beet-
hoven's Prometheus ballet followed, very delicately rendered, espe-
cially the 'cello solo. Then came the exquisite Chopin concerto in F
minor (only the middle and last movement, to the general regret),
played with taste and feeling by Miss Anna Mehlig. The glorious
old C-minor Symphony of Beethoven (Boston's first love in symphony)
worthily closed the series.
In the eveniiig the Festival reached its highest climax. Then at
last the long-deferred hope and aspiration of a year or two past were
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 307
partly realized in the actual production of a considerable portion of
the Passion Music. The presentation, and successfulh', though only
of selections from perhaps the greatest monumental work in the
whole history of sacred music, — Sebastian Bach's setting of the
Passion of our Lord according to the gospel of St. Matthew, — was
the highest mark yet reached in the whole history of our Handel and
Haydn Society and of choral efforts in this country. It was essen-
tially the newest thing of the week ; the freshest musical experience
that Boston had enjoyed for years. Is it too much to say that it led
us farther into the inmost sanctuary of the divine life in tones than
any revelation thereof that had been vouchsafed to us before ? The
saddest of all music (though never gloomily oppressive), yet how
uplifting and inspiring I Accepting and embracing sorrow with all
the fervor which tones only can express, it is only that we may find
in it, what Beethoven in his way also found, beauty and '• Joy " for-
ever ! Could we, then, listen for an hour or more to a theme so
serious, so seriously treated, and yet feel a strange serenity and
sweetness all the while, a renewal of hope, a new sense of the worth
and interest of life? Verily with most listeners it was so. "We think
we describe the average (of course not unanidious) impression made
on that great audience. Many went there to whose minds the very
name of Bach had been to that hour a bugbear ; a goodly number of
them came away enamoured of him, longing to hear more. Some,
doubtless, went to sneer ; some of them perhaps persevered in that,
doggedly clinging to their own conceit ; but more went home to
praise. By far the greater number had been taught to fear a weari-
some display of musical '^ learning"; quaint and frigid lengths of
curled, conventional, and by-gone melody, far from melodious to mod-
ern ears ; and an intolerable heaviness of fugue and counterpoint,
mere " intellectual arithmetic," without a quickening ray of soul or
genius or a throb of real feeling, — a passion passionless, in short.
What was their surprise — or would have been if they had known
•enough — to find that there was not a single fugue in all of it, with
just the one short exception of the splendid chorus by which all were
overwhelmed with wonder and delight, " Ye lightnings, ye thunders,"
■and which had to be repeated !
It would be curious could we reproduce here the various testimonies
of the public journals, which, taken together, may be supposed to
fairly represent the average impression — the "public opinion," so
to speak — regarding that experiment. Any good lawyer, putting
that evidence together, sifting and weighing, making all due allow-
-ance for degrees of culture and of preparation, for prejudice and
308 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
ignorance, for weak and vague enthusiasm, for blind echo of author-
ity, ''fashion," guess-work, and what not, will say that it contains
abundant proof that to the mass of that audience what they heard
then of the Passion 3fnsic was a new revelation of sublimity and
beauty, of rich humanity and tenderness, of most profound, sincere
religious feeling ; that not only were the choruses and chorals felt to
be of surpassing fulness, depth, and pathos, and of a kind that
seemed original and fresh ; but that the instrumentation, also, of the
double orchestra possessed a singular and fascinating fitness, enhan-
cing, vivifying every beauty, every apt expression, as if it too were
all alive and human, and all in a style they never heard before, tone
combinations altogether novel, yet never betraying an}' motive but
the intrinsic and religious motive of the whole work ; also, that even
the long arias with all their quaintness, and the wonderfully human
recitatives, charmed by their musical and sympathetic truth and
beauty ; while more than once were they surprised by things that
sounded strangely modern in the best sense. Indeed, the music
made its mark, and it awakened a desire which nothing short of the
whole work would satisfy again.
Under the circumstances it was the part of prudence, no doubt, to
begin then with selections ; though several of the pieces necessarily
lost something of their meaning and their beauty by being taken out
of their connection with the whole. Impressive as the few separate
choruses and arias were, no one could fully feel their power and
beauty who had not studied the entire work as one. The selections,
on the whole, were made with judgment, mainh* from the most strik-
ing and most practicable numbers, including fair examples of each
kind : the narrative recitative, the recitative in character, the formal
aria (preceded sometimes by accompanied cnntabile recitative), the
harmonized choral, and the grand chorus (often double) : enough of
it, indeed, in the First Part, to preserve something of the progress of
the mournful story. The various elements which enter into the com-
position of the text, too, were in some sense represented : as (1) the
gospel narrative, recited by the tenor, called Evangelist, with the
usual dry chord accompaniment. This recitative is so beautiful and
so expressive in its whole series, each phrase, each tone of music so
close to each sentiment and image, na}^ to each phrase, word, sylla-
ble even, of the text, that but a faint idea of it could be formed
from the very few fragmentary specimens. Yet even these failed not
to interest by their purity of style, their obvious fitness and felicity.
Mr. Wm. J. Winch delivered them in clear, true tones, simph' and
chastely, and with a fair degree of expression. They were merely
HISTORY OF THE HAXDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 309
a few sentences connecting the words of the betrayer and betrayed in
the scene of the Supper ; a few more where the Master's "' soul is sor-
rowful" at Gethsemaue ; and again, telling how he '' fell down upon
his face and prayed," as introductory to the one bass aria selected.
(2.) Of what we may call the character recitative, or dialogue, the
words of Jesus of course are of chief importance ; and here the pious-
heart and genius of the musician, with utmost reverence and tender-
ness, have conceived and rendered every tone so worthily, that it would
seem actually caught from the dear Master's lips. Possibly all did
not notice, though they must have felt, the fine, mysterious thrill
where, whenever Jesus begins speaking, soft tones from the quartet
of strings flow in to weave a halo round his sacred head and make
the very air divine. The only parts selected were : first, from the
scene of the Last Supper, those which relate to Judas, the blessing of
the bread, etc. There is a solemn, sovereign majesty and tenderness
in every tone of this recitative ; at the words '' Take and eat," and
•' Drink ye all," the phrase becomes melodic, and ihe instruments
combine to make the voice and the whole scene more present; then,
farther on, the words '' My soul is sorrowful unto death" ; and again
where he prays that the cup may pass from him. This is for a bass
voice, and of course demands a noble one, and also more than voice
or skill. Mr. TThituey delivered it with dignity of style and simple,
true expression, if not always with all the sympathetic delicacy of
which it is capable ; indeed that would require a singer of at once a
finer and a more commanding stamp than we have known.
(3.) The chorals, — people's tunes, — like our psalm tunes (but so
much more musical and from the heart of deep experience), by
which Bach intended the participation of the worshipping congrega-
tion in the Passion service. These Lutheran melodies he has harmo-
nized for four parts, over and over again, each time with a new
expression suited to the new occasion, with such truth of feeling and
such perfect art as to elicit all their meaning, all that is implied in
them, and make their beauty ever fresh and incorruptible. Of the
dozen which he introduces in the Passion, three were sung. One, the
first of all, after Jesus has foretold his crucifixion, —
" Say, sweete^it Jesii, what law Thou hast broken.
To briug on Thee the dreadful sentence spoken," etc., —
was used to open the performance, rather abruptly to be sure, but
nobly and impressively, at once arresting a profound attention. The
richness of the sad and sombre harmony, supported only by the
instruments, vrhich play the same parts with the voices : the Individ-
310 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
ual movement of the voice parts, — four interwoven strains of mel-
od}', — each helping the expression of the whole, made itself felt by
all. The public yielded to the choral unconditionally ; and that
was a good beginning. Still more captivated were they by the two
which came later, '* I will stay here beside Thee" (after the predic-
tion of Peter's denial, but standing in the selections wholly by itself),
and the same tune again with other harmony, *' O head, all bruised
and wounded." For all three of them were sung with fine precision
and expression by the seven hundred voices, so that it all sounded
broad and full, at once majestical and sweet.
(4.) Other specimens vouchsafed to us, naturally of the most in-
teresting and important, belong to what may be termed the reflective
element in the Passion Music. It is the more subjective portion of
the text and music, — the comments, meditations, prayers, confes-
sions, now of the ideal church or congregation of believers, now of
the individual pious heart filled with warm personal love and sympa-
thy for Christ, who in almost every instance in this work is called by
the human name Jesus. These are interspersed all along, prompted
at various stages of the narrative, and take the forms of chorus and
of aria, accompanied in polyphonic harmony with independent fig-
ures and suggestions by the orchestra. The arias are very numerous,
elaborate, commonly preceded by a verse of rhymed melodic recita-
tive, and are for each of the four kinds of voices. The clwruses (of
this class) are few, but very great, serving for grand, solemn opening
and closing of the two parts. More numerous, and of the sweetest,
deepest, tenderest of all the music, are the combinations of the two,
arias with chorus, in which Bach shows some of his most character-
istic and imaginative creative power. Perhaps the greatest chorus
of this kind (unfortunately- not given among that evening's speci-
mens) is that which Bach has used for the overture, as it were, or
^ate of entrance (grander than Dante's to the Inferno) to the solemn
and heart-rending spectacle. It is a double chorus, with double
orchestral introduction and accompaniment: ''Come, ye daughters,
weep for anguish " (at the sight which ye shall see), in w^hich instru-
ments and voices seem pressing, crowding forward, like a vast mul-
titude with anxious hearts, yet irresisdblj' attracted, all moving on
in long-drawn figurative phrases ; the second chorus asking, " Who?"
" Where?" " How? " the first replying ; until soon a third choir in
unison (boj^s) joins in with the long tones of a choral, line by line,
intermittently, "O Lamb of God"; and finally both choruses and
both orchestras are brought together to swell the mighty current of
the leadins theme. Nothino" in music can be more sublime ; noth-
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AXD HAYDX SOCIETY. 311
ing, perhaps, more difficult to execute. Mr. Laug. by the way,
showed a proper sense of the situation by making his opening voUin-
tary on the organ out of a portion of that orchestral prelude.
But, if we lost the opening, we had the unspeakably beautiful and
sacred Schhiss-Chor, or concluding double chorus, the parting hymn
of the disciples weeping at the Master's tomb. What other art,
what poetry, has ever yet expressed so much of grief, of tender,
spiritual love, of faith and peace, of the heart's heaven smiling
through tears, as this tone elegy, — at once an inspiration of pro-
foundest pious feeling, and the ripest masterpiece of complete art?
So f<Jioidd the Passion 3Tusk close, and not with fugue of praise
and triumph like an oratorio. How easily and evenly the music
flows, a broad, rich, deep, pellucid stream, swollen as by countless
rills from every loving, bleeding, and believing heart in a redeemed
humanity ! How full of a sweet secret comfort, even triumph, is
this heavenly farewell ! It is the " peace which passeth understand-
ing." "Rest Thee, .sofily !" is the burthen of the song; one chorus
sings it and the other echoes, ^'■Softly rest."' Then both together
swell the strain. ^Slauy times as this recurs, not only in the voices,
but in the introduction and numerous interludes of the exceedingly
full orchestra, which sounds as human, sympathetic, and spontaneous
as if it too had breath and conscious feeling, you still crave more of
it, for it is as if your soul were bathed in new life inexhaustible.
The middle portion, too, before the return of the main subject, and
which is more discursive (the lines, " Long, ye weary limbs," etc., to
'• Closed in bliss divine," etc), is wonderfully beautiful, and shows
in how high and free a range of pure imagination Bach could soar in
his intensity of feeling. {" Want of said.'' forsooth I) — This cho-
rus was indeed admirably sung, as if every singer's heart were in it :
and, with eight vocal parts so fully manned, and blended to such
purpose by the master soul of polyphony, with such accompaniment
of double orchestra and organ, it conveyed a sense of wealth and
fulness such as no combination of instruments and voices had ever
given us before.
First in order, among the rejl^ctice pieces given in that night's
selection, was the contralto recitative and aria. '' Grief and pain."
prompted by the incident of the woman with the box of ointment, —
a touching melody, with slight, but tenderly suggestive, exquisite
accompaniment, — simply two flutes, in thirds and sixths, with string
-quartet made out from the figured bass by Franz. It was well suited
to the rich tones of Miss Sterling, who sang it simply, largely, well,
though some would have liked a little more dramatic pathos.
312 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AXD HAYDX SOCIETY.
One of the happiest selections under this head was the tenor solo
with chorus (recitative, " O grief ! " and aria, " I '11 watch with my
dear Jesu alw^ay," with the soft, rich, soothing choral response, " So
slumber shall our sins befall"). To each intensely pathetic excla-
mation of the recitative, with its underground of not less eloquent
accompaniment, the chorus of believers respond in four-part har-
mony, subdued and serious, self -accusing, holding up in several new
lights the choral with which the selections opened. Nothing could
be more beautiful, unless it be the aria which sets in after it, in a
more buo^^ant, yet moderate tempo, full of sweet confidence. The
pregnant melody first sings itself through upon the oboe, and then is
taken up in fragments by the tenor voices, '' I'll watch," etc., while
at intervals the chorus, soft and sweet, and evenly diffused like-
summer rain, repeats, " So slumber shall," etc., then stops and lis-
tens partly to the other (kindred) melody of solo voice and oboe ;
the latter, like a silver thread, runs through the whole. In the tenor
solo, Mr. Winch, though far from realizing all the beauty and inte-
rior meaning of the music, did much better than could reasonably
have been expected of one just entering so new an element. The
intervals were sure, the tones true and musical, the style manly and
honest. The only fault with the choral responses was their too uni-
form loudness.
The next selection followed in unbroken sequence : the recitative
and aria for bass voice, which is a meditation on (or application of)
the prayer of Jesus that the cup might pass from him. The air,.
"Gladly will I, all resigning," etc , is full of beauty and resigned
expression ; but it is a melody of so elastic, delicate a fibre, that it
could not be just the best selection for Mr. Whitney's solid, ponder-
ous, majestic manner. It is Gothic, so to speak, while he was Doric.
And now came (No. 33) the great sensation of the evening, and
the most startling revelation of Bach's wonderful dramatic power.
Jesus has been seized and led away. A flute and oboe, in mournful,-
quaint, melodious duet, stand out from the deep, sombre background
of the orchestra, preluding to, and then accompanying the mingled
lamentation of a soprano and an alto solo, "Alas I my Jesu now is-
taken." As they sing on each in its own heart-broken, long-drawn,.
sobbing strain, lengthening out the melodic figures in grief's unhur-
ried and involuntary way, the sultry atmosphere is ever and anon
relieved by loud bursts from the indignant chorus, " Leave him I
bind him not." " Moon and stars have in sorrow night forsaken,"
the duet continues. ''Leave him!" thunders again the chorus..
" He 's led away ! Ah ! they have bound him, — all pity banish'd,'^
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AXD HAYDX SOCIETY. 313
-still they slug, or almost wail in yet more long-drawn, melting ca-
dence, when suddenly the smothered indignation of the general
breast finds full vent in the swift, tremendous double chorus, " Ye
lightnings, ye thunders, in clouds are ye vanished?" The short,
stern motive is first given out by all the basses ; the tenors answer
fugue-like, while the deep basses of the orchestra begin to roll and
rumble ; the theme goes round the circle of parts ; the roUing move-
ment takes possession of the vocal basses also ; voices echo voices
instantly and sharply, like clap on clap of thunder, or in vivid flashes,
and the foundations of the great deep seem upheaved in foaming
billows, when suddenly there -is a pause, — a moment of the silence
that expresses more than sound, — and then, upon the major of the
key (heretofore minor), with a new motive, gathering up all the
forces of the orchestra, with an appalling energy and splendor, the
storm waxes to a mighty whirlwind, as quickly over as it suddenly
came on, leaving the awed, excited hearer listening still with bated
breath : —
" Burst open, O fierce flaming caverus of Hell, then I
Engulf them, devour them,
Destroy them, o'erwhelm them,
lu wrathfullest mood.
O blast the betrayer,
The murderous brood ! "
The effect was overwhelming. Such a rush and storm of harmony,
such vivid, terrible tone-painting, such startling climax, and withal
such wonderful sonority and wealth of tone (for to Bach's own vocal
and instrumental polyphony Robert Franz had added the brass instru-
ments, which doubtless Bach himself would have used in our day),
were a new sensation, a new sense of sublimity, to that audience,
even so shortly after Handel's " Hailstorm " chorus. But even if
the two choruses may come into comparison, think how unique is
Bach's conception in making such a chorus the necessary sequel and
development of such a duet I — for the two pieces must be taken
together as one scene, one dramatic moment. Doubtless many a
person has puzzled over the notes of that duet, and come to the con-
clusion that it looked long-winded, dull, and thankless ; but when
we came to hpcir it, framed in all the subtle beauty of the instrumen-
tation, and with a live singer, well at home in Bach, like Mme.
Eudersdorff, to put life into it, and seconded so well in the contralto
by Miss Sterling, all were charmed by it. (The little choral inter-
ruptions, too, Bach's instinct knew, were as essential to the musical
<}harm as to the vividness of the dramatic scene.)
314 HISTORY OF THE HAXDEL AND HAYDX SOCIETY.
From the Second Part, which is the longer of the two, only tw^o
numbers, in addition to the choral, '' O Haupt voll Blut iind Wuuden."
were vouchsafed. One was the not wholly unfamiliar alto aria
(eqnalh' well suited for the mezzo-soprano voice), " Erbarme dich,
mein Gott" ("O pardon me, my God ")^ with the beautiful violin
solo (remarkably well played by Mr. Listemann) . The string quartet
had been enriched by Franz with a quartet of reeds (clarinets and
bassoons), delicatelv eking out and coloring the intrinsic motives of
the piece to render Bach's intention the more palpable. This very
broad, sustained, and difficult melody, the loveliest, the noblest,
most pathetic in the whole work, wns sung by Mme. EudersdorfT
with great feeling and expression, bringing it home to most hearts
more powerfully than when it had been sung before, though in a less
scrupulously chaste and even style than that to which we had been
accustomed, so that the strong dramatic accent and the frequent
breath-taking seemed at first a little strange ; but she breathed a new
life into it, and even the violin and whole accompaniment seemed to
become possessed with her magnetic spirit. The other was the won-
derful concluding chorus, of which we have already spoken.
Of the many numbers Avhich were not presented (nearlj- two thirds
of the entire work), we have only mentioned the one most important,
the opening double chorus. There will come another opportunity to
speak of the many things left over for a more complete performance,
— many arias for all kinds of voices ; several great choruses ; many
smaller ones, such as the stirring and excited ones both of the disci-
ples and of the Jewish multitude, called turbce ; and three fourths of
the chorals. The selections given formed a good beginning upon a
work requiring years of study. The performance, for a first attempt,
was altogether creditable. It was the highest mark in pure artistic
effort which the old Society had reached thus far. IMore familiar
things it could sing better, but here it found its worthiest and highest
task.
To eke out the usual full measure of ihe concert a shorter novelty
was given, — Sir Sterndale Bennett's oratorio, or rather sacred can-
tata, The Woman of Samaria. Hnd it been ever so good, it had
hardly a fair chance after Bach. That impression remaining, this
was gaslight in the midst of sunshine ; at least it sounded tame in
comparison. Its best power is shown in the choral and orchestral
writing. The instrumentation abounds in delicate felicities, worthy
indeed of the romantic, genial composer of the two charming over-
tures, the Xaiades and the Wood Nympli. The finest impression
made in the whole work was the unaccompanied quartet, very simple-
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 315
in itself, but executed to perfectiou by the four principal singers,
Mine. Rudersdorff, Miss Phillipps, Mr. Cummings, and Mr. J. F.
Winch, each of whom sang also an effective aria. All the choruses
showed a practised hand in contrapuntal vocal writing. The most
satisfactorv, perhaps, was the figured finale, '' Blessed be the Lord."
The cantata seemed to be of moderate difficulty compared with the
great tasks of the Festival ; and, though it suffered from such great
neighborhood as Israel and the Passion JIu.nc, it did not suffer in the
rendering.
Sixth (Last) Day. Sunrlay Eveniiuj^ May 14. The Festival
concluded with the most widely known, most loved of oratorios,
Handel's Messiah; and the hall was crammed to overflowing. Sing-
ers and audience both came to it naturally a good deal fatigued. As
far as one could judge in that condition, it was in the main a very
good performance, but not up to the most proud traditions of the old
Society. Some of the choruses, however, went superbly. Mme.
Rudersdorff had to claim indulgence on account of a severe sore
throat; but in " I kuow that my Redeemer " she made up by her
inspiring earnestness and fervor, and by her thorough understanding,
for what she lacked in voice. '' Rejoice greatly " was less suited to
her. Mr. Cummings was nearly all that could be wished in the tenor
solos ; Mr. Whitney was nobly at home in the bass ; and Mrs. West
shared the soprano part to great acceptance.
And so ended the most important, the most nobly planned and
worthily, successfulh" executed festival of music of which this coun-
try could 3^et boast. In the magnitude and richness of the programme
it even surpassed most festivals abroad. So many of the greatest
works, choral and orchestral, in one week, are ver}' seldom heard.
The main element in this success, throughout, was, by general consent,
the chorus singing. Never before had the foremost oratorio society
of America been in such excellent condition. The number of voices
was full large enough for any work, — perhaps too large for some of
the choicer tasks. The proportion of young and live material in the
regiment (of 700 or 750) had been very much increased within three
years. There was a good average of fine, fresh, musical, and telling
voices. Most of them were persons who could read music readily,
and who loved good music, and were willing to spend time and effort
in learning to sing a great work as it should be sung ; this they had
shown by the fidelity and zeal with which they followed up the long
and frequent series of rehearsals necessary to such a Festival. Of
course, there was still room for improvement; the ''weeding out"
process, the elimination of " dead wood," in so large an army, and
316 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
SO old and proud, must go on always, and fresh, young life'must take
its place. There must be some mode of honorable retirement (from
active service) provided for those whose zeal, and love, and pride in
their old Society have outlived their voices. And the lesson has vet to
be learned in this country, regarding all such enterprises, that, beyond
the point of sufficiency, much virtue lies in limitation of numbers.
Enough is as good as a feast. In our fast age, there is too much
ambition to do things on the biggest scale. Could we only select the
soundest, choicest portion out of the crowds of singers whom the
teaching of music in the public schools is raising up for'us, is it not
obvious that a chorus of 500 or even 400 voices might be trained to
execute the oratorios even more satisfactorily than 700 or 1000?
And then, for certain of the finest tasks, — getting to be the most
important now, since the old repertoire has grown so familiar, — such
tasks as the cantatas, passions, etc., of Bach, — is not the sound
Jieart-ivood, the nucleus choir, always more prepared and more avail-
able than the " great bodies which move slowly," waiting for raw
recruits and stragglers to catch up? Of course, for certain thino-s,
for certain effects, a more general massing of forces is desirable ;
and that might be by combination of several less bulky organizations.
There is no denying, however, the great and solid progress which
the Handel and Haydn Society had made. And it was due, not onlv
to the increased respect for music in our whole social life and educa-
tion, but more immediately and signally to inspiring devotion, wise
counsel and suggestion, practical ability and unstinted labor on the
part of the officers of the Society and their long-tried and trusted
musical director, Mr. Carl Zerrahn. The latter gentleman showed
himself fully equal to the great undertaking. He had been instant,
in season and out of season, in the laying out of the work, and in
the preparation of himself and of the forces under ,him, which he
wielded with such inspiring certaint}^ for the achievement of so for-
midable a programme. All were grateful to him, and seriously won-
dered whether without him such a week would have been possible.
Nor could we overrate the general obligation to the energetic and
devoted secretary, Mr. Loring B. Barnes, who in all that concerns
the business affairs of the Society had been, through a large part of
his seventeen years of service, its mainspring and factotum, as it
were, and who was since gratefully promoted to the place of presi-
dent. Of the retiring president. Dr. J. Baxter Upham, who had so
enviably identified himself with the cause of musical education in our
community, and who for eleven years had so well upheld the dignity,
and courtesy, and harmony of the old Society, and done much to
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 317
raise its ideal and enlarge its scope, well might the Society express
its appreciation, as it did in the annual meeting, in a series of warm
and grateful resolutions.
The financial result of the Festival was not proportioned to its
excellence. There was a loss of about $5,000, so that a ten per
cent assessment had to be levied on the subscribers to the guaranty
fund of $50,000. And again the year's income of the permanent
fund was required to meet the year's indebtedness. At a meeting of
the board (May 27) Mr. Zerrahn's salary for the Festival was fixed
at SI, 000 ; and for his services until Christmas, at $200 ; Mr. Lang's,
as organist, at $400 and $100.
318 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY
CHAPTER X.
FIFTY-SEVENTH SEASON.
May 29, 1871, to May 27, 1872.
The annual meeting was held May 29, Dr. Upham, for the last
time, in the chair. The treasurer, Mr. G. W. Palmer, presented
his report. The total receipts of the year were $4,100. At the
beginning of the year there was due to the treasurer a balance
of $395.25, which at the end of the year was reduced to $56.97 ;
this account is exclusive of the Festival. The permanent fund
amounted to $8,220. The expenses of the Triennial Festival were
$2G,870, which it was expected would be diminished by a discount
of about $1,000. The receipts were $20,601, leaving a balance
against the Society of $5,200, to be apportioned among the guar-
antors.
In beginning his annual, which was also his farewell report, the
president, Dr. Upham, said : —
" It gives me the siiicerest pleasure to congi*atulate you upon a year of
acknowledged artistic success, not only in the ordinary operations of the
Society, its routine of rehearsals and public performances, but in the crown-
ing labors of its great Triennial Festival, the echoes of whose triumphs are
now coming back to us from almost every town and city in the land.
*' The work of the Society in its necessary routine of duties has been
greater in the past year than at any former season within my remembrance.
Our meetings for practice commenced on the 2d of October, and continued
weekh% as usual, until the 26th of February ; from which time they increased
in frequency, in a constantly accelerating ratio, till the opening of the Fes-
tival. The number of these rehearsals (forty-eight in all) is greater than in
any previous year since I have been connected with the Society. The average
attendance also has been better than ever before. The fullest attendance
was on the evening of the 18th of December, the thinnest on the 28th of
April, the number present on those occasions being six hundred and one hun-
dred and fifty respectively. Once onW were the rehearsals entirely sus-
pended, viz., on the evening of the 12th of February, at Avhich time a severe
snow-storm was raging. The average attendance during the season was in
round numbers four hundred, — to be exact, 392 27-48, — out of a total of a
little more than seven hundred members. I have not included in this enumer-
ation the rehearsals which took place during the Triennial week, nor those
which preceded the New York Beethoven Centennial celebration (so called)
in June last, which if added to the above list would swell the total number
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AXD HAYDX SOCIETY. 311)
of rehearsals proper to fifty-six, and increase somewhat the percentage of
attendance.
" I have thus minutely dwelt upon this point because of the great impor-
tance I attach to it as being at the same time the test and the measure of your
progress in choral excellence.
" It appears from the secretary's records that the government have been ten
times called together for business purposes during the year, and the Society
have been twice summoned for the admission of meml)ers and the transaction
of other business connected Avith the interests of the corporation. Sixty-two
gentlemen have been admitted to membership, four have been reinstated after
their membership had for some reason ceased, six have been discharged and
three have resigned. Six of the active members of the Society have died
within the year, viz., Messrs. A. W. Brown, James D. Kent, C. Judson Mer-
rill, A. Pendergrass, A. J. Tenny, and James Rice, some of whom had rendered
long and valuable service with us, whose presence and whose aid and coun-
sel will long l)e missed. The year, too, numbers among its dead the hon-
ored name of Col. Thomas E. Chickering, one of the past presidents of the
Society, in whose sudden and unlooked-for departure the whole community
will mourn with ourselves the loss of one who had identified himself as the
friend and patron, not of art alone, but of every noble and generous enter-
prise.
" It may be proper to speak in this connection of the somewhat unusual
action on the part of the Society in the month of June last, viz., the accept-
ance of an invitation to join as a body in the celebration of a musical festi-
val in a distant city. I allude of course to the so-called Beethoven Centennial
commemoration in the city of New York. As was probably well known at the
time, my individual judgment was opposed to such action, fearing, as I
expressed to mj' friends in the board of government, lest the dignity and self-
respect of the Society might in some way be compromised when too late to
be remedied. How far my fears in this regard were well founded, those who
were present at that celebration are best qualified to judge. Of the Society's
performances themselves, so far as they were allowed to be given, I can
only speak in terms of unmeasured praise. My only object in speaking of this
matter now is to suggest the propriety of much and careful consideration in
the future before any similar invitation be accepted, should occasion again
occur."
Of the Festival aud its financial deficit, Dr. Upham said : —
" Must we seek for this (financially) ill success in the actual surfeit of
good things which our community had already received prior to this final
feast of sj^mphony and song? Or must we attribute it in part to the distrac-
tions of a week in which the representatives of the Grand Army of the
Republic and the Army of the Potomac divided the public attention with the
votaries of art? But amidst our regrets at the monetary aspect of the Fes-
tival, it is pleasant to remember that the choral occasions were those which
always attracted the largest and most appreciative audience : from which it
is fair to suppose that, had your physical endurance been equal to the task.
320 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
and we had added still others to the already herculean labors imposed upon
you, the financial as Avell as the artistic success of that trying week might
have been assured."
After touching upon a variety of other topics, Dr. Upliam con-
cliuled with these words : —
" It remains for me, at the close of this my long term of service, to ex-
press to my esteemed associates in the board of government, — to our hon-
ored conductor, Mr. Zerrahn, and to my accomplished friend, Mr. Lang, who,
together with our excellent secretary, have been co-workers with me in
always kind and friendly relations from the very first, — to you, gentlemen,
one and all, my grateful acknowledgment of the uniform kindness and cour-
tesy I have received at your hands through all these years of responsibility,
of enjoyment, and of care. In so many times as I may have been forgetful
or negligent of my duty toward you, who have so often honored me with the
highest office within your gift, I crave your kind indulgence and your pardon.
If it has been my good fortune in any manner to aid or advance the noble
cause to Avhose interests we stand pledged, it w^ill be to me a source of unfail-
ing satisfaction. I have passed with you the best ten years of my life, — in
many respects the happiest ten years of my life, — to which happiness you,
my friends, have done your full share in contributing. Will you accept for
yourselves, individually, my heartfelt thanks and my earnest wishes for your
welfare and continued success? May the present prosperity of this old and
honored Society be perpetual, and may the blessing of Almighty God rest
upon you and upon it "
The officers for the ensuing year were then elected with the for-
mality of a ballot, although nearly every candidate received the
unanimous vote of the Society. The following is the list : —
President. — Loring B. Barnes.
Vice-President. — George H. Chickering.
Secretarii. — A. Parker Browne.
Treasurer. — George W. Palmer.
Librarian. — Charles H. Johnson.
Directors. — Edward Faxon, T. Frank Reed, W. O. Perkins,
Horace B. Fisher, W. Dexter Wiswell, William H. Wadleigh,
W. F. Bradbury, Curtis Brown.
The retirement from the presidency of Dr. Upham, the election
of the long-faithful and indefatigable secretary Mr. Barnes, as his
successor, and of Mr. A. Parker Browne, as secretary, gave especial
interest to the meeting. Several of the newly elected officers were
called upon for speeches. President-elect Barnes addressed the
Society at some length in regard to its future, and offered resolutions
complimentary to his predecessor, which were passed with hearty
unanimity.
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 321
After a well-earued summer's rest, the first partial sign of life was
the singing by fift}^ members of the chorus at a meeting of the Amer-
ican Peace Society, held in the Music Hall, Sept. 26. Mr. Zerrahu
conducted in three choruses : '' And the Glory of the Lord " and the
"Hallelujah" from the Messiah^ and '' How lovely are the messen-
gers," from St. Paul. Then the rehearsals were resumed Oct. 8,
upon St. PauU with an attendance of 350 singers, and Mr. C Peter-
silea at the pianoforte. The next week the number had increased
to 377, and Mr. Lang, who had just come home from Europe, was at
his old post as accompanist. Oct. 20, 150 members took part in a
concert for the sufferers by the great Chicago fire ; audience 300 !
Judas Maccahceus and Elijah occupied the rehearsals until Saturday,
Nov. 26, when Elijah was produced, with the members of the Dolby
troupe to lend peculiar interest to the performance. These were :
Miss Edith Wynne, a Welsh lady of interesting manner and good
musical culture ; well schooled in almost all classes of music, though
her chief successes in England had been in oratorio and ballad sing-
ing. Mrs. Whytock-Patey, then the most eminent of English con-
traltos, since the retirement of Mme. Sainton-Dolby ; her style pure
and simple, her voice deep and tender; she was unsurpassed in ora-
torio. Mr. Cummings, the tenor, had already made his mark in
Boston, and was welcomed back. Mr. Santley, the very distin-
guished English baritone, sang all reputable kinds of music. Eng-
lish and Italian opera, oratorios and so-called ballads were all in his
line, and he sang all well. Mr. Patey, a fair basso, was also in the
group.
Let it o() without savino- that the Handel and Havdn chorus did
their part well ; did they ever fail in Elijah? And never had they a
finer audience to inspire them. There was an orchestra of 40, and
the chorus numbered over 500 voices, — largel}' in excess of the
usual number at rehearsals. This chronic symptom, wliich cannot
have escaped the reader's notice many times already, the historian
must confess to be beyond his power of explanation, considering the
rigid disciplinary by-laws which occupy so many pages of the secre-
tary's records. We turn then to the new solo artists.
To begin with the soprano, a truer, sweeter exponent of oratorio
music than Miss Edith Wynne we cannot wish to hear. There were
greater voices, of more power and volume, more brilliancy, more
queen-like majesty, but few that were so sweet, so pure, so womanly
human, and trained withal to such easy, even flexibilitv, such exqui-
site expression. All that had been said before of her artistic purity,
" unstained of the world," her earnest dedication of herself to the
322 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDX SOCIETY.
expression of the music, her unerring sense of fitness and propor-
tion, and her uniformly right conception, and of the charm with which
honest intention and exertion on her part were always blessed, was
now clear to all who heard her in Elijah.
Mme. Patey, with less experience, perhaps less genius, also gave
herself, her whole generous nature and rich, generous voice with
genuine fervor to the expression of the contralto music. " Woe
unto them." and still more *' O rest in the Lord " (which had to be
repeated) were noljJy, beautifully rendered. This singer had from
the first taken a deep hold upon the sympathies of our musical
public.
]\[r. Cummings was in excellent voice, and delivered all the tenor
recitatives and airs with that refinement, that intelligence and consci-
entious earnestness, which always characterized his efforts.
Mr. Santley's rendering of the great part of Elijah was all, and
more than all, that was anticipated ; and that is saying a great deal.
The wealth, and beauty, and endurance of his magnificent voice,
which gave itself out so freely, yet always had power in reserve ; his
frank and manly presence and whole way of doing things ; his thor-
oughly self-poised and easy manner of approaching and of carrying
through whatever vocal task : the perfect union in him of natural
gift, artistic training, clear intelligence, and healthy, genuine feeling,
made him the noblest interpreter that one could wish for such exact-
ing music. He was equal to ever^- variety of expression called for
by the part. In the dialogues and recitatives nothing could be more
dignified and full of unction than his delivery. His rendering of the
almost impossible, the iron air, '' Is not his word like a fire," was a
new revelation of unflagging vocal valor and endurance. Every note
was surel}' taken ; every accent truly marked, magnetic ; ever}^ phrase
precisely chi-selled out : no faltering or nervous hurry in the even
progress of the whole, and yet there was power left for a magnificent
blaze of splendor at the end. The writer heard the original Elijah,
Mr. Weiss, sing this in London ; but Santley verily was greater.
On the next, Sunday, evening the same fine group of artists lent
eclat to the performance of Judas Maccahonis.
Handel's heroic oratorio is a very different matter from Elijah;
less well known here and less popular, p u'tly because of its quaint
antique cut and want of the modern sensuous instrumentation, partly
because of its many diflSculties. Had such a performance as that of
Sunday evening been anticipated, there hardly would have been so
great a falling off of audience. The work is full of beauties, partic-
ularlv in its o-reat varietv of solos, which onlv needed those inter-
HISTORY OF THE HAXDEL AND HAYDX SOCIETY. 323
preters to make their beauty felt. For the tenor few oratorios could
be more trying ; and Mr. Cummings, though his delicate voice showed
symptoms of fatigue at times, achieved the task with spirit and
expression. " Sound an alarm " was done even better than at the
Festival, and the way in which he grappled with that most difficult
air, '• How vain is man," which we think no one had attempted here
before, proved him a thorough artist. In '• Call forth thy powers,"
too, he was masterly.
To Miss Edith Wynne belonged the liner triumphs of the evening ;
so fully did she reproduce the spirit of each melody, and each so
individual, that she won all hearts to Handel and herself. She gave
new charm and quaintness to •' Pious orgies." The lovely air, "' O
Liberty I " with violoncello (commonly omitted), could not have been
more lovinglv and exquisitely sung; and the words, ''Bless him,
Jehovah, bless him," in the preceding recitative were touched with
tenderest and ti'uest feeling. " From mighty kings" was splendidly
delivered. The long roulades of So shall the lute " were evenly and
smoothly executed, although she had not the long breath of certain
singers. But throughout all she sang there was the same devotion,
the same artistic finish and integrity.
Mme. Patey's part was small, mosth' confined to the melodious
duets with the soprano, which were never more enjoyed. Nor had
Mr. Santley by any means a great part, but of what there was he
made the most. The recitative, '' I feel the Deity within," and air,
"Arm, arm, ye brave," were most inspiring; and in '-The Lord
worketh wonders " we had an instance of that self-possessed and
steady movement through long stretches of most difficult roulades,
which we had hardly found in any other singer in the same degree.
And how he shaded the tone to everj' meaning, as in the words,
" And still as He thunders, is fearful in praise I " One could object
to all these artists, conscientious toward their music as they were,
even once or twice to the soprano, that they could not end an air as
it is written, but must " make effect " with a high tone or some form
of cadenza. But this was English usage.
The receipts for these two concerts differed widely ; for Elijah,
about 83,300; for Judas, about SI, 500. On Dec. 10 the Society
joined in a concert given by Theodore Thomas in honor of the Rus-
sian Grand Duke Alexis, who was then visiting this city. Meanwhile
the rehearsals all had Christmas week in view. And two more noble
oratorios, both of which could by that time be counted favorites,
<s7. Paid and the Jlessiak, were given to crowded audiences on Sat-
urday and Sunday eveninojs, Dec. 23 and 24, with the valuable aid
324 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
ouce more of the noble group of solo artists, Miss Wynne, Mme.
Patey, Mr. Cnmmings, and Mr. Santley. Need we say more ?
1872. On the 13th of January, a miscellaneous concert was given
with the same fine artists, — their farewell in short. The first part
consisted of Rossini's Stabat Mater. Hackneyed as it was, — having
been murdered in a '' sacred concert" by every Italian opera troupe
that ever came here, as the sole meet sacrifice which such troupes
had to offer, — it has much beautiful and some grand music in it,
which was rejuvenated by these singers. Nothing could be better
suited to the large, rich, sensuous contralto of Mme. Patey ; and no
richer voice, unless it were Alboni's, could Rossini have desired for
it. It all went admirably well, closing judiciously with the '' Injlam-
matus,'' an arduous task for such a voice as Edith Wynne's, 3'et it
soared bravely, musically, above orchestra and chorus. The best
piece in the work, the marvellous unaccompanied quartet, Quando
corpus^ was sung to perfection. The second part began with the
trumpet choral, " Sleepers wake I " from St. Paid^ grandly sung.
Mr. Cummiugs sang Handel's " Total eclipse " with more beauty and
delicacy of tone and expression than ever. Then came a senti-
mental commonplace song by Gounod for Mme. Patey, hardly worthy
of her, '' There is a green hill far away," in which the music does
not relieve the bald sectarian creed statement of the words. The
Society sang two unaccompanied part-songs by Mendelssohn with
fine sonority and unity ; and then Mr. Santley exerted the peculiar
charm of the sustained continuity and large, tranquil, easy flow of
his great organ-loued voice, with perfect simplicity of expression, in
Gounod's '' Nazareth " ballad, wrought up to a climax with orchestra
and chorus in the last verse.
The most important of the selections, however, was Bach's aria,
full of pious ecstasy of bliss, ''My heart, ever faithful," inasmuch
as it was given for the first time here (perhaps the first time any-
where) with the orchestral parts as completed by Robert Franz ; this
accompaniment, with Miss Wynne's singing, brought out its intrinsic
beauty as never before. The concert ended with the " Conquering
hero " chorus from Judas JIaccabrpus.
The next evening Elijah was repeated in the same grand style as
before ; except that Mr. Santley suffered from a severe cold, which
he surmounted bravely in some pieces ; while in others it gave us
opportunity to know more of the artistic worth of Mr. Patey. who
took up the part at a moment's notice and did it with great credit.
This completed the season's programme. It offered nothing new,
but it was all pure gold : four noble and exacting oratorios, forming
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 325
a worthy record for a period of reaction and comparative quiet after
the strain of a great Triennial Festival. During the rest of January
and February the Passion Music was again rehearsed, with large
attendance, earnestly. But already the '^ Jubilee" wind was again
rising. A bigger cyclone than before! On the 17th of February
an invitation from Dr. E. Tourjee to the Society to take part in Mr.
Gilmore's second Jubilee in June following, called this time the
" International Jubilee," was accepted, and a force of over 700
singers was drafted for that service. The Passion, Israel in Egypt,
and various Jubilee music occupied the rehearsals until the annual
meeting.
FIFTY-EIGHTH SEASON.
May 27, 1872, to June 2, 1873.
At the annual meeting, May 27, it appeared by the treasurer's
report that the receipts during the 3'ear had been $8,136.75, and the
expenses $7,495.26 (including the balance of $56.97 due the treas-
urer at the close of the last year), leaving a balance on hand of
$641.49. The report also announced a bequest to the Society of
$1,000, by the late Ebeu Dale of this city, which was added to the
permanent fund. The income from the fund for the year had been
^441.69, which would be added to the principal, as no occasion for
its use had occurred. The currency value of the fund. May 1, was
^8,705.36.
The election of officers was as follows : —
President. — Loring B. Barnes. '
Vice-President. — George H. Chickering.
Secretary. — A. Par)^er Browne.
Treasurer. — George W. Palmer.
Librarian. — C. H. Johnson.
Directors. — W. F. Bradbury, Cuktis Brown, W. D. Wiswell,
Horace B. Fisher, D. L. Laws, John H. Stickney, G. W. Warren,
Edward Faxon.
Now comes a second period of "Jubilee," with music of more
instruments, more voices than were ever heard, or ever can be heard
together. Again the disturbing, stunning shock of "Peace" ex-
pressed with anvils, cannon, bells, in most bewildering harmonic
turmoil. At all events we come at once upon a new phenomenon in
Handel and Haydn history, that of summer rehearsals. These were
held up to the seventeenth of June, in preparation for the Jubilee.
It>rael in Egypt, for one thing, was rehearsed with sister societies from
326 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
Salem, Lynn, and West Roxbuiy. And this, as given by the four
societies together forming a chorus of one thousand four hundred
voices, with an orchestra of two hundred and fifty instruments, was
doubtless the best thing, the most reasonable in its dimensions, and
the most artistic in its character and spu'it, in the whole Jubilee pro-
gramme. But the work fell flat with the audience of five thousand
people, small for the enormous building. For so poorly was it
heard, that it could not be appreciated half so well as at an ordinary
Handel and Haydn performance in the Boston Music Hall. As we
have already intimated, and as many even now remember, this
Jubilee was on a much larojer scale than the first one. The orio^inal
prospectus promised a chorus of twenty thousand voices and an
orchestra of two thousand. Military bauds from " every nation," del-
egations even ''from classic Greece and the Holy Land, from Turke}',
China, and Japan," and all this in a '• Coliseum that will seat a
hundred thousnnd people!'' And so on. It lasted from June 17
to July 4, beginning and ending upon patriotic anniversaries. It is
not for us here to write its history ; we are concerned only with the
part the Handel and Ha^'dn Society took in it. VTe have already
mentioned its one best peculiar contribution.
The opening day (June 17) was almost altogether patriotic:
"Star-Spangled Banner," national airs, '-Old Hundred," and the
like. In this the old Society counted as seven hundred in a chorus of
seventeen thousand, with an orchestra of one thousand five hundred.
Then came an " English da}*," and then a •' German day," and then
a " French day," with all kinds of selections from oratorios, operas,
masses, national hymns, Strauss waltzes conducted by .lohn Strauss
himself, and military band music by some of the best bands of
Europe. Our old Society could not but be lost in all this, and it were
vain to look after it amid the vast confusion at this late day. Were
we dealing with the history of the Jubilee itself, we should note many
interesting observations, and give credit for many beautiful and rare
effects ; for instance, the marvellous purity and beauty of the sound
of many hundred children's voices. Still it was on too enormous
a scale of size and numbers, and when one thinks of the pecuniary
loss which it involved, he is reminded of the frog that tried to swell
to the dimensions of an ox. To the Handel and Haydn Society their
participation in it may be considered as to a great extent a recrea-
tion ; it probably refreshed them more than it fatigued them. And in
tlie natural course of things it should have operated to give them a
fresh zeal for their own proper work during the fall and winter.
Having failed with Israel in Egypt in the wrong place, the Coliseum,
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 327
they might naturally wish to study it again for the best possible per-
formance in the right place, in their more home-like Music Hall.
But when the rehearsal season came round, the months of October
and November were devoted to new studies upon Costsi's Eli, although
it was not publicly performed. This was in view of an arrange-
ment with Mme. Rudersdorff, whereby four oratorios were to be
given, two in mid-winter and two in the spring. The first two
{Elijah and Juchis) were not successful, and the other two, Eli
being one, were abandoned. Whether the great Boston fire in
November, preceded by a great storm, with the horse disease and the
suspension of the horse-cars, damped the musical ardor of our city,
we are not competent to say. In December, Messiah rehearsals
became the order of the day again, and the never-failing Christmas
oratorio, judged by an ever-higher standard of performance, charmed
and edified the crowded audience as much as ever. The rendering of
the whole series of choruses was up to the highest mark remembered
here. The solos had not the unwonted lustre of the Dolby troupe as
in the last performance ; yet there was an interesting quartet of
soloists. Mr. Packard, the tenor, placed himself at once in a worthy
light as an interpreter of a high theme in " Comfort ye," etc. He
had a pure and honest style, free from offensive crudities and affecta-
tions ; his voice Avas sweet and of good even calibre, not brilliant, but
of fair power ; his method excellent ; he sustained a tone and swelled
it admirably. Mr. AYhitney's majestic organ seemed to have ripened
and expanded and become vivified through its whole range. The con-
trjlto was Miss Anna Drasdil, a native of Bohemia, who had lived
for several years in England, a pupil for some time of Mme. Ruders-
dorff, and had made a great mark there in oratorio. Her very first tones
" Behold ! a virgin," arrested attention by the individual timbre of the
voice, rich, reedy, sweet, yet with a singularly penetrating quality.
It reached every listener, and there was a rare charm about it.
A true artistic singer was soon manifest ; well trained, with some-
thing like a genius for it, as it seemed ; dramatic too, and full of fire.
And what of the soprano?
This time it was a rare voice indeed, a new sensation, the lovely
voice of Mrs. Charles Moulton (formerly Miss Greenough, of our own
New England Cambridge) , who had passed many years abroad and
was distinguished vocally and socially in Europe. But she had
never sung in oratorio, nor had she ever even heard a full performance
of the Messiah. With all her gifts she was not in her element this
time. She brought to the effort all her treasury of nightingale and
lark-like tones, with the spontaneous, bird-like springing forth thereof
328 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
(though sometimes there seemed to be a struggle iu the throat before
the nightingale escaped); all her finished, fluent vocalization; her
versatility of talent and quick apprehension. Nor did she approach
the task with levity, or without a sense of its importance, or without
earnest preparation. Indeed the nervousness apparent at the first
was quite sincere ; and this, added to a cold, entitled her to large
allowance. Under the circumstances, the degree of success which
she achieved was certainly remarkable. The effort won respect
throughout, while more than once it charmed and satisfied in a high
sense. The recitative, " There were shepherds," was not so simply
given as one could wish : there was a somewhat forced, unneeded
pathos in its tones ; just in that narrative, recited as it were from
heaven, the voice should be impersonal, though human, by no means
dramatic. " Rejoice greatly," was in her true vein, and seldom had
we heard it sung more beautifully : the serious middle strain, too,
was tenderly melodious. Best of all was "Come unto Him," which
seemed to reach the heart of the audience. Her rendering of the
great air, "I know that my Redeemer," was an earnest, ver}' cred-
itable effort, one that raised her in her character of artist, — but
not yet a triumph. Here too there was a somewhat trammelled
and uneasy leaning on traditions (not always of the best), and
not that free, assured, and noble style, sure, simple, and sublime,
by which that song has maintained its supremacy. But Mn. Moul-
ton was full of song and full of talent. If a Parisian life could not
imbue her with the oratorio st^^le or spirit, it was, perhaps, not too
late to learn.
The first rehearsal in 1873 came upon a very stormy night. Only
forty-nine were present, who passed the time agreeably in practising
four-part songs by Mendelssohn. Then for a month or more Elijah
and Judas Maccabceus were the subjects of rehearsal. Jan. 30, the
board of government met at the Parker House, and accepted an
invitation from Theodore Thomas for the Society to visit New York
in April and unite with his orchestra in a series of oratorios, with-
out compensation, Mr. Thomas paying all expenses, and with the
understanding that Mr. Zerrahn should be the conductor and Mr.
Lang the organist, except in the Ninth Symphony, Mr. Thomas
paying their salaries also.
Elijah and Judas Maccabceus were performed on the evenings of
Saturday and Sunday, Feb. 8 and 9. The former drew the fullest
house, of coarse. If there was any oratorio in which the Society was
always " well up," it was Elijah; that they commonly chose when
they would make their best impression upon strangers. The chorus
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 329
numbered four luiudred voices, and there was an orchestra of forty.
The chorus was good, the orchestra below the average. The audi-
ence was not very large. Mme. Rudersdortf went far to place the
soprano recitatives and arias in a strong light, albeit frequently
a somewhat harsh one, owing to the struggles of a voice no longer in
its prime and only now and then renewing its beautiful youth in such
a way that all could hail it with delight ; yet the presence of the great
artist was alway unmistakable.
Miss Alice Fairman, in her quiet, unimpassioued way, but with
her very rich, pure, sweet, and even voice, and thoroughly sound and
honest style of singing, won sincere applause by her delivery of the
contralto melodies. And she took " O rest in the Lord" in a less
slow and drao-giuo^ time than we had been too much accustomed to.
The tenor solos found adequate expression in the fine voice, the pure
intonation, the earnest fire and true intelligence of Mr. Nelson Varley.
The only drawbacks in his singing were a certain dry and slightly
nasal quality in some of his tones, and in high climbing passages an
apparent effort as of one screwing himself up to "the height of his
great enterprise," — 3'et with all the exactness and the certainty of
such a lever. It seemed as if he struggled with the remnant of a
cold. Mr. M. W. Whitney presented the central figure of the
Prophet with his usual majesty and massiveness of style.
Judas Maccabceus has always in performance labored under a
peculiar drawback, that of meagre, incomplete accompaniment. It
is well known that in the printed scores of Handel's oratorios, can-
tatas, etc , the orchestral accompaniment is for the most part a mere
sketch. Handel himself was accustomed to preside at the organ in
the performance, and could fill out the harmony, the intertwining
polyphony, according to his own idea. But in the written and after-
wards engraved scores, with only here and there an exception, we
find the voice part, with perhaps a principal violin or oboe in unison
with it, and nothing but a figured basso continuo besides, nothing to fill
the wide, hollow chasm between the upper melody and the monoto-
nous deep rumbling or roaring basses. In the fugued or contrapuntal
choruses, of course, the harmonic texture has to be complete. But
with the arias it is very different ; these were left for Handel's per-
sonal accompaniment, or for after elaboration by some skilful, sym-
pathetic hand ; for such completion of the sketch as Mozart has made
for the Messiah (and yet not all of it), and Robert Franz for the
'* L' Allegro ed il Peiuieroso^'^ as well as for much of Bach's Passion
Music. Now, blindly following tradition, it has been the custom
here, as in England, to perform the Judas with that mere empty,
330 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN' SOCIETY.
colorless, monotonous, and tedious accompaniment, which is all that
the published score furnishes for many of the most important arias.
On this account too, doubtless, many of these arias and duets are left
out oftener than they would be, were they enriched and illustrated by
a complete setting. Of course most hearers are unconscious n:hy
they are so dull.
A striking instance of the difference in the two treatments was
shown that evening in two of the finest of the soprano airs. The one
in which Mme. Rudersdorff nmde her best success of the evening, nnd
which she sang so exquisitely, '' Wise men flattering," happened for
once to have received the especial attention of the composer, who left
it armed with full accompaniment, and everybody felt how rich, com-
plete, and beautiful was the effect. On the contrary that other ex-
quisite air near the beginning, *' O Liberty," was sung to absolutely
nothing but the violoncello obbligato ; can any one for a moment
imagine that Handel so intended it? So too, in part or wholly, with
those heroic tenor and bass arias ; splendid vocalization, a ringing,
fervent, clear delivery, arouse the audience ; but how much more
magnificent would their effect be, were the harmony completed and
the instrumentation filled out as it is only at the return of the first
theme in " Sound an alarm ! "
The choruses, so beautiful and grand, some filled with heroic,
patriotic ardor, others breathing the most pure and deep religious
feeling, were for the most part very effectively sung. In the solos,
Mme. Rudersdorff and Miss Fairman answered expectation ; and
Miss Carrie Brackett, a pupil of Mrs. Harwood, making her first
appearance in these oratorios, with a pure, sweet, flexible, but rather
thin soprano voice, showed good style and execution in the florid air,
*'• So shall the lute and harp awake." But the chief honors of the
evening were borne away by the tenor hero, Judas. Mr. Varley
seemed to do his best, fairly electrifying the audience b}^ his splendid
trumpet tones in " Sound an alarm," which had never made so strong
a mark here before. A repetition was imperatively claimed and
granted. The singer showed himself master of the Handelian rou-
lades in other arias, and was most successful in the rendering of the
very diflflcult " How vain is man." Mr. Whitney sang superbly " The
Lord worketh wonders," and generally was more himself than on the
preceding night.
The two concerts yielded $2,457. The second did not meet
expenses.
The rest of the month of February was given to a few rehearsals
on the Passion Music^ for no immediate object, but for improvement,
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDX SOCIETY. 331
for •' art's sake" perhaps. Time so spent is not lost. In March
and April there were rehearsals on Elijah^ on the Ninth Symphony,
the Hymn of Praise, and Judas Jfaccaba'us, — all by the way of
brnshing up their armor for New York. It appears that Mr. Thom-
as's agent objected to the Hymn of Praise; but the Society, by an
unanimous vote, insisted upon singing that and parts of Israel in the
New York concerts. This New York Festival was a much more
respectable affair than the one into which the Society had been
beguiled a few years before. There was no "non-conductor," but
there was Theodore Thomas with his noble orchestra, and our own
Carl Zerrahn to wield the baton in the oratorios. All was carefully,
discreetly planned ; good programmes and good management, and no
*' Jubilee " pretension. The excursion was a lively one ; some 400
of our singers left for the great city on the 10th of April in the best
of spirits, enlivening the route with fun and frolic, anecdotes and
impromptu rhymes in a facetious vein. Arriving the next morning
they took possession of a new hotel provided for their comfort, where
everything was to their taste and their convenience, and for four or
five days they received all the hospitality they could desire. The}*
enjoyed the rehearsals, they enjoyed Mr. Thomas, they enjoyed the
city and its sights, and they enjoyed the hearty applause of a great
audience when they sang. There was only one drawback : according
to a New York correspondent, "The audience is seated, the great
hall (Steinway) is flooded with light, but, as the music begins, observe
that the air of heaven, that free gift of God, has been carefdly
extluded from the hall."' He is speaking of Elijah. "For a while
the hearers are lost in admiration ; the five hundred singers are like
one voice I The crescendos and diminuendos are unequalled by any-
thing we have ever known ; the audience is enthusiastic ; but pres-
ently the applause becomes less general, and, finally, it is confined
to a few musicians scattered here and there. 'We observe a restless-
ness, a look of weariness and depression on the faces of the hearers.
Has the music lost its charm ? No ; oxygen in the air is exhausted ;
in less than an hour, audience, orchestra, and chorus are gasping in
different stages of asphyxia," etc. Yet the Elijah on the opening
(Tuesday) evening " was rendered as never before in New York.*'
On the second evening the four or five hundred singers deepened the
favorable impression by singing the Hymn of Praise entire, and selec-
tions from Israel in Egypt ^ namely, the choruses " And the children,"
the "Hailstone" chorus, "The horse and. his rider," beside the
tenor aria, " The enemy said, I will pursue." On Thursday evening
thev sang Elijah in Brooklyn, with no oroau ! And on Saturdav even-
332 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
ing the}' had then- closing triumph in the choruses of Beethoven'&
Ninth Symphon}'. The Tribune, after this occasion, said : —
"... But the chorus, the chorus ! "With this the glory of the night burst
forth. There was uo fault to be found with it. Imperfections there doubtless
were, trips now and then over some of the many stumbling blocks which the
relentless composer threw all about the score ; but petty mistakes were swal-
lowed up in the overwhelming torrent of song, which was not like the music
of earth, but the awful shouting of the joyous hosts of heaven. . . .
" The Handel and Haydn Society carry back to Boston the sincere grati-
tude and good wishes of the public whom thej^ haA'e done so much to instruct
and entertain. They have fully sustained the great reputation which pre-
ceded them, and we hope they have aroused a becoming spirit of emulation
among our own societies. ... It is pleasant to learn that a feeling of warm
cordiality has sprung up between Mr. Theodore Thomas and the chorus. If
we can believe the letters and reports in the Boston newspapers, the Handel
and Haydn Society are equally pleased with his arrangement for their per-
sonal comfort and the extraordinary accompaniment which he has furnished
for their singing."
This agreeable excursion and its laurels brought another Handel
and Haydn season to its close. And now that they have satisfied
their roving propensities ; now that they have sung Elijah in New
York ; now that there is no more prospect of Peace Jubilees to tempt
them to digression (or transgression) , there seems to be reasonable
hope that, when they come together for rehearsals in the autumn,
they will find themselves in a right earnest mood for learning some-
thing good ; the more so as the next objective point of their ambi-
tion will be a third Triennial Festival of one year later ; and for that
occasion it already looks as if they really mean to study the Matthew
Passion Music of Bach until they can do it well and bring it out
entire. This task, begun three years back, in spite of almost popu-
lar encouragement, still hung fire ; there always seemed to be a Jubi-
lee or a New York excursion, or a temptation to do Elijah with some
famous set of solo singers, to nip the young rehearsals in the bud.
How different at that time in London ! Five performances of the
Passion in one week !
FIFTY-NINTH SEASON.
June 2, 1873, to May 25, 1874.
The annual meeting was adjourned to June 2, 1873. The treas-
urer's report, counting the Dale bequest of Si, 000 on both sides of
the account, showed : receipts, S6,747.64 : expenditures, $6,736.76^
HISTORY OF THE HAXDEL AND HAYDX SOCIETY. 333
•cash on hand to new account S10.88. The election of officers for the
ensuing year resulted as follows : —
President. — Loring B. Barnes.
Vice-President. — George H. Chickering.
Secretary. — A. Parker Browne.
Treasurer. — George W. Palmer.
Librarian. — C. H. Johnson.
Directors. — John H. Stickney, H. B. Fisher, W. F. Bradbury,
AV. D. AViswELL, D. L. Laws, Curtis Brown, G. W. AYarren,
W. O. Perkins.
The summer meetings of the board of government were chiefly
occupied with plans for the third Triennial Festival to be held in
May, 1874, with speculative and tentative measures for the securing
of the best possible solo artists for that occasion, and with compari-
son of prices in view of the compulsory economy. It was agreed,
however, to engage the Thomas orchestra, and, among other things,
to give the Passion Munc^ Prof. J. K. Paine's oratorio, St. Peter ^
Mr. Dudley Buck's Forty-sixth Psalm, and Mendelssohn's cantata,
'•The Sons of Art." Also to engage Miss Annie Louise Gary at
$1,000 for the week. St. Peter was the first work taken up for study,
and was rehearsed throughout October and November.
Meanwhile we look in vain for any concerts until we come to
Christmas, when we find an oratorio, and that oratorio of course is
the Jltssiah^ given on Sunday evening, Dec. 21. There was not an
unoccupied seat in the Music Hall. The chorus numbered 500, the
orchestra 41. The preparation had been very careful. But a sudden
change of weather attacked the throats of some of the solo singers.
Mrs. H. INL Smith, from whom much had been expected, was not
able to appear at all ; and Mrs. West, always at home in the soprano
arias, with her usual kindness, sang them all in good voice and with
true expression ; in the great song of faith she was thought admira-
ble. Mr. Varley, laboring under a severe cold, struggled heroicalh' ;
but his true art saved him. and his voice came out better and better
as he kept on. Mr. Whitney, too, was not free from hoarseness ;
but his delivery of the great bass arias was very grand, and his exe-
cution of the long roulade passages was round and even. The con-
tralto solos were intrusted, for the first time, to Mrs. H. E. Sawyer,
whose modest and refined presence bespoke favor, steadily confirmed
by her fresh, sweet, delicate, not heavy voice, and her artistic style
and unaffected, pure expression. The choruses were uncommonly
well sung. Some of the more difficult and " catchy" ones went very
smoothly. The balance of parts seemed much improved ; and never
334 HISTOTIY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
before had the Society been able to rejoice in so sweet and powerful
a body of tenors. The concert yielded a profit of Si, 000.
This left a clear field for working up the Festival ; no more con-
certs until then, with the exception of Elijah at Easter, which needed
little study. This, coming to the front after so long a period of
retired and as it were underground work, was a sort of renvoi to the
great feast in preparation. It was an excellent performance, the new
point of interest being the rendering of the prophet's part by Mr.
J. F. "Winch, whose rich, elastic qualit}^ of voice gave peculiar life
to all the music. Mr. George L. Osgood sang the first tenor aria very
beautifully, but he was evidently laboring under great depression,
being obliged to face an audience, as singers and actors often are,
when he should have been in his bed. Mrs. West showed signs of
great fatigue, after protracted Piaster services in church choirs, but
sang with her usual fervor and success. Mrs. Sawyer, the contralto,
and Mrs. Weston, as "the Youth," and in the trio and quartets
made a yevy favorable impression.
THIRD TRIENNIAL FESTIVAL. 1874.
Tuesday Ev^exixg, May 5, to Sunday Evening, May 10.
All the auspices were favorable for a rich, choice feast of oratorio
and symphony and song. It was a singularly quiet Festival (exter-
nally), which to a refined, artistic feeling is refreshing. This is said
in view of the dignified and simple style of its announcements, of
the absence of all "splurge" such as was wont to accompany all
"big things " in this country, and of the general quiet of the city as
if there was nothing remarkable going on. And yet in no previous
Festival had there been so deep and true an interest, and none had
yielded so much real satisfaction. It seemed a wholesome natural
reaction to the monster "Jubilee" excitements, disposing every one
to greater love of what is modest, moderate, sincere, and solid.
Even the elements conspired to bless the undertaking ; for the first
time in a long wintry spring, the blustering winds for a week sang
truce, and there was continual sunshine, cheering, though not very
warming. In one respect a little less of quiet would have been more
welcome ; the visitors from other cities did not seem so numerous as
usual.
Of the intrinsic elements of strength in such a Festival, — the
chorus, orchestra, and solo artists, — the first two were stronger than
ever before, while the average excellence in the list of principal sing-
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 335
ers compared well with the past. If the great chorus had before
been greater, it was in show and numbers only : this time the 600
voices were more select, more truly balanced in the four parts, more
carefully trained and more effective than the 700 or 800 of some
earlier occasions. The 600 were divided about as follows: 170
sopranos, 150 altos, 130 tenors, and 150 basses. A great advantage
was secured in the engagement of the permanent and admirable
orchestra of Theodore Thomas (one of the fruits, perhaps, of that
memorable New York excursion). To the 60 musicians of Thomas
were added 25 of the best of our own city. Other important ele-
ments of strength were, of course, the indefatigable and efficient
conductorship of Carl Zerrahn, the veteran leader of such hosts ; the
noble organ, under the judicious hands of B. J. Lang ; then the great
privilege which Boston enjoyed in the possession of a Music Hall so
nobly fitted for these great occasions. To which add the public spirit
of so many of our citizens, who, as usual, made up the guaranty of
nearly 850,000, without which no society could risk so great an under-
taking ; and, above all, the zeal, the fertiUty of resources, the judg-
ment and unwearied industry of the president (Barnes) and secre-
tary (Browne) , and indeed of the whole board of management of the
brave old Societ\'. The fine audiences added their important sympa-
thetic element of strength, contributing much to the artistic side of
the affair, to its morale^ if not enough to the financial side.
We have not yet even hinted of the most essential feature in the
whole design, inasmuch as matter is of more consequence than man-
ner, — the programmes. Of these as they occur in the order of the
feast.
The Festival anticipated its own opening, practically, by a public
rehearsal on Sunday evening (May 3) of Bach's Passion Music.
That was in some respects a mistake. Such confidence was rash ;
for it was bringing together for the first and only time, before the
regular performance, of all the elements of this immense, unwonted,
and most diflScult combination ; the first and only trial of a vast,
most complex organization ; orchestra with chorus, until then trained
separately ; orchestra with solo voices, not yet brought into full
understanding with each other. The consequence was a great deal
of friction and imperfect fitting. The choral eflfect was grand ; but
the solo singers, having parts most difficult and of an unfamiliar
style, and furthermore unsettled in their sense of time and rhythm
by the ceaseless flow and the peculiar phrasing of the instrumental
parts, were exposed to the awkwardness and nervousness of frequent
stopping and repeating. And this before an audience quite numer-
330 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
ous (perhaps critical, as people are apt to be of a Dew thing which
they do not understand), an audience composed of over 400 season-
ticket holders, and 200 who had bought the privilege, besides a still
larger array of the freely admitted. Puzzled and fatigued, many of
the audience left the hall before the rehearsal was half over, so that
an impression may have gone abroad by no means favorable to the
great work itself. But fortunately the fear was not confirmed by the
attendance upon Friday evening, which proved to be the largest of
the week till then. Many had listened, felt, and begun to love that
music and desire more acquaintance with it.
First Day. Tuesday Evening, May 5. A large, appreciative audi-
ence listened to such a performance of Handel's Judas Maccabceus as
had not been heard here before. They say it all went to a charm,
what with the large and well-trained chorus, Thomas orchestra, and
a very competent quartet of solo singers. A satisfactory produc-
tion of the fine work, with two deductions : first, the want of some
pious labor of completion to the accompaniments in man}' pieces, as
we have intimated before, some work of a man like Robert Franz ;
secondly, a sin of omission, the cutting out of some of the finest
numbers of the work, for instance, the chorus, ''For Sion lamenta-
tion make," and the abridgment of the superb chorus, " Tune 3'our
harps." Among the solo singers, Miss Edith Wynne held the place
of honor. She had recrossed the stormy ocean slightly hoarse, but
with all the purity and sweetness of tone, the artistic fineness, the
simple beauty of expression, and the chaste religious fervor, which
won all hearts when she was here before, and also with more volume
and intensity of voice. Miss Annie Gary's rendering of the little that
she had to do, the serious air, " Father of Heaven," and in the duets
with soprano, was entirely satisfactory. Mr. Nelson Varley was in
good voice for the heroic tenor parts, and gave out all he had with
a N» nole-souled resolve to do his best. Mr. Whitney's ponderous bass
tones told majestically in "Arm, arm, ye brave," "Rejoice, O
Judah," and particularly in " The Lord worketh wonders," giving
its sustained roulades with remarkable evenness and symmetry of
phrasing. It was a common remark that this was the " most per-
fect rendering of an oratorio yet heard in Boston." The hall was
two thirds full.
Second Day. Wednesday^ May 6. The afternoon concert had
the following programme : —
1. Overture to Euryanthe Weher.
2. Atisl: '' A\i\ quel giorno,'' from Semi ramide . . Bossini.
Miss Anmk Louis k Gary.
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 337
*3. Concerto for String Orchestra. Allegro — Adagio —
Allegro J. S. Bach.
Violin obbligato by Mk. Bernhard Listkmanx.
4. Untinished Symphouy, in B minor .... Schubert.
5. Overture to Midsumnier Xiffht's Dream . . . Mendelssohii,
6. Recit. ed Aria : "Ah! Parlate," from ^Iftra/no . Cimarosa.
Miss Edith Wynne.
*7. Variations on a theme by Haydn .... Brahms.
*S. Aria :-' Qui s'degno," from II Flauto JIagico . . Mozart.
Mr. Myron W. Whitney.
*9. A^orspiel : Die Meister singer von Xiirnherg . . Wagner.
The Dumbers which are starred were conducted by Mr. Thomas ;
all the rest by Mr. Zerrahu.
In the evening the audience was very large, attracted chiefly by the
chance of hearing Beethoven's Choral Symphony under such rare
advantages, as well as the first part of Haydn's Seasons, — the fresh,
melodious, cheerful music of the Spring, in which the old man seems
to have renewed his youth. But the concert opened with the over-
ture to Spohr's Jessonda, finely played, followed by the tenor air,
'' Be thou faithful unto death," from St. Paul, sung in good voice
and with considerable fervor by Mr. W. J. TTiuch. The gem of the
''Spring" music was the chorus, " Come, gentle Spring," which is
simply perfect in itself, and in which all the voices blended to a
charm. All the chorus work was nearly faultless, and so was all the
graceful, flowery accompaniment.. The songs, duets, and trios were
most acceptably rendered by Mrs. H. M. Smith, soprano, Mr. George
L. Osgood, tenor, and Mr. John F. Winch, bass. Part II. was
filled by the great Choral Symphony. A writer, whom we perhaps
too often .quote, said of the performance : —
'• It seemed as irood. upon the whole, as any we have ever heard : and yet.
though there was everything to be hoped from such an admirable orchestra,
we cannot say that every part seemed quite so clear or so impressive in the
tirst of the purely instrumental movements, or that the Scherzo made the
blood tingle with quite so tine a life, as in some former renderings, although
the reeds and horns sounded exciuisitely in the playful pastoral trio. But the
heavenly Adagio, alternating with Andante, was all that sense or soul could
crave. The excited opening of the second part, the frantic outcry for the
solution of the problem of true joy and peace, was made still more exciting by
Richard Wagner"s modification of the trumpet parts. The double basses spoke
out grandly and distinctly in their recitative, and hummed the "Joy" tune
through in light expressive imison The entrance of the human bass voice with
the exhortation, ' Brothers, no more,' etc., a most eloquent but trying piece of
recitative, was well achieved by Mr. Rudolphsen. The great chorus, and the
quartet of soli (Mrs. Smith, Miss Gary, Mr. Varley. and Mr. Rudolphsen)
338 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
rose to the lieiirht of the occasion, with what seemed a genuine crescendo of
enthusiasm, so that even the long-sustained high notes at the sublime reli-
gious climax, %yhere all the human * millions,' in a general embrace, find joy
in universal brotherhood and so rise to the conception of the Father, sounded
musical and true. Always excepting the lamented Parepa-Rosa, who seemed
made for such a part, no soprano has been found here more competent to
the extremely trying soaring passages than Mrs. Smith ; and indeed the whole
quartet were remarkaby successful, even in that fourfold, flowery, long
cadenza near the end.. It was a triumphant feat of chorus singing, — rather
say choral service, — for the singers threw themselves into it with some devo-
tion, in a whole-souled way ; and so, with such an orchestra besides, the audi-
ence could not but be greatly stirred and lifted up."
Third Day. Thursday^ May 7. The afternoon concert was of
great interest. It began with a fine performance nnder Mr. Thomas
of Ghick's Iphigenia overture, wdth "Wagner's ending. Then Ha^'dn's
tenor song, "In native worth."' from the Creaion, well sung by Mr.
Varley, preceded the first of three short choi al works, which formed
the chief attraction of the programme. This was the beautiful motet
by Mendelssohn. ''Hear my prayer," for soprano solo and chorus,
accompanied only by the organ as the composer wrote ; the orches-
tral accompaniment, which some one else has put to it, is sometimes
rather a disturbance than a help to the pure, delicate impression of
the work. The motet was first introduced in Boston in some concerts
of a private club by Mr. Otto Dresel ; a few years later it was given
by the Parker Club. The solo part was admirably suited to Miss
Wynne ; in nothing all the week, with the exception of some thiugs
in Judas, did she produce a more delightful impression. The agon-
ized petition, "The enemy shouteth," and the cry of distress, "My
heart is sorely pained," were given with a thrilling pathos ; and the
sweet, soaring melody, " Oh for the wings of a dove," was heavenly.
The choral answers and accompaniment were nicely sung.
After the scena, "Che faro," from Gluck's Orfeo, finely sung by
Miss Cary, came the second choral work, heard here for the first time
in full, with orchestra and grand chorus, Mendelssohn's unfinished
oratorio, Christvs. These fragments indicate a grand design, — a
work, perhaps, which would have surpassed Elijah or St. Poul. The}^
were composed in Switzerland in the summer of 1847, only a few
months before his death, when he had not recovered from the fatal
shock of his beloved sister's death. The plan of the oratorio was
laid out on a grand scale ; it was to be in three parts, " The Career
on Earth, the Descent into Hell, the Ascent to Heaven." In the
thematic catalogue these fragments, all relating to the earthly career,
are divided into first and second part. To Part I., which has the
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDX SOCIETY. 339
glow of hope and prophecy, belong, first, the trio for tenor aud two
basses, of the wise men from the East, "Say, where is he born?
We have seen his star," which is strikingly beautiful, and was finely
sung by Messrs. W. J. and J. F. Winch and Mr. Whitney ; then a
noble chorus, " There shall a star from Jacob come forth," ending
with the old German choral, " How sweetly shines the morning star !"
in plain note-for-note harmony. These *'star" fragments shone in
sweet, pure radiance in the excellent performance. The pieces of
Part II. are Passion music. They consist of a few sentences of nar-
rative recitative for a tenor voice, and a number of accusing, angry
choruses of Jews (turbcE), " He saith he is Jesus," " He stirreth up
the Jews," " Away with him and give Barabbas to us ! " — all very
vivid and exciting, reaching their climax in " Crucify him," which is
a chorus of appalling power. Very strong, too, is the short inexora-
ble one, "We have a sacred law," etc. These harsh pictures are
at length relieved by a sweet, tender lamentation, the chorus,
" Daughters of Zion, weep," in which simple passages for the sopra-
nos and altos in thirds alternate with full chorus, — a very lovely
composition, sure of sympathetic audience when so well sung as it
was then. The last of the fragments is a choral harmonized in four
parts for the male voices, " He leaves his heavenly portals." The
Christus made a deep impression.
A new work b}' one of our own composers, Mr. Dudley Buck, the
Forty-sixth Psalm^ closed the concert. The same psalm inspired the
famous hymn and melody by Duther, ^' Ein' feste Burg." But Mr.
Buck has treated all the eleven verses of the psalm in the extended
and broad form of composition with which we have become familiar
mostly through the psalms by Mendelssohn, though earlier examples,
under the titles of cantatas, anthems, etc., abound in the works of
Bach and Handel. He employs full chorus, solo voices, and orches-
tra. In portioning out the different sentences, with their contrasts of
sentiment, among the various vocal forms of air, quartet, chorus,
etc., he has shown tact and judgment. Mr. Buck's work was some-
what light and popular in style, but nearly always pleasing, musical,
felicitous,- if not ver}: original in thoughts or very skilful in the treat-
ment. It made a good impression, and confirmed the good opinion
of his talent which prevailed before. The fourth verse, " There is a
river," consists of a soprano solo, which was sung with fervor and
with good expression by Mrs. Julia Houston West, followed first b}'
a quartet of sopranos and altos, then (to a new verse), " God is in
the midst of her," by a quartet of tenors and basses, and then by
both parties combined in a double quartet recalling the words, " There
340 HISTORY OF THE HAXDEL AXD HAYDX SOCIETY.
is a river." The quartet seemed cleverly wrought, the solo melodi-
ous, not particularly imaginative or deep in feeling, a little operatic
like the modern Italian sacred music. A strong declamatory recita-
tive, '• The heathen raged,"' was grandly delivered by Mr. .J. F.
Winch. Mr. Nelson Varley made the best of an elaborate tenor
solo, "O come hither.'' And a quartet, *' Be still then." made an
agreeable impression as sung by Mrs. West, Miss Cary, Mr. Varlev,
and Mr. Whitney.
The evening of that day was devoted to a full rehearsal of Prof.
Paine's .SY. Peter.
Fourth Day. Friday., May 8. The third of the afternoon concerts
attracted a goodly audience, but not a paying one. This, unfortu-
nately, was the case with all the afternoon concerts, with the excep-
tion of the one occasion on which choral works were given. The
programme this time offered some of the best classical works for
orchestra, offset in very sharp contrast by some of the characteristic
and (to many) questionable things by Liszt and Wagner, the whole
agreeably relieved by songs.
1. Overture to Coriolanus Beethoven.
2. Aria : '• My heart, ever faithful " . . . . ./, .S'. Bach.
Mi>> Edith Wynne.
3. Symphony, No. 1, in B flat Schumann.
*4. A Faust overture Wojjner.
5. Romanza, •• I ^eet thee now," from Rtickert, Op. 20,
Xo. 1 SchuheH.
Mk. GeOI'.GE L (JSGOOI).
6. Adagio, from The Men of Prometheus . . . Beethoven.
7. Welsh Songs, a,'' The Missing Boat" : ^y, " A irentle
maid in secret sighed."
Miss Edith Wynne.
*8. Symphonic Poem, Tasso Liszt.
Mr. Theodore Thomas conducted in the Wagner and Liszt pieces,
which could not suffer in performance by this splendid orchestra.
Mr. Zerrahn conducted the rest of the concert. Bach's gladsome
aria, that rapturous bird song of a heart full of faith, was sung with
real feeling and expression by Miss Wynne ; and her native Welsh
songs had the charm of quaint simplicity and freshness, especially
a third one, which she sang for an encore, to Mr. Lockwood's harp
accompaniment. Schubert's beautiful and serious romanza, '' Sei
mir gegriisst." was so finely sung by Mr. Osgood that he was obliged
to repeat it.
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 341
The evening brought the great experience of the week, — the first
performance in this country of the larger portion — twice as much as
we were allowed to have three years before — of Bach's Passion
Music according to the Gospel of St. Matthew. To give the whole
work in a single performance would be neither practicable nor wise.
If it is to be produced entire, it should be divided into two concerts
on the same day, as it was originally sung in church. Part I. in the
morning, and Part II. in the evening service. It called out by far
the largest audience, until then, of the Festival, an audience the like
of which, considering both character and numbers, and the profound
attention paid, had not for many a day been seen in that great Music
Hall.
To the effect produced by the elaborate, strange music, now vast
and overwhelming, now tender, dreamy, mystical and subtle, now
full of deep peace, soothing and refreshing, the newspaper reports
of the day bore witness. Their testimony, as well as the deeply inter-
ested aspect of the whole audience, of whom not a dozen persons left
their seats before they had drunk in the last note of the final chorus,
and the expressions of delight and wonder heard on all sides as the
crowd poured out, were conclusive as to the decided triumph of the
difficult and doubtful undertaking. Of course there were exceptions ;
there were some who did not get beyond the state of reverent and
patient curiosity, of conscientious listening, like a jury on a case
which on the whole was but a bore to them ; some felt the beauty and
the grand repose of the chorals, were startled by the ''Lightning"
chorus, but found the solos tedious and untuneful, and would have
liked them left out like the part of Hamlet. But the general ex-
perience was one of unexpected gratification, of a new sense of beauty
and of power in music, and of a serene and holy influence, such as,
perhaps, no music had ever exercised upon their souls to quite the
same degree before. And this was the intrinsic potency of Bach's
music. The miracle was wrought by its mere presence, in spite of
manifold and serious imperfections in the actual performance. It
was not Boston's first experience of the kind. It was through years
and 3'ears of rude and crude attempts at true interpretation, during
our days of small things in the way of instrumental means, that the
love of the Beethoven symphonies at last became so rooted in this
community. The weak and tentative beginning had first to be made,
and even that raised up the nucleus of the larger audience. It was
well, therefore, to have made a beginning with the Passion Music;
the effort was rewarding both to those who sang and those who lis-
tened. In that imperfect undertaking a new love was planted, and
342 HISTORY OF THE HAXDEL AND HAYDX SOCIETY.
it will grow and be abiding. The imperfections, in spite of which the
Passion Music took at once so strong a hold upon so man^^ hearing it
for the first thne, were chiefly these : —
1. Those due to the want of full rehearsal. There had been
frequent. and careful rehearsals of the chorus b}^ itself; doubtless, too,
the several solo singers had spent earnest private study upon their
unwonted tasks ; there had been at the most one or two trials of the
solos with the orchestra. But the bringing together of all the elements
of so immense and difficult a work had been risked upon a single
chance, and that in the presence of a large audience paying for
admission, a nervous and unenviable predicament for the soloists?
who, either on their own account or that of the orchestra, had fre-
quently to be stopped and made to repeat passages or entire arias.
The defect from this cause was most apparent in the orchestra,
which, had it even been a perfect one, could not be at home in music
of so unusual a character, requiring to be fitted with such nice and
delicate discrimination, in all details of rhythm, phrasing, accent,
light and shade and color, to the vocal melod}', particularly to the
melodic fragments of the accompanied recitative.
2. The inadequacy of solo singers ; not to be wondered at, con-
sidering the difficulty and the unwonted character of all the melody.
Even Miss Wynne, with her sweet voice, her exquisite delivery, and
deep, pure feeling, was not always equal to this music. More than
once, in the accompanied recitative, which requires to be given in
strict time, she was out of time, partly through the fault of the
orchestra (in regard to accent, phrasing, over-loudness, etc.). But
the aria, " Never will my heart refuse thee," was beautifully sung.
And in the latter part, that divinely lovely aria, '^ From love
unbounded." with its delicate accompaniment of merely a flute
obbligato and two clarinets, was given with the truest feeling. It
was in the preceding recitative, " He hath done only good to all,"
that voice and instruments failed to agree ; and yet the singer put
dramatic fire into it. Miss Phillipps was least of all herself in the
contralto airs. She evidently approached the task with much mis-
giving ; and though she doubtless felt the beauty, depth, and tender-
ness of the music, she would not of her own choice have sung it
publicly before she could wear its forms as easily as she did those
of music she had sung for years. In the great aria, *' O pardon me "
{Erharme dich), she was out of tune, and the whole rendering was
lifeless. Mr. Listemann's playing of the violin obbligato, however,
lent considerable interest to it. In her first aria, " Grief and pain,"
she was much more successful. In that aria we have an instance of
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 343
Bach's tendency to '^ picture nuisic," which with most composers
is mechanical and false. But here, when the violin staccato phrases
imitate the dropping of tears ; again in the tearful appoggiaturas in
" O pardon me,'' and in the duet, " Alas ! my Jesus now is taken," it
is all unconscious on Bach's part, and only shows the vividness of
his imagination all alive through his intensity of feeling. This duet
before the thunder and lightning chorus was touching and beautifully
rendered.
The largest measure of success among the solo singers was achieved
by Mr. Wm. J. Winch, whose task was the most arduous of all, both
in its amount and its peculiar ditticulty. All the tenor recitatives,
both of the narrative portion (recitativo secco) and the accompanied
and more melodic, like " O Grief!" (with chorus), called for all the
voice (mostly in the higher range) and all the understanding, feeling,
carefully studied method, which the most experienced tenor could
bring to their interpretation. He had the voice, and he had faith-
fully learned his part so as to give all at least correcth^, oftentimes
with much expression and dramatic power. As a vocalist he had
been studying to some purpose. The beautiful, but very trving aria,
*' I'll watch with my dear Jesu alway," where the oboe exquisitely
leads off with the melody, and where the soothing and refreshing
chorus, '' So slumber," keeps stealing back under continually new
forms of polyphonic harmony, made really a deep impression. In
the narrative recitative the crisp, dry chords were struck by Mr.
Dresel on an upright piano, which was far more reassuring to the
singer than to have them, as in the rehearsal, tardily reach him from
the distant organ ; moreover every such contrast in the character of
tone reUeves the ear in such a work. There were dignity and gran-
deur, as well as good and even execution, albeit too much inert weight,
in Mr. Whitney's rendering of the bass arias, '* Gladly will I, all
resigning," and that with the violin solo, after Judas has cast down
the silver pieces, ''Give me back my dearest master." The latter
he had made in some degree his own by singing it in concerts. His
delivery also of the recitatives, the Masters words, was impressive,
and yet needed much of tenderness and delicacy, as in the scene of
the supper. Mr. Rudolphsen gave an intelligent, artistic rendering
of the air, " Come, blessed cross ! " in the last part, with the florid
violoncello obbligato, as well as some fragments of the recitative in
the pai't of Judas.
The wonder, on the whole, was that the solos went so well, and
that so many strange long arias, in a style so remote from all the
habits formed by singers of our day, — a style for which even Han-
344 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
(lei is no preparation, — he so classic, Bach so Gothic, — should after
all have interested so man}^ of the audience so deeply as they did.
Enough was learned by that experience to show that this is music
well worth all the study it may cost.
3. In the matter of selection and abridgment perhaps better
judgment might have been used. The problem was a difficult one
(how best to compress three hours into two hours), and the best solu-
tion was only to be found out by experience. Looking back after
the performance, it became clear enough that the long series of solos
in Part II. would have been much relieved by the interspersing of a
few more chorals (always so refreshing), and by some of those short,
quick, stirring, and exciting " iwr6ce," angr\^ choruses of Jews^
which would have enlivened the whole thing. The great figured
choral at the end of Part I., too, was a serious loss, musically,
although dramatically the first part ends well with the taking of
Jesus and the imprecation of heaven's " lightnings and thunders "
by the outraged disciples. The opening alto aria with chorus in
Part II., "Ah! now is my Jesu gone," and "Whither has thy
friend departed?" so romantic in its tone, as if from the Song
of Solomon, would have supplied another element of fresh variety
and contrast. Again, instead of Mr. Whitney's first bass aria, the
last one in the work, preceded by the recitative, " At eventide,
cool hour of rest," a great favorite in Germany, would have made
more impression. So, too, it was a pity to lose the first of the
soprano arias, "Only bleed," and the alto air with chorus, "Look
where Jesus beck'ning stands." But in a year or two should we
not hear it all, given in two performances, say on the morning
and evening of Good Friday ?
The great impression was made by the choruses. Their sublimity
and beauty, their great variety, now of dramatic vividness and now
of sweetest tenderness and tranquillizing rest, were felt by all. The
rendering, even of the most difficult, was indeed a triumph of hard,
patient study ; bating now and then a fault of tempo or of shading,
it was all reasonably good. The colossal opening double chorus,
" Come, ye daughters, weep for anguish," was overwhelming, although
the movement was a bit too fast. As the broad rhythm, begun by
tlie double orchestra, streamed onward, choir answering choir, and
finally the soprano ripieno (clearly given out in unison from the
upper balcony b}' about sixty boys from the Rice School) came in
with the intermittent lines of the choral, "O Lamb of God," which
seemed to bind the whole vast fabric together, there was a sense of
sublimity and awe experienced, such as the audience had hardly
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. o45
•dreamed of. What much contributed to this success was the advan-
tage offered by our noble Music Hall, for the effective placing and
displaying of all these forces, over nearly every hall, and surely
every church in Europe. The two or three short colloquial choruses
of disciples, which soon followed, quaint, complex in the interweav-
ing of the parts, but graphic, full of life, were clearly and success-
fully achieved. Nothing more beautiful, more tenderly affecting, is
there in the whole work than the repeated intervention of the chorus
in the tenor solo, ''O Grief," and the following aria, ''I'll watch,'*
etc. : there the voices blended exquisitely, and the consoling, heav-
enly, ever-varied harmony, swelling and dying into pianissimo, held
every heart entranced. Then, of course, "Ye lightnings, ye thun-
ders," was as startling and stupendous as before, and had to ])e
repeated ; unfortunately the effect is weakened by breaking the dra-
matic connection, by not repeating also the whole scene from the
beginning of the preceding duet, with the little spasmodic bursts of
chorus, ''Leave Him," "Bind Him not," etc. Here, too, the Franz
instrumentation, and the great organ, played by Mr. Lang, lent new
intensity and overwhelming grandeur.
"With the exception of the chorals, of which it only need be said
that every one of the too few tliat were sung was a pure moment of
the most solemn, sweet refreshment, and that the harmony with
which Bach has clothed them has in it a certain hallowed, self -renew-
ing charm, of which no other composer, not even Mendelssohn, seems
to have fully caught the secret, — the chorus did not have to come in
again until they were called upon to sing those wonderful two meas-
ures, '• Truly this was the Son of God," after that thrilling piece of
scenic recitative, "Behold! the veil of the temple was rent," for
his grand declamation of which Mr. Winch won signal credit, for it
is a passage of tremendous difficulty. Then came the tender and
unspeakably beautiful responses, " My Jesu, good night," to the
alternate sentences of solo by each of the four voices, beginning
with the Ijass, " The Lord has lain him down to rest" : and then the
incomparable, the holy final double chorus, the farewell of the disci-
ples at the tomb of Jesus, full of sadness and yet fuller of deep
peace and rest for weary souls. The time was taken slower, prop-
erly so, than in former renderings : but there was still room for
improvement in the alternation of moderately loud and soft ; to the
''Rest thee softly" of the first chorus the second should have
ansvi-ered jjicinissiyno with '• Softly rest."
Fifth Day. Saturday. May 0. A day well filled up with music,
— three performances. At noon an organ concert, by the organist of
346 HISTOr.Y OF the IIANDEL and IIAYDN SOCIETY.
the Society and of the Festival, Mr. B. J. Lang, who interpreted
the following programme : —
1. Fautaisie in G Bach.
2. Organ Sonata, No 4, in B flat, Op. 05 .... Mendelssohn.
3. Improvisation.
4. Transcription for organ of Mendelssohn's Hymn of
Praise Symphony, tln-ee movements.
The audience was small, as all organ audiences are apt to be, at
least in Boston ; but for those present it was an hour of tranquil,
soulful, rich enjoyment. Bach and Mendelssohn had been heard
through the medium of that great organ much too seldom for some
time before. The Fantaisie bv Bach was alwavs one of Mr. Lano-'s
happiest selections, and he knew how to make its beauty, depth, and
grandeur felt. His combinations and contrasts of registers in the
Mendelssohn Sonata, and in the three symphonic movements of the
Hymn of Praise were excellent, and the whole treatment gave a clear
and just conception of both compositions, — although no organ and
no organ playing can replace an orchestra.
The fourth afternoon concert was listened to b}' an immense crowd
(largely composed of members of the chorus and their guests) . We
are only able to record the programme, of which the numbers bearing
stars were conducted by Mr. Thomas : —
1. Overture to the Jlagic Flute Mozart.
2. " Shadow Song," from Dinorah Meyerbeer.
Mrs. H. M. Smith.
*3. Symphony, Lenore Baff.
4. Overture to Genoveva Schumann.
*o. Aria, " In questa tomba oscura " Beethoven.
Mr. Myron W. Whitney.
*6. Scherze, La BeineJIab, oil La Fee des Songes . . . Berlioz.
7. Scena, " Softly sighs," from Der Freyschutz . . . Weber.
Miss Edith Wynne.
*8. Kaiser Marsch Wagner.
In the evening the oratorio, *S^. Peter ^ by John Knowles Paine, was
presented for the first time in Boston, after having been given only
once before, namely, in the composer's native city, Portland, Maine.
The old Societ}' had taken up this serious and formidable effort of a
young American composer in good earnest and with a strong desire
to find the promise of its most partial eulogists fulfilled. Nearly as
much time was s^iven to the rehearsal of its choruses as to that of all
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 347
the Other choral pieces of the Festival together; and it was serious
iip-hill work, — more work than recreation. Indeed it was a common
complaint among the singers that, in many of the choruses, the
music did not help them, did not inspire them, take them up and
carry them along with it, by that sort of charm which made the diffi-
culties of Bach, for instance, or of Mendelssohn, or Handel, or even
the Ninth Symphony, melt away before them to their own surprise.
But finally the task was mastered, and depression gave way to a glad
and buoyant sense of power. It was a trying position for Mr.
Paine's work to be placed thus immediately between the master works
of Bach and Handel ; held up in so strong a light, any new w^ork
might well have shrunk and shrivelled into nothingness ; that it sur-
vived the exposure was evidence of power and merit in it. The same
juxtaposition also might account for the audience not being so large
as was hoped ; three elaborate oratorios in three successive evenings
could not but suggest fatigue to many, and few Avere willing to forego
Bach or Handel. Mr. Paine's subject was not altogether an inspiring-
one ; for 1 eter is the central figure only in that which constitutes the
outward, formal, and exclusive phase of Christianity, — church Chris-
tianity ('^ Upon this rock," etc.), — wdiereas Bach and Handel go to
the heart of the matter and bring out its human, universal import.
Yet he had no lack of interesting themes for illustration. Four prin-
cipal scenes out of the life of the apostle find a certain unity, although
not dramatic, in their connection with the beginning of the Christian
" movement" in liistory. The oratorio is in two parts, of which the
first includes "The Divine Call," ending with the chorus, "The
Church is built," and "The Denial and Repentance." Part Second
treats of the "Ascension" (Christ's reappearance to the disciples),
and the thrilling scene of the " Pentecost."
Without attempting to describe or criticise the work itself, the com-
position, which had many musician-like, impressive numbers in it, was
wholly free from slavish imitation, thoroughly in earnest, sometimes
quite dramatic, sometimes showing depth of feeling, and which as a
whole won respect if not admiration, we must confine ourselves to its
relations with the Society that sang it. The choruses, very various
in form and character, had been well studied and were mostly well
sung. There is a large share of solo music, both aria and recitative.
Each of the four voices has at least two arias ; the bass, in the char
acter of St. Peter, more ; these, being naturally the most important,
were given with good effective st^^e and just expression by Mr.
Rudolphsen. First, a song of gladness, after the divine call ; then
an air of deep remorse and supplication, " My God, forsake me not,"
348 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
after the denial. Again, after the gift of tongues, the solemn ex-
hortation, '' Ye men of Judea," to which the emphatic iteration of
three notes in the accompaniment seems to enforce attention before
he proceeds to recite at length the wonders foretold b}^ the prophet
Joel, all in a highly dramatic and excited strain, with splendor of
elaborate instrumentation. Some of Peter's recitative, as rendered
by the singer, was highly characteristic, as where he reproduces the
phrase of the first chorus, " Repent," and in the scene of the Denial,
and in the answers to the Saviour's question, " Lovest thou me?"
The words of Jesus are given to the tenor, and one of the sweetest
and purest of all the arias is, " Let not 3-our heart be troubled." Mr.
Varley, although suffering from fatigue, sang it with fine expression ;
and he was very happy in the dialogue, " Feed my lambs." The
soprano and contralto arias suffered somewhat for the want of more
rehearsals with the orchestra ; but both Mrs. West and Miss Phillipps
acquitted themselves conscientiously and sang with feeling. The first
soprano air, "The spirit of the Lord is upon me," is melodious, and
rises to brilliant energy at the words " Proclaim liberty to the cap-
tives." The other aria, sung by Mrs. West, "O man of God, be
strong, . . . put on the whole armor of God," etc., is a swift, bold,
declamatory strain, giving plenty of opportunity for sustained high
tones, and made a quickening effect. Of the contralto airs, there was
much unaffected, sweet and quiet pathos in the last one, " As for
man his days are as grass," which was touchingly rendered by Miss
Phillipps.
The chorus sinoers and the audience, when thev came to sino- iu
St. Peter, and to hear it as a ivJiole, liked it much better than they
were prepared to. At all events respect is due to the first earnest
effort on so great a scale, and giving such proofs of ability, by an
American composer who was then a young man.
Sixth Day. Sunday Evening, May 10. Like all the Festivals and
all the years of the Society, this third Triennial had its proper close
with the Messiah and a most crowded audience. The receipts were
nearly S4,000. There was the same excellent quartet of solo artists
as on the opening night.
Artistically, musically, the Festival was a great success ; but not
pecuniarily. A loss of $4,400 (about ten per cent) had to be
assessed upon the guarantors. This result, however, was better than
that of the preceding Festival. The loss was chiefly iu the afternoon
concerts. But probably the real reason was that the Festival was so
long and the performances so frequent, that the strain upon attention,
and the continuous excitement, were more than most people, were
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 349
they ever so musical, could well eodure. Why should we, in this busy
country, attempt to go beyond the musical festivals abroad, which
seldom, if ever, last more than three days?
The common mistake of not letting well enough alone was unfortu-
nately exemplified in an extra performance given on Monday evening,
when the popular Elijah disappointed expectation in regard to audi-
ence. The soloists, Mr. John F. Winch, as Elijah, Miss Wynne, Miss
Phillipps, and Mr. Yarley, were equal to their parts. But this is not
to be counted as part of the Festival.
350 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
CHxVPTER XI.
SIXTIETH SEASON.
May 25, 1874, to May 31, 1875.
A FEW clays before the annual meeting of the Society, the board of
directors met and voted to pay Carl Zerrahn 81,000 for his services
as conductor, and B. J. Lang, $400 as organist, of the P'estival. The
loss was reported at $4,238, and it was voted to levy ten per cent
upon the guaranty of $44,000 ; also to call on the trustees of the
permanent fund for one year's income. Thanks were voted to Mr.
Theodore Thomas, to the Harvard Musical Association for the
gratuitous loan of music; to John Amory Lowell, Esq., for the gra-
tuitous use of the Lowell Institute hall for the convenience of the
chorus ; to Mr. J. B. Sharland for gratuitous services in training the
boy chorus for the Passion Music; and to the Apollo Club for the
gratuitous use of a room for meetings of the board.
The annual meeting was held May 25, w^hen the following otticers
were elected for the ensuing year : —
President. — Lori?^g B. Barnes.
Vice-President. — George H. Chickerixg.
Secretary. — A. Pakker Browne.
Treusuier. — Gkorge W. Palmer.
Librarian — W. F. Bradbury.
Directors. — J. H. Stickney, D. L. Laws, AV. O. Perkins, G. W.
AVarren, M. G. Daniell, R. Beeching, J. S. Saavyer, F. H.
Jenks.
We find no treasurer's report. The president, L. B. Barnes, pre-
sented an extended report covering the whole progress and condition
of the Society for the year then past, and dwelling with pardonable
pride upon the great achievement of the third Triennial Festival.
He said that weekly meetings for rehearsal had been held from the
first Sunday of October until the Festival, with the exception of the
two evenings on which the only public performances of the sen son
were given. Later in the season there were many extra rehearsals,
in some instances every e^ ening in the week. The average attend-
ance for the twentA'-eight regular weekly rehearsals had been nearly
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIKTY. 851
four Imndred ; the average for all the forty-six evenings had been one
hundred less. The president here emphasized the importance of a
more punctual and uniform attendance of rehearsals, and spoke of
several points of discipline and of performance in which the habits of
the chorus were still too lax. sixty-seven members (gentlemen) had
been suspended, only eleven of wdiom had been reinstated. The
remaining fifty-six were liable to discharge at any time, and while
they stood suspended were debarred from all participation in the
business or rehearsals of the Society. Fifty-oue had been discharged
for non-attendance, and seven had voluntarily withdrawn from mem-
bership. Many ladies, too, had been suspended uuder a special rule
of the board.
Mr. Barnes next enumerated a list of valuable members who had
died since the last annual meeting : '^George Hews, who joined the
society in 1830, and who served it faithfully, whether in or out of
office, having occupied many positions iu its government, and whose
name may be found in the list of vice-presideuts from 1854 to 1858 ;
James Sharp, who was enrolled as a member but a short time after
the organization of the Society, the record showing Oct. 15, 1816, as
the date of his admission, and who also tilled most honorably many
positions of responsibilit}^ in the board of government, who never
allowed any meeting of the Society, called for busuiess purposes, to
pass without being present if it wjis possible for him, and whose
words of Avisdom on such occasions will long be remembered by his
associates; Dexter Bowker, a member from 1846; Jarvis Lothrop,
who joined in 1837 ; Charles VV. Lovett, whose name first appears
in 1825, and who w^as a prominent vocalist in the Society for many
years thereafter, and was subsequently honored with the votes of the
Society, which placed him at its head for the years 1834 and 1835;.
Jubal Howe, admitted to membership in 1822, and Lewis Pierce, in
1820. All good and true men, and who ever regarded the interests
of the Society of paramount importance to that of any individual."
The report proceeds : " Candidates for admission to the chorus are
requested to go before a committee on examination of voices, which
committee is appointed by the president from among the members
composing the board of government. Such candidates are expected
to read ordinarily difficult music at sight, besides showing the posses-
sion of good voices and general familiarity with the requirements of
choir or chorus singing.
'' The number, of both sexes, who have passed such examination
and who have been admitted during the past year is seventy. Of this-
number twenty-Jive were gentlemen and forty -Jiot: were ladies."
352 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
After further remarks in praise of the last Festival and its remark-
able programme, with especial congratulation on the great step
gained in bringing out at last so large a portion of Bach's Passion
Music, and after warmly thanking the Thomas orchestra, the solo
singers, the conductor, and the organist, for their invaluable services,
the president spoke of several practical matters, such as the mani-
festly great improvement in the manner of seating the singers on the
stage, the fixtures for which were stored away for future use ; the
financial result, from which he argued no discouragement; and the
suggestion of a scheme of '• associate membership," in view of the
need of a larger and more expensive hall for rehearsals, where those
who might desire to attend them as listeners might do so on payment
of an annual sum.
This project was further discussed at meetings of the board in June
and July, and it was finally recommended that the new Beethoven
Hall in AVashington Street should be engaged for the purpose if a
sufllcient number of paying associates could be secured. A circular
of invitation was sent out, stating the need of 500 associates at $10
each per annum, which sum should entitle them to two admissions
each to all rehearsals besides one public oratorio. But as it appeared
in the beginning of September that only 105 such subscribers had
been obtained, the proprietor of Beethoven Hall offered to grant a
discount on the rent, and it was voted to engage the hall for one 3^ear
:at S2,500. On the 17th of September it was voted by the Society to
change the title " Board of Directors" to " Board of Government."
The rehearsals were resumed Oct 4, with St. Paul, which was con-
tinued nearly until December, when that and the Messiah were
rehearsed until Christmas. Oct. 21, the board of government com-
bined business and social pleasure at Taft's famous hotel at Point
Shirle}', when a poem was read by W. O. Perkins, celebrating the
eminent virtues of individual members of the board. The rehearsals
were transferred to the new Beethoven Hall on Sunday evening, Nov.
1, and there had their home throughout the following year. The hall
was 95 feet long, 65 feet wide, and 41 feet high. The stage, which
was partly in an arched recess, had a fiont of 40 feet, and was 20
feet deep. There were roomy balconies on the sides and rear, almost
doubling the seating capacity. The associate members sat in the
balconies. For some time the chorus singers could not feel at home
there; they 'had n't got the hang of the school-house." But they
soon became accustomed to the place.
The Christmas oratorios were given Dec. 26 and 27. On Saturday
evening the Messiah^ with a chorus of 400 and an orchestra of 44.
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 353
Seldom were the choruses more satisfactorily delivered. The soprano
recitatives and arias were intrusted to Mrs. H. M. Smith, whose pure
and brilliant voice and fine execution only needed something more of
sympathetic fervor. Miss Drasdil, whose very rich and powerful
tones possessed a certain dramatic and magnetic quality, felt in her
whole style of song and declamation, produced a deep impression in
the contralto airs. Mr. W. J. Winch in the tenor, and Mr. J. F.
Winch in the bass solos, did their best. In St. Paul, on Sunday even-
ing. Mr. J. F. Winch (vvliose voice had grown husky during the Mes-
siak) was wholly unable to appear, and his place was supplied at a few
hours' notice by Dr. E. C. BuUard,* who, in the trying circumstances,
did himself great credit, by the refinement of his style, his musical,
expressive voice, and the quick intelligence with which he read and
rendered so much music which was comparatively new to him. His
chief lack of resources was in the deep bass tones. Miss Abbie
Whinery sang the soprano air, '-Jerusalem," with great beauty of
voice and style, and with true, unaffected feeling. All her singing
had that sympathetic and appreciative qualit3^ though the middle
portion of her voice was sometimes weak and tremulous, while in the
highest tones it was clear and strong as well as sweet. Mrs. Sawyer,
in the contralto pieces, was effective, and showed thoughtful study,
but somewhat at the expense of that simplicity which had won her
audience before. Mr. W. J. Winch again took the tenor solos, and
with eminent success. The choruses had justice done them.
1875. The year began with rehearsal of choruses from Handel's
Joshua, followed b}' Mendelssohn's Hymn of Praise and '• Hear my
Prayer," and Dudley Buck's Forty-sixth l^salm. All these were aung
in a concert given Feb. 6 to the associate members. In the psalm,
'' G-od is our refuge," Miss Whinery sang with her usual refinement
and truth of feeling ; and Mr. George Simpson was the same sweet-
toned, true, I'.nd even tenor singer as of old. Mr. J. F. Winch mnde
the most of the strong and telling bass solo, ''The heathen raged,"
etc., which, and the double quartet, were the chief triumphs in the
performance. Next came the motet, " Hear my prayer," in which
Mrs. Houston West surprised all by the rejuvenated freshness of her
soprano tones. " O for the wings of a dove," both solo and sub-
dued chorus, went beautifully. The one novelty of the programme
was the fine florid soprano aria from Joshua^ '' Oh, had I Jubal's lyre,
or Miriam's tuneful voice," which Miss Whinerv executed to a charm.
She was obliged to repeat it, and no one felt disposed to quarrel with
*D:ed Apiil 13, 1889.
354 HISTORY OF THE HAKDEL AM) HAYDN SOCIETY.
the encore. Goimod's "Nazareth" was superbly siino- by J. F.
Winch with chorus ; indeed he rivalled Sautley in his broad, even
and sustained delivery of that simple but majestic Christmas ballad.
With the swelling choral harmonies, together with orchestra and
organ, the climax at the end was really almost sublime.
The Hymn of Praise formed the second part of the concert. The
three symphonic movements were fairly rendered, and the choruses
were given, almost without exception, with precision, light and shade,
and grand effect. Mrs. West seldom appeared to more advan-
tage: her delivery of the prophetic announcement, "The night is
departing, departing I " revived the old thrill of the first time when
she gave it with such startling splendor at that memorable concert in
honor of President Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation (Jan. 1,
18G3). She and Miss .Whinery entered fully into the spirit of the
duet, •' I waited for the Lord."'; Mr. Simpson's voice, style, and in-
telligence did very nearly full justice to the dramatic tenor solos in
the " Watchman '" scene, etc. ; Mr. Zerrahn conducted with his usual
firm control : and Mr. Lang drew from the great reservoir of oro-an
tones, where needed, with judicious hand. This concert resulted in
a loss of about S800.
At the regular rehearsal. Feb. 28, the president announced the
death, in London, of a member of the Society, rapidly acquiring emi-
nence as a basso singer, Mr. Julius E. Perkins, a younger brother of
Mr. AV. O. Perkins. The sad news came by cable despatch from
Mr. Myron W. Whitney, then in London. Mr. Perkins had, for sev-
eral years before leaving for his studies abroad, been a member of the
Society, and his name was still retained on its rolls. He left this
country at about the age of twenty-two, studied first at the Conserv-
atoire in Paris, thence went to Milan, where he placed himself under
the best masters for a term of years, and then to Florence, where he
■studied with the celei)rated Vannucciui. When he returned to London
the operatic impresario. JNIr. Mapleson, was not slow in discoveiing
his vrorth, and at the time of his death he was fulfilling an engage-
ment of six years, only two of which had expired. His age was then
but little short of thirty, and even with his short musical career he
had few rivals. The members of the Society had pleasant recollec-
tions of him in the chorus.
For an Easter oratorio (March 28), Haydn's Creation^ which had
slept for four years, was once more revived with iis unbroken flow of
melody, its contrapuntallv woven choruses, and its graphic instrumen-
tation. Welcome Father Haydn I Welcome Music I many felt who
were tired of seekina" it in the Waonerian extracts with which concert
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDX SOCIETY. 355
rooms were at that time so rife. The choruses were well sung. The
principal soprano was Mme. Jennie Van Zanclt, whose pure, strong,
evenly developed voice, and fluent, facile execution were well suited
to the melodious strains. She sang them charmingly, although now
and then she did not seem to be entirely at home in the oratorio ; and
in the great aria, " On mighty pens," she indulged in such operatic
prima donna tricks of effect as pitching the note up an octave and
holding it out, or protracting the tone on the word "coo-ing," through
many measures longer than the music or the sense required. For-
tunately these stereotyped efects fell dead upon the audience. Mr.
W. J. Winch and Mr. J. F. Winch sang the tenor and bass solos very
acceptably. That concert yielded a profit of about seven hundred and
fifty dollars.
Haydn's other vocal masterpiece, the Seasons^ was next placed in
rehearsal, for seven evenings, until Wednesday evening, April 28,
when it was given for the first time here entire. An eager audience
nearly filled the Music Hall, yet it resulted in a loss of $400. The
chorus numbered four hundred and fifty, the orchestra thirty-seven.
Thouoh not so sjreat a work, the Seasons had the charm of srreater
novelty compared with the Creation. The orchestral preludes and
accompaniment are exquisite, but suffered somewhat in performance,
sounding thin and coarse, and showing need of more rehearsal ; yet
portions enough were so fairly rendered that it did not spoil the gen-
eral impression of the work. The choruses were for the most part
finely sung, surprising many of the listeners by their great variety of
power and beauty, their poetic suggestiveness, their vivid imaginative
characterization. The familiar "Come, gentle Spring," with its fine
contrast of female and male voices, was charmingly sung. Few
things could be more impressive than the " deep, tremendous voice" of
the thunder-storm chorus, prepared as it was by music most expres-
sive of the heat and languor of the summer, especialh' the recitative
Immediately preceding, through which " a boding silence reigns,"
with the more bodeful rumble of the deep sub-bass of the organ,
until the voices burst forth and " to its foundations the solid globe is
shook." If this chorus fell short of the expectation raised in the
beginning, it was partly owing to the cutting out of much of the mid-
dle portion; the storm was incomplete. In the " Autumn" we had
the strong chorus in praise of industry ; the ringing, echoing hunting
chorus, full of vigor, likewise suggestively introduced by fragments
of recitative and snatches of figurative instrumentation, which almost
make one see the pack of hounds on scent. Then, best of all, the
*'Wiue Chorus." with its episodical bagpipe and dance movement
356 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDX SOCIETY.
(exquisite dauce melody for an old man of seventy). But this, too
was weakened by the omission of some of the finest music in the
middle, whereby the piece lost its symmetry, and the great climax
at the end its justification. In the fourth part, "Winter," there
was the fascinating minor cliorus of the " Spinning Wheel." alter-
nating with sopraiio solo, full of serious suggestion. The final chorus,
" The everlasting gates of life," has grandeur, but it was made to
jump to its conclusion by leaving out the middle portion, which is a
fugue, not perhaps a great one, but a good one. Putting head and
tail together does not make a body. Brevity, of course, was the
motive for these cuts, for the work is verv Ions:.
'1 he solos, duets, trios, so many and so beautiful, were admirably
sung. Miss Henrietta Beebe, of New York, had just the voice, the
execution., and the culture for the soprano melody, which is full of
delicate embellishment, and sometimes brilliant. AVe may name,
among other numbers, the long descriptive recitative, " O, welcome
now, ye groves," and the air which follows it, "O, how pleasing to the
senses." Mr. W. J. Winch sang the tenor solos in good voice and
taste ; particularh' the recitative and cavatina describing the sultry
midsummer heat ; and afterwards, in opposite contrast, the " Winter"
picture of the traveller lost in the snow-storm, ^here the staccato
figures of the violins seem to fill the air with fiuttering flakes.
Equally welcome was the grand bass of Mr. M. W. Whitne}', just
arrived from London on a short visit home, who gave a most satis-
factory rendering of the part of Simon.
Thus sweetly closed, with two melodious evenings of Havdn,
another musical season. At a meeting of the board. May 12, the
income of the permanent fund was once more required, and the treas-
urer was authorized to raise by notes $1,500, or what might be needed
to cover the indebtedness of the Society. Mr. Zerrahn's salary for
the past year was fixed at S500, and that of Mr. Lang at $300.
SIXTY-FIRST SEASON.
May 31, 1875, to May 29, 1876.
The annual meeting was held May 3L The treasurer's report
showed the expenditures for the year to have been $10,666.17,
the income $10,207 ; leaving a deficit of $459.17. It was voted to
assess each member $5, and withdraw the note for $1,500. President
L. B. Barnes, who had declined the nomination for re-election, pre-
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 357
sented a report giving an interesting resume of the Society's history,
and speaking particularly of his own relations with it, which extended
back twenty years ; during which period he was secretary fifteen
years, director three years, and president four years. During the
season there had been thirty-five rehearsals, with an average attend-
ance of 300 members. He thought the Society, as a musical body,
was in a better condition than ever before. The deficit shown in the
treasurer's report arose, he said, in no degree from losses by concerts,
but from the occupation of Beethoven Hall for rehearsals, and the
system of associate membership, which had not fulfilled expectation.
With but two or three exceptions the vote for members of the
board of government was unanimous, the newly elected president,
Mr. Charles C. Perkins, receiving the entire ballot for the office,
which was eighty votes. The other gentlemen elected are the fol-
lowing : —
Vice-President. — George H. Chickering.
Secretary. — A. Parker Browne.
Treasurer. — George W. Palmer.
Librarian. — John H. Stickney.
Directors. — W. O. Perkins. J. S. Sawyer, R. Beeching, F. H.
Jenks, M, G. Daniell, W. F. Bradbury, A. H. Wilson, George
T. Brown.
During the summer and the early autumn the principal themes of
interest with the Society were, first, a correspondence (through the
medium of Mr. Otto Dresel) with Robert Franz, of Halle, request-
ing him to prepare for the Society some additional orchestral accom-
paniments for certain numbers of the Messiah which had been left
uncompleted by Mozart, and likewise for Joshua. The result will
appear in the sequel. Second, the expectation of a great prima
donna and oratorio singer in the person of INJlle. Teresa Tietjens,
who gave her first concert in America in New York, Oct. 4. She
was born at Hamburg, of Hungarian parents, some biographers say
in 1834, others in 1831. The inscription on her tombstone states
that she died in 1877, aged 46. Her voice in childhood gave such
promise that she was educated for the lyric stage. She sang for the
first time at the Hamburg Opera in 1849, as Lucrezia Borgia, and
achieved an immediate success, which was confirmed in Frankfort,
and in 1856 in Vienna, where her performance of Valentine in Les
Huguenots raised her at once to the highest rank. Then Mr. Lumley
engaged her for his last season at Her Majesty's Theatre in London,
where her impersonation of the same part made "a success which
increased with every repetition, and was the first link in that close
358 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
union between her and the public which was onW to be severed by
her denth." From that time England became her home. Both Co-
vent Garden and Drurv Lane were the scenes of her frequent operatic
triumphs, and finally, just before her death, she sang at the new
house in the Haymarket. Sir George Grove says of her in his "Dic-
tionary of Musicians": —
" Never was so mightj' a soprano voice so sweet and luscious in its tone :
like a serene, full light, without dazzle or glare, it filled the largest arena
without appearing to penetrate. It had none of a soprano's shrillness or of
that i)eculiar clearness called 'silvery'; when it declined, as it eventually
did, in power, it never became wiry. It had a mezzo-soprano quality extend-
ing to the highest register, perfectly even throughout, and softer than velvet.
Her acting in no way detracted from her singing; she was earnest, animated,
forcible, in all she did conscientious and hearty, but not electric. Her stjde
of singing was noble and pure. When she first came to England her rapid
execution left much to be desired : it w^as heavy and imperfect. Fluency
and flexibility were not hers by nature, but by dint of hard work she over-
came all difticulties, so as to sing with success in the florid music of Rossini
and Bellini. Indeed she attempted almost everything, and is perhaps the
only singer, not even excepting Malibran, who has sung in such completely
opposite roles as those of Semiramide and Fides. But her performance of
light or comic parts was a mere toiu' deforce; her true field was grand opera.
As Lucrezia, Semiramide, Countess Almaviva, she was great; as Donna
Anna and Valentine she was greater; best of all as Fidelio, and as Medea in
Cherubini's opera, revived for her and not likely to be forgotten by any who
heard it.
" In the FreischUtz, as in Fidelio, her appearance " (she was large and some-
what heav}' in figure, but of noble, genial aspect) " was unsuited to her part,
but she sang the music as no one else could sing it. ... Her repertoire also in-
cluded Leonora (Trovatore), the Favorita, Alice, Lucia, Amalia {Un Ballo in
3Iaschera), Norma, Pamina, Margherita, Marta, Elvira (Ernani), Reiza
{Oheroii), and Iphigenia in Tauris."
A singer of that stamp, living in England, was of course soon
•drawn also into sacred music : and Tietjens applied herself to the
study of oratorio, largely under the advice and teaching of Mme.
Rudersdorff, who was warmly her friend during her short stay in
Boston. Her services in that field were in continual request. " Per-
haps the hardest worked singer who ever appealed, she was also the
most faithful and conscientious of artists, never disappointing her
public, who knew that her name on the bills was a guarant}^ against
change of programme, or apology for absence through indisposition.
No doubt her splendid physique enabled her often to sing with impu-
nity when others could not have done so." But it broke up her con-
stitution in the end.
So much in advance of the coming star of the next Handel and
HISTOHY OF THF HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIKTY. 359
Haydn concerts. The October rehearsals began with Handel's
Joshua. Then Elijah came to the front again, and was performed
with Tietjens, Nov. 8, before an immense audience. The receipts
were >4,600, leaving a profit of $G50. Those were days of prover-
bial '' hard times " in Boston, and yet they were full of unusual musi-
cal attractions. Hans von Biilow was giving his first brilliant con-
certs here ; Tietjens and Arabella Goddard also ; and there were the
symphony concerts of the Harvard Musical Association ; and the
splendid Theodore Thomas orchestra was close at hand. But the
great crowd of satiated and economizing concert goers saved itse'f
for Elijah on that Monda}' evening, given by the Handel and Haydn
chorus, 600 strong, with a fine group of soloists besides the glorious
soprano. How was expectation rewarded ? We road : —
" Every chorus was effective, orchestra and organ helpiuo- to good purpose.
The quartets, double quartet, and angel trio were exceptionally fine, with
such singers to support the great soprano as Miss Anna Drasdil, contralto ;
Miss Sarah C. Fisher, soprano ; Miss Ita Welsh, contralto ; Mr. AV. J. Winch,
tenor; and Mr. J. F. Winch, basso, who joined in these things, besides
grandly giving the great role of the Prophet. To be sure. Mile. Tietjens's
great organ seemed almost out of proportion to the others, but it did much
to steady them ; and Miss Drasdil's voice sounded somewhat dry and ineffec-
tive in the concerted pieces, her qualitj^ of tone not blending very happily
with the rest ; and in this way only was she heard during the first part ; but
when she came to the solos in the second part, she gave the vindictive recita-
tive of the queen with great dramatic force and fire, and her singing of " O
rest in the Lord" was so touching and so full of feeling, and the tones so
rich in their strange individuality, that the whole audience were delighted
beyond measure, and that number proved the great hit of the evening. Miss
Welsh, who sang most of the angel solos, particularly the air ' Woe, woe
unto him,' charmed everybody hy her pure style, true, simple feeling, and
distinct enunciation, winning a round of applause which seemed to take her
by surprise. Her rather light organ is very sweet in quality. Once the voice
broke, but she kept on bravely ; and once or twice the nervousness betrayed
itself by a slight drooping from the pitch ; her contril)ution on the whole,
however, was a beautiful success.
" There was no disappointment in Mile. Tietjens. She was in admirable
voice, so that her every tone, especially the highest, rang out as clear and
pure as a bell, and with a very sweet, expressive quality. The part of the
wadow w^as given with great dramatic intensity ; in the answers of the boy
sent out to look for signs of rain, the cr^^stal clearness of the tones was
thrilling; and in ' Holy, holy,' there was an august and sacred majesty such
as we have only heard in Exeter Hall from Mme. Goldschmidt, whose voice,
however, at that time, was by no means so well preserved as that of Tietjens
is to-day, and who used it not without much more effort. ' Hear ye, Israel,'
was superbly rendered, and, but for the fact that it, like all the soprano solos
in this oratorio, ends in a chorus, it would have received the great ovation of
the evening. If some, hearing her that evening for the first time, were a
3(30 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
little disappointed in finding the voice not quite so sj'mpathetic as some
others, the}- must bear in mind that in Elijah the most sympathetic portions
of the solo music do not fall to the soprano; nothing like ' O rest in the
Lord,' for example. On the whole it was a magnificent performance of
Elijah, and made that almost too familiar oratorio seem new again."
The great soprano returned to us for the Christmas oratorios. Oa
Saturday, the evening of Christmas, the Music Kail was crammed
with listeners to the old Society's f^ixty -fifth performance of the Mes-
siah .
Teresa Tietjens sang the great soprano arias gloriously. Her
large, rich, thoroughly musical and pure voice was here engaged in
the noblest service. She sang with fervor, with right understanding,
and with thoroughly artistic, chaste expression. The strong declam-
atory passages were all given in the noblest style and without over-
doing. '* Rejoice greatly " welled up from deep springs of unaffected
gladness and unfiiiling opulence and buoyancy of tone ; and the
second part of it was touched with just the right shade of tender
seriousness. In "I know that my Redeemer livetli," there was no
forced, defiant declamation, no tedious conventional sentimentality ;
it was calm, deep, blissful, assured faith ; and every phrase and note
of the music, every accent and gradation of light and shade, was in
accordance with that lofty, sincere mood. Who will live to hear a
worthier interpretation of that heavenly music ?
Mrs H. E. Sawyer gave a careful, well-conceived, and graceful
rendering of the contralto solos ; her singing was more remarkable
for tenderness and sweetness, and for a certain even excellence, than
for power. Mr. Maas, with a light tenor voice of great sweetness,
very pure and even, made a marked impression by his intelligent,
artistic, and expressive style, particularly in the pathetic pieces,
*' Thy rebuke," etc. Into '• Thou shalt dash them " he also threw a
vigor that was hardly expected of him, achieving a complete success.
Mr. Rudolphspn had not all the voice he once had, and some of his.
bass tones sounded dry ; but his style and execution were masterly,,
making the well-known bass arias uncommonly acceptable.
The chorus was large, but the balance of the lour parts not quite
so perfect as usual. Strangely the basses were too feeble, while the
contralto was the strongest part of all, — a solid, rich, and musical
mass of tone. Nearly all of the choral work was done with spirit
and with even excellence. A few shortcomings, in such "catch}'"
choruses as *• His yoke is eas}-," " Let us break their bonds," scarcely
disturbed the beautiful and grand impression of the whole.
With success even more signal the Cre'ttion was given the next
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 3(U
evening. Bating some carelessness in the orchestral accompaniment,
the choruses (with better balance) went splendidly. The trios, too,
were beautifully sung. And the great voice and art of Mile. Tiet-
jens triumphed in this more flowery and graceful melody as fully as
they did in the Messiah. One only wondered at some changes of the
verbal text, for which no reason was perceptible. Why '^ On mighty
icings " instead of '' pens"? Is it not a pleasure to have the original
meaning of a word preserved for once in such connection with undy-
ing music? Pen. from Latin penna^ which means wing. And what
is the objection to the " cooing" of the dove? It is a word expres-
sive of the natural sound, and surely it is a good vowel to sing.
Not carinoj to o-o back so far as Jennv Lind, we never heard the two
great airs more exquisitely sung ; and the music of Eve, in the third
part, was given with a genuine warmth and tenderness, which had no
taint of the weak sentimentality which too often takes its charm away.
Mr. Maas sang sweetly and artistically as before, though his voice
betrayed exhaustion from previous efforts, or perhaps from a cold."
Mr. John F. Winch sang the descriptive bass solos with admirable
effect.
The weather was bad both nights. The Messiah brought in
$3,600, the expenses being S2,800. The profit on the two perform-
ances was 81,300.
So far that sixty -first seasou had spent itself on repetition of three
•of the most familiar and favorite standard oratorios for which the
Society always held itself in readiness, the Messiah, the Creation, and
Elijah. A little later the Hymn of Praise was brought out again for
the farewell of Tietjens. These four might be called the four corner-
stones, or the four main columns on which the Society chiefly rested.
Perhaps in a few years more it will become safe to add a deeper sub-
foundation in the shape of the Passion Music and the Christmas
Oratorio of Bach, the first of these already growing into popularity,
although not yet completely given.
Rehearsals of Joshua and of the Passion Music occupied the first
three months of 1876. At a meeting of the government, Jan. 12,
the president read a letter from Mr. Dresel. presenting a set of addi-
tional accompaniments for the Messiah, prepared by Robert Franz
for the exclusive use of the Society. President Perkins was instructed
to write a letter of thanks to Herr Franz and send him a gratuity of
8100 for the service. It was voted to perform the Passion Music
(not entire) on April 9, and Joshua on April 16. About the middle
of February, Bach seemed really in the ascendant here in Boston ;
for at the same time three of his great vocal works were in prepara-
362 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
tion ; besides the Passion^ a church cantata, '^ Ich hatte viel Bekiim-
merniss," to be sung b}^ the Cecilia in a Harvard symphony concert,
and the Mcignijicat ^ which the Sharland Choral Society were learning
for a Thomas concert. In April (9-16) came a week of oratorios:
Passion Music, Hymn of Praise, and Joshua.
Sunday evening, April 9, Palm Sunday, witnessed the third per-
formance of Bach's Passion Music, — that is to say, of about three
fourths of it, considerably more than in the Festival of 1874: The
selections were more judicious, and in their connection more effective.
The most important additions were a number of those short, vindic-
tive and excited choruses of Jews, taunting and clamoring for cruci-
fixion, which, as representing that man3'-headed and many-voiced
monster, the populace or mob, were formerly called tnrbce. These
are wonderfully constructed double choruses, in eight real parts,
with independent orchestral parts besides. They are sudden gusts,
whirlwinds of harmony, gone in a moment, but I heir effect is marvel-
lous, and they enliven the serious, sentimental progress of the work
with most vivid dramatic represeutatious of the excited crowd. They
are so quickly gone that the hea er has no tim- to consider the con-
summate ai't implied in the intricate yet clearly expressive polyphonic
texture of each little piece ; hours seem concentrated in an intense
moment. Such are (all in the second part) '' He guilty is of death" ;
" Tell us, thou Christ, who gave the blow" ; '• What is that to us?"
" Let him be crucified" ; '' He saved others, himself he cannot save,'^
etc. ; andthe startling, appalling shout (diminished seventh chord)
upon the word " Barabbas," in answer to the question, " Whether of
the twain will ye that I release unto 3'ou?" This chord was struck
with surprising accuracy and unanimit\ by the whole chorus of five
hundred, considering that they had no leading notes. And all these
little choruses, requiring the utmost vigilance and self-possession for
the attack, were given with spirit and precision, although with not
quite the snap of the preceding evening's rehearsal in the smaller
hall. Nor should we omit to mention the curious little chorus, in the
first part, where the twelve mingle their eager exclamations, '• Lord,
is it I? is it I?"
Several arias and recitatives, before omitted, enriched this per-
formance, namely, for soprano (No. 12), "Only bleed, thou dearest
heart" ; the recitatives relating to Peter's denial ; the tenor recita-
tive, '' He will not speak " (but not the beautiful aria which follows,
'• Behold how still, how calm ! ") ; the alto recitative, ^' Great Lord of
heaven, here stands the blessed Saviour bound " (but not the aria to
wiiich it leads) ; the alto recitative, " Ah, Golgotha " (No. 69), and
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDX SOCIETY. 363
aria ("with ejaculations of cliorus) '' Look where Jesus beckoning
stands"; finally, that niost beautiful bass recitative, "At eventide,
cool hour of rest" (not, however, completed by the equally beautiful
aria, " Cleanse thee, O my soul").
On the other hand, to make room for these fresh numbers, several
of the arias sung before were omitted, besides several of the cho-
rals : indeed only four, out of the fifteen, were given. This was to
be 'regretted for the grand repose they bring at proper moments ;
their broad, rich, chaste harmonies are so tranquillizing, strengthen-
ing, and uplifting lo the soul. It is a kind of all-pervading har-
mony, which seems to flow in (as it were silently) on all sides, from
around you and below, like a full tide, to buoy you up to higher life.
But it was impossible to give all in a single evening ; as it was, it
lasted very nearly three hours — hours of intense enjoyment to most
of the vast audience apparently, if irksome more or less to not a
few ; for people differ in their natures and mental conditions, and it
is simply a question of experience and time as to Bach's music. Ask
the singers who have studied it and in a measure learned it, wliether
they find it dry or tedious. Certain it is, that that whole crowd, with
very few exceptions, listened attentively until the last chord was
sung. To give the Pass'on Music entire requires two performances,
either in the morning and evening of a single day, like Good Friday,
or on two successive evenings ; that experience we were soon to
have.
This performance, on the whole, was a great advance upon the
previous renderings. Mr. Zerrahn covered himself with credit by the
zeal, the energy, the judgment, with which he had worked the whole
matter up ; the rehearsals had been urged through with great tact and
efficiency, and he conducted as one who had come really to love and
feel the music ; there was genuine enthusiasm in it. The choruses,
almost without exception, were remarkably well sung. We have
already spoken of the turbulent choruses of Jews ; the short choruses
of the disciples, in the first part, also went well, — better than before ;
the chorals so well that one only wanted more of them. The gi^eat
double choruses, at the beginning and the end, and the exciting " Ye
lightnings, ye thunders," made a profound impression. The solos,
of course, offered the greatest difficulties. They are all difficult to
unaccustomed singers, though they be artists in more modern styles of
music ; and many of them are difficult to unaccustomed hearers. Our
Bach culture is but half begun. The Bach melody is peculiar ; one
has to become gradually familiar with its forms and steeped in its
spirit. Il is too serious, too quiet, too sincere, too religiously musical
304 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
and too musically religious, too devoid of modern effects, and it
demands too entire a self-surrender of the singer, to make it readily
appreciable to all, to any who have not something in their nature
that draws them to it by innate affinity. Among our excellent
vocalists hardly any had been nurtured upon Bach ; those who have
been will never find in music more unfailing bread of life. But this
time the solo efforts were all creditable, some of them successful in a
bigh degree.
Miss Beebe had many qualifications for the soprano portion, but
not all. She had a clear, pure, evenly developed voice, a finished
style of execution, and she had studied the music faithfully, ap-
l^roaching the task with reverence and no doubt with diffidence, and
yet with courage and determination. Tt was a conscientious effort,
and there can be no denying that she sang well. It is only that
neither the character of voice nor her previous musical atmosphere
and culture were much in sympathy with Bach ; the Bach feeling was
not there. And 3*et there is much to be said in praise of the chaste
style and discretion with which she sang the air " Only bleed." and
in the plaintive duet which precedes the outburst of the lightning
chorus; and the exquisite aria with the flute solo. "From love
unbounded."
To Mme. Rnder^dorff were assigned the important alto solos in the
second part ; and here we had an artist of long experience in the
Bach school, as well as in all the great schools of vocal art ; one who
thoroughly understood the music, and who came back to it with
strong enthusiasm and with desire to signify her undiminished faith
in it, with zeal to convert to it new listeners. Of course her render-
ing of the great aria, '- O pardon me, my God " {Erbarme dich), in
spite of some unpleasant tones, was a fine lesson for our singers.
There was, perhaps, some occasional exaggeration of the pathetic
accent in the recitatives, " Here stands the blessed Saviour bound"
and " Ah, Golgotha I " but it was very grand, impressive declamation ;
and the aria, " Look where Jesus beck'ning stands," was most artis-
ticalW given, with due tenderness and fervor. The alto solos in the
first part were fairly sung by IMrs. Laura Hastings Goodwin, whose
low tones were rich and large, but her delivery somewhat constrained
and cold.
Mr. M. W. Whitney was unable, on account of hoarseness, to
appear, which was a general disappointment. But all were surprised
at the excellent manner in which Mr. J. F. Rndolphsen, who took his
place at a few hours' notice, delivered the beautiful and holy recitative
which falls to the part of Jesus. It was most creditable to his musi-
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 865
cianship, his quick intelligence and taste. The other bass solos (in-
<jluding the recitative of Peter and of the High Priest), the aria (with
recitative), " Gladly will I, all resigning," the aria, '' Give me back
my dearest Master," and the beantiful recitative, '" At eventide,"
were sung by Mr. J. F. Winch, all in his best voice, and in a taste-
ful, noble style ; Bach evidently had begun to gain possession of
him. But the difficult task of all, and on the whole most laudable
achievement, was that of Mr. Wm. J. Winch, who took upon him
not only all the frequent and most trying recitative in the connecting
narrative of the Evangelist, but all the tenor solos that were sung
besides, a most exacting and exhaustive task. And on the whole he
did it admirably, making slight modifications in now and then a high
and fatiguing phrase of the recitative, but giving it for the most part
with sweet, clear voice, and with distinct enunciation. In the solo with
chorus, " I'll watch with my dear Jesu," his voice was sometimes so
subdued at the re-entrance of the theme, that we could not hear it
until he had been singing several measures : that was the only draw-
back to an otherwise artistic, pleasing, })eautiful performance. Mr.
Lang presided ably at the organ.
The farewell of Teresa Tietjens occurred on Wednesday, April
12, between Palm and Easter Sundays. The great prima donna
having expressed her wish to sing her farewell in this city, and with
our oratorio society, Boston was ready to avail herself of the honor,
nnd it was arranged (at very short notice, with small chance for
rehearsal) to give the Hymn of Praise and Rossini's Stahat Mater.
The Music Hall was crammed, and the reception of the noble singer
was most cordial. In the necessarv absence of Mr. Zerrahu, Mr.
Lang conducted. It was difficult on a theatre night to collect all the
desiral)le musicians for an orchestra ; yet the opening symphonv
movements and most of the accompaniments to Mendelssohn's l)eau-
tiful Lohgsar>g were quite well rendered, and the chorus singing was,
with slight exceptions, excellent. Mile. Tietjens delivered the first
solo, " Praise thou the Lord, O my soul," with great energy and
fervor, and in her noble and commanding style, with full, sweet, pen-
etrating tones. In the duet, " 1 waited for the Lord," which she sang
with Miss Clara Smart, a light but pleasing soprano, her tones
seemed not so sympathetic as they were sometimes ; but the sentence
announcing, "The night is departing, departing!" rang out with
thrilling and inspiring splendor : it seemed to inspire the whole mass
of singers, for never had we henrd them sing the extremel}^ difficult
chorus which immediately follows with such spirit and precision.
Mr. Tom Karl's voice was sweet, but hardly equal to the dramatic
3«)»^ HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
intensity of the tenor solo. •• Watchman, will the nioht soon
pass?"'
The Stahat Jftter showed more signs of hasty and imperfect prep-
aration, not having been sang by the Society for some time. Mr.
Tom Karl sang Cvjus animcun very acceptably, and all the other
tenor solo parts. Miss Drasdil. with her powerfnl and tellinL' but
ambiguous voice (at times you would take it for a tenor), achieved
one of the great successes of the evening in the alto air. Fac ut por-
tem; but in the duet, QuU est hon-o, her voice and that of Tietjens
did not seem very well matched in quality. Indeed all the concerted
pieces, including the beautiful quu-tet, Quaivlo corpus, suffered
from the imperfect blending of the voices. Mr. T. F. Sullivan sano-
the bass solos with a good solid voice, but in rather a dry stvle, and
not always in perfect tune. Mile. Tietjens was admirable through-
out, but seemed to reserve her full power for her incomparablv mao--
niticent rendering of the Injfammatus, which brought the concert to
a splendid climax, the weak fugue, with which Rossini terminates his
Slaba', being wisely left off. The enthusiasm of the audience knew
no bounds ; and it was long before they ceased to recall the noble
singer, overwhelming her with plaudits. All took leave with regret
of one whom all felt to be tlie noblest living representative of the
grand school of vocal art.
This farewell was prophetic ; in but a year and a few months later
Teresa Tietjens, having returned to England, bade her final farewell
u thif mortal world.
That week of oratorios, and that musical year of the Society closed
with a work of Handel never before attempted here. Joshua, an
oratorio in the same high heroic strain with Judas ^faccaboius. was
first presented to a Boston audience, and indeed to any audience
in this country, on the evening of Easter Sunday, April 16. The
Music Hall was full.
Like most of Handel's oratorios, tlie score as it was left by him
was very incomplete and sketchy : many instrumental paits were
wanting to fill out the harmony. He could provide for that himself
when he presided over the performance at the organ ; but that to
musicians of our day is a lost art. Accordingly there had to be done
for it — what /udas M accabcti us st'iW so sadly needs — what Mozart
did for the Messiih, what Franz did for Bach's Passiou Music — the
work of completing the instrumentation b}' another hand ; and that
could only be intruste 1 to a musician of the highest order, thoroughly
iml)ued with the spirit of those old masters and at home in the whole
style and feeling of the works in question. Happily in the present
HISTOKY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 367
case this service had beon rendered by the Dresden KapeKmeister,
Julius Rietz (Mendelssohn's successor at Leipzig), who had furnished
additional orchestral parts for wind instruments for a performance
of Joshua at the Diisseldorf festival in 1841. The Advrtiser of the
day before the performance, in a brief communication, evidenth' from
the president of the Society, shows how a copy was obtained : —
" Dr. Robert Franz, the well-known composer, who is, perhaps, of all musi-
cians, best qnalitied to judge in such a matter, has a high opinion of Kietz's
work, and it was from hira that Mr. Otto Dresel borrowed the parts that he
might have them copied expressly for the Handel and Haydn Society. The
Society also owes to ^Ir. Dresel's intercession the additional parts to Handel's
Messiah composed by Robert Franz to complete those w^ritten by Mozart.
Dr. Franz had undertaken this work some years ago, but had laid it aside to
be fluished at a future day. When requested to do so for the Handel and
Haydn Society by the board of management, through Mr. Dresel, he resumed
his labors, and the result has become the exclusive property of the Society.
At Christmas, or perhaps even at an earlier date, the Boston public will thus
have an opportunity of hearing the Messiah as it has never been heard else-
where, enriched not only by the additional accompaniments of Mozart, but
also by those of Dr. Franz, whose intimate knowledge of Handel's music
and profound respect for his genius assure us that he has worked in the spirit
of Handel, and has added only that Avhich will enhance the beauties of his
most sublime creation."
To return to Josh'/a. Although not to be ranked with Handel's
greatest oratorios, it contains several of his grandest and most
graphic choruses, some arias of great beauty, as well as some of a
heroic and inspiring strain ; audit abounds in recitative (perliaps a
weariness to some) which is always fine, discriminating, eloquent,
and true to character and situation. Its martial and heroic strain is
well relieved by tender passages of love. Some parts of the earlier
choruses, like 'Tn wat'ry heaps affrighted Jordan rolled," remind one
of the more massive, but in idea not grander, double choruses in
Israel. There are no double choruses in Joshua.
The work itself, and the performance on the whole, proved more
acceptable than had been commonly anticipated. Indeed it was lis-
tened to throughout with every sign of pleasure. Of the work more in
detail, and of the way in which it was performed, w^e must borrow
some remaiks from one of the daily journals of the time : —
" In the lirst part, which illustrates the pieparation of the tribes of Israel
for battle, the episode of the meeting of Achsah and Othniel is given such
prominence as to make it the feature of this portion of the work. Achsah
is introduced in the plaintive air, 'Oh! who can tell, oh! w^ho can hear of
Egypt and not shed a tear ? Hearing Othniel's praises, she fancies the
sweet comiDliments come from the birds of the forest, and sings, to the
3()8 HISTOKY OF THE HANDEL AXI) HAYDN SOCIETY.
accompaniment of the tlute, an exquisite song, ' Hark, 't is the linnet.'
Then, meeting with Othniel, tliey together sing a love duo in the pastoral
style, ' Our limpid streams with freedom flow.' Their wooing is interrupted
by the trumpet call, and the first part closes with a grand chorus : ' May all
the hosts of heaven attend Mm.'
"At the opening of the second part occurs the ji/e'cf Oe resistance of the
work, the solo ( tenor) and chorus, ' Glory to God.' Some passages in this num-
ber, notably the phrase, ' The nations tremble,' have scarcely been excelled
even by Handel in his most inspired moments. A magnificent air for the
bass, * See the raging flames arise,' follow^s. which is succeeded by a chorus,
' Almiglitj" ruler of the skies,' which describes the miraculous passage over
Jordan. A superb recitative accompanies Joshua's invocation to the sun and
moon : and the chorus. ' Behold ! the listening sun the voice obeys,' forms
a grand climax to the second part. The third and closing part fairly bristles
with gems. Besides the well-known bass air. ' Shall I in Mamre's fertile
plains,' and then the not nnfamiliar soprano air, ' Oh, had I Jubal's lyre,'
occurs a fine aria, ' Place danger ;i round me,' for the contralto, a sublime
chorus. ' Father of Mercy,' and the great chorus, also introduced in Judas,
' See, the conquering hero comes,' which celebrates the triumph of young
Othniel.
"The leading soprano part was sung by Mme. A'an Zandt. This artist's
style is not entirely suited to oratorio, and in some of her solos she Avas not
especially successful: albeit she sang her music carefully aud conscientiously.
Her rendering of ' Oh, who can tell ' was Avanting in the depth of feeling
which the piece demands, and in ' Hark! 'tis the linnet.' there was a lack of
that delicacy and naivete for which the music called. In • Oh I had I Jul)ars
lyre,' nothing was wanting : for the piece was exactly fitted to her brilliant
style, and she won a hearty encore. Miss Phillipps as Othniel justified the
title that has aptly been bestowed upon her by an eminent critic, of the most
emotional singer America has produced. All her music w^as impressively
rendered, especially the diflicult aria in the third part, ' Place danger around
me ' Mr. Maas has never appeared to better advantage than in Joshua. In
his recitative, ' O thou bright orl),' he rose to a very higli point of lyric
power. Mr. John F. Winch is entitled to Avarm commendation for his sing-
ing of the bass part, Caleb, which he assumed at very short notice, owing to
the continued illness of Mr. M. W. Whitney. The audience was in full sym-
pathy with Mr. Winch in his trying position, but his efforts called for no
indulgence. His principal air, ' See the raging flames.' was magnificently
given. Miss Sarah C. Fisher merits favorable mention for her good work in
recitative.
" To the chorus belongs much of the splendid success attained. Consider-
ing tliat the work was entirely unfamiliar, the choral performance was mar-
vellous in its uniform smoothness and power. . . . Mr. Zerrahn held the
baton, and kept the chorus up with his usual success. He was honored with
a delicate but significant testimonial from the lady members of the chorus,
in the form of a beautiful floral lyre. His discovery of this tribute, which
occurred at the end of tlie first part, created a most agreeable sensation in the
chorus, which broke forth into quite a spontaneous demonstration of ap-
plause "
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 3f)9
sixTY-sECoxD s?:ason.
May 20. 1S7(?, to May 28, 1877.
The amuuil meeting was held May 29. The president, Charles C.
Perkins, occupied the chair, and in the absence of A. Parker Browne,
Mr. M. G. Daniell was chosen secretary pro tern. The librarian,
J. H. Stickney, reported that there had been added to the library
during the year one hundred pianoforte chorus scores of the Messiah
and some orchestral music He also presented a tabulated list of
the works performed by the Society from Dec. 25, 1815, to April 16,
187G (not including fragments of nn oratorio), as follows : —
NAME. COMPOSER. FIRST TIME. NO. LAST TIME.
Miscellaneous Dec. 2,5, 1815 . 180 May 9, 1874
Messiah Handel Dec 25, 1818. . Co Dec. 25, 1875
Creadon Haydn Feb. 10, 1819 . . 59 Dec. 26, 1875
Dettingen Te Deum Handel April 1, 1819 . . 3 March 1, 1802
The Intercession ]M. P. King Jan. 25, 1825 . . 1
Mass in B flat. • Haydn Jan. 25, 1829 . . 5 Feb. 2, 1834
Mass in C Mozart April 12, 1829 . . 1
Mass Bnhler Dec 13,1829.. 2 March 27, 1831
Monntof Olives (Engedi). Beethoven Dec. 22,1833.. 0 Feb. 27,1853
])avid S. Nenkomm. .Feb. 28, 1830 . . 57 April 10, 1859
Remission of Sin C. E. Horn. . . . Oct. 2, 1830 . . 1
Hymn of the Night. S. Nenkomm. .Oct. 1, 1837 . . 2 April 23, 1843
Mount Sinai S. Nenkomm . -Oct. 4, 1840 . . 7 Aug. 21 , 1841
The La'Jt Judgment L. Spohr March 20, 1812 . . 8 :Nrarch 1 7, 1844
Saint Paul Mendelssohn . .Jan. 22, 1843 . . 9 Dec. 27, 1874
Transient and Eternal Romberg Nov. 14, 1841 . . 5 Dec. 15, 1844
Stabat Mater Rossini Feb. 20, 1843 . . 20 April 12, 1876
Samson Handel Jan. 20, 1845 . . 32 May 5, 1808
Moses in Egypt. Rossini Dec. 21, 1845 . . 45 Feb. 29, 1868
Judas Maccabjcus Handel Dec. 15, 1847 . . 15 May 5, 1874
Elijah :\Iendelssohn . .Feb. 13, 1848 . . 40 Nov. 8,* 1875
The Martyrs Donizetti Dec. 10, 1849 . . 7 Jan. 27, 1850
The Ninth Symphony Beethoven .... April 2, 1853 . . 5 May 0, 1874
Solomon Handel Nov. 18,1855.. 3 Dec. 9,1855
Requiem Mass Mozart Jan. 18, 1857 . . 2 March 29, 1 857
Eli M Costa Feb. 15, 1857 . . 4 Nov. 27, 1864
Hymn of Praise :Mendelssohn . April 10, 1858 ..12 April 12, 1876
Israel iu Egypt Handel Feb. 13, 1859 . . 4 June 24, 1872
Ode on St. Cecilia's Day.. Handel Nov. 28,1863.. 2 Dec. 0,1803
Festival Overture O. Nicolai May 23, 1805 . . 5 May 9, 1871
Psalm XLII Mendelssohn . . :May 13, 1 800 . . 1
Jephtha Handel Feb. 17, 1867 . . 1
Psalm XCV :Mendelssohn. .:Mav 5,1808.. 1
870 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
NAME. COMPOSEK. FIRST TIME. NO. LAST TIME.
Kaamaii M. Costa March 27, 1800 . . 2 Dt-c. 26,-1809
The Woman of Samaria. ..W. S. BennettMay 13,1871.. 1
Hear m.v rrayer Mendelssohn . . May 7, 1874 . . 2 Feb. 6, 1875
Christus Mendelssohn . . May 7, 1874 . . 1
]*salm XLVI 1). Buck May 7, 1874 . . 2 Feb. 0, 1 875
The Passion Music (Saint
Matthew) Bach May 8,1874.. 2 April 9, 187fi
Saint Peter J K. Paine May 9, 1874 . . 1
The Seasons Haydn April 28, 1875. . 1
Joshua Handel April 16, 187C).. 1
The treasurer, George W. Palmer, reported that the receipts for
the year had been S19,2G1. IncUided among the items were the fol-
lowing : from the Messiah, 83,629.56 : from the Creation, $3,030.25 ;
from Bach's Passion Music, $1,244.50; portion of the Tietjeus con-
cert, $1,124.57 ; from ,7bs7ma, $1,674.50. The general expenses,
including the rent of the hall, etc., were $3,073.04, and the expenses
of the concerts had used up the remainder of the receipts, leaving a
balance of $54.22 in the treasury. The indebtedness had been
reduced from $2,750 to S2,000. There was a long discussion on the
advisability of assessing the members to pay off the debt, and finally
it was voted to levy an assessment of $5 on each member. A motion
to reconsider was lost.
Mr. Palmer, who was also chairman of the examining committee,
reported that 172 candidates for membership had been examined, of
which number 80 had been received and 02 rejected. Of" those re-
ceived 25 were sopranos, 26 altos, 10 tenors, and 10 bassos.
The president made a brief address in the nature of a report. He
suggested that it would be a good plan to have a library room, where
the music could be kept, and of sufficient size to be a pleasant place
of resort for the members ; and that a double quartet of the best
singers in the Society should be selected to examine music and. report
upon its merits to the Society. He reported that thirty rehearsals
had been held, at which the average attendance was 340 persons, and
that six concerts had been given, at which the average attendance
was 475. He also suggested that a musical festival be held in ]May,
1877, and this suggestion was received with applause. He took tlie
opportunit}^ to i)resent to the Society two large folio volumes of the
Handel edition of the Messiah, and he urged upon the members the
importance of more frequent donations of such a character. The
thanks of the Society were extended to him for his gift.
The election of officers was then proceeded with, and resulted as
follows : —
HISTORY OF THE HANDFX AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 371
President. — Ciiakles C. Perkins.
Vice-President. — George H. Chickering.
Secretary. — A. P. Browne.
Treaty rer. — George AV. Palmer.
Librarian. — J. H. Stickney.
Directors. — J. S. Sawyer, R. Beeching, F. H. Jenks, W. F.
Bradbury, M. G. Daniell, A. H. Wilson, G. T. Brown, and J. I).
Andrews.
Mr. John A. Nowell called the attention of the Society to the pres-
ence in the meeting of Mr. B. B. Davis, of Brookline, who had
attended regularly sixty annual meetings. Mr. Davis responded
briefly, testifying to the great good be had received from his con-
nection with the Society and his participation in the noble thoughts
and words of the oratorios.
As this was to be a festival year (the fourth Triennial) , the cus-
tom aiy oratorio work of the Society shrank to small dimensions.
Only the Christmas and Easter oratorios were provided for, — the
Messiah, and for the second time, Joshua. The Festival was the
''objective point" of the year, absorbing all the energy beyond the
necessary rehearsal for the reproduction of those two works, one for
the sixty-sixth, the other for the second time.
During the summer little or nothing of importance is recorded.
Some things were discussed without definite or satisfactory result.
Perhaps the most significant was Boston's need of a good permanent
local orchestra. Music, especially orchestral music, in the Fnited
States, was felt to be growing too peripatetic to be relied upon for
local uses. Through the frequent invasion of trained travelling-
orchestras, all our humble attempts to build up a local orchestra
were crippled by the falling off of steady, public patronage ; and from
this cause the oratorios, as well as the purely instrumental concerts,
suffered. It became more and more difficult to gather from among
our resident musicians a really sufficient orchestra for the accompani-
ment even of Elijah and the Hymn of Praise. To call in a travelling
virtuoso orchestra each time was altogether too expensive. (It is
l)etter at this present time of writing. 1881).)
It may be worth mentioning, as showing the influence of good ex-
ample, that Handel's Joshua., a few months after the first production
by the old Society, was successfully brought out (earh^ in October),
in the Nineteenth Annual Festival of the Worcester County Musical
Association at Worcester, Carl Zerrahn conducting. The soloists were
Miss Clara Doria (now Mrs. H. M. Rogers), Miss Mathilde Phillipps,
Mr. J. P. Nilsen, tenor, of New York, and Mr. J. F. AVinch.
372 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
Rehearsals of the 3fessiah and of Joshua occupied the Sunday
evenings from Oct. 1 to Christmas. At a meetiug of the board, Dec.
8, tlie committee on soloists presented the first draft of a programme
for the Festival ; and Dr. Robert Franz, of Halle, Saxony, was made
an honorary member of the Society.
Christmas Eve came on Sunday eveniug, Dec. 24, when the Society
gave its sixty-sixth performance of the Messiah, that being its five
hundred and ninety-fourth concert in the sixty-two years of its exist-
ence. As usual at that joyful festival, the Music Hall was crowded,
and the performance on the whole was one of the best, the choruses
having been rehearsed with zealous care and even with enthusiasm.
This performance derived a special interest from the use, for the first
time, of the additional accompaniments furnished by Robert Franz to
several numbers of the work which Mozart had omitted to complete
in the admirable manner in which he had fitted the rest of the oratorio
for public performance in Vienna. It can hardly be supposed that
the mass of a Boston audience, not technically musical, noticed par-
ticularly wherein the passages in question sounded better than before,
and yet unconscioush' they must have experienced a fresh pleasure
in them. To musical students and observers the improvement must
have been palpable. A much richer and warmer coloring was im-
parted to the air, "He shall feed his flock," by the addition of two
clarinets, two bassoons, and particularly two horns, though this had
been suggested heretofore at least upon the organ. In like manner
the pair of clarinets and of bassoons filled out the middle harmouy,
so long left to the organ, with excellent effect in a considerable num-
ber of the choruses, arias, and the more graphic recitatives, as '-Thus
saith the Lord, And I will shake,"' etc. And several times the fine
contrapuntal art of Franz was beautifully manifested in the answer-
ing phrases, imitations, which he has given to those middle instru-
ments, or instrumental voices, keeping up the polyphonic continuity.
Who can doubt that Handel himself did that when he presided at his
organ ? A number of the shorter recitatives, left with only a figured
bass, had been written out by Franz for the quartet of strings, and
certainly they sounded better. There was, moreover, another impor-
tant improvement in the treatment of the orchestral accompaniment.
The phrasing and liowing of the violins, and all the strings, which had
followed an absurd tradition, — in short a coarse and careless habit
of playing nearly every figure with a hacking staccato, — had been
carefully conformed by the conductor to the evident intentions of
Handel's score, so that we no longer heard the incongruous and stilted
separate accent on each note accompanying the legato of the voices.
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 373
The solos averaged well, if there was no singer of superlative
excellence, no famous prima donna. The soprano pieces were divided
between Mrs. J. W. Weston and a new aspirant, Miss Lilian B.
Norton. The latter had a pure, large, powerful voice, which she had
a tendency to use (probably in the over-anxiety of a debutante in
that large hall) somewhat too powerfully. Her vocal culture, too,
seemed hardly equal to her sympathetic musical feeling, her dramatic
intensity and good conception. She gave "There were shepherds "
and " Rejoice) greatly," with fine effect, and promised to Vake high
rank among our singers in these nobler tasks. Mrs. Weston sang
"But thou didst not leave" and " I know that my Redeemer" ver}^
sweetly, but with rather indistinct enunciation. Miss Mathilde Phil-
lipps won great favor in the contralto solos. Her rich and sympathetic
voice, and her large, evenW sustained, expressive delivery, appeared
to excellent advantage in "O thou that tellest," and in "He was
despised," the latter being given in a chaste and unaffected manner,
without any of that sentimental overdoing of expression which has
been too common in that song, and without that mannish qualitv in
the deep tones so offensive in many of the pow^erful contraltos. Mr.
AYm. J. Winch sang the more pathetic tenor solos with great refine-
ment and true feeling, and with a sweet quality of tone. And in the
energetic and trying "Thou shalt dash them," he was remarkably
successful, except that the high A on "dash," in his strenuous effort
to give it all possible emphasis, was rather robbed of tone. Mr. M.
W. Whitney was in grand voice, and rendered tlie bass solos very
impressively.
The chorus numbered four hundred voices, and there was an orches-
tra of forty. The financial result of the concert was a profit of one
thousand dollars.
1877. Among the announcements of forthcoming musical events
that season appeared this, on the od of March : —
First in consequence is the Triennial Festival of the Handel and Haydn
Society, next May, for which the programme is full of interest and novelty,
and the rehearsals are going on in real earnest. There will be six perform-
ances, as follows : —
Wednesday eveniwj, May 16. A new festival overture and chorus by
Prof . J. K Paine; " Sprinu," from Haydn's Seasons; Ninety-fifth Psalm by
Mendelssohn.
Thursday afternoon, 17tli. Solos: orchestral selections; Kedemption
Hymn, for contralto solo and chorus, composed expressly by J. C. 13. Par-
ker; Marcello's Eighteenth Psalm, "The Heavens are telling" (I cieli nar-
rano, — the one described in Mme. George Sand's Consiielo).
Thursday evenimj. Bach's Christmas Oratorio (two or three parts) ; Hil-
ler's Sony of Victory^ for soprano solo and chorus.
:M4: HISTOUV of THK JIANDEL and HAYDN SOCIETY.
Friday eveniiuj Handel's Samson.
Saturdan afternoon. Solos etc. "Noel," a Christmas cantata by Saint-
8aens.
Siinday erenim/. May 2(>. Handel's irraudest choral work, the oratorio
Israd in Egypt.
Among the solo singers secured are: Miss Clara Louise Kellogg, Miss
Phnma C. Thursby. Miss Annie Louise Cary. Mr. Charles R Adams, tenor,
from the Imperial Opera in Vienna, Mr. Win. J. "Winch, Mr. John F, Winch,
and Mr. M. W. Whitney.
Meanwhile, at Easter, the Society will perform Handel's Joshua, with Miss
Thursby, IMiss A. Phillipps, Mr. Maas, and Mr. M. W. Whitney for the solos.
Some action of the board of governmeut, ¥eh. IG, shows the gen-
erous patriotic spirit with which the Society- approached this Festival.
It was then voted that one half the profits be devoted to the "Old
South (Church) Preservation Fund." That surely should have in-
spired enough additional attendance on the part of friends of Boston's
sacred, proud, historical memorials, to make it certain that there
would be profits to divide The result will show.
While busily working on the P'estival rehearsals, the chorus still
found time to brush up their rather short acquaintance with Handel's
Joxhaa for the Piaster oratorio, which came on the 1st of April.
Tliey were greeted bv a full house, the receipts amounting to $2,200.
If not so great as its great brethren, the Messiah and Israel in Egypt,
it was not the less keenly enjoyable as being of the same royal line-
age and comparatively new to a Boston public, having been given
only once before. It is not always the highest mountain that we care
to climlj ; a change of view is sometimes more to us than height.
The performance was not on the whole so good as that of the year
])efore. The chorus sometimes faltered in attack. Then too, —
prol)a])ly the result of a long Wagnerian dissipation, — the orchestra
was often coarse and careless, yet some of the choruses were made
remarkably expressive and effective. There was much to praise in
the solo singing, while some of it was inadequate. Pretty Miss
Emma Thursby, fresli and natural-, with her fresh, sweet voice, —
her first attempt in oratorio, — sang the music of Achsa (with many
omissions) very beautifully, with artistic, true expression, although
she seemed not quite in health, and put less life into lier song than on
some happier occasions. But " Oh, had I Jubal's lyre " was splen-
didly delivered. '' Hark I 't is the linnet," too, was charmingly sung,
being just suited to her liquid, bird-like voice. Miss Adelaide Phil-
lipps was thoroughly the artist, ripe and true, in the melodies of
Othniel. ^Ir. Maas, the tenor, sang with sweet voi( e and refined
taste, but seemed to have a cold and lacked wei2:ht and resonance for
HI8TOKV OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 375
the heroic temper of the songs of Joshua. Mr. Whitney, too, our
grand ])asso, did not a few things grandly, yet was not at his best.
" Shall I in Manire's fertile plain" was given with a sustained and
noble gravity on his part ; but the flowing chords of the accompani-
ment, quite as cantabile as the voice part, were played in so staccato,
or detached a manner, as to mar the effect of the music as a whole.
And now, having sent forth these two noble frigates, the Christmas
and the Easter oratorios, rejoicing on their way, we have the harbor
full of sails and full of stir and preparation with the great fleet of
the Fourth Triennial Festival.
" Play with j'our fancies . . .
Hear the shrill whistle, which cloth order gi\'e
To sounds confns'cl : behold the threaden sails,
Borne with th' invisible and creeping wind,
Draw the huge bottoms through the fnrrow'd sea.
Breasting the loftj* surge. O, do but think.
You stand upon the rivage, and behold
A city on the inconstant billows dancing ;
For so appears this fleet majestical,
Holding due course," etc. Henry V.
FOURTH TKIENNIAL FESTIVAL.
May IT) to May 20, 1877.
This Festival, unlike its predecessors, presented a list of principal
singers who were all American, and verily a fine one. For sopranos,
Miss Clara Louise Kellogg and Miss Emma Thursby ; contraltos,
Miss Annie Louise Cary and Miss Mathilde Phillipps : tenors, Mr.
Charles R. Adams (who for nine years had held a high position in
the Imperial Opera at Vienna, and who was sure to be welcomed back
with enthusiasm to the scene of his old triumphs) and Mr. William J.
Winch ; bassos, our two stalwart Handelian '' men of war," Messrs.
John F. Winch and M. W. Whitney. The chorus had six hundred
voices, the orchestra seventy musicians, including the Beethoven
and Mendelssohn Quintet Clubs. Mr. B. J. Lang was organist and
solo pianist ; Carl Zerrahn, conductor of the whole, as he had been of
all the preceding festivals, five in number. The evening oratorios
began at 7.45 ; the afternoon concerts at 2.30. The Chickering
pianos were used at all the concerts. The order of the programmes,
it will be seen, was somewhat changed since the first announcement,
and Elijah was added, while Haydn's '* Spring" was omitted.
37(j HISTOHY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
First Day. Wednesday Evenhnj^ May 16. The Festival opened
with a superb performance of Mendelssohn's Elijah, the most popular
of all oratorios, and one which the chorus knew by heart, and was
almost sure to sing it well ; and it was all-important that the first
start in such a Festival should be an inspiring, unmistakable success.
The choral work was magnificent, chorus after chorus giving more
palpable and more inspiring proof of the great progress the Society
had made within three years. The enthusiasm, alike of singers and
of audience, culminated in the stupendous " Kain " chorus, '• Thanks
be to God," which, it is safe to say, was never before given here with
such precision, such verve, such grand sonorous volume, carrying all
before it.
The quartet of principal soloists was excellent. Miss Clara Louise
Kellogg, to be sure, was somewhat out of her most congenial and
accustomed sphere in music of so large and serious a character ; her
voice seemed thin and hard and worn in several passages, and once
or twice, as in the Angel trio, slightly out of tune. But she was an
accomplished and artistic singer, and she gave herself to the task
with right good will.
Miss Annie Louise Gary, then one of the noblest contralto singers
in the world, came back to us in the full ripeness of her golden voice
and art. All that she did that night was admirable and absolutely
satisfying The pathos of '-Woe unto them" could hardly find
expression more sincere and truthful ; and •• O rest in the Lord " was
given in tones of such rich and even volume, such a pure and perfect
cantabile, and such chaste and simple fervor, that it required all her
judicious amiable firmness to resist the call for a repetition. As the
arrival of Mr. Gharles R. Adams was delayed by a rough passage
from Hamburg, the tenor solos fell to our excellent Wm. J. Winch,
whose voice never was sweeter, nor his style more pure, finished, and
expressive. Mr. M. W. Whitney always makes a grand and stately
representative of the Prophet. This time his ponderous bass voice,
particularly the upper range of it, was hardly in its best condition;
but most of his sentences were grandly delivered, the pathetic arias
were sung Avith feeling and refinement, and the swift, strong, uncon-
tainable ''Is not his word like a fire?" was given with great
energy and certaint}^ making the '• divine rage" of the music felt.
In the double quartet these four artists were assisted by Miss Sarah
G. Fisher, Mrs. Jennie M. Noyes,Mr. P'essenden, and Mr. J. F. Winch,
and Miss Fisher joined Miss Kellogg and Miss Gary in the Angel trio.
AVith the exception of the ti'io, all the concerted pieces were uncom-
monlv successful in the renderino-.
HISTOIIY OF THE HANDEL AM) HAYDN SOCIETY. 377
The Music Hall was crowded io all parts, and tlie first night of the
Festival was a decided and a fruitful triumph.
Skcokd Day. Thursday Afternoon, 3lay 17. Another crowded
house ; receipts %'l 600. All the [principal vocalists appeared in the
following programme : —
1. Overture to Athalu\ Op. 74 Mendehsohn.
2. Air from tlie Creation, •■ KoUiiig in foaming billows " . Hojjdn.
Mr. M. W. Whitney.
V>. Aria from i^e^nVaw^V/e, " All, quel gioriio !" . . . liossini.
Miss PniLUPpy.
4. Sceua from Z)o?i G^ioraH^/, "Nou mi dir" . . . Mozart.
Miss Kellogg.
5. Aria from Requiem Mass. "Ingemisco" . . . Verdi.
Mr. Chahlks W. Adams.
6. Psalm X VIII. " The Spacious Firmament" . . Marrollo.
Solos by Mrs. Jennie M. Noyes.
Assisted in the quartet by Mr. AY. J. Winch, Mr. B. F. Gilbeut,
and Mr. C. E Hay.
7. Adauio from Prometheus, Op. 4H Beethoven.
8. Song from Xaaman, " I dreamt I Avas in heaven" . . Costa
Miss Caky.
9. Concert aria. '• INIa che vi fece ' Mozart.
Miss Thii^srv.
10. Cantata, " Noel ■' [Christmas] Saint- Sa'ens.
Solos by Miss Kellogg, Miss Gary. Miss Phillipps,
Mr. W. J ^VIXCH. and Mr. J. F. Winch.
The points of most m.nrked interest in tliis concert were the first
hearing of '' Noel," the first appearauce of JNIr. Adams, and the
Mozart aria as sung by Miss Thursln\ To begin with the last
named, it was a triumph for the fresh, pure, bird-like young sopi'ano.
The aria itself teems with happy thoughts in the modest, genial
orchestral accompaniment. It soars high in the hnal allegro and
revels in bright florid figures, and the young lady sang in the most
crystal clear, sweet tones, witli utmost fluency and brilliancy ; her
intonation perfect, and her style sympathetic where the passage
called for that. Miss Kellogg vocalized fluently and gracefully in
the *' Letter" aiia, but hers was not the Donna Anua sphere of song.
Miss Gary sang a flat, sentimental piece as well as she sings every-
thing ; there was immeuse applause for her. Miss JNIathilde Phillipps
seemed better fitted for the stage than for the concert room.
^Ir. Adams was most warmly greeted as he presented himself with
a quiet, manly bearing, and au air of experience and distinction,
such as one might look for in the American singer who had held the
place of leading tenor for nine years in the Imperi-d 0[)era at Vienna.
378 HISTOKY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
There was the stamp of the artist manifest ere lie had suii<>- three
measures. His was the robust kind of tenor, of large compass,
evenly developed, under complete control, and intrinsically very
sweet in quality, though, probably owing to the " sea change" from
which he had scarcely yet escaped, a certain huskiness obscured his
middle tones. He sang superbly, in a frank, large, masterly dra-
matic style, each tone fraught with-meaning and intention. The high
B Hat was splendid, and his baritone notes were musical and solid.
Nothing could be finer than his musical declamation, or his enuncia-
tion, for which this impassioned ''Ingemisco" from Verdi's Requiem,
affected as the composition is and overstrained, afforded him consid-
erable scope. Recalled with hearty plaudits, he sang it even bettor
than before.
Of Marcello's Eighteenth Psalm, or the fragments culled from it
and here put together, with full orchestral accompaniment, by Lind-
paintner, for the use of the Parisian and other Conservatories, we
have briefly remarked elsewhere : —
"It is a portion only, and the smaller portion, the rirst iiKjvement out of
several, of that Psalm Avhich George Sand in her famous novel makes Consuelo
sing before the great composer, under the direction of the old maestro Por-
pora, beginnin,i>-, ' I cieli immensi narrano' ('The heavens are telling').
Marcello's mnsic covers all the many verses of each Psalm : the selection
here made has greater unity as well as brevity. The words of Addison's
noble hymn, 'The spacious tirmament on high,' etc., are found to suit the
music admirably. It is in a cheerful, flowing, even, narrative vein of mel-
ody, so simple that it almost sings itself; and being w^ritten for alto, tirst
and second tenors, and bass voices, without soi)ranos, and harmonized with
admirable art, it has a singularly rich, full, hearty sound, as refreshing as it
is unusual. The alto solo, however, is so httle that we wonder how .^Ime.
Sand came to make so much account of it."
And did it occur to George Sand that she was making a contralto
of her budding prima donna? The piece, though well sung, made no
very marked impression ; the heavy orchestration seemed to overload
a work so purely vocal and so modest ; and, pleasing as the extract
was, it is by no means the best part of the Psalm, nor is this Psalm
so good a specimen as could be found among the fifty. The solos
were fairly sung by Mrs. Noyes, as was a quartet of soli in one place,
reminding one of Haydn's '• The heavens are telling."
Much more interesting was the short Christmas Oratorio (or can-
tata) by Saint-Saens. As an early composition (Op. 12), it shows
rai'e talent, if not genius. The study of Bach betrays itself at
various points in it. Had Bach's Christmas music been heard first,
every one would have recognized in the instrumental prelude a pal-
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 371)
pable imitation of Bach's Pastoral Symphony, — the same 12-8
measure, the same sort of phrasing, the same contrasting of pastoral
reeds with strings. Only here the orchestra has only strings, the
reeds being represented on the organ, and very expressively, by Mr.
Lang. Bach's prelude is far more poetic and ideal, this of Saint-
Saiins more realistic, as if you actually heard the Abruzzi peasants
in the streets of Rome ; and here too the narrative and the annuncia-
tion, distributed among the four solo voices, may be called conven-
tional; much of it is kept upon a monotone, like church chanting.
The chorus, " Glory, now, unto God," etc., is concise and effective.
The simple air, "Firm in faith," in detached phrases, with graceful
instrumental figures between them, was beautifully sung by Miss
Gary. Miss Kellogg and Mr. J. F. Winch did justice to the duet,
'' Blessed, ever blessed," which, but for the tedious continuity of
staccato chord accompaniment by the organ, has much beauty.
There was nothing more impressive in the whole work than the stir-
ring chorus, " Wherefore are the nations raging?" ; and nothing more
lovely in contrast, though the connection seems forced, than the gen-
tle, flowing ascription to which its turbulent agitato suddenly gives
wa3\ Solo singers, chorus, orchestra, and organ were satisfactory
throughout, and the work as a whole probably made all the impres-
sion that it ever will make. It certainly gave pleasure here for once.
Tliuvsday Evening. Third concert, with this programme : —
1. Christmas Oratorio. Parts I. and II J. S. Bach.
Solos by Miss Thuhsby, Miss Caky, Mr. W. J. Winch,
and Mr. J. F. Winch.
2. Recitative, " Deeper aud deeper still " ^ ^.^.^^^^^ j^^^^^^^^^ _ ^^ ^, ^^^^^^^^^^
Air, '• Waft her, angels " >
Mr. W. J. WiNX'H.
8. Air from Eli, " I Avill extol thee, O Lord" . . . J/. Costa.
Miss Emma C. Thuhsby.
4. Hywm, Bed' mption J. C. D. Parker.
Solo l)y Miss Cary.
.5. Air from The Prodigal Son ^-1. ^S'. Snllivan.
Mr. J. F. Winch.
0. Cantata, .1 ,Son(j of Victor;/ F. Hiller.
Solo by Miss Thursby.
The two parts of Bach's Christmas Oratorio were far more success-
ful, both in their presentation and reception, than we had dared to
hoi)e. So far as w^e could read the signs, the great majority of the
audience, that very nearly filled the hall, were charmed and deeply
moved by nearly every number of the music, so poetic, so ideal, so
sincerely Christian in its spiiit. It is more easily understood than
380 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AM) HAYDN SOCIETY.
the Passion Music; but there was much to imperil its success. It
had had too few chances of rehearsal, while it is a kiud of music in
which our singers are not much at home. Then it needed the addi-
tional accompaniments by Franz to fill out Bach's intention ; these
unfortunately arrived only the day after the feast. Then the arias,
on the old model, with their two long parts and a da cajyo to the first
again (which Franz, in his arrangements of many of them with piano-
forte, has happily abridged), could hardly fail, with all their beauty,
to prove wearisome to unaccustomed ears. But we were agreeably
surprised in hearing the entire performance go so reasonably well.
The chorals (five of them) and the two great choruses were sung with
spirit and a fair degree of precision ; the soloists, instead of strug-
gling painfully with their exacting tasks, made the beauty of the
music readily appreciable : and the orchestration was passably eked
out with parts from England, and, in one or two numbers, from The-
odore Thomas, while the organ throughout, handled with discrimi-
nating tact by Mr. Lang, went far to make the harmony, if not the
counterpoint, complete.
The opening chorus, than which nothing could sound more glad and
jubilant, had a most inspiring influence. All felt its power ; all were
delighted at the free and hearty childlike way in which this learned
old musician could rejoice and shout, and all so musically, and as if
unconscious of his own consummate art. The only drawback was in
the awkward English version of the text; the first words, "Chris-
tians, be joyful," was not easy for the voices, compared with the
original, '^ Javchzet^ froJilocket ."' Miss Gary's delivery of the reci-
tative, "See now the bridegroom," and the air, "Prepare thyself,
Zion," was in the rich, heartfelt tones, and the chaste, even, pure
cantahile style required, with just enough of quiet rapture in the florid
passage preceding the da capo. The serious choral, " How shall I
fitlv meet thee?" was well sung, as were all the chorals, — all inim-
itable specimens of Bach's inexhaustible genius for polyphonic har-
mony,— and had a refreshing and uplifting influence. ]\Ir. AV. J.
Winch gave the narrative sentences of the Evangelist in a pure and
sweet style of recitative, reverentially and simply. The unison cho-
ral for sopranos, " For us to earth He cometh poor," alternating line
])y line with a beautiful orchestral strain, as well as with reflective
sentences of bass recitative, was perhaps not quite so clearly brought
out as some other numbers of the work, yet enough so to interest by
its originality of form as well as by its intrinsic beauty. The long
and florid bass air, "Lord Almighty," in 2-4 measure, found adequate
expression in the at once solid and elastic voice of Mr. J. F. Winch.
HIJSTOHY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDX SOCIETY. 381
Aud the choral, *'AhI dearest Jesus," with the trumpet iuterhides,
brought the first part to a delightful close.
As to the heavenly Pastoral Symphouy, with which the second part
begins, although the reed parts were somewhat blurred, yet its exqui-
site beauty seemed to be felt by all. It is too ideal, too artistically
perfect, to be compared at all with the one we had heard in the after-
noon. It is woven out of the most vital fibre, instinct with life in
every phrase ; every instrument is a melody ; each sings the same
thought, the same motive out of its own heart, in its own way, as if
each originated it, and they divinely blended. There is the same
ideality and poetic freshness, the same imaginative realization of the
scene and the events described, in the recitatives, '' There were shep-
herds," etc., etc. Nothing conventional here, nothing for a moment
commonplace. It is all charm and wonder and presentiment.
Here occurred Miss Thursb^'s only participation in this work, the
single page of the announcement ])y the angel, " Be not afraid," of
which her delivery was most pure and brilliant. The wonderful tenor
aria, " Haste, ye shepherds," so tender, yet so extremely difficult
and florid in the latter portion, received a tasteful, highly finished,
fervent rendering from Mr. W. J. Winch ; this was the most arduous
task for any solo singer. Beautifully soft and harp-like sounded the
accompaniment to the bass recitative (well declaimed by Mr. J. F.
Winch), exhortiug all to sing "with one accord, beside that cradle
holy." And then the cradle song of the mother, "Sleep, my be-
loved," the loveliest melody of that kind ever invented, and wrought
out with most perfect art. Miss Gary's voice and singing were
entirely worthy of it ; chaste and deep in feeling, and faultless save
in a single slip at the end of the second part through momentary in-
attention to the score. The sublime chorus, "Glory to God," won-
derfully elaborate as it is, and so involved, in the independent move-
ment of each voice part and instrument, was quite effectively given
by the great choir, and produced a marked impression. It must be
heard again and again to appreciate a tithe of all its beauty and its
grandeur; they are inexhaustible. This chorus formed the exciting-
climax of the work. Then for a calm and peaceful close, the return
of the choral, which has been heard twice before. l)ut now In a new
rhythm, the 12-8 of the Pastorale^ whose lovely second theme is
brought in after ever}' line, was just the most exquisite and perfect
thing that ear and soul could crave.
Singers and audience were wrought up to the highest pitch of
enthusiasm by Mr. Parker's " Redemption Hymn." It was the sen-
sation of the Festival. It was sung perfectly, chorus and orchestra
382 HISTORY OF THE HAXDEL AXD HAYDN SOCIETY.
doing their best out of a hearty sympathy and respect for the com-
poser. The alto solo was admirably sung bj' Miss Gary, and then
we will let the Courier describe the scene that followed : —
'• After :Miss Cary had curtsied her acknowledgments of the tumultuous
applause, cries of 'Parker! Parker!' began to be heard from various parts
of the hall in ever-growing crescendo. The modest composer, apparently
rather overwhelmed by these demonstrations, was at last prevailed upon to
rise from his seat in one of the back rows on the floor and make a half -timid
bow. But this was not enough ; hardly a hundred people had seen him, or
even kncAV where to look for him; the applause and cries continuing unabated,
:Mr. Zerrahn's tall figure was seen striding down the side aisle, like inexora-
ble fate, bearing down upon Mr. Parker's seat. Escape was impossible, and
the successful composer was mercilessly captured, and led up to the con-
ductor's desk on the stage, from whence he bowed his thanks amid cheers
and hand-clapping, the ladies of the chorus fluttering their handkerchiefs as
if the signal had been given by an electric battery. :Mr. Parker may be proud
of having written one of the best choral fugued movements ('Art thou not
it that hath cut Kahab, and wounded the dragon?') that contemporary com-
positions can boast of. The fugued chorus is almost a lost art, and to have
written so strongly effective an one is no mean triumph. The composition,
as a w^hole, is admirably written, and shows at times no little melodic inven-
tion. Mr. Parker is much to be congratulated."
Killer's " Song of Victory," imposing, grandiose in plan, in its
elaborate structure and employment of all modern means, was very
variously received. Some were carried away by it, and some shook
their heads ; to the most its very brilliancy and (so to say) grandilo-
quence proved wearisome. Its impressiveness, as a whole, was
hardly in proportion to the grandeur of design, the wealth and bold-
ness of the harmony, the ingenuity of form, and the considerable
melody displayed in it. That it is the work of a most accomplished
musician, one of the masters of our time, armed and ready at all
points, there can be no question. But Hiller here, as elsewhere,
seems to fall just short of wiiat we call creative genius ; the vitaliz-
ing spark is wanting. Had w^e room to go into detail, however, it
would be easy to point out many a passage strikingly etfective, beau-
tiful, and even original. Some of the choruses are woithy of their
subject, jubilant and full of exultation, while some are bizarre and
bordering on the barbaric. The final chorus, " Praise the Lord with
lute and harp, with tabors, cymbals, and dances," seemed the literal
reproduction, or '• materialization" of that text, so full was it of gay
and happy sounds, so buoyant, childlike, and like Father Haydn.
The choruses were commonly well sung ; but the orchestration,
always heavy, was still more over-weighted, as was sometimes the
vocal melody itself, with the bloated rirabornbo of a big bass tuba.
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 383
Miss Tliiirsby made the most of her several soprano solos ; in the
final chorus her silver}^, pure voice soared and revelled, holding out
the highest tones with exquisite beauty and quite rapturous expres-
sion.
This really brilliant programme, with so many interesting novelties,
drew but a moderately large audience, the receipts being only $1,450.
Third Day. Fourth Concert^ Fri(kiy Evniing, May 18. A very
larse audience assembled to hear Handel's Samson^ — not the whole
of it by any means, which would have taken about five hours, seeing
that this performance, in which the cuts and omissions amounted to
a full half of the oratorio, lasted two hours and a half. The fact is,
Samson is an endless series of recitatives and arias, many of them
most beautiful and characteristic, but relieved by comparatively few
choruses ; and in his semi-dramatic plan of treating all the words of
somebody's adaptation of Milton's '' Samson Agonistes," so many
solos, for a concert room, become intolerably prolix. The retrench-
ment, to be sure, was made chietly from the solos, and this left a
fairer proportion of choral numbers. Still, even these had to be
reduced, because the text of several of them is really quite unpre-
sentable. What would happen, in these days of woman's rights, for
instance, should the whole Handel and Haydn sisterhood and broth-
erhood unite in singing : —
•' To man God's iiniversal law
Gave pow'r to keep the wife in awe,"
and then continue, in full fugue : —
" Thus shall his life be ne'er dismay'd.
By female nsnrpation swayed ! "
But, on the other hand, the very excision of so much, so frequently,
hei-e a bit and there a bit from the same long stretch of recitative,
also aggravated the sense of lengthiness by the slight confusion and
uncertainty about the place which it occasioned both with listeners
and singers. A more serious drawback was the imperfect state in
which this, like all the Handel scores, is found with regard to orches-
tral accompaniment, middle parts of the harmony being too fre-
quently wanting, or but imperfectly supplied upon the organ.
Nevertheless, in spite of all these drawbacks, there was much
that was grandly impressive, much that was fresh, characteristic,
beautiful in melod}', while nearly all was enjoyable. The solos were
mostly excellent. Miss Kellogg was eminently in place in the soft,
inveigling, fondling, pleading melodies of Delilah ; she cooed and
warbled •' With plaintive notes" most gracefully and tenderly; and,
384 HISTOHY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
in another and a nobler vein, her ''Let the bright seraphim" was
spirited and brilliantly effective. JNIiss Mathilde Phillipps sang
" Return, O Lord of Hosts," and indeed most of the music of Micah
in an earnest, thoughtful manner, and with good expression ; and it
was well suited to her rich voice. Mr. Adams had a fine oppor-
tunity to illustrate his admirable art of recitative in the pai-t of Sam-
son. He is a model in enunciation and in musical declamation; all
his phrasing perfect, never missing the dramatic point. You feel
that you have an artist before you always, one who has been thor-
oughly trained, one who knows himself, his business and his vocal
means. Some of his middle tones were still a little husky ; and yet
they were large tones, full of essential sweetness. Never, unless it
were in Braham's time, had we heard so beautiful, so refined, so
touchingly eloquent a rendering of " Total eclipse " ; had he been
blind, as Milton and Handel were, he could hardW have conveyed the
si)irit of the poetry and music more imaginatively. In his dialogue
with Delilah all his replies were telling. Mr. M AV. Whitnc}^ sang
*• Honor and arms" superbly, and was in capital voice and trim for
{ill the music of the boastful Harapha , pit}^ only that it was so bare in
accompaniment ! Mr. J. F. Winch gave an agreeable and faithful
rendering of the part of " aged Mahoah." Several of the more stir-
ring choruses were well sung, others not so well ; the singers showed
signs of fatigue ; so much work in a crowded hall, and in the first
inti'use heat of summer, readily accounts for it. Yet the perform-
ance was, upon the whole, a fair one, and given to a fair house ;
receipts, $2,100.
Fourth Day. Saturday Afternoon^ May 19. The fifth concert
of the Festival offered another very miscellaneous programme, mainly
made up of solos, mostly vocal, with but slight intervention of the
chorus, and no important orchestral number to give it dignity, beyond
a single rather indifferent overture The crowd of listeners on this
occasion was surpassing ; hundreds of people stood throughout. The
receipts rose to $3,500. The se ection was as follows : —
1. Overture, " Hero and Leancler." Op. 11 . . . . lUctn
Fkstival Ohchk.ntha.
2. Scena from ZyO/ie?if/r/;/. The Legend of the Grail . Wajjiter.
Mr. Cm vhles M. Adams
3. Aria from Z>o>< C«?'?os, " 0. Don Fatale " . . . Vej-di.
Miss Annie Louise Cauy.
4. Aria from ^'<?9}^^y«7)^?(:?^^ " Bel Raggio " .... Bos^irri.
Miss Clara Louise Kellogg.
5. Aria from La Jnive, " Se oppress! o<inor "... NaJevi/.
Mr. Myron W. Whitney.
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 385
.. ^ ^ , fa. " Cliiamo il mio ben " > /n i
0. Airs from Orpheus: < > . (-rluck.
U>. " Addio o miei sospin" 3
Miss ]\Iathild?: Philltpps.
7. Fantasie for pianoforte, Op. 15. (Instrumeotecl by
Liszt) Schubert.
:Mr. B. J. Lang.
8. Fonr-part soni>- (unaccompanied), "Farewell to the
Forest" Jlendelssohii.
Festival Chorus.
9. Song, " Die Allmacht " Schubert.
Mr. Adams.
10. Aria from Le Pre aux Clercs, " Dell' Etamia primiera," Herold.
Miss Emma C. Thursby.
11. Aria from 7Z Pro/eia, " Pieta" Meyerbeer.
Miss Philijpps.
12. Qnartet from Fidelia, Canon Beethoven.
Miss Thursby. Miss Cary, Mr. Adams, :Mr. Whitney.
13. Solo and Chorus from 6'«a^>«i 3irtfer, " Inflammatus " . Bossini.
Miss Kellogg and Festival Chorus.
Miss Kellogg was at her best, naturally, in ''Bel raggio," and
reaped a rich harvest of applause and flowers, huge baskets full.
For Rossini's " Inflammatus " she had not the thrilling majesty of
voice or style, though technically it was finely executed. Miss
Thursby sang the florid aria from Le Pre aux Clercs with the utmost
brilliancy and fluency and clear bird -like sparkle (may we say) in the
bright highest tones. It was an exquisite piece of vocalization, and
received with great enthusiasm and with floral tokens. Miss Gary's
selection from Verdi's Do7i Carlos was a highly dramatic one, and
exhibited her glorious, rich voice, her telling declamation, and her
singularly even, ripe, sustained cantabile, to full advantage. Cheers
and flowers for her, too, without stint. Miss Phillipps chose her
most effective concert pieces in the two airs from OrjjJieus, displaying
great fire and facility in the bravura of the second one. Among the
men the palm belonged to Mr. Adams, whose delivery of the scena
from Lohengrin had all the intensity and the romantic tone coloring,
with all the nobility of expression which Wagner could have asked
for. Not less noble was his rendering of ^the majestic, awe-inspiring
song of the divine Omnipotence by Schubert, though it was only half
appreciated, the audience being unprepared for it, not having the
words before them. Mr. Whitney sang the aria from " The Jewess,"
with sustained dignity and feeling. Seldom was the quartet from
Fi'leiio so finely sung here (in spite of the weak Italian translation),
and yet it was about the first time that we ever knew it to pass with-
out a call for repetition. The rare conjunction of four such voices
380 HISTORY or THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
and such siugers in a gem like that, should, by good rights, have been
made the most of. We could not feel that the Liszt-Schul>ert fanta-
sia, brilliant as it is. but so long and Ijeginning to be a trifle hack-
neyed, was just in the right place in that programme, though on the
part of Mr. Lang it was finely played, and fairly on the part of the
orchestra. The rich, cool, broad effect of the whole choral mass of
voices was refreshing and inspiring in the part-song by Mendelssohn,
but it was never written to be sung by more than a club, or a handful
of singers, and the effort must be rated as sensational, rich as the
sensation was : voices never blended more euphoniously, it must l)e
said.
Among the other floral tributes of this concert — for it seemed to
be the time of general rewards of merit — was an enormous, beauti-
ful harp of flowers presented to Carl Zerralm (by the tenors and
basses of the chorus) . and a rich basket to Mr. Lang, who had done
such faithful and efficient work at the great organ, as well as at the
pinno in the rehearsals of the chorus.
Fifth and Last Day.. Sunday Evening^ May 20. Handel's
colossal oratorio. Israel in Egypt ^ brought the Festival to a most noble
and impressive close. It was a grand experience. For the first time
in this country was this sublime work brought out complete and in
a manner worthy of its surpassing grandeur and its beauty ; and for
the first time was it heartily accepted, as a whole, by a great audi-
ence. This time it was appreciated, for this time it was adequate^
presented. It was a triumph for the brave. conductor. Carl Zerrahn.
and for all his cooperating forces.
After the opening tenor recitative. '' Now there arose a new king
over Egypt" (enunciated as only Mr. Charles R. Adams, with his
rich voice and perfect art, could do it), the double chorus, ''And the
children of Israel sigh'd " (in bondage), and the whole series of
miracle choruses, each itself a miracle of art, were so sung as to
bring each a vivid scene before the mind : for the startling succession
of these choruses is a kind of musical scene-shifting, a vast unfolding
diorama : sometimes the imagery is so strong, so bold, so graphic,
so intensely irradiated or so deeply shaded, so exciting, as to take
the listener's breath away. The violins, too, did their part well, sug-
gesting the swarming of '' all manner of flies " after the strong unison,
'* He spnke the word." Of course the '• Hailstone" chorus was re-
ceived with uncontainal)le enthusiasm, and had to l»e repeated : and it
was perliaps the flutter of this excitement that threw the singers a little
off their balance in the wonderful, mysterious modulations of '• He
sent a thick darkness." Even that most intricate of double choruses,
HISTORY OF THE HAXDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 387
'' He led them through the deep as through a wilderuess," was suug
with a clearness in all the parts such as we had not heard before ;
through the mazy wilderuess of much rehearsal, the conductor's baton
surely led them ; but we may not go through them all. Next in
grandeur to these miracle choruses, which form the principal matter
of the First Part, is the sublime song of Moses and the Children of
Israel, "The horse and his rider," which begins and ends Part
Second with a blaze of glory. This, too, was given with great spirit
and precision, making Handel's power seem inexhaustible. There is
yet a tlnrd class of choruses, — short, one-page sentences of double
chorus, which ever and anon stand before us like solid mighty monu-
ments to mark the progress of the work. Nothing can be grander
than these are ; such a wealth and electric power of harmony is con-
densed into each one of them. "He rebuked the Red Sea, and it
was dried up " ; " And Israel saw that great work " ; and especially,
" And in the greatness of thine excellency," where the most daring
and startling of discords is employed with the most wonderful, naj^,
the most strictly musical effect, — these and more are among the most
characteristic features of the woik. And then there is a fourth class,
of a more ecclesiastical character, single choruses, mostly aJ'a hrer-e. or
in tempo giusio, which, if less exciting, add a new and graver element
of variety, and offer welcome moments of repose. Such are, "And
believed the Lord," "And I will exalt Him," etc.
We said the work was given complete ; it was even more than
complete. The several additional solos, introduced in the Appendix
by Sir George Smart, were all sung after the traditional English cus-
tom. This was very well from one point of view, as giving to the
solo singers opportunities but sparingly allowed them in the plan
of Handel's work ; and that great child, the public, brought up and
spoiled on solos, always asks like Oliver " for more." But, on the
other hand, the work itself is weakened by these interpolations.
They come in, after a great chorus has told the story subhmely,
leaving nothing to be said, and say it over again in what must seem
a feeble and prolix manner.
The soloists, however, for the most part, did themselves credit.
The great success in this kind was the duet (part of the real work),
"The Lord is a man of war," in which the two basses, Mr. AVhitnev
and Mr. Winch, were superbly matched, and won immense applause.
It was a mistake, however, to repeat it ; such a thing [could hardly
sound so well a second time : all needed repetition is provided in the
structure of the piece itself ; and it could only lengthen the perform-
ance, weakening what came after. Mr. Adams sang "The enemv
388 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
sakl, 1 will pursue " very tinely ; and his recitatives, of course, were
all tiiat could be desired. But in the somewhat bewildering duet
(with Miss Thursby), ''Thou in thy mercy," he seemed not quite
familiar with his music. The lady's soprano was most brilliant in
the part of Miriam with the last chorus, and she sang tinely. Miss
Gary was capital in the quaint air, "Their land brought forth frogs " ;
and the tranquil melody of -'Thou shalt bring them in" was
admirably suited to her voice and style.
So closed the Fourth Triennial Festival with Handel in his sublimest
phase. The receipts that evening were 82,900. This Festival was
shorter than any one of the five preceding, and in that respect it was
more wisely planned, for all the others proved that there can be " too
much of a sood thino." Six concerts in four davs, all on so large a
scale, snd offering so much serious matter, is quite as much as the
most eager musical appetite can w^ell digest ; nor can the strength and
spirit of the singers and the players well endure the strain much
longer. The selections certainly were excellent : four great orato-
rios, Elijah, Samson, Israel in Egypt^ and for the first time, Parts I.
and II. of Bach's Christmas Oratorio; with such interesting novel-
ties as the Marcello Psalm, the Christmas Cantata by Saint-Saens,
the liedemption Hymn by our own J. C. D. Parker, and the Song of
Victory by Ferdinand Hiller ; besides tlie wealth of orchestra and
vocal solo music in the miscellaneous concerts.
The Festival was a gratifying success in almost all respects artisti-
cally ; but the expense was heavy, slightly exceeding the receipts,
and thus disappointing the hope which the Society had entertained of
contributing an equal share of possible ••profits" to the '• Old South
Church Preservation Fund." There was ground for pride, however,
in the fact that the hazardous enterprise had been carried through
without an}' financial guaranty whatever, and that the music was
rendered solely by American singers. The receipts for season tickets
were 83,250. The sale of single admissions was, for the first per-
formance, 82,7-20 50 ; for the second, 82,12-; ; for the third, $898 ; for
the fourth, 81,505; for the fifth, 82,999.50; for the last, 82,810. 5. >.
There was also derived from various sources, 8448.15. Total receipts,
Sl<;. 251. 65.
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 389
CHAPTER XII.
SIXTY-THIRD SEASON.
May 28, 1877, to May 27, 1878.
The euthusiasm of the fourth Triennial Festival (May, 1877)
having reached its climax in that grand performance of Handel's
Israel in Egypt^ and having now somewhat subsided, the day of
reckoning and of thoughtful forecast came in the shape of the
Annual Business Meeting, which was held in Bumstead Hall on the
evening of May 28, the president, Charles C. Perkins, in the chair.
The treasurer's report showed the receipts of the year to be
S6,796.20, making, with a balance on hand the year before of
So4.22, a total of 86,850.42. Paid floating debt of 82,000. Ex-
penses of the year, 84,627. Amount on hand, 8223.42. It was
voted to hear the report of the cost of the festival (receipts already
stated) at an adjourned meeting. The trustees of the Permanent
Fund reported the interest of the year at 8899.20, which sum was
paid to the treasurer and included in the statement of receipts.
The president's report was congratulator}^ and encouraging. The
spirit of devotion in the Society had been attested by the average
attendance of three hundred and eighty singers at forty-four re-
hearsals during the year. He spoke of a " new departure " to be
taken by the Society in performing Elijah and perhaps other ora-
torios in the "Tabernacle" (of Mood}' and Sankey), where for
the first time five thousand people could hear the best music at
prices within the reach of many now excluded. Of the Festival
he said that, although its expenses slightly exceeded the receipts,
yet it was carried through without any financial guaranty, and
wholly by American singers, and was a success of which the So-
ciety might well be proud. Officers for the ensuing year were
elected as follows : —
President. — Charles C. Perkins.
Vice-President. — George H. Chickering.
Secretary. — A. Parker Browne.
Treasurer. — George W. Palmer.
Librarian. — John H. Stickney.
390 lUSTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
Directors. — G. T. Brown, J. D. Andrews, W. F. Bradbury,
A H. Wilson, A. K. Hebard, H. G. Carey, J. A. Pray, and
R. S. RCNDLETT.
The first call to action, in the summer, was "To your tents, O
Israel." The Triennial Festival was supplemented on Tuesday even-
ing, June 5, by a repetition of Elijah under the ample but temporary
roof of the " Taljernacle." The music sounded better than was com-
monly expected ; yet it could not be said that either chorus, orchestra,
or oroan had the telling sonority that they had in the Music Hall ;
much depended, however, upon how the hearer was placed. The
great enclosure was so cut up overhead by crossing beams and rafters
as to reduce its sound-reflecting power almost to nothing. Every
note was heard; but it all sounded dull, far-off. One journal said:
^^ Elijah in the Tabernacle is as effective as a string quartet in the
Music Hall : both can be distinctly heard, and intellectually compre-
hended ; but neither can be physically felt."
The array of solo artists was one of great strength. First, Mme.
Pappenheim, of the German Opera, renowned in Wagnerian music-
dramas and in Fidelio, now sang in oratorio for the first time. In
voice sure, true, ample, sympathetic, and far-reaching ; in st^'le
artistic ; in execution facile, finished, even ; in feeling and expres-
sion, she had hardly been surpassed in that music. Her " Hear ye,
Israel" (which Mendelssohn wrote for Jenny Lind) was superb.
Her "Holy, holy," too, was, next to the Lind's, the nearest to the
sublime that we remember. Mr. Charles R. Adams, in the tenor
solos, more than made good any disappointment in the Festival.
Miss Adelaide Phillipps was all herself in the contralto parts : and
Mr. J. F. Winch was careful and successful in the music of the
Prophet. Miss Sarah C Fisher's sweet and clear soprano told' well
in the part of the Youth and in the Angels' Trio (which had to be
repeated) with Pappenheim and Phillipps. The concerted pieces all
went well with the aid of Mrs. Jenny M. Noyes, Mr. B. F. Gilbert,
Dr. E. C. Bullard, and Mr. D. M. Babcock. There was an audience
of about five thousand, at prices of one dollar, seventy-five and fifty
cents. Receipts about S3, 100 ; profit about 81,000. Thus encour-
ao-ed, the Society announced the Messiah at the same tabernacle
for Wednesday evening, June 20, having secured for solo artists
Miss Emma Thursby, Miss Annie Louise Cary, Mr. Alfred Wilkie
(late of Chicago), and Mr. M. W. Whitney. The conditions for
musical effect were improved by transferring the greal chorus and
orchestra to the opposite side of the long building and placing them
upon the platform. There was no organ, Mr. Lang presiding at a
HISTORY OF THE HAXDEL AND HAYDX SOCIETY. 391
oraud piano. There was another great crowd, many people hearing
Handel's Messiah for the first time in their life, thus quickening the
charm with others who had known it so long. The new tenor, Mr.
Wilkie, an Englishman, of sweet, not verj' powerful, but S3'mpathetic,
flexible, and well-trained voice, sang in a cultured style, with chaste,
intelligent expression. The other three were equal to their work.
The loss by the Festival was more than offset b}^ the gain of those two
Tabernacle concerts, as appears by the report of the treasurer made
to the Board of Government July 6 : Net loss of Festival, $1,400 ;
■profit on Elijah, 8804.37 ; on Messiah, 8661.25. One thousand dol-
lars was voted to Mr. Zerrahn, and four hundred dollars to Mr. Lang,
for ttieir services in the Festival, and subsequent concerts, and both
were re-elected.
To your tents again ! On the 10th of October, the Tabernacle was
once more tested as a home for oratorio. Elijah was given, with a good
solid chorus, an orchestra of fift3^ and for the solos, Mme. Pappenheim,
Miss Antonia Henne, Mr. Wm. H. Fessenden, Mr. M. W. Whitney;
and in the quartets, etc.. Miss Fisher, Mrs. Noyes, and Messrs. Whit-
comb, Wiswell, and Babcock. There was an audience of three thou-
sand. Receipts, $1,460; expenses, $1,500. The novelty of such
"camping out" was gone; "the place not made for oratorio."
Mme. Pappenheim and Mr. Whitney were themselves. Miss Henne
was a new appearance here. She had a rich, smooth, evenlj'-devel-
oped contralto voice, of sympathetic quality' ; but her singing seemed
timid, cold, constrained, with something of the school-girl manner.
Yet she had been well taught, and she improved as she went on. It
was Mr. Fessenden's first essay in oratorio. The well-known sweet-
ness of his voice, and the exceeding delicacy, the soft and tender ex-
pression with which he modulated it, served him well in his opening
recitative and aria ; but he soon grew husky in grappling with stronger
passages. At all events, he was not the tenor for that great barn of
a place, nor was that to his discredit.
On Sunday evening, Oct. 28, Rossini's Stahat Mater (the one "sacred "
resource of opera troupes) was given at the Music Hall by the princi-
pal artists of a visiting German opera, with the Handel and Haydn
chorus. Pappenheim gave out the full power of her voice, with heart
and soul, in the Lijiammatus est. Miss Antonia Henne sustained the
contralto (or second soprano) solos verj' acceptably. Mr. Adams's
delivery of the trying, trenchant Cajus Animam was brilliant, artistic
in the highest sense, and enjoyable in spite of even unusual hoarse-
ness ; in tone, his voice was the golden sun struggling through clouds.
Mr. Blum displayed a very smooth and musical quality of voice in the
392 HISTOEY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
bass air, Pro Peccalis. The beautiful Quartet, Quando Corpus, was not
sung quite in tune. This formed the Second Part. Part First opened
with an organ fugue, Schumann's, on B-A-C-H, finely played by
Mr. Lang. Then came Mendelssohn's " Hear my Prayer," well given
on the part of the chorus, with the solo earnestly and admirably sung
by Mme. Pappenheim. Then Stradella's Pietci, S ignore ! was sung
with refinement by Mr. Fritsch, and Gounod's Ave Maria, pleasingly,
by Miss A. Hiimann, with accompaniment of organ, harp, and violin.
A terzet from Rossini's Messe Solennelle closed the concert, with
'• crude, strange, and uncertain harmony." The attendance was
small. Receipts, SI, 100, one half of which went to the opera com-
pany, who provided soloists and orchestra. (The tickets were too
high, at $2.00, SI. 50, and SI.)
The Sunday evenings of the next two months until Christmas were
devoted to rehearsal, the number of singers ranging from one hundred
and twenty-five (on a very stormy night) to four hundred and twenty-
five.
On Dec. 23 were given, for the second time in Boston, Parts I. and
II. of Bach's Christmas Oratorio, with the additional accompani-
ments by Robert Franz, followed by two more of the chief successes
of the May Festival : J. C. D. Parker's Redemption Hymn, and the
Cantata, Noel, by Saint-Saens, reserving the Messiah for the evening
of Christmas proper. The audiences, both evenings, were as large as
the great hall could accommodate. The performances were in the
main remarkably good, and created enthusiasm. Bach's music was
deeply enjoyed by most listeners, more or less by all. The great
opening chorus, *' Mortals, be joyful," ushered in with drum and
trumpets, was splendidly sung by the four hundred and fifty voices.
So, too, the still greater, but more complicated, chorus, " Glory to
God," which grows and swells in power and volume to the end,
sweeping the voices on as in a whirlwind. The heavenly peace of the
Pastoral Symphony, the serene breadth, depth, and beauty of the
chorals, especially the one in which strains of the Pastoral Symphony
escort it to the end ; all, indeed, breathed a wondrous charm. Miss
Thursby sang the Angel's announcement with exquisite simplicity
and purity. Mrs. H. E. Sawyer delivered the contralto recitative in
a large voice and style. The most admired of all the arias was, of
course, the Cradle Song, which Miss Annie Cary sang wonderfully
well. Mr. Wm. J. Winch gave the tenor recitative intelligently, and
achieved a great feat of fluent, rapid, florid execution in the extremely
difficult aria, " Haste ye, shepherds." The bass solos were fairly
well done bv Mr. A. E. Stoddard, baritone, of New York, his first
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 893
appearance here. The Pastoral Symphon}' certainh' sounded better
than before on account of the Franz accompaniments ; but it was unfor-
tunately taken too fast, nor was the legato character sufficiently ob-
served in the reeds. The added pair of low clarinets (which had to
serve for the English horns with which Franz replaces the old ohoi di
cacct'a^ etc.) made the whole harmony sound warmer and less poverty-
stricken. The beauty of that symphony was more felt this time ;
but it still fell far short of the ideal rendering which it deserves, as
being almost the most beautiful piece of pure instrumental music to
be found. (T\^e may say that we have not even yet heard it played
so well as it might be.) To the Cradle Song the added accompani-
ments lent a new charm ; but their use is to be credited with worthy
intention rather than with adequate realization. In the choruses the
all-important flutes and oboes seemed smothered among all those
voices. (Handel used to have a dozen or more of oboes against a far
smaller choir of singers.)
Mr. Paiker's Hymn confirmed the good impression which it made
before. The JVbe7 of Saint-Saens, in spite of much that is beautiful,
more that is ingenious, and a few passages of grandeur, seemed on
the whole frivolous and superficial, heard right after Bach. The solos,
trio and quartet, quintet, etc., by the artists just named, were finely
sung, Miss Thursby's sweet, pure voice and delicate, refined expres-
sion contributing not a little to the good impression of the work.
There was a fair house, which just paid expenses ($1,700).
The Messiah took its annual turn on Christmas evening. We find
a note we made at the time of " the wonderful period of mild, clear
weather, with most exhilarating air, no wind nor snow nor wet, night
after night of brilliant starlight, while the evening star in the west, so
heavenly pure and bright, ever reminding one of the ' Star in the
East,' appeared to reach its perfect climax on that holy night, and
disposed one all the more to open heart and soul and sense to heav-
enly symphony and song." Given by that great chorus, all knowing
the music by heart, and by a fine quartet of principals, — Miss
Thursby, Mrs. Flora E. Baiiy (welcomed back to these scenes and
to work like that!), Mr. Joseph Maas, and Mr. M. W. Whitney, and
in that vigorous and zealous period of the old Society, — we can trust
the general report of the excellent treatment which Handel's Christian
oratorio received. That performance also was distinguished by the
reinstatement of certain choice numbers of the work which had been
omitted for many years, — but at the expense of others which no true
Handelian could help missing ; such as, " He trusted in God," " And
with his stripes," and the second part of the air, ''He was de-
394 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
spisecl." That eveniug the Society used - for the fii'st time the
iDstrumentation which it had procured from Robert Franz for several
numbers of the work which Mozart had passed over. The experi-
ment was i)ut partial^ successful, because the parts prepared by
Franz were not represented by instruments enough to tell against so
vast a chorus in so large a hall. The audience was enthusiastic.
Profit, S600.
1878. After ten Sundaj' eveniug rehearsals (one with orchestra),
St. Paul was given on Wednesday evening, March 6. That was the
third of the four subscription oratorio performances. It filled the
Music Hall with listeners, although it was not presented on so grand
a scale as were the Festival oratorios. The chorus numbered four
hundred and twenty -five, with an orchestra of thirty-eight instru-
ments. The organ, in the absence of Mr. Lang, was well played
by Mr. George W. Sumner. The chorus singing was well up to its
highest standard. In promptness of attack, precision, spirit, light
and shade, every chorus number told. Mme. Pappenheim was all
that could be wished in the soprano recitatives, — musical, expressive,
giving all distinctly and purely, free from all affectation or exaggera-
tion ; like a true artist, absorbed in her task. Miss Drasdil's pecu-
liarly rich, emotional quality of voice made her one song (" But the
Lord is mindful of his own") singularly expressive. Mr. William J.
Winch was not in good voice, but sang the tenor parts in his best
style ; and Mr. J. F. Winch was most satisfactory in the bass. Mr.
Zerrahn conducted with an ease and confidence, which showed how
well he could rely upon the thoroughness with which the work had
been rehearsed. The orchestra was weak in violins, but careful and
efficient. Receipts $1,800 ; expenses $1,560.
The Sunday evenings before Easter (April 21) were occupied with
rehearsal of the Creation and Verdi's Manzoni Requiem. Haydn's
fresh, descriptive, happ}- music drew a large and well-pleased audi-
ence on Easter evening. The chorus seats were full and the ensemble
of tone very rich. All went well so far as the voices were concerned.
But the instruments warmed slowly into perfect tune. "Chaos" in
the Introduction rather overdid its part. Mr. Lang was again at his
old post at the organ. Nearly every one of the great choruses proved
inspiiing. The solos were in excellent hands. Seldom had we heard
'' With verdure clad," or the soprano part in the Trios, or the tender
melodies of Eve so beautifully sung as the}' were then in the lovely voice
of Miss Thursby, in spite of a little hoarseness. ''On mighty pens"
was a greater thing with a great voice and personality like Jenny
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDX SOCIETY. 395
Lind's, yet Miss Thiirsby sang it wonderfully well. Mr. Whitney's
ponderous bass was grand in the picture passages of the first part ;
for Adam it was perhaps too heavy ; such a contrast with so delicate
an Eve seemed exaggerated. A bass of lighter calibre, more like a
baritone, would seem to be the voice for Adam. Mr. Fesseudeu's
delicate and sympathetic tenor w^as considerably clouded in the early
part ; but when he reached the air, " In native worth," his tones were
rich, clear, manly.
The four subscription concerts over, there now loomed in prospect
a new object of great curiosity and interest for Boston music-lovers, —
our first hearing of the Requiem Mass which Verdi had composed for
the anniversary of the death of his friend, the novelist and poet,
Alessaudro Manzoni ; a work which had filled all Italy with enthusi-
asm, and had found many admirers in France, C4ermany, and Eng-
land. The vSociety was diligently rehearsing it, and the public
performance was announced for Sunday evening, May o. This work
had been loudly heralded, and great expectations raised. A great
sensation was at hand. All sorts of prepossessions and opinions were
bruited and discussed before, as well as after, the performance. Some
awaited it from the point of view of the Italian, others of the Ger-
man school of music ; some with Catholic, others with Protestant
convictions ; others again in an impartial, uncommitted, common-
sense, American frame of mind. That the performance was of
remarkable excellence ; that the four solo singers (Mme. Pappen-
heim. Miss Adelaide Phillipps, Mr. Charles R. Adams, and Herr
Alwin Blum) were all equal to their trying tasks; that 'the or-
chestra of fifty w^as a good one for that time ; that the great chorus
had been thoroughly drilled and were ably led by the energetic con-
ductor, Carl Zerrahn ; that the "Great Organ" contributed of its
might amply and discreetly under the hands and feet of Mr. Lang ;
and that the work really inspired both the singers and the larger por-
tion of the audience with a certain enthusiasm, there was no denying.
Some even seemed to listen with profound emotion. The soundness,
the enduring quality of such emotion, such enthusiasm, of course
remained to be tested by after-hearing, after- thought, and feeling.
Clearly there is no room here to collect and sift the impressions, criti-
cisms, and opinions it called forth. The writer of this History is
only answerable for his own views and impressions at the time. He
asks indulgence in copying, perhaps too much in extenso^ from his
record in Dwighfs Journal of Music. After thanking the 'Handel
and Ha3-dn Society for such an opportunity of heariag Signor Verdi's
most important work, the article proceeds : —
396 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETi'.
..." We listened with great interest. We found ranch that was delicate
and beautiful ; much that was touching ; passages here and there that breathed
rest and peace, the proper sense of Jtequieni. But these seemed fragmentary ;
they were too soon lost in things startling and noisy, with the constant aim
to frighten the imagination. We found cheap and coarse effects in plenty;
and these reproduced again and again until the effect grew feeble. We traced
also those results of a profounder musical study, those careful marks of
contrapuntal, fugal, polyphonic lore, of which Verdi is said to have availed
himself of late T beginning with his Egyptian opera Aida). By the putting
on of such armor his great native genius is supposed to have rendered itself
all-powerful for all great work. We could perceive, too, where he had not
disdained to borrow hints of effect from Mej^erbeer and Wagner; so that,
uniting in himself both German and Italian, he must needs be henceforth (in
the eyes of his admirers; doubly powerful. But to our mind Verdi is Verdi
still, and nobody else. His individuality, his genius, such as it was and is,
remains. From Aida and from II Trovatryre, and even from this lieqniem, he
looks out on us with the same eyes and habitual expression. He may have
begun to score more carefully : he may make more use of fugue and counter-
point ; he may have studied Berlioz on modern instrumentation, until he can
produce a work more complex and less superficial in its structure technically.
But the spirit is not changed ; the genius is no more, no less ; the inspiration
comes from the same source, tends to the same ends, namely overstrained in-
tensity of passion, often carried to a frantic pitch, and physical, sensational
surprises.
. . . " To us here, in the light of the Nineteenth Century ideas, it does seem
a strange way for an intellectual musician, a patriot of the young, free Italy,
to pay honor to the memory of a gentle poet friend, by conjuring up over his
grave all the terrors of the last trump and everlasting fires, with the frantic
screams and prayers of frightened sinners. Is this the way to sing a loved
soul to rest? Is this a requiem in any bat a traditional, conventional, eccle-
siastical sense? Peace, gentle prayer, and benediction occupy the smallest
•pace amid the terrors of this vast, appalling panorama: the Dies iro- claims
almost the whole of it. But Verdi, as we said before, is Verdi; and it was
hardly to be expected that the composer of the Trovo.tore, the pervading
musical motive of which is whirling flame and burning at the stake, — " /?
rogo " being the image burnt upon the brain of the poor crazy gypsy mother
and her minstrel son. — could resist the temptation, armed now with such new
means, to try his hand upon a vastly wider canvas in Miltonic flaming scenery
a thousand times more lurid and appalling.
"1. We must acknowledge tenderness and beauty in the opening num-
ber: Eequiem. which is like a murmured prayer for peace; and sweetly does
it glide into the major at the words, Et lux perpetuo^and return after Te decet
hymnus. This is all very simple, and modestly expressed. The Kyrie, which
follows, is not in the elaborate form of a set fugue with double subject, like
Mozart's, nor has it the beauty of that ; yet with its imitations in the four
solo voices, and four chorus parts, it is elaborate enough, and not without
beauty, giving promise of yet nobler things to come. Only we could not feel
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 397
beaut}' or meaning in that dull, groping accompaniraeut with which it begins
and which savors too much of the earh' Verdi operas. . . .
" 2. Dies inn! Here every one was startled by what, the more we think
of it, appears to us a cheap and coarse effect. It is an attempt at quite too
literal, realistic, palpable a picture of the ' crack of doom.' The world is on
fire, the dead rising from their graves, the universal air filled with frantic
shrieks and cries for mercy. With all his brass, his fierce chromatic scales,
his scouring blasts of sound, half the voices descending in chromatics, while
the sopranos and tenors hold out one high note, making all together the ex-
treme of discord, he does his best indeed to realize the supposed occasion ;
weak nerves may be frightened ; all may be startled out of their dull com-
placency for a moment ; they may call it grand and awful ; but is it really
sublime? Is its appeal to the spirit, or only to the senses? And when this
pandemonium breaks loose again in the middle, and still again near the conclu-
sion of the work, does it not seem more and more a false alarm? What sort
of a ' profound emotion ' is this, which can respond at all to such a boisterous
appeal? Mozart and Cherubini with much more quiet means, and without
overstepping the modesty of art, still making music, which in its nature is
and must be beautiful, touch the inward spiritual springs of awe and guilty
fear with a much surer hand. Not to speak of Mozart's great Requiem, in his
Don Giovanni, where the statue enters in the last scene, there is music which
seems to shake the foundations of the earth and of one's very soul, and yet
it is all beautiful, pure music; that speaks to the soul, this to the senses and
the nerves.
" To usher in the Tuba mirum Verdi has indeed contrived a great effect;
hie four pairs of trumpets, some near, some at a distance, as if ringing from
the four quarters of the world, are managed with much skill and are most
exciting. It is not a new device ; you have heard it in Lohengrin, where the
clans are mustered, only with a livelier strain ; and Berlioz in this same part
of his Bequiem had employed not pairs of trumpets only, but cornets,
trumpets, trombones, ophicleides, etc., in four separate orchestras of brass,
each numbering ten or more, and placed at the four corners of the choral
mass, besides eight fagotti and thrice four horns stationed in the middle.
The Tuba mirum here, however, is decidedly impressive. We hardly know
whether to say as much of Jlors stupebit ; it is certainly bizarre; but it
introduced to us a noble voice in Herr Blum, who knows how to use it.
Liber scriptus is made a mezzo-soprano solo, of earnest character, intense
dramatic accent, full of a warning and sincere expression, and well suited to
Miss Phillipps, who sang it nobly and with feeling. This and other solos in
this middle portion contain real beauty and originality, and it is only natural
tliat much of the best music should lie so near the heart of the work. Dur-
ing the solo are heard faint whispers of the words Dies irce, which lead into
a strong pathetic chorus on the second subject of No. 1, which is more like
human music than the lurid and sulphureous introduction.
" Quid sum miser tunc dicturus is a Trio, beginning with the mezzo-soprano
(Miss Phillipps) and joined first by tenor (C. R. Adams), then by soprano
(Mme. Pappenheim). It is a beautiful Adagio, with an expressive bas-
soon figure underlying the accompaniment, and leads into a tremendous for-
tissimo of all the basses on the Bex tremendce, amid suppressed ejaculations
398 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AXD HAYDN SOCIETY.
of the tenors in three parts: then melodious entreaties: Salva me, a short
phrase from each of the quartet in turn ; and then the whole chorus joins.
The melodious phrase acquires new beauty with a change of key, and the
whole is worked up with great skill and powerful effect, especially where,
beginning with the basses, voices climb over voices to the solo soprano in
the last phrase of Salca me.
" Next comes the Becord<f.re, opening gently and sweetly enough with the
mezzo-soprano (alto • for short') and joined by the soprano in a provokingly
half-pleasing, half -too-artificial duet, which seems contrived for the display
of the two voices, and smacks very much of the identical old operatic Verdi.
An ingenious trifle, by the side of Mozart's Recordare. It was finely sung,
especially by Mme. Pappenheim.
" The Ligemisco and Qui Mariam ahsoUisti oflered the great opportunity for
Mr. Adams, who improved it nobly, his intelligent phrasing, perfect enuucia-
tion. and ringing high tones in the soaring passages making a marked sen-
sation. There is great stir in the accompaniment all through, with plenty
of aerial and subterranean tremolos at the mention of the sheep and the
goats I' the former suggesting a pastoral reed motive), while between the
tremulous extremes the other instruments rush up and down the scale in
triplets. There is solemnity and grandeur in the bass solo, Confutatis
maledictis, grandly sung by Herr Blum : only here again we might complain
of cheap effects of rushing chromatic scales in the basses, with ear-piercing
piccolo, SitTfaraniis acribus addict is : but of course the composer of the Trova-
tore must needs revel here. We can almost forgive it for the momentary
relief of that modulation into a sweet passage : Voca me cum benedictis. The
last notes of Oro supplex are lost in a fresh outburst of the sulphureous, ter-
rific Dies ires, which, however, is not carried through, but dies away (that
dying more impressive, inwardly, than all the uproar), to make place for the
Locrymosa, which one can hardly help comparing, though we know it is
not fair, with that wonderfully beautiful, affecting chorus by Mozart. Verdi
treats it as quartet with chorus, in his own dramatic way, very elaborately,
drawing upon all his resources of melodic invention, imitation, interweaving
of parts, subtle modulation, and strange harmonic contrasts. The soprano,
having sung through its sad melody alone, which the bass echoes, confines-
itself for some time to spasmodic syncopated sobs, but again takes the lead,
as the piece grows more intense and complicated, subsiding into Dona eis
req uiem !
"3. Here ends the old Latin hymn of the day of judgment with its ter-
rors. The Offertory givs us pause. It is for the quartet of soli, and begins
quietly and gracefully: Domine Jesu. At the thought of Signifer sanclus
Michael, the violins are faintly heard from airy heights, so that you involun-
tarily look for Lohengrin and his Swan ; but we think Verdi had used such
effects before Wagner. The Quam olim Abrakoi seemed to us dry and
cruelly inireuious in its restless modulation; the Host ias, vrith its serious,
sweetly echoed theme, flattered us that we were done with Abraham, but he
came back again, and the quartet ended with Libera animas.
" 4. The Snnctus, here made to include the Hosanna and the Benedictus,
is treated in a singular manner. It is all one swift and stirring fugue for
double chorus ; and, ingeniously and clearly as the fugue is wrought, it has
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AXD HAYDN SOCIETY. 399
not the solemnity, the sublimity which we commonly associate with that
text. It is of one theme, one texture, part and parcel with the Hosanna
which follows, where a jubilant and stirring fugue is more in place. But
yet again, without pause, same theme, same swift fugue movement, the
Benedictus joins the whirling clamor, subsiding gently at the end aid giving
way to Pleni sunt cceli and Hosanna, this time in long, tranquil, choral notes
(amplified from the latter half of the fugue subject), while the heavy sea is
still kept boiling and rolling in the orchestra, and chromatic scales {fff) rush
up and down in several octaves to increase the turmoil. Now the Benedictus
is commonly made the text for a gentle, lovely movement by itself; in nearly
all the Masses it is so, and it seems wronged by being whirled away in a
tempestuous Hosanna fugue.
"But what of this fugue as fugue? What of the charm, the beauty, the
expression of this double chorus fugue? There is skill in it; there is life
and stir in it; to the singers there may be excitement in singing it, the voices
chasing each other round in spiral- play. But we must protest that to our
ears it sounded dry, mechanical, and hard. A true Fugue is not a thing of
form alone. There is a fugue spirit, as well as a fugue form. The great
fuguists not only lived and freely moved and had their musical being in the
essential spirit of the fugue (whether the strict form or freer polyphony) and
breathed it as their native atmosphere, used it as a native language for their
poetic inspirations ; but they wrote fugues which one can feel and love,
fugues which not only please the understanding but go to the heart. In
Bach's fugues there is consummate beauty, there is sentiment, expression.
They are as much inspired as melody itself, and they are woven out of
melody. If their general expression is impersonal and not dramatic, yet there
are great varieties of mood, sentiment, and feeling in them, and still more
of poetic genius and fancy. If an appreciative person will take the eight
and forty preludes and fugues of the IVell-tempered Clavichord and try to
characterize each one of them in writing as to its expression, sentiment, etc.,
he will perhaps be surprised at what he will find. We cannot think that any
one will learn to love and cherish this so-boasted fugue of Verdi ; that it will
ever haunt the mind as a dear part of life. Time will show. We admit
beauty and religious feeling in the choral conclusion, — that is, in the voice
parts; the accompaniment might do for Ernani or Aida.
•• 5. Agnus Dei. This is one of the most admired, and we may say most
original pieces in the work. The melody, first sung in octaves, by two
sopranos unaccompanied, has a sort of local coloring, almost as much so as
those Egyptian tunes in Aida. It is calm, sad, seemingly simple, and yet very
studied, quaint, and singular. It is four times repeated : first by chorus with
simple accompaniment, all in unison ; then in the minor, by the two sopranos
again, with some instrumental embellishment ; thirdly, with three flutes twin-
ing a light polyphonic wreath about it (a hint from Bach perhaps?); and
finally, very softh', in full chorus harmonized, the two upper parts, however,
still holding to the melody. There is a certain fascination in all this, and it
could only be Verdi's. Whether the charm will keep its freshness time must
show.
"6. Lux (eternals a trio for alto, tenor, and bass, beginning with murmured
monologue of the alto, in no settled key, amid a mysterious tremolo of strings,.
400 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
high and low, which lends a certain sacrificial tone to it, as at the moment of
the elevation of the host, with swinging censers, clouds of incense, etc.,
occasional notes of the bass drum or chords of brass deepening the sense of
awe and strangeness. Much of what the three voices sing is made out of
phrases from the preceding Agnus Dei melody, which lends a greater unity.
There is much ear-tickling arpeggio and tremolo of high strings and flutes in
the concluding portion.
" 7. Libera me, etc. An ingenious contrivance for effect, at the beginning
and the end, is the monotonous chanting of some sentences, first by the
soprano, then by the chorus harmonized. The declamatory soprano solo
which follows (Dtim veneris judicare, etc.) is intensely dramatic, expressing
utmost individual terror ; the voice dies down to pj:) and pj-)}) and finally (sic)
to pppppjy (a full pod of peas!). And here once more bursts out the horrid
din and fury of the flaming Dies irce chorus, and once more dies away, and
Bequiem is softly breathed again as in the introduction of the Mass. Then
a long fugue, for single chorus, on Libera me, drier and harder even than
that in the Sanctus. It was prudently omitted, — all but the summing up, or
Mretto at the end. The petition is repeated in fragments, in various forms,
finally the monotonous chant again, and so the Mass dies out.
" That it is ' a great work,' in the Verdi way, we do not question ; but that
it is so in the highest, or a very high sense, we cannot feel. It is Verdi, with
all his limitations, all his idiosyncrasy, and more than ever of his great pecu-
liar power, his unique and decided talent, — creative genius, we can hardly
«ay. Even at his best, we often feel that there is more of will than of spon-
taneous inspiration in it. It lacks, after all, the depth, the sincerity, the re-
pose, the inwardness of great religious music. Its passionate intensity, even
in view of these tremendous terrors, is not religious. The dramatic is not
inconsistent with the religious element; but here is too much that is cheaply
theatrical, melodramatic, and sensational. Religious feeling rises superior to
terrors, and subdues them; self is forgotten, sympathy and love resolve its
discords ; every danger, every fear is spiritualized, and physical pains not
brought too vividly before the imagination. So it is in all the Passion Music of
Bach; so in every sj^mphony of Beethoven; if there be struggle, always joy
prevails. In the requiems of Mozart and Cherubini it is the Requiem and not
the Quantus tremor subject that is most dwelt upon and fondly treated. But
the author of the Trovatore is more at home (wilfully at home) in the sensa-
tional, shivering suggestions of the Day of Wrath. That he has been more in
earnest, more careful, better fortified with contrapuntal arts and studies in
this work than ever before, must be admitted."
Undoubtedly the general audience, after this first hearing, would
have voted the Manzoni Requiem a success. The receipts were
11,600.
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 401
SIXTY-FOURTH SEASON.
May 27, 1878, to May 26, 1879.
May 27. At the annual meeting the treasurer reported :
Income (iucludiug balance last year) 812,095 5?
Amounts and bills paid 12,10-1:22
Deficit, due treasurer §8 65^
The interest on the permanent fund for the past year amounted to
8889.10, retained for reinvestment. The president made an interest-
ing report, showing that the Society had prospered that year. There
had been thirty-five rehearsals, with an average attendance of three
hundred and eight singers. Eight concerts had been given. Fifty-
five ladies and thirteen gentlemen had been admitted to the chorus ;
and $200 worth of music had been added to the library. President
C. C. Perkins and the other principal oflScers were re-elected, with
the following directors: J. D.Andrews, H. G. Carey, A. K. Hebard,
R. S. Rundlett, J. A. Pray, M. G. Daniell, F. H. Jenks, G. F. Mil-
liken.
In October and November chorus rehearsals were held of Judas
Maccabcmis and of Verdi's Eequiem, the latter in compliance with a
pretty general request. The number of singers at these rehearsals-
ranged from three hundred and twenty to four hundred.
Xov. 24. First of the five concerts announced for the season.
Verdi's Requiem for the second time, with a chorus of five hundred,
and an orchestra of fifty-five. Every seat was occupied and there
was much enthusiasm. This performance was on the whole better
than the first.
In the soprano solos Mme. Pappenheim was missed ; but Mme^
Skelding brought to them a clear and telling voice, too much afflicted
with the tremolo. Some pieces she sang well, with fair diamatic
power, but others crudely ; so that, during the intermission, very con-
tradictory opinions of her were overheard among the audience. Miss
Phillipps was in excellent condition, more at home in her music than
before, and sang the trying contralto parts to great satisfaction. The
marked success of the evening was that of Mr. C. R. Adams, particu-
larly in his superb delivery of Ingemisco. He was in uncommonly
good voice, free from huskiness, so that the ringing, rich, and golden
quality of his higher tones asserted itself to great advantage ; the
hisfh B-flats were oflorious. Mr. J. F. Winch's noble bass was fresh
402 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AXD HAYDX SOCIETY.
aud musical as ever ; 3'et be lacked fire, or was not quite in his ele-
ment in that veiy Catholic and flaming music. A practical difficulty,
both for solo voices and chorus, lay in the frequency of passages in
unison (the old Verdi, as we knew him in Ernani) . The unison must
be absolute, the pitch without an infinitesimal shade of difference, in
order that such passages may sound well, and not coarsely, barbar-
ously, as in the monkish monotone familiar to all travellers in Italy.
The receipts were 82,650, a rise upon the May performance.
The Christmas performance of the Messiah was religiously attended
by as great a crowd as usual. Mrs. Dexter, of Cincinnati, sang the
soprano solos with intelligent appreciation ; but in some parts a cer-
tain nervousness appeared to hinder her control of her voice. Mr.
Courtney was not quite rid of the hoarseness which had affected his
fine manly tenor in all his public efforts since his arrival from England ;
his style was faultless. Miss Ita Welsh, our young contralto, made a
successful first attempt in oratorio. Mr. J. F. Winch (in the place of
Mr. Whitney, ill) won the chief triumphs of the evening in the great
bass airs. The chorus bore noble testimony to the thorough training
of their conductor, Carl Zerrahn. The receipts, including public
rehearsal, reached $2,700; expenses, 81,500.
1879. The third concert of the season was given Feb. 9, with a pro-
gramme of shorter pieces, instead of an oratorio. First came Luther's
choral, Ein' feste Burg, as harmonized by Otto Nicolai, which sounded
o;randly with the great, solid mass of chorus. Next, Mr. J. C. D.
Parker's Redemption Hymn confirmed the good impression which it
made at the Festival. The contralto solo was beautifully sung by Miss
Annie Louise Cary, and both the chorus portions and the fine instru-
mentation were well done. The principal novelty was the "Flight
into Egypt " from the trilogy, L'Enfance du Christ, by Hector Berlioz.
It opened with a little antique-sounding overture, pastoral, and even
rustic, mainly of reeds, the Corno Inglese prodominating, — a vague
and idle sort of warbling, innocent and pretty, but some thought it
artificial. Then a chorus, " Farewell of the Shepherds," very naive,
aud melodious for the most part. ' A narrative tenor solo, sweet and
simple, was sung by Mr. C. R. Adams, not in his best voice, and not
too familiar with the music. The Sanctus from Gounod's St. Cecilia
Mass was of the grandiose kind, overwhelming with its massive
weio^ht of harmony, and the sensational effect of-all of biilliancy that
brass could add, besides the bass drum imitating cannon. Mr.
Adams led off" impressively in tenor solo ; and chorus, orchestra, and
or<yan answered, swelling to a climax of irresistible sonority. It
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 403
liad to be repeated ; but the charm was of the kind that soou
■wears out.
The ever-welcoine Hymn of Praise formed the second part. The
three symphonic movements and the accompaniments throughout were
played with fervor b}' an unusuall}' complete and capable orchestra.
The choruses went finely-. )l Miss Clara Louise Kellogg sang the
soprano solos like an artist, although she seemed fatigued and out of
health. Miss Gary was altogether admirable ; and Mr. Adnms, albeit
somewhat husky, was very noble in the tenor solos.
What with tickets given to the chorus for their friends, the hall
was very full ; yet the receipts ($2,000) only met the expenses. The
secretary in his record says: "I think we have had all the opera
singers that we want ; they cost more than they bring."
And now, for the next two months, all addressed themselves, in
good earnest, to the rehearsing of Bach's St. Matthew Passion Music
for Good Friday, April 11, when the great work was to be brought
out, for the first time here entire, Part I. in the afternoon. Part II. in
the evening. Every preceding day that week it had been rehearsed,
twice publicly, making the week a Passion Festival in Boston. It was
the culmination of a series of approaches to completeness, begiunino-
with the Festival in May, 1871, and resumed in May, 1874, and April,
1876. Increasing interest in the music had followed all these efforts.
The singers had gradually learned to love it, until those who still
thought it dry and merely learned, difficult and unrewarding, were left
in a small minority. The enthusiasm spread abroad, until at last the
public was prepared to seize with eagerness the rare opportunity now
offered. The Music Hall was crowded at both concerts, many per-
sons coming from a distance, and many having to stand up throuo-h
the whole ; and for the benefit of hundreds who could not procure
seats, public rehearsals of both parts were given on the two preced-
ing afternoons. The first part occupied two hours, and the second
part almost two hours and a half. Of course this performance of
the Passion Music was distinguished from all the preceding ones bv
the introduction of many important numbers which were omitted
before. We shall again be obliged to copy from our own record at
the time : —
..." For order, we will take the various elements which enter into the
construction of the work. Of course, the actual order is that of the gospel
narrative of the betraj-al and crucifixion of Christ. That narrative forms the
connecting thread in all representations of the Passion, whether dramatic or
musical, and, therefore, we have to consider : —
"1. The Becitative, which is of two kinds: first, the simply narrative,
404 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
which is assigned to a high teuor voice, in the character of Evangelist, of the
kind called recitativo secco, sustained by mere chords struck on an upright
piano (Mr. Tucker). For the singer it is a most exacting task, requiring not
only a voice of high range and great endurance, but thorough artistic train-
ing, taste and skill and feeling. For Mr. Courtney's delivery of what wouid
be task enough for two voices, independently of the tenor arias, we have only
praise. . . . Then there is the dialogue recitative, where characters are intro-
duced as speaking, and which are more cantabile, and none could be more char-
acteristically contrasted. The words of Jesus (bass), as here set in tones, have
all the dignity and tenderness that could be imagined. And with what exqui-
site sense of fitness and distinction Bach always, the moment Jesus begins,
causes a delicate stream of violin harmony to flow in like a halo about his
sacred head, as in the old pictures! Mr. M. W. Whitney gave these senten-
ces with due solemnity and tenderness, particularly in the scene of the Supper.
Those of the High Priest, of Judas, and others, equally well individualized,
were for the most part truly and strongly brought out by Mr. J. F. Winch.
And then such expressive bits as the pert accusation of the two maids :
' Thou, too, wast with Jesus of Galilee 1 ' . . .
"2. The German Chorals, with Bach's inimitable harmony. . . . These,
like the choruses in the old Greek tragedy, reflect and comment on the passing
moments of the action. If the disciples ask, ' Lord, is it I? ', when told that
one of them would betray him, the choral takes it upon itself for all and
each, ' 'T is I ! my sins betray Thee ! ' Some of the chorals come in by them-
selves as moments of calm, grand repose, amid the exciting, agonizing stir of
the recital, like broad, cool, still sheets of water in the midst of a bold, wild
landscape, reflecting hills, and woods, and sky; others steal in softly and
with exquisite eff"ect, verse by verse, at intervals during a solo; and one,
clothed with a marvellous wealth of figurative counterpoint, and with an
orchestral accompaniment as rich and grand as a symphony, is lengthened
into a grand concluding chorus for the first part. They were all sung (some
of them for the first time) by the five hundred voices with impressive power
and rich sonority, accompanied by instruments in unison with each of the
four parts, as well as by the great organ, used discreetly throughout the
work by Mr. Lang. We felt, however, that some of them were rather too
coarsely sung; we should have liked some delicate, expressive shading here
and there in lines. . . .
"3. Grand choruses of entrance and of exit in each part, — gigantic portals,
fitly leading up to the stupendous scene, and leading us away, filling the mind
with wonder and with awe, or swelling forth the universal requiem. Never
before was the colossal opening (double) chorus, ' Come, ye Daughters,' sung
so grandly here, and so well accompanied. . . . The boys, drafted from three
of our public schools, for the soprano ripieno choral, had been well trained by
Mr. Sharland.
" 'Ye Lightnings, ye Thunders,' that swift, tremendous outburst of in-
dignation, and imprecation of divine vengeance, after Jesus is bound and led
away, may also count among the grand choruses, though it is only incidental,
passing like a whirlwind in an instant, and is properly the conclusion of a
scene, of which the first part is that tender duet of soprano and alto, with
exquisite accompaniment of fiutes, oboes, violins, and violas, in which every
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDX SOCIETY. 405
note weeps, and in the midst of which the incontinent rage of the disciples
vents itself in exclamations, • Leave Him! bind Him not! ' (which we would
rather hear not so fortissimo), like the muttered thnnder of the coming storm,
until the double chorus breaks loose, ' Ye Lightnings! ' etc. Somehow this
chorus had not all the spirit that it has had on some former occasions : partly,
perhaps, because so many of the tenor and bass seats were empty in the day-
time, and partly because it was not taken quite fast enough. Yet it made an
impression, and was loudly applauded, in spite of the request that there might
be no applause.
'• Then, closing the first part, must be named the sublime figured choral, ' O
Man, bewail thy sin so great,' before alluded to, which, only in four parts,
sounds, with its exceedingly rich and gorgeous orchestration, quite as grand and
iDroad as any of those in eight parts. The pervading instrumental figure keeps
up that caressing of the notes of which Bach seems so fond. The melody, or
tune, is sung always by the sopranos, beginning just ahead of the other
voices, which are interwoven in an inexhaustible variety of most expressive
counterpoint. The parts are hard to learn, but once learned are not soon
lost, for in their character they are essentially singable. What a melodious,
natural flow the bass part has, which looks so difficult ! This chorus was given
here for the first time, and it was about as capital an achievement as the
Handel and Haydn Society had ever reached.
" The unspeakably rich and tender concluding chorus, which we have called
the requiem, ' Around Thy tomb here sit we Aveeping.' never fails to make
a profound impression ; it is simply perfect ; no choir can sing it, no audience
hear it, without deep emotion, which all carry home with them. It was
grandly, nobly sung; and yet we thought, too loudly, with too rough accom-
paniment of brass, for the sentiment of words and situation, ' Here sit we
weeping, and murmur low in tones supprest : Eest thee softly,' etc. . . .
"4. The so-called Turbi:e, or short, stirring choruses of an excited
crowd, now of the disciples, now of an infuriated mob, clamoring, ' Let Him
be crucified,' etc. All of the more moderate ones in Part I. had been sung here
before. . . . Most of the fierce little choruses of the Jews had not been sung
before, and it was no easy work to master them, and so successfully. ' Let
Him be crucified,' for instance, which occurs a second time in a key one tone
higher, is in its intertanglement of parts like an oak wrenched and twisted by
the hurricane and lightning. What a satisfaction to have mastered such a
thing 1 So, 'He guilty is of death.' ' 0 tell us . . . who gave the blow,'
' What is that to us? ' ' His blood be on us,' ' Thou that destroy'st the tem-
ple,' and that piercing shout (diminished seventh chord), 'Barabbas!' all
bring an angry, taunting, and relentless multitude, exciting and outscreaming
one another, in a few brief strokes most vividly before us. The conductor
had been urgent and exacting, and the chorus had wrestled bravely with these
knotty problems, and they solved them pretty satisfactorily.
"5. The Arias, with their introductory melodic recitatives. . . . Quite a
number of them had been sung here before : and among these were some
of those exquisitely lovely arias with chorus, such as the tenor recitative and
aria: 'O grief 1 ' . . . 'I'll watch with my dear Jesus alway,' in which the
soft, sweet harmonies of the choral : ' So slumber shall our sins befall,'
come in repeatedly, yet never twice alike. A new one this time was the
406 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
opening number of Part II., alto aria : 'Ah ! now is my Jesus gone,' and chorus^
in a somewhat pastoral, romantic Aeiu, suited to the words from the Song
of Solomon : ' Whither has thy Friend departed? ' . . . Miss Henrietta Beebe,
from New York, sang the soprano arias in a pure, sweet, flexible voice, in a
tasteful, finished style, with respect for the composer, and with good expres-
sion, althougli her voice is of too light a character to bear all the weight of
emotion with which these songs are charged. She was particularly happy in
the air with the flufe solo, and delicate accompaniment of two clarinets :
' From love unbounded.' Miss Edith Abell has a rich contralto, or mezzo-
soprano voice, well trained and efiective, and sang all her arias artistically,
with true feeling and expression. Her great aria, ' 0 pardon me, my God,'
{Erharme dicK), Mhich properly requires one of the greatest singers, great in
voice and great in heart and soul, was sung Avith breadth and sustained noble-
ness of style. Mr. Remenyi's violin obligato was in some respects finely played ,
but there was too much of himself in it. And the same may be said of his
obligato in the bass aria, which Mr. J. F. Winch sang tellingly and grandly :
' Give me back mj' dearest Master.' Mr. Winch was hardly in his best voice,
but he was well prepared and efi*ective in some of his exceedingly difficult
tasks, such as ' Come, blessed cross ! ' in which Mr. Wulf Fries won credit
by the altogether beautiful and faultless manner in which he played the inter-
esting and very diflicult violoncello solo. Mr. Courtney was as artistic, and
on the whole satisfactory, in his trying arias as in the narrative recitatives, —
a remarkable achievement for one man indeed I Mr. Whitney's ponderous^
and noble bass told to fine advantage in the most beautiful of all the bass
solos, the recitative: ' At eventide, cool hour of rest,' and the aria: 'Cleanse
thee, O ray soul, from sin,' which he sang with a sustained and even breadth
of style, and with true feeling and expression."
There was much more to be said, — of the orchestra, of the debt
due to the conductor aud to the hard- working officers of the Society^
for so signal an achievement. Was it not one of the Uiminous historic
points in the whole growth and onward progress of the old Societ}^ ?
Many of us could read in it the assurance that the Passion would
thenceforth be given annually and entire in the same way. But the
stars did not fight with those who entertained that hope I
Receipts, $2,984.97, expenses, S2, 300.17, profits, S684 80.
April 13. Easter. Handel's heroic oratorio, Judas Maccabmuxy
was given with great spirit. To be sure, in spite of large omissions, it
was too long, after the exhausting music of the Passion week. And
many numbers of the work needed the labors of a Robert Franz to-
fill out the accompaniment. The choruses were on the whole splen-
didly sung. The soloists were : Miss Fanuy Kellogg, who achieved
a brilliant success in the soprano airs, through the delightfully clear,
bright, musical quality of her voice, and her tasteful execution ; her
chief fault being the habit of attacking a passage with a too explosive
sforzando ; Miss Edith Abell, whose voice seemed dull and weary
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 407
after the week's hard siege, though she sang finely ; Mr. Courtney,
who again distinguished himself by the clear, ringing tone and fervor
of his martial tenor airs ; and Mr. M. W. Whitney, who did all justice
to the bass part of Simon. The chorus numbered four hundred and
sixty, and the orchestra fifty. Receipts, $1,700, expenses, SI, 350.
On Friday evening. May 2, Elijah was performed for the benefit of
Carl Zerrahn, on the completion of his twenty-fifth season as con-
ductor. There was a fine audience. The receipts (including a public
rehearsal) reached S3. 331, of which sum $2,433.50 went to Mr.
Zerrahn. The chorus numbered four hundred and fifty, the orchestra
(many volunteering) forty. The solo singers all volunteered, as
follows : Mrs. J. Houston West, Mrs. J. W. Weston, Miss Sarah C.
Fisher, Miss H. A. Russell, Miss Emily Winant, Mrs. C. C. No3'cs,
Mrs. J. R. Ellison, Mrs. A. L. Fowler, Mrs. H M. Smith, Miss
Fanny Kellogg, Mrs. H. E. H. Carter, Master W. H. Lee (" the
youth"). Miss Ita Welsh, Mrs. Abby Clark Ford, Mrs. A. G. Spring,
— Mr. W. H. Fessenden, Mr. J. C. Collins, Mr. A. C. Ryder, Mr.
John F. Winch (" Elijah"), Mr. Alfred Wilkie, Mr. C. E. Hay, and
Mr. D. M. Babcock.
Before the oratorio Mr. Zerrahn was met in Bumstead Hall by the
chorus, who, through the president, C. C. Perkins, presented him
with elegantly bound orchestral scores of Elijah^ St. Paul^ and the
Lobgesang^ and a solid gold medallion bearing on one side the seal of
the Society, and on the other an inscription setting forth the character
of the occasion. The performance was brilliant throughout, and
great enthusiasm prevailed. The conductor's stand was adorned with
flowers, and with the gifts of the chorus. Other magnificent presents
were sent by Miss Annie Louise Cary, Mme. Rudersdorff, and other
friends.
SIXTY-FIFTH SEASON.
May 26, 1879, to May 31. 1880.
May 26. Annual meeting. The treasurer reported the receipts of
the year $12,386.33, expenditures, $11,395.03; deficit last year,
$8.65; balance in his hands, $991.30. The trustees of the perma-
nent fund showed a balance of $12,604.66. The president's annual
report was a wise and encouraging review of the year's noble work,
especially congratulating the Society on having produced the entire
St. Matthew Passion Music of Bnch for the first time in America, and
recognizing the manifest improvement in the singing of the chorus after
the vocal discipline which that music had given them.
408 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
The president, vice-president, secretary, treasurer, and librarian
were re-elected, and the following directors : M. G. Daniell, H. G.
Carey, A. K. Hebard, R. S. Rundlett, G. F. Milliken, F. H. Jenks,
J. A. Pray, Henry W. Brown.
June 6. Conductor and organist were re-elected for another year.
It was voted to hold the fifth Triennia. Festival in the week endino"
o
May 10, 1880, and to give three concerts in the season previous.
Nov. 23. The first of the three concerts was distinguished by the
first public appearance in America of Arthur S. Sullivan, Mus. Doc,
who had accepted an invitation to conduct the performance of some
of his own compositions. The attendance was worthy of so notable
an occasion, the receipts amounting to $2,835. There was an orches-
tra of sixty ; chorus, five hundred. The solo artists were Miss Edith
Abell, Miss May Bryant, Mr. Wm. J. Winch, and Mr. J. F. Winch.
The tenor Winch was at his best.
The first part, under Mr. Zerrahn's direction, opened with Beetho.
ven's Hallelujah chorus, which was very impressively sung, the sixty
instruments rendering excellent support in this as in all the numbers
of the programme. Then came The Flight into Egyiot (Berlioz),
which improved upon acquaintance. The tenor solo, representing the
Repose of the Holy Family, was sung so exquisitely that there was no
resisting the call for a repetition, and many remember it as the purest
gem of the evening.
The second part began with Dr. Sullivan's In Memoriam overture,
composed some years before in honor of his father. His reception
was most hearty, and he had long to stand bowing acknowledgment.
Turning to the orchestra, he entered quietly and earnestly into the
business of conducting. His manner was firm, precise, without any
flourish ; he was plainly master of the situation and held all his forces
well in hand. In the rehearsals he had shown a rare faculty of mak-
ing all go right, quietly insisting on the carrying out of his ideas.
The overture proved itself a musicianly work, vigorous in themes,
logical in development, clear and symmetrical in form, richly and
skilfully instrumented, and worked up to a powerful climax with the
organ at the end.
His short oratorio, The Prodigal Son^ composed for the Worcester
Festival (England) in 1869, was really an early work. The Mendels-
sohnian influence is unmistakable in it, naturally enough, for Sullivan
was then a young man ; he had held the first " Mendelssohn scholar-
ship," at Leipzig, where Mendelssohn was still the ruling spirit ; and
it would have required a courage amounting almost to bravado for
him to make his debut as composer in any marked departure from the
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 409
conventional style of one so idolized in England. Not a great work,
it was found exceedingly enjoyable. The great assembly left the hall
with a new admiration, and of a deeper kind, for the Arthur Sullivan,
who had already given so much pleasure, far and wide, by his lighter
operatic things, like Ptnq/bre.
Dec. 28. The Mes>iiah crowded the Music Hall again, and rarely
had there been a better performance. The soprano. Miss Fanny
Kellogg, showed a great improvement ; she had rid herself of that
explosive way which used to mar the beauty of her singing. Miss
Winani's great contralto tones, into which she put such honest, true
expression, charmed the audience. The tenor, Mr. Fritsch, whose
voice was not quite equal to some parts of his task, sang intelligently
and like an artist, especially in " Thou shalt dash them." The basso,
Mr. Whitney, was in all his glory. One of his final sub-bass tones
made one think of the traditions of Lablache. The concert, with
public rehearsal, brought in over $3,000.
1880. The rehearsals thenceforward until Easter were devoted to
Spohr's Last Jurlgment ; Handel's Solomon^ Utrecht Jubilate., and
Israel in Egypt; Haydn's *S'easo?is; The Deluge by Saint-Saens ; St.
Paul; Verdi's Requiem; and Rossini's Stahat Mater, — partly for
the approaching festival, for which the Board {March 12) voted to
raise a guaranty of 830,000 ; the Society heading the list with $2,000.
The prices for season tickets were fixed at $12. Single seats, $1.50,
$2.00, and $2.50; admission, SI. 00.
March 28. Easter. Israel in Egyjyt was given for the third and
last concert of the subscription series. The hall was ciowded. The
great work was produced on a grand scale, with the chorus ranks
full, and an orchestra of sixty musicians, with Mr. Listemann at their
head, brgan by Mr. Lang, and a goodly array of solo singers. Miss
Fanny Kellogg, called upon at a day's notice in the place of Mrs.
H. M. Smith, who was ill, and soon after her own severe bereavement
(of both parents), kindly undertook several of the soprano solos,
having never sung nor heard the Israel before, and won warm ap-
proval. The alto solos were sung by Mrs. Frank Kinsley, of New
York, with a light, pleasing voice, not strong enough for the great
hall ; but she sang intelligently and carefully ; only her efforts were
marred by a habit of forcing her lower tones into a somewhat boy-like
quality. Mrs. F. P. Whitney saug very satisfactorily the soprano
solos of the first pa't, and in the duet, '' The Lord is my strength."
The tenor solos could hardly have been given to a more effective
singer than, to Mr. W. C. Power (new to the Society), who had a
resonant, robust voice. His style was manly, full of fervor, and,
410 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
although not a Lloyd, he was obliged to repeat the ah*. '• The enemy
said, I will pursue." The bass airs in the ''appendix," '' He layeth
the beams " and •• Wave from wave." were nobly sung by Mr. Winch
and Mr. Whitney. Excellent music these ; but, being taken evi-
dently from Handel's Italian operas, they seemed hardly of the same
cloth with the rest of the garment. The same two gentlemen created
such enthusiasm in the great duet of basses, '' The Lord is a man of
war," that they had to labor through it- a second time. Yet it is an
artistic mistake ever to repeat that very long, exhaustive, difficult duet ;
it repeats itself full enough when once sung through ; it was never
made to be a •• twice-told tale," and it never goes so well a second
time. A conductor ought to be a despot with his audiences (who in
art are children) no less than with his choir and orchestra. The
receipts from /s/-ae/ were 82,200. Now follows busy hum of prepara-
tion for the
FIFTH TRIENNIAL FESTIVAL.
May 4 to May 9, 1880.
First Day. The performance of St. Paul, on Tuesday evening.
3fay 4, was pronounced to be the best yet given of that oratorio in
Boston. So said one of the largest and most cultivated audiences
ever assembled in the ^lusic Hall. The chorus seats were full,
and the five hundred voices (one hundred and sixty-two sopranos,
one hundred and forty-four altos, ninety-seven tenors, and one
hundred and thirty-six basses) were sensitively obedient to the
conductor's baton in all points of light and siiade. If there were
a few shortcomings anywhere the}' were lost in the abiding mem-
ory of a glorious whole. Possibly the addition of a do^en or
more good ringing tenors would have made the balance nearer
perfect. The orchestra of seventy-five, under Bernhard Liste-
mann, was equally efi;'ective. The violin force was of the honest,
telling kind. The contrafagotto, rather a stranger to our concerts,
made its presence felt. The reeds and flutes were sweet and true ;
and the brass, for which Mendelssohn gives splendid opportunities in
St. Faul^ rang out with refreshing and exhilarating challenge : '• Rise
up, arise ! " " Sleepers, awake I " etc. Mr. l.ang. having taken pains
to procure from Germany Mendelssohn's full organ score, made the
participation of the great organ very noticeable.
The principal solo singers, botlr in recitative and song, proved
equal to their exacting tasks. The limpid, lovely quality of Miss
Emma Thursby's pure and flexible soprano, and her refined execution
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 411
Trere in keeping with the music. Her singing was that of a bird-
like, child-like, happy nature, rather than a deep one. Miss Emily
Winant's rich and soulful contralto told in the little that it had to do.
Mr. M. ^y. Whitney acquitted himself, as always, nobly ; yet there
was a certain heaviness which needed to be lifted by the inspiration
which sometimes possessed him. The chief honors were borne off by
Mr. Charles R. Adams. For once, he was all himself again, his
manh' tenor free from huskiness, and he improved the auspicious
opportunity to show himself the noble artist that he was. When it
came to the great aria, " Be thou faithful unto death,*' he rose to
something like true inspiration ; the effect was magical ; every tone
was full of fervor and of beauty, and the applause knew no bounds.
The receipts were S2.000.
Second Day. On Wednesda}- evening. May 5, the audience was
even larger, the receipts being $3,282. The chorus numbered four
hundred and fift}^ voices. Two strongly contrasted works were given :
Spohr's oratorio. The Last Judgment, for the first time here in twent3'-
five years, and Rossini's rather too familiar Stabat Mater.
All found the music of Spohr sweet, melodious, delicately finished,
wrought out with a rare subtlety of harmony, with great contrapuntal
skill, and with a perfect mastery of the orchestral means of his day.
The sweetness, however, with the perpetual chromatic and even en-
harmonic modulation, while details were beautiful, was cloying on the
whole. A few bnrs. now and then, of plain diatonic harmony would
have been so refreshing ! Then, as a treatment of an awful theme,
nearly the whole music is extremely mild and amiable. (AVhat a con-
trast with the Verdi Bequieml) Only a single chorus, "Destroyed
is Babylon," taken with the preceding bass recitative, " The da}" of
wrath is near," contains any hint, musically, of anything appalling.
The chorus singing and the accompaniment were well done. The
solos form rather a secondary element in the work. Miss Ida W.
Hubbell, the soprano, new to the Society, sang with intelligence and
taste, with zeal and fervor. She had a clear and telling voice, some-
times a little strident in the highest tones. Miss Winant, Mr. Court-
ney, and Mr. M. W^. Whitney were up to their own high mark. The
orchestra, which realh' has the most important part, was equal to it.
Besides the long and serious overture, there is a yet longer intro-
ductory syiuphouy to the second part, where, if anywhere, one would
expect to feel a dark and terrible foreboding of the wrath to come.
On the contrary, it is almost festive ; it moves with a gay, buoyant
rhythm, like a prelude to some gorgeous pageant. Think what one
might of Spohr's oratorio, it certainly added, in the way of contrast
and of knowledge, to the interest of the Festival.
412 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
Rossini's Stabat Mater, of which the genial composer himself, in a
conversation with Ferdinand Hiller, spoke as being only mezzo serio,
is liked by all the singers, because it affords fine opportunities for
their voices. It went well in nearly every part. The sensation of
the performance was Signor Campanini's singing of the Cujvs animam.
Miss Annie Gary was perfecth' at home in the contralto arias. Mis&
Fanny Kellogg had hardly the physical strength for the Et ivjlam-
matus, but in the rest of the soprano part was eminently successful.
Mr. J. F. Wincli was quite equal to the trying Pro peccatis and the
other bass airs.
Third Day. Thursday afternoon, May 6. Beethoven's Choral
Symphony, with the preceding miscellaneous selections, drew an
overflowing audience. First came (for the third time in Boston) Mr»
George W. Chadwick's overture to Bij) van Winkle^ heard with fresh
interest, from the fact that the young composer, who had recently re-
turned from his studies in Germany, conducted it in person. He was
■warmly received, and held the orchestra well in hand. Mr. C. R»
Adams sang Schubert's Erl-King^ with an orchestral accompaniment,
by no means overpowering or extravagant, by Berlioz. Then ap-
peared Miss Thursby in the scene of poor crazed Ophelia, from the
Hamlet of Ambroise Thomas. It was a charming and a touching
piece of vocalization, and the audience were delighted. Miss Cary^
in her full contralto, and in her noblest style, with perfect ease of ex-
ecution, sang the jealous Juno's recitative, " Awake, Saturnia," and
aria, "Hence, Iris, hence away I " from Handel's *S'e??ie^e, superbly.
The short Psalm, without orchestra, by Mendelssohn, " Judge me,
O God," vras impressively sung by the great chorus, the unison pas-
sages being firm and massive, and the responses prompt and sure.
In the Ninth Symphony the chorus was even more successful than
the orchestra. One prime condition of success, enthusiasm, clearly
buoyed up the singers to the level of their arduous task. In the sus-
tained high notes of the religious climax it all sounded well, however
inconsiderately (for voices) Beethoven may have written it. The
quartet of soloists — Miss Thursby, Miss Gary, Mr. Adams, and Mr.
Dudle}' — were, with a few momentary shortcomings in one part or
another, more nearly equal to their arduous task than any we remem-
bered to have heard before, even in that almost impossible quadruple
cadenza. Mr. Dudley had a manly, ponderous, telling bass voice,
which he wielded to good purpose ; and he led off in the vocal work,
after the suggestion of the orchestral basses, veiy nobly, giving a
spirited impulse to the entire chorus.
The orchestra, of over seventy, played the three instrumental move-
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 413
ments, on the wliole, finely, especially the heavenly Adagio. The
double basses burst their bonds and talked out very effectually where
the need of human utterance first makes itself felt. Certainly those
who gave themselves simply up to the music and the thought found
it a glorious experience, and went home edified, and in a happy, hope-
ful and believing frame of mind. If the St. Paul was the best achieve-
ment of the Festival, this was the other best. That concert brought
in S3, 410".
The fourth concert. Thursday evening, opened with Mr. Dudley
Buck's Symphonic Overture to Sir Walter Scott's Marmion. If not
strikingly original in ideas, it did impress one as a good square piece
of orchestral writing, largely and s^'mmetrically laid out, effectively
and richly instrumented, with several good themes well developed,
although perhaps at too great length.
Then followed Verdi's Requiem {heavd here for the third time).
It seemed to call forth the best energies of orchestra and chorus, and
to prove highly satisfactory to the great mass of the very large and
eager audience. Of the work itself our first opinion remained un-
changed. Its appeal is not to the best that there is in us ; only
seldom does it touch the springs of deep religious love and aspiration,
but it appeals to fear. Those texts of the old Latin hymn, which
offer the best chance for great sensational display of orchestral effects,
are the texts chiefly dwelt upon. It is not so with the greater
masters, Mozart, Jomelli, Cherubini, who sing more of rest eternal.
The performance, on the whole, was excellent. The grander scene-
painting came out vividly and strongly. Light and shade were care-
fully regarded. The arias and concerted pieces were satisfactory in
the main. Mrs. H. M. Smith's clear and powerful soprano voice
did good service, though sometimes its effects were overstrained and
marred by impure intonation. Miss Gary was altogether equal to her
part. Signor Campanini made another great hit in the aria, '^ Inge-
misco." Mr. Whitnev sano- the bass solos with grand sonoritv and
dignity. The chorus numbered four hundred and thirty. The house
was good ; receipts, S2, 740.
Fourth Day. Friday evening, 3fay 7. The fifth concert offered
*' Spring" and '' Summer " from Haydn's Seasons, and The Deluge
by Saint-Saens, the first in most refreshing, soothing contrast to the
unpeaceful Mequiem of the night before, and to the overwhelming
Deluge that immediately followed. Composed by an old man of
seventy, it is the happiest expression of a most genial, child-like
sympathy with nature. Its fiowing honey does not cloy like that of
Spohr. It presents a varied picture, nowhere overcolored, nowhere
414 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
weak or tame. All is characteristic, free from startling contrast and
extravagance. The chorus of the thunder-storm, so naturalh' prepared
by passages descriptive of intense summer heat, may be a puny tem-
pest by the side of Saint-Saens's picture of the Deluge^ but intrinsi-
cally it is more near to Nature and more powerful.
These two parts of the Seasons were sung and played con cunore.
All the choruses went well except the first: '* Come, gentle Spring,"
which was a little scrambling. The soprano melody was particularly
suited to the voice and style of Miss Thursby, who sang most charm-
ingly. Mr. Adams was again in good voice, and with his true artistic
instinct gave a most expressive rendering of the tenor part ; espe-
cially in the recitative and air descriptive of the summer heat and its
effects : " Distressful Nature fainting sinks," he realized the full in-
tention of the music in the most complete and tasteful manner. Mr.
Whitney sang the song of the *' Husbandman," and indeed all that
fell to his share, very finely.
The general verdict on the Cantata, The Deluge^ was upon the
whole unfavorable. The vocal writing seemed to interest but few,
while plentiful praise was lavished on the transcendent brilliancy and
power of its descriptive instrumentation. All the usual and unusual
means of the modern orchestra are employed to work up the descrip-
tion of the rising of the waters to a fearful and extraordinary climax.
It begins suggestively with a faint, watery tremolo, and presenth" a
bubbling and gurgling sound of flutes, and a chromatic whistling of
the wind, all quite exciting to the imagination, till finally the great
deeps are unloosed with universal, stunning tumult, the like of which
in intensity, variety, and cumulative persistency of noise, still kept
within the bounds of music, was never realized before. Of course
the culminating point of rest, at the subsiding of the waters, is turned
to good account by the ingenious composer. But taken as a whole,
the work, instru men tally as well as vocally, was to our feeling weak,
coarse, wilful, wanting dignity, unequal to the subject, and unworthy
of a composer who in other things had shown so much genius and so
much musical savoir faire.
After the great flood has begun to subside, we have in Part III.
most interesting and suggestive themes for an imaginative composer :
the scattering of the clouds, the sending out of the dove, the olive-
branch, the descent from the ark, the rainbow, etc. And here indeed
we have the gentlest and most pleasing portion of the music. But
again all is spoiled by what should be a sublime conclusion. The
command: ''Increase and multiply," naturally suggests a fugue.
But what a fugue we get ! Learned enough, ingenious enough it
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HADYN SOCIETY. 415
may be, but desperately dry aud uninspiring. The performance on
the whole was as good as could reasonabl}^ be required, especially the
orchestral work. The principal vocalists (Miss Hubbell, Miss Win-
ant, Mr. Adams, and Mr. Dudley) did themselves as much credit as
could be expected in such music. The chorus numbered four hundred
and seventy. Receipts S2,665.
Fifth Day. Saturda}^ afternoon, May 8. This was in one sense
the gala-da}^ of the Festival, although the giver of the feast, the old
Society as such, in its own choral capacity, figured less than in any
other concert. It was the people's day, when thousands from the
country, far and near, thronged to Boston Music Hall, attracted by
the array of famous solo singers. The great crowd is always drawn
b}' a certain interest in the personal performer, more than by the
beauty or the grandeur of the music in itself. Hence such a day and
such a programme are dear also to the solo artists ; it gives them all
an opportunity to shine in pieces of their own selection ; each rides
in upon his own hobby-horse, with which he has won before and
still feels pretty sure to win. The consequence is that nondescript
affair, a miscellaneous programme. In this case the miscellany was a
remarkably good one. The crowd was overwhelming ; every seat
was occupied and hundreds of applicants were turned away. The
performance, singly and collectivel}', was most satisfactory. With-
out further comment, we simply give the bill of fare : —
1. Overture, " Riibezahl" (Ruler of the Sjnrits), op. 27 . . Weber.
2. Utrecht Jubilate, Chorus Handel.
Solos b}^ Miss Gary, Mr. Courtney', and Mr. Whitney.
3. Romance, from La Forza del Destino Verdi.
SiGNOR CaMPANINI.
4. Song: " La Calandrina " Jomelli.
Miss Thursby.
5. Aria: '' De gioTiii m\ei," from II Duca d' Ebro . . .Da Villa.
Mr. Courtney*.
6. Duet: " Non fuggh'e," from William Tell. . . . Bossini.
SiGNOR Campanini and Mr. Whitney'.
7. Intermezzo from Sj'mphou)^ in F, op. 9 . . . . Goetz.
8. Air: ''Yo'i ohe s2i\ittQ" from. Le Nozze di Figaro . . Mozart.
Miss Annie Gary.
9. Miriam's Song of Triumph Beinecke.
Miss Hubbell.
10. Air: '''■ZQY\\m,''tvom.DieMeistersingervonN\irnherrj . Wagner.
11. Siegmund's Love Song: " Winterstiirme," from Die
Walkure Wagner.
SiGNOR Campanini.
416 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
12. Aria from Criulio Cesare Handel.
Miss Wixant.
13. Aria: " Non s' ode alcun," from L'Etoile du Nord . . Veyerbeer.
Miss Thursby.
[Flute accompaniment played by Messrs. Schlimper and Rietzkl.]
14. Quartet and chorus from the " Cantata per ogni tempo" . J. S. Bach.
[The Quartet by Miss Hubbell, Miss Winant, Mr. Courtney, and
Mr. Whitney.]
Sixth Day. Sunday evening, May 9. There was some falling
off in the attendance, the evening being very hot, and Solomon being
understood to be not one of Handel's greatest oratorios. The note
about it appended to the programme book concludes : " As a whole,
we may speak of Solomon as an oratorio which contains much of
Handel's best music, but too long, wanting unity, and unusually over-
loaded with long, level stretches of those conventional and ornate
solos, which it requires the best of singers to lift into light and inter-
est. The choruses are, indeed, wonderfully fine, and touch such vari-
ous chords of human feeling that they might furnish a complete
enough entertainment of themselves. The oratorio as here given is
curtailed one third. Why not curtail it even more?" The Society
had not given it for twenty-five years ; this was the fourth perform-
ance. One great obstacle to its success lay in the fact that the
sketchy instrumentation of the old published score required such com-
pletion as was made by Mozart for the Messiah., and by Franz for
several works of Bach and Handel, to fit it for performance. It was
found impossible to procure Sir Michael Costa's parts from England;
and at the last moment, when the Society was committed to the work,
some parts for the clarinet were written, and those for bassoon and
horn were amplified by Mr. J. C. D. Parker, Mr. Zerrahn preparing
parts for the trombones. But this was not enough. Of course, the
organ in the background became all the more important, and Mr.
Lang put in good work there.
Yet in spite of such tiresome length of the old conventional cut, ^
in spite of the comparatively small number of the grandest kind of
choruses, and in spite of meagre instrumentation, there was much in
Solomon to charm and to impress, much of the Handelian tenderness
and sweetness in the airs, much of his graphic power, his majestjs and
lofty inspiration in the choruses. The latter were perhaps hardl^''
sung with all the spirit shown in some preceding concerts, for natu-
rally the singers had become fatigued. But the great hymns of praise
at the beginning and the end, the charming epithalamium : '' May no
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 417
rash intruder," with its sound of nightingales, and the descriptive
series in the last part, especially the mournful one : " Draw the tear
from hopeless love," — a piece of solemn harmony in which Handel is
at his very best — were all well rendered and produced a fine im-
pression.
Of the solos, the chief part — the alto part of Solomon — was care-
fully and smoothly- sung by Miss Gary, though her noble voice showed
some signs of fatigue. For the same reason, Miss Thursby's sweet
voice, finished style, and intelligent conception feebl}- expressed the
tenderness and pathos of the parts of the Queen and the First Woman.
Miss Fanny Kellogg's greater voice and greater earnestness, in the
parts of the Queen of Sheba, and the vindictive Second Woman, were
in strong contrast to the other. Mr, Courtney sang in a thoroughly
artistic manner in the part of Zadoc, rendering the long stretches of
roulades with perfect evenness and grace ; and Mr. J. F. Winch was
fully equal to the trying bass songs in the character of the Levite.
The house was moderately full, the receipts $2,150.
So ended the Fifth Triennial Festival, favored throughout by the
sunshine of nature and of public favor. The average attendance was
excellent. No accidents nor di&^appointments marred the pleasure of
participants, and all was congratulation at the end. The financial
results were cheering, leaving a fair profit. At the next meeting of
the Board {May 27) salaries were voted for services at the Festival,
as follows: Carl Zerrahn, as conductor, $1,000; B. J. Lang, as
organist, $400 ; S. M. Bedlington, as librarian, $200. Voted, also, to
pay Mr. Lang $300 salar}', as organist for the season, exclusive of the
Festival. And the treasurer was instructed to pay over to the trus-
tees of th^ Permanent Fund the sum of $2,000, then in his hands.
418 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
CHAPTER XIII.
SIXTY-SIXTH SEASON.
May 31, 1880, to May 30, 1881.
May 31. At the Annual Meeting the treasurer reported : —
On hand, May, 1879 $991 30
Receipts of the regular season . . . . . . . 8,283 13
Receipts of Fifth Triennial Festival 20.431 29
$29,705 72
Expenditures of the regular season .... $7,462 65
Expenditures of Festival 19,287 72
Paid to Permanent Fund 2,500 00 $29,250 37
Balance $455 35
In the report of the Permanent Fund it appeared that a donation of
$500 had been received from some unknown friend of the Society.
The value of the Permanent Fund was $15,233. The president and
other principal officers were re-elected, and the following : —
Directors. — Henry M. Brown, M. G. Daniell, F. H. Jenks,
Geo. F. Milliken, Geo. T Brown, Eugene B. Hagar, W. S. Fen-
ollosa, josiah wheelwright.
The president, C. C. Perkins, made his annual report (or address) .
He said : '^ Were I to say that the season has been the bes| so far in
the annals of the Society, and that the Fifth Triennial Festival far sur-
passed its predecessors, I might be contradicted ; but when I say that
no exertions were spared by the conductor, the singers, the organist,
and the board of management to make the concerts given before and
at the festival as good as possible, I cannot be gainsaid ; for this is-
strictly- true." He took an interesting survey of the rise and progress
of the Society, and claimed that the choral and symphony concerts
in which Boston rejoiced were in a measure due to the initiative taken
by the Handel and Haydn Society so many years ago. After some
eloquent exhortation to future effort and yet higher aspiration, he
closed with the following statistics of the season : Fifty-four re-
hearsals had been held, with an average attendance of four hundred
and forty singers. Thirty-five new members had been admitted ;
fifty-five ladies had joined the chorus, and fourteen had been dis-
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 41^
missed. Eight members had resigned, and three had l)een dismissed.
After reciting the long list of works performed before and at the
Festival, he alluded to the deaths, six in number, which had occurred
in the Society during the year, namely : Charles Henderson, who
joined in 1834; Henry A. Coffin, who joined in 1865; T. Frank
Reed, who joined in 1866 ; Thomas Grieves, who joined in 1^70 ;
Leopold Lobsitz, who joined in 1876 ; and Philo Peabody, who
joined in 1877. Mr. Heed had been a member of the B(>ard of
Government in 1870 and 1871. " Actively interested in the cause
of music, always conspicuous among those who were best capable of
promoting it, genial, kindly, and courteous to all who came in con-
tact with him, Mr. Reed is not a little missed b}' those who knew and
valued him."
During the summer the rebuilding of Tremont Temple (destroyed
by fire) was completed, and its old organ was replaced by a new and
splendid one constructed by Messrs. Hook & Hastings. The new
Temple was dedicated by a series of concerts early in October. To
these the Handel and Haydn Society contributed two oratorio per-
formances. First, on the formal opening night, Monday, Oct. 11.,
the Messiah. The chorus of the Society, about one hundred short of
its usual number, on account of the limitation of the stage, was well
displayed upon the curving tiers of seats in front of the elegant and
cheerful architecture of the organ, while the orchestra occupied the
space in the middle, the whole being brought so far out into the
auditoiium that everything w^as clearly heard. The choruses came
out with a ringing, rich ensemble. The shading, too, was good, and
the accompaniment felicitous. Miss Lillian Bailey (Mrs. Henschel),
singing here for the first time since her studies in Paris and her suc-
cessful career in England, took the soprano solos ; and, considering
her youth and the yet juvenile though much-improved quality of her
voice in firmness, evenness, and fulness, acquitted herself most cred-
itably. Miss Emily Winant, whose rich contralto seemed richer than
ever, sang with unaffected, simple truth of feeling. Mr. Wm. J.
Winch was not at his best in the tenor solos. Mr. M W. Whitney
gave the bass airs in his grandest voice, with rare spirit and effect.
The chorus singing frequently raised the audience (only moderate in
numbers) to enthusiasm.
On Wednesday evening, in the same place and under the same
conditions, Elijalt was given, with the same choral and orchestral
forces, and for soloists Miss Fanny Kellogg, Miss Winant, Mr.
Charles R. Adams, and Mr. John F. Winch ; and in the concerted
music Miss Lucie Homer, Mrs. C. C. Noves, Mr. Geo. W. Want, and
420 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
Mr. D. M. Babcock. The Temple was only half filled, but the per-
formance was a fine one. It was an unfavorable week for a series
of grand concerts in an unaccustomed hall. Man}' of the most
musical families were still out of town ; there was too much politics
in the air and in anxious patriotic minds ; beautiful evenings and a
reluctance to give up the summer's fascinating freedom, etc., etc., all
together proved too strong for the charmer, music, to overcome.
The remainder of the autumn months was occupied with rehearsal
of the Mount of Olives and of Mozart's Requiem^ until the Messiah
took its annual turn on the approach of Christmas. The public per-
formance was on Sunda}^ evening. Bee. 26. The solos were by Mrs.
H. F. Knowles, Miss Anna Drasdil, Mr. W. C. Tower, and Mr.
Georg Henschel. The chorus singing was excellent throughout
(four hundred voices). The orchestra of sixty, with Mr. Listemann
heading the fine bod^' of violins, and with plenty of double basses,
was uncommonly efficient, while the great organ, played b}' Mr.
Lang, lent judicious, unmistakable support wherever it was needed.
The additional accompaniments by Franz, in certain numbers, helped
greatly to bring out the beauty and the richness of the composer's
meaning. In spite of the John Bull critics, who would hold us to the
letter of the hasty sketches which Handel left us in his scores, we
■doubt not that, could the old giant have been present, his big wig
would have vibrated with true satisfaction at finding his hints so
finely apprehended and carried out. While the solos were all good,
those contributed by Mr. Henschel and by Miss Drasdil gave dis-
tinction to this repetition of the most familiar (yet never too familiar)
of oratorios. A new stage had been erected for the chorus, and they
were seated in chairs, instead of on benches without backs, as be-
fore,— a great improvement both in looks and comfort. The audi-
ence was large. Receipts about $2,000.
1881. Jcin. 30. The second concert of the season revived two
famous works which had not been heard in Boston for a quarter of a
century : Mozart's Requiem., and Beethoven's Oratorio, The Mount
of Olives^ no longer given, out of regard for sanctimonious English
prejudice, with an absurd change of text and subject, under the title
of Engedi.
Mozart's Requiem was indeed refreshing after one's ears had
several times been scorched by the sensational, devouring flames of
Verdi's intensely lurid and appalling picture of eternal torment.
Mozart also can command appalling harmonies ; he has appropriate
accent and tone-color for the Dies Irce, Tuba mirum, Confatatis, etc.,
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 421
but he treats them with a few vivid touches, making them most im-
pressive. He does not turn the whole Requiem, the prayer for rest^
into a tremendous picture of the terrors of the Judgment Day. Sweet-
ness, tenderness, repose are the prevailing key with him ; it is music,
not to startle and to frighten, but to please, to comfort, edify, sus-
tain, and bless. How reposeful the broad, tranquil opening : Requiem
Eteniam^ and the majestic fugue: Ki/rie Eleuon! How beautiful
the Eecordare! How divinely full of deepest, tenderest emotion, and
how wonderful in rhythm, climax, harmony, and expressive, ceaseless
modulation the Lichrymosa^ which hardly finds its equal unless we
turn to Bach I And then the lovely BenecUctus, the Agnus Dei^ etc.
(whatever Siissmayer may have had to do with them, so Mozartean
in spirit) ! It is these things, out of the sweetest, inmost heart of
music, that leave the permanent impression of the work, and not a
haunting nightmare dream of terrors, as with Verdi.
The interpretation of this immortal music was very satisfactory on
the part of orchestra and chorus. The quartet of soloists was com-
posed of Miss Hattie L. Simms, of Brooklyn, N. Y., Miss Ita Welsh,
Mr. Courtney, and Mr. Clarence E. Hay.
The Mount of Olives never ranked among Beethoven's greatest
works, although his genius and consummate art shine out in it re-
peatedly. The instrumentation is thoroughly Beethovenish. The
choruses are few. There is only one of much importance — a bril-
liant, joyful one, with very florid soprano solo — before we come
to the exciting, graphic little choruses (or turbce), first, of the
soldiers seeking Jesus, which is march-like, pianissimo, staccato ;
then of the disciples : " What means this crowd and tumult?" alter-
nating with •' Then seize and bind him fast," " Haste, and seize
upon the traitor," etc. Beethoven shows his imaginative power in
these little scenes ; they are not weak even after Bach. Of course
there is no need to speak of the sublime majesty and breadth of the
well-known final Hallelujah Chorus, which is one of the great things
of Oratorio. The tenor recitatives and arias in the part of Jesus
(Mr. Courtney, who sang in his usual chaste, expressive style) fall
far short of the tenderness, the realizing sense of Bach. The arias-
of the Seraph (soprano) are too much like brilliant, ornate concert
arias, though sometimes justified by the exultation of the text. Miss
Simms, who sang them, a pupil of Mr. Courtney, was an agreeable
surpiise. Her voice was singularly pure and fresh, good and even
throughout its large compass, and soaring to the high C with perfect
ease ; her phrasing intelligent ; her execution and expression fault-
less, and her manner free from affectation. Mr. Hav sangr the small
422 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
part of Peter with good taste and judgment. There is no contralto
role. This short oratorio made an enjoyable contrast with the
Requiem^ though not so great a work of its kind as that. The
audience was fair; receipts, $1,500; expenses, $1,350.
For the nine following Sunday evenings the rehearsals, having
Holy Week and Easter in view, were devoted to the Passion Jfusic
and St. Paul^ the attendance varying from two hundred and seventy-
five to four hundred singers. A public rehearsal of the Passion was
given on Thursday afternoon, April 14^ the sale of tickets amounting
to 8800.
On the following evening (Good Friday), ^4p?v7 15, Bach's Passion
Music according to St. Matthew was performed, with an orchestra of
fifty, a chorus of four hundred, and one hundred boys in the balcon}-
to sing the intermittent choral in the great opening chorus. It seemed
a pity that the work could not be given entire, in two performances
on the same day, as it was two years before. To reduce it into one
evening's concert is not only to omit many most important numbers ;
it also tends, in the desire to save as many beautiful arias and cho-
ruses as possible, to make that one too long. About half of the
chorals, those ever-welcome moments of repose, immortal models,
too, of four-part harmony, were omitted ; while the narrative recita-
tive, so trying for any single tenor voice, was considerably, and very
judiciously, abridged. As it was, much the larger half of the work
was sung. We well remember the tasteful, delicate, chaste, pathetic
manner in which this tenor narrative was delivered b}^ Mr. William J.
Winch, despite some signs of weariness toward the end. Miss Annie
Louise Gary took our feelings captive by her rendering of the great
aria with violin obligato : "O pardon me, my God" {^'' Erbarme
dich "), and by all she sang. It seemed as if the study and the sing-
ing of this music was an entering of new depths of life for her. And
here is the place to speak of Mr. Henschel, since these two more than
any realized the spirit and transcendent art of this unsurpassable
religious music. In the unspeakabl}' beautiful utterances of Jesus
(always distinguished by the prismatic halo of string quartet ac-
companiment) his expression was all serious, tender, manly, full of
majesty and full of love. It seemed the voice of the divinely human.
Mrs. Humphre}^- Allen did good justice to the soprano arias which she
sang, especially : "From love unbounded," with its innocent and
exquisite accompaniment of only flute and two clarinets. Miss Edith
Abell's efforts were intelligent and earnest, but the voice seemed suf-
fering from a cold. Mr. Wm. AVinch was excellent in the great
tenor scene with intermittent stanzas of choral: "O orief I " —one
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 423
of the most beautiful iuspirations in the work, to which the oboe
melody b}' Mr. de Ribas contributed most happil}'. Mr. John Winch
sang the bass air:_"Gi\e me back my dearest Master," with more
life and character than we had heard it sung before, as well as the
parts of Judas and of the High Priest. Mr. Listemann played the
beautiful violin solos with artistic certainty and great refinement.
The choruses, for the most part, were well sung, especially the
chorals and the Schluss-Chor, which is so profoundly affecting; and
the orchestra was commonly eifective and subdued to finer light and
shade than ever before here in the Passion Music; yet there were
some slips and some rough places both in orchestra and chorus, some
indifferent or timid entrances. The great organ lent very eflScient aid
under Mr. Lang's hand, particularly in the appalling picture where
''The veil of the temple was rent," etc. On the whole, this fifth
rendering of the music was the most successful since the Society- first
undertook any considerable portion of it. With every repetition it
had gained a wider and a deeper hold among our music-loving people.
The performance began at 7.35 and ended at 10.24. The weather
was bad, and the receipts were Si, 720.
Easter Sunday evening, J.pn7 17. Performance of St. Paul.
Orchestra of fiifty-five, chorus, four hundred and twenty-five. There
was hardly a fault to be found with the chorus singing. In the long
grave chorus, written almost uniformly in half-notes, 3-4 (" But our
Lord abideth"), frequently abridged, there is a second soprano part
which sings a choral ; this was assigned to a choir of boys who had
been drilled for this and for the opening chorus in the Passion by
Mr. Sharland, and the effect was good. The four principal soloists
were all highly satisfactory. Mrs. Henschel (Lillian Bailey) sang
the aria "Jerusalem," and all the soprano solos, in a simple, chaste,
refined, and sympathetic voice and manner, winning sincere applause.
Mrs. Jennie M. Noyes (her first appearance in a principal role)
acquitted herself most creditably in the short contralto arioso : " But
the Lord is mindful." The parts of Paul (bass) and of Stephen
(tenor) could not have been intrusted to better artists than Mr.
Henschel and Mr. C. F. Adams; it was a great treat when the\'
sang together in the duet : " Now we are ambassadors." It was the
most artistic and complete production, so far, of this noble oratorio in
this cit3^ And it came well right after Bach, being conceived so much
in his spirit. The audience was very laige ; the receipts, 82,275.
At the meeting of the Board, Ajyril 29, Mr. Nathaniel Harris, a
trustee of the Permanent Fund, having died, Mr. Henry P. Kidder
(of the banking-house of Kidder, Peabody & Co.) was by vote re-
quested to take his place.
424 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
SIXTY-SEVENTH SEASON.
May 30, 1881, to May 29, 1882.
The annual meeting was held May 30, Vice-President George H.
Chickering in the chair. The report of the president, C. C. Perkins
(then in Europe), congratulating the Society upon its excellent con-
dition, was read by the secretary. The report of the treasurer, Mr.
George ^V. Palmer, showed the total receipts of the year, including
the balance on hand at the outset of 8455.35, to have been $9,311.64,
and the total expenses 88,917.34, leaving a balance in the treasury of
8394.30. The amount of the fund was reported at 821,828.27. The
report of the librarian showed that music had been added at a cost of
8289.79. The principal officers were re-eltcted, with the following
Directors: George T. Brown, Josiah Wheelwright, H. M. Brown,
Eugene B. Hagar, W. S. Fenollosa, D. L. Laws, J. D. Andrews,
and R. S. Rundlett. A series of resolutions was passed recognizing
the services rendered by the late Nathaniel Harris, as a member of the
Board of Trustees of the Permanent F.und.
Before passing on to the musical work of the new season, it may
be well to mention here a movement which had been some time in
progress among some of the officers of the Society, toward '' weeding
out the old choir." It was proposed to authorize the Board of Gov-
ernment to remove from the chorus those members who should be
proved to be vocally inefficient, ofiering honorary retirement with cer-
tain privileges in case of age. To this reform a majority of the Society
were still reluctant, but it was bound to come in course of time.
Jane 24, The Board laid out a programme of the season's work
as follows : For Dec. 25, the Messiah; Feb, 5, Handel's Utrecht Jubi-
late, Parker's Redemption Hymn, Mendelssohn's Hymn of Praise;
April 5, Bach's St. Matthew Passion Music; April 7. Creation.
Sept. 16. The Board received letters from President Perkins, in
Europe. Voted to purchase Cherubini's Jlissa Solemnis, for study
and performance; also, Graun's Passion {Tod Jesu), for perform-
ance this season in place of the Utrecht Jubilate and the Pedemption
Hymn. Accepted an invitation to take part in a great Musical Festi-
val, under the direction of Theodore Thomas, in New York.
In October and November the rehearsals were devoted to the Hymn
of Praise, Creation. Rubenstein's Tower of Babel, and Graun's Tod
Jesu.
Nov. 27. The death {Xuv. 23) of George W. Palmer, its treas-
urer, was sad news to the Society. Born in Philadelphia, he had re-
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 425
sided forty years in Boston ; was once a member of the old publishing
firm of Jenks & Palmer, and had held the positions of treasurer of the
Brattle Square Church, and of two street-railway companies, one of
them for twenty-three years. After the rehearsal, at the suggestion of
President Perkins, the chorus sang " Happy and blest," from St.
Paul.
Dec. 9. At a special meeting of the Society it was unanimously
Eei>olced, '' That by the death of George W. Palmer the Handel and
Haydn Society has lost one of its most devoted and valuable mem-
bers. Since he joined the Society, in 1841. acting as a Trustee since
1860 and Treasurer since 1806, he has steadily cared for its interests,
and shown a constant kindliness and courtesy in the discharge of his
duties, which will always be gratefulh- remembered by his associate
members and by the ladies of the Chorus. Loving the Society, its
work, and his share in it, he was always present at its rehearsals and
public performances, unless compelled by sickness to absent himself
from his accustomed post ; and now, that he will be seen in it no
more, his presence will long be missed."
Mr. Moses Grant Dauiell was then chosen treasurer in his place,
and Mr. Wm. F. Bradbury as a director in the place of Mr. H. M.
Brown, who had resigned. The '• weeding-out " amendment to the
B3'-laws was rejected, but on the motion of Mr. A. Parker Browne
the proposition was renewed, with change of form, so as to authorize
the Board of Government " to retire from the chorus any member
whose singing falls below the proper standard," that fact to be deter-
mined by a committee consisting of the four choir superintendents and
four members of the Society at large (not members of the Board).
Dec. 25. The Christmas performance of the Messiah was crowded
(receipts, 82,750); chorus, four hundred; orchestra, fifty. Mrs.
E. Aline Osgood, a native of Boston, disappointed many by her lack
of '• thrilling and impassioned " rendering of the soprano solos, after
the reputation she had acquired in England. Mr. Courtney was re-
ported '' under the weather," and partly so Miss Annie Cary and
Mr. J. F. Winch. One paper called the whole performance of the
oratorio a '• pallid " one, too much a matter of habit. Another said,
*' a tame and insipid performance." Mrs. Osgood, however, was
credited with a delightfully pure soprano, of great compass and un-
usual evenness, and with being a careful, conscientious singer, with
an admirable stage manner.
1882. Feb. 5. The second concert of the season began with the
first performance in this country (probably the first outside of Ger-
many) of Graun's Der Tod Jesu. Karl Heinrich Graun was born near
42<3 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
Dresden, in 1701, and died at Berlin, in 1759, so that he was mainly
contemporaneous with Bach and Handel. He was early noted as a
singer, and he composed a Passions-Co/atata, — tliought remarkable for
a boy of fifteen. He was much under the influence, both as singer
and composer (as was Handel) of Keiser, the then celebrated com-
poser of Hamburg ; and the operas of the Italian composer Lotti also
influenced his style. In 1735 he was invited to the residence of the
Crown-Prince of Prussia, afterwards Frederic, the Great. Here he
composed fifty Italian Cantatas, usually consisting each of two airs
with recitatives. When Frederic came to the throne he continued his
patronage of Graun, made him his Kapellmeister, and sent him to
Italy to form a company of Italian singers for the opera at Berlin.
In Italy he remained more than a year, and there his singing was
much appreciated. In Berlin he composed many Italian operas, as
well as instrumental works, which are forgotten. Towards the close
of his life he again devoted himself to church music. Two of his
works of this period, through which his fame now chiefly lives, are, the
Te Deum^ for Frederic's victory at Prague (1756), and Der Tod Jesu
(death of Jesus), a ''Passions-Cantata," the words by Ramler (not
from the Bible), a work which placed him in the rank of classical
composers. It was first performed in the cathedral of Berlin on
March 26, 1755, and has ever since been annually sung there in
Passion- Week. Many have thought it too antiquated, but the repeti-
tion has been justified by the complete and masterly form in which it
embodies the spirit of a bygone age. Grove says, "It contains so
many excellences and so much that is significant, that no oratorio of
the second half of the last century, excepting, perhaps, Mozart's
I^equiera and Haydn's Creation^ can be compared to it." After
Bach and Handel this, perhaps, comes next, but longo intervallo. In
Berlin Graun's Tod Jesu occupies almost the position which Handel's
Messiah does here.
Ramler's rhymed text is poor poetry indeed, but childlike and sin-
cere and in the spirit of its time and countr}'. Much of it, especially
in the recitatives, deals in realistic physical terrors rather largely.
But Graun is greatest in these recitatives ; his music ''casts a grate-
ful veil of pure, exalted sentiment over the terrible details of the
text." The airs are mostly in the ornate, brilliant operatic Italian
style of that da}-, sometimes cloyingl}- sweet and sentimental. The
choruses (only five) are grand ; the chorals weak compared with those
of Bach.
The work gave pleasure, but with its numerous repeats seemed very
long. The choruses were impressive, and several of the recitatives
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDX SOCIETY. 427
and airs were very effective. These were sung by Miss Ida W. Hub-
bell, Mrs. L. S. Ipsen, Mr. Wm. J. Winch, and Mr. Georg Hen-
schel, — all excellent in voice and rendering. The chorus num-
bered three hundred and fifty, the orchestra, fifty-six. There was an
audience of one thousand three hundred; receipts, only 81,200 ; ex-
penses, 81,600. This falling off was owing to the heavy snowstorm of
the night before, which interfered with travel in the suburbs.
March 27. That evening a grand combination concert was given
in the great Mechanics' Fair Building in aid of the Russian Jewish
Refugees. The old Society joined forces with the Lynn Choral
Union, the Salem Oratorio Society, the Taunton Beethoven Society,
a moderate orchestra (no organ), and for solo singers, Mrs. H. M.
Knowles, soprano. Miss Mary F. How, contralto, and Messrs. C. R.
Adams and J. F. Winch. Conductors, Carl Zerrahn and Georg
Henschel. There were one thousand singers present, but the stage
would only hold six hundred ; the rest went inio the hall and listened.
The programme consisted of the '' Baal " and '• Rain " choruses from
Elijah^ the ''Hallelujah*' from the Jlessiah. and numerous solos.
The night was stormy, yet the audience was large. The hall proved
good for sound, but too large for the force employed.
April 7. Good Friday. Bach's Mat'hew Passion Music was for
the second time given entire in two performances, with a chorus of
three hundred and fifty in the afternoon, and four hundred and fifty
in the evening. Mr. Henschel sang the music in the part of Jesus,
and also the recitative. "At eventide," and the following air,
" Cleanse thee." Mr. Wm. F. Winch took the part of the Evange-
list and the other trying tenor solos. Mrs. E. A. Osgood was the
soprano, and Miss Mathilda Phillipps divided with Miss Edith Abell
the contralto solos, at short notice, in the place of Miss Annie Cary,
who was ill in'Xew York. The bass airs and minor parts (Judas,
Peter. Pilate, etc.) were taken by Mr. J. F. Winch The solo obli-
gatos for violin, violoncello, flute, and oboe were played by Messrs.
Listemann, Wulf Fries, Rietzel. and de Ribas. Mr. Hiram Tucker
played a piano accompaniment to the recitatives. The choral for
soprano ripieno in the great opening chorus was sung by boys from
the public schools, under the direction of Mr. J. B. Sharlaud.
It was thought that the Passion Music did not go so well as in some
previous years. The arias and the instrumental parts, peculiar and
extremely ditficult, needed closer and continued study. And the
tenor solos, including the narrative ones for the Evangelist, were
really too great a load for any singer and ought to be divided between
two. The house was very full, the receipts, 82.700.
428 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
April 9. For Easter, tlie Creation was given (for the sixty-first
time in Boston), with a chorus of five himdred and a)i orchestra of
fifty-five. Miss Fanny Kellogg sang the soprano solos. Mr. Tom
Carl, the tenor, was pronounced " timid," Mr. Whitney, the basso,
'• rough," and the orchestra " careless" at times. The receipts were
82,400, being double the expenses.
Now followed a series of seven rehearsals (the last four conducted
by Mr. Theodore Thomas) of Israel in Egypt^ for the New York
Festival, which occupied five days {May 2-6). Nearly five hundred
of the Society went on by the Providence steamer '' Massachusetts,"
on Thursday, 3Iay 4, the party occupying the whole boat. Others
had preceded them a few days earlier. They lived on board the boat.
They sang in Israel in the fifth concert of the Festival in the Seventh
Regiment armory, occupying the central seats (the post of iionor) in
the great chorus of two thousand seven hundred voices (composed of
societies of New York. Brooklyn, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Bos-
ton). There was an orchestra of three hundred instruments. The
solos were sung by Mrs. E. A. Osgood, Miss Hattie Schell, Miss
Emily Winant, and Messrs. William Candidus, Franz Remmertz, and
M. W. Whitney ; conductor, Theodore Thomas ; organist, Dudley
Buck. The societies had not rehearsed the work together, but the
performance was pronounced superb. The tone volume of the voices
was enormous, rendering the orchestra at times inaudible. The
fortissimos were impressive at first, but, being too uniformly kept
up, grew tiresome. This was the largest chorus ever gathered in
America for any important work (larger perhaps than Handel ever
dreamed of I) ; but the great waves of tone were steady and volum-
inous. The audience amounted to seven thousand people. Our
Society reached home on Sunday morning, all delighted with the rare
experience.
Other works given at that Festival were : Beethoven's Solemn Mass
in D: Bach's Cantata : Eln' feste Burg; Handel's Utrecht Jubilate;
Berlioz's Les Troyens (Act 2) ; besides inatinees of classical and
modern music. The soloists were Mme. Materna, Mrs. Osgood, Miss
Annie Cary, Miss Winant, Messrs. Campanini, Candidus, Toedt,
Henschel, Remmertz, M. W. Whitney, and others. The expenses
were said to amount to about 812<J.000, the receipts somewhat less.
All the expenses of the Handel and Haydn Society were paid by the
Festival Association.
May 16. At a meeting of the Board, it was voted that the Judge
of Probate be requested to appoint Henry L. Higginson a trustee of
the Permanent Fund in the place of Hon. John Phelps Putnam, de-
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 429
ceased. A vote of thanks was passed to the New York Festival
Committee *' for their courtesy and attention to the convenience and
pleasure of the Society during its visit to New York and participation
in the Festival."
SIXTY-EIGHTH SEASON.
May 29, 1882, to May 28, 1883.
May 29. Annual meeting. The treasurer's report showed : —
•Cash on hand at beginning of year $394 30
Receipts from all sources 9,464 73
Total $9,859 03
Expenses of concerts $7,205 85
'Current expenses 1,917 65
Additions to library 427 70
9,551 20
Balance on hand $307 88
No income had been drawn from the fund during the year. Pres-
ent market value of the securities held by its trustees, $20,460.
The librarian reported no books lost, and an addition of five
hundred copies of Rubinstein's Tower of Babel, five hundred copies
of Graun's Der Tod Jesu, forty copies of Cherubini's Mass. with five
hundred and fift}' chorus parts of the same. The president's report
was read, accepted, and placed on file. The election of oflScers for
the ensuing year was as follows : —
President. — Charles C. Perkins.
Vice-President. — George H. Chickering.
Secretary. — A. Parker Browne.
Treasurer. — M. Grant Daniell.
Librarian. — John H. Stickney.
Directors. — J. D. Andrews, Wm. F. Bradbury, George T.
Brown, Wm. S. Fenollosa, Eugene B. Hagar, D. L. Laws, R. S.
Rundlett, Josiah Wheelwright.
The ''weeding out" amendment found the Society not yet ready,
and was indefinitely postponed.
Sept. 6. Board voted to hold the Sixth Triennial Festival at the
Music Hall in 1883, beginning May 1 ; to give the Messiah on Sun-
day evening, Dec. 24, and two other concerts during the season, one
•of them to be on Easter Sundav ; to instruct committee to consider
430 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
the suggestion of giving an oratorio during the fall in the great hall
of the Mechanics' Building. The conductor (Carl Zerrahn) and
organist (B. J. Lang) were reappointed, on the usual terms. At a
later meeting {Se2)t. 20) Mr. Zerrahn's salary was raised to $1,000.
Rehearsals of The Toicer of Bahel and the Creation were held through-
out the Sunday evenings of October. Nov. 12^ the Creation was re-
hearsed at Mechanics' Building by five hundred of the chorus. On
the next evening {Noo. 13) it was publicly performed there in the
grand hall. The chorus numbered about six hundred ; the orches-
tra, led by Bernhard Listemann, seventy-six. The solo singers were
Miss Emma Thursby, Mr. Charles R. Adams, and Mr. John F.
Winch. All, it appears, sang finely ; even Miss Thursby's sweet and
delicate soprano was not lost in so vast a hall. The most effective
moments were Mr. Adams's singing of ''In native worth and honor
clad," and the great chorus, ''The heavens are telling." Mr. Winch
was inaudible at times. The effect of the hall was fairly good ; and
3^et much was wanting to the full enjoyment of the music. It was
thought that the hall with certain improvements might be made very
good for large choruses. The audience (one third of which was free)
numbered not quite three thousand six hundred. The tickets were
put at low prices: $1, 75 cts. and 50 cts. The dollar tickets sold,
the most freely. The receipts did not exceed the expenses.
Dec. 24. At home again in Music Hall ! The Messiah was given
with an orchestra of fifty-four, and a chorus of five hundred. The
soloists were Miss tjenrietta Beebe, from New York, Mrs. Flora E.
Barry, Mr. William J. Winch, and Mr. Georg Henschel. The chorus
work appears to have satisfied the critics better than that of the solo-
singers. The audience was very large. Receipts, $2,950. Expenses
$1,500. That sort of balance is music to the managers !
1883. Throughout the month of January the Society was engaged
in the rehearsal of a new oratorio (?), The Redemption, by Gounod,
which the Society had already announced as one of the attractions of
the Sixth Triennial Festival in the following month of May. At great
cost the right of performance in Boston had been purchased of Mr.
Theodore Thomas, who controlled the use of the authorized edition,
the composer's score, for the United States. The reasons for giving
it several months before the Festival, namely, on Monday evening,
Jan. 29, were set forth in a preliminary circular as follows : '"As it
now appears that an orchestral accompaniment has been prepared
from the published pianoforte score, and that the work may be per-
formed in that unauthorized and incomplete form in Boston and other
HISTORY OF THE HAXDEL AXD HAYDX SOCIETY. 431
places, therefore, iu justice to the composer, who ought to be heard in
his own wav. to the public, which has a right to have the work iu its
iuteo-ritv, and to the Societv. which has paid a laroe sum for the use
of the real score, it has been decided to give it on the day above
named." By an appeal to the United States District Court, Mr.
Thomas succeeded in barring the public use of the '* unauthorized
edition," and much newspaper discussion and controversy helped to
create a factitious interest iu the work. It was performed at the
Boston Theatre, a few days in* advance of the Handel and Haydn
Society, under the direction of Mr. J. G. Lennon, a Catholic musi-
cian of good repute, with only a pianoforte and organ accompaniment,
a choir of three hundred voices from several Catholic churches of the
city, and a goodly array of solo singers. Then came the performance
from the original complete score by the Society, which had bought the
right from Theodore Thomas.
Naturally there was a wide-spread, eager curiosity to hear a work
which had been the subject of so much litigation and discussion here
in Boston ; a work, too. which it was understood that Gounod, com-
poser of the admired and well-known opera. Faust, regarded as the
supreme effort of his genius. The Music Hall was crowded, and by
most attentive listeners. The receipts amounted to S3. 110. There
was an orchestra of seventy, and a chorus of five hundred. The solo
singers were : Mrs. E. Aline Osgood. Miss S. C. Fisher, Miss Emily
Winant, Messrs. AV. J. and J. F. Winch, and Mr. Franz Remmertz.
Those who had heard its first production in England at the Birming-
ham Festival in August, 1882. or subsequent performances iu Lou-
don, New York, and Philadelphia, declared that this performance
compared well with any of them. The voice of the local press was
loudly in its praise.
Of the work itself, in its intrinsic character, we may copy from the
•' Notes'' in the book of the Society's Sixth Triennial Festival : —
"A Catholic oratorio is au anomaly iu our time: for, althoiigli tlie name
oratorio is Italian, and although musical representations, in dramatic form, by
that name were first held in Rome, yet now the word suggests to us those
grand, sacred musical epics, like Handel's 3Iessiah, Israel in Egypt, Judas
Jfaccabceus, or Mendelssohn's St. Paul and Elijah.vrhich sprang up outside of
the Church, and were quickened by the spirit of the Reformation. Gounod
wrote his Hedemption for the church, the Roman Church of France : and very
properly the title by which he wished to have it known was not an oratorio,
but a ' Sacred Trilogy ' (^since it consists of a prelude and three parts). The
music, in its whole style and conception, is essentially ecclesiastical, and it is
essentially French. Both the music and the text (of his own writing) have
the peculiar French Church flavor: they are emotional in a sense alike remote
432 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
from, SSL}' the Passion Music of Bach, aud from the cooler Protestant thought
and feeling of the present day. Such emotionalism must inevitably seem to
many of us very artificial, while to the ardent Catholic, who can listen to the
work as if in his own church, transported thither by the sympathetic spell of
Gounod's genius, it may all speak like the sincerest ministry of St. Cecilia's
art divine, — a ministry of tears and exaltation. Much that is found strange,
affected, sentimental, morbid, and sensational in the music, aod, perhaps,
offensively doctrinal in the text, one might be more than reconciled to could
he only listen from the Roman churchman's point of view and with his sub-
jective sensibility.
" These remarks are not made in a spirit of condemnation, but simply to
account for, and to state, in a very few words, some of the peculiarities, one
might say singularities, of Gounod's Eedemption. For instance, while on the
one hand it is sentimental, on the other it is almost too painfully realistic; it
dwells with a pitiless minuteness on the cruel images and details of the Cross.
The narrative, avoiding all that exquisitely human and expressive recitative
which is like a natural language with Bach and Handel and Mozart, is here
reduced to the dry monotony of church chanting ; it is not music, and it
is not speech ; for no one can converse upon a monotone ; the subtle charm of
the unconscious natural inflections of the voice is half its eloquence. On
the other hand, it has been alleged, that this arid monotony is relieved by
the wonderful wealth and graphic point of Gounod's instrumentation. It
would be more accurate to say that his orchestra does the narrating and
describing, while the tfnor or bass voice, with the cool unconcern of
the stage prompter in his box, or the expressionless and automatic glib-
ness of the showman, as the panorama unrolls, simply notifies what it is
about.
" The incessant use of chromatic scales and chromatic sequences of chords,
so often dangerously near to discord, with all the startling concomitants, par-
ticularly throughout the prologue and whole first part Cor act), seems to.
appeal to a physically sensitive imagination, to a morbid emotionalism, rather
than to an enlightened spiritual sense, chaining the hearer's mind to the
bare, literal earthly facts, instead of transfiguring these into a higher mean-
ing, as Bach in his Passion Music always does, however bald and literal the
text. The harrowing suggestions are in some degree relieved, however, by
the early appearance of a iovely bit of melopoeia (frequently called a • Leit-
motif,' signifying ' The liedemption '), which comes back repeatedly. The
' March to Calvary ' is as brutal as it is brilliant : doubtless intentionally so.
The chorals, scattered through the work, avoiding all the saving charm of
polyphonic movement, are of a plain and commonplace description, almost as
much so as our own New England psalmody ; these again hail from the popu-
lar usage of the actual church service. Of great oratorio choruses there are
none, in the sense of Bach or Handel or Mendelssohn, none with the masterly
development, the universal and impersonal suggestion of the inexhaustible
fugue form : but there are several, near the end, which are broad and massive
and imposing, easy of apprehension, popular, in one of which reappears the
melody which Gounod had already used in his song ' Nazareth.' There are
many pleasing scenes and passages, at once ingenious and childlike in their
simplicity, which certainly serve for a relief, if they do seem out of keeping
HISTORY OF THE HAXDEL AND HAYDX SOCIETY. 433
with the gravity of the whole subject. Such, for instance, is the tripping
little quickstep ushering in the trio of the Holy Women at the sepulchre, — so
elastic, so light-hearted, full of cheer, that it would do well for ' Haste to
the Wedding.' "
All these traits were variously judged, according to the subjective
couditioDS and the religious associations of all kiuds of hearers ; by
some admired intensely ; by others, while they found uot a little
to admire, accepted cmly with large reservations. Upon the whole,
the temper of the public was found so responsive that it was decided
to grant a second hearing of The Redemption on Good Friday. March
23. It drew another full house (receipts, S2,800, expenses, about
SI, 900). The chorus numbered four hundred and fifty, the orchestra
seventy. We copy from the next day's Transcript (W. F. Apthorp) :
•'The solos were sung by Mrs. Georg Henschel, Mrs. E. Humphrej'-AUen,
Miss Ita Welsh, Mr. Wm. J. Winch, Mr. Georg Henschel, and Mr. Franz
Remmertz, the latter singing the part of Jesus, as at the first performance.
Mrs. Henschel has not the vocal power of Mrs. Osgood, who first sang the
soprano music, but her singing was exquisite at every point. In the solo and
chorus, ' From thy love as a Father,' she made an admirable eftect by taking
the tempo decidedly slower than it was sung before. Miss Welsh sang ex-
tremely well also; Mrs. Allen did not seem to be in her best voice, and her
singing sounded a little strained. Mr. Winch made a decided improvement
upon his former efibrt. . . . Mr. Henschel, as the bass narrator, sang su-
perbly, with the utmost simplicity and in a purely narrative style, but with
immense effect. Mr. Remmertz was wonderful as ever. Chorus and orches-
tra did excellently upon the whole, false intonations being the exception •
when the choir did take it into its head to sing flat, however, they sang flat
with a vengeance. As for the work itself, we were disappointed at findiuo-
how much of it sounded far less impressive than at the first performance.
One fears greatly that it will not stand the wear and tear of many more per-
formances, in spite of isolated passages of rare beauty."
March 25. Easter was marked by a grand performance of Elijah,.
the oratorio in which the Handel and Haydn chorus always feel them-
selves at home and sure. That time they were out in force, five hun-
dred voices, with an orchestra of sixty-five. And a biilliant array of
solo artists helped to attract an audience that filled every seat and
corner of the Music Hall. These were : for principal soprano, Mme.
EmmaAlbani; Mrs. J. E. Tippett, Mrs. E. Cleveland Fenderson, and
Miss Mary E. How, contraltos ; Mr. C. R. Adams, Mr. M. ^Y . Whit-
ney, Mr. D. M. Babcock, and Mr. A. E. Pennell. Of Albani's siuo--
ing one of the critics wrote: •• The commanding largeness of her
voice, with its matured wealth of expressive powei*, stood her in ex-
434 HISTORY OF THE HAXDEL AND HAYDX SOCIETY.
cellent stead for her task, and added to these advantages was the
deeply earnest and reverential spirit which informed her delivery of
her music, making it in a very high degree impressive and thrillingly
eloquent." Of her singing of her great air, ''Hear ye, Israel" (in
composing which Mendelssohn had the high F sharp of Jenny Lind in his
mind), the same writer says : " It was not only so pure in conception
and so finished from a purely artistic point of view, but so profoundly
moving in its tenderness and so appealing in its earnestness as to
make it almost a new revelation^of Mendelssohn's thought, and there-
fore an event to be gratefully cherished in the memory of all who
heard it." The pure, true, somewhat childlike soprano of Mrs. Tip-
pett, a thoroughly musical nature, musically well taught and full of
talent, fitted her for the music of " The Youth." The two contraltos,
if not powerful, appear to have made themselves acceptable. But
neither Mr. Adams nor Mr. Whitney were in good vocal condition.
The others are reported satisfactory, while orchestra and chorus were
" at their best." Receipts, $4,000 ; expenses, 82,900.
And now the Sixth (and last !) Triennial Festival loomed in imme-
diate prospect, and the whole month of April was given up to rehear-
sals, nineteen of them, following thick and fast, in preparation for
that grand but ominous event. It was nobly, generously planned ;
no pains were spared ; a fine array of artists were engaged, and the
week's programme was rich in masterpieces old and new, — such a
concentration of attractions as, it would seem, could not fail, judging
from past experience.
SIXTH TEIENNIAL FESTIVAL.
May 1 TO May 6, 1883.
First Day. Tuesday Evening, May 1. Two contrasted works,
one old, one new, were offered in the opening concert. First came
Handel's Ode on St. Cecilia'' s Day., composed in 1739. It had been
twice before performed by the Society, in Nov. 1863, in honor of the
opening of the great organ, with organ accompaniment only, as
arranged and played by Mr. Lang, upon stops imitative of the vari-
ous orchestral instruments. (See page 209.) This time it was given
(for the first time here) with orchestra, — such orchestral accompani-
ments as exist. Miss Emma Thursby " was in excellent voice, and
sano- the soprano solos with a clear, full sweetness, generally ade-
quate to their true effect, and into her final recitative she threw a good
deal of spiritual fervor." The only other soloist, Mr. \Vm. J. Winch,
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 435
*' gave his opening numbers neatly and with finish, saving his voice
carefully for his chief air, 'Orpheus could lead,' which he delivered
in a very stirring and impressive style, and with sufficient mastery of
its mechanical difficulties." Yet another writer '' cannot explain to
himself what induced him to give a rather sad and sentimental tinge to
the music." The chorus singing wasjH'onounced exceptionally good.
Very different in form, feature, and complexion was the work which
followed (here for the j first time), Anton Rubinstein's "Sacred
Opera," The Toiver of Babel. There is something Titanic in the
genius of this eccentric, bold, adventurous Russian, then in the ful-
ness of his powers, at the age of fifty-three. His passionate, strong
individuality, often verging on extravagance, his plethora of musical
ideas, now noble and sublime, now delicate and tender, now rushing
into questionable conceits, were shown bolh in his wonderful piano-
playing and in his multifarious compositions. Besides writing many
operas, — some on national or heroic themes, and some, like Nei^o and
The Demon, far from inviting in their titles, — he had long entertained,
and in several instances endeavored to carry out, a pet theory of his
own regarding oratorios. The point of it appears in a remarkable let-
ter which he published. Let a few sentences suffice : " The oratorio
is a form of art against which I have always been inclined to protest."
... "I have no sympathy with the objection that biblical subjects,
as being sacred, do not belong to the stage. Ought not the theatre to
serve the highest ends of culture? . . . With the people, there has
ever been a craving fur the sight of sacred subjects on the stage.
This is proved by the Mystery plays of the Middle Ages, and by the
great impression made to-day (in spite of the more than naive music)
on every one who witnesses the Passion Plays at Oberammergau.
What a mighty impression would not works of Bach and Handel and
Mendelssohn produce if giv^n on the stage ? . . . I have conceived
of the creation of a distinct, peculiar art-form which should find its
place in a theatre to be built for this peculiar purpose " (at some
holier Bayreuth?). " This kind of art should be called, in contradis-
tinction to the secular, the ' Sacred or Religious Opera,' and the
theatre a 'Sacred Theatre,' as distinguished from the worldly thea-
tre," and so on at length. With this view, he composed his Paradise
Lost, and meant to compose Cain and Abel, Jloses, Song of Solomon,
and Chi'istus. His dream of a sacred theatre was never realized ; his
Totver of Babel has only been performed, like other oratorios, without
scenery, costume, or action. To listen understaudiugly the hearer's
imagination needs a little prompting; he must read a brief '-argu-
ment " of the intended action : —
436 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
" In the background of the scene appears the tower, its top reachiui? above
the stage; sheds, huts, implements, building materials, etc., cover the space
round about and in front of the tower. On the right of the proscenium is
seen Nimrod's mound crowned by a gigantic tree, from which a tamtam i»
suspended. The people, grouped about the tower, are asleep ; the day begins
to dawn. The master workman appears with two trumpeters, and, the call
having been given, he summons the people to w^ork. The fires are lighted ' to
make brick for stone and slime for mortar ' ; and soon all hands are at work.
Amidst this busy scene Nimrod arrives on the mound, and, contemplating the
progress of the tower, glories in the expectation of soon ascending it to be-
hold the Creator. Among his followers is Abram, who calls upon the mighty
monarch to abstain from a design which he cannot hope to accomplish with
impunity; but Nimrod, incensed at the boldness of a mean shepherd, orders
him to be cast into the fire. The people stop their work and hasten to obey ;
but hardly has Abram been led to the flames when angels appear from above
to protect him; the fire suddenly subsides, the smoke disappears, and Abram
emerges from the flames unharmed. Great is Nimrod's consternation at this
miracle; greater that of the people, who soon divide into their several tribes,
of which each claims the miracle for its own God. The tamtam is sounded ;
at Nimrod's bidding the conflict is stayed, and work reluctantly resumed.
But now the angels again appear. ' Let us go down,' they sing, ' and there
confound their language.' The scene suddenly darkens ; Abram predicts the
approaching vengeance of Heaven ; Nimrod in vain orders the aflrighted peo-
ple to throw the daring shepherd from the tow^er, and, before he can enforce
his command, the tower, amid thunder and lightning, falls to the ground with
a terrific crash. The people fly in all directions; Abram alone is seen kneel-
ing in prayer ; and Nimrod, overawed by the terrible scene, at last acknowl-
edges that he cannot cope with the Deity. Three dissolving views, accom-
panied by the chorus behind the scene, then cross the stage in succession,
representing the excdus of the Shemites, the Hamites, and the Japhethites.
This over, the scene again represents the plane in the land of Shinar; a rain-
bow appears, spanning the background. Nimrod and his followers gradually
gather in the foreground, and kneel down facing the rainbow ; the heavens
open; the celestial legions appear and shed their dazzling radiance on the
scene. At the same time, the infernal hosts are seen rising from below, and^
amid the hallelujahs of the angels, the praises of the people, and the defiant
shouts of Satan's host, the scene is brought to a close."
As to the merits of the work opinions differed widely, some calling it
great, while to others it seemed weak and uninteresting. To one the
musical description of the fall of the tower was '' commonplace and
trivial, the thundering big drum being even comic." Another
thought, '' No musical passages better adapted to crisp the nerves-
with a sense of fear and wonder w^ere ever heard here than those in
which the destruction of the Tower of Babel by Jehovah's lightning
is indicated." All seem agreed that the best part of the work is in
the choruses. All praised the rare beauty of the three choruses of
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 437
the descendants of Shem, Ham, and Japheth. Considering the im-
mense difficulty of the composition, chorus and orchestra " performed
their task with great credit," although the boys' choir was often out
of tune. There were no solo parts for female voices. " Mr. M. W^
Whitney sang the (bass) part of Nimrod with dignity and with grand
et¥ect, and Mr. John F. Winch did much good work in the (barytone)
part of tbe master workman. Mr.' C. R. Adams's voice (Abram)
was in poor condition and almost deserted him at moments." The
audience was small, the receipts not exceeding SI, 560.
Second Day. Wednesday ILvening, May 2. Prof. John K. Paine's
cantata, The Nativity/, was composed for this occasion, and was con-
ducted by himself. This was tlie op. 38 of the young American
composer. Harvard's musical professor ; his most important effort
after his two symphonies, besides the noble music that he wrote for
the Greek choruses in that memorable performance of the (Edipus of
Sophocles by Harvard students and professors in May, 1881. Before
hearing we attempted a description of the work as follows : —
Prof. Paine has chosen his poetic theme for musical illustration from the
hymn in Milton's ode, " On the Morning of Christ's Nativity," a poem which
still shines pre-eminent, as with the lustre of the morning star, among all the
Christmas odes that have appeared before or since his time. The hymn is toc>
long, even without the long-lined prelude, to allow of all its twentj'-sevcD
stanzas being set to music with advantage. Nor are the thoughts or diction
of some of them available as text for music. Beginning, therefore, with the
first stanza : " It was the winter wild," he has found the texts which best lent
themselves to his musical idea in the first nine stanzas (skipping the second),
and, for a conclusion, the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth, — eleven in all.
The Cantata (we suppose it may be called) is divided into three parts.
Part I., beginning, after a short prelude, with "It was the winter wild,'*
goes to the end of the seventh stanza. It opens in C (andantino, 4-4) with a
few melodic bars by all the strings in unison, very softly, growing to a fortis-
simo with trombones, and again subsiding as harp tones soar to the skyey
octave, and a " Peace " motive floats down, as it were, from heaven, until one
by one the voice parts enter, finally blending in full harmony. In the prelude
the rhythmical division of the quarters is into triplets, after the Siciliano
model of Bach's and Handel's pastoral symphonies ; but the twofold division
prevails, so that the composer has marked it 4-4, and not 12-8. The move-
ment in the main is pastoral ; yet a certain wild and restless modulation in
the harmony, a certain ambiguity of key, together with the musing, rapt ex-
pression of the melody, suggests in one scene both the "winter wild" and
the "Heaven-born Child" sleeping in the manger. Where "Nature doffs
her gaudy trim. With her great Master so to sympathize," the sopranos linger
tenderly upon that word, and droop, as in fond revery, down to their lower
tones while tremulous triplets in the orchestra acknowledge the divine
presence.
438 HISTORY OF THE HANOKL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
A livelier movement, in the fresh key of A major, for soprano solo and
chorus, slogs of "universal peace," as told in the third stanza. The words
are full of lively images to catch the fancy of the composer, and the music,
though not imitative, reveals a sympathy. "No war or battle's sound is
heard the wide world round" elicits a fiery chorus {allegro moderato), worked
up with energy ; the bass voices prolonging now and then a syllable in wind-
ing phrases, the orchestra still conjuring up in memory war's wild alarms,
though now no longer heard. Those grandly imaginative lines : " And kings
sat still with awful eye. As if they surely knew their sov'ran Lord was nigh," are
given in most impressive unison by all the voices in long tones, with trom-
bone chords, followed by bold efiects of harmony, with tremolo accompani-
ments, rising to a climax of intensity, and finally subsiding to a thoughtful,
awe-struck pianmimo, while the pastoral 12-8 figure of accompaniment comes
back and leads, with soaring arpeggi, into the next stanza of the " Peace"
text : —
But peaceful was the night
Wherein the Prince of Light
His reign of peace upon the earth began, etc.
A light, caressing figure of the violins, upon an undulating bass, accom-
panies the voices, hushed to piinissimo at the words: " The winds, with
wonders whist. Smoothly the waters kist"; and when it comes to " Ocean,
who hath quite forgot to rave," the pastoral accompaniment again appears,
which seems to pervade the work like a leit-motif, signifying peace. The
low, brooding harmony, " While birds of calm sit brooding on the charmed
wave," is graphically enlivened with bird-like warblings in the upper instru-
ments. These continue while "The stars, with deep amaze, stand flx'd in
steadfast gaze. Bending one vmy their precious influence" That last line
seems to have made its impression on the composer. Verse 7 — "And
though the shady gloom " — is begun by soprano solo (the melody resumed
essentially from that of the first piece), still waited on by the old pastoral
accompaniment. The chorus grows to an imposing, brilliant climax at the
mention of the sun, — " He saw a greater sun appear Than his bright throne or
burning axle-tree could bear." Here the musician bravely accepts the chal-
lenge for corresponding grand efl'ects of vocal harmony and instrumental
color. The polyphonic movement of the voices is expressive, — strikingly so
where the basses descend in half-notes through the compass of an octave and
a half, and then the solo soprano soars to the bright pitch of C above the
staff, thus ending the first division of the work.
Part II. "The shepherds on the lawn," etc. For the first time, that
Siciliano " peace " motive, as we have called it, which seems to lurk not far
away — when not palpably present — almost throughout the whole, now steps
aside entirely, and we have a new pastoral theme and melody in a new
measure (3-8, andantino, A flat). The tune is quaintly rural, with oboe and
horn accompaniment, the strings running in a light staccato figure, and is first
taken by a tenor solo, then a bass, then an alto, which soon blend in a charm-
ing trio. The momentary enharmonic change to the key of E. at the words
" Perhaps their loves," is felicitous, after the solemnizing thought of "Pan
comedown to live with them." Verse 9 — "When such music sweet their
hearts and ears did greet" — is sung in B major by soprano solo, leading into
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 439
a quartet, with florid passages in one voice or another, expressive of the
♦'divinely warbled voice" or "blissful rapture," with copious sprinkling
of harp embellishments. The shepherd raelodj' returns, and then the old
pastoral motive again steps to the front to offer duty, this time in a nine
instead of a twelve eight rhj-thm. The poetic theme is: "The air, such
pleasure loth to lose, With thousand echoes still prolongs each heavenly
close." It is used for double chorus or quartet and chorus, making a rich
conclusion to this middle portion of the work.
Part III. "Ring out, ye crystal spheres" (stanzas 13, 14, and 15), gives
the text for the strongest chorus, the finale of the work. It begins and ends
in C {allegro maestoso, 4-4) and is jubilant and more exciting to the close,
where the voices hold out the last chord as long as they have breath. At the
words, " And with your ninefold harmony," the voice parts divide (into two
sopranos, two altos, three tenors, and two basses), and so become actually
ninefold on the one word " nine," in an /// passage; but it comes about so
naturally that the voices seem to do it from their own spontaneous impulse.
..." Surely every one will wonder that no great composer ever thought
before of finding a sublime subject for his art in this wonderful ode which
Milton wrote when he was only twenty-one years old. What a theme for
Handel, whose genius had such aflinity with that of Milton 1 "
The composer was warmly received by au audience still small, but
enthusiastic. His work, while hardlv calculated to win popularity,
gave great satisfaction, particularly the final chorus, which called out a
great burst of rapturous applause. The solo and concerted music
was suns: verv smoothlv bv Miss Emma Thursbv, Miss Mathilde
Phillipps, Mr. George W. Want, and Mr. M. W. Whitney.
After The Nativity came Cherubini's Mass in D 3finor, the fifth of
his eleven Masses (exclusive of his two great Requiems) . composed
in 1811. It is said to be the longest mass ever written, much longer
than the Missa Solemnis of Beethoven ; while in intrinsic value as
religious music, in wealth of noble and expressive musical ideas, and
in consummate art of treatment, many have thought it may well rank
with that and with the B-minor Mass of Bach. It was heard that
evening, for the first time in Boston, in its integrity, from full orches-
tral score. The Advertiser of the next morning called it wonderful.
*' In almost every line it shows the hand of a great master, and it may
well rank as the first of his works. Pure, elevated, beyond descrip-
tion, in genius, it never fails to give the impression of simplicity even
in its most elaborate phrases, and of sincerity in its most conven-
tional. It is, indeed, the product of an elder time, but it is as fresh with
the youth of beauty to-day as when it was written." So soon after
hearing Rubinstein's Tower of Babel, the same critic cou'd not help
noting in the mass "the superior repose and freedom from self-
consciousness as well as the higher religious aspirations which mark
440
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
the work of the older writer, as opposed to the restlessness, the reli-
gious doubt, the seusationalism of the modern genius." Mrs. E. A.
Osgood, Miss AVinant, Mr. Theodore J. Toedt, Mr. Henschel, Mrs.
F. P. Whitney, Mr. Want, and Mr. A. E. Pennell gave the solo and
concerted music •• with praiseworthy skill and finish, almost the whole
burden falling upon the first four of the artists named. The chorus
improved upon their performance in the cantata, and sang with more
accuracy, firmness, and sustained force, though their effort left much
to be desired on the score of neatness. The orchestral work was
nearly all excellent." Another says : '' Cherubini's Mass made great
effect, the solos being given in almost perfect style." The receipts of
that concert, in spite of such attractions, were only $1,550.
Third Day. Thursday, May 3. The third concert was given in the
afternoon. A miscellaneous selection, vocal and orchestral, was pre-
sented, namely : —
1. OvertuYQlo Euryanthe Weber.
2. Air : " Flowers of the Valley," from Act. I., Euryanthe, Weber.
Mrs. E. Aline Osgood.
3. Air from Jessonda Spohr.
Mr. Georg Henschel.
4. Minuet for String Orchestra Boccherini.
5. Scena and Aria: -'Ah I Perfidol" .... Beethoven.
Mme. Gabriflla Boema.
6. Fantasy, for piano, sextet, chorus, and orchestra : Mr.
B. J. Lang, pianist ; Mrs. Osgood, Mrs. F. P. Whit-
ney, Miss Mathilde Phillipps, Mr. T. J. Toedt,
Mk. a. E. Pennell, and Mr. Henschel . . . Beethoven.
7. Overture : Thalia : an Imaginary Comedy . . . Chadwick.
8. Duet from The Flying Dutchman Wagner.
Mme. Boema, Mr. Henschel.
9. Recitative and Aria : " O Patria " ; "Di tanti palpiti,"
from Tancredi Bossini.
Miss Phillipps.
10. Orchestral Interlude : Liebesliedchen .... Taubert.
11. 'RecitSLtive and Air from Joseph and his Brethren . . MehuL
Mr. Tokdt.
12. Chorus: " Sanctus," from J/ass in 5 ?ni;ior . . Bach.
The most important number in this very rich and varied programme,
Bach's wonderful, inspiring Sanctus^ was omitted for want of suffi-
cient rehearsal, and its place was taken, not made good, by an excel-
lent performance of Haydn's Motet : Insance et vance Curca. Touch-
ing this interesting work, we find in our *' Notes " : —
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 441
"Haydn wrote many smaller pieces for the church, besides his numerous
masses. One list of his works contains twentj'-one motets, oftertories, Salve
Beginas, arias, etc., some for solo voices, some for chorus, some with a mere
organ or quartet accompaniment, and several, like ' Insanoe et vanoe Curoe,'
for full orchestra and chorus. Some of these offertories are said to have been
transferred from the concert-room to the church, and have been traced to an
occasional cantata or to his oratorio, The Beturn of Tobias.
" The Motet, or Offertorium, with which we are now concerned, has long
been a favorite in some of the Catholic choirs in this country, as well as in
Europe. But here it has commonly been given with only an organ accompani-
ment. Haydn composed it for a fuller orchestra than that employed in most
of his symphonies ; besides the strings, the score has flute, two oboes, two bas-
sc'ons, two horns, two trumpets, two trombones, tympani, and organ. It is
sometimes called in Germany the Storm Chorus ; for it begins with a stormy
orchestral prelude (D minor), with wild, sweeping passages and shifting
chords, frequently diminished sevenths, and keeps on working up the same
motives to a fiercer climax, while the chorus enters, singing of the insane
and idle cares that invade and distract men's minds and fill our hearts with
madness. The vocal writing is powerfully expressive. Once we have a re-
minder of that (so to say) barometrical or atmospheric harmony, bordering on
discord, which is so suggestive in the ' rain ' chorus of Elijah ; the altos alone
sing ' soepe furore ' on A, the sopranos join them on the half-tone above, then
the tenors on E flat, and then the basses on C.
" There is a pause in the storm ; the key changes to the relative major (F),
and the voices, to a sweet and serious melody, sing an exhortation to forsake
all vain reliance, and look up for divine support. The storm returns with all
its fury ; but the heavenly melody again pours oil upon the waves, and brings
the motet to an end in the bright key of D major.
" The meaning and the motives of the music lie upon the surface, too ob-
vious to the uninstructed listener to require description."
Beethoven's Choral Fantasia was first played and sung in Boston
at the unveiling of Crawford's noble statue of the Master, when a
poem was recited by the sculptor, William AY. Story, followed by a
musical programme, which, among other works of Beethoven, in-
cluded this fantasia, Mr. C. C. Perkins, the giver of the statue, play-
ing the piano part. Once more it had been performed at a Harvard
Musical Symphony Concert, on Dec. 15, 1870 (Ernst Perabo at the
piano), during a week which, musically, in many ways and in many
halls of Boston, was almost wholly given up to a centennial com-
memoration of Beethoven's birth. It was composed and first per-
formed in 1808, at Vienna ; indeed it was almost improvised for an
" Academy " (as such concerts were then called) , in which Beethoven,
for the first time, brought out a wonderful collection of his own works.
Some look upon it as a forerunner of the far grander choral symphony,
— like the toy-balloons sent up to feel the wind before the grand
442 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
ascension. The idea rests on no historical foundation, so far as we
know, but solely on internal evidence, and that slight, — simply the
two coincidences : that in the earlier, as in the later, work, the
development of instrumental motives, as if craving more complete
expression, leads into a vocal chorus with full orchestra ; and, sec-
ondly, the great resemblance, though with a difference, between the
simple popular tunes sung in the two.
Of this third performance of the work in Boston, the Gazette
said : —
*' It was interpreted very well, Mr. Lang playing the piano part with ex-
cellent taste and spirit, and only erring in forcing the merely accompanying
figures into too great prominence. The chorus here achieved some of its
best results of the week."
Of other features in the concert, the same critic wrote : —
"Mr. Chadwick's delightful TTialia overture (under the composer's direc-
tion) increased the favorable impression made upon its earlier presentation.
Mrs. Osgood sang an air from Weber's Euryanthevfith. much finish of style,
but with no marked warmth of expression. Mr. Henschel's singing of a very
vigorous air from Spohr's Jessonda ('DerKriegeslust ergeben') was admirable
in its fire and dramatic expression. Mme. Boema, in Ah, Perjido, sang with
the same largeness of dramatic style, power, and fervor that won for her so
much deserved admiration upon her first appearance at the Symphony Con-
certs. Mr. T. J. Toedt distinguished himself greatly by his singing of a re-
citative and air from Mehul's Joseph. Miss Mathilde Phillipps sang Rossini's
Di Tanti Palpiti artistically, but with a want of delicacy in expression. In
the duet from The Flying Dutchman, from some cause or other, best results
did not ensue."
The receipts of that concert were not encouraging, — $1,460.
For the evening concert, the fourth, Gounod's Redemption^ which
had not yet lost its interest with the majority, was given for the third
time by the Society, and drew its third great audience. VVe quote
again from the Gazette : —
" The performance reflected the highest credit upon the chorus, which sang
with exceptional smoothness, precision, and steadiness. The soloists were
Miss Thursby, Miss S. C. Fisher, Miss Emily Winant, Mr. W. J Winch, Mr.
J. F. Winch, and Mr. Georg Henschel. Miss Thursby did better than at any
of her other performances of the week, and afforded a large share of pleas-
ure. Miss Winant was heard to fine effect, and Mr. Henschel interpreted the
music of Jesus with a refinement of sentiment truly delightful. Mr. W. J.
Winch was not only in good voice, but in excellent mood, and performed his
task in charming style. Miss Fisher was wanting in fulness and power of
voice to do all justice to the angel's music in the third part. The presenta-
tion, taken as a whole, was the best that the oratorio has had here. It
attracted one of the largest houses of the week, and elicited the most applause.'*
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 443
At all events, '' it paid," — receipts, S2,860.
Fourth Day. Friday Eveniug, May 4. In this fifth concert the
Festival reached its high tide, although by the dollar-and-cent meas-
ure the hall was only half full. But here intrinsically the interest of
the week culminated. As Rubinstein had given us a " Sacred
Opera," we were now to hear the converse, a secular " Oratorio,"
Max Bruch's Arminius, And to lend more lustre to the notable oc-
casion, the composer in person had come over to conduct the perform-
ance. Of him and of his work our Festival "Notes " may be allowed
to speak at some length, in consideration of its novelty : —
" Max Bruch, born at Cologne, in 1838, received his first musical instruction
from his mother, a favorite soprano singer in the Rhenish musical festivals.
At the age of eleven he became a pupil of K. Breideustein, and alread}- tried
his hand at composition in the larger forms; at fourteen a symphony of his
was publicly performed in his native city. In 1852 he gained the Mozart
scholarship at Fraukfort-on-Main, and became for four years a special pupil
of Ferdinand Killer in theory and composition, and of Reinecke and Breu-
nung in piano playing. After a short residence in Leipzig, he lived (1858-
61) as a music teacher in Cologne, constantly composing. After the death of
his father (1861") he visited many of the German musical centres, studying
for short periods in Berlin, Leipzig, Vienna, Dresden, Munich, finally stop-
ping in Mannheim, where he brought out (1863) his opera Lorelei (using the
text prepared for :^[endelssohn by Geibel). In Mannheim (1862-6-1:) he wrote
his Frithjof Saga, Boman Song of Triumph (both of which have been given in
Boston, and admired), Song of the Heiligen drei Konige, Flight of the Holy
Family, and other choral works. In 1864-65 he was again ' on the road,' as
actors say. visiting Hamburg, Hannover, Dresden, Breslau, Munich. Brussels,
Paris, etc., and had extraordinary success with Frithjof in Aix-la-Chapelle,
Leipzig, and Vienna. In 1865-67 he was musical director at Coblenz; in
1867-70 court kapellmeister in Sondershausen, during which time he wrote his
first violin concerto, two sj^mphonies, parts of a mass, etc. His opera, Her-
rnione (Shakespeare's Tn?^^^^'^ Tale), was brought out 1872 in Berlin, where
he spent a couple of years. To this Berlin period belongs also the greatest of
his choral works yet heard in Boston (it has been given several times by our
Cecilia with increasing interest), the Odysseus.
" From that time he lived for five years (1873-78) in Bonn, devoting him-
self exclusively to composition, especially to the Arminius and the Song of
the Bell, also the second violin concerto, etc. After a couple of visits to Eng-
land, where he brought out several of his works, he succeeded Stockhausen
(1878) in the directorship of Stern's famous Choral Society in Berlin; and in
1880 he succeeded Benedict as director of the Liverpool Philharmonic Society.
(This choice was so oflensive to the ' native ' prejudices of many of the jealous
Englifh critical papers that the compositions of the ' foreigner,' particularly
his Odysseus, performed in London recently, have been reviewed by some of
them with little favor.) In 1881 Bruch married the singer Frl. Tuczek, of
Berlin We now learn that he has resigned his post at Liverpool, and will,
after his visit to America, assume the kapellmeister ship at Breslau. Surely
144 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
he has led a restless life, with constant shifting of the scene, in striking cor-
respondence to the restless modulations, enharmonic chauges, and chord-
shiftings, which are some of the most characteristic medern features of his
largely orchestrated compositions.
" This brief biographical sketch (and more were there only room) seemed
due to so distinguished a composer, — one who holds undisputed place in the
front rank of his contemporaries, at least in his peculiar sphere of large choral
compositions, — who now honors Boston with his presence, and is to conduct
here the first performance' in this country of one of his noblest works, as yet
but little known in Germany or any part of Europe. That we have l)arely
seen a mention of its title hitherto is explained by the fact that it was over-
shadowed by the popularity of his own Song of the Bell, which was published
almost at the same time, Schiller's poem being such a household word in Ger-
many. The score of Arminius is dedicated to his friend, Georg Ilenschel,
who is to sing the principal part, that of the old Cheruscan hero, destroyer
of the Roman legions, in this festival. He sang the same part in the very
first performance of the work (at Zurich, Jan. 21, 1877), on which occasion
he had also to supply the difficult tenor part of Siegmund, the local tenor
being suddenly taken ill. It was next given, during the same year, at Bar-
men, and, we believe, once in some other place, but never yet in Berlin. Leip-
zig, or Vienna, nor in any of the great musical centres of Germany. Practi-
cally, therefore, this will be only its third or fourth performance anywhere.
The composer, we are told, regards it as his most important work. Poet and
composer could hardly have selected a grander, richer, more picturesque,
more thrilling subject than the successful upri>iug of the leading German
tribes, in the year nine of the Christian era, against their Koman oppressors,
at the inspiring call of Hermann (or Arminius), chief of the Cherusci, ending
in the entrapping and destruction of Varus and his legions,— a theme appeal-
ing to the national enthusiasm of every German. The plot is extremely
simple, and the unities of time, place, and action could not be observed more
strictly. The solo characters are only three, — Arminius, bass ; Siegmund,
tenor; and a priestess, mezzo-soprano, inclining to contralto; all the rest is
orchestra and chorus. It is divided into four parts : —
*' Part I. opens with a short orchestral introduction (fall modern orchestra,
"with four horns, three trombones, and tuba, besides an organ part). First,
loud, startling, minor chords, echoed by lower instruments; then a low,
rumbling figure, mingled with galloping triplets, like the sound of horses'
hoofs, which is kept up throughout the chorus, ' What is 't that looms like
thunder cloud, afar?' foreshadowing the approach of the Romans. No. 2. —
Arminius, and then Siegmund, answer the anxious inquiries and recite the
wrongs done their people by the Romans in strong declamatory recitative,
the orchestra flinging in vivid glimpses of the legions, witli their plumed
' Captain on stately charger, flying along the ranks '. • They come I they come !
the scourges of freedom ', etc. 3. — Chorus of the advancing Romans : ' We
are the sons of Mars'. The rhythm has an iron strength; the harmony is
harsh, hard, barbaric, cruel, bordering on discord, characteristic of the
haughty confidence and strength of these ruthless masters of the world. 4,
5. — Recitative of Arminius, taken up by full chorus in slow {grave), solemn,
and determined tones: * We, freeborn sons of Wodau, have not learned to
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 445
bend to the stranger's yoke'; this leading to a spirited duet {allegro'), 'Free
soars the eagle high', between Arminius and Siegmund ; the chorus takes up
their strain, the orchestra all the while being very active ; Arminius points to
the sacred grove, exhorting them to there register their patriotic vows, and
the {grave) chorus returns for a grand conclusion of the first part.
" Part II. is the consecration of the warriors of Wodan in the sacred
forest. No Bellini Druid scene this, with stately Norma's melody of ' linked
sweetness long drawn out,' but all large, grand, awe-inspiring, the orchestra
lending the chief character to the whole scene with its low, murky tone of
color, its rustling, creeping movement, as of wind through the branches of
the old oaks ; the utterances of the priestess being mostly declamatory and
dramatic, after the manner of the modern ' music-drama ' ; the chorus portions
written in clear, simple harmony, with due regard to vocal euphony. After
the murmurous, low, shaded introduction, suggesting a gloom, pierced ever
and anon by horn-tones, echoed by the wood wind, the priestess begins on a
low monotone, ' Through the grove a sound of warning stirs the mystic
boughs; he who rules these still recesses sends a tremor through my soul, as
I bend in prayer'. . . . ' Peace on you, oh faithful sons of Wodan ! ' The re-
sponse of the chorus {adagio, in D), ' Through the oak-tree's sacred branches
swells a boding murmur, tells us that the God is nigh', etc., gives the com-
poser an opportunity for fine effect, which he has admirably improved. On a
background of smooth, mellow, sustained tones {pianissimo) of trombones,
horns, bassoons, with the organ and other basses softly swelling and falling,
the violas and the 'cellos (in contrary motion) keep up a continuous rustling
figure, while the wood- wind quartet sustains that of the voices, the several
parts of one in unison with those of the other. The effect must be ver}'
beautiful. In quickened tempo, with rushing string accompaniments, the
priestess, in stronger accents, calls attention to the distant roar of war,
and exhorts to courage, pointing upward to the gods.
" 7. Five-part chorus {adagio). The prayer of the warriors and people :
* Ye gods, dwelling high in Valhalla '. A beautiful, impressive, tranquilizing,
edifying piece of full vocal and orchestral harmony, with full organ part.
The rhythm (6-4) flows gently on in rich, full stream ; the harmony is chaste
and pure, the coloring refined and delicate, the phrasing natural and melodi-
ous; no coarse, barbaric traits are woven into this fine, rich web of tones,
and the effect upon the mind is hallowing and reconciling.
"Part III. — The Insurrection. — No. 8. Rousing appeal of Arminius and
strong response of the Germans : ' Must I live to tell my people's shame?
All-Father, art thou wroth?' etc. He recalls the outrages that have been
put upon them, and fires them to revenge. Impetuous, excited declamation,
strongly dramatic, with bold effects of modulation, not unrelieved by grate-
ful contrasts.
"9. Recitative and air of Siegmund, lamenting his sad fate, an exile be-
cause he slew the Roman who insulted his beloved maiden, and, he having
fled, they have thrown his father into chains. His agony finds vent in wild,
impassioned declamation (mostly in E minor), accompanied by a nervous
little figure of the violins, with the wood wind and horns holding out long
tones. ' Within my breast there rankles deep a pain past tears', etc., is the
burden of his song (which, however, is not a song, but a burst of intense
446 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
musical declamation). At the thought of the maiden, 'as in tranquil con-
verse we sat by the brook ', there is a moment's sweeter sadness in the strain,
followed by a furious fortissimo of the instruments, describing his revenge.
The rise of the voice an octave (G to G) at one leap on the first syllable of the
word ' father' shows great intensity of feeling. The final climax, ' Curst be
your race, ye robbers I curst by all gods evermore I ' demands the utmost
strength and passion of a high tenor voice.
" 10. Six-part chorus, sopranos and basses divided (andante con moto, E
minor, 6-4). The three male parts enter singly in broad rhythm, 'Mine
eyes have seen their fate'. . . . 'Our valiant brothers bound', etc. With
these alternates the semichorus of women, mourning the fate of their sisters.
The piece begins with a continuous tremolo of strings ; for other accompani-
ment, sustained horn tones and the bassoons going with the voice. Gradu-
ally all the instruments come in (except trombones and tuba), as both choirs
blend in a now subdued, now swelling, lamentation, richly harmonized, dying
away to pianissimo. This gentler chorus well relieves the rugged, war-like
character which naturally pervades most of the music of this oratorio.
" 11, 12. We will not attempt to describe the great scene of Arminius, —
his clarion call to ' Wodan's freeborn sons' — which is most energetic and
exciting, a long stretch of thrilling declamation, with horns and trumpets
kindling the electric fire, and with bold modulations, frequent changes of key,
and most effective orchestration, as he addresses the tribes by name (Cherus-
cans, Mursians, Frisians, etc.); nor the mighty Battle Song (Arminius and
chorus), ' To arms I Let Freedom's banner wave I ' with which the third part
ends.
"Part IV. describes the battle, victory, and triumph. It is mainly or-
chestral description, while the priestess, in snatches of recitative-like solil-
oquy, eagerly listening, scenting the battle from afar, acts as interpreter.
' Hollow thunders the storm'. ... - Hoarsely croaking are flocks of ill-omened
ravens', etc., etc. Her aria, a prayer to Wodan, is intensely declamatory.
We will not attempt to describe it, nor the chorus following, which tells
how the o'erwhelming force of Germans pours on the legions, with vivid
suggestion of their spears like lightning flashing, and Thor's golden chariot
rolling loud thro' the sky, which the proud Romans hear, and tremble;
nor the priestess's invocation to Freya, with her vision of the Valkyries,
' white-robed and bright ', hovering o'er the slain and chosen heroes ; nor the
swan-song of the dying Siegmund, welcoming death in victory with the ten-
der chorus, 'Raise him aloft', followed by his fond vision of the beloved
maiden; nor the chorus of men and women welcoming back the victors,
glorifying their deliverer Hermann, from that day forth the favorite hero of
the German race, and ending with the hj^mn of Germany and Freedom. All
this is highly wrought and most inspiring, the last choruses resuming the
peculiar 3-2 rhythm, and essentially the theme of the battle song at the end
of Part III.
" This description is at best but meagre, vague, and unsatisfactory ; yet it
will suflSce to show that Arminius is not to be judged by the old models, either
of oratorio or of opera; that it is conceived and carried out in the spirit of
the most modern music, so far as that might be without scenery or action.
Thus, it has musical declamation, — the note tied always to the word, — rather
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 447
than independent melody. The subject and the three characters being sternly
heroic, all is intense, exciting, rarely tender. The only feminine element, the
priestess, is one clothed with majesty and awe. Could the plot have been
modified by the introduction of a little contrast, could there have been, say,
a love scene or two between Hermann and his wife, Thusnelda, who, with
her infant son, was afterwards captured and carried to Rome to grace the
triumph of Germanicus. then there might be a chance for. now and then, the
repose of real melody to relieve the unrelaxing strain upon the nerves of so
much vigorous orchestration. That was the one want most felt in the Odys-
seus; and yet that work has some melodies.
•' Then, too, the restless modulation, particularly the frequent enharmonic
shiftings, aggravates this natural craving for the repose alike of melody and
smoothly flowing harmony. But it must be acquitted of the charge of rest-
lessness icithout progress (like water boiling in a caldron, which neither runs
nor rests) ; this music we should think not guilty of that besetting sin of so
much of the new reformatory art work : it does not hold you in a tantaliz-
ing nightmare of suspended locomotion, making all the motions and yet not
proceeding.
" The choral writing seems to be all truly vocal, clear, unforced, euphoni-
ous. And in the matter of subtile, brilliant, richly colored, and efiective
orchestration, we all know that Max Bruch has proved himself a master."
As to the quality of the performance, and the impression made
here by the work, let us quote from the Gazette : —
"Its finest feature is to be found in its vocal eflects. Herr Bruch scores
magnificently for the voices, and with a mastery rarely equalled and certainly
not surpassed by any composer. He is here always clear, and the difierent
parts come out with extraordinary distinctness, while the eflect of the whole
is always striking and admirable. His orchestration is solid and scholarly,
though sometimes too persistently massive. Very fine indeed is the manner
in which he assists the voices in the choruses without clouding their quality.
There is a frankness in the music of this oratorio that is not without a certain
charm, but, taken altogether, it impressed us as blatant and violent, and want-
ing in both appropriateness of character and artistic refinement of thought.
Its best moments were to be found in the dying music of Siegmund, which is
uncommonly beautiful in sentiment and expression. The war song of the
Romans and the liberty song and chorus, of which the theme is ' Germania's
Sons ' are better fitted almost for any other place than oratorio, no heed how
' secular' it may be. The latter has more of the character of a table song
than the cry of a people announcing their freedom. The treatment of the
work is everywhere superior to its idea«. As a compositior. it is but chapel-
master music written perfunctorily; in its working out it is far more worthy
of admiration, though even here it shows the gifted scholar rather than the
man of genius. Herr Bruch's conducting was excellent. He held both chorus
and orchestra well together, and fully demonstrated that he had perfect and
easy control over them. He was cordially received, and his work was
applauded heartily throughout. At its end he was recalled with much enthu-
siasm. The interpretation may be greatly commended. There were some
448
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
shortcomings, but only one of serious import. Mr. Henschel sang the music
of Arminius in a flawless manner. Mr. C. R. Adams was heard to exception-
ally fine advantage in the part of Siegmund, and Miss Winant's singing of
the music of the priestess was characterized by great power and beauty."
Aiiber.
Auher.
Weber.
Max Bruch, each soloist, and the chorus, were cheered again and
again. Receipts, $1,912.
Fifth Day. Saturday Afternoon, May 5. Again a miscellaneous
concert, with the following programme : —
Overture to Zanetta
Air: " 0 Sleep I " ivoxa. Masaniello
Mr. Charles R. Adams.
Recitative and Air : " Ocean, Thou Mighty Monster," from
Oberon
Mme. Gabriella Boema.
Orchestral Fantasy : Une Niiit a Lisbonne ....
Air: " Lascia ch'io pianga," from Binaldo ....
Miss Emily Winant.
Recitative and Air: " Sweet Bird," from L' Allegro, II Pen-
sieroso .ed II MoO.erato
Miss Emma C. Thursby.
Song: " I am a Roamer," from the Son and Stranger
Mr. Myron W. Whitney.
Hymn to Diana, from Iphigenie en Tauride .
Female Chorus.
March and Procession, from La Heine de Saba .
Air: " Winterstiirme wichen," from D/e Walkure
Mr. William J. Winch.
Song: " The Young Nun "
Mme. Boema.
Rigodon, for Orchestra
Tarentella
Miss Thursby.
Motet: Insanoi et Vance Cur ce Haydn.
Saint- Saens.
Handel.
Handel.
Mendelssohn.
Gluck.
Gounod.
Wagner.
Schubert,
Bameau.
Bizet.
We may trust the Transcript of the next day for a fair estimate of
the manner in which these interesting numbers were performed : —
" Mr. Adams sang the Slumber Song from MasanieUo with all the expres-
sive tenderness and perfection of style that won all hearts when he first sang
It here. Mrs. Boema gave the great Oberon scena with telling dramatic
power, if not with the complete mastery she has shown on some occasions;
but her singing of Schubert's song, which was given with Listz's orchestral
setting of the accompaniment, was beautiful indeed. Miss Winant's noble
voice and sincerity of feeling entitled her singing of the Handel air to much
admiration ; onlv she took it too slow, so that all the swing of the Saraband
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 449
rhythm was lost. Miss Thursby, admirably seconded by Mr. E. Heindl's flute,
sang Handel's bird song charmingly, and gave Bizet's coquettish and ex-
tremely difficult Tarantella with delightful eftect. Mr. Whitney sang the
Pedler's Song from Son and Slranger perhaps better than ever before, and
Mr. Winch gave Seigmund's Love Song with infinite passionateness of ex-
pression, albeit we should have liked a smoother flow of the rhythm in the
first part. The female voices of the choir sang Gluck's inefiably beautiful
Hymn to Diana exceedingly well, and the wondrous Haydn motet again made
an immense eflect. The orchestra played the little pieces by Saint-Saens and
Rameau very deftly and nicely, and gave the Nicolai overture with much
spirit, if not with much finish."
That concert proved but moderately attractive. — receipts, SI, 840.
Sixth Day. On Sunday Evening, May 6*, the Festival was brought
to a close with what was generally recognized as an excellent per-
formance (the 75th by the Society) of Handel's Mes.siah. The
soloists were : Mrs. E. Aline Osgood, soprano ; Miss Emily Winant,
contralto ; Mv. Charles R. Adams and Mr. Thodore J. Toedt, tenors ;
and Mr. Myron TV. Whitney, bass. This showed what the Society
could do in emergencies ; for the conductor, Mr. Carl Zerrahn (who,
by the way, was presented during an intermission with an immense
basket of flowers by the ladies of the chorus), stated to the audience
that there had been no rehearsal whatever either of chorus, oiches-
tra, or soloists. The audience, if not equal to that of some Christ-
mas performances, was large, the receipts reaching S2,480,
So ended the Sixth Triennial Festival, more flattering to the artistic
pride than to the financial hopes of the Society. Certainly there was
no lack of choice and solid matter, nor of interesting novelty, in its
programmes. The list of principal artists was attractive and supe-
rior. No means nor efforts had been spared to make both orchestra
and chorus all that they should be for the interpretation of such
works. The conductor, Mr. Zerrahn, was instant in season and out
of season, using all his characteristic energy, persistency, and pa-
tience in rehearsals. The president and secretary, and all the board
of government gave of their time, their counsel, and their labor freely,
without stint. Yet it had failed financially because, in the terse
words of the secretary in his records, " the public let it severely
alone." And why so? Doubtless one reason was, that music in Bos-
ton had become so much more plentiful and cheap than it was in the
days of the earlier festivals. Think how amply the best musical
appetite must have been satiated by the now-established system of
twenty-four Symphony Concerts with twenty-four public rehearsals
of the same, making forty-eight such concerts, in every musical sea-
450 HISTORY OF THE HAXDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
son ! Then there were classical chamber concerts of all kinds.
These, taken all together, gave, so to say, the primacy to instru
mental music. But there is also to be taken into account the com-
petition with the old Society not precisely on its own ground, but to
a considerable extent so, on the part of smaller choral societies
(each, to be sure, of special character), like the Cecilia, the Apollo,
and the Boylston Club. All this ministered to the proverbial restless-
ness of our "modern Athenians," like their old Greek namesakes,
always running after " new things." Moreover the very effort made
to meet the cry for novelty perhaps only made the matter worse ; for
if Gounod's Redemption drew the largest audience, did it not in the
same ratio shake the confidence of the more cultivated and exactino-
music-lovers in the soundness of the old and honored institution? On
whom but on that class of supporters must such a society in the long
run depend?
But, setting these reasonings all aside, was the experiment upon
the whole a fair one? Many thought it failed simply by undertaking
too much. The ambitious passion for "big things" has been the
cause of many a failure, many a signal crash (we'd symbolized by that
Tower of Babel in this verj- Festival), in this young, enterprising, and
o'er-sanguine American people. In no one of our cities have we the
large class of people of wealth and leisure, free, as in Europe, to de-
vote a whole week to attendance on a feast of oratorio. Even our
wealthy families are busy and grudge time for such things. More
than that, the famous musical festivals abroad, at all events in Ger-
many, rarely if ever exceed three days in length. Why not content
ourselves with that more modest plan? Providing for a three days'
festival would be risking less, while it would fall within the power of
a much larger audience to attend it. Besides, three days of good
music could be choicer in selection, less hurried and more perfect in
the execution, than a whole week of it, however imposing and mag-
nificent the prospectus. Not a few of the most earnest friends of
music in this musical city deeply regret that the Triennials were given
up before testing the experiment upon a smaller scale.
When the Board of Government came to meet to survey the battle-
field a few days later {May 14)^ it was found that the financial result
of the Festival had been a loss of about 86,000, while the profit of the
regular season had been about $1,600 (to which could be added the
interest of the permanent fund, — about $1,100). it was voted to
lay an assessment of ten per cent on the subscribers to the guaranty
fund of $30,000, and assume the balance of the deficit. It was voted
to pay Mr. Zerrahn $1,000 as conductor and Mr. Lang $400 as organ-
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 451
ist of the Festival, and to pay Prof. J. K. Paine an honorarium of
8200 for the use of his Nativity. The treasurer was authorized to
raise money to defray the expenses of the Festival to an amount not
exceeding $1,000.
Misfortunes never come single. Indeed the brave old Society was
in a critical condition. Not only had its ideal project failed, not only
did it see itself constrained to renounce the inspiring stimulus it had
received from looking forward to an indefinite future of great trien-
nial festivals worthy to compare with those of Birmingham and Nor-
wich and Cologne, and reduce itself again to toiling on the old road
no longer shone upon and cheered by such light from above. It was
now to lose another of its mainstays, another element in its success.
For more than thirty years the Great Organ of the Music Hall, one of
the great organs of the world, had helped to temper, to enrich, and
swell its massive harmonies. Now the control of the Music Hall
had passed into new hands ; and it was determined to remove the
organ to make more room for orchestra, perhaps for a theatrical
stage, at any rate, to increase the seating capacity for audience.
Accordingly the noble instrument was banished, stowed away tempo-
rarily somewhere. After much negotiation, it Avas sold to a generous
friend of the New England Conservatory of Music, for the benefit of
that institution, with the hope that it might acquire new ground ad-
joining the large hotel which it already occupied, and thereon build a
stately hall wherein oratorios might be presented with all the added
glory of such an organ. That hope failed ; and to this day the pipes
and all the works and costly frame of the Great Organ lie packed away
in a rough wooden shanty in the corner of a burying-ground. It cost
originally sixty thousand dollars^ it was sold for Jive thousarid! Mean-
while in the Music Hall, while the organ end of the hall, once so
stately, presents a bald and shabby aspect, a small but vigorous (sic)
instrument does duty for the oratorios high up on one side of the
end, unbalanced architecturally by anything at all corresponding on
the other side.
Yet has the old Society not become discouraged ; it has done much
noble work in the same place since, and hopes and means to do much
more and nobler.
452 HISTORY OF THE HAXDEL AND HAYDN* SOCIETY.
CHAPTER XIV.
SIXTY-NINTH SEASON.
May 28, 1S83, to May 26. 1884.
May 28. Annual Meeting. The treasurer reported : —
On hand May 29, 1882 8307 83
Receipts from all sources 15,212 06
815,519 89
Expense of concerts .... 811,148 76
Salaries and rent 2.453 53
Additions to library 1.153 15
14,755 44
Balance on regular season S764 45
The trustees of the permanent fund reported the year's interest to-
be ?1,129.90, and the present value of the securities §23,008.91.
The interest had been paid to the secretary, to be applied to the
deficit on the Festival, which the treasurer estimated at So, 000 ; to
meet which he counted on : —
Surplus of the season
Interest of fund
Assessment on guaranty fund ....
leaving a balance of deficit of between S500 and 600, to pay which
the treasurer had been empowered to borrow money.
Mr. C. TT. Stone offered a resolution of regret at the refusal of
Col. A. Parker Browne to be again a candidate for re-election as-
secretary, he having served in that capacity for twelve years faithfnlly
and with signal ability, and the present high condition and character of
the Society being largely due to his untiring labors. This was passed
unanimously. The annual election of officers resulted as follows : —
President. — Charles C. Perkins.
Vice-President. — George H. Chickering.
Secretary. — Eugene B. Hagar.
Treasurer. — Moses Grant Daniell.
Librarian. — John H. Stickney.
8764 45
1,129 90
2,540 00
84,434 35
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 453
Directors. — R. S. Rundlett, D. L. Laws, J. D. Andrews, H. G.
Carey, George Y. Daniels, A. Parker Browne, F. H. Jenks,
Charles W. Stone .
The president submitted his annual address, showing that there had
been held fifty-three rehearsals, with an average attendance of three
hundred and sixty singers, and that twelve concerts were given, — ^
five in the regular season, and seven in the Festival, — with an aver-
age choral force of from five hundred to six hundred. The address
dwelt fairly and eloquently on the gloonn^ side of the picture, and on
the bright one, the artistic side, suggesting that the first production of
the Cherubini Mass marked a red-letter year in the history of the
Society.
The first concert of the season was in honor of the four hundredth
anniversary of the birth of Martin Luther, given in the Music Hall on
Sunday evening, Nov. 11. The programme consisted of Bach's Can-
tata on Ein' feste Burg and Mendelssohn's Hymn of Praise. The
cantata was produced here for the first time. It was composed either
for the Reformation festival of 1730 or for that of 1739, the two
hundredth jubilee of the acceptance of the evangelical doctrine in
Saxony.
"It begins with a long chorus in which each line of the choral is made
successively the subject of woudrously varied fugual treatment. Tech-
nically speaking, this chorus is a curiosity of rare interest from the exhaus-
tive use the composer has made of every variety of fugual response, — reaU
tonal, and irregular. In the higher musical sense, it is no less an astonishing
piece of work. In grandeur, dignity, and strong, over-brimming vital force,
it ... is stupendous. This chorus embraces the text of the first verse of
Luther's hymn. The next number (second verse), set as a brilliant duet for
soprano and tenor, was omitted. No. 3, a beautiful recitative, such as no
one but Bach has ever written, merging into a short arioso movement, was
smoothly and feelingly sung by Mr. Clarence E. Hay. Mrs. Henschel mas-
tered the difficulties of the ensuing soprano air : ' Within my heart of hearts,'
like the true and accomplished artist she is. . . .In the next number, em-
bracing the third verse of the hymn : ' Were all the world of devils full,' etc.,
the chorus sing the chorale, in unison and octaves (6-8 time), against a roar-
ing tempest of furious counterpoint in the orchestra. Here again Bach shows
his genius in all its glory. The effect is overwhelming. Next follows a beau-
tiful recitative and arioso, finely, if a little too formally, sung by Mr. Toedt,
and a duet, ' How blessed,' for contralto and tenor, which Miss Winant and
Mr. Toedt sang, at times with excellent effect, at others with a lack of
security. The work closes with the last verse of the hymn, sung in flowing
four-part harmony by the chorus. The effect of the composition upon the
audience was hardly brilliant; but that must come with future performances.
The chorus sang exceedingly well, saving that in the number, * Were all the
world with devils full ', the voices were persistently behind the beat."
454 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
(These remarks are from the peu of Mr. W. F. Apthorp in the
Transcript.) As a curious offset, showing how doctors disagree, we
cite a couple of sentences from a critic of another sort, one of the
clamorers for novelties, " new school," etc. : —
" As the Society has now accompHshed the duty of givin,^ a performance
•of the Bach Cantata, it might be well to pack it away in the library of the
organization, and label it, 'For the Luther Centennial of 1983.' It is quite
possible that the work may be interesting as a study, and it has a certain
value as a relic of ancient musical forms, but the public will hardly demand a
second hearing of it during the present generation."
The performance of the Hymn of Praise seems to have been a ver}"
brilliant one, Mrs. Henschel, Miss Winant, and Mr. Toedt vying
with one another in giving the solos and concerted pieces their full
significance. The fitness of this work for the Luther programme lay
in the fact that Mendelssohn composed it for the anniversary of the
invention of the art of printing, which had much to do with making
the age ripe for the Reformation. The audience was discouragingly
small, — about one thousand three hundred. The chorus too was
small, — two hundred and eighty-three, against an orchestra of sixty-
six. It was too early in the season to expect a full attendance,
— receipts, SI, 258. 50; expenses, $1,639.32 ; loss, S380.72.
Christmas, which came on Tuesday, brought with it the annual per-
formance of Handel's Messiah^ preceded by a public rehearsal on
Sunday evening, Dec. 23. The chorus was small, only two hundred
and sixty-seven, but sang with spirit and precision. The reduction
in numbers did not perceptibly impair its efficiency. Miss Elizabeth
C. Hamlin made her debut as soprano soloist, with a voice of great
purity, large volume, and extended compass. Her singing was intel-
ligent and expressive. Miss Hope Glen, the contralto, with a rich,
sweet voice, not always sufficiently powerful, sang with a dignified
reserve well suited to the music. Mr. C. R. Adams and Mr. J. F.
Winch, both somewhat affected in the throat, sang with their usual
good taste and vigor. The house was nearly all sold, in spite of a
bad storm, — receipts (with public rehearsal), $2,745.83 ; expenses,
$1,879.26; profit, $866.57,
1884. Jan. 1. We find the following statement in one of the
daily papers about this time : —
"It having been declared that the Handel and Haydn Society had not done
its duty by native singers, a search of the records for thirteen years brings to
light these facts : Fifty-four Americans have had a total of three hundred and
twenty-two engagements ; twenty-two foreigners (most of them being per-
manent residents in this country) have had eighty-seven engagements."
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 455
The Sunday evening rehearsals of January and February were
occupied with St. Paul, The Redemption, and Bach's St. Mattheio
Passion Music.
Tuesday Evening, Feb. 26. Gounod's Redemption was performed,
as a popular attraction, in the vast Mechanics' Hall. This was to
test the frequent demand for oratorio at low prices. The chorus
numbered three hundred and nineteen, the orchestra, seventy. There
was a great array of solo singers : Mme. Pappenheim, Miss Gertrude
Franklin, Miss Louise RoUwagen, contralto; Mr. Georg Henschel
and Mr. D. M. Babcock. There had been very careful preparation
and wide advertisement. Yet the sale of one-dollar tickets was but
1,172, and of seventy-five-cent tickets, 519. The weather, how-
ever, had been stormy, or threatening for three weeks, and on the day
and niofht of the concert it became a heavv storm of most wet and
disagreeable snow. The financial experiment, therefore, was incon-
clusive. The performance as a whole was generally praised. How
well the oratorio (or trilogy) had been prepared was proved by the
unhesitating steadiness with which Mme. Pappenheim, the orchestra,
and the chorus went through with "From thy love as a father" in
darkness, the electiic light having gone out just as the number began,
and the gas not getting lighted until just as it was finished. The
closing in of the lobbies on the floor and first gallery with partitions
of wood and glass was found to have greatly improved the acoustic
qualities of the hall, — receipts (including rehearsal), $1,5/2.50 ; ex-
penses, $2,581.85 ; loss. Si, 009. 35 !
For those on whom The Redemption had begun to pall from the
first hearing more and more each time a better thing was in store at
the next concert of the season. On Good Friday, April 11, Bach's
St. Matthew Passion Music was performed for the sixth lime by the
old Society. But it was reduced to the limit of two hours and a half.
The soloists were : Mrs. Osgood, Miss Winant, Mr. George J. Parker,
Mr. Henschel, and Mr. Remmertz. Mr. Parker's tenor in the narra-
tive recitatives showed the highest refinement of style and beauty
of tone. The one thing wanting was a larger volume ; but his
original power was fully sustained to the end. Mr. Henschel's
delivery of the music in the part of Jesus was intelligent, musicianly,
and expressive, as usual with him. The others had been heard to
better advantage. The chorus was best in the chorals ; in most of
the other parts it was meritorious, if not brilliant. The same could
be said of the five and forty boys, trained by Mr. George A. Veazie,
Jr., for the soprano ripieno in the great opening double chorus.
There was a chorus of three hundred and ninetv-one, an orchestra
456 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
of sixty-five, — receipts, $1,713.34; expenses, 82,072.81; loss,
$359 47.
For Easter, April 13, Mendelssohn's St. Paul was given, with Mme.
Pappenheim, Mrs. Jennette M. Noyes, Mr. George W. Want, and
Mr. Myron W. Whitney in the solo parts. The noble overture was
uncommonly well played. The chorus sang with unusual clearness
and vigor almost throughout. Mme. Pappenheim made a great im-
pression in the soprano solos. Her large, pure, noble voice was a
delight to the ear ; only a certain shortness of breath sometimes
obliged her to cut her phrases in two, and gave her singing an un-
comfortable sense of effort now and then. But this was more than
counterbalanced by her commanding qualities, by the nobility of her
artistic nature, her dramatic instinct. Mrs. Noyes sang the little
music of her contralto part with devout feeling, and with sweetness
and evenness of tone. Mr. Want's efforts in the tenor solos were
highly creditable, although in such music he hardly found his sphere.
Mr. Whitney, in the part of Paul, was at his very best, — chorus, four
hundred and forty- six ; orchestra, fifty-eight; receipts, $1,769.83;
expenses, $1,718.81 ; profit, Sol. 02.
So ended a season fraught with financial disaster, the net loss of
the five concerts being $831.95. The obvious causes of this short-
coming were : a plethora of music in all departments ; stagnation of
business ; almost unprecedented inclemency of weather ; and, as
interfering especially with the last two concerts, an operatic Wag-
ner festival directly after Easter.
A2:)ril 20. At a meeting of the Board, the secretary was author-
ized to borrow $2,500 in behalf of the Society, and give its promis-
sory note, payable in three months.
SEVENTIETH SEASON.
May 26, 1884, to May 25, 1885.
May 26. Annual meeting. The treasurer, Mr. M. G. Daniell,
presented his report of the Sixth Triennial Festival (1883), as fol-
lows : —
Received $13,232 90
Expended 18,218 36
Loss $4,985 46
This loss was met by an assessment on the guarantors ($2,557.50) ^
a year's income of the permanent fund ($1,129.90), and proceeds-
I
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 457
of treasurer's note for $750 ($729.03). Then followed the treasurer's
report for the season of 1883-84 : —
Cash at beginning and total receipts .... $10,918 87
Total expenditure . . 13,214 76
Deficit • . . $2,295 89
This deficit was met by the proceeds of the Society's note for
$2,500, on three months, namel}^ $2,461.25, leaving a balance on
hand of $165.36.
The treasurer further stated that the debt had increased from
$601.83 at the beginning of the season, to $2,334.64 at its close.
The trustees of the permanent fund reported its income during
the year at $1,141.56, and the principal (on May 1, 1884) at
$22,826.58.
It being reported that in the case of ten tenors recently admitted
the initiation fee of five dollars each had been remitted, a protest was
made on the ground that it was a violation of the by-laws, and a
spirited discussion followed, which resulted in a vote of ratification,
coupled with a clause prohibiting its repetition.
The president, C. C. Perkins, read his annual address, reviewing
the year's record in his usual tone of candid recognition, wise counsel,
eloquent exhortation, and encouragement. Perhaps tbe most im-
portant passage was the following : —
"Let us, then, determine to spend ourselves upon the work before us
with fresh courage, and, while we regret that we have been unable to add
anything to the permanent fund for two successive years, look forward with
no less hope to the time when it shall have been so increased as to enable the
Society to build that concert hall which it first proposed to itself as a goal
of endeavor. At a meeting held on the 22d of November, 1824 — now well-
nigh sixty years ago, — a motion to purchase a piece of land for the purpose
was then made and carried. What a pity that no subsequent action was
taken ! By this time the property would have so risen in value that its sale
would have yielded more than we need to make our castle in Spain a reality
in Boston. I picture to myself a building of a simple and somewhat severe
character, containing a concert hall of ample dimensions, adorned with
statues of the Society's titular composers, and with portraits of all the
great authors of sacred music, a fine organ, a stage fitted with permanent
seats for the chorus singers, rooms for the meetings of the Board of Govern-
ment, and the examination of candidates, and a library where scores, musical
histories, treatises, and periodicals could be consulted at ease by the mem-
bers. How soon or how late the Society may have such a building of its
own depends in a measure upon what we, its present members, are able to
accomplish. This conviction should nerve us to fresh eflbrt, — for although
the end will not probably be reached until long after we have passed away.
458
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
we shall have done our part towards it. May those who are destined to give
shape to the long-cherished project, and enjoy what we would fain have
enjoyed, rememoer that to us, as to many generations of our predecessors —
" ' Hoc erat in votis.' "
The annual election of officers resulted as follows : —
Preside/it. — Charles C Perkins.
Vice-President. — George H. Chickering.
Secretary. — Eugene B. Hagar.
Treasurer. — Moses Grant Daniell.
Librarian. — Francis H. Jenks.
Directors. — H. P. Blackman, A. P. Broavne, H. G. Carey, J. S.
Sawyer, A. K. Hebard, J. H. Stickney, G. F. Daniels, C. W.
Stone.
Attention was called to the fact that, many years ago, when the
pitch of the Great Organ was raised, the Society contributed a sum
toward the purchase of a set of wood-wind instruments ; and it was
voted that the secretary make inquiries as to their present situation
and ownership, and sell any interest which the Society might hold in
them. The secretary offered the following Chorus Statistics of the
season of 1883-84.
New
Members.
. 23
31
25
12
91
Average at 28 rehearsals, 337
Average at 5 concerts . 361
Total No
of Chorus Tickets.
Sopranos
166
Altos .
.
U3
Teuors .
120
Basses .
134
Total
.
563
Maximum attendance .
456
Minimum attendance .
208
At the next meeting of the Board of Government {June ^), in view
of the fact that George Frederick Handel was born Feb. 23, 1685,
and that the bi-centennial anniversaiy of his birth would occur dur-
ing the current musical season, it was determined to commemorate
the occasion by devoting the programmes of the season of 1884-85
entirely to works of Handel, as follows : —
Dec. 21. The annual Christmas performance of the Messiah.
Feb. 22, ISSo. A miscellaneous Handel concert, with a pro-
gramme so constructed as best to illustrate his genius, the prefer-
ence being given to comparatively unfamiliar selections.
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAY^DN SOCIETY. 45^
April 3. Easter. Israel in Egypt.
Durino: the months of October and November choruses were re-
hearsed from Solomon^ Deborah^ Jephtha^ Joshua^ Israel in Egypt.,
and the Messiah. A pleasant incident occurred at the rehearsal of
Nov. 30. Mr B. J. Lang was addressed by President Perkins, who
congratulated him on the completion of his twenty-fifth year as
organist of the Society, and in recognition of his long and useful
term of service, presented him, on behalf of the Society, with a valu-
able gold watch suitably inscribed, a set of Shakespeare's works, and
a book containing the following address : —
" To Mr. B. J. Lang, Organist of the Handel and Haydn Society :
"Dear Sir, — As on the 27th of November of the present j^ear you will
have held the position of organist of the Handel and Haydn Society for twenty-
five years, and have during that period discharged the duties of your office
with distinguished ability and unwearied fideUty, we. members of the Society
and lady members of the chorus, desire to express to yon our sense of the
value of your services and to offer you our best wishes for your continued
prosperity and happiness, and with that intent have hereto signed our names."
(Signed by C. C. Perkins, president; Carl Zerrahn, conductor, and between
four and five hundred members of the Society and chorus.;
Mr. Lang's reply was brief, but full of feeling. He recalled the
fact that a watch was given him thirty years before by a Salem so-
ciety, which he had alwaj's prized highly, and he should esteem this
later gift still more.
Dec. 7. At a meeting of the Board, authority was given to the
president to sign, ia the name of the Society, a petition to Congress
for an International Copyright law (now while we write, July, 1891,
just proclaimed by the President of the United States to be in
force !).
Dec. 21. The first of the Handel commemoration concerts, the
Christmas performance of the 3Iessiah^ fell on a very stormy night.
Yet the audience was large. The solo singers, all new to the work,
were Miss Gertrude Franklin, Mrs. Ella Cleveland Fenderson, Mr.
George J. Parker, and Mr. D. M. Babcock. The Gnat Organ was
gone! As a small makeshift, there was a new organ, with Mr.
Lang, '' suspended in mid-air, like Mahomet's coffin." But there was
some partial compensation for the loss in the chance given and im-
proved for a better, more effective seating of the orchestra and
chorus. The chorus sang finely, and the soloists did their work
very acceptably. The receipts (at $1.50 and $1 prices) amounted
to S2,100 : the expenses to $1,300.
460
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
1885. The rehearsals during January- and February were all in
preparation for the Handel birthda}' programme : choruses from
Hercules^ Theodora^ Saul^ Afhaliah, BeJshazzar^ and other works of
Handel. The concert came on
Sunday Evening, Feb, 22^— one day in advance of the actual date
of Handel's birth two hundred years before, Feb. 23, 1685. The
selections made from Handel's works were mostly new to nearly
every listener, and composed an exceedingly interesting, richly con-
trasted series : —
Part I.
Chorus. Immortal Lord of earth and skies. . . Deborah.
Chorus. Envy, eldest born of Hell Saul.
Tenor. Total eclipse. ....... ^
Contralto. Return, O God of Hosts I .
Chorus. To dust his glory they would tread.
Soprano. Let the bright seraphim. . . . .J
Chorus. Tyrants now no more shall dread. . . Hercules.
Orchestra. Dead March Saul.
Orchestra. Larghetto. . . . . . . ")
Contralto. Somnus, awake
Soprano. Thyself forsake.
Bass. Leave me, loathsome light.
Chorus. The mighty power in whom we trust.
Contralto. He bids the circling seasons shine.
C Deeper and deeper still. .
Tenor. \ ^^^^^ ^^^,^ angels, to the skies.
Contralto. In gentle murmurs. .
Chorus. When his loud voice in thunder spoke.
f- Semele.
J
I Athaliah
y Jeplitha.
J
Part II.
Orchestra. Minuet
Chorus. May no rash intruder. .
Bass. Shall I, in Mamre's fertile plain.
Chorus. To long posterity we here record.
Contralto. Place danger around me. .
Chorus. See, from his post Euphrates flies.
Soprano. Ask if yon damask rose be sweet.
Bass. Racks, gibbets, sword, and fire.
Chorus. He saw the lovel}' youth.
Soprano. Angels, ever bright and fair.
Tenor. Sound an alarm.
Trio and Chorus. See, the conquering hero comes !
Samson.
Solomon.
Joshua.
Belshazzvr.
Susanna.
Theodora.
Judas 3Iaccabceus.
For the interpretation of these wonderfully beautiful and various
selections from the prolific fields of Handel's genius, there was the
well-drilled chorus of four hundred and twenty-eight voices (one
hundred and twenty-four sopranos, one hundred and twenty altos,
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 461
sevent3'-eight tenors, one hundred and six basses) , an orchestra of
fifty seven, and the following solo artists: Miss Medora Ilenson,
soprano ; Miss Sarah C. Fisher, soprano ; Miss Emily Winant, con-
tralto ; Mr. George J. Parker, suddenly called on in place of Mr.
William J. Winch, tenor; and Mr. Myron W. Whitney, bass. Mr.
Carl Zerrahn conducted; Mr. B. J. Lang was organist; and Mr.
Bernhard Listemann was leader of the orchestra. Yet the audience,
though large, was not remunerative (receipts, $2,001.83 ; expenses,
$2,013.88). The concert was too long — nearly three hours; and
there were other causes to account for the absence of that enthusi-
astic response which the Society had a right to expect to a pro-
gramme of such exceptional interest, culled from such rich fields,
and to a concert prepared with so much zeal and faithful labor.
These reasons are clearly enough hinted in the following review from
the Gazette: —
"The selections were made from a wide variety of the master's works,
and presented him in many aspects of his style ; but it must be confessed
that the music was all wevy much alike la color and effect, and required a
special mood and a special enthusiasm to enjoy it thoroughly. The con-
stantly recurring four crotchets in the basses and the eight quavers in the
violins became at last painfully monotonous, especially as tliese instruments
invariably played such phrases without any deviation from a/orfe color. The
scanty instrumentation, in its absence of nearly all contrast in effects, was
undoubtedly the cause of the monotony complained of; and the attempt to
remedy this by the tasteless intrusion of a bass tuba and trombones into the
scores of some of the numbers did not tend to modify in any permissible or
pleasing way the prevailing evil. Contrapuntally the music was abundantly
interesting, and as music pure and simple it was w^onderfully fine to listen to ;
but the thin and tiresomel3^-mannered instrumentation was a distressing draw-
back to one's pleasure after an hour of it had been experienced ; and by the
time it had extended beyond a second hour, it became almost exasperating.
"The chorus work throughout was very good. . . . The best achieve-
ments in the solos fell to the lot of Mr. George J. Parker, who was, owing to
the indisposition of Mr. Winch, called upon suddenly to replace him, which
he did w^ithout rehearsal. His singing of ' Waft her, angels,' was beautiful
in expression, chaste in style, and exquisite in its delicate gradations of
fight and shade. . . . Miss Medora Henson, who appeared instead of Mme.
Fursch-Madi, acquitted herself with zeal and earnestness. Her voice is clear
and bright, but is cold and thin, and better adapted to light concert music
than to oratorio. Her intonation is sometimes erratic, and her style is lack-
ing in warmth, finish, and maturity. Her best effort of the evening was
' Angels ever bright and fair,' of which her singing was smooth and broad,
but it was disfigured by an unpleasing tremolo and exaggerated sentiment.
She sang 'Ask if yon damask rose be sweet,' from fiiusanva, flowingly,
though coldly, and with very indistinct enunciation. The artist proved
scarcely equal either in largeness of style or volume of voice to ' Let the
462 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AXD HAYDN SOCIETY.
bright seraphim.' . . . Miss Emily Winant sang with her usual devotedness
and care, but, as it seemed to us, with something more of nervousness than
is customary with her, and as though she did not feel certain of her acquain-
tance with her music. In the more florid passages of her bravura air she
narrowly escaped disaster at several points. Mr. M. W. Whitney, who was
warmly received on his appearance by the audience, orchestra, and chorus, saug
with that smoothness, ease, and dignity that always characterizes his work." .
But with all the diawbacks complained of, granting that the con-
cert was raiher •' monochromatic" and too long, and that the instru-
mentation was thin and meagre, needing some Robert Franz to
complete it, and not in the coarse English way with tuba and trom-
bones, the scheme was noble and ideal, worthy of the high aim which
the Societ}' had cherished from its origin.
A more serious criticism, no doubt, was made by many, openly or
silently, who could not ignore the fact that the bi-centennial anni-
versaries of the birth of the two gre:it giants in music, Handel and
John Sebastian Bach, were virtually coincident. Within a month of
time and a few miles of distance those two greatest musicians the
world has ever known were born. Would not the celebration htive
been even more significant and more complete, the programme less
"monochromatic," had it included representative selections from the
music of the two? Perhaps, however, that would have required two
evenings. And, considering the labor that it would have cost, was
it not natural that the Society should limit its devotion to one. and
that one its own titular hero, Handel? It must be owned, there-
fore, that it chose the wiser and the safer course, preferring to do
what it could do well, and to leave the commemoration of the other
of the Far nohile fratrum to some other body of admirers. And so
it came about. The conductor of the Boston Symphony Orchestra^
Mr. William Gericke, arranged for Saturday evening, March 20, a
memorial programme of Bach's music, consisting of : —
Part I.
Toccata, arranged for orchestra by H. Esser.
Aria: '-My heart ever faithful," from the Cantata: God so loved the icorld
(with 'cello and piano accompaniment.)
Miss Emma Juch, Mr. Giese, and Mk. Tuckkr.
Chaconne, for violin Mu. Loeffler.
Part II.
First and second parts of the Christmas Oratorio, with orchestra and chorus
of three hundred.
Soloists : Miss Juch, Miss Winant, Mr. Wm. J. Winch, and Mr. Franz
Remmehtz
HISTOKY OF THE HANDEL AXD HAYDN SOCIETY. 4l)3
And thus had musical Boston "'fulfilled all righteousness " in the
matter of a pious recognition of the two hundredth arniversary of
the birth of Bach and Handel, — names which will alwa3's be in-
separable.
Ajml 5. Easter. The colossal oratorio, Israel in E^ypt, was
given for the third and concluding concert of the Handel com-
memoration series. The solo artists were Miss Emma Juch, soprano ;
Miss Ita Welsh, mezzo-soprano; Mr. William J. Winch, tenor; Mr.
John F. Winch, bass; and Mr. Myron W. Whitney, bass. •* The
soloists, though high-priced," says the secretary's record, "were
spasmodically good." The chorus (four hundred and two voices),
'' daunted h\ no difficulties, rarely reached a higher standard." Es-
pecially noteworthy was the deep, mysterious harmouy and creeping
modulation of "He sent a thick darkness." The audience icoulcl
insist once more upon a repetition of the bass duet by the two men
of war ! There was an orchestra of forty-five. The audience was
large. Receipts, 82,154.61 ; expenses, 81,835.76 : profit, 8318.85.
Thus, worthily and grandly, ended both the Handel bi- centennial
commemoration and the seventieth musical season of the old Societv.
SEVENTY-FIRST SEASON.
May 25, 1885. to May 31, 1886.
May 25. Annual Meeting. The treasurer reported : —
Balance on hand, May, 1884 . §165 3&
Profit on Concerts 1,064 23
Income Permanent Fund 1,172 80-
Sundry Receipts 357 47
$2,759 92
Salaries 81,400 00
New Music 292 43
Bumstead Hall 505 00
Sundry Expenses 484 51
2,681 94
Balance on hand $77 98^
The outstanding note of the Society amounted to 82,613.75.
Present value of the permanent fund, 822,929.60.
From the annual address of President C. C. Perkins we are moved
to copy largely, both as showing the judicious, happv way he had of
464 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
presenting the condition, the duties, and the prospects of the Society,
and for the reason that his earthly career of usefuhiess was destined
to be so soon closed. He said : —
" You will remember that the season of 1882-83 closed with a festival
which, though inferior to none of its five predecessors in the attractions
which it offered, was so insufficiently attended that the receipts fell far short
of the expenses; and you will also remember that the succeeding season not
only failed to repair our losses, but, through its own shortcomings, nearly
quadrupled our debt. The announcement of this state of our affairs cast a
gloom over the last annual meeting, and left those of us who were then
charged with the management of the Society not a little anxious and per-
plexed, although fully determined that, if prudence and economy could avail,
the coming year should find us at least no worse off at its close than we were
at its beginning.
"Thanks to the exercise of the homely virtues above referred to, this
modest hope has been more than realized, for we have not only reached the
end of the season without loss, but with a net profit. . . . This seems to
show, on the one hand, that so long as the Society is content to give few con-
certs in a season, and to produce works whose power to attract large audi-
ences can be relied od, as proved by long experience, it will run no risk of
loss ; and, on the other, that such risk must attend the multiplication of con-
certs, and the production of altogether new works, or of old works hitherto
untried. I presume that the Society might pledge itself to repeat the Messiah
on every Christmas for a century to come, and to sing either the Creation or
Elijah on every Easter for a like period, with the certainty that it will not
lose a dime, and the probability that it will gain many thousands of dollars.
But, gentlemen, at what a cost would such an immunity from loss, or such a
possible financial gain, be purchased, and to what a fossil state would the
Society be reduced I It owes its present honorable standing t j the fact that,
not content with simply existing, it has lived actively ; on the one hand, keep-
ing the glory of the old composers bright by frequent revivals of their master-
pieces, and, on the other, helping their successors to attain fame by bringing
to a hearing such modern works of high and noble quality as may from time
to time have been written. This policj^ is so plainl}^ dictated by duty, and
harmonizes so completely with our best interests, that I am under no appre-
hension lest it should be abandoned. As in 1882 we brought out Verdi's
Bequiem Mass, in 1883 Bruch's Arminins, and in 1884 Gounod's The Eedemp-
tion, so, in 1886, we shall, if it prove worthy, bring out Gounod's Mors et
Vita, and thus, by keeping pace with the times, deserve a continuance of that
public support which is seldom withheld from the energetic and the daring.
' With such recognition of the claims of modern composers we ought to recog-
nize those of their predecessors. That noble Mass by Cherubini, which was
sung for the first and only time at the festival of 1883, should be revived, and
Bach's great B-minor Mass, of which we have long owned the score and
parts, should no longer be allowed to slumber on our library shelves. But
youw^ill say, How can this be done in the present changed condition of things
musical in Boston, whose effects we have been among the first to feel? That,
gentlemen, is the question which all future boards of government will have
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDX SOCIETY. 465
to meet and answer. The retiring board has shown what can be done with a
minimum of risk; and, although its course was fully justified under existing
circumstances, we must all hope that the newly elected board will be able to
widen the field of operations, and make the next season more notable in a
musical sense than the last has been.
" Amona the most important questions which it will have to decide is that
of holding a seventh Festival, which, according to precedent, should take
place in the spring of 1886. Before the last Festival such a question would
have been unhesitatingly answered in the afiirmative ; but its results were of
too serious a nature to justify a like confidence in the success of any further
attempt. . . . We have an aggregate loss of $16,615.17 in four out of the
six triennial festivals. It is true that a net profit of $4,376.80 was derived
from the other two, the first in 1868, and the fifth in 1880; but this success
was due to exceptional circumstances, upon whose recurrence no dependence
can be placed. ... I am as far as possible from regarding the Handel and
Ha5'dn Society as a money-making or money-accumulating institution. It
was founded to serve the highest artistic interests, and these only; and when
it loses sight of them it will forfeit its right to exist. At the same time, it
cannot continue to serve these interests if it be materially crippled by the
imprudent management of its afiairs. Plato tells us, in his Theatetes, that
when Thales fell into a well, as he was looking up at the stars, a clever, witty
Thracian handmaid said he was so eager to know what was going on in
heaven that he could not see what w^as before his feet. From this anecdote
we are not to conclude against star-gazing as unwise or objectionable, but
that it cannot be safely prosecuted unless the star-gazer keep the earth, as-
well as the heaven, within his range of vision; or, in other words, not lose
sight of his actual surroundings while considering things celestial. So we,
while keeping the highest objects in view, must walk with circumspection,
lest, like the Grecian sage, we come to grief."
. . . "Since the last annual meeting, death has deprived the Society of
three of its members, namely, Theophiliis Stover, who signed on Dec. 28,
1852, and died on the 15th of July, 1884; Silas Parkhurst Merriam, who
signed on Aug. 4, 1829, and died, at the age of eighty-three, on the 9th of
March, 1885, This gentleman, whose membership lasted fifty-six j-ears, w^as
at the time of his' death the oldest living member of the Society, He served
as president for two years, 1852-1853, and both during his oflicial term and
after his retirement from the chair proved himself a faithful and devoted
member. Charles B. Morton, whose membership dates from June 5, 1845."
Officers for the ensuing year were elected as follows : —
President. — Charles C. Perkins.
Vice-President. — George H. Chickering.
Secretary. — Eugene B. Hagar.
Treasurer. — Moses Grant Daniell.
Librarian. — Francis H. Jenks.
Directors. — Horace P. Blackman, A. Parker Browne, Henry
G. Carey, George F. Daniels, Albert K. Hebard, John S.
Sawyer, John H. Stickney, Charles W. Stone.
466 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
A letter was read from ex-PresideDt Dr. J. B. Upham denying all
knowledge of the missing wood-wind instruments.
The secretary's chorus statistics for the year 1884-85 were as
follows : —
Whole New
No. of Tickets. Members.
^ Sopranos 169 36
' Altos 157 40
Tenors 114 8
Basses 131 13
Average attendance at twenty-five rehearsals 327
Average attendance at three concerts 393
Largest attendance 434
Smallest attendance 223
June 15. At a meeting of the Board of Government the question
of a seventh Triennial Festival in May, 1886, was indefinitely post-
poned. It was voted to give three concerts only in the approaching
season, namely, the Mes.siah on Sunday evening, Dec. 27 ; Gounod's
Mors et Vita (for the first time) some evening in January, 1886 ; and
Elijah at Easter, April 25.
Carl Zerrahn and B. J. Lang were reappointed conductor and
organist, at salaries respectively of $750 and S300 (the reduction
being due to the financial condition of the Societ}').
Mors et Vita was rehearsed through October and November.
Nov. 1. It was voted, on account of the great length of the work,
to give it in two performances, afternoon and evening.
Nov. 22. At a meeting of the Board a resokition was offered con-
cerning the serious rate of absence from rehearsals ; and it was voted
to notify the members of the chorus that the by-laws relating to at-
tendance and suspension would be rigorously enforced*.
Dec. 27 . The annual Christmas performance of the Messiah on
that Sunday evening was of peculiar interest to musicians, from the
fact that the new edition of the oratorio b}- Robert Franz was used
here for the first time. Sticklers for Knglish traditions, especially in
England, raised an indignant protest against what they were pleased
to call a "modern tampering" with the score of Handel. But both
here and in England the so-called Mozart score had alwa} s been used
in all performances of the Messiah. Indeed, in Handel's original
score, comprising fifty-two separate numbers, only twenty numbers
(six recitatives, one air, twelve choruses, and the Pastoral Symphony)
were sufficiently furnished with accompanying parts to form complete
harmony in themselves. Even in the twelve choruses Handel presup-
posed an organ part, which he neglected to write out. In more than
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 467
half the oratorio, including all the airs but one, he left the orchestral
accompaniment incomplete, sometimes merely hinted in a figured bass.
It was not merely a lack of instrumental coloring through the absence
of wind instruments; it was incompleteness in the essential harmony.
The rare art and genius of Mozart supplied what was wanting, won-
derfully well, in many parts, but not in all. Moreover, in the so-
called Mozart score there are certain numbers which, as arranged,
were always felt to be unworthy either of Mozart or Handel ; and at
last some of these were discovered to be of spurious authorship, for
which Mozart had been wrongly held accountable. Hence the need
of the task which F^ranz imposed upon himself.
"It was," wrote Mr, W. F Apthorp in the Transcript, "twofold, — first
to rid the alleged Mozart score of all objectionable or spurious passages, and
then to fill up all remaining gaps himself. In performing the first part of
this Augean task, he was guided by what documentary evidence the Adam
Hiller score could furnish, and by his own highly cultivated musical sense;
for in many instances no circumstantial evidence was to be had, merely the
internal evidence of the poor quality of the writing. To be sure, this testi-
mony was often satisfactory enough, for it is inconceivable that a man like
Mozart, whose additions to the airs, *0 thou that tellest' and ' The people
that walketh in darkness,' can be ranked only with what is most exquisite in
music, should have been guilty of some of the intolerably bald passages
attributed to him in ' He was despised.'
"Franz has shown the greatest reverence for Mozart, as well as for
Handel, in the manner in which he has done his work. . . . Had he taken
Handel's original score, and written additional accompaniments to it through-
out, without reference to Mozart's work, there would have been nothing
peculiar in his task. But this he was naturally unwilling to do ; the pre-
sumably authentic part of Mozart's work was so fine that it is no wonder
that a man of Franz's conscientiousness and modesty could not take it upon
himself to undo it. His part was to do what Mozart had not done, not to
do over again what he had done ; and from this very fact arose the peculiar
difliculty of his task. In all the other old scores, by Handel, Bach, Astorga,
and Durante, that Franz has filled out, he has constantly borne in mind the
fact that these composers intended what was lacking in their written accom-
paniments to be filled out on the organ. His reason for discarding that
instrument and choosing orchestral instruments instead (generally a quartet
of clarinets and bassoons) was that the organ is, in its very nature, an instru-
ment lacking both flexibility and accent, and that it would, therefore, be im-
possible to play on it, in a manner that should meet our modern demands for
clear and expressive performance, such complex and intricate polyphonic
passages as those with which, tradition tells us. Bach and Handel used to
fill out the gaps in their orchestral accompaniments. But in writing for
clarinets and bassoons, instead of for organ, Franz has, almost in every case,
written his four-part harmony in a pure organ style. In fact, Franz's quar-
tet of wind instruments really represents the organ, only with more flexibility
of phrasing and greater decision of accent. . . . Now Mozart, in writing
468 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
bis additional accompaniments to the Messiah, sliowed that he had no such
scruples about the matter : he had no thought of even distantly suggesting
the organ, but wrote his additions wholly in the prevailing orchestral style of
his own day. Here was Franz's dilemma : should he follow Mozart's lead
and fill out the remaining gaps in a purely orchestral style, which was not
Handel's ; or should he fill them out in as strictly a Handelian style as he
knew how, even at the risk of having his additions contrast somewhat in
treatment and coloring with Mozart's? He chose the latter alternative. . . .
But he left what Mozart actually wrote untouched, and, except in cases of
actual necessity, added nothing to it.
' ' Besides completing the score of the Messiah, Franz has made a sugges-
tion or two concerning performances of the work. As the fiorid choruses in
the first part — No. 6, 'And He shall purify,' No. 12, 'For unto us a child
is born,' and No. 19, 'His yoke is easy' — are difficult for a large choir to
sing clearly, and as, moreover, these choruses are based upou three of
Handel's earlier chamber-duets, he suggests that large portions of them
be sung by solo voices. He also suggests that the accompaniment to the
secco-recitatives be played on a pianoforte, if there be room for one on the
stage, instead of by the strings, as he has written them. Last, but not least,
he has enriched the score by a fully written-out organ part. The trombone
parts to several of the choruses, which exist neither in Handel's original
score, nor in Mozart's, but were written by an Englishman by the name of
Smithies, have naturally been omitted by Franz. He has, moreover, retained
the trombone parts written by Mozart in the overture, and the short choruses,
'Since by man came death' and 'For as in Adam all die,' choruses which
have hitherto been sung by us, according to some inexplicable tradition, as
unaccompanied quartets.
" A worthy companion to this full score by Franz is the pianoforte score
arranged from it by Mr. Otto Dresel of this city ; it is, beyond question, not
only the best, but the only thoroughly good pianoforte score of the Messiah
in existence."
In the above extract the reader has as exact an account, as could
well be given in so few words, of just what Robert Franz bad done
with the Messiah in the wa}' of '• additional accompaniments," and of
what changes he had suggested — not prescribed — in the customary
treatment of certain numbei s of the work. So far as the accompani-
ments were concerned, the weight of opinion, after that Christmas
performance, was evidently in favor of the new edition. Equally so
in regard to most of the suggestions ; especially the dividing of those
three florid choruses of the first part between vocal quartet and
chorus. About some other changes there was difference of opinion ;
for it was largely a question of taste, and many were wedded very
naturally to the old practice. The cadenza introduced at the end of
"Rejoice greatly" found hardly any favor, although a cadenza is
directed in Handel's original score, and Franz has written one entirely
in the vein and style of Handel, to be used or not, as conductors may
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 469
see fit. The re-arraugement of the trumpet solo was found admh-a-
ble ; and so by perhaps the majority of the most musically cultivated
listeners was the singing, in full chorus, of the two short sentences
usually given as unaccompanied quartets. In the matter of accom-
paniments, of course the difference was distinctly recognizable to but
a small part of a miscellaneous audience. Upon the whole, the
Society could well congratulate itself on having given the impulse to
so valuable a piece of work on the part of so competent a musician,
one so thoroughl}' in sympathy with both Bach and Handel. In the
nature of the case, criticism was busy, both in advocacy and in dis-
paragement ; but it seems to be practically settled that here, at least,
however it may be in England, Franz's is accepted as the standard,
the only practicable, truly Handel ian score of the Messiah.
The audience that evening was immense ; every seat was sold,
besides three hundred and ninety-three admissions without seats.
The chorus numbered four hundred and fifteen voices, with an orches-
tra of forty-five. The ten soprano numbers required two soprano
soloists. These were Mrs. E. Humphre^^-Allen and Miss Sarah C.
Fisher. The contralto, Miss Hattie J. Clapper, was found highly
satisfactory in voice and expression. Mr. Whitney Mockridge, the
tenor, who made his first important appearance in Boston, gifted with
''a fine natural organ, strong, penetrating, pleasant, and of ample
range," seems to have had a " throaty and rigid " way of singing.
Mr. M. W. Whitney, " barring some unexpected slips," sang
grandly. As to the quartets, leading into chorus, they were sung
somewhat lamely, so that the suggestion of Franz was not quite
fairly tested.
Receipts, 82,983.95 ; expenses, $1,586.36 ; profit, $1,397.59. How
much of that was due to " additional accompaniments," who knows?
1886. Rehearsals of Gounod's second Sacred Trilogy, Mors et
Vita^ were resumed in January, and on Sunday, the '24th^ the work
was first brought out before a Boston public. Part I., Mors (Death)
was given in the afternoon. That, of course, was the most serious
part, and was compared to a Requiem Mass. Part II., Jitdicium
(Judgment), and Part III., Vita (the Resurrection and the Life),
followed in the evening. As to the merits of the work, the criticisms
were strangely at variance, ranging from the extreme of praise to
contemptuous disparagement. Far be it from the present writer to
venture an opinion. In medio tutissimus ibis were probably the safe
suggestion. So far as he is able to recall his impressions at the time,
all based upon that single hearing, the second Trilogy had all the
470 HISTORY OF THE HAXDEL AND HAYDX SOCIETY.
characteristics of the first, all the questiouable and unlovely traits of
the Redemption, greatly aggravated. It had also passages of beauty,
of a " sensuous " order. And great events seemed treated with less
power than we have been accustomed to expect, and without disap-
pointment, from great masters. It abounds in orchestral pictures,
some of which, while cleverly realistic, seemed to us vulgar, cheap,
and flimsy. Some of the instrumental effects were to an exceptional
degree sensational, discordant, and extravagant. Thus the trumpets
at the last judgment sound a trichord with the fifth made sharp (the
same hideous discord in which Wagner's Walkyrie maids disport
themselves !).
The choruses, according to most accounts, were well sung, albeit
with some tendenc}^ to drag. The soloists were, for soprano, Mrs.
Lillian Norton, who sang with great power and brillianc}' ; contralto,
Miss Alta Pease, honest and accurate, but given to indistinct enuncia-
tion ; Mr. Charles Abercrombie, a true tenor of delightful sweetness,
except in the higher notes, of great power throughout ; and Mr.
Charles E. Hay, bass, who was thought to surpass his former efforts
in discrimination and in dignity. There was an orchestra of forty-
nine, with twelve extra instruments participating here and there.
The chorus in the first part numbered four hundred and twelve voices ;
in the second and third parts, four hundred and fourteen. Receipts,
82,544.05; expenses, 82,382.61; profit, 8161.44. Is it then the
doubtful things that pay ? Is curiosity a stronger passion than the
love of beauty, even in music?
The Sunday evenings of the following mouth were dedicated to
serious study and rehearsal of portions of that very difficult and very
great work, Bach's Holie Messe in H-moll (High Mass in B minor).
Then, by way of recreation and reward after those strenuous efforts,
the ever-welcome Elijah gave vent to voices and to spirits for a few
weeks once more.
April 12. The Board of Government considered the selection of
a trustee of the Permanent Fund, to fill the vacancy caused by the
death of Henry P. Kidder. Mr. 0. W. Peabody, another member of
the banking house of Kidder, Peabody & Co., was elected.
April 25. Elijah was given, 'renewing its established popularity.
The choruses were well sung by four hundred and thirty-four voices,
with an orchestra of forty-seven, before one of the largest audiences.
The quartet of principal solo-singers, as announced, consisted of :
Mme. Fursch-Madi, soprano; Miss Helen D.Campbell, contralto;
Mr. William Candidas, tenor ; and Mr. Alonzo E. Stoddard, baritone
(all from the " American Opera Company ") . For the second quar-
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 471
tet (in the concerted pieces) were announced : Miss Elene B. Kehew,
Miss Gertrude Edmunds, Mr. James H. Ricketson, and Mr. Jacob
Benziug. But Mme. Madi being ill, Miss Kehew took her place, and
filled it with much credit ; and Miss Gertrude Swayne was called to
the second soprano part without rehearsal. Mr. Stoddard's Elijah
was the feature of the evening, one of great spirit and brilliancy.
Mr. Candidus, with a voice of great power and range, not altogether
sweet, sang without much warmth. Owing to the absence of the
usual wind-instrument players, the high pitch had to be used, Mr.
Lang transposing the organ part a semitone upward. Financially,
Mendelssohn's Oratorio was again fruitful. Receipts, $3,215.27;
expenses, $2,010; profit, $1,205.21.
May 7. At a meeting of the Board, it was voted to pay Mr.
Zerrahn, as conductor, $250, in addition to the $750 voted him
before.
SEVENTY-SECOND SEASON.
May 3], 1886, to May 30, 1887.
May 31. Annual meeting. The treasurer reported : —
Amount on band May, 1885 $77 98
Total receipts 12,099 52
$12,177 50
Total expenditures 11,764 20
Balance on hand $413 30
that $1,000 had been received as legacy under the will of Benjamin
B. Davis; also a gift of $1,000 from an unknown friend; that the
debt had been reduced b}' $2,300, and now amounted to $447.04.
As to the Permanent Fund, a gift of $1,000 had been added to
the principal; the year's income ($1,181.25) had been paid to the
Society, and the value of the Fund's investments April 24, 1886,
was $25,817.74.
The following resolutions were passed : —
^' Be solved, That the two one-thousand-doUar donations inspire the mem-
bers with fresh zeal, and tend ' to hasten the day when the Society's musical
policy shall be emancipated from the pecuniary limitations by which it is now
constantly constrained,' etc.
^' Besolved, That the Handel and Haydn Society, in common with many
other public bodies in this city, sustained a great loss by the death of Henry
P. Kidder, lately a trustee of its Permanent Fund.
472
HISTORY OF THE HAXDEL AXD HAYDN SOCIETY.
" We, the members, desire to express our recognition of the important
place which he tilled in the community, as an ever-active and generous
supporter of all useful and charitable enterprises."
The secretary reported that uothiug was vet known about those
wood- wind instruments.
The election of officers was as follows : —
President. — Charles C. Perkins.
Vice-President. — George H. Chickering.
Secretary. — Eugene B. Hagar.
Treasurer. — Moses Grant Daxiell.
Librarian. — Francis H. Jenks.
Directors. — John D. Andrews, Horace P. Blackman, George
T. Brown, Albert K. Hebard, Roger S. Rundlett, John S.
Sawyer, John H. Stickney, David A. Alden.
Chorus Statistics for 1885-86.
Sopranos
Altos
Tenors
Basses
Minimum attendance (Rehearsals and Concerts)
No. of
Average
New
Tickets,
Attendance.
Members.
170
107
29
148
97
19
103
58
8
123
85
13
544
347
69
nd Concerts)
.
. 446
ud Concerts)
.
. 211
From the annual address of President Perkins we again make
large extracts, for these were his last icords to the Society for which
he had done so much, and which he had so much at heart !
" Friends and Felloio- Members of the Handel and Haydn Society :
" Let me congratulate you on the fact that this annual meeting takes place
under more inspiring circumstances than those which attended that of last
year, when we were burdened with the not inconsiderable residue of a beavy
debt, resulting from untoward events in the past, and not a little anxious
about the future. The new Board of Management then elected assumed
office impressed with the necessity for strict economy, and aware that a, pro-
gramme must be prepared for the coming season worthy of the traditions of
the Society, and at the same time likely to excite public interest. To frame
such a programme was no easy task. Handel's Belshazzar, Bach's B-minor
Mass, and a host of other masterpieces, never or but seldom performed, urged
their royal claims for a hearing, and tempted enterprise. Admonitions were
not wanting, from certain quarters, that our duty as directors of a musical
society instituted for high ends was to disregard pecuniary interests. What
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 473
did it matter, said our distinguished advisers, if the Society perished, pro-
vided that it did so with the proud consciousness of having done its duty?
Give oratorios on a grand scale, at cheap prices, and abide the issue. Better
death and an honorable interment than life supported by a permanent fund
acquired through an illiberal and narrow-minded policy. To this counsel
your Board of Management turned a deaf ear, and being, like ' George Eliot,'
open to conviction on all points ' save dinners and debts, holding that the one
should be eaten and the other paid,' determined to conduct the campaign pru-
dently by giving the Messiah at Christmas, 3Iors et Vita in January, and
Elijah at Easter, with competent support. The three concerts yielded a profit
of $2,7G4.24. . . .
" But what of the Triennial Festival, which should have been held in the
spring of 1886? On this head, gentlemen, I have to say that, from what
seemed to us good and sufficient reasons, we reluctantly renounced all idea of
holding it. . . . I need hardly remind you that the last festival, that of 1883,
obliged us to assess our guarantors ten per cent pro rata, and to apply the
sum thus obtained, together with the income of the Permanent Fund and our
profits on the concerts of the preceding season, to the payment of our debts.
With these facts and figures staring us in the face, how could we have under-
taken another festival? Where should we have found guaranty against loss,
without which it would have been suicidal to attempt it? Whether our suc-
cessors may take an opposite view, three years hence, is a matter which I will
not undertake to discuss, though I may say that I hardly think it probable that
they will. I think we must even now accept the fact that the day of festivals
in Boston, excepting at long intervals, when some special anniversary occurs,
is over. ' Circumstances alter cases,' as the saying goes, and musical circum-
stances have changed greatly with us of late years. In smaller cities and
towns, where the winter has aS'orded but little opportunity for listening to
music of the highest sort, even an annual festival may be held without risk
of loss ; but here, where we have fortj'-eight symphony concerts and rehears-
als during the winter and spring, a dozen or more concerts given by the
Apollo, the Cecilia, and the Boylston clubs, three or four oratorios performed
by this Society, and a host of musical entertainments provided by minor asso-
ciations — festivals, annual or triennial, stand but little chance of attracting
sufficiently large audiences to cover the attendant outlay upon them.
" Much as this is to be regretted, on aesthetic grounds, there are reasons
connected with the welfare of this Society which may somewhat reconcile us
to the new state of things, chief among which are the exhausting labor which
festivals entail upon the chorus singers, and the overwhelming amount of
work which they require on the part of the secretary. I am not sure that
even the present incumbent, with all his readiness to serve the Society at
whatever inconvenience to himself, would have accepted the situation had we
decided to hold a festival in this mouth of May, which comes to an end
to-night. As for the chorus, I have no doubt that the members would have
done their duty at it, as in the past, but we may well question whether we
had a right to ask them to give the time and spend the strength which they
must have given and spent had we taken a diff'erent course. With the pres-
tige which the long and honorable career of the Society has given to it, with
the unique opportunities which it affords for the study of the highest and
474 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
noblest music, and the pleasure which its performance brings to those who
take part in it, we may safely count upon a never-failing supply of the best
singers in the city to the chorus, provided we do not ask too much of those
who have already joined it. We have a right to insist upon regular attend-
ance at the Sunday evening rehearsals, and to ask for close attention to the
conductor's instructions, in order that the works under study maybe worthily
performed ; but more than this, except on extraordinary occasions, we can-
not exact without risk of driving away many whom we should wish to keep
in, or preventing some whom we should like to add to the chorus of our
Society. Its foundations, securelj'^ laid on good ground many years ago,
have enabled it to resist many an earthquake, and will yet give it strength to
survive such stress of weather as may come upon it in the future, provided
we and those who come after us are watchful and prudent in the manage-
ment of its affairs. Indifferent as to the quantity, we should be more and
more concerned as to the quality of our work — for it is the last consideration,
and not the first, which will keep the Society in the van.
" What our work has been during the winter you all know. It began with
the 3Iessiah at Christmas, according to the time-honored custom, which up
to 1850 had, I think, been disregarded but four times. The performance was
especially interesting, as for the first time the version of the score as amended
by Robert Franz was used, in which the additional accompaniments, really
written by Mozart, are preserved, and from which those falsely attributed to
him, though undoubtedly by Adam Hiller, have been eliminated by the distin-
guished composer of Halle, who, by his reverent filling up of harmonies
indicated in Handel's figured bass, and b}^ the addition of a complete organ
part, has deserved and won the gratitude of musicians and music lovers
throughout the world.
" That, as acknowledged by Dr. Franz in a letter sent with a copy of the
score, he was induced to complete this work, which he regards as the most
important of his life, by the Handel and Haydn Society, is a fact of which it
has every reason to be proud. Certain changes suggested and adopted, such
as the assigning of parts of ' He shall purify,' ' For unto us,' and ' The yoke
is easjs' hitherto sung throughout by the chorus, to a quartet of single voices,
seemed to many undesirable innovations; but it is possible that, on a second
hearing, the gain in effect will be more generally admitted.
" The first performance of M. Gounod's new oratorio (?), 3fors et Vita,
took place on the afternoon and evening of Jan. 24, and the favor with which
it was received seems to Avarrant the belief that it will be well to repeat it at
no very distant period. It is the latest and most important sacred work of
one of the most eminent composers of our day, and as such it represents one
of the schools of oratorio nmsic in modern times as completely as the
Messiah does another wiiich flourished in its golden age, and Elijah, which
we sang at Easter, does still another, belonging to that silver age which lies
more than midway between Handel's day and our own. By giving the three
in one season, we have, then, illustrated the leading phases of thought in
one of the chief forms of musical expression, and may claim that if our
programme was short, it was comprehensive and catholic in spirit. . . .
" During the year we have received a legacy of f 1,000, left by our late and
honored associate, Benj. B. Davis, who joined the Society May 2, 1816,
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 475
and died, at the age of eighty-three, Aug. 22, 1877. For this, and a recent
gift of $1,000 from an anonymous benefactor, one of those who are
" Resolved on scripture grouuds to go :
What the right doth the left hand shall not know,
" you will, I am sure, desire to express your gratitude in suitable form. . . .
The list of members deceased since the last annual meeting includes the
names of Mr. Dexter Wiswell, who joined the Society in 1863, served on the
Board of Directors from 1871 to 1873, and died Aug. 11, 1885 ; of Mr. Edward
Faxon, who joined in 1851, served as director from 1854 to 1856, from 1863
to 1865, and from 1870 to 1872, and died Jan. 26, 1886 ; and of E. B. Dearborn,
who joined in 1841, and died in the month of February last. To this list 1
may add the name of Frederick Ferdinand Miiller, who was elected organist
of this Society in 1852, Sept. 7, but never became a member."
June 14. The Board of Government voted to give, during the
season of 1886-87, three concerts : Dec. 26, the Messiah; Feb. 20,
Bach's B-minor Mass {Hoke Messe) , with necessary abridgement;
Easter, Apo'il 10, the Creation.
The following reappointments were made : Carl Zerrahn, conductor,
at a salary of $750, besides such sum (not exceeding $250) as may
be warranted by the current receipts of the season, exclusive of
gifts, legacies, and income of the fund ; B. J. Lang, organist, at
$300 ; and S. M. Bedlington, assistant librarian, at $100.
Aug. 25. We have reached now one of the darkest pages in the
annals of the old Society. What loss could be greater than that
which suddenly befell in the instantaneous death by accident of the
honored president, Charles Callahan Perkins? On this day (Aug.
25, 1886), like a stroke of lightning out of a clear sky, the fatal
blow fell. It was in the town of Windsor, Vt., near the farm and
summer residence of U. S. Senator Evarts. Mr. Perkins was on a
visit to his son, E. C. Perkins, who married Senator Evart's daugh-
ter. The senator, Mr. Perkins, and a young lady from Washington,
daughter of Judge Stanley Matthews, of Cincinnati, were out riding,
near sunset. W^hile crossing a dike, one horse being restless, the
coachman reined him up, when the bits parted, and the bridle came
off, setting the horses into a run. The coachman jumped, and, in
trying to catch the horses, was thrown down the embankment. The
horses kept on at a fearful pace, and, while turning a sharp corner,
all were thrown out. Mr. Perkins, striking a stone, was instantly
killed. The others were slightly injured. ''The young lady after-
ward spoke of his enthusiasm at the beauty of the country, and of
his conversation on many lovely things. The last thing she remem-
bers of him was the smile he gave her, as if to save her from alarm ;
476 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
then the crash came." The following brief record of his life, by one
of his friends, appeared in one of the papers of the day : —
" He came of a distinguished family, his grandfather (Thomas Handj^side
Perkins) having been a prominent old-time merchant in Boston. He grad-
uated from Harvard in 1843, and some 5^ears afterward went abroad, where
he remained twelve years, spending his winters principally at Rome, and
devoting himself to the study of music and painting. He was the first
American to be elected a member of the French Academy, in the section of
inscriptions and belles-lettres. After his return home, Mr. Perkins published
a number of works on art, his ' Tuscan Sculptors ' appearing in 1864, and
being republished in London the next year. This work was in two volumes,
and was illustrated with forty-three etchings and twenty-three wood-engrav-
ings from original drawings and photographs. The work took high rank in
art circles. In 1867 he published ' Italian Sculptors,' also profuselj'- illus-
trated, the etchings in both works being done by the author. In 1878 he pub-
lished a biographical and critical essay upon ' Raphael and Michael Angelo,'
and at the time of his death he was engaged upon a comprehensive work,
entitled ' The Cyclopaedia of American Art.' Although Mr. Perkins was not
a professional artist; few men were better fitted to discuss questions of art.
His broad culture, technical training, and wide study eminently fitted him for
a critic and patron of art. He was among the first to advocate and carry
through the establishment of the Museum of Fine Arts. He was for many
years president of the Art Club, resigning this office in 1880, but always
maintaining an interest in its afi"airs.
" Perhaps the greatest single service which he did in this direction was the
giving of the fine Beethoven statue to the Music Hall, the work of Thomas
Crawford. The sculptor refused to accept any remuneration, but Mr. Per-
kins assumed all the expenses of casting, founding, and putting the whole
work in place. On March 1, 1856, there w^as a Beethoven festival for the
inauguration of the statue. Mr. W. "W. Story wrote and recited an ode, and
selections from Beethoven's music* were rendered.
" Among Mr. Perkins's other labors in the cause of art were several series
of lectures delivered by him at the Lowell Institute. Another service which
he rendered to the city was in connection with his term as a member of the
School Committeef, in 1871, when, by his advice, the new system of drawing
was inaugurated. . . .
" Mr. Perkins was equally devoted to music, and was one of the members of
the original committee appointed by the Harvard Musical Association, in 1851,
to consider the plan of a music hall in Boston. He was one of the largest sub-
scribers to the building, which was erected during this and the following year,
and in all the course of its history he took a lively interest. . . . He was a promi-
nent member of Trinity Church, and a warm personal friend of Rev. Phillips
Brooks. Also, he was honorary director of the Art Museum, a member of
the Union and Saturday clubs, a member of the American Academy of Arts
* Among them, Beethoven's Choral Fantasia, in which the pianoforte part was played by the
donor of the statue.
t He was many years a devoted member of the school committee, particularly interested in
the teaching of music and drawing.
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 477
and Sciences and of the Massachusetts Historical Society, honorary member
of the Metropolitan Art Museum, New York, corresponding member of the
French Institute, and Chevalier of the Legi5n of Honor. He was a careful
collector of works of art, and had gathered together a valuable gallery." . . .
Charles C. Perkins was a man of fine personal presence, who
always wore a youthful, blooming, blonde complexion ; of frank and
winning manners ; a gentleman in every sense ; of a nature singu-
larly refined and noble, with the look and air of a born artist. One
of the truest friends of art he undoubtedl}^ was. Born in easy cir-
cumstances, he gave his whole life unselfishly to public good, to the
interests of culture and of art. In ever}' relation of life, it may be
truly said, he always did the best that he knew how. His life was
a beautiful and an inspiring sacrifice. " There was nothing low or
cheap in his composition." Always cheerful, always friendly, always
ready to devote his best powers to a good cause, he seemed always
happy. And was he not thus suddenly called away to yet happier
and higher service? Of course, the whole community were appalled
when the sad news came on that hot day of August ; and his nearest
friends were scattered and each had to muse upon the loss alone.
To the Handel and Haydn Society it was a severe aflfliction. At
the first rehearsal of the season, Oct. 5, after a few words from the
secretary, the chorus, in memory of their president, sang " Happy
and blest are they who have endured," from Mendelssohn's St. Paul.
A few weeks later, after several rehearsals of Bach's great Mass,
which he had been so zealous to have studied and performed (but
which he did not live even to hear rehearsed !), at a meeting of the
Society specially called for the purpose {Oct. 25), Mr. George H.
Chickering, the vice-president, being absent, Mr. Sawyer, the next
senior member of the Board of Government, took the chair, when
the secretary, Mr. Hagar, offered the following resolution : —
" Hesolved, That in the death of Charles C. Perkins, its late president, the
Handel and Haydn Society has sustained a loss of no ordinary character.
Stricken by death's arrow while in the enjoyment of perfect health, the
victim of a catastrophe so swift and appalling as to fill all hearts with hor-
ror and dismay, there has passed from our midst a prudent guide and a
devoted friend. At two widely separated periods president of the Society,
the second time for a term of more than eleven years, he found many fields
for the exercise of natural gifts of a high order in its service, and his loyal
spirit neglected no opportunity for action in its behalf. Endowed with a
refined taste, and equipped with an education which qualified him for the
performance and even the composition of musical works of the highest class,
his discriminating criticism was of constant value in shaping the musical
policy of the Society and in promoting its efticient execution. ' Art for Art's
478 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
sake' never found a more unfaltering champion than in him, and his allegi-
ance to the highest standards knew no abatement. The sacrifice of genuine
merit to pecuniary gain or to popular applause ever encountered his unflinch-
ing resistance ; and to stimulate the Society to an unceasing struggle for the
attainment of the loftiest ideals was his constant aim. The esteem and
aflection of his associates were awakened by his uniform courtesy and aftable
manner, the just expression of a kind and pure spirit, and by his singular
unselfishness, a virtue which adorned him in an eminent degree. The His-
tory of the Society, happily completed by him to the close of his first presi-
dency, in 1851, a task to the performance of which no selfish motives could
have actuated him, is a monument of infinite, but gratuitous and uncomplain-
ing labor, a cheerful and graceful tribute to the Society which he loved. His
regard and good-will were further evinced by the final disposition of the
Beethoven statue, and by the gift to the Society of valuable scores — par-
ticularly that of the Bach Mass, the additions to which, transcribed by his
own hand, involved so great personal labor to himself. His successful efforts
to avert a threatened recoustruction of the Music Hall will not soon be for-
gotten as a conspicuous, though by no means isolated, instance of his friendly
zeal.
" His purity of motive and forgetfulness of self, his patience and modesty,
his gracious and genial manners, his refinement of nature, his honesty of
thought and candor of speech, his undeviating pursuit of excellence, his
fidelity to the cause of true art unmixed with base alloy, — these afibrd a
rare example for his successors, and their memory will constitute a rich
inheritance to a grateful Society."
The readiog of this resolution was followed by remarks in eulog}'
of the deceased by Messrs. Hagar, J. S. Sawyer, A. P. Browne,
Nowell. Barnes, and Stone. It was then passed unanimously, all
the members rising.
Resolutions in the same sense and spirit were also passed by the
Harvard Musical Association, of which Mr. Perkins had long been
vice-president, by the Massachusetts Historical Society, and by other
societies of art and learning of which he was a member.
It may here be mentioned, in explanation of some things said
above, that in a codicil to his will, dated April 27, 1881, " the statue
of Beethoven, which has been in Music Hall ever since the hall was
built, is to be given to the Handel and Haydn Society in case the hall
is converted into an opera house, pulled down, or destroyed l\v fire."
He makes the gift in the hope that the Society will eventualh* own a
hall especialh' devoted to its concerts and meetings.
At this meeting {Oct. 25) George H. Chickering was choson presi-
dent; and at a meeting held Nov. 15, A. Parker Browne was chosen
vice-president.
The chorus then went on with its haid study on the Hohe Jlesse of
Bach until near the Christmas season, when the Jres.^iah was given
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 479
(for the seventy-ninth time) on Sunday evening, Dec. 26. The
Franz instrumentation was again used, and on the whole more widely
appreciated. The sale of tickets was immense. The orchestra con-
sisted of forty -five musicians from the Boston Symphony Orchestra.
The chorus of four hundred and twenty-one voices sang for the first
time under the new sounding-board, which had been placed over the
stage to improve the accoustics of the hall, and it was thought that
the effect was somewhat heightened. The choruses were given in
the Society's best style, the body of tenors being particularly strong.
The soloists were: Miss Zippora Monteith, soprano (of the quartet
of the church of Rev. Dr. K. Storrs, Brooklyn, N. Y.) ; Miss Ger-
trude Edmands, contralto ; Mr. William J. Winch, tenor (his first
appearance in oratorio since his return from England) ; and Mr.
D. M. Babcock, bass (of the American Opera Company). Mr.
Franz Kueisel headed the violins, and IMr. Richard Schuebruck
played the trumpet solo. Miss Monteith had a voice of great power
and wide range, moderate flexibility, not quite uniform in quality,
nor always true. Miss Edmands sang with her usual conscientious
care, good judgment, warm and earnest feeling. Mr. Winch was
excellent, but hoarse at "Thou shalt break them." Mr. Babcock
was hoarse throughout, yet he won applause. Receipts, 82,933.42 ;
expenses, $1,553.22; profit, 81,380.20.
1887. The year began with nearly two months of study and
rehearsal on that most difficult of all great choral works, Bach's
Hohe Messe in H-moll (High Mass in B minor) and of Killer's Song
of Victory^ which had been sung here only once before, at the Festival
of 1877, — a work wholly modern and in contrast with the Mass. On
Sunday evening, Feb. 27 ^ these two works came to public per-
formance ; that is to say, a considerable selection from the Mass,
followed by Killer's work entire. Of the former we borrow again
from our own Festival '' notes" : —
" Manj^ regard this colossal JNIass in B minor as Bach's greatest work, —
at least as standing on an equal height with his St. Matthew Passion Music,
although the two works are so entirely different that one marvels at the
many-sided genius that could create them both. Bach, besides his almost
innumerable church cantatas, written weekly for each Sunday's service, his
motets, Christmas Oratorio, Magnificat, and five Passions, — all counted
among the very richest treasures of church music, — also Avrote, at vari-
ous times, a number of ' short masses,' all intended for the Protestant
(Lutheran) service; and in them are found a number of pieces transferred
from some of his cantatas. Some instances of this are found even in this
last and greatest effort in this form, the Hohe Jlesse in B minor. The Kyrie
480 HISTORY OF THE HAXDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
and Gloria, which form a full half of the whole work, were composed in
1733 for his Catholic sovereign, Friedrich August II., of Saxony. These two
parts, with all their themes developed on so extended a scale, were by Bach
regarded as a whole Mass by themselves. It was some time afterwards that
he composed the Credo and the other texts. Nor was the score ever com-
pletely and correctly published, after careful comparison of original manu-
script and copies, until the Bach Gesellschaft, in Leipzig, commenced its
noble enterprise of bringing out in uniform edition all the works of Bach
that could be found in print or manuscript. This Mass had been selected
for the first annual volume of the splendid series (18-51) ; but various ob-
stacles, the chief of which was a certain dog-in-the-manger disposition of
the holder of the precious manuscript, were so slowly overcome that its pub-
lication was postponed till 1856. This noble edition of the score, just as
Bach left it, now places it within reach of all musicians. Before that it had
first been published part by Nageli, of Zurich, part by Simrock, of Bonn,
about 1830.
"As to public performances of the entire Mass, its great length, as well
as the formidable difficulties of the music, almost exclude it from the service
of the churches. The Credo was performed hj Emanuel Bach, with an or-
chestral introduction of his own, at Hamburg, before 1788, the year of his
death. The Sing-Akademie, of Berlin, gave both portions of it in 1835. In
Frankfort it was given in part by the Cacilien-Verein, under Schelble, who
died in 1837, Mendelssohn taking his place in some of the rehearsals. It
became one of the Frankfort Society's stock pieces, and was performed by
them entire eight times between 1856 and 1875. Other performances are
mentioned: B}' Riedel's Choir, at Leipzig, in April, 1859; by the Sternsche
Gesang-Verein, at Berlin, in 1859, and by the Cacilien-Verein, of Hamburg,
in April. 1868 ; at Barmen, in March, 1872. The Credo, alone, was given by
Hullah, in London, in 1851, and at the Lower Rhine Festivals of 1858 and
1873.
" To Otto Goldschmidt and his Bach Choir (amateurs) belongs the honor
of first attempting this colossal task in London, where it was twice brought
out publicly, in Ipril and May, 18"6, and again in 1881, producing a profound
impression among truly musical people : but the expression ther<'of seems to
have stopped short with general praise and wonder. Few, so far as we can
find, have had the courage to attempt any detailed description or analysis of
the Mass itself.
"Bach's manuscript is divided into four parts, with four separate title-
pages, as follows : —
" No. I. (Kyric and Gloria) is called ' Mass for five voices ' (tw^o sopranos),
three trumpets, tympani, two flutes, two oboes, two violins, one viola, and
continuo.
"No. II. Symboluni Nicenum (Xicene Creed), for the same voice-parts
and instruments.
"No. III. Sanchis, for six voices (two soprano and two alto), three
trumpets, tympani, three oboes, etc.
" No. IV. Osannaj Benedictus, Agnus Dei, Dona nobis pacem, for eight
voices (each of the four being divided), three trumpets, tympani, two flutes
two oboes, violins, etc.
HISTOEY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDX SOCIETY. 481
"Mr. Goldschmidt, with a true Bacli devotion (seconded by his noble
wife, Jenny Lind, who sang in the chorus) and with immense labor, had
rearranged much of the instrumentation according to the best Leipzig and
Frankfort traditions, — supplying here and there a viola part, changing the
three high trumpet parts (regarded as unplayable) for trumpets and clarinets,
adding an organ part, expression marks, etc. The fruits of these labors will
be availed of in to-daj-'s performance of the Sanctus, and, it is to be hoped,
in future performances by the Handel and Haydn Society of the entire Mass.
" A writer in the London Times v,-e\l remarks: 'That the great musician
could look back to the Kijrie and Gloria — which he had vouchsafed to his
Catholic sovereign — and not desire to go on with the work thus nobly com-
menced would t.eem impossible; and the astonishing Credo, which is the
division next following, showed with what fervor he set about resuming his
task. It is remarked by C. H. Bitter (one of Bach's biographers) that the
phrase to the words " Credo in unum Detim" led off" by tenors and answered
by the other voices in succession, Is the melody of one of the old Gregorian
church songs.' The same writer says, ' What Bach borrowed for his immedi-
ate purpose he borrowed invariably from his own stores, — not always the
case with Handel. Enough, that the Mass in B minor is all that its most
ardent admirers have pronounced, — a masterpiece of form, science, and
religious expression; a thing not for a day, but for all time.'
" In the Sanctus all the fervor and the inspiration of this wonderful com-
position seems to reach its climax. Rightly presented, rightly heard and felt,
it lifts us to the height of the sublime. In its musical motives and construc-
tion it is very diflerent from the Sanctus in most Masses (for instance that of
Cherubini, above mentioned), where the ' Holj', holy!' is commonly pro-
claimed in long tones separated hy pauses. Here the six voices, which seem
to represent a union of both human and angelic choirs, go circling ofi', as it
were, through boundless space amid and beyond the planets, in answering
and commingling triplet phrases (all in D major, 4-4 measure), while the
oboes and strings fan the enthusiasm with strong, wing-like figures, and the
trumpets intermittently flood all with a blaze of splendor. On and on the
voices circle, higher and higher, soaring, climbing, as if to find the region of
pure, perfect light, and lose themselves in the ineffable glor}^ of the Divine.
Twice, however, the five upper voices relax their speed and linger in long
notes, while the basses descend, note by note, a full octave, with stately
tread, the instruments still pursuing their unwearied flight. At the words
Pleni sunt cceli et terra gloria ejus the rhythm changes to 3-8, and a fugue sets
out unaccompanied (except by the basso continuo), until all the voices have
got in, when by degrees the instruments are drawn into the development, and
it is all worked up with increasing splendor and excitement (the first trumpet
soaring in high, bird-like trills) to the end. How far this impression can be
realized in the detached performance of a miscellaneous concert remains to
be tested."
To the above it seems well to add the following statement from
the printed programme of the concert : —
"During his last visit in London, the late Mr. Charles C. Periqns, the
president of the Handel and Haydn Society, was given access to Mr. Gold-
482 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
Schmidt's score, and was presented with a manuscript copy of the organ part.
Having procured a copy of the score published by the Bach Gesellschaf t in
Leipzig, with his own hand he transcribed into it, from Mr. Goldschmidt's
score, all additions to and changes in the orchestra part, expression marks,
practical hints for performance, and historical notes; and, from the manu-
script presented to him, the organ part. The additional orchestra parts were
first copied somewhat roughly, and were then copied a second time, on slips
of paper carefully fitted to the available spaces in the score, and the slips
were then pasted in. The organ part had likewise to be inserted on fitted
slips of paper. The score thus amended, together with the memoranda used
in the process, and the independent organ part, were then handsomely bound
in two separate volumes, and presented by Mr. Perkins to the Society. For
this invaluable gift, enriched by personal labor of Mr. Perkins that can have
occupied no less than several weeks' time, public and grateful acknowledg-
ment is here made.
" In default of printed orchestra parts,' the Society' has caused a complete
set to be written out from this score, — excepting that the part of the ohoe
cVamore (now obsolete) has been assigned to the oboe instead of the clari-
net; and certain high passages for the trumpet, transposed in the London
score for clarinet, have been retained in the trumpet part. The extremely
difficult part of the now obsolete covko cli caccia in the Quoniam will be
played on the French horn; and the contra-basses will be doubled by the
'cellos throughout."
All this shows with what zealous, conscientious care, and in what
reverent spirit, the Society approached the performance of this im-
portant work. It could not undertake to bring out the Mass entire ;
that would have been too much for a single effort, and the ]Mass
would have been too long for any audience. Selections were made,
not to exceed an hour and a half in time ; to fill out a programme,
and at the same time to afford relief from the intense mental strain
of listening to music so elaborate and so severe, Ferdinand Hiller's
short, more modern, and easily appreciable Cantata was made to fol-
low it. Out of the twenty-four numbers of the Mass, six solo and
six chorus numbers were performed, — a good half of the work.
The numbers presented were : 1. Chorus, '' Kyrie eleison ! " 2. Duet
(S. and A.), " Christe eleison!" 4. Chorus, "Gloria in excelsis";
9. Aria (A.), " Qui sedes ad dexteram" ; 10. Aria (B.), "Quoniam
tu solus"; 13. Chorus, "Credo"; 14. Duet (S. and A.), " Et in
unum Dominum"; 16. Chorus, " Crucifixus " ; 20. Chorus, " Sanc-
tus"; 22. Tenor Aria, " Benedictus " ; 23. Alto Aria, "Agnus
Dei"; 24. Chorus, " Dona nobis pacem."
The solo singers were : soprano. Miss Lilli Lehmann (of the Im-
perial Opera, Berlin) ; contralto. Miss Mary H. How ; tenor, Mr.
George J. Parker ; bass, Mr. Jacob Benzing. In the solo music
Miss How had the largest share and won most honor. Miss Lehmann
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 483
had no solo ; in the two duets the beant}^ of her voice availed her,
aud she sang correctly, although somewhat coldl}'.
Mr. Parker sang his single solo, " Benedictus," with delightful
purity and delicacy of taste and truth of feeling. Mr. Benzing's
wrestling with his one bass aria, " Quoniam," betrayed nervousness
and unsteadiness. Ditilcult in itself, his vocal path was hard to
keep against the extremely difficult aud florid P'rench horn obligafo,
which, however, was marvellously well played by the phenomenal
hornisfc, Mr. Reiter, of the Boston Symphony Orchestra. The two
bassoon parts also in that accompaniment were most elaborate, in-
creasing the perplexity. Of the solo numbers generally it must be
said, that the copied orchestral parts were not free from errors, and
that the instrumentation called for completion by probably some
abler, subtler hand at such work than Mr. Otto Goldschmidt. The
chorus singing deserved great praise ; only a little more rehearsal
would perhaps have given it the crowning grace of clearness, ease,
and eloquent expression. The most complete success was in the
Sanctus, which they seemed to sing as if inspired, with greatest
power and accuracy. In other choruses some indecision aud weak-
ness were betrayed. But the chorus work, upon the whole, was su-
perior to the Society's first public trial of the Passion Music.
"We cannot S3'mpathize with those undoubtedly sincere and well-
instructed lovers of Bach's music, who thought it a great pity to
attempt the work at all under such circumstances. Even such
glimpses of the glories of a sublime work are not without their in-
fluence as the impressions work on in the mind. We are nearer to
an adequate performance of the Hohe Messe than we were before that
attempt. And ever since, no doubt, a higher aud more earnest aspira-
tion has been stirring in the bosom of the old Society, and a more
responsive audience has been ripening.
In the Song of Victory Miss Lehmann had all the solos, and she
displayed more warmth', more interest in her task. The work had an
enlivening effect, and was enjo^^ed and heartily applauded. Through
its intervention it is easier to come down from the empyrean of
the Sanctus to such practical details as these : The chorus num-
bered four hundred and twenty-three, the orchestra fifty. Receipts,
81,949.57; expenses, $2,037.66; loss, $88.09 (not a very heavy
forfeit to pay for so instructive an experiment) !
April 10. Easter Sunday was marked by a fine performance of
Haydn's Creation. The solo artists were Mrs. Georg Henschel, whose
voice had expanded, and who gave what could almost be called an
ideal rendering of the soprano part ; Mr. William J. Winch, who
484 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
sang with fine finish and appreciation, albeit not always quite sure of
his higher notes ; and Mr. Georg Henschel, who always sings with
rare intelligence, though sometimes a bass rather than a baritone
voice seemed called for here. The choruses went almost always well,
at times finely. Mr. Hiram Tucker accompanied the recitatives on
the pianoforte. Miss Nettie C. Foskett sang the alto in the final
quartet. Chorus, four hundred and thirty-six ; orchestra, forty-six.
Receipts, $2,851.53; expenses, $1,659.12; profit, $1,192.41.
Ap7'U 29. The Board, considering the financial result of the
season, voted to pay as salary to Mr. Zerrahn $250 in addition to
the $750 before voted. It was voted to pay the Society's promissory
note for $447.04, due May 8, 1887, and to request the trustees of the
Permanent Fund to pay over its income for the year to the Society.
Mr. B. J. Lang was unanimously (by a rising vote) elected an
honorary member of the Society.
SEVENTY-THIRD SEASON.
May 30, 1887, to May — , 1888.
3fay 30. Annual meeting: The treasurer reported : —
Balance on hand last May ^413 30
Xet profits three concerts 2,484 52
Interest Permanent Fund 1,241 33
Sundry receipts 271 72
$4,410 87
Salaries $1,400 00
BumsteadHall 585 00
New music 104 40
History No. 2, 217 61
Paid note 447 04
Sundry expenses 510 63
3,264 68
Balance on hand $1,146 19
The amount of the Permanent Fund at market prices. May 12,
1887, was stated to be $28,869.50, including a second gift of $1,000
from the same anonymous friend of the Society.
The president, Mr. G. H. Chickering, being abroad in search of
health, the vice-president, A. P. Browne, presided, and presented the
annual report. Beginning with grateful allusion to the late president,
C. C. Perkins, after a comprehensive review of what the Society had
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 485
since done without the active presence, but only the inspiring memory
of " the gentle man," he offered the following significant hint of some-
thing most important yet remaining to be done : —
" Several times has the Society been asked to pass an amendment to the
by-laws which would give the Board of Government control over the chorus
of the Society ; but these propositions have never met with sufficient support
to be adopted. You expect, and rightly, that your directors shall engage
competent conductors, organists, orchestral players, and solo singers, and
they have absolute power over the sopranos and altos; those they may sus-
pend or discharge at their discretion ; but when it comes to the tenors and
basses, there your contldence in your Board ceases, and you limit their pow-
ers. Let a member avoid breaking rules of behavior, and he may break
every rule of singing, and yet your directors have no power to silence
him."
After the vice-president's address, officers for the ensuing year
were elected (mostly re-elected) as follows : —
President. — George H. Chickering.
Vice-President. — A. Parker Broavne.
Secretary. — Eugene B. Hagar.
Treasurer. — M. Grant Daniell.
Librarian. — Charles W. Sjone.
Directors. — David A. Alden, John D. Andreavs, W31. F. Brad-
bury, George T. Brown, Nathaniel G. Chapin, George F. Dan-
iels, Thomas W. Proctor, Richard S.Whitney.
During the balloting the vice-president read some extracts from a
letter received from Mr. George H. Chickering, president of the
Societ}^ as follows : —
"Florence, Italy, May 13, 1887.
" You are doubtless aware that Rossini's remains were lately removed from
Paris to Florence, and interred in Santa Croce. I arrived here just in time to
take part in the ceremonies. I was invited, as president of the Handel and
Haydn Society and vice-president of the Apollo Club, to join in the proces-
sion that accompanied the remains from the railroad station to Santa Croce.
This I did, with Mr. Thomas Ball, and we were on our feet from half past
one to five o'clock in the afternoon, waiting or walking in that section of the
procession devoted to musicians, actors, and various other celebrities. Near
us were Von Biilow, Sgambati, Buonamici, and other men of note. When
we reached the square in front of Santa Croce we found assembled a chorus
of six hundred voices and an orchestra of a hundred players. The coffin
was taken from the catafalque and placed under a canopy. The chorus sang,
magnificently, the prayer from Moses in Egypt, after which the coffin was
conveyed into the church, and placed in a vault under the pavement. On it
were laid many wreaths that had been sent by societies and cities, and which
had been carried in the procession.
"I have since had made a large laurel wreath. The white silk ribbon
486 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
attached to it bears, on one end, in letters of gold, the words ' Homage to
Rossini,' and on the other, ' The Handel and Haj'du Society, Boston, U. S. A.'
Mr. Ball and I took this to the house of the Sindaco, the Marchese Torrigi-
ani, and left it with a note in which I requested permission to place it over
Rossini's tomb. Next morning we called for a reply, and of course our
request was granted. We took the wreath to Santa Croce and laid it over
the place where the remains had been newly buried. All this we did in the
name of the Society, and in my note to the Marchese I referred to myself as
president of the Society.
" I have heard here a magnificent performance of the Stabat JIater , hy b.
chorus of six hundred, an orchestra of two hundred, and Mmes. Durand and
Barbara Marchisio and Messrs. Saui and Nannetti for solo singers."
After considerable amending and increasing of by-laws, still
ignoring the significant hint above quoted from the vice-president's
address, the annual meeting dissolved.
June 29. The Board decided to give four concerts for the season
of 1887-88, namely: 1. Messiah, at Christmas; 2. Te Deum, by
Berlioz, and Prof. Paine's Nativity^ Jan. 29 ; 3. Bach's St. Mat-
thew Passion Music^ before Easter ; 4. Judas Maccabceus, at Easter,
April 1 .
Conductor, organist, and assistant librarian were reappointed on
the same terms as before.
Dec. 25. Christmas fell on Sunday this time, and the Messiah was
given for the eightieth time, with an overflowing house, as usual.
The Franz edition was used again for the most part. The beautiful
chorus, "And with his stripes," for several 3'ears omitted, was
restored. The chorus throughout was clear, firm, steady, and effec-
tive, if the quality of tone was not of the best. The soprano solos
were intrusted to Miss Gertrude Griswold, a young singer who had
taken a first prize at the Paris Conservatoire, had sung in English
oratorio with eminent artists, and several times in light opera, with-
out marked success, after her return to this country. She had been
trained in a more serious direction. Her performance drew extremes
of criticism in opposite directions, praise and blame. Her voice,
except in the lower portion, was ftiU, pure, sweet, and mellow ; her
enunciation faulty ; \\qv fioriture uncertain, colorless, and weak. She
was better in cantabile, and her conception always good ; yet she was
accused of too much 2}ortame)Uo, and a sentimental style in phrasing.
Miss Gertrude Edmauds, in the contralto arias, confirmed the good
impression she had made before. The tenor, Mr. Albert Lester King,
of New York, with a voice of great power and range, and fairly
sympathetic, though not perhaps of such volume as his large physique
and fine presence would suggest, made a very favorable impres-sion.
HISTORY OF THE HAXDEL AND HAYDX SOCIETY. 4S7
Mr. M. W. Whitney was himself, improved perhaps, in some respects,
by the experience he had had npon the light dramatic stage. The
chorus numbered three hundred and eighty ; the orchestra, of forty-
four, was from the Boston Symphon}* Orchestra, and led by Mr.
Kneisel. The trumpet solo was played by Mr. E. N. Lafricain.
Receipts. S-2, 772. 39: expenses, 81.613.18 ; profit, 81,159.21.
1888. The year began with six rehearsals of the music assigned
for the second of the four concerts for the season : one a work por-
tentous, French, by a composer of unquestioned genius but suspected
sanity. Hector Berlioz, a formidable task to undertake, but hailed
with gleeful triumph by the party of " the newness " ; the other, to
precede it as a milder, soothing introduction, the Nativity, by Prof.
John K. Paine, which had already established itself in the sincere
favor of this musical community.
Now this historian finds himself obliged to confess that, although
he must have been a listener at that first and only performance here
of the wildly lauded, loudly trumpeted T% Deum of Berlioz, he has
not the slightest recollection of it, or of any point or feature in it.
His mind, or memory, on that matter is absolutely blank. The daily
and weekly local press of that date is full of it, seemingly marvel-
lously excited about it, both before and after the performance, with
most intensity and most verbosity before. In those " omnium-
gatherum " Scrap-Books {quoad musical matters) which threaten, at
the rate they keep accumulating, to burst the archives of the old
Society, in which we are obliged to rummage for much of the miscel-
laneous material woven into these later chapters, we find enough to
bewilder and appal a poor patient, conscientious annalist. We find
the monster work announced in articles of several columns in the
closest type, embodying long, critical analyses, or rather rhapsodies, by
admiring countrymen of Berlioz ; and we find the concert followed
by briefer notices {critiques) , which range through the whole scale of
wonder, praise, and, downward, through all degrees of timid fault-
finding, to outright condemnation and contempt. Xow, if the alleged
monstrosities of the work were so glaring as some have alleged, we
surely should be likely to remember something of it ; the wounded
sensibilities would still wear some scars. And if it did abound in
lovely, glorious things, we should have loved them, — and love fades
not out so easily. As for the prefatory, perfunctory long articles
referred to, we can give the gist of the matter, both descriptive and
historical, as condensed in the words of the programme of the
concert : —
488 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
" The Te Deum, by Berlioz, dates from 1849, and stands as Op. 22 in the
list of the master's works. It was originally intended to form an episode in
a grand epic-dramatic work, to commemorate the military fame of Napoleon
Bonaparte, and to bear the title. The Return of the First Consul from his
Italian Campaign. As the victorious general passed (in the dramas through
the portals of Notre Dame the Ambrosian hymn of praise, as the Te Deiim
has been called, would resound from all sides. To produce the eflect of a com-
plete invasion of the cathedral by musical forces, Berlioz prescribes a triple
chorus, composed of two choirs of three parts each, and a third of children's
voices, which sometimes double the sopranos and sometimes the tenors of
the mixed choirs. The Banner March, which comes at the close of the hymn,
was to be played as the flags of the victorious troops were brought to the high
altar, and there consecrated by the attendant priests. Berlioz's score is char-
acteristic in the number and variety of instruments demanded. There are
actually prescribed one hundred and one instruments of the violin family,
twelve harps, sixteen each in wood-wind and brass-wind groups, and six per-
cussion; in all, at least one hundred and flfty-one players being needed.
There is also an organ' part, obligato. The composer directs the orchestra
and chorus to be placed at the end of the church opposite that occupied by
the organ, and the choir of children's voices to be set on a platform above the
orchestra. The composer, however, concedes that not uU these conditions
are practicable in concert performances, and explicitly says that the choir of
children may be altogether dispensed with.
•' When, in 1855, the first internationaj exhibition in Paris was about to be
opened, the occasion seemed a fitting opportunity for a production of the
work. It was accordingly brought out on a magnificent scale — orchestra of
one huodred and sixty, six hundred children's voices, two choirs of one hun-
dred voices each, in all nine hundred and sixty performers, in the Church of
Saiot Eustache, under the direction of the composer. By chance, the work
gave emphasis to the occasion, — a thanksgiving service in recognition of the
escape of Napoleon III. from assassinaiion two days before, Berlioz subse-
quently directed performances of portions of the hymn — Tibi Omm^s in the
Palais de 1' Industrie, Paris, Judex Crederis at Baden-Baden, and several num-
bers at Bordeaux. The composition slumbered after the death of Berlioz
(1869) until a revival was attempted at Bordeaux in 1883. On May 24, 1884,
it was performed at Weimar, at the jubilee meeting of the Allgemeiner
Deutscher Musikverein, and this was its first complete presentation in Ger-
many. Mr. August Manns brought it out at a concert for his own benefit, in
the Crystal Palace, London, on April 18, 1885. It has had but one performance
in America, namely, by the Apollo Musical Club of Chicago, Dec. 1, 1887."
Jan. 29. Second concert of the season. Paine's Nativity (second
time) preceded " a musical problem by Berlioz," as one of the news-
paper critics called the Te Deum, given by the Society for the first
time. " Not being able to solve the problem," continues the same
critic (and many others seem to have been in the same predicament),
''we took our enjoyment in the first half of the programme." Mr.
Paine's beautiful setting of a large portion of Milton's Christmas
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 489
byma was heard with all the admh-ation that it won at its first hearing
at the triennial festival for which it was composed. Miss Gertrude
Franklin sang the solos. The chorus is said to have lacked volume,
being somewhat obscured by the orchestra, enlarged for the Te
Deum.
The latterwork.it will be seen, was not given on the vast orchestral
and choral scale intended by the composer. The orchestra, instead
of one hundred and sixty, had sixty-five instruments. The chorus
had three hundred and sixt^^-three voices ; and the six hundred
children's voices were represented by thirty-nine boys. The Banner
March, after the hymn, had but a single harp to do duty in dumb
show for the twelve harps prescribed by Berlioz. After the confes-
sion frankly made above, the historian cannot offer an opinion, either
on the intrinsic merits of the work or on the quality of the pei-form-
ance. The opening number, Te Deum laudamus (for two three-part
choirs, with a third in unison for boys), seems to have been sung
fairly well ; and the same is said of No. 2, Tihi Omnes. Nos. 3 and
4, Dignare, Domine. and CJiriste, Bex Glorim, went '' admirably " on
the part of the sopranos, but " execrably" on that of the tenors and
basses. The prayer, for tenor solo, No. 5, Te ergo qucnsumus, was
sung by Mr. William H. Fessenden, " in a thoroughly artistic man-
ner, and with admirable expressiveness " No. 6, the final chorus,
Judex crederis^ is reported to have been sung with spirit and with
power.
Of the composition itself, one, after hearing, writes : " It is all
so strong, manly, and noble ; its effects are attained so easily, and it
stands as so majestic a whole, that to pick it to pieces and analyze it
were wellnigh futile now." To another, " the work seemed noi^y,
blatant, vulgar, eccentric, and abounding in instrumental and vocal
sensationalism, directed towards the production of mere color eff'ect,
sometimes grotesque, sometimes impress sive, but seldom clear. Every-
where is heard the profound master of orchestral resources, but
nowhere is heard a bar that seems to spring spontaneoush^ from a
sincere emotion." . . . "On one point we are not in the slightest
doubt, and that is, that the work is supremely difficult, and that the
chorus found it a ver}' hard task to stagger under the load it was
called upon to bear." So the experts differ. For our own part, may
we not be allowed to take some comfort in our own negative experi-
ence on that occasion, and to think what a good thing it would be
were all questionable music endowed with the quality of making itself
so easily forgotten?
The hall, that evening, it seems, was not crowded, nor was the
490 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
applause liberal. Receipts, SI, 540. 50 ; expenses, $1,702.02; loss,
$161.52.
After this trying encounter with the much-mooted " problem " of
Berlioz, the singers could comfort themselves with Dr. Holmes : —
" But hark I the air again is still,
The musi<i is all ground ;
And silence, like a.poultice, comes
To heal the blows of sound."
But their poultice was sweeter even than silence. It came in the
shape of Bach's Matthew Pas-ion Music, which they were glad to
rehearse again for several weeks, in view of an experimental after-
noon performance. It was given (largely abridged, of course) on
Sunday afternoon, March 4. But the public did not show a prefer-
ence for afternoons. On Saturday afternoon only one third of the
hall was sold, and the audience was eked out by admission tickets
given to the chorus. The performance was generall}^ conceded to be
the best one which the work had yet received in Boston. The chorus
was voluminous, sure and prompt in attack, and moved easily and
steadil3\ The orchestral work was of extraordinary delicacy, with
nice adjustment to the voices. Mrs. Henrietta Beebe-Lawton and
Miss Mary H. How sang conscientiously and correctly, but with less
warmth and vitality than they both had shown before. Miss How
lacked physical force. Mrs. Lawton's voice had lost much of its
brilliancy, and she had dropped into a style more sentimental. Mr.
W. J. Winch, in the narrative tenor recitative, had to save himself
too much, resorting to falsetto. Mr. M. W. Whitney's great bass
voice was not always in tune ; but he sang the music in the part of
Jesus, and the beautiful ^' At eventide," with entire simplicity and with
nobility of style. Other bass solos were sung by Mr. George Prehn
(new to Boston, although he had sung in Worcester and New York),
with a voice large in compass and in volume, in good tune, yet with a
certain cloudiness, but with earnestness and vigor. The chorus num-
bered three hundred and sixty-seven (out of a possible four hundred
and twenty-six), the orchestra sixty-seven. The choir of boys,
fifty-four in number, were from several churches, and were trained
by Mr. S. B. Whitney, organist and musical director at the Church
of the Advent. Among the most important omissions was the great
figured choral at the end of the First Part, — a much worthier
conclusion than the exciting, brilliant chorus, "Ye lightnings, ye
thunders." Expenses, $2,236.95 ; receipts, $1,845.20 ; loss, $391.75.
The Sunday evenings of the month of March were given to
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 491
rehearsal of JiLrlns Maccaboeus^ — too little rehearsal, it was thought,
inasmuch as the work was new to about half the members of the
chorus. It was the Societ3''s seventeenth production of this oratorio,
which it had left unsung for nine years. Written to commemorate
the battle of CuUoden, it is conceived in a happ}' and triumphant
spirit (which perhaps was a little suppressed and solemnized in this
performance) ; it has always ranked next to the Messiah and Israel in
Egypt in popular favor. If it awakens but a drowsy interest in our
modern audiences, "harps of a thousand strings," which have been
played upon by Verdis, Gounods, Berlioz, and all the later prophets,
it is not altogether nor mainly because of its old and too familiar
Handelian cut (which is intrinsically beautiful and noble) so much as
it is because of the incomplete condition in which the accompaniments
have been left, and in which they are given in every performance of
the work to this day. Some Robert Franz has yet to do for them the
pious work which has been done for the Messiah and for Bach's
Passion Music.
The chorus sang remarkably well, and the solo singing was above
the average. Notably so was that of the tenor, Mr. George J.
Parker, and the bass, Mr. Max Heinrich, from New York. Their
singing was the salient feature of the concert. Both were heartily
admired ; the former for " suavity and polish," the latter for vitality
and vigor. " The musicianly quality of Mr. Heinrich's singing
caused one to forget the rough dryness of his voice." Miss Emily
Wiuant, in her one absolute solo, sang with noble voice and a majes-
tic st3'le. Mrs. Giulia Yalda (new to Boston), who had the long and
varied soprano part, showed a voice of extended range, but rather
hard and uns3^m pathetic, hollow in the lower register, not uniformly
sweet in the higher. Her singing had no depth of expression, betrayed
bad method, and was unsteady in roulades. In short, she could not
be called a Handelian singer. Yet she won favor with the audience.
Miss Louise Laine's " sweet and ripe soprano voice came forth most
pleasantly in the trio, ' See, the Conquering Hero Comes.' "
The chorus numbered three hundred and seventy-nine ; the or-
chestra (still from the Boston Symphony), forty-four. Receipts,
$2,124.56 ; expenses, $1,767.01 ; profit, $357.55.
This was a period in the councils of the Society of agitation and
suggestions of reform, — some onl}^ tentative, some (soon to be)
practical and final. Already we have seen a trial, and a fruitless
one, of a Sunday afternoon instead of evening for a concert. Con-
servative habit was too strong. Again (April 24) the Board of
Government compared and counted answers received to circulars
492 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AXD HAYDX SOCIETY.
sent out to all the members of the Society and chorus proposing
a change of the weekly rehearsal night from Sunday to some week-
day evening. It was a question of convenience and preference to
the singers. In support of the proposed change were these consid-
erations : That Sunday, with so many, was a day of rest ; that
manj' came to the rehearsal already much exhausted by their service
in church choirs ; that the railroad and other facilities for getting in
and out of town were much curtailed on Sundays. On the other
hand were urged : the force of habit ; the comparative peace and
leisure, freedom from care, on Sundays ; the multitude of engage-
ments and distractions, social, musical, and what not, to which
week-day evenings were liable ; and such other considerations as can
be easily imagined. The answers to the circulars were as follows : —
Whole number sent out / 481
In favor of change 153
Against change 221
Xeutral 42
So it was wisely concluded to '• let well enough alone." Soon will
come up, irrepressibly, a question which has ruffled the placid sur-
face of this record several times already, the question, namely, of
letting very bad alone, — that of "weeding out," or "purifying"
the chorus. The times are almost ripe !
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AXD HAYDN SOCIETY. 493
CHAPTER XV.
SEVENTY-FOURTH SEASOX.
May 28, 1888, to May 26, 1889.
May 28. Annual meeting. President George H. Chickering in
the chair. The treasurer reported : —
On hand May, 1887 $1,146 19
Income Permanent Fund 1,275 78
Profits on concerts 963 49
Other receipts 328 85
$3.7U 31
Expense on season 82,385 08
Cost of History No. 3 330 05
2,715 13
On hand $999 18
The Permanent Fund was vahied at 827,126.75.
In his address (which was accepted and a copy requested for the
press) President Chickering declined a re-election and withdrew from
the active service of the Societ}', after thirty-one years of connection
with it on the Board of Government. He eulogized his predecessor,
Charles C. Perkins, whose death removed one of the Society's most
active and most honored members, and he presented to the library a
bust of Mr. Perkins, modelled by Thomas Ball in Florence, an old
member of the Society, which was accepted with a vote of thanks.
Remarks were made by some of the members, expressing their
appreciation of the debt of the Society to the Chickering family,
father and sons, who for forty of the seventy-three years of its ex-
istence had held the office of president, and had at all times been
actively associated in all its affairs. The following resolutions were
passed : —
"That the Handel and Haydn Society regret that their president, Mr.
George H. Chickering, is unable to accept the re-election which they would
have been so glad to give. That they rejoice to have had the privilege of
doiug honor both to his own personality and to a historic name. That they
express anew their appreciation of the numberless courtesies and unfail-
ing generosity which have made of the Chickering family their traditional
tower of strength."
494 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
The election of officers was as follows : —
President. — A. Parker Browne.
Vice-President, — John H. Stickney.
Secretary. — Eugene B. Hagar.
Treasurer. — M. Grant Daniell.
Librarian. — Charles W. Stone.
Directors. — Dayid A. Alden, John D. Andreavs, William F.
Bradbury, George T. Brown, Nathaniel G. Chapin, George F.
Daniels, Thomas W. Proctor, Richard S. Whitney.
The secretary's amendment to Article XIX. of the By-Laws,
adding : —
"The Board of Government may permanently retire from the chorus any
members who are not, in the judgment of the Board, qualified to sing in the
chorus,"
was unanimously adopted as amended by adding : —
" No member shall be so retired until he has been examined or has had an
opportunity to be examined in such manner as the Board shall determine."
Article XXII. was then amended, so as to read : —
"Any member who has belonged to the Society for twenty successive
years, or who has been retired from the chorus by the Board of Government
under Article XIX., shall be entitled to an honorary ticket instead of an active
chorus ticket. An honorary ticket shall admit the holder to all rehearsals
and concerts of the Society, but not to a seat in the chorus at concerts ; and
no attendance shall be required of him. A twenty-years' member, though
having previously taken an honorary ticket, may at any time exchange it
for a chorus ticket, unless he has been retired from the chorus by the
Board of Government under Article XIX. Except as otherwise provided
herein and in Articles XVIII. and XIX., a twenty-years' member shall
retain all his former rights and privileges and be subject to all other
liabilities of membership."
Thus have the "ripples" of reform, wiiich we have seen occasion-
ally fleetino; across the surface of the stream, orathered an irre^^istible
force at last and grown, if not to a tempest, at least to an invigorat-
ing northern blast for the clearing up (purification) of the close
choral atmosphere. Call it weeding out or ventilation, if you like,
a better state of things is certainly at hand. The amendment will
be put in force, with what commotion and what beneficial change
of air we shall soon see. It remains to append to the record of
this annual meeting the careful secretary's "chorus statistics" for
1887-S8 : —
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AXD HAYDX SOCIETY. 495
Tickets. Xew Members,
Sopranos 159 35
Altos 141 25
Tenors 100 14
Basses 114 13
514 87
Average attendance at twenty-eight rehearsals . . . 302
Average attendance at four concerts 372
Maximum attendance 380
Minimum attendance 87
A few extracts from the address of the retiriDg president will
doubtless interest the reader. Speaking of his lamented predecessor
he said : —
" In the tribute paid to the memory of Mr. Perkins in the last annual
report by our vice-president he is alluded to as the ' gentleman ' (gentle
man). I recently read in Thackeray a description of a gentleman that seemed
to me so applicable to Mr. Perkins that I shall quote it : ' Perhaps these [gen-
tlemen] are rarer personages than some of us think for. Which of us can
point out many such in his circle — men whose aims are generous, whose
truth is constant, and not only constant of its kind but elevated in its degree ;
whose want of meanness makes them simple; who can look the world hon-
estly in the face with an equal manly sympathy for the great and the small?
We all know a hundred whose coats are very well made, and a score who
have excellent manners, and one or two happy beings who are what they call
in the inner cu'cle, and have shot into the very centre and bull's-eye of the
fashion; but of gentlemen, how many? Let us take a little scrap of paper
and each make out his list.'
'• I am sure, my friends, that your list and mine would be headed with the
name of Charles C. Perkins. The death of Mr. Perkins gave me the office of
president by inheritance, followed by the time in October, 1886, when you
honored me by electing me president. This was done against my wishes,
for at the time I was only a convalescent from a very long, painful, and
dangerous illness, and one which compelled my absence in search of health.
I accepted it, however, not only as an honor conferred on me but on tho^e of
my name who for so many years faithfully served the Society, at the same
time, with the knowledge of those who elected me, that, owing to my illness
and necessary absence, whilst I accepted the honor of the office, I could not
perform its duties. I accepted also with the condition that at the end of
that season my term of office should expire I left my case and condition in
the hands of a lawyer who is well known in this Society. What information
he gave you about my condition, or what arguments he used at the caucus
and election of 1887, I do not know, for at that time I was still absent.
Whatever they were, he lost his case, for on my return in June last I found
I had been re-elected. Whilst I appreciated and felt proud of this great
honor and mark of your confidence, I regretted it, for I felt that the Society
needed a president who possessed far more ability than I ever did, and whose
496 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AXD HAYDX SOCIETY.
health was more to be relied on than mine. Hopeful, however, I decided to
try to perform the duties devolving on me. I have only been partiallj^ suc-
cessful, for, during most of the working season, I felt obliged to give up all
<ialls of duty or pleasure that would expose me to the changes and chances
of our climate. For this reason I was absent from the rehearsals and from
some of the government meetings."
"The following deaths of members have occurred since the last annual
meeting: J. Q. Chace, Dec. 11, 1887, a member twenty-two years; George W.
Hunnewell, Dec. 12, 1887, a member nearh' fortj'-four years; John W. Proc-
tor, March 5, 1888, a member thirty-eight years: Eobert H. Clouston, March
^3, 1888, a member forty-five years. The long memberships of the deceased
are noteworthy. Also died, Oct. 7, 1887, George James ^yebb, aged eighty-
four, a member from 1830 to 1842, but not a member at the time of his death.
He was president of the Society in 1837, 1840, and 1841, during which time
he was also conductor, a customary duty for the president to perform in
those days, and which, from Mr. Webb's accomplishments as a musician, he
was capable of doing in a most satisfactory manner."
The address closed with some cogent suo-aestions on the o-reat and
pressing topic of " the purification of the chorus," showing that cases
parallel to that of the Societ}- had recently existed in the choral so-
cieties of Birmingham and Norwich in England, and how the diffi-
culty there was overcome by the adoption of the trenchant measures
proposed here. This touched the heart of the problem of chorus
reform ; and the practical solution of that problem was destined to
be the prominent and distinctive feature of the next year's history of
the Handel and Haydn Society. Naturally the movement would and
did cause some fluttering among some of the oldest and most devoted
members of the old Society. There were not a few old men among
the tenors and the basses who from their youth up had sung with
zeal, if not discretion, in the ranks ; to whom that membership was
one of the dearest, proudest associations of their life ; who clung to
the connection with a determined loyalt}' ; b}^ whom no wound would
be felt more sensitively than to have that connection severed. It had
not been voted, nor proposed, that their connection with the Society
should be severed. But what was to be done? There was no ignor-
ing the notorious fact, palent at every concert and rehearsal, that the
<;horal effects were sadly marred by the presence of out-worn and
unpleasant voices ; that the ranks contained so-called singers who
really could not sing. These had to be eliminated ! But the process
was to be conducted in the gentlest way ; all due cojisideration.was
to be paid to |jast services and to intrinsic character and loyalty. If
their voices couM no longer help in chorus, personally they were to
HISTORY OF THE HAXDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 497
be welcomed, honored, cherished in the business and social inter-
course of the Society. For this the latter clause of the amendment
just passed amply and tenderly provides.
At a meeting of the Board of Government, June 23, the ''retire-
ment of singers " was practically discussed, surveying the field for
action. It appeared that about one fifth of the active chorus had
joined within five years (the Examining Committee for Membership
having had their hands full during those five years), and that about
one half had joined within ten years. Accordingly- it was voted, that
all who would have been members of the chorus at least ten years
on the 1st of September, 1888, should be examined as to voice and
musicMl capacity; tliat tlie examination should be conducted by a
disinterested ;)ro/ess«o/<a/ m^/6«cia?i; that those accepted b^'him should
be accepted, and that those rejected by him should have nn appeal to
the Beard of Government.
Meanwhile the season's work in the way of rehearsal and concert-
giving had been laid out accordingly, it would seem, on a limited and
comparative!}' easy scale. Three concerts only were to be undertaken :
the Messiah, as usual ; the liequiem of Venli ; and St. Faul for
Easter, April 21. 1889.
Sept. 28. At a meeting of the Board the Committee on P^xamina-
tioD of Voices reported. They had appointed Mr. Henry M. Aiken,
a musician and vocal teacher of great experience, to conduct the ex-
amination. In his comparison he had established four grades : 1 .
The exceptionally good. 2. Satisfactory and useful. 3. Of little
value. 4. Bad. In the first grade he found fifty voices, in the
second grade, sixteen, in the third, three, in the fourth, twenty-
one. Many had not 3'et presented themselves for examination, and
the work would be completed on the loth of November, 188S. The
Board then voted to accept all in grades 1 and 2. Those who
paid no attention to the summons of the directors were treated as if
they had failed to pass the examination, and were '' retired."
The result of all this canvassing, examining, and ''weeding"
was, as stated in the secretary's prospectus for the Seventy-Fourth
Season of concerts, the permanent retirement of about seventy-five
sinoers from the chorus ; while new members in laro;e numbers had
fiocked to take their places.
The effect for a time was a sensible contraction of the chorus.
Yet the rehearsals in October, on Verdi's Requiem, showed an average
attendance of two hundred and eight3'-three singers ; and in Novem-
ber, on the Messiah., of three hundred and forty-two, showing that
fresh air was rushing in to supply the vacuum.
498 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
At Christmas season, Sunday evening, Dec. 23, came the first fruits
of the reform, in the performance of the Messiah^ not. as we have so
many times had occasion to say. " as usual," but, under the new con-
ditions, with a chorus sifted, winnowed, weeded out, and replenished
with fresh, young life and voices in their prime. For the sevent3'-six
old members who had been ''retired" between one hundred and
thirty and one hundred and forty new ones had been added. The
musical public were on the qui vive to test the improvement with their
own ears, and many hundreds of would-be purchasers were, turned
away from the ticket-office. The Franz orchestration was used again,
with a return to the old disposition of the entire vocal portion. An
attractive quartet of solo singers was provided. For soprano, Miss
Emma Juch, always a favorite in Boston, who sang " devotedh' and
well, in some of the less taxing numbers with admirable effect,"
though signs of fatigue and operatic wear and tear were noticed in
her voice. Miss Winant and Mr. M. W. Whitney were hardh^ at
their best. Mr. Charles A. Knorr, from Chicago (" the most emi-
nent tenor in the West"), had "a sweet, pure, and well-trained
voice," sang " witli skill, ease, and smoothness," '-phrased artisti-
cally," and was ''delightfully finished " in style, but '- not warm in
expressiveness," — so we gather from the critics. The trumpet solo
was played by Mr. Pierre Miiller, on a genuine trumpet, not a cornet,
" for the first time in a generation."
And what of the renovated chorus? The Transcript said :
"It was up to the emergency. . . . The improvement ran all through, in
sharpness of attack, in clearness in the long roulades, in intonation, quality
of tone, and light and shade. And the best of it is, that a chorus that can
sing as well as that can be made to sing better still. The Handel and Haydn
Society has put itself into a condition that makes constant improvement
possible ; its chorus is no longer an inert body."
A severer critic (in the Gazette) wrote : —
" The result is a splendid choral body, that gives forth a fresh, brilliant,
and rich volume of tone, well balanced, and fine in its fulness and sonority.
Its exacting work was done with steadiness, precision, and smoothness, and
may be praised as mere chorus singing; but it was lacking in color and
expressiveness. ... A society- with such aspirations should strive to be
abreast of the highest contemporary development of musical progress. It
has now the opportunity within its grasp. It has given us a fine choral
organization, and now let it also give us that with which it has hitherto
failed to delight us in its choral performances — style, phrasing, color, and
expressiveness; otherwise it will have reorganized its chorus in vain, for
fresh voices used without art are only a shade better than worn voices used
in the same manner; the diflerence being in degree, and not in quality. '
HISTORY or THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 499
It must be added that the chorus sang this time under one special
disadvantage ; the}' were practically unsupported by an organ. The
rats and the November rains had made such havoc with the small
instrument provided in place of the Great Organ that no part of it
could be used at all except the pedal organ ; no stop in the manuals
was available. The orchestra was excellent, though eight first vio-
lins were hardly sufficient. The chorus numbered three hundred
and ninety-four ; the orchestra, forty-four. Receipts, 32,925.42;
expenses, $1,952.17; profit, $973.25.
1889. Feb. 24^ Sunday evening. The second concert of the
season was made to open with the genial and enjoj^able motet of
Mendelssohn, Hear my Prayei\ for soprano solo and chorus. In the
beautiful solo, '' O for the wings of a dove," Miss Elizabeth C. Ham-
lin's pure and lovely voice gave great pleasure, though her intonation
was not always true, and she was too much addicted to the use of
the j^ortamento. She was well supported by the chorus. Verdi's
Requiem followed. As to the merits of the work itself, there was
about the same difference of opinion as before. As to the perform-
ance, the chorus was thought to have improved upon the gain it had
already shown — in the Messiah. The vigor of the new " departure "
had by no means spent itself, but showed a hopeful onward impetus.
The solos were sung by Miss Hamlin, less effectively than in the
Mendelssohn motet ; Miss Clara Poole, with a full and pleasing con-
tralto voice, which sank below the key occasionally ; Mr. A. L. King,
the tenor, who took the high notes with steadiness, and was some-
what '-throaty" in the Ingemisco, but was secure in intonation and
adequate in power. Of Mr. Guiseppe Campanari, the Italian basso,
'' it was easy to see that his experience as an orchestral player (vio-
loncellist) stood him in good stead in his singing ; for no one who is
merely a singer could feel the absolute security in such music as the
Uequiem that he evidently did. . . . His Italian instinct, too, led
him to complete sympathy with the style of the music, and he sang
it with admirable effect throughout. His phrasing, intonation, and
expression were alike fine." Yet his voice was unequal to the lower
part of the staff. The orchestra laid itself open to no fault-finding.
Mr. Lang made the most of the poor wreck of an organ, which had
been partially patched up. The audience filled the hall. Chorus,
three hundred and eighty-seven ; orchestra, sixty-five. Receipts,
$2,186.60; expenses, $1,927.47; profit, $259.13.
The remainder of the season was devoted to the rehearsal and
performance at Piaster {April 21) of Mendelssohn's St. Paid.
500 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
There was a great audience, eagerly attentive. The rejuvenation of
the chorus was now complete. While seventy-five of the older and
devoted members, with declining vocal powers, had been ''retired"
from active service, nearly two hundred new singers had been added.
The chorus, of four hundred and one voices, never sang better. The
performance from first to last was regarded as a triumph. Mr.
Georg Henschel was the leading power among the solo singers.
In spite of his defects in quality of voice, he sang with the greatest
breadth of style, and true dramatic force. Mrs. Henschel's purity
and refinement of voice and style won their way, in spite of the lim-
ited calibre of her tone. Her "Jerusalem " was marked by repose,
dignity, and depth of sentiment. Mr. George J. Parker, tenor, sang
"Be thou faithful unto death" with care and taste and beautiful
expression. Miss Flora E. Finlayson, her first appearance in ora-
torio, had a sweet and uniform contralto voice of not great power,
but an excellent vocal method. In '' But the Lord is mindful of his
own " she hushed the audience to absolute stillness. Mr. Gardner S.
Lamson and Mr. Arthur B. Hitchcock, baritones, were excellent_ in
the duet of false witnesses. The orchestra, of fifty-eight instru-
ments, mainly of the Boston Symphony Orchestra, played superbly,
while the ruined old organ, under the patient hands of Mr. Lang,
was a drawback in spite of his mastery. Receipts, $2,740.31 ;
expenses, $1,765.40; profit, S974.91.
SEVENTY-FIFTH SEASON.
May 27, 1889, to May 26, 1890.
May 27. Annual meeting. The usual reports were made and
accepted, including the annual address of the president, A. Parker
Browne, whose summary of the year's business may speak for all con-
cerned. The following extracts cover the chief points. Of the
purgation and renovation of the chorus, after enumerating the
concerts, he speaks as follows : —
" The choral force was powerful, the parts well balanced, the voices fresh
aud bright, and the executiou clear and firm. Much improvement in expres-
sion was also noted, and, in fact, the chorus singing was in most cases
praised without stint. "We may therefore congratulate ourselves that a diffi-
cult and delicate duty has been at last performed, and that the results have
been so far satisfactory; but we must remember, what has been so often said
during the winter, that these results will be valuable only so far as the eflbrts
which have produced them may be continued. . . . Some of the most
enthusiastic praises of your singing have come from tlie lips of those who
have been retired. In the knoAsiedge of this fact I take great pleasure, for
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 501
it emphasizes the loj^alt}' and disinterestedness of our older members, and
proves that, while we have been increasing the efficiency of the Society we
all love, we have done no wrong to those old friends to whose faithfulness
in the past we and the public owe so much.
" For the first time within my knowledge, our oratorios, this season, have
been given with orchestral accompaniment alone, the small but sufficient
organ which was placed in the ]\Iusic Hall after the sale and removal of the
Great Organ having been so nearly ruined, by leakage in the roof during the
great storm of last November, that only the pedal organ could be used. Of
course, not even Mr. Lang could make this sufficient, and indeed it is doubt-
ful if many persons in the audience knew that an organ was being played
at all. . . .
"The total strength of the chorus this year was five hundred and
forty-six; that is, so many chorus tickets have been issued, though it' is
probable that not more than five hundred persons have at any one time held
them. This chorus was divided thus: One hundred and seventy sopranos,
one hundred and fifty-two altos, one hundred and fifteen tenors, one hundred
and nine basses. We need to increase the proportion of basses. . . .
"The average attendance at twenty-nine rehearsals was three hundred
and eleven; at three concerts, three hundred and ninety-four ; and for all,
three hundred and nineteen. The maximum was four hundred and eight,^
and the minimum ninety-seven, — the former being at a concert and the latter
at a rehearsal on ft very stormy evening. . . .
" Three members have died during the year : Philip F. Chase, joined March
20, 1877; died Aug. 28, 1888. Frank E. Upham, joined June 6, 1887; died
Aug. 11, 1888. Benjamin F. Baker, joined April 16, 1837; died March 11,
1889. Professor Baker was vice-president from 1844 to 1849 inclusive.
" An unusual event in connection with our chorus and its discipline merits
attention at this time. One of our sopranos, Miss Jane Rosenberger, joined
the chorus in the spring of 1868. From November, 1868, to November, 1888,
a period of full twenty years, she attended every meeting of the chorus,
whether for rehearsal or for performance, and the Board, agreeing with you
that such faithfulness merited very full acknowledgment, voted her a hand-
some gift, to be paid for from the Society's funds, and this gift — a marble
clock — was sent to her at Christmas time, as well as a bouquet at the concert.
Such an appropriation of the Society's money was unusual, but there is no
danger that a similar expenditure on each similar occasion would serioush^
impair our finances.
"From your treasurer's report, which has been read, and from which you
see clearly the present financial condition of the Society, I have extracted
its leading features, which, for matters of record, I incorporate in this
report : —
On hand last May
Profits of concerts ($973.25, 8259.13, 8974.91)
Admission fees
Loan and sale of music and histories
Income Permanent Fund
Carried forvmrd
8999 18
2,207 29
280 00
84 00
1,154 53
$4,725 00
502 HISTOKY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
Brought forvmrd $4,725 00
EXFKNDITURES.
Conductor . . . . . . . . $800 00
Orgauist 300 00
Librarian 100 00
Doorkeeper . 46 50
Rent Burastead Hall 580 00
Library 26 25
Insurance 81 00
Sundries (secretary, a'2:ent, history, etc.) . 1,039 95
2,973 70
Balance on hand $1,751 30
"The value of the Permanent Fund is $27,088.50. During the past year a
bequest has been made, by the will of the late Oliver Ditson, of $1,000. This
sum remains to be added to the Permanent Fund. Mr. Ditson had been, dur-
ing all his long and useful life, a firm friend and helper in all good musical
enterprises, and particularl}^ in what concerned the Handel and Haydn
Society. There are those among you who were leaders in the Society when
it was less strong than now, and when Mr. Ditson was younger and took a
more active part in public afiairs than he has of late, and who can speak to
you better than I can of his value to us and to music generally ; but I came
in early enough to speak of my own knowledge of his warm heart and open
hand and purse, to which the Society was many times indebted for substan-
tial help in time of need. His splendid public bequests, and particularly that
of $25,000 for the relief of poor and needy musicians, are a monument to his
will and power for good, better than anything I can say to you.
" The Handel and Haydn Society was organized in 1815, the earliest
recorded meeting thereof having been held on March 20 of that year. A con-
stitution was adopted April 13, and on the 26th it was signed by forty-four
members, and a Board of Government was elected, Thomas Smith Webb
being the first president. Next year will bring the seventy-fifth anniversary,
and I think you will agree with me that it is our duty to observe that occa-
sion by a musical festival, which, if it is to be worthy of the history it
commemorates, must present a great programme, greatly performed.
" To the Board of Government you to-night elect I recommend early and
careful preparation for this celebration, and to the members of the Society I
appeal to help on that work by every means in your power. The planning of
such an enterprise must be done by a few, but its successful accomplishment
can only be brought about by the hearty co-operation of the many. "What-
ever may be said about our abandonment of the scheme of Triennial Festivals,
there can be but one opinion as to the propriety of giving one next spring."
The Board of Government was then elected, as follows : —
President. — A. Parker Browne,
Vice-President. — John H. Stickney.
Secretary. — Eugene B. Hagar.
Treasurer. — M. Grant Daniell.
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 503
Librarian. — Charles W. Stoxe.
Directors. — William F. Bradbury, Nathaniel G. Chapin,
George F. Daniels, Horace B. Fisher, Henry S. Pray, Thomas
W. Proctor, Richard S. Whitney, Sanford C. Chase.
June 10. The Board of Goverument took up in earnest the
recommendation above quoted from the president's annual address,
and voted to give a Festival in the spring of 1890 (beginning with
Easter Sunday, April 6), to celebrate the seventv-fifth anniversary of
the founding of the Society (1815).
Voted, To have no concert between Christmas, 1889, aud the Festival.
Voted, That Carl Zerrahn be conductor, at $1,250, for the season and
Festival; B. J. Lang, organist for the same period, at 8500; and S. M.
Bedingtou. assistant librarian, at S200.
The scheme of the Festival gradually shaped itself in the councils
of the Board of Government, and by the end of September was
announced in substance to the members by circular. It was to begin
on Easter Sunday, April 6, 1890, and extend into the following week,
concerts probably not occurring on successive evenings. The works
appointed to be given, in four concerts, were : Elijah^ Israel in Egypt.,
The Redemption., Bach's Christmas Oratorio (Parts I. and 11. ), and a
cantata, St. John^ written for the occasion by J. C. D. Parker. This
scheme embraces the three periods of oratorio composition, as set
forth in one of the annual addresses of the late president of the
Society, C.C.Perkins, namely, 1. The Bach and Handel period;
2. The middle period, Mendelssohn; 3. The modern (quasi Ora-
torio), Gounod. And to this is added, as modestly representative of
our own immediate present, and our own country, Mr. Parker's
St. John.
It will be remarked, too, that the scheme avoids one fault, which,
as we have hitherto suggested, was one main reason of the financial
failure of the Triennial Festivals, — namely, the undertaking to give
too great a quantity of music at one time, preoccupying a whole
week, — more than any large number of a busy people can find time
to attend, and more than they can listen to without exhausted inter-
est, or satisfactorily absorb and digest. Now there are to be but four
concerts, instead of seven or eight ; and the feast is not to be con-
tinuous, but intermittent ; a day of rest between each two sittings.
The engagement of suitable solo-singers was not yet complete enough
to be announced. But the work of chorus rehearsal began vigorously,
.and was carried on persistently throughout October and the first half
of November, on the works above named. Meanwhile the Messiah
504 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
had to take its aDuiial turn at Christmas, with several preceding
Sunda}^ evenings for rehearsal.
Dec. 22. On Sunday evening before Christinas Handel's Messiah
was sung b}' the Society for the eighty-second time. As this is prob-
ably the last time that the present historian will be called upon to
write about the Messiah, he has made it a point to carefuUv read all
the newspaper criticisms upon that performance which he finds pasted
into the ninth and last scrap-book so carefully preserved in the
archives by the secretary. These criticisms coincide so essentially,
and even so minutely, that it is not difficult to gather and compound
from them a fair conclusion as to the merits of that evening's inter-
pretation of the immortal work (at least as now regarded). The
chorus, considerably augmented for the Festival so near at hand,
sang never better, on the whole. With the exception of now and then
slight weakness in attack, it was good in all respects, — far better
than the solo singing, on the whole.. Both the soprano. Miss Elene B.
Kehew, and the contralto, Miss Lilian Carll Smith, were found in-
adequate in voice and in expression. The former, timid, uncertain,
weak, seemed to have lost her large voice, while what of voice re-
mained was often untrue. It was urged by her friends afterwards,
however, in excuse for these short-comings, that just before the ora-
torio she had been suddenly attacked by the then prevailing form of in-
fluenza called " the grip." Miss Smith was pronounced a promising
and ambitious young singer, but " too immature in art and in feeling
for such music in such a place," " ill at ease and dryly monotonous "
in ''He was despised," '" over- tame and insipid in the contralto solos,
which were sung with much crudeness of style and general weakness
in effect," and so on. Mr. Williaui Denison, tenor (from New York),
was generally accredited with a pure, sweet voice, of more than ordi-
nary power, sure in the upper register, and with good phrasing and
excellent method. In " Comfort 3'e " he was by some thought rather
sentimental, but not so in '^ Thy Rebuke," which is a severer trial of a
tenor singer. The honors of the evening (among soloists) were unani-
mously ascribed to the bass, Mr. D. Marks Babcock. His delivery of
" Why do the nations so furiously rage" provoked storms of applause.
The orchestra, from the Boston Symphony Orchestra, was con-
ducted by Mr. Charles M. Loeffler in the absence of Mr. Kneisel.
Some said the accompaniment was " rather clumsy." The trumpet
solo was by Mr. Lafricain, suddenly called upon in the place of Mr.
Mueller. Touching the important and much-mooted matter of the
orchestral accompaniment, some remarks by Mr. Apthorp in the
Transcrijjt seem to be worth reproducing here : —
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 505
"All internal and external evidence is against this sort of vague orches-
tral whispering which we are still called upon to accept as an accompani-
ment to Handel's airs; the only people who can logicallj'^ approve it are
the singers, who like it because it allows them to rule the roost, and make
the fullest display of their Majesties Themselves, without orchestral com-
petition. The whole relationship between voice-part and accompaniment
which has obtained so long in modern music, especiallj^ in Italian opera, and
in which the accompaniment is distinctly relegated to the second place, and
the singer, as the saying is, has it all his own way, — this relationship, we
say. hardl}' dates back farther than Gluck. It is dianietricall}^ opposed to the
musical spirit of Handel's day. In his airs there is no question of ' voice
and accompaniment,' in the modern sense ; the voice- part, far. from being the
ruler whom the accompaniment was only to aid and abet, was, at most, ' First
among equals,' — like the pope among the bishops. It was but a part in a
contrapuntally organized whole, and of little more importance than the other
parts ; it was to be distinctly audible, to a certain extent it was to dominate,
but not to the point of eflacing or extinguishing the others. In Handel's
airs the accompaniment has always something of definite importance to saj^
and should be made to say it with due clearness and emphasis; the very struc-
ture of the music demands this. But, as the fashion of our daj'- goes, we
have yet to hear a Handel air accompanied otherwise than if it were a Bellini
cavatina, as if the accompaniment had nothing better to do than to ' support
the voice.' A little firmness on the conductor's part might remedy this ;
singers would kick against the pricks for a while, but there is nothing
either in the Ten Commandments or the Forty-nine Articles that neces-
sarily implies that the omnipotence of singers need be eternal. They have
had it their way for a century or so; now let Music, for once in a while,
have it her Avay.
" It may well be doubted, however, whether the desirable result could be
obtained by an altered style of playing, alone. A remodelled seating of the
orchestra might be necessaiy. The regular constitution of the modern or-
chestra, with its hard-and-fast relation between the strings and wind, is
admirably exemplified in the now traditional way of grouping the various
classes of instruments on the stage. But Handel's orchestra was far difter-
eutly constituted, and its peculiar character is not so well shown forth by the
present seating of the players, The wind parts, which are often of prime
structural importance in the music, are, as a rule, too nearly inaudible, es-
pecially the clarinets in Franz's favorite quartet of clarinets and bassoons.
You find in the score that these instruments have exceedingly interesting
things to say, but you cannot hear them. Now an experiment costs little ;
w^ould it not be well, for once at least, to try the experiment of pushing the
whole wooden-wind band farther forward on the stage, up to immediately
behind the solo singers, so that they could play freely out into the hall, with-
out being veiled by the strings? In Haydn. Mozart, Beethoven, or Men-
delssohn they should be veiled by the strings; but in Handel and Bach, they
should not. The two styles of orchestral treatment are fundamentally dif-
ferent ; and what is good for the one is not good for the other. Wooden-
wind that is used chiefly for coloring is a difierent thing altogether from
wooden-wind that is treated contrapuntally, in real parts."
506 HISTORY OF THE HA^^DEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
The chorus, in this performance of the Messiah^ numbered four
hundred and fifteen, the orchestra fifty-four. Receipts, $2,804.04 ;
expenses, $1,466.69; profit, $1,337.35.
1890. The year opens full of expectation and of preparation for
the Festival with which the Society will celebrate the completion of
its seventy-fifth year of choral life and work. For that now a clear
field lies before it, with nothing to distract. The months of January,
February, and March, with the first week in April, were devoted with
enthusiasm to industrious rehearsal of the works to be presented upon
that occasion. Israel in Egypt ^ the Christmas Oraterio^ Elijah^ The
Redemptiori^ and St. John share the hours among them in an un-
broken and unflagging series of twenty-two rehearsals, often two in
one week. The average number of voices present was between three
hundred and forty and three hundred and fifty ; and they were live
voices ; the dummies and the unmusical ones had been "weeded out,"
as we have seen. The chorus as a whole felt a new life in itself ; the
tuneful body felt clean, felt vigorous, and true to pitch.
And while the chorus were rehearsing, the managers, the presi-
dent, the indefatigable secretar}', on whose shoulders always rests the
heaviest burden of responsibility and labor, and the whole Board of
Government, had been shaping and arranging and providing. How
much anxious forethought, how much courage and self-sacrifice an
enterprise of that sort demands ! In due time all was read}-. All
the diflScult and puzzling problems had been solved ; if not solved,
tided over. For instance, that vexatious little question of the or-
gan,— the persistent effort made by the Society to get that little
makeshift instrument removed into a fitter place, the recess behind
the Beethoven statue, had failed despite the willingness of the Society
to defray a large part of the cost. The Music Hall proprietors re-
paired it, put it in decent, passible order where it stood. A new
chorus stage was constructed, so that no seats faced each other across
the hall from side to side, but all looked out toward the audience.
What should be done with the recess back of Beethoven, to make
that, and, so far as possible, the whole bald stage end of the hall, look
more respectable? It was decorated after an artistic design by Ipsen,
who also happily employed his well-known inventive taste upon the
covers of the prospectus and the programmes. Then to fix the prices
of admission ? It was decided to have three grades of tickets :
Season tickets (with reserved seats) at ten^ eighty and six dollars ;
tickets for the single concert at $2.50, $2.0Q, and $1.50; for admis-
sion (without seat) $1.00. The orchestra (mainly from the Boston
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HADYN SOCIETY. 507
Symphony concerts) was to be on the scale of twelve first and twelve
second violins, eight violas, nine 'cellos, and eight double basses.
Hardest, most delicate, question of all to settle was that of solo
singers. There was a strong desire to procure a new and first-class
oratorio tenor; and the most distinguished English tenor of the day,
Mr. Edward Lloyd, the worthy successor, in some respects superior,
of Braham and Sims Reeves, was first approached with liberal offers.
But after much correspondence the idea was reluctantly and all but
finally dismissed as impracticable. At last, however, by a happy
joint arrangement with festival managers in Canada and in the
West, involving further negotiation with Mr. Lloj'd, it was made for
his interest to come to this country' , and he was engaged to sing in
each of the four concerts of the Festival. Edward Lloyd was born
of musical parents, in London, March 7, 1845, and received his early
musical education in the choir of Westminster Abbey, under James
Turle. In 1866 he was appointed tenor singer in the chapel of
King's College, Cambridge, which position he resigned in 1867 on
being appointed a Gentleman of the Chapel Royal, a post which he
held about two years. From that time he devoted himself entirely
to concert singing. He made his first great success at the Glouces-
ter Festival, in 1871, in Bach's St. Matthew Passion Music, and in
1874 won universal admiration by his singing of " Love in her eyes
sits playing," at the Handel Festival at the Crj'stal Palace. This is
all that Grove has to tell us of him, except that his reputation has
steadily increased, and that '' his voice is a pure tenor of excellent
quality, and his style musician-like and finished." But he was here
to speak for himself, or, what is better, sing to us. He had already
sung once in Cincinnati, fully vindicating the reputation he brought
over with him. In his first rehearsal here we understand he placed
himself at once in pleasantest relations with the chorus, singing all
his part in full voice, and gracefully ready to oblige.
The other artists engaged to sing solos were already favorably
known in Boston. Heading the list as "bright particular star"
was Mrs. Lilli Lehmann-Kalisch, one of the first soprano artists of
the dav', not only distinguished in Wagnerian declamation, but also
as a singer in the best sense in music of Handel, Mozart, Beethoven,
and Mendelssohn. There were three other sopranos : Mrs. Lillian
Nordica, Miss Clementine DeVere, and Mrs. Jennie. Patrick Walker.
For altos there were Mrs. Walter C. Wyman, Miss Emily Winant,
and Miss Clara Poole. For tenor (besides Mr. Lloyd), Mr. Herbert
O. Johnson. For basses, Mr. Myron W. Whitney, Mr. William
Ludwig, and Dr. George R. Clark.
508 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
The sale of season tickets was unprecedented, namely : six hun-
dred and twenty-nine at $10, one hundred and ninety-seven ot $8.00,
one hundred and thirty-three at $6.00,^- nine hundred and fifty-nine
in all. The possible chorus was stated at one hundred and fifty-six
sopranos, one hundred and thirty-six contraltos, eighty-four tenors,
and one hundred and ten basses, — total, four hundred and eighty-
six voices. The active chorus was larger than ever before, though
there had been sometimes nominal choruses of more than five hun-
dred. Undoubtedly the chorus was better, more effective, than the
vSociety could ever boast before. And now for the performance —
Easter has arrived.
FIRST CONCERT.
Ajyril 6. Sunday evening. Elijah had lost nothing of its power
to draw a crowd. Every seat in the hall was sold, besides four
hundred mere admissions, and multitudes were turned away. So
great was the crush that, at a hint from the Fire Commissioners, the
admissions thereafter were limited to three hundred. The chorus
seemed inspired by the occasion and the work they had been through.
In all four-voice parts the power and quality of tone was admirable.
The tenors, though comparatively small in number, won especial
praise ; every voice told, and all were musical and sweet and true.
Mr. William Ludwig, in the part of Elijah, created wild enthusiasm
by the spirit and vigor of his impersonation, for his singing was re-
markably dramatic ; he threw himself into the role as if he were an
actor. His voice showed signs of wear and tear, sometimes requir-
ing a little time to steady itself in a note. There was, moreover, a
lack of fluency in his rapid passages. But the nobility and pathos
of his rendering merited the applause he got.
Mr. Edward Lloyd sang with a high, pure, strong tenor voice, of
quality refined and rich, and loveh^ timbre. So refined was his de-
livery, so easy and unforced, so quiet and sincere, that few seemed
aware of the full power he was putting forth. He seemed wholly
absorbed in the expression of the music ; it was the music that pos-
sessed him ; the voice was the willing and spontaneous servant. Both
technically and artistically he showed the finest skill. He was not
strong in the lowest register, and there was a hint of throatiness.
Other blemish there was none. If he did not sing with passion, he
did sing with a deep, strong, sustained power, and with a beautiful
and rare legato. Some of the critics, to be sure, were rather disap-
pointed. To them his tones were very throaty, his j^ortamento " fear-
fully prominent," and " his enunciation by no means so clear as we
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 509
expect from English singers." Another well suggested that ''The
leading tenor part in Elijah is not very long nor very grateful, that
therefore the public did not have much opportunity to learn more of
Mr. Lloyd than that he has a beautiful voice and that he is one of
the most artistic singers who has ever been heard in this country."
Said another : '' His voice seemed a little husky at the opening, but
as he reached ' If with all your hearts,' the beautiful mellow quality,
the admirable phrasing was clearly manifest, and his ' Then shall the
righteous shine' was the signal for prolonged applause." We must
wait, to fairlv know the singer.
But in speaking of the prophet and the new-comer in the oratorio
we are postponing homage to the queen and chief soprano of the
Festival, Lilli Lehmann. The power and beauty of her voice and her
dramatic fire and majesty did not fail her. Yet there was disappoint-
ment felt in her singing ; she had been heard here to better advantage
before. The scene of the '' AVidow" was given with great vividness
and force; but in "Hear ye, Israel," there was room for improver
ment in the matter of expression ; it was not like Jenny Lind. Miss
Clara Poole, the contralto, after a long illness, lacked strength. Her
"Oh, rest in the Lord" was taken too fast for true effect. The
secondary quartet of soloists (Mrs. Jennie Patrick Walker, Mrs.
Walter C. Wyman, Mr. Herbert O. Johnson, and Dr. George R.
Clark) were wholly adequate. The Angel Trio, " Lift thine eyes,"
and the double quartet, weie sung marvellously well.
The actual chorus in Elijah numbered four hundred and fifty-nine
voices, the orchestra sixty-eight instruments. The receipts were
$4,504.30 ; the expenses (for that single concert), $3,456.65 ; profit,
$1,047.65.
SECOND CONCERT.
Tuesday evening, April 8. After a day's rest there might have
been a keener appetite for music. Yet that evening saw the smallest
audience of the four. Two hundred and forty-one seats remained
unsold, and the number of mere admissions was but sixty-nine. The
attractions of the programme as originally announced had been
increased by the interpolation, between Bach's Christmas Oratorio
(Parts I. and II.) and Mr. J. C. D. Parker's Saint John, of a couple
of arias from Haydn's Creation, — one for Mrs. Lillian Nordica
("On mighty pens"), and one for Mr. Lloyd ("In native worth
and honor clad").
In the Christmas Oratorio, Mrs. Nordica, Miss Winant, and Mr.
M. W. Whituev sang for the first time. Mr. Llovd was at home.
510 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
well seasoned, in the Bach music, and had now an opportunity to
show his mastery in that most rare and difficult art, the ai t of recita-
tive ; and there is no recitative so beautiful, so full of pious feeling
and expression, so full of art and soul and poetry, as that of Bach.
Mr. Lloyd's delivery of the tenor recitatives made a beautiful and
deep impression ; it was perhaps more artistic, more appealing and
expressive, than any recitative that had been heard in Boston. If
his one terribly difficult aria, " Haste, ye shepherds," cost him a
manly and visible struggle, he came out conqueror. The critic of
the New York Tribune wrote : —
" I have never heard a specimen of Bach singing so perfect as his ' Haste,
ye shepherds.' Boston lias been a little sceptical about the righteousness of
the claim to the great distinction which Mr. Lloyd en j 03^8, but his work
to-night effected a complete conA'ersion. Musical standards are growing
more and more confused, as great singers become rarer, and I fancy that Mr.
Lloyd's mission in America, just now, is to recall the old ideal of pure sing-
ing in the province of oratorio. Popular taste, fed on the virile method of
dramatic or heroic tenors, may not find complete satisfaction in his voice or
his essentially lyric treatment of the musical text; but it is impossible to
escape the charm exerted by the delicious suavity of his manner, the con-
sistent quality of his voice, the faultlessness of his phrasing, and, above all,
the feeling of repose which is inspired by the impeccable symmetry of his
performances."
Of the other soloists in the Bach work, Mrs. Nordica had but a
single sentence to declaim ; Miss Winant sang with apparent effort,
yet with sympathetic expression, the beautiful " Slumber Song," and
Mr. M. W. Whitney was all there, with voice unimpaired, magnifi-
cent power, sonority, security, and dignit}'. The jubilant opening
chorus, " Christians, be joyful," moved steadily, and made excellent
effect. The chorals, too, all sounded rich, reposeful, and refreshing.
But the second of the great choruses, " Glory to God," was sung in
a tone somewhat ghastly and uncertain, — was it owing to bad man-
agement of breath? Fortunately these two parts (out of the six
composing the Christmas Oratorio) had been made whole in the mat-
ter of instrumentation by Robert Franz, so that they were in condition
for performance. Moreover, the intrinsic beauty of the work, a cer-
tain pastoral, poetic charm about it, its fresh and hearty, jubilant
appeal, made it one of the best among the hundreds of Bach's
master works of choral music to bring before a public here. The
exquisite Pastoral Symphony, which opens the second part, and
which is hardly ever played as well as it ought to be, went much
better than usual this time, and the accompaniments were at least
respectable.
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 511
In the Intermezzo (so to say) of solos, Mrs. Norclica won great
applause in "On mighty pens'," although the style of it was
"too sophisticated" for Haydn. Her voice, too, sounded rather
hard when forced ; but it was a voice of wide range, well trained and
true. Mr. Lloyd, in " With native worth," was masterly at all
points. He was recalled repeatedly with thunders of applause.
Mr. Parker conducted the performance of the Cantata he had
written for the Festival — Saint John — calmly and gracefully, inspir-
ing orchestra and singers with his own intentions. Mr. Parker, as a
composer, has the merit, not too common in these days, of daring to
be simple. His music wins a sympathetic hearing, without trying to
astonish, without straining for effect. Jt is all genuine and sincere.
And yet it has refinement, beauty, dignity, impressiveness, the sort
of unction that comes from purity and depth of feeling. Even where
it is most simple you must own originahty. Thus the clioral recita-
tive with which it begins — a form of composition characteristic of
the structure of the work more or less throughout, — seems at first a
very humble style, and quite conventional and service-like ; but it
grows upon you ; you find that there is meaning in it, that there is
beauty, and a certain fine magnetic power. Moreover, in the instru-
mentation there is taste and judgment, there is a chaste refinement.
It sounded worthy of the fine orchestra from the Symphony concerts,
under the lead of Mr. Kneisel. It was choice, well blended, well
contrasted. The composer seemed to move knowingly and easily
among the instruments ; nothing confused, or weak, or overdone ; no
bloated instrumentation a la Wagner. In several passages the trum-
pets speak "with no uncertain sound," spreading abroad a great
light. Of the Cantata, and of its performance, the Transcript
(W. F. A.) wrote :-
"... The composer has made one inuovation, suggested perhaps b}' some
things modern French composers have done, in givinij sucli passages as
would have been sung by ' The Evangelist' to the male chorus (and, later on,
to the female chorus) in unison. These passages of choral quasi recitative
come in, apparently, almost at random, in the midst of beautifully melodi-
ous and poetically suggestive bits of orchestral writing, and with admirable
effect, the chorus being supported by full harmony on the organ, while the
orchestra goes its own way. The choruses proper are notable for purity of
style, and for the just proportion in them between homophonic and contra-
puntal writing ; they are, too, especially and highly remarkable for a masterly
treatment of the voices, for what might be called their ' vocal orchestration.'
The quality of tone produced is invariably of the finest. This beauty is also
noticeable to a high degree in the quartet, ' Now arc we the sons of God.' If
the solos are somewhat less inspiring than the choruses, they still impress one
by their beauty of sentiment.
514 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
" The bravura passages were given out in awonderfullj^clear, smooth, and
even way, though the artist was at some disadvantage, owing to the inflexi-
bility with which he was followed (?) by the conductor, who, instead of fol-
lowing the singer, in his earnest efforts to push the time in these prolonged
and breath-trying figures, held him with a grip of iron to the strict tempo.
It needed all of Mr. Lloyd's art and science to prove equal to the rigid strain
by which he was thus hampered: but he went through the ordeal successfully.
He was rewarded with thunders of applause."
Miss De Vere declaimed well the phrases leading in the final chorus
(" Sing ye to the Lord," etc.) ; but the other efforts of the two female
soloists were dry, labored, ineffective (was it that the music was
ungrateful?). Mr. Whitney was in all his glor}^ in the air, '* Wave
from wave, congealed with wonder." Mr. Ludwig was less success-
ful in " He layeth the beams" ; for he was not in his dramatic ele-
ment. In the duet of basses, '' The Lord is a man of war," the two
voices did not blend in timbre^ and Mr. Ludwig was not always
heard. Yet there was great applause, which fortunately for once
failed to enforce a repetition. The orchestra of sixty-seven instru-
ments, from the Boston Symphony concerts, led by Mr. Kneisel, did
well what was given it to do. But the accompaniments were in a
ver}^ imperfect state. It was '' putting one's faith to a prett}' severe
test to tr}' to argue that that faint, pastoral squeaking of two oboes and a
bassoon in many parts of 'The Lord is a man of war ' w^ould have
satisfied Handel. Nothing could be more out of keeping with the
massive and brilliant character of this mighty duet for two basses
than this small piping on three reed instruments ; it is simply comi-
cal." Here again a Robert Franz was wanting to " make whole "
the composition, before its full power could tell upon an audience.
The receipts of this fourth and last concert of the Festival were
$4,338.42; expenses, 83,080.72 ; profit, $1,257.70.
In the intermission between the two parts of the oratorio occurred
a pleasant episode or intermezzo. Mr. Carl Zerrahu, the conductor,
was presented, by the men of the chorus, with a superb edition of
'' Musical Instruments : Historic, Rare and Unique," published by
A. & C. Black, Edinburgh, costing S50. Only ten hundred and forty
copies were printed. It was an elegant volume in folio, having fifty
plates, artists' proofs, colored. The collection includes old English
instruments, among which is a curious old harp ; Chinese, Japanese,
Siamese, and other instruments. There are old carved violins,
spinets, a guitar of tortoise-shell, with the colors richly shown ;
instruments with inlaid work of ivory or mother-of-pearl, all finely
reproduced ; and representatives of all the families of instruments.
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 515
Each instrument has one or roore pages of letter-press, describing it,
and giving its history and ownership. Afterwards, the ladies of the
chorus presented Mr. Zerrahn with a large and elegant basket of
flowers.
Soon after the Festival {May 16) the Board of Directors met;
instructed the treasurer to pay over to the trustees of the Pcn-manent
Fund the legacy of $1,000, received during the current season under
the will of Oliver Ditson, besides S2,000 out of funds in the treasury
exclusive of said legacy ; made -provision for the preparation of a
fifth number, completing Vol I., of the History of the Society,
bringing it down to the end of the seventy-fifth season (May, 1890) ;
and voted to pay Mr. J. C. D. Parker an honorarium, with the thanks
of the Society, for composing the cantata St. John for the Festival.
The Committee on Examination of Voices reported that, from a total
of two hundred and twenty-four voices exa«mined, they had accepted
one hundred and sixty-four, namely, sixty-three sopranos (of whom
sixty joined the chorus), forty-five altos (of whom forty-four joined),
twenty tenors (of whom fourteen joined) , and thirty-six basses (of
whom thirty joined) .
May 26. Annual meeting, A. Parker Browne, president, in the
chair. Reports were presented by the treasurer and by the trustees
of the Permanent Fund ; a clear summary of both will be found in
the annual address of the president below. On motion of Mr. L. B.
Barnes, thanks were presented to the retiring secretary, Eugene B.
Hagar, Esq., " for his able, arduous, and impartial services for the
past seven years ; and that our best wishes go with him for his future
prosperity and happiness"; to which resolution Mr. Hagar made
grateful response.
The Society then proceeded to the election of officers for the
ensuing year, as follows : —
President. — A. Parker Broavne (unanimously).
Vice-President. — John H. Stickney.
Secretary. — Charles Wellington Stone.
Treasurer. — Moses Grant Daniell (unanimously).
Librarian. — Pichard S. Whitney.
Directors. — John D. Andreavs, Herbert H. Bates, Sanford C.
Chase, Horace B. Fisher, Eugene B. Hagar, Isaac F. Kingsbury,
Frederick E. Long, and Henry S. Pray.
From President Browne's address, which was read by him, accepted,
and ordered to be printed in pamphlet form for distribution, the fol-
lowing copious extracts contain all that is needed to complete the
record of the Handel and Haydn Society for the first three quarters
516
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
of a century of its existfence. After a glowing but judicial estimate
of the success of the Festival, with due credit warmly given to Con-
ductor Zerrahn, to the chorus, orchestra, and solo artists, the address
proceeds : —
" Financially our Festival was a success, and it left a surplus of about
$1,500 to be added to our Permanent Fund. This was very gratifying; for
we had laid our plans so liberally that full houses all the time were produc-
tive of a profit of only ten per cent on the expenditure, and we asked for no
guarantee fund. If any music festival approaching ours in artistic impor-
tance has been given anywhere outside of Boston without such a fund, the
fact has escaped my notice. I give here, in a very condensed form, the-
prominent items in the treasurer's report for the year : —
On hand May 26, 1889
Receipts from five concerts
Oliver Ditson bequest
Admission fees .
Sale of History
Loan of music .
Interest
Cost of concerts
Cost of rehearsals .
Printing History (No. 4)
Insurance of library
New music .
Miscellaneous expenses
Paid to Permanent Fund
Left in hands of treasurer
Value of Permanent Fund
$1,759 69
19,714 11
1,000 00
225 00
71 25
35 95
40 28
$22,846 28
$14,540 37
. 2,934
00
. 301
90
81
00
. 536
03
279
66
. 3,000 00
21,672 96
.
$1,173 32
.
,
31,047 37
"You observe here that the welcome bequest of the late Oliver Ditson,
referred to in my last report, has since been received, and added to the Per-
manent Fund. In each of the years 1886 and 1887 the fund was increased
by the gift of $1,000 from an anonymous friend. The only condition ac-
companying those gifts was, that while the donor lived her name should be
kept secret. By the death of Miss Rebecca Goddard, which occurred during
the year 1889, that injunction was removed. It was not alone in these gen-
erous contributions that Miss Goddard's interest in our work was shown.
She was a great lover of oratorio music, and for many years a constant
attendant at our concerts, where her evidently keen enjoyment was a
source of great interest and pleasure to those subscribers who sat in her
vicinity.
" The chorus during the season numbered five hundred and sixty-five, and
at the time of the Festival had been reduced, by dismissals and resignations^ta
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY. 517
four hundred and eighty-six, comprising one hundred and fifty-six sopranos,
one hundred and thirty-six altos, eight3^-four tenors, and one hundred and
ten basses. There had been admitted during the year sixty-three sopranos,
forty-five altos, fourteen tenors, and twenty-nine basses, a total of one hun-
dred and fifty-one. The average attendance at thirty-eight rehearsals was
three hundred and forty-three, and at five concerts four hundred and thirty-
seven. The maximum attendance was four hundred and fifty-nine at one of
the Festival concerts, and the minimum one hundred and seventy-one on one
of the very few stormy rehearsal evenings.
" The necrology of the Society is as follows : John S. Farlow joined Nov.
17, 1839, died March 24, 1890. He was a director for several seasons, and
president in 1855. John B. Pewtress joined Nov. 26,' 1853, died Aug. 25, 1889.
Martin Draper, Jr., joined Nov. 1, 1865, died Aug. 27, 1889. Ralph H. Sawyer
joined May 5, 1883, died April 16, 1890. He was the son of Capt. J. S. Sawyer,
who was for several years a director of the Society ; and was a young man of
fine character and promise, and universally esteemed. He took part in the
performance of Israel in Egypt April 13, and was killed by a fall from his
horse three days later. George William Given joined April 11, 1889, died
June 30, 1889. William Staunton, D. D., elected honorary member Aug. 17,
1826, died, in New York, Sept. 29, 1889. He was at the time of his death the
oldest honorary member.
" The determined refusal of our devoted and efficient secretary, Eugene B.
Hagar, to be a candidate for re-election, must be regretted by every member
of the Society. He has held the office seven years, during all of which time
he has been your most prominent and active officer. I have been associated
with him during nearl}'' all that time, and, having a pretty intimate acquain-
tance with the duties of the secretaryship, I am able to give a tolerably intel-
ligent opinion as to his discharge of those duties. There can be no question
that he has been one of the most efficient officers the Society has ever had ;
and I take pleasure in making record here of my great esteem for him as a
man, my appreciation of his conduct as your secretary, and my sincere regret
for his retirement, though that regret is tempered by the knowledge that his
experience is still to be at your service, though he will be in a less active
position."
Near its conclusion the address saves the present historian con-
siderable labor by casting the following convenient and compre-
hensive bird's-eye view over the whole work of the Society, from its
beginning, in 1815, to the end of its seventy-fifth year : —
"The Society has given six hundred and seventy-five concerts; never
less than one, and as many as twenty-two, in one year. It has held nine
Festivals in Boston, and taken part in three in New York, in two peace
jubilees in Boston, and assisted at a great many public occasions, such as
the World's Fair in New York, the dedication of Music Hall, in 1852,
and the funeral memorial services in honor of John Adams and Thomas
Jefferson, John Quincy Adams, Daniel Webster, Abraham Lincoln, and John
A. Andrew.
518 HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
Total.
It has performed The Messiah eighty-two times ; Samson, thirty-three ;
Judas MaccMhoius, seventeen; Israel in Egypt, eight; other works of
Handel, thirteen .153
Haydn's T/ie Creai/on, sixty-three ; The Seasons five ; others, nineteen, 87
Mendelssohn's Elijah, forty-seven ; A Hijmn of Praise, nineteen ; St.
Paul, fourteen ; other works, ten 90
Bach's Passion Music, eight; Christmas Oratorio, three; B Minor Mass
(in part), one; A Stronghold Sure, one 13
Beethoven's Mount of Olives, thirteen; Ninth Symphony, seven; Choral
Fantasie, one 21
Mozart's Requiem Mass, three; Twelfth Mass, one .... 4
Spohr's Last Judgment, nme-, God, Thou Art Great, one . . . 10
Rossini's Stabat Mater, twenty-seven ; Moses in Egypt, forty -five . . 72
Neukomm's David 57
Verdi's Requiem Mass 5
Gounod's TJie Eedemption 5
The following important works once or twice each : —
Bennett's The Woman of Samaria.
Berlioz's Te Deum and The Flight into Egypt.
Buck's Forty-sixth Psalm.
Bruch's Arminius.
Costa's Eli and Naaman.
Graun's The Death of Jesus.
Gounod's Mors et Vita.
Hiller's A Song of Victory.
Cherubini's Mass in D minor.
Rubinstein's The Tower of Babel.
Paine's St. Peter and The Nativity.
Parker's Eedemption Hymn and St. John.
Saint-Saens's Noel and The Deluge.
Sullivan's 2he Prodigal Son."
" Surely this record is most honorable," adds the president, and
who will not say Amen ! And again heartily to his declaration of
belief " that our fund will increase to such figures that we need never
have to think of a work proposed for performance, ' Will it* pay
expenses?' but only, ' Is it the right thing to do?' "
Here ends this first volume of the " History of the Handel and
Haydn Society." Its members " have now to make matter for use
l^y the gentleman or lady of the future who shall write Volume II.,
which few if any of us will read."
CONCERTS
GIVEN BY THE
HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY
PROX ITS
FIRST THROUGH ITS SEVENTY-FIFTH SEASON.
FIRST SEASON.
From March 30, 1815 to Sept. 2, 1816.
1815, Dec. 25. Selections Stone Chapel.
1816, Jan.
May
18.
30.
1817, April 1.
April 3.
April 4.
April 8.
July 5.
SECOND .SEASON.
From Sept. 2, 1816 to Sept. 1, 1817.
1st Part of Messiah : Selections :
1st Part of Creation
2nd Part of Messiah : Selections :
2ncl Part of Creation
3rcl Part of Messiah : Selections :
3rd Part of Creation
Selections ....
Stone Chapel.
First Church
THIRD SEASON.
From Sept. 1, 1817 to Sept. 7. 1818.
9. 1818, Mar. 20.
10. April 2.
n. April 28.
12. May 1.
13. June 2.
14. July 1.
Selections Boylston Hall.
FOiniTH SEASON.
From Sept, 7, 1818 to Sept. 6, 1819.
Hall.
15.
1818, Nov.
24.
Selections . . . . .
. Boylst
16.
Dec.
3.
((
17.
Dec
25.
Messiah (first time complete)
18.
1819, Feb.
16.
Creation ''first time complete)
19.
Feb.
23.
<(
20.
Mar.
2.
(<
21.
April
1.
Dettingen Te Deum : Selections .
22.
June
22.
Selections
a)
CONCERTS GIVEN BY THE
FIFTH SEASON.
Fbom Sept. 6, 1619 to Sept. 4, 1820.
23.
1819, Dec.
21.
Selections
24.
1820, Feb.
3.
ii
25.
Feb.
22.
'»
26.
Mar.
31.
Messiah
27.
May
2.
Selections
Boylston Hall.
SIXTH SEASON.
From Sept. 4, 1820 to Sept. 3, 1821.
28. 1820, Nov. 14. Selections ....
29. Dec. 19. ♦♦ ....
30. 1821, Jan. 16. ♦' ....
31.
32.
33.
34.
Feb. 6. Selections: King's Intercession
Mar. 15. King's Intercession: Selections
April 5. Part of Messiah : Selections
May 13. Selections ....
Boylston Hall
SEVENTH SEASON.
From Sept. 3, 1821 to Sept. 2, 1822.
35. 1821, Oct. 30. Selections
36.
Dec.
11.
37.
Dec.
25.
38.
1822, Jan.
8.
39.
Jan.
15.
40.
Feb.
19.
4i.
Mar.
12.
42.
Mar.
25.
43.
May
31.
Bovlston Hall
EIGHTH SEASON.
From Sept. 2, 1822 to Sept. 1, 1823.
44.
1822, Nov.
12.
Selections
45.
Dec.
10.
((
46.
1823, Jan.
28.
Creation
47.
Feb.
11.
"
48.
Mar.
25.
Selections
49.
May
27.
it
Boylston HalL
NINTH SEASON.
From Sept. 1, 1823 to Sept. 6, 1824.
50. 1823, Nov. 11. Selections ....
51. 1824, Jan. 20. King's Intercession : Selections
52. Feb. 24. Selections ....
53. Mar. 16. Creation ....
54. Mar. 23. " ....
55. May 25. Selections ....
Cii)
Boylston Hall
56.
1824, Dec.
21.
57.
1825, Jan.
25.
58.
Feb.
27.
69.
Mar.
22.
60.
May
3.
61.
1826, Jan. 31.
62.
April 23.
63.
June 4.
Aug. 2.
HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETT.
TENTH SEASON.
From Sept. 6, 1824 to Sept. 5, 1825.
Creation Boylston Hall.
King's Intercession : Selections . . *'
Dettingen Te Deum : Selections . . ♦'
Selections ♦'
Creation *♦
ELEVENTH SEASON.
From Sept. 5, 1825 to Sept. 4, 1826.
Selections Boylston Hall.
Selections from Messiah and Creation. "
Selections •'
Society assists in services, in Faneuil
Hall, commemorating death of
Adams and Jefferson.
TWELFTH SEASON.
From Sept. 4, 1826 to Sept. 3, 1827.
64. 1826, Nov. 12. Selections Boylston HaD
65. Dec. 10. "
66. 1827, Jan. 2. " "
67. Mar. 25. Creation ♦'
68. May 13. Selections ♦'
THIRTEENTH SEASON.
Fkom Sept. 3, 1827 to Sept. 1, 1828.
69. 1827, Dec. 23. Creation Boylston HalL
70. 1828, Feb. 10. Selections from Messiah ... "
71. Mar. 9. Selections "
72. April 13. "
73. May 25. Selections from Creation ... "
FOURTEENTH SEASON.
From Sept. 1, 1828 to Sept. 8, 1829.
74. 1829, Jan. 18. Selections Boylston Hall
75. Jan. 25. Selections : Haydn Mass in B-Flat . ♦'
76. Mar. 1. Selections ♦♦
77. April 12. Selections : Mozart Mass in C .
FIFTEENTH SEASON.
From Sept. 8, 1829 to Aug. 2, 1830.
Biihler Mass
78.
1829, Dec.
13.
Selections
79.
1830, Jan.
24.
Selections
80.
Feb.
21.
((
81.
Mar.
21.
"
82.
April
4.
Creation
83.
June
20.
Selections
Boylston Hail.
CONCERTS GIVEN BY THE
1830, Sept. 17.
84.
Nov.
21.
85.
Dec.
26.
86.
1831, Mar.
16.
87.
Mar.
27.
88.
June
5.
89.
1831, Oct.
2.
90.
Nov.
27.
91.
1832, Jan.
15.
92.
Feb.
26.
93.
May
20.
SIXTEENTH SEASON.
From Aug. 2, 1830 to Aug. 1, 1831.
Society assists in celebration, in Old
South Church, of 200th anniversary
of first settlement of Boston.
Selections Boylston Hah.
(( ((
Selections : Biihler Mass ... '*
Selections ♦•
SEVENTEENTH SEASON.
From Aug. 1, 1831 to Aug. 6, 1832.
Creation Boylston Hall.
Selections : Haydn Mass ... *'
Selections "
Selections : Horn' s Ode to Washington , * *
Selections *•
EIGHTEENTH SEASON.
From Aug. 6, 1882 to Aug. 5, 1833.
94.
1832
, Nov.
4.
Selections
95.
Nov.
18.
((
96.
Dec.
2.
"
97.
Dec.
9.
((
98.
Dec.
30.
Messiah
99.
1833
, Jan.
6.
((
100.
Jan.
27.
Creation
101.
Feb.
3.
((
102.
Feb.
10.
((
103.
Feb.
24.
Messiah
104.
Mar.
24.
Selections
105.
Mar.
31.
"
106.
April 29.
Selections
107.
May
12.
Benefit of
108.
June
23.
Selections
Boylston Hall.
[rs. Ostinelli. Selections
in aid of completion of
Bunker Hill Monument
109.
1833, Oct.
27.
110.
Dec.
1.
111.
Dec.
8.
112.
Dec.
22.
NINETEENTH SEASON.
From Aug. 5, 1833 to Aug. 4, 18.34.
Selections Boylston Hall
Creation '*
Selections from Mount of Olnves :
Haydn Mass "
(iv^
HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
113.
1834, Jan.
12.
lU.
Jan.
19.
115.
Feb.
2.
116.
Feb.
9.
il7.
Feb.
23.
118.
Mar.
2.
119.
Mar.
23.
120.
April
20.
121.
May-
11.
122.
May
18.
123.
June
1.
Selections from Messiah
Selections from
Haydn Mass
Selections
Mount of Olives
Boylston Hali.
124.
1834
, Oct.
5.
125.
Oct.
12.
126.
Oct.
26.
127.
Nov.
2.
128.
Nov.
23.
129.
Dec.
28.
130.
1835
, Jan.
4.
131.
Jan.
18.
132.
Jan.
25.
133.
Feb.
22.
134.
Mar.
8.
135.
Mar.
22.
136.
Mar.
29.
137.
138.
April
May
12.
17.
TWENTIETH SEASON.
From Aug. 4, 1834 to Aug. 3, 1835.
Creation Boylston Hall.
Selections •'
Haydn Mass : Selections from Mount
of Olives "
Messiah "
Creation "
Horn's Ode to Washington: Selec-
tions •'
Selections '
"... "
Selections from Creation and David . "
149.
150.
TWENTY-FIRST SEASON.
From Aug. 3, 1835 to Aug. 1, 1836.
139. 1835, Oct. 11. Creation
140. Oct. 18.
141. Nov. 15. Haydn Mass
of Olives
142. Dec. 27. Messiah
143. 1836, Jan. lO.
144.
Feb.
28.
David
145.
Mar.
6.
((
146.
Mar.
13.
"
147.
Mar.
20.
C(
148.
Mar.
27.
<(
April 3.
April 10.
Selections from Mount
Boylston Hall,
(r)
CX)XCERTS GIVEN BY THE
151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.
157.
158.
159.
160.
161.
162.
163.
16*.
165.
166.
167.
TWENTY-SECOND SEASON.
From Ado. 1, 1836 to Aug. 7, 1837.
1836, Oct. 2. Horn's Remission of Sin .
Oct. 9. Creation
Oct. 30. David
Nov. 6. ♦♦
Dec. 4.
Dec. 11.
Dec. 18.
Dec. 25. Messiah
1837, Jan.
Jan.
1.
8. Selections
Jan. 29.
Feb. 5.
Feb. 12. David .
Feb. 26.
Mar. 19. Haydn Mass
April 9. David .
May 28.
Horn's Remission of Sin
Boyl6ton Hall
TWENTF-THIRD SEASON.
From Aug. 7, 1837 to Mat 28, 1838.
168.
1837, Oct.
1.
Neukomm's
Hymn of the Night:
Selections
Boylston Hall
169.
Oct.
15.
Selections: Neukomm'
Xiglit
s Hymn of the
170.
Dec.
3.
David .
171.
Dec.
10.
"
172.
Dec.
17.
"
173.
Dec.
31.
Messiali
174.
1838, Jan.
7.
"
175.
Feb.
18.
Creation
176.
Feb.
25.
"
177.
Mar.
11.
Selections
178.
April
1.
Selections: I
lymi]
L of 1
.heN
ight
179.
1838
Oct.
7.
180.
Oct.
14.
181.
Nov.
4.
182.
Nov.
11.
183.
Dec.
2.
184.
Dec.
30.
185.
1839
Feb.
24.
186.
Mar.
3.
187.
Mar.
10.
TWENTY-FOURTH SEASON.
From Mat 23, 1838 to Mat 27, 1839.
Creation Boylston Hall
Romberg's Power of Song : Selections*.
Selections "
Messiah "
David
ivi)
HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
188.
1839, Mar. 17.
189.
Mar. 24.
190.
Mar. 31.
191.
April 7.
192.
April 14.
193.
April 21.
194.
April 28.
195.
May 5.
David
Boylston HalL
TWENTY-FIFTH SEASON".
From Mat 27. 1839 to Mat 27, 184«.
196.
1839
, Sept.
29.
Selections
197.
Oct.
6.
"
198.
Oct.
20.
David .
199.
Oct.
27.
44
200.
Nov.
3.
4C
201.
Dec.
29.
Messiah
202.
1840
, Jan.
5.
4(
203.
Jan.
19.
Creation
204.
Jan.
26.
44
205.
Feb.
2.
44
206.
Feb.
16.
David .
207.
Feb.
23.
44
208.
Mar.
1.
"
209.
Mar.
29.
Selections
210.
April
5.
'^
Boylston HalL
Melodeon.
TWENTY-SIXTH SEASON'.
Fbom May 27, 1S40 to Mat 31, 1841.
211.
1840, Oct.
4.
Mt. Sinai
212.
Oct.
11.
"
213.
Oct.
18.
41
214.
Oct.
25.
44
215.
Nov.
1.
. 44
216.
Nov.
20.
Selections
217.
Nov.
22.
"
218.
Nov.
24.
<(
219.
Nov.
26.
"
220.
Dec.
27.
Selections
221.
1841, Jan.
3.
4(
222.
Jan.
17.
David .
223.
Jan.
24.
"
224.
Jan.
31.
Selections
225.
Feb.
7.
"
226.
Feb.
14.
Mt. Sinai
227.
Mar.
28.
Creation
228.
May
2.
David .
Melodeon.
Cvii)
CONCERTS GIVEN BY THE
229.
1841, Aug. 21.
230.
Aug. 22.
231.
Aug. 25.
232.
Aug. 27.
233.
Nov. 14.
234.
Dec. 12.
235.
Dec. 19.
236.
Dec. 26.
287.
1842, Feb. 6.
238.
Eeb. 13.
239.
Mar. 20.
240.
Mar. 27.
241.
April 3.
242.
April 10.
243.
April 17.
244.
April 24.
246.
May 1.
TWENTY-SEVENTH SEASON.
Froti Mat 31, 1841 to May 30, 1842.
Mt. Sinai
Messiah
Selections
Spohr's cantata, God, Thou art Great :
Romberg's Transient and Eternal .
Selections
Messiah
Selections
Spohr's Last Judgment
Melodeon.
David
TWENTY-EIGHTH SEASON.
From Mat 30, 1842 to Mat 29, 1843.
246.
1842, Oct.
16.
David .
Melodeon
247.
Oct.
23.
11
((
248.
Nov.
6.
(C
"
249.
Nov.
13.
11
n
250.
Dec.
11.
Selections
((
251.
Dec.
25.
Messiah
t<
252.
1843, Jan.
1.
((
t(
253.
Jan.
22.
St. Paul
t»
254.
Jan.
29.
((
it
255.
Feb.
12.
"
i(
256.
Feb.
26.
Stabat Mater
((
257.
Mar.
5.
"
((
258.
Mar.
12.
((
«t
259.
April
2.
((
((
260.
April
23.
Neukomm's Hymn of the Night : Rom
berg's Transient and Eternal .
tt
261.
May
7.
Transient and Eternal : Selections
<<
262.
May
14.
t(
((
((
«f
263. 1843, June 18.
264. Sept. 24.
265. Oct. 29.
266. Dec. 3.
TWENTY-NINTH SEASON.
From Mat 29. 1843 to May 27, 1844.
Selections Melodeon.
Stabat Mater : Selections ... •'
Creation "
(( ((
(viii)
HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
267.
1843, Dec. 10.
Creation
Melo'.'eon
268.
Dec. 25.
Messiah
269.
Dec. 31.
((
270.
1844, Jan. 21.
David .
271.
Jan. 28.
"
272.
Feb. 4.
"
273.
Feb. 11.
it
274.
Mar. 3.
Last Judgment
275.
Mar. 10.
"
276.
Mar. 17.
((
277.
April 7.
Stahat Mater : Selections
278.
April 14.
(C ((
279.
April 21.
(( (
(
THIRTIETH SEASON.
From May 27, 1844 to May 26, 1845.
280.
1844, Sept.
29.
Creation
281.
Oct.
20.
Selections
282.
Oct.
27.
Creation
283.
Nov.
3.
((
284.
Nov.
10.
Messiah
285.
Nov.
17.
Selections
286.
Dec.
8.
"
287.
Dec.
15.
a
288.
1845, Jan.
26.
Samson
289.
Feb.
2.
"
290.
Feb.
9.
((
291.
Feb.
16.
((
292.
Feb.
23.
((
293.
Mar.
2.
i(
294.
Mar.
9.
((
295.
Mar.
16.
(C
296.
Mar.
23.
((
297.
Mar.
30.
{(
298.
April
6.
((
299.
April
13.
David .
300.
April
19.
Samson
301.
April 20.
((
Melode«in.
THIRTY-FIRST SEASON.
From May 26, 1845 to May 25, 1846.
302.
1845, Oct.
12.
Samson
Melodeon
303.
Oct.
19.
«'
"
304.
Oct.
26.
♦'
<(
305.
Dec.
21.
Moses in Egypt
"
306.
Dec.
25.
Messiah
'
307.
308.
309.
Dec.
1846, Jan.
Jan.
28.
4.
11.
Moses in Egypt
•(
(ix^
CX)NCERTS GIVEN BY THE
310.
1846, Jan.
18.
311.
Jan.
25.
312.
Feb.
1.
313.
Feb.
8.
314.
Feb.
22.
315.
Mar.
1.
316.
Mar.
8.
317.
Mar.
22.
318.
Mar.
29.
319.
April
4.
320.
AprU
5.
321.
AprU
12.
Moses in Egypt
Samson
Moses in Egypt
Melodeoii
THIRTY-SECOXD SEASON.
From May 25, 1846 to Mat 31, 1847.
322.
1846
Oct.
11.
Creation
323.
Oct.
18.
"
324.
Oct.
25.
"
325.
Nov.
8.
David .
326.
Nov.
15.
"
327.
Dec.
6.
Moses in Egypt
328.
Dec.
13.
"
329.
Dec.
20.
"
330.
Dec.
27.
"
331.
1847
Jan.
3.
((
332.
Jan.
10.
"
333.
Jan.
24.
Samson
334.
Jan.
31.
"
335.
Feb.
14.
"
336.
Feb.
28.
i(
337.
Mar.
14.
Moses in Egypt
338.
Mar.
21.
((
339.
April
4.
11
340.
April
18.
"
Melodeou^
341.
1847
Dec.
5. Juc
342.
Dec.
12.
343.
Dec.
19.
344.
Dec.
26.
345.
1848
Jan.
2.
346.
Feb.
13. Elii
347.
Feb.
20.
348.
Feb.
27.
349.
Mar.
5.
350.
Mar.
12.
351.
Mar.
19.
THIRTY-THIRD SEASON.
From May 31, 1847 to May 29, 1848.
Judas Maccabseus
Melodeon.
(X)
HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
352.
1848, Mar. 26.
Elijah ....
. Melodeon
353.
April 2.
" . . . .
"
354.
April 9.
" . . . .
<(
355.
May 7.
Stahat Mater
cc
356.
May 14.
"
4t
THIRTY-FOURTH SEASON.
From Mat 29, 1848 to Mat 28, 1849.
357.
1848, Oct.
29.
Moses in Egypt
358.
Nov.
12.
((
359.
Nov.
19.
((
360.
Nov.
26.
((
361.
Dec.
3.
((
362.
Dec.
24.
Messiah
363.
Dec.
31.
"
364.
1849, Jan.
7.
Selections .
365.
Jan.
14.
"
366.
Jan.
28.
Stahat Mater
367.
Feb.
11.
Elijah .
368.
Feb.
18.
Stahat Mater
369.
Feb.
25.
Elijah .
370.
Mar.
18.
Selections .
Melodeon.
THIRTY-FIFTH SEASON.
FROM Mat 28, 1849 to Mat 27, 1850.
371.
1849, Dec. 16.
The Martyrs
.
Melodeon
372.
Dec. 23.
((
373.
Dec. 30.
((
374.
1850, Jan. 6.
((
375.
Jan. 13.
((
376.
Jan. 20.
((
377.
Jan. 27.
((
378.
April 7.
Stahat Mater
379.
April 21.
((
THIRTY-SIXTH SEASON.
Fbom Mat 27, 1850 to Mat 26, 1851.
380.
1850, Dec 22.
Creation Melodeon
381.
Dec. 29.
((
382.
1851, Jan. 5.
((
383.
Mar. 2.
Elijah .
384.
Mar. 9.
((
385.
Mar. 16.
i«
386.
Mar. 23.
n
387.
April 6.
Creation
388.
April 27.
♦♦
«f
(xi)
CONCERTS GIVEX BY THE
TinRTY-SE^T:XTH SEASON.
From May 26, ISol to May 31, 1S52
389.
1851
Oct.
26.
Selections
390.
Dec.
U.
David .
391.
Dec.
21.
"
392.
Dec.
28.
"
393.
1852
Feb.
8.
Samson .
39-t.
Feb.
15.
"
395.
Feb.
22.
i(
396. Mar. 28. Selections
397. April 4.
^lelodeon.
1852
Xov. 20.
398.
399.
Nov. 21.
Xov. 30
Dec. 19.
400.
Dec. 26.
401.
1853
Jan. 2.
402.
Feb. 6.
403.
404.
Feb. 13.
Feb. 20.
405.
Feb. 27.
406.
Mar. 6.
407.
'April 2.
408.
April 3.
409.
May 1.
THIRTY-EIGHTH SEASON".
From May 31, 1S52 to May 30, 1S53.
Society assists in dedication of Bos
ton Music Hall ....
Selections : Stabat Mater .
Society assists in services, in Faneuil
Hall, commemorating deatli of Web
ster.
Judas Maccabaeus .
Selections . Engredi
Judas Maccabaeus .
Xiuth SjTiipliony .
Creation
Selections : Stabat Mater
A^usic Hall
THIRTY-XIXTH SEASON.
From May 30, 1853 to May 29, 1854.
410.
1853
Nov.
27.
Samson
411.
Dec.
4.
Selections
412.
Dec.
11.
Creation
413.
1854
Jan.
1.
Samson
414.
Jan.
8.
'•
415.
Jan.
29.
Moses in I
416.
Feb.
5.
"
417.
Feb.
12.
(( i(.
418.
Feb.
19.
" "
419.
Mar.
5.
(( a
^Music Hall.
(xu)
HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
420. 1854, Mar. 12.
421. Mar. 19.
422. April 6.
Moses in Egypt
Music Hall.
FORTIETH SEASON.
From May 29, 1854 to May 28, 1855.
423.
1854, Dec.
3.
Elijah .
424.
Dec.
10.
"
4-5.
Dec.
17.
"
426.
Dec.
24.
Messiah
427.
1855, Jan.
7.
Selections
428.
Jan.
14.
"
429.
Feb.
11.
Stahat Mater .
430.
Feb
18.
Moses in Egypt
431.
Feb.
25.
a a n
432.
Mar.
4.
" " "
Music Hall.
FORTY-FIRST SEASON.
From May 28, 1855 to May 26, 1856.
433.
1855, Nov. 18.
Solomon
Music Hall
434.
Nov. 25.
"
((
435.
Dec. 2.
a
''
436.
Dec. 9.
a
((
437.
Dec. 23.
Messiah
"
438.
Dec. 30.
"
((
439.
1856, Feb. 10.
Creation
((
440.
Feb. 17.
Selections from Stabat Mater and Moses
in Egypt .
"
441.
Mar. 30.
Moses in Egypt
(«
442.
April 6.
U <■(. ii
<(
443.
April 10.
il (( ((
((
444.
1856
Dec.
28.
445.
1857
, Jan.
18.
446.
Feb.
15.
447.
Feb.
22.
448.
Mar.
29.
449.
:\ray
21.
450.
May
21.
451.
May
22.
452.
May
22.
453.
May
23.
454.
May
23.
FORTY-SECOND SEASON.
From May 26, 1856 to Juxe 3, 1857
Messiah ....
Mozart Requiem
Eli
Selections
Mozart Requiem : Selections
FESTIVAL.
Creation
Selections
Elijah .
Selections
Messiah
Music Hall.
Music Hall.
(xiii)
CONXERTS GIVEX BY THE
1857, June 17.
455.
Dec. 26.
456.
1858, .Jan. 23.
457.
Jan. 24.
458.
April 3.
459.
April 4.
460.
April 10.
461.
April 11.
FORTY-THIRD SEASON".
From -Jcxe 3, lS-57 to Mat 31, 1S.38.
Society assists in ceremonies of in-
auffurating statue of Gen. Joseph
Warren on Bunker Hill.
Messiah ....
Elijah
Creation ....
Elijah
Messiah ....
Selections r Hymn of Praise
Creation
Music Hall.
462.
1858, Oct. 10.
463.
Dec. 19.
464.
Dec. 26.
465.
18.59, Feb. 13.
Feb. 22.
466.
April 3.
467.
April 10.
468.
FORTY-FOURTH SEASON".
From May 31, 18.58 to May 30, 18.59.
Selections : Stahat JIater
Selections
Messiah
Israel in Egypt
Society, under auspices of Mercantile
Library Association, assists in cel-
ebration of birth of "Washington .
David
May 14. HjTiin of Praise : Selection;
Music Hall.
Boston Theatre
Music Hall.
FORTY-FIFTH SEASON.
From May .30, 18.59 to May 28, 1860.
469. 1859, Xov. 27. Samson
470. Dec. 11. "
471. Dec. 25. Messiah
1860, Jan. 17. Society assists in anniversary celebra-
tion of Franklin Typographical As-
sociation.
Music Hall.
FORTY-SIXTH SEASON".
From May 28, 1860 to May 27, 1861.
472. 1860, Dec. 30. Messiah
473. 1861, Feb. 10. Selections
474. Mar. 17.
475. Mar. 31.
476. April 27.
Selections : Stahat Mater
Messiah
In aid of the Government,
(xiv)
[Music Hall.
Boston Tlieatre
Music Hall.
Selections
HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
477.
1801,
Dec. 29.
478.
1862,
Jan. 1 .
479.
Mar. 1
480.
April 20.
481. 18G2, Oct. 25.
482.
483.
484.
Dec. 28.
1863, Mar. 15.
Mar. 22.
FORTY-SEVEXTH SEASOX.
From May 27, 1S61 to May 26, 1862.
Messiah
For benefit of Sanitary Commission
Messiah
Dettinfjen Te Deum : H.vmn of Praise
Creation
FORTY-EIG-HTII SEASON".
From May 26, 1862 to May 25, 1^63.
For l)enefit of Forty-First Regiment
Selections
Messiah .....
Elijah
FORTY-XIXTH SEASOX.
From May 25, 1863 to May 30, 1864.
Music Hall.
Music Hall.
485.
1863
Nov.
28.
Inauguration of great organ in Music
Hall. Ode on St. Cecilia's Day:
Hymn of Praise ....
Music Hall
486.
Dec.
6.
Ode on St. Cecilia's Day: Hymn of
Praise
(C
487.
Dec.
27.
Messiah
u
488.
1864
Feb.
21.
Eli
{(
489.
Mar.
27.
]\ressiah
((
490.
May
8.
Elijah
FIFTIETH SEASOX.
From May 30, 1864 to Juxe 16, 1865.
((
491.
1864
Nov.
27.
Eli
Music Hall.
492.
Dec.
24.
Messiah
"
493.
Dec.
25.
fiftieth anniversary festival.
"
494.
1865
]\Iay
23.
Hymn of Praise
Music Hall
495.
May
23.
Creation
"
496.
^lay
24.
Selections
((
497.
M:iy
25.
'•
498.
May
25.
Selections from Israel in Egypt : Hymn
of Praise
jt
499.
May
26.
Selections
"
500.
ISIay
27.
Organ concert
((
501.
May
27.
Selections ......
"
502.
May
27.
Elijah
(C
503.
May
28.
Messiah
((
June 1.
Society, under auspices of city of Bos
ton, assists in memorial services in
honor of Abraham Lincoln
(XV)
CONCERTS GIVEX BY THE
FIFTY-FIRST SEASON,
From June 16, 1865 to Mat 28, 1866.
504.
1865, Oct. 15.
Creation
Music Hall
505.
Nov. 19.
Judas Maccabeus
506.
Dec. 23.
"
507.
Dec. 24.
^Messiah
508.
Dec. 31.
Elijah
509.
1866, April 1.
St. Paul
510.
May 13.
[Mendelssohn's Forty-Second Psalm and
Hymn of Praise
FIFTY-SECOND SEASON.
From May 28, 1866 to Mat 27, 1867.
511. 1866, Nov. 25. St. Paul
512. Dec. 23. Messiah
513. 1867, Feb. 17. Jephtha
514. Feb. 24. Creation
515. April 20. Stabat Mater : Hymn of TvRise
516. April 21. Elijah
Music Hall.
FIFTY-THIRD SEASON.
From Mat 27, 1867 to June 3,
517. 1867, Nov. 23. Selections: Mendelssohn's Forty-Second
Psalm [Music Hall.
518. Nov. 24. Samson
Nov. 26. Society assists in memorial services in
honor of John Albion Andrew
519. Dec. 21. Messiah
520. Dec. 22. "
521. 1868, Feb. 29. Moses in Egypt
522. Mar. 1. Elijah
523. 1868, May 5.
524.
525.
526.
527.
528.
529.
530.
531.
532.
May
May
May
May
May
:May
May
May
May
FIRST TRIENNIAL FESTIVAL.
Mendelssohn's Ninety-Fifth Psalm and
Hymn of Praise
Samson
Selections
St. Paul
Selections : Ninth Symphony .
Organ concert
Selections
Creation
Messiah
(xvi)
[Music Hall.
533.
1868, Nov. 28.
534.
Nov. 29.
535.
Dec. 26.
536.
Dec. 27.
537.
1869, Mar. 27.
538.
Mar. 28.
539.
May 20.
May 21.
HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
FIFTY-FOURTH SEASOX.
From June 3, 1868 to May 31, 1869.
Judas Maccabaiiis Music Hall.
Elijah
Messiah
Elijah
Naaman
St. Paul .
Selections : llymn of Praise
Society assists in concert complimentary
to Adelaide Phillipps. Stahat Mater . "
FIFTY-FIFTH SEASON.
From May 31, 1869 to May 30, 1870.
1869, June 15-19. Society assists in National Peace Jubi-
lee ; and, on June 20 and 29, in concerts
supplemental thereto .... Coliseum.
Messiah Music Hall.
Naaman . "
Society assists in celebration of fiftieth
anniversary of Mercantile Library Asso-
ciation <'
Creation "
Elijah "
FIFTY-SIXTH SEASON.
From May 30, 1870 to May 29, 1871.
1870, June 16. Society assists in concert in Beethoven
Centennial. First part o^ Elijah :
Selections New York.
i4:4. Dec. 19. Celebration of one hundredth anniver-
sary of birth of Beethoven. Selec-
tions : Ninth Symphony . . . Music Hall.
Messiah *'
Creation . "
SECOND TRIENNIAL FESTIVAL.
Selections : Hymn of Praise . . . Music Hall.
Selections "
Elijah "
Selections "
Israel in Egypt "
Selections : Ninth Symphony ... "
Organ concert "
Selections *■•
Selections from Bach St. ]Matthe\v Pas-
sion Music : Woman of Samaria . . "
558. May 14. :Messiah "
(xviij
540.
Dec. 25.
541.
Dec. 2&.
1870, Mar. 11.
542.
April 16.
543.
April 17.
545.
Dec. 24.
546.
Dec. 25.
547.
1871, April 1.
548.
April 2.
549.
May 9.
550.
]\ray 10.
551.
May 10.
552.
May 11.
553.
May 11.
554.
May 12.
555.
May 13.
556.
May 13.
557.
May 13.
CONCERTS GHEX ]iY THE
1871
Oct.
20.
559.
Nov.
25.
560.
Nov.
26.
Dec.
10.
561.
Dec.
24.
562.
Dec.
25.
563.
1872
Jan.
13.
5Gi.
Jan.
14.
FIFTY-SEVEXTII SEASOX.
From May 29, 1871 to May 27, 1872.
Societ}'^ assists in concert in aid of
Chicago snfterers
Elijah
Jndas Maccabaeus
Society assists in concert in honor of
Grand Duke Alexis of Knssia
St. Paul
Messiah
Stahat Mater : Selections
Elijah
Music Hall.
FIFTY-EIGHTH SEASON.
Fro>i May 27, 1872 to June 2, 1873.
1872, June 16. Societ}' assists in anniversary services of
American Peace Society . . . Music Hall.
June 17-July 4. Society assists in World's Peace
Jubilee and International Musical Fes-
tival; and particularly, on June 24, in
performance of Israel in Egypt, Handel
and Haydn Society' forming first chorus,
and Salem, Lynn, and West Roxbury
Societies united forming second chorus Coliseum.
Messiah Music Hall.
Elijah "
Judas Maccabaeus "
Elijah .... Steinway Hall, New York.
Selections from Israel in
Egypt: Hymn of Praise " "
Elijah . . . Acadeni}^ of Music, Brooklyn.
Society assists in Theodore
Thomas Sympliony con-
cert. Selections : Ninth
Symphony . . . Steinway Hall, New York.
565.
Dec. 22.
566.
1873, Feb. 8.
667.
Feb. 9.
568.
April 22.
569.
April 23.
570.
April 24.
April 26.
FIFTY-NINTH SEASON.
From June 2, 1873 to May 25, 1874.
571. 1873, Dec. 21. Messiah
572. 1874, April 5. Elijah
Music Hall.
573.
574.
575.
THIRD TRIENNIAL. FESTIVAL.
May 5. Judas Maccabanis
Ma}'' 6. Selections
May 6. First Part of The Seasons : Ninth Sym-
phony
(xviii)
Music Hall.
HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY,
576.
1874, May
7.
577.
May
8.
578.
May
8.
579.
May
9.
580.
^lay
9.
581.
May
9.
582.*
]\ray
10.
THIRD TRIENNIAL FESTIVAL — Concluded.
Selections, iiicludiug Mendelssohn's Hear
my Prayer and Christus, and Buck's
Forty-Sixth Psalm
Selections
St. ]Matthew Passion Music
Organ concert .
Selections ....
St. Peter ....
Music Hall.
583. May 11. Elijah '«
SIXTIETH SEASOX.
From May 2-5, 1874 to May 31, 1875.
584. 1874, Dec. 26. Messiah Music Hall.
585. Dec. 27. St. Paul
586. 1875, Feb. 6. To associate members. Selections, in-
cluding Buck's Fort3^-Sixtli Psalm and
Mendelssohn's Hear my Prayer and
Hymn of Praise "
587. Mar. 28. Creation
588. April 28. The Seasons "
SIXTY-FIRST SEASON.
From May 31, 1875 to May 29, 1876.
589. 1875, Nov. 8. Elijah . . ^ Music Hall.
590. Dec. 25. :\ressiah "■
591. Dec. 26. Creation "
592. 1876, April 9. St. Matthew Passion Music ... "
593. April 12. Hjmin of Praise : Stabat Mater . . *'
594. April 16. Joshua "
SIXTY-SECOND SEASON.
From Mat 29, 1876 to May 28, 187T.
595. 1876, Dec. 24. Messiah, with additional accompaniments
written for Society by Robert Franz . Music Hall.
596. 1877, April 1. Joshua "
fourth triennial festival.
597. May 16. Elijah Music HalL
598. May 17. Selections, including Noel ... "
599. ]\Iay 17. First two parts of Bach's Christmas Ora-
torio : Redemption Hymn : Song of
Victory "
600. May 18. Samson "
601. May 19. Selections "
602. May 20. Israel m Egypt "
(xix^
CONCERTS GIVEN BY THE
603.
1877, June
5.
604.
June
20.
605.
Oct.
10.
606.
Oct.
28.
607.
Dec. 23.
608.
Dec. 25.
609.
1878, Mar. 6.
610.
April 21.
611.
May 5.
SIXTY-THIRD SEASON.
From Mat 28, 1877 to Mat 27, 1878.
Elijah
Messiah
Elijah
Selections, including Hear My Prayer :
Stahat Mater
First two parts of Bach's Christmas
Oratorio : Redemption Hymn : Noel,
Messiah
St. Paul
Creation
Verdi Requiem
Tabernacle
Music HalL
SIXTY-FOURTH SEASON.
From Mat 27, 1878 to Mat 26, 1879.
612. 1878, Nov. 24. Verdi Requiem
613. Dec. 22. Messiah . . . . .
614. 1879, Feb. 9. Selections, including Redemption Hymn
and Berlioz's The Flight into Egypt :
Hymn of Praise
April 11. St. Matthew Passion Music (entire, in
two concerts)
April 13. Judas Maccabaeus
May 2. Complimentary to Carl Zerrahn at close
of his twenty-fifth season as con-
ductor. Elijah
615.
616.
617.
Music Hall.
SIXTY-FIFTH SEASON.
From Mat 26, 1879 to Mat 31, 1880.
618. 1879, Nov. 23. Selections, including The Flight into
619.
Dec.
Egypt: The Prodigal Son
28. Messiah ....
620. 1880, Mar. 28. Israel in Egypt
Music Hall.
621.
1880, May
4.
622.
May
5.
623.
May
6.
624.
May
6.
625.
May
7.
626.
May
8.
627.
May
9.
FIFTH TRIENNIAL FESTIVAL.
St. Paul
The Last Judgment : Stahat 3Iater
Selections, including Mendelssohn's
Forty-Third Psalm : Ninth Symphony.
Verdi Requiem
First two parts of The Seasons : The
Deluge
Selections, including JJtrecht Jubilate .
Solomon . ,
(XX)
Music Hall.
HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
628.
1880, Oct.
11.
G29.
Oct.
13.
630.
Dec.
26.
631.
1881, Jan.
30.
632.
April
15.
633.
April
17.
SIXTY-SIXTH SEASON.
From May 31, 1880 to May 30, 1881.
Dedication of Tremont Temple.
Messiah Tremont Temple.
Dedication of Tremont Temple.
Elijah "
Messiah Music Hall.
Mozart Requiem : Mount of Olives . "
April 15. St. Matthew Passion Music (not entire). "
St Paul
634. 1881, Dec.
635. 1882, Feb.
636.
637.
Mar.
April
April
May
SIXTY-SEVENTH SEASON.
From May 30, 1881 to May 29, 1882.
25. Messiah Music Hall.
5. Graun's The Death of Jesus : Hymn of
Praise
27. Society assists in concert in aid of op-
pressed Jews fleeing from Russia. Mechanics Hall.
7. St. Matthew Passion Music (entire, in
two concerts) Music Hall.
9. Creation .... . . "
5. Society assists in performance of Israel
in Egypt with societies from New
York, Brooklyn, Philadelphia, and
Baltimore, under Theodore Thomas.
7th Regiment Armor}', New York.
SIXTY-EIGHTH SEASON.
From May 29, 1882 to
May 28, 1863.
638. 1882, Nov. 13. Creation .
639. Dec. 24. Messiah .
CiiO. 1883, Jan. 29. The Redemption
641. Mar. 23.
642. Mar. 25. Elijah
Mechanics Hall.
. Music Hall.
643. 1883, May
644.
May
645.
Mav
646.
May
647.
May
648.
May
649.
May
SIXTH TRIENNIAL FESTIVAL.
1. Ode on St. Cecilia's Day : Tower of
Babel
2. The Nativity: Cherubini Mass in D
minor ......
3. Selections, including Choral Fantasia
3. The Redemption ....
4. Arminius
5. Selections
6. Messiah
(xxi)
Music Hall.
651.
Dec. 25.
652.
1884, Feb. 26.
653.
April 11.
654.
April 13.
CONCERTS GIVEN BY THE
SIXTY-NINTH SEASON.
From Mat 28, 1S83 to Mat 26, 1884.
650. 1883, Ncv. 11. Celebration of four hundredth anniver-
ssLTy of birth of Martin Luther.
Bach's A Stronghold Sure : Hymn of
Praise Music Hall
Messiah "
The Redemption .... Mechanics Hall.
St. Matthew Passion Music (not entire). Music Hall.
St. Paul
SEVENTIETH SEASON.
From Mat 26, 1884 to Mat 25, 1885.
Sea80)i devoted to icorks of Handel, in observmice of bi-centenary of his birth, Feb. 23, 1685.
65c. 1884, Dec. 21. Messiah Music Hall.
656. 1885, Feb. 22. Handel Selections
657. April 5. Israel in Egypt "
SEVENTY-FIRST SEASON.
From Mat 25, 1885 to Mat 31, 1886.
658. 1885, Dec. 27. Messiah (Franz edition) . . . Music Hall.
659. 1886, Jan. 24. Mors et Vita (entire, in two concerts). "
660. April 25. Elijah "
SEVENTY-SECOND SEASON.
From Mat 31, 1886 to Mat 30, 1887.
661. 1886, Dec. 26. Messiah Music Hall.
662 1887, Feb. 27. Selections from Bach Mass in B minor :
Song of Victory "
663. April 10. Creation "
SEVENTY-THIRD SEASON.
From Mat 30, 1887 to Mat 28, 1888.
664. 1887, Dec. 25. Messiah Music Hall.
665. 1888, Jan. 29. Berlioz's Te Deum : The Nativity . . "
666. Mar. 4. St. Matthew Passion Music (not entire). **
667. April 1. Judas Maccabaeus *'
SEVENTY-FOURTH SEASON.
From Mat 28, 1888 to Mat 27, 1889.
668. 1888, Dec. 23. Messiah Music Hall.
669. 1889, Feb. 24. Verdi Requiem : Mendelssohn's Hear My
Prayer
G70. April 21. St. Paul
(xxii)
HANDEL AXD HAYDX SOCIETY.
SEVENTY-FIFTH SEASON".
From Mat 27, 1S89 to Mat 26, 1890.
671. 1889, Dec. 22. Messiah Mnsic Hall.
SEVENTT-FIFTH ANNIVERSART FESTIVAL.
672. 1890, April 6. Elijah Music Hall.
673. April 8. First tAvo parts of Bach's Christmas
Oratorio : Selections : Parker's St.
John
674. April 10. The Redemption «'
675. April 13. Israel in Egypt «'
(xxiii)
CHARTER
Commonbcaltb of ^assacbusctts.
In the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixteen.
AN ACT TO IXCORPORATE THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
Sec. 1. Be it enacted hy the Senate and House of Eepresentatives,
in General Court assembled, and hy the authority of the same. That
Thomas Smith Webb, Amasa Winchester, Xathaniel Tucker, and
Matthew Stanley Parker, together with such as may become associated
with them, and their successors, be, and they hereby are, incorporated
and made a body politic and Corporation, for the purpose of extending
the knowledge and improving the style of performance of Church
music, by the name of the Handel and Haydn Society; and by that
name they may sue and be sued, have a common seal, and the same
at pleasure alter, and be entitled to all the powers and privileges
incident to aggregate Corporations.
Sec. 2. Be it further enacted, That the said Corporation shall at
their first or some subsequent meeting choose a President, Treasurer,
and such other oflScers as they may deem necessary or convenient for
the government and regulation of said Corporation and its property.
They shall have the power to make standing rules or by-laws for pre-
scribing the terms of olhce and duties of their officers, for regulating
the terms on which persons may be admitted and continue members
of the Corporation, and generally for the regulation of their affairs.
Sec. 3. Be it further enacted, That the said Corporation shall be
-capable of taking and holding real estate not exceeding the value of
fift}' thousand dollars, and personal estate not exceeding the value of
fifty thousand dollars, which estate shall never be divided among the
members of the Corporation, but shall descend to their successors,
subject only to the payment of the just debts to be incurred by said
Corporation.
Sec. 4. Be it further enacted. That Thomas Smith Webb shall have
power to call the first meeting of said Corporation, by appointing a
time and place therefor, and giving notice thereof to the other
persons named and incorporated by this act.
In the House of Eepresentatives, February 7, 1816. This bill having
had three several readings passed to be enacted.
TIMOTHY BIGELOW, Sj^eakcr.
In Senate, February 9, 1816. This bill having had two several read-
ings passed to be enacted.
JOHX PHILLIPS, President.
February [ith, 1816.
Approved. CALEB STROXG.
(1)
BY-LA\VS, 1890
AKTICLE I.
The Government of the Society shall consist of a President, Vice-
President, Secretary, Treasurer, Librarian, and eight Directors, who
shall together constitute a Board of Management, to be denominated
" The Board of Government of the Handel and Haydn Society."
AKTICLE IL
There shall be an Annual Meeting of the Society for the choice of
officers and for the transaction of business, on the fourth Monday in
May; notice of such meeting, or any adjournment thereof, being given
by publication in two or more daily papers published in Boston, and
also by personal notification of members where deemed advisable.
The election shall be by ballot, and all the Directors may be voted
for on one ticket. No person shall serve as a Director for more than
three years in succession. In case the Society should fail to choose
any of its officers on the aforesaid day, the meeting may be adjourned
from time to time, until such election is completed, provided, how-
ever, that no more than two weeks shall intervene from one adjourn-
ment to another.
Any vacancy occurring in the Board of Government may be filled
by the Society at any business meeting, notice that such vacancy is to
be filled being advertised in the same manner as herein provided for
calling annual or special meetings.
AETICLE III.
Twenty members shall constitute a quorum of the Society for the
transaction of business; but a less number shall be competent to ad-
journ for business to a day certain.
ARTICLE IV.
The President shall preside at 'Al meetings of the Society and of
the Board of Government. At all meetings for the performance
of music, the President may conduct the same, or a suitable Musical
Director may be appointed at the discretion of the Board.
It shall be the duty of the President, or of the Secretary if the
(2)
BY-LAWS, 1890.
President shall so direct, to make a report in writing, at the Annual
Meeting, of the operations of the Society for the preceding year, with
such suggestions and comments as the best interests of the Society
may seem to require.
ARTICLE V.
In case of the death, resignation, disability, or absence of the Presi-
dent, the Yice-President shall perform his duties; in case of the death,
resignation, disability, or absence of both these officers, the senior
Director shall succeed to the same duties ; and, in the absence of both
President and Vice-President at any meeting of the Society or of the
Board of Government, the senior Director present shall preside.
Senior, as here used, shall mean earliest in office in point of time;
and, if at any time this definition shall apply equally to two or more
Directors, then as among such Directors seniority in age shall sfovern.
ARTICLE VL
The Board of Government shall superintend the prudential affairs
of the Society; they shall have power to judge of the qualifications of
candidates ; to select music for performances ; to provide suitable
accommodations for the Society ; to remit arrearages due from mem-
bers, when, in their opinion, the circumstances of such members re-
quire it, or the best interests of the Society will be promoted thereby;
they shall, for the purposes of the agreement between the Handel and
Haydn Society of the one part, and J. Baxter Upham, .John P. Put-
nam, and !N"athaniel Harris of the other part, dated May 28, 1866, and
creating a Permanent Eund, constitute the Board of Trustees of the
Corporation, and shall have power to transfer such surplus moneys of
the Society as may not be needed for current expenses to the Trustees
of said Permanent Eund, to be by them held and disposed of in
accordance with the terras of said agreement ; and shall generally
transact, manage, and direct ever3lhing which the interests of the
Society may in their judgment demand, which is not specially pro-
vided for in these articles. It shall be their duty to assemble together
as often as occasion may require, and the necessary expenses incurred
at such meetings shall be defrayed from the funds of the Society.
ARTICLE VII.
The Secretary shall keep a record of the proceedings of the Society
and of the Board of Government, give all necessary notices of meet-
ings, receive all moneys, and pay the same over to the Treasurer,
taking his receipt therefor, and, when required by the Board of Gov-
ernment, shall report the amount of such payments.
(3)
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AXD HAYDX SOCIETY.
ARTICLE VIII.
The Treasurer shall take charge of the Society's funds, and when-
ever required shall render an account to the Board of Government of
all moneys received, and of the state of the treasury. He shall, at
the Annual Meeting, make a report of his receipts and disbursements
as Treasurer, which report, duly audited, shall be placed on the files
of the Society.
ARTICLE IX.
It shall be the duty of the Librarian to keep a catalogue of the
music and musical instruments belonging to the Society, and to have
the general care and superintendence of the library. He shall, at the
Annual Meeting of the Society, make a report of the condition of the
•property under his care.
ARTICLE X.
The right to assess or tax members of the Society for any purpose
whatever shall rest exclusively with the Society, and the Board of
Government shall in no case exercise this power, unless authorized so
lo do by a special resolution of the Society.
ARTICLE XL
Public performances of sacred music may be given whenever the
Board of Government shall determine.
ARTICLE XII.
Meetings of the Society for business shall be holden whenever it is
deemed expedient by the President, or a majority of the Board of
Government, or whenever twenty" or more members shall make a
request in writing to the President therefor ; notice of such business
or special meeting to be given as provided in Article II. There shall
be weeklv meetings for the practice of music ; but one or more of
them may be omitted, or additional ones appointed, whenever th.-
Board of Government shall so order. Rehearsal may be suspended
during the months of May, June, July, August, and September, at
the discretion of the Board.
ARTICLE XIII.
Ko debate or discussion of any question shall be allowed at any
meeting held for the practice of music.
BY-LAWS, 1890.
ARTICLE XIV.
Xo person shall be admitted a member of the Society, unless he be
approved by the Board of Government, and receive at least three
fourths of the votes of all the members present and voting at the
time he is balloted for ; and no person shall be entitled to any of the
privileges of the Society until he shall have signed the by-laws and
paid an admission fee of five dollars ; and, if he shall, without satis-
factory excuse, neglect so to qualify for thirty days from the time of
his election, he shall be considered as having declined to become a
member.
ARTICLE XY.
Two thirds of the members present at any business meeting shall be
competent to expel any member who shall be guilty of a breach of
the by-laws of the Society, or of any misconduct or disorderly
behavior.
ARTICLE XVI.
Any member desirous of withdrawing from the Society shall make
known his desire, in writing, to the Board of Government, and they
shall grant his request, provided he shall first discharge and pay all
debts that may be due from him to the Society.
ARTICLE XYII.
Any member refusing or neglecting for the space of three months
to pay money due from him to the Society, shall, at the discretion of
the Board of Government, forfeit his membership, but shall, never-
theless, be liable to pay all such arrears.
ARTICLE XYIII.
Xo member of the Society, except an officer, or member of twenty
years' standing, or member retired from the chorus by the Board of
Government under Article XIX, when present at any public perform-
ance or rehearsal, shall absent himself from his seat in the choir, on
penalty of forfeiture of his membership.
ARTICLE XIX.
Any member, except one of twenty years' standing, or one retired
from the chorus by the Board of Government as hereinafter provided,
who shall absent himself from the meetings of the Society for two
successive regular rehearsals, and who fails to give to the Board of
(5)
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HATDN SOCIETY.
Government, through the Secretary, or the Superintendent of his
part of the chorus, a satisfactory excuse for his absence, may be sus-
pended from his rights and privileges by a vote of the Board of Gov-
ernment.
The Secretary shall, if practicable, notify such member of his
suspension ; and the member so suspended may, upon application to
the Board of Government, be reinstated, if his reasons for absence
are deemed sufficient. If they are deemed insufficient, the Board
may give such applicant a final discharge, either honorable or dis-
honorable, as the circumstances of the case may warrant.
The Board of Government may, previous to any concert in which
the Society is advertised to take part, suspend from participation in
such concert such members as are, in their opinion, incompetent to
sing the music to be performed.
The Board of Government ma}^ permanently retire from the chorus
any members that are not, in the judgment of the Board, qualified to
sing in the chorus. No member shall be so retired until he has been
examined or had an opportunity to be examined in such manner as
the Board shall determine.
ARTICLE XX.
No forfeiture of membership shall take place under the XVIIth,
XVIIIth, or XlXth Articles, without the concurrence of a majority
of the whole Board of Government; and in each case of forfeiture,
the member shall be notified thereof by the Secretary in writing.
ARTICLE XXI.
Any member of the Board of Government who shall be absent from
three successive meetings of the Board, without giving a satisfactory
excuse, may be reported to the Society at any regular meeting, and
the Society may declare his seat at the Board vacant.
ARTICLE XXII.
Any member who has belonged to the Society for twenty successive
years, or who has been retired from the chorus by the Board of
Government under Article XIX, shall be entitled to an honorary
ticket instead of an active chorus ticket. An honorary ticket shall
admit the holder to all rehearsals and concerts of the Society, but not
to a seat in the chorus at concerts; and no attendance shall be required
of him. A twenty years' member, though having previously taken
an honorary ticket, may at any time exchange it for a chorus ticket,
unless he has been retired from the chorus by the Board of Govern-
ment under Article XIX. Except as otherwise provided herein and
(6)
BY-LAAVS, 1890.
in Articles XVIII and XIX, a twenty years' member or a retired
member shall retain all his former rights and privileges, and be sub-
ject to all other liabilities of membership.
ARTICLE XXIII.
The Board of Government may admit as honorary members of the
Society ^ch persons as are distinguished for their love of music, or
their zeal for the promotion of the objects of this institution; which
honorary members shall be entitled to attend all the Society's re-
hearsals and public performances, but shall have no other rights or
privileges of membership.
ARTICLE XXIV.
These articles may be altered or amended by a two thirds vote of
the members present and voting thereon at any legal meeting of the
Society; the proposed amendments or alterations having been read at
a previous meeting, and notice of the same having been given in the
call for the meeting.
(7)
DEED OF TRUST
CREATING A PERMANENT FUND
This agreement, made this 28th day of May A. D. 1866, by and
between the Handel and Haydn Society, a Corporation created by
and existing under the laws of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts,
of the one part, and J. Baxter Upham and John P. Putnam, of Boston
in the County of Suffolk, and Xath'l Harris, of Brookline in the
County of Xorfolk, in said Commonwealth, of the second part, wit-
nesseth: —
That, whereas the said Corporation is desirous of creating for its
benefit a " Permanent Fund," the foundation of which shall be the
net proceeds from the Great Festival of May, 1865, to be increased
from the profits of future concerts and festivals and from the dona-
tions and legacies of their friends and patrons, or otherwise;
And whereas the parties of the second part have agreed to hold the
said Fund, with its future income and increase, for the benefit of the
said Corporation, in the manner hereinafter specified:
Xow, therefore, the said Corporation do hereby give and transfer
to the said Upham, Putnam, and Harris the sum of two thousand dol-
lars, being the net proceeds, to the Society, of said Festival, and its
increase up to this present time, to be held by them, the said Upham,
Putnam, and Harris and their successors, in trust, for the following-
uses and purposes, to wit: —
1st. They shall invest and at their discretion sell and re-invest the
said sum of two thousand dollars in such manner and at such times
as they shall deem judicious. »
2nd. They shall pay over the annual income from said Fund to the
said Corporation, if the said Corporation shall notify them in writing,
ten days at least before the date of their annual meeting in each year,
of their wish so to receive it, and a majority of the Trustees shall
assent thereto; otherwise they shall add such income from year to
year to the " Permanent Fund," and shall invest it and re-invest it
in the same manner as is above provided in reference to the principal.
3rd. They shall in the same manner invest and re-invest and dis-
pose of the income of any future contributions to the said " Perma-
nent Fund " which shallbe made from time to time, by the said So-
ciety, by donations from its friends and patrons, by legacies, or other-
wise.
4th. They shall make a written report to the said Corporation, at
its annual meeting, of the condition of said Fund, with such details
as to its management as the said Corporation shall direct. They shall,
if required by the said Corporation, give satisfactory bonds for the
faithful discharge of their trust.
5th. The President of the said Corporation, for the time being, shall
at all times be one of the said Trustees, and the said J. Baxter Upham,
(S)
DEED OF TRUST.
the now President of the Corporation, shall continue one of said
Trustees so long as he shall continue to be such President, and when-
evei- he shall cease to be such President, his duties and obligations as
one of the said Trustees shall cease, and whoever shall be chosen in
his place as President of the said Corporation, shall be his successor
in said Trust, and shall continue such until another shall be chosen
such President, — and so on, so long as this Trust shall exist.
The other two Trustees shall continue such until the decease or
resignation of either of them, and in case of such decease or resigna-
tionthe vacancy shall be filled by the Board of Trustees of said Cor-
poration ; — provided that no person shall be elected to till such vacancy
who is a member of the Corporation other than the President afore-
said.
6th. During the time that any vacancy exists in the Board of
Trustees the remaining Trustee or Trustees shall have the same
power as though the Bolird was full.
7th. This Trust shall continue until such time as the said Corpora-
tion, by the unanimous vote of its Board of Trustees for the time be-
ing, and a majority of the Trustees of the '• Permanent Pund " shall
revoke it: — and, in such event, the said Trustees shall transfer and
convey to the said Corporation all the property, of every kind, held by
them in trust, — the same to be thereafter held by the said Corpora-
tion absolutely, for its own use and benefit, free and discharged from
all trusts, — provided, that in no case shall this Fund ever be divided
among the members of said Corporation; — and by such action the
said Trustees, and each of them, shall be released and discharged from
all further duties or liabilities in the premises.
8th. And the said Trustees, parties of the second part, hereb}- sig-
nify their acceptance of said Trust and hereby agree with the said
Corporation to discharge all their duties and obligations herein con-
tained, to the best of their judgment and discretion, being responsible
only, each one, for his own wilful neglect, and not for the default or
neglect of either of his associates.
In Testimony of all which, the said parties have hereto set their
hands and seals the day and year first above written, the said Corpo-
ration acting herein by Loring B. Barnes, its Secretary, thereto duly-
authorized by a vote of the Corporation.
fxT /r^°/'^' . 1 HAXDEL AND HAYDX SOCIETY,
I Handel and Haydn '
L Society. J By LoRiNG B. Barxes, Secty .
[SEAL] .J. BAXTEE UPHAM J
[SEAL] J. p. PUTXAM ( Trustees.
[SEAL] XATH'L HAERIS \
SUBSEQUENT TRUSTEES.
May 16, 1881. Henry P. Kidder, vice Nathaniel Harris, de-
ceased.
Sept. 11, 1882. Henry L Higginson, vice John P. Putnam,
deceased.
April 15, 1886. Oliver W. Peabody, vice Henry P. Kidder,
deceased.
(9)
OFFICERS
1815 (April)
Pres. Thomas Smith Webb. i Sec. Matthew S. Parker.
V. Pres. Amasa Winchester. Treas. Nathaniel Tucker.
Trustees. Elnathau Duren, Benjamin Holt, Joseph Bailey, Charles
Nolen, Ebenezer Withington, John Dodd, Jacob Guild, William K. Phipps,
Samuel H. Parker.
1815 (September)
Pres. Thomas Smith Webb.
V. Pres. Amasa Winchester.
Sec. Matthew S. Parker.
Treas. Nathaniel Tucker.
Trustees. Elnathan Duren, Benjamin Holt, Joseph Bailey, Charles
Nolen, John Dodd, Ebenezer Withington, Jacob Guild, William K. Phipps,
Jonathan Huntington.
1816
Pres. Thomas Smith Webb. | Sec. Matthew S. Parker.
V. Pres. Amasa Winchester. Treas. Nathaniel Tucker.
Trustees. Elnathan Duren, Benjamin Holt, Joseph Bailey, John Dodd,
Ebenezer Withington, Jacob Guild, Jonathan Huntington, William Row-
son, Otis Everett.
1817
Pres. Benja^iin Holt.
V. Pres. Joseph Bailey.
Sec. Matthew S. Parker.
Treas. Nathaniel Tucker.
Trustees. Amasa Winchester, John Dodd, Jacob Guild, Jonathan
Huntington, William Rowson, Otis Everett, Ebenezer Frothingham, Luke
Hemmenwav, William Coffin, Jr.
1818
Pres. Ben.jamin Holt.
V. Pres. Amasa Winchester.
Sec. Matthew S. Parker.
Treas. Nathaniel Tucker.
Trustees. Joseph Bailey, John Dodd, Jacob Guild, Jonathan Hunting-
ton, William Rowson, Otis Everett, Luke Hemmenway, William Coffin,
Jr., Ebenezer Frothingham.
1819
Pres. Amasa Winchester. j Sec. Joseph Lewis.
V. Pres. John Dodd. ! Treas. Ebenezer Frothingham.
Trustees. Benjamin Holt, Jacob Guild, Nathaniel Tucker, Matthew S.
Parker, Jonathan Huntington, William Rowson, Otis Everett, William
Coffin, Jr., Robert Rogerson.
(10)
OFFICERS.
1820
Prei<. Amasa Winchester. Sec. JosEPri Lewis.
V. Fres. John Dodd. Treas. Ebknezek Frothingham.
Trustees. Benjamin Holt, Jacob Guild. Nathaniel Tucker, Matthew S.
Parker, Jonathan Huntington, William Rowson, Otis Everett, William
Coffin, Jr., Robert Rogerson.
1821
Pres. Amasa Winchester. j Sec. Joseph Lewis.
V. Pres. John Dodd. Treas. Ebenezer Frothingham.
Trustees, Benjamin Holt, Jacob Guild, Nathaniel Tucker, Matthew S.
Parker, William Rowson, Otis Everett, AVilliam Coffin, Jr.. Hobert Roger-
son, Allen Whitman.
1822
Pres. Amasa Winchester. | Sec. Joseph Lewis.
V. Pres. John Dodd. Treas. Ebenezer Frothingilim.
Trustees. Benjamin Holt, Jacob Guild, Matthew S. Parker, William
Rowson, Otis Everett, William Coffin, Jr., Robert Rogerson, Allen Whit-
man, Nathaniel Ford.
1823
Pres. Robert Rogerson.
V. Pres. Joseph Bailey.
Sec. Joseph Lewis.
Treas. Willloi Coffin. Jr.
Trustees. Amasa Winchester, John Dodd, Benjamin Holt, Matthew S.
Parker, William Rowson, Otis Everett, Allen Whitman, Nathaniel Ford,
Ebenezer Frothingham.
1824
*Pres. . j Sec. Joseph Lewis.
V. Pres. Joshua Stone. Treas. William Coffin, Jr.
Trustees. Matthew S. Parker, Otis Everett, William Rowson, Allen
Whitman, Nathaniel Ford, Ebenezer Frothingham, James Sharp. Joshua
Vose, Samuel Sanger.
1825
Pres. Amasa Winchester. 1 Sec. Joseph Lewis.
V. Pres. Joshua Stone. | Treas. William Coffin. Jr.
Trustees. Matthew S. Parker, John Dodd, Otis Everett, Allen Whit-
man, Samuel Sanger, James Sharp, Joshua Yose, Nathaniel Ford. Bela
Hunting.
1826
Pres. Amasa Winchester. Sec. Joseph Lewis.
F. Pres. John Dodd. | Treas. Willia:m Coffin.
Trustees. Matthew S. Parker, Otis Everett, Allen Whitman, Nathaniel
Ford, Samuel Sanger, James Sharp, Joshua Vose, Bela Hunting, Samuel
Richardson.
* Ainaea Winchester was elected, but he decliued, and the vacancy was not filled.
(11
HISTORY OF THE HAXDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
1827
Pres. Lowell Mason. Sec. Joseph Lewis. *
V. Pres. John Dodd. Treas. William Coffin.
Trustees. Amasa Winchester, James Sharp, Sarauel Richardson, Mat-
thew S. Parker, Beia Hunting, Allen Whitman, Joshua Vose, Samuel
Topliff, Samuel Sanger.
1828
Pres. Lowell Mason. I Sec. Joseph Lewis.
V. Pres. James Sharp. Treas. William Coffin.
Trustees. Matthew S. Parker, Increase S. Withington, Allen Whitman,
Bela Hunting, Christopher Gore, Samuel H. Jenks, James Clark, John H,
Pray, Jubal Howe.
1829
Pres. Lowell Mason. Sec. Joseph Lewis.
V. Pres. Samuel Richardson. Treas. William Coffin.
Trustees. James Sharp, Matthew S. Parker, Increase S. Withington,
Samuel H. Jenks, Bela Hunting, James Clark, John H. Pray, Jubal Howe,
George W. Edmands.
1830
Pi-es. Lowell Mason. I Sec. Joseph Lewis.
V. Pres. Sa:muel Richardson. | Treas. William Coffin.
Trustees. James Sharp, Matthew S. Parker, Increase S. Withington,
Samuel H. Jenks, James Clark, Bela Hunting, John H. Pray, Jeremiah
Washburn, George W. Edmands.
1831
Pres. Lowell Mason.
V. Pres. Increase S. Withington.
Sec. Joseph Lewis.
Treas. Willl\m Coffin.
Trustees. James Sharp, Jeremiah Washburn, George W. Edmands,
John G. Brown, John G. Roberts, Jonas Chickering, George Bacon, Fran-
cis C. Whiston, Lorenzo S. Cragin.
1832
Pres. Samuel Richardson. Sec. Joseph Lewls.
V. Pres. Charles W. Lovett. i Treas. William Coffin.
Trustees. Lowell Mason, Jeremiah Washburn, Jonas Chickering, John
G. Roberts, George Bacon, Nathaniel Clark, John G. Brown, Matthew S.
Parker, Jonathan Bowditch, Jr.
1833
Pres. Samuel Richardson.
V. Pres. Charles W. Lovett.
Sec. Joseph Lewis.
Treas. William Coffin.
Trustees. Jonas Chickering, John G. Roberts, George Bacon, Nathaniel
Clark, John G. Brown, Matthew S. Parker, Jonathan Bowditch, Jr., George
AV. Edmands, John H. Pray.
(12)
Officers.
1834
Fres. Charles W. Lovett.
V. Pres. Jonas Chickering.
Sec. Joseph Lewis.
Treas. William Coffin.
Trustees. Matthew S. Parker, Jonathan Bowditch, Jr., Nathaniel
Clark, Abner Bourne, James Sharp, James Clark, Martin Wilder, Calvin
Bullard, Jubal Howe.
1835
Pres. Charles W. Lovett.
V. Pres. Jonas Chickering.
Sec. Allen Whitman.
Treas. William Coffin.
^Trustees. James Sharp, James Clark, Calvin Bullard, Martin Wilder,
Silas P. Meriam, William Learnard, Isaac K. Wise, John Bigelow.
1836
Pres. Bartholomew Brown.
V. Pres. George James Webb.
Sec. J. Hill Belcher.
Treas. Abner Bourne.
Trustees. John Dodd, William Coffin, Jeremiah Washburn, John G.
Roberts, Silas P. Meriam, Nathaniel Claik, Jonathan Bowditch, Jr., Calvin
Bullard, Isaac K. Wise.
1837
Pres. George James Webb.
V. Pres. Jonas Chickering.
Sec. William Learnard.
2'reas. Abner Bourne.
Trustees. John Dodd, James Clark, William Coffin, Jeremiah Wash-
burn, George W. Edmands, Silas P. Meriam, Nathaniel Clark, John G.
Roberts, Jubal Howe.
1838
Pres. Charles Zeuner.
V. Pres. Ephraim L. Frothingham.
Sec. William Learnard.
Tineas. Abner Bourne.
Trustees. John Dodd, Nathaniel Clark, Jeremiah Washburn, William
Coffin, Matthew S. Parker, John H. Pray, George W. Edmands, George
Hews, John G. Roberts.
1839
Sec. William Learnard.
Pres. Increase S. Withington.
V. Pres. George Hews.
Treas. Abner Bourne.
Trustees. Matthew S. Parker, John H. Pray, George W. Edmands, John
Bigelow, Benjamin C. Harris, David Tillson, Ezra Weston, Jr., Silas P.
Meriam, Isaac Gary.
1840
Sec. William Learnard.
Pres. George James Webb
V. Pres. George Hews.
\ Treas. Abner Bourne.
XTrustees. Increase S. Withington, Matthew S. Parker, John H. Pray,
John Bigelow, Benjamin C. Harris, David Tillson, Ezra Weston, Jr., Silas
P. Meriam, I>aac Gary.
* Joseph Clark was elected, but he declined acting, and never met with the board.
t July 21, 1840, Matthew 8. Parker was elected in place of Abner Bourne, (ieceased.
I July 21, 1840, John F. Payson was elected in place of Matthew S, Parker, elected treasurer.
(13)
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AXD HAYDN SOCIETY.
Pres. George James Webb.
V. Pres. Gkorge Hews.
1841
Sec. William Learnard.
Treas. Matthew S. Parker.
Trustees. Increase S. Withington, David Tillson, Silas P. Merinm,
Isaac Cary, John F. Payson, Samuel Topliff, Eber Taylor, Dexter W. Wis-
well, Lorenzo S. Cragin.
1842
Pres. James Clark.
V. Pres. George Hews.
Sec. William Learnard.
Treas. Matthew S. Parker.
Trustees. Lorenzo S. Cragin, John F. Payson, Samuel Toplift; Eber
Taylor, Dexter W. Wiswell, Abraham O. Bigelow, George W. Lloya,
George AV. Edmands, Jonathan E. Hazelton.
1843
Pres. Jonas Chickerixg.
V. Pres. Josiah Q. Wetherbee.
Sec. Abraham O. Bigelow.
Treas. Matthew S. Parkkr.
Trustees. Lorenzo S. Cragin, Samuel Topliff, Eber Taylor, Dexter W.
Wiswell, George W. Edmands, Jonathan E. Hazelton, N. Gushing Byiam,
John G. Faxon, Silas P. Meriam.
1844
Pres. Jonas Chickering. Sec. Abraham 0. Bigelow.
V. Pres. Benjamin F. Baker. Treas. Matthew S. Pa^rker.
Trustees. James Clark, Samuel Richardson, George W. Edmands, Silas
P. Meriam, John H. Pray, Jonathan E. Hazelton, N. Gushing By ram,
Marshall Johnson, Jr., John G. Faxon.
1845
Pres. Jonas Chickering. Sec. Abraham O. Bigelow.
V. Pres. Bf:njamin' F. Baker. i Treas. Matthew S. Pakker.
Trustees. James Clark, Samuel Richardson, John H. Pray, Silas P.
Meriam, Marshall Johnson, Jr., X. Gushing Byram, John Dodd, James L.
Oliver, Josiah L. Fairbanks.
1846
Pres. Jonas Chickering.
V. Pres. Bknjamin F. Baker.
Sec. Abraham O. Bigelow.
Treas. Matthew S. Parker.
Trustees. James Clark, Samuel Richardson, John H. Pray, John Dodd,
Josiah L. Fairbanks, Jonathan E. Hazelton, James S. Sweet, David Carter,
Alfred H. Pratt.
1847
Pres. Jonas Chickering.
V. Pres. Benjamin F. Baker.
Sec. Joseph G. Oakes.
Treas. Matthew S. Parkkr .
Trustees. John Dodd, David Carter, Josiah L. Fairbanks, Jonathan E.
Hazelton, James S. Sweet, Abraham 0. Bigelow, Silas P. Meriam, George
Hews, Thomas Ball.
(14)
OFFICERS.
1848
Pres. Jonas Chickering.
V. Pres. Benjamin F. Baker.
Sec. Joseph G. Oakes.
Treas. Matthew S. Pakkkh.
Trustees. Jonathan E. Hazelton, James S. Sweet, Abraham O. Bigelow,
Silas P. Meriam, George Hews, Thomas Ball, Samuel C. Ware, Harvey
Jewell, Dexter W. Wiswell.
1849
Pres. Jonas Chickering.
V. Pres. Benjamin F. Baker.
Sec. Joseph G. Oakes.
Treas. Matthew S. Parkkr.
Trustees. Abraham O. Bigelow, Silas P. Meriam, George Hews, Dex-
ter W. Wiswell, Harvey Jewell, Samuel C. Ware, John Dodd, Josiah L.
Fairbanks, N. Gushing Byram.
1850
Pres. Charles C Perkins. j Sec. Joseph G. Oakes.
V. Pres. Abraham O. Bigelow. 1 Treas. Matthew S. Parker.
Trustees. John Dodd, John S. Farlow, Isaac Gary, Josiah L. Fairbanks,
Thomas B. Frothingham, John G. Hovey, Harvey Jewell, Dexter W. Wis-
well, Samuel C. A\'are.
1851
Pres. Abraham O. Bigelow. Sec. Joseph G. Oakes.
V. Pres. John S. Farlow. Treas. Matthew S. Parker.
Trustees. John Dodd, Josiah L. Fairbanks, Thomas B. Frothingham,
John G. Hovey, Henry Pierce, Charles P. Adams, Horace L. Hazelton,
John A. Nowell, Oren J. Faxon.
1852
Pres. Silas P. Meriam.
V. Pres. John Dodd.
Sec. Josiah L. Fairbanks.
Treas. Matthew S. Parker.
Trustees. Thomas B. Frothingham, Oren J. Faxon, Charles P. Adams,
John A. Nowell, Horace L. Hazelton, John F. Payson, John H. Pray,
George Hews, J. Haskell Long.
1853
Pres. Silas P. Meriam. I Sec. Josiah L. Fairbanks.
V. Pres. John Dodd. I Treas. Mattheav S. Parker.
Trustees. Oren J. Faxon, Charles P. Adams, John A. Nowell, Horace
L. Hazelton, John F. Payson, John H. Pray, George Hews, J. Haskell
Long, Loring B. Barnes.
1854
Pres. Josiah L. Fairbanks. | Sec. Horace L. Hazelton.
V. Pres. George Hew^s. | Treas. Matthew S. Parker.
Trustees. John H. Pray, John F. Payson, J. Haskell Long, Loring B.
Barnes, John Dodd, Irving I. Harwood, Joseph H. Ward, Edward Faxon,
George W. Hunnewell.
(15)
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
1855
Pres. John S. Farlow.
V. Pres. George Hews.
Sec. Horace L. Hazeltox.
Treas. Matthew S. Parker.
Lihr'n. Oren J. Faxon.
Trustees. Joseph H. Ward, Loring B. Barnes, George W. Hunnewell,
Edward Faxon, Irving I.Harwood, Silas P. Meriam, Abraham O. Bigelow,
Dexter W. Wiswell.
1856
Pres. C. Francis Chickering.
V. Pres. George Hews.
Sec. Loring B. Barnes.
Treas. Matthew S. Parker.
Libr'n. Oren J. Faxon.
Trustees. Horace L. Hazelton, John S. Farlow, Joseph H. Ward,
George W. Hunnewell, Edward Faxon, Dexter W. Wiswell, Abraham O.
Bigelow, James P. Draper.
1857
Pres. C. Francis Chickering. \ Sec. Loring B. Barnes.
V. Pres. George Hews. \ Treas. Matthew S. Parker.
Lihfn. Edward Faxon.
Trustees. John S. Farlow, Horace L. Hazelton, Abraham O. Bigelow,
James P. Draper, Dexter W. Wiswell, Oren J. Faxon, George H. Chicker-
ing, Theron J. Dale.
1858
Pres. Thomas E. Chickering.
V. Pres. George Hews.
Sec. Loring B. Barnes.
Treas. Matthew S. Parker.
Libr'n. Edward Faxon.
Trustees. John S. Farlow, James P. Draper, Theron J. Dale, George
H. Chickering, Oren J. Faxon, John A. Nowell, George Fisher, Horace L.
Hazelton.
1859
Pres. Thomas E. Chickering
V. Pres. Oren J. Faxon.
Sec. Loring B. Barnes.
Treas. Matthew S. Parker.
Libr'n. George H. Chickering.
Trustees. Theron J. Dale, John A. Nowell, George Fisher, George W.
Hunnewell, Thomas D. Morris, Theophilus Stover, Joseph W. Foster,
Ephraim Wildes.
1860
Pres. Thomas E. Chickering. I Sec. Loring B. Barnes.
V. Pres. Oren J. Faxon. Treas. Matthew S. Parker.
Libr'n. George II. Chickering.
Trustees. George Fisher, John A. Nowell, George W. Hunnewell,
Thomas D. Morris, Theophilus Stover, Ephraim Wildes, George W.
Palmer, James Rice.
(16)
OFFICERS.
1861
Pres. J. Baxter Upham. Sec. Lorixg B. Barnes.
V. Pres. Oren J. Faxon. ! Treas. Matthew S. Parker.
Lihr'n. George H. Chickering.
Trustees. George W. Hunnewell. Thomas D. Morris. TheopMus
Stover, Ephraim ^yildes, George W. Palmer, James Rice, William Hawes,
H. Faruam Smith.
1862
Pres. J. Baxter Uph.oi. Sec. Lorixg B. Barxes.
r. Pres. Orex J. Faxox. Treas. Matthew S. Parker.
Lihr'n. George H. Chickering.
Trustees. George W. Palmer, James Rice, William Hawes, H. Farnam
Smith, George P. Carter, Isaac Woodward, William 0. Perkins, S.Lothrop
Thorudike.
1863
Pres. J. Baxter Tpham. Sec. Lorixg B. Barxes.
V. Pres. Orex J. Faxox. Treas. Matthew S. Parker.
Lihr'n. George H. Chickerixg.
Trustees. William Hawes, H. Farnam Smith, George P. Carter, Isaac
Woodward, William O. Perkins, S. Lothrop Thorndike, Edward Faxon,
George Fisher.
1864
Pres. J. Baxter Upham. Se^. Lorixg B. Barxes.
T^ Pres. Orex J. Faxox. Treas. Matthew S. Parker.
Libra. George H. Chickering.
Trustees. George P. Carter, Isaac Woodward. William O. Perkins,
S. Lothrop Thorndike, Edward Faxon, George Fisher, George W. Palmer,
John S. Sawyer.
1865
Pres. J. Baxter Upham. Sec. Lorixg B. Barxes.
V. Pres. Orex J. Faxox. Treas. Matthkw S. Parker.
Lihr'n. George H. Chickerixg.
Trustees. Edward Faxon, George Fisher, George W. Palmer, John S.
Sawyer, Charles H. JohusoQ. Frank X. Scott. O. Frank Clark, George
Hews.
1866
Pres. J. Baxter Upham. j Sec. Lorixg B. Barxes.
V. Pres. Orex J. Faxon. Treas. Peorge W. Palmer.
Lihr'n. George II. Chickerixg.
Trustees. .John S. Sawyer, George Hews, Charles H. Johnson, Frank
X. Scott. O. Frank Clark, S. Lothrop Thorndike, Levi W. Johnson, John
A. Nowell.
(17)
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
1867
Pres. J. Baxter Upham.
V. Pres. Oren J. Faxon.
S(^c. LoRiNG B. Barnes.
Treas. George W. Palmer.
Libfn. George H. Chickering.
Directors. O. Frank Clark, Theophilus Stover, Charles H. Webb, D.
Lyman Laws, Ellery C Daniell, Robert M. Lowell, Stephen Somes, Oliver
B. Lothrop.
1868
Pres. J. Baxter Upham. 1 Sec. Loring B. Barnes.
V. Pres. Oren J. Faxon. Treas. George W. Palmer.
Lihfn. George H. Chickering.
Directors. Theophilus Stover, D. Lyman Laws, Ellery C. Daniell,
Robert M. Lowell, Oliver B. Lothrop, George Fisher, Samuel Jennison,
Levi W. Johnson.
1869
Pres. J. Baxter Upham. | Sec. Loring B. Barnes.
F. Pres. Oren J. Faxon. Treas. George W. Palmer.
Lihfn. George H. Chickering.
Directors. D. Lyman Laws, Ellery C. Daniell, Robert M. Lowell,
Oliver B. Lothrop, George Fisher, Samuel Jennison, Levi W. Johnson,
William H. Wadleigh.
1870
Pres. J. Baxter Upham.
V. Pres. S. Lothrop Thorndike.
Sec. Loring B. Barnes.
Treas. George W. Palmer.
Libr'n. George H. Chickering.
Directors. Samuel Jennison, George Fisher, Levi W. Johnson, A.
Parker Browne, Edward Faxon, T. Frank Reed, Charles H. Johnson,
William O. Perkins.
1871
Pres. Loring B. Barnes.
V. Pres. George H. Chickering
Libr'n. Charles H. Johnson.
Sec. A. Parker Browne.
Treas. George W. Palmer.
Directors Edward Faxon, T. Frank Reed, William O.Perkins, Horace
B. Fisher, W. Dexter Wiswell, William H. Wadleigh, William F. Brad-
bury, Curtis Brown.
1872
Pres. Loring B. Barnes. | Sec. A. Parker Browne.
F. Pres. George H. Chickering. Treas. George W. Palmer.
Libr'n. Ch^vrles H. Johnson. ,
Directors. William F. Bradbury, Curtis Brown, W. Dexter Wiswell
Horace B. Fisher, D. Lyman Laws, John H. Stickney, Edward Faxon,
George W. Warren.
(18)
OFFICERS.
1873
Pi-es. LoRiNG B. Barnks. I Sec. A. Parkeii Browne.
V. Pres. George H. Chickering. Treas. George W. Palmer.
Libr'n. Charles H. Johnson.
Directors. John H. Stickney, Horace B. Fisher, William F. Bradbury,
W. Dexter Wiswell, D. Lyman Laws, Curtis Brown, George W. Warren,
William O. Perkins.
1874
Pres. LoRiNG B. Barnes. I Sec. A. Parker Buowxe.
V. Pres. George H. Chickering. ! Treas. George W. Palmer.
Lihfn. William F. Bradbury.
Directors. John H. Stickney, D. Lyman Laws, William O. Perkins,
George W. Warren, M. Grant Daniell, Richard Beeching, John S. Sawyer,
Francis H. Jenks.
1875
Pres. Charles C. Perkins. i Sec. A. Parker Browne.
V. Pres. George H. Chickering. \ Treas. George W. Palmer.
Libr'n. John H. Stickney.
Directors. William O. Perkins, John S. Sawyer, Richard Beeching,
Francis H. Jenks, M. Grant Daniell, Arthur H. Wilson, William F. Brad-
bury, George T. Brown.
1876
Pres. Charles C. Perkins. Sec. A. Parker Browne.
V. Pres. George H. Chickkring. Treas. George W. Palmer.
Libr'n. John H. Stickney.
Directors. John S. Sawyer, Richard Beeching, Francis H. Jenks,
William F. Bradbury, M. Grant Daniell, Arthur H. Wilson, George T.
Brown, John D. Andrews.
1877
Pres. Charles C. Perkins. : Sec. A. Parker Browne.
V. Pres. George H. Chickering. Treas. George W. Palmer.
Libr'n. John H. Stickney.
Directors. George T. Brown, John D. Andrews, William F. Bradbury,
Arthur H. Wilson, Albert K. Hebard, Henry G. Carey, John A. Pray,
Roger S. Rundlett.
1878
Pres. Charles C. Perkins.
V. Pres. Georgk H. Chickering.
Sec. A. Parker .Browne.
Treas. Georgk W. Palmer.
Libr'n. John H. Stickney.
Directors. John D. Andrews, Henry G. Carey, Albert K. Hebard,
Roger S. Rundlett, John A. Pray, M. Grant Daniell, Francis H. Jenks,
George F. Milliken.
(19)
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
1879
Pres. Charles C. Perkins. Sec. A. Pahkeu Browne.
V. Pres. George H. Chickehing, Treas. George AV. Palmer.
Librn. John H. Stickney.
Directors. M. Grant Daniell, Henry G. Carey, Albert K. Hebard,
Roger S. Riindlett, George F. Milliken, Francis H. Jenks, John A. Pray,
Henry M. Brown.
1880
Pres. Charles C. Perkins. Sec. A. Parker Browne.
T". Pres. George H. Chickering. Trerts. George W. Palmer.
Lihrn. John H. Stickney.
Directors. Henry ;M. Brown, M. Grant Daniell, Francis H. Jenks,
George F. Milliken, George T. Brown, Eugene B. Hagar, William S.
Fenollosa, Josiah Wheelwright.
1881
Pi^es. Charles C. Perkins. I Sec. A. Parker Browne.
V. Pres. George H. Chickering. | Treas. George W. Palmer.
Lihr'n. John H. Stickney'.
Directors. George T. Brown, Josiah Wheelwright, Henry M. Brown,
Eugene B. Hagar, William S. Fenollosa, D. Lyman Laws, John D.
Andrews, Roger S. Rundlett.
1882
Pres. Charles C. Perkins. Sec. A. Parker Browne.
V. Pres. George H. Chickering. Treas. M. Grant Daniell.
Lihfti. John H. Stickney.
Directors. John 13. Andrews, William F. Bradbury, George T. Brown,
William S. Fenollosa, Eugene B. Hagar, D. Lyman Laws, Roger S. Rund-
lett. Josiah Wheelwright.
1883
Pres. Charles C. Perkins. Sec. Eugene B. Hagar.
T^. Pres. George H. Chickering. Treas. M. Grant Daniell.
Lihfn. John H. Stickney.
Directors. Roger S. Rundlett. D. Lyman Laws, John D. Andrews,
Henry G. Carey, George F. Daniels, A. Parker Browne, Francis H. Jenks,
Charles W. Stone.
1884
Pres. Charles C. Perkins. Sec. Eugene B. Hagar.
V. Pres. George H. Chickering. | Treas. M. Grant Daniell.
Libfn. Francis H. Jenks.
Directors. Horace P. Blackman. A. Parker BroAvne, Henry G. Carey,
John S. Sawyer, Albert K. Hebard, John H. Stickney, George F. Daniels,
Charles W. Stone.
(20)
OFFICERS .
1885
Pres. Charles C. Pkrkins.
F. Pres. George II. Chickeking.
Libr'n. Francis H. Jenks.
Sec. EUGENK B. Hagar.
Treas. M. Grant Danikll
Directors. Horace P. Blackraan, A. Parker Browne, Henrj^ G. Carey,
George F. Daniels, Albert K. Hebard, John S. Sawyer, John H. Stickney,
Charles W. Stone.
1886
Sec. Eugene B. Hagar.
Treas. M. Grant Danikll
Pi-es. Charles C. Perkins.
V. Pres. George H. Chickering.
Lihfn. Francis H. .Tenks.
Directors. David A. Alden, John D. Andrews, Horace P. Blackman,
George T. Brown, Albert K. Hebard, Roger S. Rundlett, John S. Sawyer,
John H. Stickney.
1887
Pres. George H. Chickering. | Sec. Eugene B. JIagar.
V. Pres. A. Parker Browne. Treas. M. Grant Daniell.
Libfn. Charles W. Stone.
Directors. David A. Alden, John D. Andrews, William F. Bradbury,
George T. Brown, Nathaniel G. Chapin, George F. Daniels, Thomas VV.
Proctor, Richard S. Whitney.
1888
Pres. A. Parker Browne.
F. Pres. John H. Stickney.
Sec. Eugene B. Hagar.
Treas. M. Grant Daniell.
Lihr'n. Charles W. Stone.
Directors. David A. Alden, John D. Andrews, William F. Bradbury,
George T. Brown, Nathaniel G. Chapin, George F. Daniels, Thomas W.
Proctor, Richard S. Whitney.
1889
Pres. A. Parker Browne.
F. Pres. John H. Stickney.
Sec. Eugene B. Hagar.
Treas. M. Gran^ Daniell.
Lihfn. Charles W. Stone.
Directors. William F. Bradbury, Nathaniel G. Chapin, Sanford C,
Chase, George F. Daniels, Horace B. Fisher, Henry S. Pray, Thomas W.
Proctor, Richard S. Whitney.
(21)
MEMBERS
(MIRONOT.OGICALLY ARKANGED
The first 114 names according to membership in the original organization; the subsequent
names according to membership in the corporation. Compiled, 1-114 from the signatures
in the first book of records; 115-465 from those in tlie book of by-laws of 1816; 466-1717
from those in the book of by-laws of 1843.
* indicates that membership was terminated by death; r, by resignation; d, by discharge.
ORIGINAL MEMBERS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
47
48
49
50
61
52
Thomas Smith Webb
Amasa Winchester
Samuel H. Parker .
Elnathan J)uren
William Rowson
Nathaniel Tucker .
Benjamin Holt . .
Charles Nolen . .
John Dodd . . .
Joseph Bailey . .
George Singleton .
Luke Eastman . .
Samuel Richardson
Matthew S. Parker
Otis Everett . . .
Charles French . .
Chester Stebbins .
Jacob Guild . . .
Gottlieb Graupner .
Jonathan Huntington
Nathaniel Meriam .
James Clark . . .
Christopher Lincoln
24
Amos Sumner
d
25
Ebenezer Frothingham . .
#
26
E. T. F. Richardson . . .
*
27
George Gushing . . . .
r
28
Ebenezer Goodrich . . .
d
29
Peter Osgood
d
30
John Mackay
*
31
Abner Bourne ....
sK
32
Thomas Marshall . . .
*
33
William Simmons . . .
*
34
Samuel Floyd ....
*
35
Aaron Peabody ....
d
36
Elisha Baker
*
37
Ebenezer Withington
*
38
Abel Duren
d
39
James Pierce ....
*
40
Luke Hemenway . . .
r
41
Isaac Davis
*
42
Stephen Childs ....
*
43
Moody Park
. d
44
William K. Phipps . .
d
45
Joseph Mulliken . . .
if:
46
Alexi Enstaphieve . . .
*
1815-10
Christopher Gore June 1,1815
John F. Payson "
Jonathan Loring, Jr "
Melvin Lord "
Silas Barrett
Samuel H. Jenks "
(22)
MEMBERS.
53 Joshua Vose June 1, 1815 *
54 Thomas L. Paine " d
55 William Dillaway " r
5'; William T. Eustis * " r
57 Thomas V. Dillaway " , r
58 William Jepson " *
59 Elijah Thayer " r
60 Elijah Mears " *
61 James Coolidge " *
62 John Hart " d
63 William Coffin, Jr July 6,1815 *
64 Bela Hunting " r
65 Samuel Stockwell " *
G6 William Wright " *
67 John H. Pray " *
68 Edward Horsman " *
69 Levi Meriam " *
70 Noah Hill . . . : " *
71 Francis W. Waldo Aug. 3, 1815 *
72 James McAUaster " r
73 Edward Jewett " d
74 Joseph Adams " r
75 Gershom Cobb " *
76 William Learnard " *
77 George Pollock Sept. 7, 1815 *
78 Pliny Hayes " d
79 George Bawn " r
80 Nahum Mitchell Oct. 5,1815 *
81 Bartholomew Brown " *
82 Jerome Nichols " 26 " d
83 Nathaniel Clark " *
84 John Bridge " r
85 George Warren " *
86 Ebenezer Hunt " *
87 Lewis Wood Nov. 9, 1815 *
88 Caleb Andrews " r
89 Tristram Vose " *
90 Francis Jackson " r
91 J. Smallidge " *
92 Frederick Lincoln " 23 " r
93 Boardman Williams " *
94 Thomas Badger, Jr " ...'...*
95 Joseph Lewis " *
96 Benjamin Pitman " d
97 Ebenezer Newcomb ..... " d
98 Lewis Leland " 30 " d
99 Peter Wainwright, Jr Dec. 7, 1815 d
100 Joseph Clark "
(23)
*
HISTORY or THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
101 Sidney Merrill Dec. 7, 1815 *
102 Daniel Staniford " *
103 William A. Codman . . . ^ . . March 7, 1816 *
104 Jonathan FoTvle, Jr " d
105 Joshua Stone " r
106 Benjamin P. Williams .... " d
107 William Denton " r
108 Ralph Smith " d
109 Allen AVhitmau " d
110 Hervey Nolen " d
111 Samuel Jewett " d
112 David Reed " d
113 Jonathan French " d
114 John L. Phillips " r
115 John W. Hyde Apr. 2, 1816 d
116 Nathaniel Munro " d
117 Nathaniel B. Homer " r
118 Elijah Nevers " ' *
119 Jonathan Hagar " d
120 Benjamin Barnes, Jr " d
121 Neil Pollock " d
122 Thomas Mason " d
123 Nathan Fiske " r
124 Caleb Hartshorn " d
125 E. Sha^Y, 3d May 2, 1816 *
126 N. Lovejoy " d
127 William Fracker " d
128 Torrey Hancock " r
129 Thomas Park " r
130 Benjamin B. Davis " *
131 Asa Warren " r
132 Charles Beck " d
133 Ezra Hawkes " r
134 Thomas G. Bangs " d
135 D. Messinger, Jr. ..'... . " r
136 Calvin Washburne Aug. 6, 1816 r
137 Benjamin Huntington .... " *
1816-17
138 Henry Pomroy Oct. 1, 1816 *
139 Joshua Cheever " d
140 Addison Searle " d
141 James Sharp " 15 " *
142 Aaron Holbrook " d
143 John G. Brown " d
144 Thaddeus Baldwin Nov. 19,1816 r
145 Richard G. Cole " d
146 Aaron Rice " r
(24)
MEMBERS.
147 Ebenezer B.Nichols Nov. 19, 1816 *
148 Silas Dodd Dec. 3, 1816 d
149 John Glynn Jan. 28, 1817 d
1817-18
150 Joseph W. Newell Oct. 7, 1817 *
151 Thomas G. Farnsworth ... " d
152 Samnel Topliff " r
153 William Blake " r
15^ Benjamin Rouse •' r
155 Isaac S. Tompkins ' d
156 Jonathan Bingham ' r
157 Thomas Whittemore " d
158 Henry Davis " d
159 Horace Fox " d
160 Thomas H. White " ....'.. d
161 Charles Brintnall " r
162 Jacob R. White '• d
163 Zeba Gushing " d
164 Jedediah Barker " 14 " d
165 John Chadwick " *
166 John Ewell Nov. 18, 1817 *
167 Isaac Bird " *
168 John Gushing ' " d
169 R. Webster " r
170 Joseph H. Eayrs D'^c. 9, 1817 d
171 Seth B. Gook " d
172 John Leonard ... ... '• d
173 Joseph W. Welch " *
174 George W. Welsh •' 30 " d
175 John Fuller " d
176 Luther Priest " d
177 Isaac Kendall •' d
178 Marshal Keith Feb. 3,1818 *
179 Allan Pollock Mar. 10, 1818 *
180 Samuel Smith " d
181 Hodges Reed " d
182 Isaac S. Goffln " d
183 John Ware " d
184 Abel W. Bruce June 16, 1818 d
185 Thomas V. Dillaway .... " r
186 Theodore D. Parker " d
187 Benjamin Pray " r
1818-19
188 George R. M. Withington . . . Sept. 1, 1818 d
189 John Holman " *
190 Jonas Ghickering Oct. 4, 1818 *
(25)
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
191 John Whitney Oct. 6, 1818 d
192 John T. Brighara " d
193 Samuel Sanger " d
194 Thomas Vose Nov. 10, 1818 *
195 Isaac Adams " r
196 John Cheever " ' *
197 Henry Bo wen " d
198 John Spring " r
199 N. B. Mountfort " d
200 Nathaniel Hayden, Jr " d
201 Robert Rogerson " 26 " d
202 Henry Burnett " d
203 Ralph B. Holland Dec. 6, 1818 d
204 Charles Everett " 15 " d
205 Nathaniel Griggs " d
206 Isaac Learnerd, Jr " d
207 Justus Lincoln " d
208 Lemuel Clark " d
209 Charles H. Carroll Feb. 9, 1819 d
210 David R. Griggs •' d
211 James Hooton Apr. 20, 1819 ...... d
1819-20
212 Stephen Parker, Jr Dec. 9, 1819 d
213 Isaac K. Wise " *
214 Lewis Pierce Jan. 14, 1820 *
215 Nathaniel Ford " r
216 Barney Clap " d
217 N. C. Martin . " r
218 Eliphalet Thayer " r
219 Moses Mandell " d
220 John H. Belcher Mar. 16, 1820 d
1820-21
221 Martin Wilder Oct. 3, 1820 *
222 David Child " d
223 James Averill " d
224 James G. Bacon " r
225 Peter Hern " . d
226 John Farrie, Jr " *
227 George Denny " r
228 Samuel Moody " *
229 Ephraim L. Frothingham ... " r
230 Elijah Cobb, Jr " r
231 N. D. Gould . " r
232 Joseph Eustis, Jr "31 '• d
233 Henry Jones Nov. 10, 1820 *
234 A.H.Haskell " d
(26)
MEMBERS.
235 Moses W. Copeland Jan. 2, 1821 d
236 Josiah Wheelwright " r
237 Increase S. Withingtou ... " *
238 Lorenzo S. Cragin " *
239 George W. Edmands .... " d
240 Elisha Horton " r
241 Isaac Chamberlin " *
242 Charles Guild " d
243 Charles Bicknell " d
244 Abner Ball Feb. 2, 1821 d
245 Shepherd Leach " *
246 Jonathan Bowditch, Jr. ... Mar. 6, 1821 d
247 Asa Gowen " d
*248 Sidney Mandell May 1, 1821 d
249 Oliver Chandler June 5, 1821 d
250 Benjamin C. Harris • " *
1821-22
251 William Gragg Oct. 2, 1821 d
252 Lowell Mason "17 " *
253 Jeremiah P. Smith Nov. 27, 1821 *
254 Ephraim Buck " d
255 Daniel Gould, Jr " *
256 Jonathan A. Richards .... " d
257 Michael Whittemore, Jr. ... " ....... d
258 David W. Child. Jr Dec. 4, 1821 *
259 Samuel S. Reynolds Jan. 1, 1822 d
260 John M. Robertson " *
261 Elbridge Brown " d
262 Samuel S. Miles ♦* d
263 Joseph Hay ward " d
264 Samuel Tidd " *
265 Edward Haskell " *
266 Benjamin G. Hill Feb. 5, 1822 d
267 William H. Richardson . ... " d
268 James Pierce, Jr. " d
269 Aaron Capen " 26 " r
270 Edward H. Fessenden .... May 7, 1822 r
271 William Stearns Aug. 6, 1822
272 William Nichols " r
273 Dexter C. Force " 17 " r
1822-23
274 Francis Jennison Sept. 17, 1822 *
275 Jubal Howe " *
276 Francis C. Whiston " d
277 Robert French Dec. 3, 1822 d
278 John Roberts " *
(27)
HISTORr OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDX SOCIETY.
279 Amasa G. Smith Dec. 3, 1822 d
280 William Howe " d
281 Nahum Ball " d
282 Charles Nolen, Jr Jan. 7, 1823 *
283 Calvin Bullard Feb. 4, 1823 *
284 Nathaniel Brackett " d
285 Derastus Clapp " r
286 David J. Badger Mar. 13, 1823 d
287 George H. Holbrook " d
288 Elisha Wood, Jr Apr. 1, 1823 d
1823-24
289 Jeremiah Washburn Nov. i, 1823 *
290 George H. Lane " *
1824-25
291 James Fenno Sept. 7, 1S24 d
292 Emery Alexander " d
293 Ebenezer Alexander, Jr. . . . Dec. 7, 1824 *
294 Charles P. Allen " d
295 Joseph Leonard " *
296 Charles L. Force Apr. 5, 1825 *
297 Rosea Bartlett " d
298 Samuel Davis, Jr June 7, 1825 r
299 Lyman Biglow Aug. 2. 1825 d
1825-26
300 Ephraim Willy Oct. 4, 1825 d
301 Ziba Cary " *
302 Charles W. Lovett "
303 Nathaniel H. G. Oliver .... -'8 " ♦
304 Marcus Coburn Dec. 6, 1825 d
305 John Bartlett " *
306 Abraham Bickford "20 • d
307 M. B. Hunting " r
308 J. M. Dodd " ' r
309 William B. Oliver " d
310 Luther B- Wyman Jan. 3, 1826 r
311 Thomas B. Hawkes Mar. 6, 1826 r
1826-27
312 Jonathan E. Hazelton .... Oct. 17, 1826 d
313 Joseph Dowe " d
314 WiUiam Small " r
315 S. S. Rice '♦ d
316 William H. Henderson .... Dec. 5, 1826 d
317 Reuben Gerry " d
(28)
MEMBERS.
318
Warren Fisher
Feb.
6, 1827
319
John Stratton
Feb.
6, 182"
1827-28
320 Nathan F. Kingslev Nov. 6, 1827
321 Eber Taylor " *
322 Edward H. Holbrook .... Dec. 4, 1827 d
323 Isaac Hall Jan. 1, 1828 *
324 Samuel H. Jenks "
325 James J. Fullerton " r
326 P. P. Pond Mar. 4, 1828 d
1828-29
327 Seth J. Thomas Jan. 11, 1829 d
328 Erastns F. Brigham " d
329 Joseph Brown " d
330 George Merlam Aug. 4. 1829 *
331 Silas P. Meriam • *
332 Charles Harlow " *
1829-30
333 Edward R. Adams Oct. 6, 1829 r
334 Isaac Gary Nov. 15, 1829 *
335 Josiah E. Challis " r
336 William Johnson Mar. 9, 1830 *
337 George W. Lewis " *
1830-31
338 Edward J. Long Oct. 5, 1830 *
339 George James Webb .... " r
340 George Hews Dec.
341 James Harrod Feb.
342 George F. Gwinn Mar. 20, 1831 d
343 Thomas Comer Aug. 14, 1831 d
344 John Bigelow ^' =^
34.5 Joseph N. Pierce " r
1831-32
346 E. R. Hansen Oct. 23, 1831
347 Eben F. Gay Nov. 1, 1831 r
348 Henry Card '• d
349 J. B. Kimball Jan. 22, 1832
350 Charles Stedman " r
351 James Hooton " d
352 Silas Allen, Jr Aug. 7, 1832 d
353 Daniel Wilder '• r
(29)
12,
1830
<N
1831
20,
1831
14,
1831
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
1832-33
354 Volney Wilder Oct. 21, 1832 r
355 J. W. Webster "28 " *
356 Dexter W. Wiswell Jan. 1, 1838 *
357 S. R. Blaney " 13 " d
358 David C. Long "20 " *
359 Henry F. Alexander '* ♦
1833-34
360 David Tillson Feb. 4, 1834 *
361 Lucius D. Alexander .... " d
362 G. William T. Jones .... '' p
363 Theodore A. Gore " d
1834-35
364 Timothy Brown Sept. 28, 1834 d
365 Lew^is Wilder " r
366 James R. Aikin Nov. 4, 1834
367 Edward H. Aiken " d
368 Marshall Johnson, Jr '<
369 Charles Henderson " 9 " *
370 Alfred H. Pratt . .
371 Gilbert Cutting . .
372 Solomon B. Gushing
373 Theodore Hach . .
374 Abraham O. Bigelow
1835-36
Nov. 1, 1835 d
Apr. 17, 1836
" *
Aug. 16, 1836 r
1836-37
375 Anselm Lothrop Sept. 24. 1836 d
376 N. Gushing Byram Nov. 13, 1836 *
377 William R. Bradford .... " r
378 Mark Googin " ....... d
379 Allston Allen Jan. 15, 1837 r
380 George W. Lloyd " d
381 Leonard Marshall Apr. 16, 1837 d
382 Benjamin F. Baker '* *
383 Albert G. Barker " r
384 George W. Ellis May 21, 1837 *
385 Jarvis Lothrop " *
386 Isaiah D. Richards . " r
387 Hiram Swift /' r
1837-38
388 Isaac Spear Sept. 17, 1837 d
389 John D. Labree Oct. 3, 1837 *
(30)
MEMBERS.
390 James B. Naspn Oct.
391 Ephraim Wildes
392 Ezekiel W. Pike
393 Sumner Hill Feb.
394 Alexander S. Lincoln ....
3, 1837 d
'• , . . *
14 " d
4, 1838 d
d
1838-39
395 Converse Hill Oct. 21, 1838
396 E. Weston. Jr.
397 Thomas Ball
398 James Dyer "
399 Samuel P. Tuckerman .... "
400 William M. Byrne'^ . . . . . Jan. 20, 1839
401 Charles Young Feb. 3, 1839
402 Horace G. Barrus " 17
1839-40
403 Philip W. Goodridge
404 Peleg Strong .
406 John S. Farlow
406 Aaron Butler .
407 Elijah W. Palmer
408 James Prideaux
409 Edmund Bates
410 William G. Moody
411 Henry Schmidt
412 David F. Felt .
413 George B. Jones
414 J. W. Wright .
415 William H. Wellingt-
416 Samuel C. Ware .
417 Josiah Q. Wetherbee
418 Josiah L. Fairbanks
419 O. C. B. Carter .
420 W. Treubeck . .
Sept. 15, 1839 *
d
Kov. 17, 1839 *
d
Dec. 22, 1839 d
" r
♦' 28 " d
Feb. 14, 1840 *
Apr. 19, 1840 r
d
May 25, 1840 *
June 28, 1840 *
July 5, 1840 *
421 L. Lemaire ....
422 Tilden H. Keen . .
423 William H. Jones
424 Jonathan E. Hazeltoii
425 James Lloyd Oliver .
425 Davis Howard . .
427 E.B.Dearborn . .
428 H. W. Greatorex . .
1840-41
. . Nov.
1840
Dec. 20, 1840
July 18, 1841 *
Aug. 10, 1841 cl
(31)
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDX SOCIETY.
1841-42
429 Oreii J. Faxon . .
430 Otis Clapp . . .
431 George W. Palmer
432 Wymond Bradbury
433 George Minot .
434 Joel H. Walker
435 James E. Dodd
436 David Carter .
437 Osgood Eaton .
438 Denison Kimberly
439 Joseph Morrill, Jr
440 Edwin Brown .
44 1 Joseph J. Whiting
442 John G. Faxon
443 Henry Allen
444 Lorenzo P. Leeds
Sept. 12, 1841
" 19 "
9
16
23
Oct. 24, 1841
Jan. 2, 1842 d
Mar. 6, 1842 *
Apr. 10, 1842 *
1842-43
445 Joel Clapp Sept. 6, 1842
446 Charles H. Safford Oct. 4, 1842
447 John A, Nowell '*
448 Benjamin T. Roath "
449 Edward Denny "
450 Leverett A. Lull Nov. 1, 1842
451 Edwin Tilden
452 Aaron P. Richardson .... "
453 David A. Granger '♦
454 Mark Worthley Dec.
455 Charles P. Adams ' "
456 John G. Hovey "
457 Joseph H. Ward
458 George P. Carter "
459 Reuben Howard "
460 William D. Clark
461 James T. Bicknell
462 Henry Pierce Jan. 3, 1843
463 John T. Lyon Feb. 7, 1843
464 Robert H. Clouston
465 James W. Patterson .... "
465a R. S. Denny Mar. 7, 1843
465& Barney Cory "
465r, James S. Sweet Apr. 4, 1843
465fZ John Dearborn May 2, 1843
6, 1842 *
466- Horace Leland . .
467 James J. FuUertou
1843-44
. . Oct.
(32)
3, 1843
MEMBERS.
468 Leonard Marshall Oct. 10, 1842 ♦
469 Henry L. Dean Nov. t), 1843 d
470 Augustus K. Gardner .... "11 " r
471 Daniel Ruggles ♦' 13 "
472 Martin Wilder, 2d " ..'....
473 John F. Fellows Dec. 8, 1843 r
474 William Parkman " 13 " r
475 James G. Swan " 20 " d
476 Warren White " 25 " d
477 George W. Hunnewell .... Jan. 3, 1844 *
478 James Alexander " 6 " d
479 Theodore T. Barker " d
480 Frederic Davis " 15 " d
481 Henr}^ M. Aiken " r-
482 Henry S. Cutler Feb. 10, 1844 d
483 David Paine " d
484 • George P. Cox " d
485 F. F. Farwell " 25 " *
486 Lewis Hall Mar. 7, 1844 d
487 Joseph W. Cox Apr. 6, 1844 d
488 Albert Eaton " 13 " d
489 Hiram Fogg " 23 " ....'.. d
1844-45
490 Thomas B. P^rothingham . . . Oct. 3, 1844 r
491 Harvey Jewell '• r
492 Bridge Wheat " 4 " *
493 Joachim Gervasio (Jos. G. Oakes) " *
494 John E.Gould " 5 " d
495 Pliny Jewell, Jr " r
496 Caleb T. Curtis . • Nov. 7, 1844 ^
497 D. T. Haraden " d
498 E. J. Titcomb "
499 Alfred Whitney " 8 " ...... d
500 Joseph P. Moulton "
501 Ebenezer Smith " 9 " d
502 L. P. Homer " d
503 Benjamin Butler '" * d
504 William Daniels " 11 "
605 J. H. Adams, Jr "
506 I. D. Brewer " 16 " d
507 Samuel S. Chase "17 " d
508 George S. Parker "
509 Osgood Bradbury " d
510 Alexander W. Thayer . . . . Jan. 10, 1845
511 Joseph S. Eastman " 11 " *
612 S. P. Brooks " 18 " d
513 L.S.Frost "24 " ...... d
514 J. A. Pray Feb. 3, 1845
(33)
HISTORY OF THE HAXDEL AXD HAYDN SOCIETY.
515
Edwin Faxou ....
. . Feb. 4,
184.-.
516
Samuel H. Millard . .
. .
517
Enoch B. Morse . . .
. .
518
Daniel B. Xewhall . .
. . •• 8
519
Charles A. Taft.s . . .
••17
520
Reuben Kingsbury . .
. .
521
Luther G. Rice ....
. . May 8,
184.-.
522
Charles B. Morton . .
. . June 5,
1845
. d
1845-4G
523
Edward Frothinshan
I
Dec.
5,
1845
524
Abner C. Kidder
6
'•
525
B. W. Field Dec.
6.
1845
526
Edwin Bruce
•'
527
M. S. Johnson
16
'«
528
Thomas Ball Apr.
1S46-47
3.
1846
529
Joseph A. Kell. r Oct.
24
1S4«;
530
Nathaniel Reeves .
. Nor.
5.
I84t;
531
Dexter Bowker
532
James Draper . .
6
'•
533
Georffe F. Havtcr .
"
533a
B. E. DeLand . .
"
7
534
Charles W. Smith
••
5b5
John Butler . .
9
536
Henrv T.Lincoln .
''
13
537
Henrv N. Stone .
20
538
Samuel H. Barne.s
. Feb.
4.
1847
539
T. H. Emmons
«•
12
540
John TV. Odiorn-
••
541
Andrew N. Button
'•
542
James B. Richards
"
18
'•
543
R. H. Hooper . .
•'
20
544
George Phippen
Mar.
L
1847
545
John H. Titcomh .
. Apr.
19.
1847
546
H. L. Hazelton .*....
IS
. June
47-48
16,
1847
547
George TT. Bird ....
. Nov.
2,
1847
548
N. A. H. Ball . . .
"
549
John E. Clark- . .
Jan.
5.
184S
550
John W. Bartlett .
•'
6
'■
5.^1
W. K. Bat cock
"
11
1 >
55 i
C.H.Webb . . .
"
22
li
553
Elton R. Smilic . .
((
554
I. Louis Brackrtt
Mar.
16,
le4-
5.* 5
H. W. Fairbanks . .
"
(34)
MEMBERS.
1848-49
Sept
5,
1848
"
16
it.
"
26
"
"
27
"
1 . . .
n . . .
Dec.
9,
11
14
1848
Jan.
1,
1849
556 Henry V. Freeman
557 William Hawes
558 Isaac T. Safford
559 Gustavus V, Hall
560 Peter vS. Oilman
561 William H, VVadleigh
562 Samuel S. Tuckerman
563 Simeon S. Ames
564 Joseph A. Leonard
565 Henry S. Thomson
1849-50
566 William B. Bothamly .... Sept. 29, 1849
567 Gilbert Clark, Nov. 6, 1849
568 Joseph W. Foster " 15 "
569 John H. Proctor
570 Charles C. Perkins May 27,
1850
1850-51
571 Ebeu H. Frost Sept.
572 Geor;;e C. Richards Nov.
6, 1850 d
3, 1850 d
1851-52
573 Lyman B. Meston . .
574 George Fisher ....
575 James W. Rollins . . .
576 Joel F. Larrabee . . .
577 Charles C. Wentworth .
578 J. Haskell Long . . .
579 Edward Faxon . . .
580 Edward Hamilton . .
581 S. B. Ball
582 Loring B. Barnes . . .
583 George W. C. Washburn
584 J. H. Low
585 Irving I. Harwood . .
586 S. S. Clement . . . .
Sept.
Oct.
Nov
12,
20
29
23,
24
1,
1851
1851
1851
Dec. 11, 1851 *
Jan
18
29
6,
1852
1852-53
587 Edward L. Balch Sept.
588 Charles T. Sylvester ....
589 Charles H. Seavenis "
590 Louis N. Tucker
591 George W. Garland
592 C. Judson Merrill Oct.
593 Hiram S. Mathews
594 C. A. Perry "
595 William Kurtz
^'35;
14, 1852 r
18 "
21 •'
23 "
1, 1852
4 "
5 '♦
7 "
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND H^YDN SOCIETY.
596 Stephen Somes Oct. 9, 1852 ♦
596a W. F. Tvvitchell " 11 " d
597 Samuel H. Gregory^ " 12 " d
598 John C. Woods " 25 " d
599 Elisha Turner «♦ 27 "
600 Samuel M. Newhall " 30 '• d
601 Charles Butler Nov. 2, 1852 d
602 William Langley " 4 " *
603 Anselm Lothrop " •
604 William Dustin " 6 *' d
605 Charles S. Park ....:. «♦ ♦
606 D. B. Clements " 14 " d
607 Robert Kemp " 16 *' d
608 John Newell " d
609 George E. Gamage Dec. 15, 1852 d
610 G. William Hill " d
611 John J. Dyer " 16 " d
612 S. Nolen , "
613 Theophilus Stover " 28 " *
614 Tilou. Robinson Jan. 6, 1853 •
615 Edward B. Gurney " 15 " d
616 J. P. Draper " • d
617 J. W. Muuroe Feb. 1, 1853
618 Henry Stone " 9 " ♦
619 Robert M. Lowell ..... "
620 Edwin Brown " r
621 Edward C. Guild " 11 "
622 Samuel S. Chase " 14 " d
623 Samuel Carter " 16 "
624 A. W. Woodward " 24 " ♦
625 Daniel M. Adams " 25 " d
626 Nathan Sanborn " 26 " d
627 George H. Coney Mar. 5, 1853 d
628 Charles H. Chase " 9 " d
629 T. A. Upham " 22 " d
630 Alvan Kingman " 26 «* d
631 Josiah Hobart " r
632 John B. Edmands June 27, 1853 d
633 E. A. Newman July 4, 1853 ♦
1853-64
634 William D. Brewer .... Sept. 10, 1853 d
635 William L. Elliot " 16 " d
636 Charles E. Hill " 22 " d
637 John A. Peabody •♦
638 Thomas D. Morris " *
639 C. P. Weeks Oct. 8, 1853 d
640 J. H. L. Slayton "22 " d
641 Leonard 0. Grorer Nov. 5, 1853 d
(36)
MEiVlBERS.
€-42 Gardner Gove Nov. 5, 1853 d
643 Levi E.Day " d
644 John N. Dauforth " d
645 William Garrett "' 17 " r
646 David Alden " 18 " d
647 Asa Hull " 22 " .../.. d
648 George P. Cox " 26 " d
649 John B. Pewtress " *
650 Frank N. Scott Dec. 31, 1853 d
651 S. X. Watson Jan. 7, 1854 r
652 I. Henry K. Downes .... " 10 " r
6.53 George B. Melvin " 12 " d
654 George E. Hodge " d
655 Jonathan C. Woodman .... " d
656 Henry Leeds, Jr " 14 " d
657 Nathan Lincoln '*
658 J. J. Perkins Mar. 6, 1854 d
659 J. H. Shaw " d
1854-55
660 Hubt-rt Stone Oct. 6, 1854
661 William H. Pray '• 7 " d
662 Alfred Andrews " 10 " ...*.. d
663 H. W. Carstens " 12 " d
664 John T. Lyon " 17 " d
665 Alfred N. Proctor Nov. 4, 1854
666 Joseph W. Boynton " d
667 Joseph M. Shattuck " d
668 James Williams "
669 James Rice "
670 Ransom F. Evans " 17 "
671 Franklin J. Brazier " *
672 J. C. Page "
673 George W. Heywood .... " 25 " d
674 I. B. Benton " d
1855-56
675 D. Lyman Laws Oct. 3, 1855 *
676 S. F. Carter " 6 " *
677 George Dimond " 7 " d
678 Charles C. Poole " ......
679 William H. Gerrish " 8 " d
680 C. R. Hatch " 9 "
681 George Patten •' 11 "
682 John Appleton " 12 •' d
683 Marcus Morton " 13 " d
684 J. R. Miller " 20 " d
685 D. P. Lincoln " 22 "
686 0. Frank Clark a 97 ''
(37)
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
G87 C. T. Lano^ Nov
688 Oliver B. Lothrop
689 Horace W. Barry
690 E. G. Shaw
691 BeDJamin C. Vose
692 R. C. Metcalf
693 William Anderson
694 Charles R. Adams "
695 L. B. Hanaford Dec. U, 1856 d
696 C. Francis Chickering .... May 26, 1856 ......*
697 Henry T. Bryant June 16, 1856 d
1, 1855 d
10 "
12 "
14 " d
" r
d
d
1856-57
698 Isaac Woodward .
699 Ansel Pendergrass
700 Simeon Fuller . .
701 Charles H. Johnson
702 A. T. Bennett . .
703 James D. Kent
704 H. Farnara Smith
705 George M. Thacher
706 Charles P. Emerson
707 Frederick A. Searle
708 Curtis Brown . .
709 Charles W. Simmons
710 A. B. Brown . .
711 Frank Howard
712 Theron J. Dale .
713 Hiram Wilde . .
714 E. S. Howe . .
715 Arthur Hall . . .
716 William H. Johnson
717 Edmund T. Eastman
718 Thomas Pritchett (Chas
719 Nelson Mann . .
720 William B. Merrill
721' James M. F. Howard
722 C. E. Whiting . .
723 John W. Leatherbee
724 H. C. Barnabee .
725 George D- Capen .
726 George H. Chickering
7^7 Charles F. Browne
728 Lyman B. Meston
King)
Sept. 25, 1856 *
" 27 " *
Oct. 25, 1866 d
" ...
. . . d
((
*
...
. . . d
((
*
...
. . . d
" ...
. . . d
•' ...
*
((
. . . d
"
. . . d
...
. . . d
<4
. . . r
4t
. . . d
Dec. 22, 1856 . . .
. . . d
a
. . . d
" ...
. . . d
n
*
(C
. . . d
((
. . . r
" . . .
. . d
a
. . . d
Mar. 16, 1857 . . .
. . . d
May 5, 1857 . . .
. . . r
7 " . . .
. . . d
May 16, 1857 . . .
June 3, 1857 . . .
. . . d
" . . .
. . . d
729 Stillman J. Quimby
730 George W. Garland
731 Dexter Reeves, Jr.
1857-58
Dec. 16, 1857 Q
(38)
MEMBERS.
732 Samuel G. Parsons .
733 George W. Ware
734 William M. Goodridge
735 Augustus G. Greenwood
736 A. W. Brown . .
737 W. L. Wakefield .
738 B. L. Gushing
739 William S. Pelletier
740 Sebastian B. Schlessinger
741 W. Frank Mullin
742 Frederic Dame
743 E. W. White .
744 L. W. Johnson
745 O. B. Brown .
746 Reuben Dimond
747 Edward L. Balch
748 S. Lothrop Thorndike
749 Frederick O. Ellis
750 George W. Hindes
751 G. B. Pearson . .
752 Charles A. Gai;e .
753 George H. Nason
754 Chandler Wright .
765 Alanson Bigelow, Jr
756 W. H.Daniels . .
757 Charles P. Daniell
758 F. J. Whittemore . . (759)
769 George G. Colraan . . (758)
760 William C. Eustis
761 D. E. Washburn
762 Isaac Morehouse
763 F. K. Simonds
764 Oliver Edwards
765 Thomas E. Chickerin
Dec. 16, 1857
Mar. 19
Apr.
May
24
17
31
1858
1858
, 1858 r
...... d
d
d
d
1858-59
766 Alfred W. Bates Dec.
767 Caleb E. Niebuhr
768 A. B. Lincoln
768a Albert N. Daniels
769 H. Townsend
770 Charles W. Smith
771 Charles C. Ewer
772 Gideon T. Mansfield .... Feb.
773 George S. Cheney
774 0. L. Fuller
775 W. S. Ring
7, 1858 r
1859
(39)
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
776 J. A. Risinfr
777 Barlow Hall
778 H. A. Cook
779 John G. DuflV
780 Henry J. Sweny
781 Edwin Holmes
782 Royal Keith
783 John G. Tompson, Jr
784 John D. Long
786 Joseph Borrowscale
786 William H. Blood
787 George H. Bradford
788 John Haskins, Jr.
789 J. C. Wilson . .
790 Francis Y. B. Kern
791 Clinton V. Mason
792 Joseph H. Smalley
793 Leonard Denham
794 George W. Lawrence
795 John W. Kinnicutt
796 S. A. Rowland .
797 C. E. Howland .
798 George O. Brigham
799 A. F. Poole . . .
800 N. R. Andersen .
801 Daniel Nowlan . .
1859-60
Oct. 27, 1859 d
d
d
d
" • d
d
d
Jan.
1860
Mar. 8, 1800 d
July 23, 1860 d
1860-61
802 J. T. Croft . . .
803 Alfred E. An serge
804 W. F. Gale . .
805 Alonzo Leavitt
806 W. O. Perkins .
807 H. S. Perkins .
808 Robert G. Perry
809 S. D. Bassett .
810 John S. Sawyer
811 N. B. Boutwell
812 J. Baxter Upham
(809)
(805)
(806)
(807)
(808)
Oct. 23, 1860
Nov. 23, 1860
Dec. 29, 1860
Apr. 6, 1861 d
June 4, 1861
1861-62
818 Edwin Clapp Nov. 7, 1861
814 John H. Stickney '♦
815 Thomas Atkinson, Jr '*
816 Edward T. Cowdrey ....
817 John J. Henry " 14
818 D. B. Whittier Dec. 8, 1861
(40)
MEMBERS.
1862-63
819 Edwin A. Kimball Oct. 12, 1862 d
820 S. Frank Crockett Feb. 18, 1863 r
821 S. M. Downs " . . . . d
822 H. H. Beach •' r
823 G. Francis Topliflf " d
824 J. Kenned}- " d
825 Nathaniel Head " . . . . d
826 S. B. Colburn " d
1863-64
827 C. H. W. Wood ' Nov. 1, 1863 r
828 William H. Randall " r
829 Samuel P. Prentiss . .^ . . . " d
830 John W. Porter ...*... " r
831 William P. Butler " r
832 W^illiam D. Wiswell " *
833 M. Grant Danieli "
834 W.Trask Barry " d
835 William J. Hyde *' 8 "
836 Ch:irles T. Plimpton " d
837 Albert B. Cole " d
838 George P. Lasselle " d
839 Alfred H. McKenney .... " d
840 Francis T. Irish " d
841 Arthur Reed "
842 Charles E. Hosmer " d
843 J. F. Goddard " d
844 W. A. Richards "
845 George W. Jackson " d
846 H. O. Apthorp " r
847 J. B. Fiske '' d
848 John B. Goodrich " d
849 J. G. Smith " d
850 B. F. Bennett " r
851 Thomas H. Holland " d
852 S. W. Trowbridge " d
853 George Ilsley " d
854 Joseph Bird " ..... r
855 Horace Bird " d
856 Jacob Chany " d
1864-65
857 James J. Putnam Nov. 10, 1864 d
858 G. W.Lindsey '*
859 John C. Warren " r
860 George C. Wiswell "
861 E. D. Faulkner "
(41)
HISTORY OF THP: HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
862 George W. Spauldin^
863 L. G. Sylvester .
864 James L. Hunt
865 William F. Bradbury
866 T. W. Trowbridge
867 Charles A. Burditt
868 James W. Jones .
869 George H. Wentworth
870 L. H. Gurney .
871 Charles Howard
872 s. H. O. Hadley
873 H. E Holt . .
874 J. R. Hopkins .
875 H. H. Mansfield
876 Charles P. Putnam
877 George N. Spear .
878 Charles E. Hodgkins
879 George M. Brown
880 Harrison Conkey .
Nov. 10, 1864 . . .
. . . d
. . . (1
. . . d
. . . d
. . . r
. . . d
. . . d
. . . d
. . . d
. . . d
. . . d
March 2, 1865 . . .
. . . d
. . . d
. . . tl
. . d
. . . d
1865-66
881 James Perley Nov.
882 Charles Edwin Fuller ....
883 J. M. Lincoln
884 George H. S. Driver
885 H E. Valentine
886 S. H. Spaulding
887 T. C. Webb
888 J. Q. Chace
889 Samuel A. Aogier
890 William W. Bemis
891 J. A. Houston
892 Francis H. Underwood ....
893 Ellery C. Daniell
894 J. R. Winch
895 C. G. Dana
896 Martin Draper, Jr
897 A. J. Hadley
898 J. H. Badger
899 H. H. Boardman
900 J. Haven Hanson ......
901 James P. Hice
902 W. N. Lovering
903 L. W. Mason
904 J. F. Winch
905 Reuben Ring
906 G. H. Wood
907 Thomas B. Fitta
908 S. C. Harris
1, 1865
(42)
MEMBERS.
909 M. T. Eayrs Nov. 1, 1865 r
910 H. B. Farley " d
911 John D.Andrews "
912 James W. Cheney " d
913 Francis H. Jenks "
914 Porter S. Allen " d
915 Henry A. Coffin " 21 " *
916 George H. Newell " d
917 John A. Tompson "
918 D. B. Lyman . " d
919 Edward Y. White " d
920 R. Bourne " d
921 Samuel Jennison ' . "
922 John Wilson' " d
923 C. C. Bourne " d
924 Regis Chauvenet *' d
925 Lewis B. Monroe ...... " d
926 F. Henry Chad wick " d
927 G( orge P. Raymond " d
928 A. Parker Browne *'
929 F. H. Raymond ♦' r
930 G. Gravenhorst " r
931 James T. Drown " r
932 William H.Wilson " d
933 Charles W. Goddard " d
"534 E. A. Burbank Mar. 14, 1866
935 M. J. Mandell "
936 0. F. Wadsworth " r
937 J. P. Estabrook " d
938 Frank H. Lee " . ' d
939 T. Frank Reed " *
940 Leonard B. Adams " x*
941 Roger S. Rundlett "
942 William W. Richards .... " d
943 William N. Eayrs " 15 " d
944 Henry R. Stone " d
945 Frank A. Carpenter *' d
946 Charles F. King " *
1866-67
947 Henry J. Perkins Oct. 14, 1866 d
948 F. C. Loring, Jr Nov. 4, 1866 r
949 H. Loewe u 7 <. ,^
950 George W. West " d
951 Edward L. Norris " ...... d
952 D wight M. Turner ♦' d
953 E. G. Gardner " d
954 Henry B. Williams '! d
955 Joseph E. Keates «'
(43)
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
956 John Robertson . .
957 Henry F. Wight . .
958 Charles H. Danforth
959 E. S. Metcalf . .
960 Thomas G. Ford .
961 John N.Morse .
962 Samuel F. Williams
963 F. K. Drake, Jr. .
964 J. E. Perkins . .
965 Sewall A. Faunce
966 E. F. Lowe . .
967 Frank T. Eustis .
968 James P. Lewis .
969 C. A. Mooar . .
970 A. W. Edmands .
971 Charles R. Ahell .
972 Joseph S. Robinson
973 Frederic Dodge .
974 Rollin B. Fisher .
975 John A. Burrows
976 W. A. Webber .
977 Albert K. Hebard
978 George H. Meader
979 Henry D. Putnam
980 Richard W. Smith
981 George L. Gardner
982 J. Q. Henry . .
983 William Dodd .
984 J. R. Baldwin
985 Edmund S. Clark
986 Edward Stan wood
987 Ozias Goodwin .
988 N. O. Whitcomb
989 Lebbeus Leach, Jr.
990 William A. Packard
991 Amos M. Leonard
992 P. A. Butler . .
993 Charles M. Bassett
994 R. P. Wright. .
995 James M. Atwood
996 B. W. Hayes . .
997. Francis C. Ropes
998 George C. Mann .
999 Moses Carpenter
1000 H. K. White, Jr.
1001 Benjamin F. Dymond
1002 George W. Warren
Nov.
Jan.
1S66 . . .
. . . d
. . . d
. . . d
. . . d
. . . d
. . . d
. . . d
♦
28,
1867 . . .
. . . r
. . . d
. . . d
. . . d
. . . d
. . . d
. . . r
. . . d
. . . r
. . . r
. . . d
. . . d
May 9, 1867 d
7-68 y
Nov. 13, 1867
(1002)
(1001)
Mar. 26, 1
June 3, 1868
(44)
ME3IBERS.
1868-69
1003 L. P. Williams Nov. 19, 1868 d
1004 W. H. Freeman " d
1005 George C. Beckwith .... " d
1006 James E. R Hill "
1007 Jolm E. Hobbs "
1008 A. J. Teuney '< ^*
1009 C. B. Bradbury " r
1010 A. F. Perkins "
1011 Richard S. Whitney .... "
1012 William Lynch " d
1013 A. T. Tiittle " d
lOH A. M. Davis " r
1015 George T. Brown "
1016 E. H. Higley " r
1017 Edwin L. Haley " d
1018 Joseph W. Green, Jr " r
1019 W. I. G. Hayward " d
1020 Warren H. Gay " d
1021 Wilfrid A. Emery " d
1022 Jerome C. Hosmer " r
1023 H. M. Brown " r
1024 W. B. Rice " d
1025 Walter Deane " r
1026 Charles F. Folsom *' r
1027 N. S. Shattuck ...... " d
1028 Thomas Hall "
1029 Frederick E. Paine " d
1030 James Hamblet, Jr " ....... d
1031 Lewis B. Gnyer Feb. 8, 1869 ...*...
1032 J. C. Bartlett " d
1033 E. E. Adams " d
1034: William Liddell " d
1035 William R. Tarbell " d
1036 Granville J. Hobbs " d
1037 Albert M. Barnes " d
1038 J. W. Webster " d
1039 A. W. Merriam " r
1040 J. H. Woods " d
1041 Charles T. Sylvester .... *'
1869-70
1042 Francis A. Kemp Nov. 24, 1869 r
1043 George H. Muoroe "
1044 Arthur H. Wilson " d
1045 William S. Weymouth ... " d
1046 Horace B. Fisher "
1047 F. A. Leonard "
1048 James L. Taylor " d
(453
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
1049 Laban Sawyer Nov. 24, 18G9
1050 Walter Shepard
1051 W. W. Spiuilding
1052 Edward F.Chapin
1058 Otis E. Waitt
1054 W. E Ilolden
1055 Frank W. Lewis "
1«56 C. P. Spaulding
1057 W. E. Wood
1058 A. B. Chandler
1059 C. P. Metcalf
1060 H. C. Andrews
1061 Henry T. Mansfield ....
1062 D. Gilbert Dexter
1063 R. J. Chute
1064 Josiah Wheelwright ....
1065 Charles K. Cutter "
1066 E. D. Bradford
1067 John Rogers
1068 George A. Denham ....
1069 Selim Frost
1070 Abbott S. Coffin
1071 Henry M. Howe "
1072 Thomas Gurney
1078 Fred Senior
1074 Francis O. Lyman Apr. 9, 1870
1075 Eben N. Phinney "
1076 Albert J. West
1077 Joseph E. Ballon "
1078 Natkan K. Bacon "
1079 Thomas Leslie
1870-7^1
1080 Charles C. Noyes Oct. 2, 1870
1081 D. W. Noyes
1082 H. C. Lyon
1088 Henry C. KendaU Nov. 29, 1^70
1084 S. Walter Wales
1085 H. P. Blackraan ......
1086 E. H. Aiken
1087 Thomas W. Campbell ....
1088 W. H. M. Austin
1089 Edward E. Allen
1090 Henry S. Pray
1091 George U. Appleton .... "
1092 George S. Wheelwright ... "
1093 Arthur T. Cutler
1094 Edwin Merrick
1095 Edwin K. Rand "
(46)
MEMBERS.
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
110';
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
A. F. Koberts . .
D. S. Brigham . .
Justin D. LitchfieM
William Croswell .
W. H. Proud foot .
F. M. French . . .
\V. Bradford . . .
"W. George Alden
Andrew J. Lloyd
George H. Rugg . .
am
Branklin G. Fessenden
Edward '^. Dodge .
Edward H. Jones
James A. Wentworth
Moses P. Home . .
Harry Benson . .
Frank B. Wilder .
E. F. Ballon . . .
F. G. Reynolds . .
Isaac K. Proctor . .
G. W. Oakraan . .
A. B Smalley . .
Charles S. Stone
Charles B. Codding
George B. Frothingh:
Gustavus A. Puffer
Thomas Grieves .
J E. Pardrill . .
J. B. Shaw . .
E. P. Miller . .
Maurice H. Richardson
Isaac H. Putnam
H. F. Cary . . .
Frank H. Hathorne
David Dilley . . .
Benjamin Conant .
T. H. B. Witter . .
C. B. Fillebrown .
A. A. McFarlane
J. Q. A. Brackett .
Eli A. Sawtelle . .
C. W. Chase . . .
Benjamin H. Fabens
Daniel L. Tower
William M. Lawrence
J. W. Foster . . .
Benjamin F. Gilbert
I. C. Collins . . .
W. W. Davis . . .
Nov. 29, 1870 d
d
" r
d
" r
" r
d
r
r
r
" r
d
d
d
d
d
" r
d
r
d
d
d
d
" *
" *
d
d
...... d
d
r
d
d
d
d
" r
r
d
" r
d
d
d
d
" r
Apr. 20, 1871 d
d
d
d
(47;
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
1871-72
1145 Richard H. Soule Nov. 12, 1871 d
1146 D. A. Alden "
1147 S. S. M(jrgan " d
1148 Clarence E. Hay " r
1149 John R. Lander " r
1150 Cnarles O. Brooks " d
1151 A. F. Belcher " d
1152 J. C. Inches " r
1153 Richard Beeching "
1154 William H. Bunton " .......
1155 George A. Bunton " r
1156 Robert W. Willson " d
1157 Atkins N. Cooke " d
1158 H. C. Hopkins " d
1159 Austin C. Wellington .... " r
1160 William A. Holmes .... "
1161 C. F. Piper " d
1162 John W. Bird " r
1163 James L. Hillard "
1164 Theodore Sutro " d
1165 E. C. Waterman " d
1166 W. K. Webb *' r
1167 J. R. Leeson " r
1168 Carlos Nudd " r
1169 Frank H. Pierce " 19 " d
1170 Monroe W. Hatch " d
1171 Samuel S. Waterman .... " d
1172 Joseph H. Alden " d
1173
1174 Louis H. Parkhurst .... Dec. 9, 1871 d
1175 Charles K. Hinkley .... Feb. 25, 1872 d
1176 Kimbal J. Fenno " ...... r
1177 J. S. Abbott " r
1178 Seth W. Kelley Mar. 3, 1872 d
1179 E. O Young " d
1180 Charles A. Cox " r
1181 E. R. Morse '* 10 " d
1182 R. J. Elder " ......
1183 N. E. Saville " d
1184 William H. Elliott " 17 " r
1185 W. T. Barker " d
1186 W. H. Lyon May 5, 1872 d
1187 Frank W. Knowles " d
1188 A. L. Bearse " r
1189 George E. Henry "
1190 A. G. Dow " d
1191 George H. Hull, Jr " r
1192 A. S. Dabney " d
(48)
MEMBERS.
1193 G.W.Brett May 5, 1872 d
1194 H. J. Hallgrien " d
1195 J.W.Webster " d
1196 H. S. Foster " d
1197 G. I. Favor " d
1198 Walter S. Swan " d
1199 T. F. Bigelow " d
1200 George F. Millikeii " r
1201 John P. Lyman, Jr '♦ r
1202 Lawrence L. Wagner .... " d
1203 George D. Emerson .... " 12 " r
1204 Charles E. Clark " r
1205 (reorge H. S. Driver .... " 19 " d
120G Lucius L. Hubbard .... "^26 " d
1207 William W. W inward .... " ^1
1208 William H. Hunt Jane 2, 1872 d
1873-74
1209 Henry J. Perkins Oct. 26, 1873 d
1210 George F. Daniels Jan. 24, 1874
1211 Charles Harts " 25 " r
1212 Frank T. Ware '•
1213 N. F. Lincoln '^
1214 John Denton " d
1215 Eugene B. Hagar "
121t; A. Metzger, Jr " d
1217 Horace Frail " d
1218 Reginald Austin " d
1219 Henry N. Marr " r
1220 Frederick P. Fish " r
1221 Nathan H. Dole " d
1222 C. H. Newcomb " d
1223 William K. Sawyer " r
1224 Charles W. Stone "
1225 Henry K. Adams Feb. 1, 1874 r
1226 Henry G.Carey " r
1227 John Midgley " r
1228 George H. Wilson " r
1229 George E. Richardson ... " d
1230 T. L. Talbot " d
1231 Lowell M. Cooke " d
1232 Charles E. Munroe " r
1233 L. K. Palmer '• « " ...... d
1234 John A. Lowell " 15 " r
1235 Seth W. Kelley " d
1874-75
1236 F. M. Kilmer , Dec. 12, 1874 ...... r
1237 Andrew D. Ward " d
(49)
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
Dec. 12, 1874 d
" 13 " r
" r
20 •• d
d
Jan. 3, 1875 d
" r
d
Apr. 4, 1875 d
r
d
11 " d
" r
25 " d
28 " d
re
Dec. 12, 1875 d
d
r
" r
d
18 " d
19 " d
d
" r
" 29 " d
Jan. 9, 1876
d
16 " r
d
Feb. 6, 1876 . d
27 " ...... d
Apr. 15, 1876 r
20 " d
May 9, 1876 *
10 "
" 11 " d
1876-77
1279 Thomas A. Davin Nov. 25, 1876 ...... r
1280 VValter C. Harris Jan. 6, 1877 r
1281 Horace C. Sherman .... " 7, " ...... d
1238
Frank G. Crandale .
.
1239
W. J. Windrara . .
,
1240
William S. Fenollosa
1241
George E. Bogle . .
.
1242
Albert G. Pike . .
1243
Thomas H. Hall . .
.
1244
Herbert Rice . . .
1245
W. D. Brewer . .
1246
C. R. Fullertou . .
.
1247
Philo Peabodv . .
.
1248
Fred R. Merritt . .
.
1249
Charles E. Swett .
1250
George H. Lowe
1251
J. K. Berrv . . .
1252
A. B. Furlong . . .
1253
1^'rank S. Thayer .
1875-
1254
8. H. Swain
1255
J. H. Chase . . .
1256
Charles H. Cole . . .
1257
Benjamin L. Knapp
1258
George F. Forbes .
1259
Rufus Pendleton
1260
S. F. Robinson . .
1261
John P. Putnam . . .
1262
Franklin H. Newell
1263
H. A. Hall ....
1264
Robert D. Andrews
1265
Arthur F. Burnett .
1266
D. L. Rand . . .
1266a Jerome C. Hosmer . .
1267
William M. Richardson
.
1268
Ernest F. Fenollosa .
1269
Charles F. Folsom . .
1270
Albert J. West . .
1271
F. W. Rollins . .
1272
Parke W. He wins .
1273
Ralph W. Ellis . .
1274
F. B. Keene . . .
1275
C. Daniels ....
1276
Leopold Lobsitz . .
1277
W F. Warren . .
1278
L. J. Fuller . . .
(.50)
MEMBERS.
1282 William Datemple Jan. 7, 1877
1283 W. G. McKown
1284 F. F. Favor
1285 F. B. Wilder
1286 Charles C. Roby
1287 Fred A. Carney "
1288 Richard H. Kidder " 13
1289 G. H. Hudson " 14
1290 S. T. Wentworth
1291 John W. Dalzell Feb. 18,1877
1292 J. K. S. Pearson Mar. 14, 1877
1293 E. H. Smith " 18
1294 W. W. Keays
1295 Georj?e W. Blodgett .... «'
129G J. E. Smith
1297 A. C. Patten
1298 William T. Souther .... " 20
1299 Alvah Crocker
1300 Philip F. Chace
1301 Georoje A. Lord .
1302 F. W. Emerson .
1303 Walter Jenney .
1304 ^ Harry A. Bolan .
1305 Georue C. Augell
1306 W. H. PaysoQ .
1307 George H. Woods
1308 Thomas M. Noyes
1309 Fred. M. Smith .
1310 Henry M. Brown
1311 H. C. Prentiss .
1312 John D.- Billings
1313 Preston Wilcox .
1314 William I. Hoyt .
1315 V.R.Pierce . .
1316 R. E. Newhall .
1317 JoelC. Bolan . .
1318 George T. Elliot .
1319 Philo Peabody .
1320 Rufus Pendleton
1321 Charles W. W. Wellin
1322 John A. Harris .
1323 George H. Sturtevant
1324 CharlfS A. Clark
1325 Frederick E. Long
1326 Lewis H. Corliss
1327 Charles \V. Smith
1328 E. P. Fdunce . .
ton
1877-78
Oct. 3, 1877 d
Dec. 2, 1877 r
r
d
r
30
15
18
20
24
Apr. 13, 1878 ' . *
(51)
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1340
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
F. O. Leonard Apr.
Arthur C. A'ose
F. F. Preble
W. M. Barrett May
N. J. Hall "
William A. Blake
Herbert E. Greene June
1878-79
James E. Miller
Rosea S. Ballou
A. D. Coombs
James L. Mills
Charles S. Gooding
Henry E. Cooper
Edward Stickney
Arthur C. Buttrick
Benjamin J. Bowen
H. F. Eveleth
Walter S. Frost
Harry G. Wells
W. R. Eaton .
W. Worcester
A. T. Marston
A. S. Johnston
A. W. Brigiis .
J. B. Scamman
J. D. Buckingham
Josiah Wheelwright
John F. Newton, Jr
W. J. Lowder
A. R. Underwood
L. M. Eldridge .
J. B. Dunnels
W. A. Woodward
W. L. Titus . .
F. C. Shepard .
William B. Phelps
J. F. Powers . .
R. J. Huntley. .
R. T. Williams .
(1365)
(1361)
(1362)
(1363)
(1364)
Henry W. Lamb . .
George H. Webster, Jr
Charles P. Stimpson
A. N. Howes . . .
N. Wardner Williams
John Roraback . .
W. L. Whitney . .
Henry B. Brown . .
Dec.
13, 1878 d
d
28 "
1, 1878 ....
2 " ....
11 " ....
3, 1878 ....
Mar.
Nov. 10, 1878 d
" ...... r
d
17
((
22
1,
8
11
12
14
11,
13
14
15
19
26
31
1878
1879
(52)
MEMBERS.
1879-80
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
138G
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1416
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
Samuel M.Bedlington ri384)
(1379)
(1380)
(1388)
(1390)
(1382)
(1389)
(1392)
(1381)
(1383)
(1378)
(1387)
(1393)
(1386)
(1394)
(1391)
(1385)
(1377)
Nov,
Jan.
Edwin R. Eaton .
Walter A. Adams
Charles L. Marston
Selah Howell . .
Albert J. Pratt .
L. N. Howe . .
Tilden G. Abbott
Thomas Hooper, Jr
John A. Barri
William H. Guild
H. A. Davis, Jr. .
S. A. Sargent . .
John W. Estle .
Julius H. Waterbury
William H. Harlow
Chauncey M. Hatch
Henry L. Marindin
William I. Howell
W. H. Pelton . .
A. Sydney Acker .
Eben H. Chapin
W. A. A. Gardner
C. R. Teele . .
Charles F. P. Burchmore
Edw^ard T. Remick
John E. Svvett
Lewis M. Palmer
T. L. Roberts
H. r. Gage . .
Sanford C. Chase
C. E. Stephenson
George R. Beyerle
1880-81
1). B.Harding Dec.
William Fowler
H. N. Redfern ''
William S. Richardson . . .
J. F. Malette Jan.
C. D. Stanford
N. G. Brinsmade "
Edward Barnes *'
Edward T. Cabot
J. R. Baldwin
C. Winther
M. 1'. Denton May
Alton Faunce
Sept.
Oct.
22,
8,
18
18
22
1,
10
1,
21
28
30
May 27,
23,
24
8
11
17
30,
1879 *
1879
r
r
r
" r
d
d
r
r
d
d
1879 d
1880 d
" d
" r
d
d
d
d
,d
*d
1880
d
r
d
♦
d
d
1880 d
" d
d
1881 d
r
" d
•' r
. . ..... r
r
1881 r
(53)
HISTOKY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
1423 F. A. Bayley May 30, 1881 r
1424 Charles H. Curaings .... " r
1425 H. V. Hayes " d
1426 C. P. King " d
1881-82
1427 Louis F. Brown Dec. 19, 1881 r
1428 W. H. Coffey "
1429 J. Frank Williams •' ^
1430 W. J. Meadowy " r
1431 N. W. Treadwell " 22 " r
1432 E. E. Gorham " 23 " d
1433 E. W. Hatch " 24 " *
1434 W. E. C. Rich " 31 "
1435 G. W. McKinnon Jan. 6, 1882
1436 Jarvis B. Keen " 16 " r
1437 Henry H. Turner " 21 "
1438 H. A. Moore " d
1439 C. F. Davis Apr. 22, 1882 d
1440 Clarence H. Pike " 24 "
1441 Charles P. Pond " d
1442 Robert S. Nodine, Jr ** 25 " d
1443 Edwin A. Brooks " r
1444 Thomas W. Proctor .... " r
1445 Ira G. Stevens " d
1446 Thomas A. Lambert .... ♦'
1447 William S. Randall ♦' r
1448 Francis A. Kemp " d
1449 Francis P. Trench " r
1450 H. D. Young . '« d
1451 L. C. Hascall «•
1452 H. S. Fletcher May 9, 1882 d
1453 Isaac W. Risdon "
1454 G.W.Whitney " 15 "
1455 Willis H. Freeman " 17 "
1456 H. E. Sanderson " r
1457 T. F. Davis " d
1458 Otis F. French " 18 " r
1459 E. J. Hersey "
1460 Charles R. Draper "
1461 George Knight " 19 " d
1462 H. A. Hall " 24 " d
1463 J. H. Seaverns ♦' 26 " r
1464 W. K. Sawyer " 29 '«
1465 Charles H. West June 21, 1882 d
1466 Joseph H. Chadbourne ... •' d
1882-83
1467 J. C. DeLaney Sept. 18, 1882 d
1468 David Lockhart " 26 " d
(54)
MEMBERS.
U69
Clarence W. Ayer .
1470
J. Q. A. Brackett .
1471
G. W. Walton . .
1472
P. R. Eaton . . .
1473
C. S. Davis . . .
1474
C. A. Harvey . . .
1475
J. W. Batchelder .
1476
F. W. Porter . . .
1477
C. L. Gerrauld . .
1478
George H. Brown .
1479
E. A. Leonard . .
1480
Ralph H. lawyer .
1481
David G Eldridge, Jr
1482
George A. Nesmith
1483
Charles C. Parkyn .
1484
William U. Swan .
1485
Oliver E. Simmons
1486
Hugo Roeder . . .
1487
Chandler Wright .
1488
L. G. Ripley . . .
1489
L. C. Johonnot . .
1490
G. N. P. Mead . .
1491
A. S. Joyner . . .
1492
Clarence A. Marshall
1493
Ernest S. Jack . .
1494
Robert L. White .
1495
C. P. Harkins . .
1496
Thomas S. Napier .
1497
Harrv Holden . .
1498
Charles H. Cumings
1499
Henry C. Hackett .
1500
Albert F. Roberts .
1501
Franklin K. Gifford
1502
Herbert Harris . .
1503
Robert Codman, Jr.
1504
Charles W. Dimick
1504a Otis Tufts . . .
1505
Orion S. Taylor . .
1506
Joseph R. Worcester
1507
Warren A. E. Fish .
1508
Elijah A. Wood . .
1509
Albert E. Dobbs
1510
John Marten . . .
1511
Dexter P. Whittemore
1512
Andrew W. Turner
1513
Edgar F. Stevens .
1514
George M. Cranitch
1515
Daniel S. Harkins .
Sept. 30, 1882 r
Oct. 4, 1882 r
d
d
d
...... d
May
1883-84
Oct.
Dec,
May
4,
5
7
10
12
15
17
22
23
24
28
1883
11, 1883 r
3, 1883 d
4 " d
Feb. 13, 1884 r
"16 " r
25. " d
Apr. 12, 1884 r
Apr. 23, 1884 r
3, 1884 r
d
6
12
15
(55)
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
1616 James Ryan .
1517 George J. Ferreir.i
1518 Henry D. Goodale
1519 Samuel L. Hills .
1520 Walter G. Clark .
May 16, 1884 d
20 " r
28 " r
June 7, 1884 r
1521
C. Edwin Jarvis
1522
William L. Brown .
1523
Charles H. Dodge .
1524
W. H. Briggs . .
1525
A. H. Morris . . .
1526
George E. Baxter .
1527
S. H. Cutting . . .
1528
Joseph O'Connor
1529
Walter G. Morey
1530
Henry C. Parker .
1531
Walter C. Hobbs .
1532
D. L. Billings . .
1533
Cecil H. Cummings .
1534
J. M. Gorrie . . .
1535
I. P. Horton . . .
1536
J. M. Campbell . .
1537
H. W. BuUard . .
1538
P. D. Houghton . .
1539
H. Tracy Balcora .
1540
Charles B. Perkins .
1541
William H. Snow .
1542
Edward P. Bovnton
1543
Ernest N. Bagg . .
1544
Charles P. Worcester .
1545
Charles A. Stowers .
1546
Arthur H. Frost . . .
1547
Frank M. Leavitt .
1548
Arthur W. Sim . .
1549
Joseph L. Caverly .
1550
William C. Greene .
1551
James Matheson . .
1552
Fred. S. Johnson
1553
W. Frank Grieves .
1554
Sidney F. Smith . .
1555
George F. Dunham .
1556
William D. Brewer, Jr
1557
Nathaniel G. Chapin
1558
William L. Thompson
1659
Edward A. F. Gore .
1660
William S. Swett .
1884-85
Sept. 21, 1884 d
25 "
26 "
27 "
Oct. 2, 1884 r
4 " r
12 " d
d
" r
18 "
20 "
25
Nov.
6,
10
1884
Dec.
1,
1884
Feb.
7,
1885
May
26.
29
1885
June
1,
1885
i(
4
((
a
5
((
< c
6
"
"
15
i(
i(
22
"
1885-86
Sept. 21, 188". r
23 " r
Oct. 5, 1885
d
12 " r
Nov. 19, 1885 d
Feb. 24, 1886 r
May 31, 1886
June 3, 1886 r
(56)
MEMBERS.
ir.6i
Charles A. Call . . .
. . . June 8, 1886 . .
1562
Herbert Merriam . .
. "9 " . .
1563
John G. Russell . . .
" 21 " . .
. . . . r
1564
Walter C. Martin . . .
" 22 " . .
1565
Henry K. Limbert . . .
. .
•
1566
Richard C. Rankin . . .
. .
1567
Charles C. Ryder . .
. " 23 " . .
. . . . r
1568
David Harrison ....
'^ 24 " . .
1569
Frederick W. Kettelle . .
- 28 " . .
1670
Robert H. Richards . .
July 3, 1886 . .
1571
Marcus A. Perkins . . .
9 " . .
♦
1572
Karl A. Rydinjjsviird .
" 12 " . .
. . . . d
1573
George P. Kendrick . .
" 20 " . .
. . . . d
1886-87
1574 George H. Barney .
1575 George W. Egerton
1576 William W. Burnham
1577 Albert H. Larason .
1578 William H. Mitchell
1579 Lewis W. Roe .
1580 Frank H. Sprague
1581 Frank E. Uphara .
1582 Willis P. Howard
1583 Henry B. Adams .
1584 Harry W, Johnson
1585 AUiston Greene .
1586 Owen J. Curley .
1687 David L. Rand .
1588 Wellington Wells
1589 C. Frederick With
1590 Lewis W. Cutting
1591 William B. Ropes
1592 Osborne N. Sargent
1593 Arthur B. Moorhouse
1594 John G. Howard
1595 Charles E. Alexander
1696 Frank W. Patch . .
1597 Blewett H. Lee . .
1598 Herbert G. Aldrich .
1599 Charles A. Phinney
1600 Frederick Fox, Jr. .
1601 Harold B. Warren .
1602 George A. Hanson .
1603 Charles W. Edwards
1604 Leonard J. Manning
1605 Edward H. Kidder .
1606 Samuel A. Davis .
Sept. 24, 1886 r
Oct. 2, 1886 d
May 30, 1887 d
June 6, 188^
18
20
21
22
23
25
27
28
29
30
(57;
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
1607 Albert N. Page . .
1608 Lyman 0. Dennison
1609 Sumner Coolidge .
1610 Henry M. Esselen .
1611 Frank M. Copeland .
1612 Edward N. Ainsworth
1613 Charles E. Fitz . .
1614 William H. Henderson
1615 William N. Eustis .
1616 Joseph H. McKenna
1617 George E. Bonney .
1618 Glenn R. Gardner .
1619 Harry H. Smith . .
1620 Howard Frisbee . .
1621 George H. Kattenhorn
1622 Charles O. Bourne .
1623 Harlan F. Newton .
1624 William P. Chadwick
1625 Joseph W. Belcher .
1626 Edward A. Smith .
1627 George F. Hulslander
1628 Charles H. Fernald .
1629 William F. HoU . .
July 12, 1887 r
28 " r
1887-88
Oct. 17, 1887 r
May 21, 1888
23 "
26 " *
28
June 1, 1888 r
16
"
((
** 20
"
((
•' 22
-
July 9,
1888
12
1888-89
1630 Frank J. Hale . .
1631 Arthur W. Chesterton
1632 Adolph Eberius . .
1633 John B. Barton . .
1634 Albert M. Phelps .
1635 Henry D. Young
1636 Whittle Poor . . .
1637 Henry B. Ashton .
1638 Frank R. Bodwell .
1639 Chester W. Purington
1640 Alfred E. May ell .
1641 Frank M. Tuttle .
1642 George W. M. Given
1643 Nathan R. George, Jr.
1644 Walter P. White .
1645 Walter E. Henderson
1646 Edward R. Maxwell
1647 Mercer B. Moody .
1648 George H. Rose . .
1649 Arthur H. Whittemore
1(550 John Stalker ....
1651 Edward L. Cleveland, Jr
Oct.
Nov.
Apr.
4, 1888
5
0, 1888
1, 1889
(58)
MEMBERS.
1652 William J. Luker Apr. 11,
1653 John A. Fish . .
1654 Wilton H. Despar
1655 Clement C. Hyde
1656 Wilbur O. Hi^jrins
1657 Frederick 0. Houghton ..." 19
1658 Mackintosh Scott
1659 Herbert H. Bates
1660 John C. Ballou .
1661 James H. Kenney
1662 Rowland H. Barnes
1663 James Durham .
1664 Harry P. Dyer .
1665 Willard E. Ryder
1666 Howard F. Quick
1667 Ralph B. Savage
1668 John H. W. Fraser
1669 Herbert E. Kenney
1670 Jesse L. Nelson .
1671 Wilson R. Butler
1672 Francis A. Shove
1673 Frank P. Gowing
1674 Frank D. Swope
1675 George F. Blake Apr.
1676 Sidney Taylor May
1677 George S. Cheney
1678 Charles Teasdale
1679 Almon H- Morris
1680 Prentiss A. Allen
1681 Lewis P. Everett
1889-90
1682 William A. Parks Oct.
1683 A. Hillis Boyd
1684 John M. Phipps Nov.
1685 Arthur Reddish May
1686 Isaac F.Kingsbury
1687 Clinton A. Ricker
1688 Justin F. Emery June
1689 George L.Ruffln
1690 Oliver H. Clark, Jr
1691 Harry N. Redman
1692 Charles H. Harmon .... June
1693 Charles A. Gould .
1694 Frederick P. Kidder
1695 Fritz H. Small . .
1696 Louis S. Brigham .
1697 James W, Loveland
1698 Charles F. Harper .
25,
1,
11
16
22
3,
8
20,
26,
6,
1889
r
r
" d
r
d
d
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
d
1889 r
1889
1889
r
1889
1890 r
1890 r
d
1890
" r
" r
r
(59)
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
1G99 Leonard M. Allen
1700 John H. Child
1701 H. S. Fletcher .
1702 James C. Reid .
1703 George M. Brooks
1704 Hobart E. Cousens
1705 Frank P. Ball . .
1706 Frank R. Moore .
1707 Charles S. Havves
1708 James D. Gordon
1709 Lawrence Whitcomb
1710 Edward P. McKissick
1711 Joseph Westwood .
1712 Jesse Johnson . .
1713 Murdock McNeil
1714 Albert N. Page . .
1715 Edmund H. Lansing
1716 Harris E. Sawyer .
1717 Edwin B. Leavitt .
June 21, 1890 r
23 " r
d
•* 24 " r
" 25 " r
" r
•' r
" r
26 "
Oct. 23, 1890
Nov. 2, 1890 *
24 " . .
29 ' r
Jan. 29, 1891
Feb. 7, 1891 r
(60)
MEMBERS
ALPHABETICALLY A ]{ K A N G E D
* indicates that membership was terminated by death;
Abell, Charles R Jan.
Abbott, J. S Feb.
Abbott, Tildeu G Oct.
Acker, A. Sydney Jan.
Adams, Charles P Dec.
Adams, Charles R Nov.
Adams, Daniel M Feb.
Adams, E. E Feb.
Adams, Edward R Oct.
Adams, Henry B June
Adams, Henry K Feb.
Adams, Isaac Nov.
Adams, J. H. Jr Nov.
Adams, Joseph Aug.
Adams, Leonard B Mar.
Adams, Walter A Oct.
Aiken, E. H Nov.
Aiken, Edward H Nov.
Aiken, Henry M Jan.
Aikin, James R Nov.
Ainsworth, Edward N May
Alden, D. A Nov.
Alden, David Nov.
Alden, Joseph H Nov.
Alden, W. George Nov.
Aldrich, Herbert G June
Alexander, Charles E June
Alexander, Ebenezer, Jr Dec.
Alexander, Emery Sept,
Alexander, Henry F Jan.
Alexander, James Jan.
Alexander, Lucius D Feb.
Allen, Allstou Jan.
Allen, Charles P Dec.
Allen, Edward E Nov.
Allen, Henry Apr.
Allen, Leonard M June
Allen, Porter S Nov.
(61)
r, by resignation; d, by discharge.
28, 1867 .
r
25, 1872 .
r
13, 1879 .
d
30, 1880 .
d
6, 1842 .
r
14, 185.0 .
25, 1853
d
8, 1869
d
6, 1829 .
r
11, 1887
1, 1874
r
10, 1818 .
r
11, 1844
3, 1815 .
r
14, 1866 .
r
8, 1879 .
r
29, 1870 .
r
4, 1834
d
15, 1844
r
4, 1834
26, 1888
*
12, 1871
18, 1853
d
19, 1871
d
29, 1870
r
25, 1887
d
22, 1887 .
r
7, 1824
*
7, 1824
d
20, 1833
.
.
*
6, 1844
. d
4, 1834
d
15, 1837 .
r
7, 1824
d
29, 1870
d
10, 1842
*
21, 1890
V
1, 1865
. d
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
Allen, Prentiss A May 10, 1889
Allen, Silas, Jr Aug. 7, 1882
Ames, Simeon S Dec. U, 1848 d
Anderson, N. R Mar. 8, 1860 d
Anderson, William Nov. 14, 1855 d
Andrews, Alfred Oct. 10, 1854 d
Andrews, Caleb Nov. 9. 1815 r
Andrews, H. C Nov. 24, 1869 d
Andrews, John D. * Nov. 1, 1865
Andrews, Robert D Dec. 19, 1875 d
Angell, George C Dec. 2, 1877 r
Angier, Samuel A Nov. 1, 1865 d
Ansorge, Alfred E Nov. 23,- 1860 d
Appleton, George C Nov. 29, 1870 r
Appleton, John Oct. 12, 1855 d
Apthorp, II. O Nov. 8. 1863 r
Ashton, Henry B Apr. 11, lft89
Atkinson, Thomas, Jr Nov. 7, lfc61
Atwood, James M Nov. 13, 1867 d
Austin, Reginald Jan. 25, 1874 d
Austin, W. H. M Nov. 29, 1870 r
Averill, James Oct. 3, 1820 d
Ayer, Clarence W Sept. 30, 1882 r
Babcock, W. R Jan. 11, 1848 d
Bacon, James G Oct. 3, 1820 r
Bacon, Nathan K Apr. 9, 1870 *
Badger, David J Mar. 13, 18i3 d
Badger, J. H Nov. 1, 1865 r
Badger, Thomas, Jr Nov. 23, 1815 *
Bagg, Ernest N June 1, 1885 r
Bailey, Joseph Original member *
Baker, Benjamin F Apr. 16, 1837 *
Baker, Elisha Original member *
Balch, Edward L Sept. 14, lf<52, Dec. !6, 1857 . *
Balcom, H. Tracy Feb. 7, 1885 d
Baldwin, J. R Nov. 13, 1867, Jan. 17, 1881 . r
Baldwin, Thaddeus Nov. 19, 1816 r
Ball, Abper Feb. 2, 1821 d
Ball, Frank P June 25, 1890 r
Ball, N. A. H Nov. 2, 1847 d
Ball, Nahum Dec. 3, 1822 d
Ball, S. B Dec. 11, 1851 *
Ball, Thomas Oct. 21, 1838, Apr. 3. 1846 . . *
Ballou, E. F Nov. 29, 1870 d
Ballon, Hosea S Nov. 10, 1878 r
Ballou, John C Apr. ID, 1889 d
Ballou, Joseph E Apr. 9, 1870 d
(62)
MEMBERS.
Bangs Thomas G May 2, 1816 d
Barker, Albert G Apr. 16, 1837 r
Barker, Jedediah Oct. U, 1817 d
Barker, Theodore T Jan. 6,1841 d
Barker, W. T Mar. 17, 1872 d
Barnabee, H. C May 5, 1857 r
Barnes, Albert M Feb. 8, 1869 d
Barnes, Benjamin, Jr Apr. 2, 1816 d
Barnes, Edward Jan. 11, 1881 d
Barnes, Loring B Dec. 11, 1851 *
Barnes, Rowland H Apr. 19, 1889 r
Barnes, Samuel H Feb. 4, 1847 d
Barney, George H Sept. 24, 18H6 r
Barrett, Silas June 1, 1815 *
Barrett, W. M May 1, 187s d
Barri, John A Oct. 18, 1879 r
Barrus Horace G Feb. 17, 1839 d.
Barry, Horace W Nov. 12, 1855
Barry, W. Trask Nov. 1, 1863 d
Bartlett, Hosea Apr. 5, 1825 d
Bartlett, John Dec. 6, 18i5 *
Bartlett, John W Jan. 6, 1848 d
Bartlett, J. C Feb. 8, 1869 d
Barton, John B Apr. 11, 1889
Bassett, Charles M Nov. 13, 1867 d
Bassett, S. D Dec. 29, 1860 d
Batchelder, J. W Oct. 4, 1»82
Bates, Alfred W Dec. 7, 1858 r
Bates Edmund Dec. 22, ltt39 d
Bates Herbert H Apr. 19, 1889
Bawn, George Sept. 7, 1815 r
Baxter, George E Oct. 4,1884 r
Bayley, F. A May 30, 1881 r
Beach, H. H Feb. 18, 1863 r
Bearse, A. L May 5, 1872 r
Beck,. Charles May 2, 1816 d
Beckwith, George C Nov. 19, 1868 d
Bedlington, Samuel M Sept. 22, 1879 *
Beeching, Richard Nov. 12, 1871
Belcher, A. F Nov. IJ, 1871 d
Belcher, John H Mar. 16,1820 d
Belcher, Joseph W June 20, 1888
Bemis, William W Nov. 1,1865 r
Bennett, A. T Oct. 25, 1856 d
Bennett, B. F Nov. 8, 1^63 r
Benson, Harry Nov. 29, 1870
Benton, I. B Nov. 25,1854 ...... d
Berry, J. K Apr. 11, 1875 r
Beyerle, George R May 27, 1880 d.
(63)
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
Bickford, Abraham Dec. 20, 1825 d
Bicknell, Charles Jan. 2, 1821 d
Bicknell, James T Dec. 6, 1842 *
Bigelow, Abraham O Aug. 1(5, 1836 *
Bigelow, Alanson, Jr Mar. 19, 1858 r
Bigelow, John Aug. 14, 1831 *
Biglow, Lyman Aug. 2, 1825 d
Bigelow, T. F May 5, 1872 d
Billings, D. L Oct. 20, 1884
Billings, John D Dec. 9. 1877 r
Bingham, Jonathan Oct. 7, 1817 r
Bird, George W Nov. 2, 1847 *
Bird, Horace Nov. 8, 1863 d
Bird, Isaac Nov. 18, 1817 *
Bird, John W Nov. 12, 1871 r
Bird, Joseph Nov. 8, 1863 r
Blackman, IL P Nov. 29, 1870
Blake, George F Apr. 25, 1889 r
Blake, William Oct. 7, 1817 r
Blake. William A May 11,1878 d
Blaney, S. K Jan. 13, 1833 d
Blodgett, George W Mar. 18, 1877
Blood, William H Oct. 27, 1^59 d
Boardman. H. H Nov. 1, 1865 d
Bodwell, Frank R Apr. 11, 1889
Bogle, George E Dec. 13, 1874
Bolau, Harry A Dec. 2, 1877 d
Bolan, Joel C Dec. 30, 1877 d
Bonney, George E May 28, 1888 r
Borrowscale, Joseph Oct. 27, 1859 d
Boihamly, William B Sept. 29, 1849 d
Bourne, Abner Original member *
Bourne, C. C Nov. 21, 1865 d
Bourne, Charles O June 16, 1888 r
Bourne, R Nov. 21, 1865 d
Boutwell, N. B Apr. 6, 1861 d
d
, . . . . r
d
Bowditch, Jonathan, Jr Mar. 6, 1821 . . . .
Bowen, Benjamin J Nov. 10, 1878 ....
Bowen, Henry Nov. 10. 1818 ... .
Bowker, Dexter Nov. 5, 184 6 . . . .
Boyd, A. Hillis Oct. 8, 1889 ....
Boynton, Edward P May 2'), 1885 ....
Boynton, Joseph W Nov. 4, 1854 ....
Hrackett, I. Louis Mar. 16, 1848 ... .
Brackett, J. Q. A Nov. 29, 1870, Oct. 4, 18S2
Brackett. Nathaniel Feb. 4, 1823 ....
Bradbury, C. B Nov. 19, 1868 ....
Bradbury, Osgood Nov. 17, 1844 ....
Bradbury, William F Nov. 10, 1864 ....
(64)
MEMBERS.
Bradbury, Wyraond Sept. 19, 1841 d
Bradford, E. D Nov. 24, 1869 d
Bradford, George H Oct. 27, 1859 d
Bradford, W Nov. 29, 1870 d
Bradford, William R Nov. 13, 1836 r
Brazier, Franklin J Nov. 17, 1854 *
Brett, G. \V May 5, 1872 d
Brewer, I. D Nov. 16, 1844 d
Brewer, W. D Jan. 3, 1875 r
Brewer, William D Sept. 10, 1853 d
Brewer, William D., Jr Feb. 24, 1886 r
Bridge, John Oct. 26, 1815 r
Briggs, A. W Nov. 10, 1878 d
Briggs, W. H Sept. 27, 1884
Brigham,D. S Nov. 29, 1870 d
Brigham, Erastus F Jan. 11, 1829 d
Brigham, George O Jan. 7, 1860 d
Brigham, John T Oct. 6, 1818 d
Brigham, Louis S June 20, 1800
Briusmade, N. G Jan. 8, 1881
Brintnall, Charles Oct. 7, 1817 r
Brooks, Charles O Nov. 12, 1871 d
Brooks, Edwin A Apr. 25, 1882 r
Brooks, George M June 24, 1890
Brooks, S. P Jan. 18, 1845 d
Brown, A. B Oct. 25,1856 d
Brown, A. W Dec. 16, 1857 *
Brown, Bartholomew Oct. 5, 1815 *
Brown, Curtis Oct. 25, 1856 *
Brown, Edwin , Jan. 23, 1842, Feb. 9, 1853 . . r
Brown, Elbridge Jan. 1,1822 d
Brown, George H May 4, 1883 d
Brown, George M Mar. 2, 1865 d
Brown, George T Nov. 19, 1868
Brown, H. M Nov. 19, 1868 r
Brown, Henry 15 Mar. 31, 1879 d
Brown, Henry M Dec. 4, 1877 r
Brown, John G Oct. 15, 1816 d
Brown, Joseph Jan. 11, 1829 d
Brown, Louis F Dec. 19, 1881 r
Brown. O. B Dec. 16, 1857 r
Brown, Timothy Sept. 28, 1834 d
Brown, William L Sept. 25, 1884
Browne, A. Parker Nov. 21, 1865
Browne, Charles F June 3, 1857 d
Bruce, Abel W June 16, 1818 d
Bruce, Edwin Dec. 6, 1845 d
Bryant, Henry T June 16, 1856 d
Buck, Ephraim Nov. 27, 1821 d
(65)
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
Bnckinghara, J. D Nov. 10, 1878 d
Bullard, Calvin Feb. 4, 1823 *
Bullard, H. W Nov. 10, 1884 d
Bunton, George A Nov. 12, 1871 r
Bunton, William H Nov. 12, 1871
BurbaDk, E. A Mar. 14, 1866
Burchmore, Charles F. P Jan. 30, 1880 d
Bjirditt, Charles A Nov. 10, 1864 r
Burnhara, William W May 30, 1887 d
Burnett, Arthur F Dec. 19, 1875 r
Burnett, Henry Nov. 26, 1818 d
Burrows John A Jan. 28, 1867 d
Burton, Andrew N Feb. 12, 1847
Butler, Aaron Nov. 17, 1839 d
Butler, Benjamin Nov. 9, 1844 d
Butler, Charles Nov. 2, 1852 d
Butler, John Nov. 9, 1846 r
Butler, P. A Nov. 13, 1867 d
Butler, William P Nov. 1, 1863 r
Butler, Wilson R Apr, 19, 1889 r
Buttrick, Arthur C Nov. 10, 1878 d
Byram, N. Cushing Nov. 13, 1836 *
Byrnes, William M Jan. 20, 1839 *
Cabot, Edward T Jan. 17, 1881 r
Call, Charles A June 8, 1886
Campbell, J. M Nov. 6,1884 ....'.. d
Campbell, Thomas W Nov. 29, 1870 d
Capen, Aaron Feb. 26, 1822 r
Capen, George D May 7, 1857 d
Card, Henry Nov. 1, 1831 d
Carey, Henry G Feb. 1, 1874 r
Carney, Fred A Jan. 7, 1877 d
Carpenter, Frank A. Mar. 15, 1866 d
Carpenter, Moses Mar. 26, 1868 d
Carroll, Charles H Feb. 9, 1819 d
Carstens, H. W Oct. 12, 1854 d
Carter David Jan. 2, 1842 *
Carter, George P Dec. 6, 1842 *
Carter, O. C. B June 28, 1840 d
Carter, S. F Oct. 6, 1855 *
Carter, Samuel Feb. 16, 1853
Cary, H. F Nov. 29, 1870 d
Gary, Isaac Nov. 15, 1829 *
Cary, Ziba Oct. 4, 1825 *
Caverly, Joseph L June 22, 1885 d
Chace, J.-Q Nov. 1, 1865 *
Chace, Philip F Mar. 20, 1877 *
Chadbourne, Joseph H June 21, 1882 d
(66)
MEMBERS.
Chadvvick, F. Henry Nov. 21, 1865 d
Chadwick, John Oct. 14,1817 ♦
Chadwick, William P June 20, 1888 r
Challis, Josiah E Nov. 15, 1829 r
Chamberlin Isaac Jan. 2, 1821 ♦
Chandler, A. B Nov. 2-1, 1869 ♦
Chandler, Oliver June 5, 1821 d
Chany, Jacob Nov. 8, 1863 d
Chapin, Edward F Nov. 24, 1869 -r
Chapin, Eben H Jan. 30, 1880 d
Chapin, Nathaniel G May 31, 1886
Chase, C. W Nov. 29, 1870 d
Chase Charles H Mar. 9, 1853 d
Chase, J. H Dec. 12, 1875
Chase, Samuel S Nov. 17, 1844, Feb. 14, 1853 . d
Chase, Sauford C May 27, 1880 *
Chauvenet, Regis Nov. 21, 1865 d
Cheever, John Nov. 10, 1818 *
Cheever, Joshua Oct. 1, 1816 d
Cheney, George S Feb. 4, 1859 d
Cheney, George S May G, 1889
Cheney, James W . Nov. 1, 1865 d
Chesterton, Arthur W Oct. 15, 1888 r
Chickering, C. Francis May 26, 1856 *
Chickering, George H May 16, 1857
Chickertng, Jonas Oct. 4, 1818 ♦
Chickering, Thomas E May 31, 1858 ♦
Child, David Oct. 3, 1820 d
Child, David W., Jr Dec. 4, 1821 *
Child, John H June 23, 1890 r
Childs, Stephen Original member *
Chute, R. J Nov. 24, 1869 d
Clap, Barney Jan. 14, 1820 d
Clapp, Derastus Feb. 4, 1823 r
Clapp, Edwin Nov. 7, 1861 d
Clapp, Joel Sept. 6, 1842 d
Clapp, Otis Sept. 19, 1841 d
Clark, Charles A Apr. 18, 1878 d
Clark, Charles E . May 12, 1872 r
Clark, Edmund S. Nov. 13, 1867 r
Clark, Gilbert Nov. 6, 1849 d
Clark James Original member *
Clark, John E Jan. 5, 1848
Clark, Joseph Dec. 7, 1815 *
Clark, Lemuel Dec. 15, 1818 d
Clark, Nathaniel Oct. 26,1815 *
Clark, O. Frank Oct. 27, 1855
Clark, Oliver H., Jr June 7, 1890
Clark, Walter G June 7, 1884 r
(67J)
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
Clark, William D Dec. 6, 1842 d
Clement, S. S Jan. 6, 1852 *
Clements, D. B Nov. 14, 1852 d
Cleveland, Edward L., Jr Apr. 11, 1889 r
Clouston, Robert H Feb. 7, 1843 *
Cobb, Elijah, Jr Oct. 3, 1820 r
Cobb, Gershom . Aug. 3, 1815 ♦
Coburn, Marcus Dec. 6, 1825 d
Codding, Charles B Nov. 29, 1870 d
Codman, Robert, Jr Feb. 16, 1884 r
Codman, William A Mar. 7, 1816 ♦
Coffey, W. H Dec. 19, 1881
Coffin, Abbott S Nov. 24, 1869 d
Coffin, Henry A Nov. 21, 1865 *
Coffin, Isaac S Mar. 10, 1818 d
Coffin, William, Jr July 6, 1815 *
Colburn, S. B. Feb. 18, 1863 d
Cole, Albert B Nov. 8,1863 d
Cole, Charles H Dec. 12, 1875 d
Cole, Richard G Nov. 19, 1816 d
Collins, I. C Apr. 20, 1871 d
Colman, George G Mar. 24, 1858 d
Comer, Thomas Aug. 14, 1831 d
Conant, Benjamin Nov. 29, 1870 d
Coney, George H Mar. 5, 1853 d
Conkey, Harrison Mar. 2, 1865 d
Cook, H. A Oct. 27, 1859 d
Cook, Seth B Dec. 9, 1817 d
Cooke, Atkins N Nov. 12, 1871 d
Cooke, Lowell M Feb. 1,1874 d
Coolidge, James June 1, 1815 *
Coolidge, Sumner Oct. 17, 1887 r
Coombs, A. D Nov. 10, 1878 d
Cooper, Henry E Nov. 10, 1878 r
Copeland, Frank M May 23, 1888
Copeland, Moses W Jan. 2, 1821 d
Corliss, Lewis H Apr. 24, 1878 r
Cory Barney Mar. 7, 1843 *
Cousens, Hobart E June 24, 1890
Cowdrey, Edward T Nov. 7,1861 d
Cox, Charles A Mar. 3, 1872 r
Cox, George P Feb. 10, 1844, Nov. 26, 1853 . d
Cox, Joseph W Apr. 6, 1844 ....... d
Cragin, Lorenzo S Jan. 2, 1821 *
Crandale, Frank G Dec. 12, 1874 d
Cranitch, George M May 15, 1884 d
Crocker, Alvah Mar. 20, 1877 d
Crockett, S. Frank Feb. 18, 1863 r
Croft, J. T Oct. 23, 1860
(68)
MEMBERS.
CroswelL William Nov. 29, 1870 d
Cumings, Charles H :N[ay 30, 1881, May 28, 1883 . r
Cummiiigs, Cecil H Oct. 25, 1884 r
Curley, Owen J June 18. 1887
Cnrtis. Caleb T Nov. 7. 1844 d
Cushing, B. L Dec. 1<3, 1857 d
Cashing, George Original member r
Cashing, John Nov. IS, 1817 d
Cashing, Solomon B Apr. 17, 1836 *
Cashing. Zeba Oct. 7, 1817 d
Cutler. Arthur T Nov. 29, 1870 d
Cutler, Henry S Feb. 10, 1844 d
Cutter, Charles K Nov. 24, 1869 r
Cutting, Gilbert Apr. 17, 1836
Cutting. Lewis W June 21, 1887 d
Cutting S. H Oct. 12, 1884 d
Dabney, A. S May 5, 1872 d
Dale, Theron J Oct. 25, 1856 r
Dalzell, John. W Feb. 18, 1777
Dame, Frederic Dec. 16, 1857 *
Dana. C. G Nov. 1, 1865 d
Danforth. Charles H Nov. 7, 1866
Danforth, John X Nov. 5, 1853 d
Daniell. Charles P Mar. 19, 1858 d
Daniell, Ellery C Nov. 1,1865 d
Daniell, M. Grant Nov. 1, 1863
Daniels, Albert N Dec. 7,1858
Daniels. C Apr. 20, 1876 d
Daniels. George F Jan. 24, 1874
Daniels, W. H Mar. 19, 1858 d
Daniels, William Nov. 11, 1844
Davin, Thomas A Nov. 25, 1876 r
Davis, A. M Nov. 19, 1868 r
Davis, Benjamin B May 2. 1816 *
Davis, C. F Apr. 22, 1882 d
Davis, C. S Oct. 4, 1882 d
Davis, Frederic Jan. 15, 1^44 d
Davis, H. A., Jr Oct. 22.1879 .• d
Davis, Henry Oct. 7, 1817 d
Davis. Isaac Original member *
Davis. Samuel, Jr June 7, 1S25 r
Davis Samuel A June 30 1887 d
Davis, T. F May 17, 1882 d
Davis, W. W Apr. 20", 1871 d
Day, Levi E Nov. 5, 1853 d
Dean, Henry L Nov. 9, 1843 d
Deane. Walter Nov. 19, 1868 r
Dearborn, E. B July 18, 1841 *
(69)
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
Dearborn, John ...•../.. May 2
DeLand, B. E Nov. 7
DeLaney, J. C Sept. 18
Denham, George A Nov. 24
Denham, Leonard Jan. 7
Denny, Edward Oct. 4
Denny, George Oct. 3
Denny, R. S Mar. 7
Dennison, Lyman O July 28
Denton, John Jan. 26
Denton, M. P May 30
Denton, William Mar. 7
Desper, Wilton H Apr. 11
Dexter, D. Gilbert Nov. 24
Dillaway, Thomas V June 1
Dillaway, William June 1
Dilley, David Nov. 29
Dimick, Charles W Feb. 25
Dimond, George Oct. 7
Dimond, Reuben Dec. 16
Dobbs, Albert E May 5
Dodd, J. M Dec. 20
Dodd, James E Jan. 2.
Dodd, John Original
Dodd, Silas Dec. 3
Dodd, William * . . Nov. 13
Dodge, Charles H Sept. 26
Dodge, Edward S Nov. 29
Dodge, Frederic Jan. 28
Dole, Nathan H Jan. 25
Dow, A. G May 5
Dowe, Joseph Oct. 17
Downes, I. Henry K Jan. 10
Downs, S. M Feb. 18
Drake, F. K., Jr. Nov. 7
Draper, Charles R May 18
Draper, J. P Jan. 15
Draper, James Nov. 6
Draper, Martin, Jr Nov. 1
Driver, George H. S Nov. 1
Drown, James T Nov. 21
Duffy, John G Oct. 27
Dunham, George F. Nov. 19
Dunnels, J. B Dec. 1
Duren, Abel Original
Duren, Elnathan, Original
Durham, James Apr. 19,
Dustin, William' Nov. 6,
Dutemple, William Jan. 7,
(70)
18A3
1846 d
1882 d
1869 d
1860 d
1842
1820 r
1843
1887 ...... r
1874 d
1881 r
1816 r
1889 r
1869 d
1815, June 16, 1818 . r
1815 r
1870 d
1884 d
1855 d
1857 d
1884 d
1825 r
1842 r
Member *
1816 d
1867 d
1884
1870 d
1867 r
1874 d
1872 d
1826 d
1854 r
1863 d
1866 d
1882
1853 d
1846 d
1865 *
1865, May 19, 1872 . d
1865 r
1859 d
1885 d
1878 r
Member d
Member r
1889
1852 d
1877
MEMBERS.
Dyer, Harry P Apr. 19, 1889
Dyer, James Oct. 21, 1838 *
Dyer, John J Dec. 16, 1852 d
Dyraond, Benjamin F Mar. 26, 1868 r
Eastman, Edmund T Dec. 22, 1856 d
Eastman, Joseph S Jan. 11, 1845 *
Eastman, Luke Original Member r
Eaton, Albert Apr. 13, 1844 d
Eaton, Edwin R Oct. 8, 1879
Eaton, Osgood Jan. 2, 1842 d
Eaton, P. R Oct. 4, 1882 d
Eaton, W. R Nov. 10, 1878 d
Eayrs, Joseph H. . . Dec. 9, 1817 d
Eayrs, M. T Nov. 1, 1865 d
Eayrs, William N Mar. 15, 1866 d
Eberius, Adolph Nov. 10, 1888 d
Edmands, A. W Jan. 28, 1867 d
Edmands. George W Jan. 2, 1821 d
Edmands, John B June 27, 1853 d
Edwards, Charles W June 28, 1887 d
Edwards, Oliver May 17, 1858 r
Egerton, George W Oct. 2, 1886 d
Elder, R. J Mar. 10, 1872
Eldridge, David G., Jr May 7, 1883 d
Eldridge, L. M Dec. 1, 1878 d
Elliot, William L. . Sept. 16. 1853 d
Elliot, George T Dec. 30, 1877 d
Elliott, William H Mar. 17, 1872 r
Ellis, Frederick 0 Dec. 16, 1857
Ellis, George W May 21, 1837 *
Ellis, Ralph W Apr. 15, 1876 r
Emerson, Charles P Oct. 25, 1856 d
Emerson, F. W Dec. 2, 1877 r
Emerson George D May 12, 1872 r
Emery, Justin F June 6, 1890 r
Emery, Wilfrid A Nov. 19, 1868 d
Emmons, T. H Feb. 12, 1847 d
Esselen, Henry M May 21,1888
Estabrook, J. P Mar. 14, 1866 d
Estle. John W Nov. 1, 1879 d
Eustaphieve, Alexi Original Member *
Eustis, Frank T Jan. 28, 1867 d
Eustis, Joseph, Jr Oct. 31,1820 d
Eustis, William C Apr. 3, 1858
Eustis, William N May 28, 1888
Eustis, William T June 1, 1815 r
Evans, Ransom F Nov. 17, 1854
Eveleth, H. F Nov. 10, 1878 d
(71)
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
Everett, Charles Dec. 15, 1818 d
Everett, Lewis P May 22, 1889
Everett, Otis Original Member *
Ewell, John. . . " Nov. 18, 1817 *
Ewer, Charles C Dec. 7, 1858 d
Fabens, Benjamin H. ...... Nov. 29, 1870 d
Fairbanks, H. W Mar. 16, 1848 d
Fairbanks, Josiah L June 28, 1840 *
Farley, H. B Nov. 1, 1865 d
Farlow, John S Nov. 17, 1839 *
Farnsworth, Thomas G Oct. 7, 1817 d
Farrie, John, Jr Oct. 3, 1820 *
Farwell, F. F Feb. 25, 1844 ♦
Faulkner, E. D Nov. 10, 1864
Fauuce, Alton May 30, 1881
Faunce, E. P Apr. 24, 1878 r
Faunce, Sewall A Jan. 28, 1867 r
Favor, F. F Jan. 7, 1877 d
Favor, G. I May 5, 1872 d
Faxon, Edward Nov. 1, 1851 *
Faxon, Edwin Feb. 4, 1845
Faxon, John G Mar. 6, 1842 *
Faxon, Oren J Sept. 12, 1841
Fellows, John F Dec. 8, 1843 r
Felt, David F Feb. 14, 1840 ..♦...*
Fenno, James Sept 7, 1824 d
Fenno, Kimbal J Feb. 25, 1872 r
Fenollosa, Ernest F Jan. 9,1876
FenoUosa. William S Dec. 13, 1874 r
Fernald, Charles H July 12, 1888 r
Ferreira, George J May 20, 1884 r
Fessenden, Edward H May 7, 1822 r
Fessenden, Franklin G Nov. 29, 1870 r
Field, B. W Dec. 6, 1845 d
Fillebrown, C. B Nov. 29, 1870 r
Fish, Frederick P Jan. 25, 1874 r
Fish, John A Apr. 11, 1889 r
Fish, Warren A. E May 3, 1884 d
Fisher, George Sept. 20, 1851
Fisher, Horace B Nov. 24,1869 . .... . .
Fisher, Rollin B Jan. 28, 1867 r
Fisher, Warren Feb. 6, 1827 *
Fiske, J. B Nov. 8, 1«63 d
Fiske, Nathan Apr. 2, 1816 r
Fitts, Thomas B. N©v. 1, 1865 d
Fitz, Charles E May 26, 1888
Fletcher, H. S May 9, 1882, June 23, 1890 . d
Floyd, Samuel Original Member *
(72)
MEMBERS.
Fogg, Hiram, Apr. 23, 1844 d
Folsom, Charles F Nov. 19, 1868, Jan. Ki, 1876 . r
Forbes, George F Dec. 12, 1875 r
Force, Charles L Apr. 5, 1826 ♦
Force, Dexter C Aug. 17,1822 r
Ford, Nathaniel Jan. 14, 1820 r
Ford, Thomas G Nov. 7, 1866 d
Foster, H. S May 5, 1872 d
Foster, J. W Apr. 20, 1871 d
Foster, Joseph W Nov. 15,1849 d
Fowle, Jonathan, Jr Mar. 7, 1816 d
Fowler, William, Dec. 23, 1880
Fox, Frederick, Jr June 28, 1887 . ... . .
Fox, Horace Oct. 7, 1817 d
Fracker, William May 2, 1816 d
Frail, Horace, Jan. 25, 1874 d
Fraser, John H. W Apr. 19, 18^<9
Freeman, Henry C Sept. a, 1848
Freeman, Willis H Nov. 19, 1868, May 17, 1882 .
French, Charles Original Member d
French, F. M Nov. 29, 1870 r
French, Jonathan . .* Mar. 7, 1816 d
French, Otis F May 18, 1882 ...... r
French, Robert Dec. 3, 1822 d
Frisbee, Howard June 8, 1888
Frost, Arthur H June 5, 1885
Frost, Eben H Sept. 6, 1850 d
Frost, L. S Jan. 24, 1845 d
Frost, Selim . . . . ' Nov. 24, 1869 d
Frost, Walter S Nov. 10. 1878 r
Frothingham, Ebenezer Original member *
Frothingham, Edward Dec. 5, 1845 r
Frothingham, Ephraim L Oct. 3, 1820 r
Frothingham, George B Nov. 29, 1870 d
Frothingham, Thomas B Oct. 3, 1844 r
Fuller, Charles Edwin Nov. 1,1865. *
Fuller, John Dec. 30, 1817 d
Fuller, L. J May 11,1876 d
Fuller, O. L Feb. 4, 1859 d
Fuller, Simeon Oct. 25, 1856 d
FuUerton, C. R Jan. 3, 1875 d
Fullerton, James J Jan. 1, 1828, Oct. 3, 1843 . . r
Furlong, A. B Apr. 25, 1875 d
Gage, Charles A Dec. 16, 1857 d
Gage, H. F May 27, 1880 d
Gale, W. F Nov. 23, 1860 d
Gamage, George E Dec. 15, 1852 d
Gardner, Augustus K Nov. 11, 1843 r
(73)
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
Gardner, E. G Nov. 7. 18«6 d
Gardner, George L Nov. 13, 1867 d
Gardner, Glenn R June 1, 1888 r
Gardner, W. A. A Jan. 30, 1880 d
Garland, George W Sept. 23, 18/)2, Dec. 16, 1857 .
Garrett, William Nov. 17, 1853 r
Gay, Eben F Nov. 1,1831 r
Gay, Warren H Nov. 19, 1868 d
George, Nathan R., Jr Apr. 11, 1889
Gerrauld, C. L Oct. 4, 1882
Gerrish, William H Oct. 8, 1855 d
Gerry, Reuben Dec. 5, 1826 d
Gervasio, Joachim (Joseph G. Oakes) Oct. 4, 1844 *
Gifford, Franklin K Dec. 4, 1883 d
Gilbert, Benjamin F Apr. 20, 1871 d
Gilman, Peter S. Sept. 27, 1848 *
Given, George W. M Apr. 11, 1889 *
Glynn, John Jan. 28, 1817 d
Goddard, Charles W Nov. 21, 1865 d
Goddard, J. F Nov. 8, 1863 d
Goodale, Henry D May 28, 1884 r
Gooding, Charles S Nov. 10, 1878 d
Goodrich, Ebenezer Original member d
Goodrich, John B Nov. 8, 1863 d
Goodridge, Philip W Sept. 15, 1839 ♦
Goodridge, William M Dec. 16, 1857 d
Goodwin, Ozias Nov. 13, 1867 *
Googin, Mark Nov. 13, 1836 d
Gordon, James D June 25, 1890 r
Gore, Christopher June 1, 1815 •
Gore, Edward A. F June 3,1886 ......
Gore, Theodore A Feb. 4, 1834 d
Gorham, E. E Dec. 23, 1881 d
Gorrie, J. M Oct. 25, 1884
Gould, Charles A June 16, 1890 r
Gould, Daniel, Jr Nov. 27, 1821 *
Gould, John E. .* . * Oct. 5, 1844 d
Gould, N. D Oct. 3, 1820 r
Gove, Gardner ...» Nov. 5, 1853 d
Gowen, Asa Mar. 6, 1821 d
Gowing, Frank P Apr. 19, 188!) r
Gragg, William Oct. 2, 1821 d
Granger, David A Nov. 1, 1842 d
Graupner, Gottlieb Original member *
Gravenhorst, G Nov. 21, 1865 r
Greatorex, H. W Aug. 10, 1841 d
Green, Joseph W., Jr Nov. 19, 1868 r
Greene, Alliston June 16, 1887 d
Greene, Herbert E June 3, 1878 d
(74)
MEMBERS.
Greene, William C Sept. 21, 1885 r
Greenwood, Augustus G Dec. 16, 1857 d
Gregory, Samuel H Oct. 12, 1852 d
Grieves, Thomas Nov. 29, 1870 ♦
Grieves, W. Frank Oct. 5, 1885 d
Griggs, David R Feb. 9, 1819 d
Griggs, Nathaniel Dec. 15, 1818 d
Grover, Leonard O Nov. 5, 1863 d
Guild, Charles Jan. 2, 1821 d
Guild, Edward C Feb. 11,1853
Guild, Jacob Original member d
Guild, William H Oct. 22, 1879 r
Gurney, Edward B Jan. 15, 1853 d
Gurney, L. H Nov. 10, 1864 d
Gurney, Thomas Nov. 24, 1869 d
Guyer, Lewis B Feb. 8, 1869
Gwinn, George F Mar. 20, 1831 d
Hach, Theodore Aug. 16, 1830 • r
Hackett, Henry C Oct. 11, 1883 r
Hadley, A. J Nov. 1,1865 *
Hadley, S. H. O Nov. 10, 1864
Hagar, Eugene B Jan. 25, 1874
Hagar, Jonathan Apr. 2, 1816 d
Hale, Frank J Oct. 4, 1888 r
Haley, Edwin L Nov. 19, 1868 d
Hall, Arthur Dec. 22, 1856 d
Hall, Barlow Oct. 27, 1859 d
Hall, Gustavus Y Sept. 27, 1848 d
Hall, H. A Dec. 19, 1875 d
Hall, H. A May 24, 1882 d
Hall, Isaac Jan. 1, 1828 *
Hall, Lewis Mar. 7, 1844 d
Hall, N. J May 2, 1878 d
Hall, Thomas Nov. 19, 1868
Hall, Thomas H Dec. 20, 1874 d
Hallgrien, H. J May 5, 1872 d
Hamblet, James, Jr Nov. 19, 1868 d
Hamilton, Edward Nov. 1, 1851 *
Hanaford. L. B Dec. 14, 1855 d
Hancock, Torrey May 2, 1816 r
Hanson, E. R Oct. 23, 1831
Hansen, George A June 28, 1887 r
Hanson, J. Haven Nov. 1, 1865 d
Haraden, D. T Nov. 7, 1844 d
Harding, D. B Dec. 23, 18S0 d
Harkins, C. P May 22, 1883 r
Harkins, Daniel S May 15, 1884 d
Harlow, Charles Aug. 4, 1829 *
(75)
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
Harlow, William H Jan. 1, 1880 d
Harmon, Charles H June 10, 1890
Harper, Charles F ' . June 21, 1890 r
Harris, Benjamin C June 5, 1821 ♦
Harris, Herbert Feb. 13, 1884 ...... r
Harris John A Apr. 15, 1878 d
Harris, S. C Nov. 1, 1865
Harris, Walter C Jan. 6, 1877 r
Harrison, David June 24, 1886
Harrod, James Feb. 6, 1831 ♦
Hart, John June 1, 1815 d
Harts, Charles Jan. 25, 1874 r
Hartshorn, Caleb Apr. 2, 1816 d
Harwood, Irving I Jan. 6, 1852
Harvey, C. A Oct. 4, 1882 d
Hascall, L. C Apr. 25, 1882
Haskell, A. H Nov. 10, 1820 d
Haskell, Edward Jan. 1, 1822 *
Haskins, John, Jr Oct. 27, 1859 *
Hatch, C. R Oct. 9, 1855
Hatch, Chaur.cey M. Jan. 21, 1880 ...... d
Hatch, E. W Dec. 24, 1881 *
Hatch, Monroe W Nov. 19, 1871 d
Hathorne, Frank H Nor. 29, 1870 d
Hawes, Charles S June 25, 1890
Hawes, William Sept. 16, 1848 *
Hawkes, Ezra May 2, 1816 r
Hawkes, Thomas B Mar. 6, 1826 r
Hay, Clarence E Nov. 12, 1871 r
Hayden, Nathaniel, Jr Nov. 10, 1818 d
Hayes, B. W Nov. 13, 1867 d
Hayes, H. V May 30, 1881 d
Hayes, Pliny Sept. 7, 1815 d
Hayter, George F Nov. 6, 1846 *
Hay ward, Joseph Jan. 1, 1822 d
Hayward, W. I. G Nov. 19, 1868 d
Hazelton, H. L June 16, 1847
Hazelton, Jonathan E Oct. 26, 1826, Nov. 8, 1840 .
Head, Nathaniel . Feb. 18, 1863 d
Hebard, Albert K Jan. 28, 1867 ......
Hemenway, Luke Original member r
Heuderson, Charles Nov. 9, 1834 *
Henderson, W^ alter E Apr. 11, 1889
Henderson, William H Dec. 5, 1826 d
Henderson, William H May 28, 1888 r
Henry, George E May 5, 1872
Henry, J. Q Nov. 13, 1867 ...'... r
Henry, John J Nov. 14, 1861 d
Hern, Peter Oct. 3, 1820 d
(76)
MEMBERS.
Hersey, E. J May 18, 1882
Hewins, Parke W Feb. 27, 1870 d
Hews, George Dec. 12, 1830 *
Heywood, George W Nov. 25, 1854 d
Higley, E. H Nov. 19, 1868 r
Higgins, Wilbur O Apr. 11,1889
Hill, Benjamin G Feb. 5, 1822 d
Hill, Charles E Sept. 22, 1853 d
Hill, Converse Oct. 21, 1838 d
9ill, G. William Dec. 15, 1852 d
Hill, James E. R Nov. 19,1868
Hill, Noah July 6, 1815 *
Hill, Sumner Feb. 4, 1838 d
Hillard, James L Nov. 12, 1871
Hills, Samuel L May 28, 1884
Hindes, George W Dec. 16, 1857 d
Hinkley, Charles K Feb. 25, 1872 d
Hobart, Josiah Mar. 26, 1853 r
Hobbs, Granville J Feb. 8, 1869 d
Hobbs, John E Nov. 19, 1868
Hobbs, Walter C Oct. 20, 1884
Hodge, George E Jan. 12, 1854 d
Hodgkins, Charles E Mar. 2, 1865 d
Holbrook, Aaron Oct. 15, 1816 d
Holbrook, Edward H Dec. 4, 1827 d
Holbrook, George H Mar. 13, 1823 d
Holden, Harry May 24, 1883 r
Holden, W. E . . . Nov. 24, 1869 *
HoU, William F July 12, 1888 r
Holland, Kalph B Dec. 6, 1818 d
Holland, Thomas H Nov. 8, 1863 d
Holman, John Sept. 1, 1818 *
Holmes, Edwin Oct. 27, 1859 d
Holmes, William A Nov. 12, 1871
Holt, Benjamin Original member *
Holt, H. E Nov. 10, 1864 d
Homer, L. P Nov. 9, 1844 d
Homer, Nathaniel B Apr. 2,1816 r
Hooper, R. H Feb. 20, 1847
Hooper, Thomas, Jr Oct. 18, 1879
Hooton, James Apr. 20, 1819, Jan. 22, 1832 . d
Hopkins, H. C Nov. 12, 1871 d
Hopkins, J. R. Nov. 10, 1864 d
Home, Moses P Nov. 29, 1870 d
Horsman, Edward July 6, 1815 *
Horton, Elisha Jan. 2, 1821 r
Horton, I.P Oct. 25,1884 d
Hosmer, Charles K Nov. 8, 1863 d
Hosmer, Jerome C Nov. 19, 1868, Jan. 9, 1876 . .
(77)
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
Houghton, Frederick O Apr. 19, 1«89 d
Houehton, P. D Dec. 1, 1884 d
Houston, J. A Nov. 1, 1865 r
Hovey, John G Dec. G, 1842 •
Howard, Charles Nov. 10, 1864 d
Howard, Davis Dec. 20, 1840 *
Howard, Frank Oct. 25, 1856 d
Howard, James M. F Dec. 22, 1856 d
Howard, John G June 22, 1887 d
Howard, Reuben Dec. 6, 1842 ......*
Howard, Willis P June 6, 1887
Howe, £. S Oct. 25, 1856 d
Howe, Henry M Nov. 24, 1869 d
Howe, Jubal Sept. 17, 1822 *
Howe, L. N Oct. 18, 1879 d
d
r
I
I
Howe, William Dec. 3, 1822
Howell, Selah Oct. 8, 1879
Howell, William I Jan. 30, 1880
Howes, A. N Mar. 19, 1879
Rowland, C. E. . . Jan. 7, 1860
Howland, S. A Jan.
Hoyt, William I Dec.
Hubbard, Lucius L May
Hudson, G. H Jan.
7, 1860 d
9, 1877 *
20, 1872 d
14, 1877 d
Hull, Asa
Nov. 22, 1853 d
5, 1872 r
9, 1888
3, 1844 *
26. 1815 *
Hull, George H., Jr May
Hulslander, George F July
Hunnewell, George W Jan.
Hunt, Ebenezer Oct.
Hunt, James L Nov. 10, 1864 r
Hunt, William H June 2, 1872 d
Hunting, Bela July 6, 1815 r
Hunting, M. B Dec. 20, 1825 r
Huntington, Benjamin Aug. 6, 1816 *
Huntington, Jonathan Original member *
Huntley, R. J Mar. 11, 1879 d
Hyde, Clement C Apr. 11,1889
Hyde, John W Apr. 2,1816 d
Hyde, William J Nov. 8, 1868
Ilsley, George Nov. 8, 1863 d
Inches, J. C Nov. 12, 1871 r
Irish, Francis T Nov. 8, 1863 d
Jack, Ernest S May 15, 1883 d
Jackson, Francis Nov. 9, 1815 r
Jackson, George W Nov. 8, 1863 d
Jarvis, C. Edwin • • • Sept. 21, 1884 d
Jenks, Francis H Nov. 1, 1865
Jenks, Samuel H June 1, 1815. Jan. 1, 1828 . . *
(78)
MEMBERS.
Jenney, Walter Dec. 2, 1877 r
Jennison, Francis Sept. 17, 1822 *
Jennison, Samuel Nov. 21, 1865
Jepson, William June 1, 1815 *
Jewell, Harvey Oct. 3, 1844 r
Jewell, Pliny, Jr Oct. 5, 1844 r
Jewett, Edward Aug. 3, 1815 d
Jewett, Samuel Mar. 7, 1816 d
Johnson, Charles H Oct. 25, 1856
Johnson, Fred S . Oct. 5, 1885
Johnson, Harry W June 16, 1887 d
Johnson, Jesse Oct. 23,1890
Johnson, L. W Dec. 16, 1857 *
Johnson, M. S Dec. 16, 1845
Johnson, Marshall, Jr Nov. 4, 1834
Johnson, William Mar. 9,1830 ......*
Johnson, William H Dec. 22, 1856 d
Johnston, A. S Nov. 10, 1878 r
Johonnot, L. C May 12, 1883 d
Jones, Edward H Nov. 29, 1870
Jones, G. William T Feb. 4, 1834 r
Jones, George B Apr. 19, 1840 r
Jones, Henry Nov. 10, 1820 *
Jones, James W Nov. 10, 1864
Jones, William H Nov. 8, 1840
Joyner, A. S May 15, 1883 d
Kattenhorn, George H June 16, 1888 r
Keates, Joseph E Nov. 7, 1866
Keays, W. W Mar. 18, 1877
Keen, Jarvis B. Jan. 16, 1882 r
Keen, Tilden H Nov. 8. 1840 d
Keene, F. B Apr. 15, 1876
Keith, Marshal Feb. 3, 1818 *
Keith, Royal Oct. 27, 1859 d
Keller, Joseph A Oct. 24, 1846 d
Kelley, Seth W Mar. 3, 1872, Feb. 15, 1874 . d
Kemp, Francis A Nov. 24, 1869, Apr. 25, 1882 . d
Kemp, Robert Nov. 16, 1852 d
Kendall, Henry C Nov. 29, 1870 r
Kendall, Isaac Dec. 30, 1817 d
Kendrick, George P July 20, 1886 d
Kennedy, J Feb. 18, 1863 d
Kenney, Herbert E Apr. 19, 1889 r
Kenney, James H. . • Apr. 19, 1889 d
Kent. James D Oct. 25, 1856 *
Kern, Francis V. B Oct. 27, 1859 r
Kettelle, Frederick W June 28, 1886
Kidder, Abner C Dec. 6, 1845 *
(79)
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
Kidder, Edward H June 29, 1887 r
Kidder, Frederick P June 18, 1890
Kidder, Hichard H Jan. 13, 1877
Kilmer, F. M Dec. 12, 1874 r
Kimball, Edwin A Oct. 12, 1862 d
Kimball. J. B Jan. 22, 1832
Kiraberly, Denison Jan. 9, 1842 r
King, C. P May 30, 1881 d
King, Charles F. (Thomas Pritchett) . Mar. 15,1866 *
Kingman, Alvan Mar. 26, 1853 d
Kingsbury, Isaac F May 26, 1890
Kingsbury, Reuben Feb. 17, 1845
Kingsley, Nathan F Nov. 6, 1827
Kinnicutt, John W Jan. 7, 1860 r
Knapp, Benjamin L Dec. 12, 1875 r
Knight, George May 19, 1882 d
Knowles, Frank W May 5, 1872 d
Kurtz, William Oct. 7, 185^ ♦
Labree, John D ,. . Oct. 3,1837 *
Lamb, Henry W. . Mar. 13, 1879 r
Lambert, Henry K June 22, 1886 *
Lambert, Thomas A Apr. 25, 1882
Lamson Albert H May 30, 1887
Lander, John K Nov. 12, 1871 r
Lane, George H Nov. 4, 1823 *
Lang, 0. T Nov. 1, 1855 ...... d
Langley, William Nov. 4, 1852 *
Lansing, Edmund H Nov. 29, 1890 r
Larrabee, Joel F Sept. 29,1851 d
Lasselle, George P Nov. 8, 1863 d
Lawrence, George W Jan. 7, 1860
Lawrence, William M Nov. 29, 1870 r
Laws, D. Lyman Oct. 3, 1855 *
Leach, Lebbeus, Jr Nov. 13, 1867
Leach, Shepherd Feb. 2, 1821 *
Learnard, William Aug. 3, 1815 *
Learnerd, Isaac, Jr Dec. 15, 1818 d
Leatherbee, John W Mar. 16, 1857 d
Leavitt, Alonzo Nov. 23, 1860 d
Leavitt, Edwin B Feb. 7,1891
Leavitt, Frank M June 6, 1885
Lee, Blewett H June 23, 1887 d
Lee, Frank H Mar. 14, 1866 d
Leeds, Henry, Jr Jan. 14, 1854 d
Leeds, Lorenzo P Apr. 10, 1842 *
Leeson, J. R Nov. 12, 1871 r
Leland, Horace Oct. 3, 1843 d
Leland, Lewis Nov. 30, 1816 d
(80)
MEMBERS.
Lemaire, L Nov. 8, 1840
Leonard, Amos M Nov. 13, 1867 d
Leonard, E. A May 5, 1883
Leonard, F. A Nov. 24, 1869
Leonard, F. O Apr. 24, 1878 d
Leonard, John Dec. 9, 1817 d
Leonard, Joseph Dec. 7, 1824 *
Leonard, Joseph A Jan. 1, 1849
Leslie, Thomas Vpr. 9, 1870 d
Lewis, Frank W Nov. 24, 1869 d
Lewis, George ^Y Mar. 9, 1830 *
Lewis, James P Jan. 28, 1867 d
Lewis, Joseph Nov. 23, 1815 *
Liddell, William Feb. 8, 1869 d
Lincoln, A. B Dec. 7, 1858 r
Lincoln, Alexander S Feb. 4, 1838 d
Lincoln, Christopher Original Member d
Lincoln, D. P Oct. 22, 1855
Lincoln, Frederick Nov. 23, 1815 r
Lincoln, Henry T Nov. 13, 1846
Lincoln, J. M Nov. 1, 1865 *
Lincoln, Justus Dec. 15, 1818 d
Lincoln, N. F Jan. 24, 1874
Lincoln, Nathan Jan. 14, 1854
Lindsey, G. W Nov. 10, 1864
Litchfield, Justin D Nov. 29, 1870 r
Lloyd, Andrew J Xov. 29, 1870 r
Lloyd, George W Jan. 15, 1837 d
Lobsitz, Leopold May 9, 1876 *
Lockhart, David Sept. 26, 1882 d
Loewe, H Nov. 7, 1866 d
Long, David C ' . . Jan. 20, 1833 *
Long, Edward J Oct. 5, 1830 *
Long, Frederick E Apr. 20, 1878
Long, J. Haskell Oct. 24,1851 r
Long, John D Oct. 27, 1859 d
Lord, George A Oct. 3,1877 d
Lord, Melvin June 1, 1815 d
Loring, F. C, Jr Nov. 4, 1866 r
Loring, Jonathan, Jr June 1, 1815 r
Lothrop, Anselm Sept. 24, 1836, Nov. 4, 1852 . *
Lothrop, Jarvis May 21, 1837 *
Lothrop, Oliver B. . .' Nov. 10, 1855
Lovejoy, N May 2, 1816 d
Loveland, James W June 21, 1890 r
Lovering, W. N Nov. I, 1865
Lovett, Charles W Oct. 4, 1825 r
Low, J. H Dec. 29,1851
Lowe, E. F Jan. 28, 1867 d
(81)
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
Lowe, George H Apr. 11, 1875 d
Lowell, John A Feb. 15, 1874 r
Lowell, Robert M Feb. 9, 1858
Lowder, W. J Nov. 22, 1878 d
Luker, William J. ... Apr. 11, 1889
Lull, Leverett A. . ... Nov. 1, 1842 d
Lyman, D. B Nov. 21, 1865 d
Lyman, Francis O Apr. 9, 1870 r
Lyman, John P., Jr May 5,1872 r
Lynch, William Nov. 19, 1868 d
Lyon, H. C Oct. 2, 1870 r
Lyon, John T Feb. 7, 1843, Oct. 17, 1854 . d
Lyon, W. H May 5, 1872 d
Mackay, John Original Memb( ••
Malette, J. F. . Jan. 4,1881 d
Maodell, M. J Mar. 14, 1866
Mandell, Moses Jan. 14, 1820 d
Mandell, Sidney May 1, 1821 d
Mann, George C Mar. 26, 1868 r
Mann, Nelson Dec. 22, 1856 d
Manning, Leonard J June 28, 1887 r
Mansfield, Gideon T Feb. 4, 1859 d
Mansfield, H. H Nov. 10, 1864 d
Mansfield, Henry T Nov. 24, 1869 d
Marindin, Henry L Jan. 28, 1880 r
Marr, Henry N Jan. 25, 1874 r
Marshall, Clarance A May 15, 1883 r
Marshall, Leonard Apr. 16, 1837, Oct. 10, 184S . *
Marshall, Thomas Original Member ^
Marston, A. T Nov. 10, 1878 d
Marston, Charles L Oct. 8, 1879 r
Martin, John May 6, 1884
Martin, N. C Jan. 14, 1820 r
Martin, Walter C June 22, 1886
Mason, Clinton V Oct. 27, 1859 d
Mason, L. W Nov. 1, 1865 d
Mason, Lowell Oct. 17, 1821 *
Mason, Thomas Apr. 2, 1816 d
Matheson, James Sept. 23, 1885 r
Mathews, Hiram S Oct. 4, 1852 d
Maxwell, Edward \l Apr. 11, 1889
Mayell, Alfred E Apr. 11,* 1889
McAUaster, James Aug. 3, 1815 r
McFarlane, A. A Nov. 29, 1870 d
McKeuna, Joseph R May 28, 1888
McKenney, Alfred 11 Nov. 8,1863 d
McKinnon, G. W Jan. 6, 1882
McKissick, Edward F June 25, 1890
(82)
MEMBERS.
McKown, W. G Jan. 7, 1877 r
McNeil, Murdock Nov. 2, 1890 *
McWiggin, Frank E Mar. 18, 1879
Mead, G. N. P May 15, 1883 r
Header, George II Jan. 28,1867
Meadowy, W. J Dec. 19, 1881 r
Mears, Elijah June 1, 1815 *
Melvin, George B Jan. 12, 1854 d
Meriara, George Aug. 4, 1829 *
Meriam, Levi ......... July 6, 1815 *
Meriam, Nailmniel Original Member *
Meriam, Silas P. ....... . Aug. 4, 1829 *
Merriam, A. W Feb. 8, 1869 r
Merriara, Herbert June 9, 1886
Merrick, Edwin Nov. 29, 1870 d
Merrill, C. Judson Oct. 1, 1852 *
Merrill, Sidney Dec. 7, 1815 *
Merrill, William B Dec. 22, 1856 r
Merritt, Fred R Apr. 4, 1875 r
Messinger, D., Jr May 2, 1816 . .• . . . . r
Meston, Lyman B Sept. 12, 1851, June 3, 1857 . d
Metcalf, C. P Nov. 21, 1869 r
Metcalf, E. S Nov. 7, 1866 d
Metcalf. R. C Nov. 14, 18o5 d
Metzger, A., Jr Jan. 25, 1874 d
Midgley, John Feb. 1, 1874 r
Miles, Samuel S Jan. 1, 1822 d
Millard, Samuel H Feb. 4, 184:.
Miller, E. P. . . .* Nov. 29, 1870 d
Miller, J. E Oct. 20, 1855 d
Miller, James E Nov. 10, 1878 d
Mills, James L Nov. 10, 1878
Milliken, George F May 5, 1872 r
Minot, George Oct. 24, 1841
Mitchell, Nahura Oct. 5, 1815 *
Mitchell, William H May 30, 1887 r
Monroe, Lewis B Nov. 21, 1865 d
Mooar, C. A Jan. 28, 1867 d
Moody, Mercer B Apr. 11, 188 » r
Moody, Samuel Oct. 3, 1820 *
Moody, William G Dec. 22, 1839 r
Moore, Frank R June 23, 1890 r
Moore, H. A Jan. 21, 1882 d
Moorhouse, Arthur B June 21, 1887 r
Morehouse, Isaac May 3, 1858 d
Morey, Walter G Oct. 12, 1884 r
Morgan, S. S _• • • Nov. 12, 1871 d.
Morrill, Joseph, Jr Jan. 16, 1842
Morris, Almon H Oct. 2, 1884, May 11,1889 .
(83)
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AXD HAYDN SOCIETY.
Morris, Thomas D Sept. 22, 1853 *
Morse, E. R Mar.
Morse, Enoch B Feb.
Morse. John X Xov.
Morton, Charles B June
Morton, Marcus Oct.
Moulton, Joseph P Nov.
Mountfort, X. B Nov.
Mulliken, Joseph Original member *
Mulliu, W. Frank Dec. 16. 1857 r
Munro, Nathaniel Apr. 2, 181G d
Munroe. Charles E Feb. 1, 1874 r
Munroe. George H Nov. 24, 1869
Munroe, J. W. . Feb. 1, 1853
10, 1872 d
4, 1845 d
7, 1866 d
5, 1845 *•
13, 1855 d
8, 1844
10, 1818 d
Napier, Thomas S May
Nason, George H Dec.
Nason, James B Oct.
Nelson, Jesse L Apr.
Nesmith, George A May
Nevers, Elijah Apr.
Newcomb, C. H Jan.
Newcomb. Ebenezer Nov.
Newell, Franklin H Dec.
Newell, George H Nov.
Newell, John Nov.
Newell, Joseph W Oct.
Newball. Daniel B Feb.
Newhall, R. E Dec.
Newhall, Samuel M Oct.
Newman, E. A July
Newton, Harlan F June
Newton, John F., Jr Nov.
Nichols, Ebenezer B Nov.
Nichols, Jerome Oct.
Nicliols. William Aug.
Niebuhr, Caleb E Dec.
Nodine, Robert S., Jr Apr.
Nolen, Charles Orig
Nolen, Charles, Jr Jan.
Nolen, Hervey Mar.
Nolen, S Dec.
Norris, Edward L Nov.
Nowell, John A Oct.
Nowlan, Daniel July
Noyes, Charles C Oct.
Noyes, D. W Oct.
Noyes, Thomas M Dec.
Nudd, Carlos Nov.
23,
16,
3,
19,
10,
2,
25,
23,
18,
21,
16,
1883
1857
1837
1889
1883
1816
1874
1815
1875
1865
1852
9,
30,
4,
20,
17,
19,
26,
I ,
25,
inal
1S17 .
1845 .
1877 .
1852 .
1853 .
1888 .
1878 .
1816 .
1815 .
1822 .
1858 .
1882 .
member
1823 .
1816 .
1852 .
1866 .
1842 .
1860 .
1870 .
1870 .
1877 .
1871 .
(84)
MEMBERS.
Oakes, Joseph G. (J. Gervasio) . . . Oct. 4, ISU *
Oakman, G. W Nov. 29. 1870 r
O'Connor, Joseph Oct. 12, 18S4 d
Odiorne, John W Feb. 12, 1847 *
Oliver, James Lloyd Dec. 20, 1840 d
Oliver, Nathaniel H. G Oct. 8, 1825 d
Oliver, William B Dec. 20, 1825 d
Osgood, Peter Original member d
Packard, William A Nov. 13, 1867 d
Page, Albert N July 12, 1887, Nov. 24, 1890 .
Page, J. C Nov. 17, 1854
Paine, David Feb. 10, 1844 d
Paine, Frederick E Nov. 19, 1868 d
Paine, Thomas L June 1, ,181') d
Palmer, Elijah W Nov. 17, 1839 *
Palmer, George W Sept. 19, 1841 *
Palmer, L. K Feb. 8, 1874 d
Palmer, Lewis M May 27,1880 d
Park, Charles S Nov. 6, 1852 *
Park, Moody Original member d
Park, Thomas May 2, 1816 r
Parker, George S Nov. 17, 1844
Parker, Henry C Oct. 18, 1884
Parker, Matthew S Original member *
Parker, Samuel H Original member *
Parker, Stephen, Jr Dec. 9, 1819 d
Parker, Theodore D June 16, 1818 d
Parkhurst, Louis H Dec. 9, 1871 d
Parkman, William Dec. 18, 1843 r
Parks, William A Oct. 3, 1889
Parkyn, Charles C May 10, 1883 r
Parsons, Samuel G Dec. 16, 1857 d
Patch, Frank W June 22, 1887 r
Patten, A. C Mar. 18, 1877 d
Patten, George Oct. 11, 1855
Patterson, James W Feb. 7, 1843 d
Payson,JohnF June 1, 1815 *
Payson, W. H ^ . . . Dec. 2, 1877
Peabody, Aaron Original member d
Peabody, John A Sept. 22, 1853
Peabody, Philo Apr. 4, 1875, Dec. 30, 1877 . *
Pearson, G. B Dec. 16. 1857 *
Pearson, J. H. S Mar. 14, 1877 r
Peirce V. R Dec. 9, 1877
Pelletier, William S Dec. 16, 1857 . ' r
Pelton, W. H Jan. 30, 1880 d
Pendergrass, Ansel Sept. 27, 1856 *■
Pendleton, Rufus Dec. 12, 1875, Dec. 30, 1877 .
(85)
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AXD HAYDN SOCIETY.
i^erley, James Nov. I, 1865 d
Perkins, A. F Nov. 19, 1868 .;....
Perkins, Charles B May 26, 1885 r
Perkins, Charles C May 27, 1850 *
29, 1860 d
14, 1866, Oct. 26, 1873 . d
7, 1866 *
6, 1854 d
9, 1886 *
29, 1860
5, 1852 r
29, 1&60 d
26, 1853 ♦
11, 1889
Perkins, H. S Dec.
Perkins, Henry J Oct.
Perkins, J. E Nov.
Perkins, J. J Mar.
Perkins, Marcus A July
Perkins. W. 0 Dec.
Perry, C. A Oct.
Perry, Robert G Dec.
Pewtress, John B. ...... . Nov.
Phelps, Albert M Apr.
Phelps, William B Dec. 12, 1878 d
Phillips, John L Mar. 7, 1816 r
Phinney, Charles A June 27, 1887 d
Phinney, Eben N Apr. 9. 1870 d
Phippen, George Mar. 1, 1847 d
Phipps, John M Nov. 20, 1889
Phipps, William K Original member d
Pierce, Frank H Nov. 19, 1871 d
Pierce, Henry Jan. 3, 1843
Pierce, James Original member *
Pierce, James, Jr Feb. 5, 1822 d
Pierce, Joseph N Aug. 14, 1831 r
Pierce, Lewis Jan. 14, 1820 *
Pike, Albert G Dec. 20, 1874 d
Pike, Clarence H. Apr. 24, 1882
Pike, Ezekiel W Oct. 14, 1837
Piper, C. F. . Nov. 12.1871
Pitman, Benjamin Nov. 23, 1815
Plimpton, Charles T Nov
Poole, A. F Jan
Poole, Charles C Oct. 7, 1855
Poor, Whittle Apr. 11, 1889
Pollock, Allan Mar. 10, 1818
Pollock, George Sept. 7, 1815
Pollock, Neil Apr. 2, 1816
Pomroy, Henry Oct. 1, 1816
Pond, Charles P
d
d
d
8, 1863 d
7, 1860
d
Apr. 24. 1882 d
Pond, P. P Mar.
Porter, F. W Oct.
Porter, John W Nov.
4, 1828 d
4, 1882 d
1, 1863 r
Powers, J. F Dec. 14, 187^
13, 1879 r
1, 1835 d
Pratt, Albert J Oct.
Pratt, Alfred H Nov.
Pray, Benjamin June 16, 1818 r
Pray, Henry S Nov. 29, 1870 *
(86)
MEMBERS.
Pray, J. A Feb. 3,1845
Pray, John H '. . . . July 6, 1815 . , *
Pray, William H Oct. 7, 1854 d
Preble, F. F Apr. 28, 1878
Prentiss, H. C Dec. 8, 1877
Prentiss, Samuel P Nov. 1, 1863 d
Prideaux, James Nov. 17, 1839 *
Priest, Luther Dec. 30, 1817 d
Pritchett, Thomas (Charles F. King) . Dec. 22, 1856 *
Proctor, Alfred N Nov. 4, 1854
Proctor, Tsaac K Nov. 29, 1870 d
Proctor, John H Nov. 15, 1849 *
Proctor, Thomas W Apr. 25, 1882 r
Proudfoot, W. H Nov. 29, 1870 r
Puffer, Gustavus A Nov. 29, 1870 *
Purington, Chester W Apr. 11,1889
Putnam, Charles P Mar. 2, 1865 d
Putnam, Henry D May 9, 1867 d
Putnam, Isaac H Nov. 29, 1870 r
Putnam, James J Nov. 10, 1864 d
Putnam, John P Dec. 18, 1875 d
Quick, Howard P Apr. 19, 1889 r
Quimby, Stillman J Dec. 46, 1857 d
Rand, David L Dec. 29, 1875, June 18, 1887 . d
Rand, Edwin K Nov. 29, 1870 ......
Randall, J. E Nov. 29, 1870 ...... d
Randall, William H Nov. 1, 1863 r
Randall, William S Apr. 25, 1882 r
Rankin, Richard C June 22, 1886
Raymond, F. H Nov. 21, 1865 r
Raymond, George P Nov. 21, 1865 d
Reddish, Arthur May 26, 1890 r
Redfern, H. N Dec. 24, 1880 d
Redman, Harry N Tune 7, 1890 d
Reed, Arthur Nov. 8, 1863
Reed, David -, . Mar. 7, 1816 d
Reed, T. Frank Mar. 14, 1866 *
Reed, Hodges Mar. 10,1818 ....... d
Reeves, Dexter, Jr Dec. 16, 1857
Reeves, Nathaniel Nov. 5, 1846 d
Reid, James C June 24, 1890 r
Remick, Edward T Jan. 30, 1880 d
Reynolds, F. G Nov. 29, 1870 r
Reynolds, Samuel S Jan. 1, 1822 d
Rice, Aaron Nov. 19, 1816 r
Rice, Herbert Jan. 3, 1875 d
Rice, James Nov. 4, 1854
(87)
IIISTOKY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
Rice, James P Nov. 1, 186" d
Rice, Luther G May 8, 1845 d
Rice, S. S Oct. 17, 182<; d
Rice, W. B Nov. 19, 1868 d
Rich, W. E.C Dec. 31, 1881
Richards, George C Nov. 3, 1850 d
Richards, Isaiah D May 21, 1837 r
Richards, James B Feb. 18, 1847 d
Richards, Jonathan A Nov. 27, 1821 d
Richards, Robert H July 3,1886
Richards, W. A Nov. 8,1863
Richards, William W Mar. 14, 1866 d
Richardson, Aaron P Nov. 1, 1842 *
Richardson, E. T. F Original member *
Richardson, George E Feb. 1,1874 d
Richardson, Maurice H Nov. 29, 1870 d
Richardson, Samuel Original member *
Richardson, William H Feb. 5, 1822 d
Richardson, William M Jan. 9, 1876 d
Richardson, William S Dec. 24, 1880 d
Ricker, Clinton A May 26, 1890
Ring, Reuben Nov. 1, 1865 d
Ring, W. S Feb. 4, 1859 r
Ripley, L. G May 12, 1883 d
Risdon, Isaac W May 9,1882
Rising, J. A Oct. 27, 1859 d
Roath, Benjamin T Oct. 4, 1842 d
Roberts, Albert F Nov. 29, 1870, Dec. 3, 1883 . d
Roberts, John Dec. 3, 1822 *
Roberts. T. L May 27, 1880 r
Robertson, John Nov. 7, 186(1 d
Robertson, John M Jan. 1,1822 ♦
Robinson, Joseph S Jan. 28,1867 ...... d
Robinson, S. F Dec. 12, 1875
Robinson, Tilon Jan. 6, 1853 *
Roby, Charles C Jan. 7, 1877 d
Roe, Lewis W June 6, 1887 d
Roeder, Hugo May 10, 1883 r
Rogers, John Nov. 24, 1869 r
Rogerson, Robert Nov. 26, 1818 d
Rollins, F. W Feb. 6, 1876 d
Rollins, James W Sept. 29, 1851 d
Ropes, Francis C Mar. 26, 1868 d
Ropes, William B June 21, 1887
Roraback, John Mar. 31, 1879 d
Rose. George H Apr. 11, 1889
Rouse, Benjamin Oct. 7, 1817 r
Rowson, William Original member *
Ruffin, George L June 7, 1890
(88)
MEMBERS.
Rujrg, George H Nov. 29, 1870 r
Ruggles, Daniel Nov. 13, 1843
Rundlett, Roger S Mar. 14, 1860
RussiU, JolmG June 21, 1880 r
Ryan, James May 16, 1884 d
Ryder, Charles C June 23, 1886 r
Ryder, Willard E Apr. 19, 1889 r
Rydingsvard, Karl A July 12,1886 d
Safford, Charles H Oct. 4, 1842 *
Safford, Isaac T Sept. 26, 1848
Sanborn, Nathan Feb. 26, 1853 d
Sanderson, H. K May 17, 1882 r
Sanger, Samuel Oct. 6, 1818 d
Sargent, Osborne N June 21, 1887 r
Sargent, S. A Oct. 22,1879 d
Savage, Ralph B Apr. 19, 1889 ...... r
Saville, N. E Mar. 10, 1872 d
Sawtelle, Eli A Nov. 20, 1870 d
Sawyer, John S Dec. 29, 1860
Sawyer, Harris E Jan. 29, 1891
Sawyer, Laban Nov. 24, 1869 d
Sawyer, Ralph H May 5, 1883 *
Sawyer, W. K May 29, 1882
Sawyer, William K Jan. 25, 1874 r
Scamman, J. B Nov. 10, 1878 r
Schlessinger, Sebastian \\ Dec. 16, 1857 d
Schmidt, Henry Dec. 28, 1839 d
Scott, Frank N Dec. 31, 1853 d
Scott, Mackintosh Apr. 19, 1889 r
Searle, Addison Oct. 1, 1816 d
Searle, Frederick A Oct. 25, 1856 d
Seaverns, Charles H Sept. 18, 1852 d
Seaverns, J. H May 26, 1882 r
Senior, Fred Nov. 24, 1869 d
Sharp, James Oct. 15, 1816 *
Shattuck, Joseph M Nov. 4, 1854 d
Shattuck, N. S Nov. 19, 1868 d
Shaw, E., 3d May 2, 1816 *
Shaw, E. G. Nov. 14, 1855 d
Shaw, J. B Nov. 29, 1870 d
Shaw, J. H Mar. 6, 1854 d
Shepard, F. C Dec. 11, 1878
Shepard, Walter Nov. 24, 1869 r
Sherman, Horace C Jan. 7, 1877 d
Shove, Francis A Apr. 19, 1889
Sim, Arthur W June 15, 1885 d
Simmons, Charles W Oct. 25, 1856 d
Simmons, Oliver E May 10, 1883
(89)
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
Simmons, William Original member *
Simonds, F. K May 3, 1858 d
Singleton, George Original member *
Slayton, J. H. L Oct. 22, 1853 d
Small, Fritz H June 19, 1890
Small, William Oct. 17, 1826 . . . . . . r
Smalley, A. B Nov. 29, 1870 d
Smalley, Joseph H Jan. 7, 1860 d
Smallidge, J Nov. 9, 1815 *
Smilie, Elton R Jan. 22. 1848
Smith, Amasa G Dec. 3, 1822 d
Smith, Charles W Nov. 7, 1846 r
Smith, Charles W Dec. 7, 1858 r
Smith, Charles W Apr. 24,1878 d
Smith, E. H Mar. 18, 1877
Smith, Ebenezer Nov. 9, 1844 d
Smith, Edward A lune 22,1888
Smith, Fred M Dec. 2, 1877
Smith, H. Farnam Oct. 25, 1856 d
Smith, Harry H June 5, 1888 r
Smith, J. E Mar. 18, 1877 d
Smith, J. G Nov. 8, 1863 d
Smith, Jeremiah P Nov. 27, 1821 *
Smith, Ralph Mar. 7, 1816 d
Smith, Richard W Nov. 13, 1867
Smith. Samuel Mar. 10, 1818 d
Sniith, Sidney F Oct. 12, 1885 r
Snow, William H May 29, 1885 d
Somes, Stephen Oct. 9, 1852
Soule, Richard H Nov. 12, 1871 a
Souther, William T Mar. 20, 1877 d
Spaulding, C. P Nov. 24, 1869 d
Spaulding. George W. . . . k . . Nov. 10, 1864 d
Spaulding, S. H Nov. 1, 1865 d
Spaulding, W. W Nov. 24, 1869 d
Spear, George N. .Mar. 2, 1865 d
Spear, Isaac Sept. 17, 1837 d
Sprague, Frank H Tune 6, 1887 r
Spring, John Nov. 10, 1818 r
Stalker, John Apr. 11,1889
Stanford, C. D Jan. 4,1881 r
Staniford, Daniel Dec. 7, 1815 *
Stanwood, Edward Sox. 13, 1867 d
Stearns, William Aug. 6, 1822
Stebbins, Chester Original member *
Stedman, Charles Jan. 22, 1832 r
Stephenson, C. E May 27, 1880 d
Stevens, Edgar F May 15, 1884 d
Stevens, Ira G. Apr. 25, 1882 d
(90)
MEMBERS.
Stickney, Edward Nov. 10, 1878 d
Stickney, John H Xoa'. 7, 18fil *
Stimpson, Chtirles P Mar. 15, 1879 r
Stockwell, Samuel July 6, 1815 *
Stone, Charles S Nov. 29, 1870 d
Stone, Charles W Jan. 25,1874
Stone, Heory Feb. 9,1853 *
Stone, Henry N Nov. 20,1840 r
Stone, Henry R Mar. 15,1866 <l
Stone, Hubert Oct. 6, 1854
Stone, Joshua Mar. 7, 1816 r
tover, Theophilus • . Dec. 28, 1852 *
Stovvers, Charles A June 4, 1885 r
Stratton, John Feb. 6, 1827 d
Strong, Peleg Sept. 15, 1839 d
Sturtevant, George H Apr. 15, 1878
Sumner, Amos Original member d
Sutro, Theodore Nov. 12, 1871 d
Swain, S. H . Dec. 12, 1875 d
Swan, James G Dec. 20, 1843 d
Swan, Walter S May 5, 1872 d
Swan, William U. ....... May 16, 1883
Sweet, James S. Apr. 4, 1843 *
Sweny, Henry J Oct. 27, 1859 d
Swett. Charles E Apr. 4, 1875 d
Swett, John E May 27, 1880
Swelt, William S June 3, 1886 r
Swift, Hiram May 21,1837 r
Swope, Frank D Apr. 19, 1889 d
Sylvester, Charles T Sept. 14, 1852, Feb. 8, 1869 .
Sylvester, L. G Nov. 10, 1864 d
Talbot, T. L Feb. 1, 1874 d
Tarbell, William R Feb. 8, 1869 d
Taylor, Eber Nov. 6, 1827 *
Taylor, James L Nov. 24, 1869 d
Taylor, Orion S Apr. 23, 1884 r
Taylor, Sidney May 1, 1889
Teasdale, Charles May 6, 1889
Teele, C. R Jan. 30, 1880
Tenney, A. J Nov. 19, 1868 *
Thacher, George M Oct. 25, 1856 *
Thayer, Alexander W Jan. 10, 1845
Thayer, Elijah June 1, 1815 r
Thayer, Eliphalet Jan. 14, 1820 r
Thayer, Frank S Apr. 28, 1875 d
Thomas, Seth J Jan. 11, 1829 d
Thompson, William L June 3, 1886 r
Thomson, Heury S Jan. 1, 1849
(91)
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AXD HAYDN SOCIETY.
Thorndike, S. Lothrop Dec. IC, 1857 r
Ticld, Samuel Jan. 1, 1822 *
Tilden, Edwin Nov. 1, 1842 d
Tillson, David Feb. 4, 1834 *
Titcomb, E. J Npv. 7, 1844
Titcomb, John H Apr. 19, 1847 d
Titus, W. L Dec. 8, 1878 *
Tompkins, Isaac S Oct. 7, 1817 d
Tompson, John A Nov. 21, 1865
Tompson, John G., Jr Oct. 27, 1859
Topliff, G. Francis Feb. 18, 186:5 d
Topliff, Samuel Oct. 7, 1817 r
Tower, Daniel L Nov. 29, 1870 d
Townsend, H Dec. 7, 1858 d
Treadwell, N. W Dec. 22, 1881 r
Trench, Francis P Apr. 25, 1882 r
Treubeck, W July 5, 1840 *
Trowbridge, S. W . . Nov. 8, 1863 d
Trowbridge, T. W Nov. 10, 1864 d
Tucker, Louis N Sept. 21, 1852 d
Tuckt r, Nathaniel Original member *
Tuckerman, Samuel 1' Oct. 21, 1838 r
Tuckerman, Samuel S Dec. 11,1848 d
Tufts, Charles A Feb. 17, 1845
Tufts, Otis Apr. 12, 1884 r
Turner, Andrew W May 15, 1884
Turner, D wight M Nov. 7, 1866 d
Turner, Ellslia Oct. 27, 1852
Turner, Henry H Jan. 21, 1882
Tuttle, A. T Nov. 19, 1868 d
Tuttle, Frank M Apr. 11,1889
Twitchell, W. F Oct. 11, 1852 d
Underwood, A. R Dec. 1,1878
Underwood, Francis H. . . . . . Nov. 1, 1865 r
Upham, Frank E June 6, 1887 *
Upham, J. Baxter June 4, 1861
Upham, T. A Mar. 22, 1853 d
Valentine, H. E Nov. 1, 1865 d
Vose, Arthur C Apr. 24, 1878 d
Vose, Benjamin C Nov. 14, 1855 r
Yose, Joshua June 1, 1815 *
Vose, Thomas . . . • Nov. 10, 1818 *
V^ose, Tristram Nov. 9,1815 ....-.*
Wadleigh, William H Dec. 9, 1848
Wadsworth, O. F Mar. 14, 1866 r
Wagner, Lawrence L May 5, 1872 d
(92)
MEMBEKS.
Waimvright, Peter, Jr Dec. 7, 1815 d
Waitt, Otis E Nov. 24, 18(59 d
Wakefield. W. L Dec. IG, 1857 d
Waldo, Francis W Aug. 3, 1815 *
Walker, Joel H Jan. 2, 18-12 d
Wales, S. Walter . Nov. 29, 1870 d
Walton, G. W Oct. 4, 1882 d
Ward, Andrew D Dec. 12, 1874 d
Ward, Joseph H Dec. 6, 1842 d
Ware, Frank T Jan. 25, 1874
Ware, George W Dec. 16, 1857 d
Ware, John Mar. 10,1818 d
Ware, Samuel C June 28, 1840 *
Warren, Asa May 2, 1816 r
Warren, George Oct. 26, 1815 *
Warren, George W June 3, 1868 *
Warren, Harold B June 28, 1887 r
Warren, John C Nov. 10, 1864 r
Warren. W. F May 10. 1876
Washburn, D. E Apr. 5, 1858 d
Washburn, George W. C. . ' . . . . Dec. 18, 1851
Washburn, Jeremiah Nov. 4, 1823 *
Washburne, Calvin Aug. 6, 1816 r
Waterbury, Julius H Nov. 10, 1879
Waterman, E. C Nov. 12, 1871 d
Waterman, Samuel S Nov. 19, 1871 d
Watson, S. N Jan. 7, 1851 r
Webb, C. H Jan. 22, 1848
Webb, George James Oct. 5, 1830 r
Webb, T. C Nov. 1, 1865 *
Webb, Thomas Smith Original member *
Webb, W. K Nov. 12, 1871 r
Webber, W. A Jan. 28, 1867 d
Webster, George H., Jr Mar. 14, 1879 d
Webster, J. W Oct. 28, 1832 *
Webster, J. W Feb. 8, 1869, May 5, 1872 . . d
Webster, R Nov. 18, 1817 r
Weeks, C. P Oct. 8, 1853 d
Welch, Joseph W Dec. 9, 1817 *
Wellington, Austin C Nov. 12, 1871 r
Wellington, Charles W. W Apr. 13, 1878 *
Wellington, William H May 25, 1840 *
Wells, Harry G Nov. 10, 1878 r
Wells, Wellington ,. . June 20, 1887 r
Welsh, George W Dec. 30,1817 d
Wentworth, Charles C Oct. 23, 1851 d
Wentworth, George H . Nov. 10, 1864 d
Wentworth, James A Nov. 29, 1870 d
Wentworth, S. T Jan. 14, 1877 r
(93)
HISTOKY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDX SOCIETY.
West, Albert J April 9, 1870, Jan. 16, 1876 . d
West, Charles H June 21, 1882 d
West, George W Nov. 7, 1866 d
Weston, E., .Tr Oct. 21, 1838 r
Westwood, Joseph June 26, 18^0
Wetherbee, Josiah Q June 28, 18-40
Weymouth, William S Nov. 24, 1869 d
Wheat, Bridge Oct. 4, 1844 *
Wheelwright, George 8 Nov. 29, 1870 d
Wheelwright, Josiah Jan. 2, 1821 r
Wheelwright, Josiah Nov. 24, 1869, Nov. 17, 1S78 .
Whiston, Francis C Sept. 17, 1822 d
Whitcomb, Lawrence June 25, 1890 r
Whitcomb, N. O Nov. 13, 1867
White, E. W Dec. 16, 1857 d
White, Edward Y Nov. 21, 1865 d
White, H. K., Jr Mar. 26, 1868 d
White, Jacob R Oct. 7, 1817 d
White, Robert L May 17, 1883 d
White, Thomas H Oct. 7,1817 d
White, Walter P Apr. 11, 188'.t r
White, Warren Dec. 25, 1843 d
Whiting, C. E Dec. 22, 1856 d
Whiting, Joseph J Jan. 23, 1842 *
Whitman, Allen Mar. 7, 1816 d
Whitney, Alfred Nov. 8, 1844 d
Whitney, G. W May 15, 1882
Whitney, John Oct. 6, 1818 d
Whitney, Richard S Nov. 19, 1868
Whitney, W. L • . . . . Mar. 31, 1879 d
Whittemore, Arthur H Apr. 11, 1889 r
Whittemore, Dexter P May 12, 1884 d
Whittemore, F. J Mar. 19, 1858 d
Whittemore, Michael. Jr Nov. 27, 1821 d
Whittemore, Thomas Oct. 7, 1817 d
Whittier, D. B Dec. 8, 1861 d
Wight, Henry F Nov. 7, 1866 d
Wilcox, Preston Dec. 9, 1877 d
Wilde, Hiram Oct. 25, 1856
Wilder, Daniel Aug. 7, 1832 r
Wilder, F. B Jan. 7, 1877 d
Wilder, Frank h Nov. 29, 1870 d
Wilder, Lewis Sept. 28, 1884 r
Wilder, Martin Oct. 3, 1820 *
Wilder, Martin, 2d Nov. 13, 1843
Wilder, Volney Oct. 21, 1832 r
Wildes, Ephraim Oct. 3, 1837 *
Willy, Ephraim Oct. 4, 1825 d
Williams, Benjamin P Mar. 7,1816 d
(94)
MEMBERS.
Williams, Boardraan Xov. 23, 1815 *
Williams, Henry B Xov. 7, 1866 d
Williams, J. Frank Dec. 19, 1881 d
Williams, Jame^ Nov. 4, 1854
Williams, L. P Xov. 19, 1868 d
Williams, N. Wardner Mar. 26, 1879 d
Williams, R. T Mar. 11, 1879
Williams. Samuel F Xov. 7, 1866 d
Willson, Robert W Xov. 12, 1871 d
Wilson, Arthur H Nov. 24:, 1869 d
Wilson, George H Feb. 1, 1874 r
Wilson, J. C Oct. 27, 1859 =*=
Wilson, John Nov. 21, 1865 d
Wilson, William H Nov. 21, 1865 d
Winch, J. F Nov. 1, 1865 r
Winch. J. R Nov. 1, 1865 r
Winchester, Amasa Original member *
Windram, W. J Dec. 13, 1874 r
Winther, C Jan. 17, 1881 r
Winward, William W May 26, 1872 d
Wise, Isaac K Dec. 9, 1819 *
Wiswell, Dexter \^ Jan. 1, 1833 *
Wiswell, George C Nov. 10, 1864
Wiswell, William D Nov. 1, 1863 *
With, C. Frederick June 21, 1887 d
Withington, Ebenezer Original member *
Withington, George R. M Sept. 1, 1818 d
Withington, Increase S Jan. 2, 1821 *
Witter, T. H. B Nov. 29, 1870 r
Wood, C. H. W Nov. • 1, 1863 r
Wood, Elisha. .Jr Apr. 1, 1823 d
Wood, Elijah A May 5, 1884
Wood. G. H Nov. 1, 1865 d
Wood, Lewis Nov. 9, 1815 *
Wood, W. E Nov. 24, 1869 r
Woods, George H Dec. 2, 1877 r
Woods, J. H Feb. 8, 1869 d
Woods, John C Oct. 25, 1852 d
Woodman, Jonathan C Jan. 12. 1854 d
Woodward, A. W Feb. 24, 1853 *
Woodward, Isaac Sept.-25, 1856 *
Woodward, W. A Dec. 1, 1878 d
Worcester, Charles P June 4, 1885 r
Worcester, Joseph R May 3,1884 i-
Worcester, W Nov. 10, 1878 d
Worthley, Mark Dec. 6, 1842 *
Wright, Chandler Dec. 16, 1857, May 12, 1883 .
Wright, J. W Apr. 19, 1840 d
Wright, R. P Nov. 13, 1867
(95)
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AXD HAYDN SOCIETY.
Wright, William July 6,1815 "
Wymau, Luther B Jan. 3,1826 r
Young, Charles Feb. 3, 1839 r
Young, E. O Mar. 3, 1872 d
Ycung, H. D Apr. 25, 1882 d
Young, Henry D Apr. 11,1889 ......
Inote. — The method of attaching a number to the signature of each new member should
seem to have been adopted with the openin« of the present book of By-Lawe in 1S43. As
in a good many instances men have discontinued their membership in the Society, and then
at a later date resumed it, ii follows that the numbers indicate a record not of the members,
but of the memberships.^ This record of memberships constitutes the chronological list as
edited above. The significance of the duplicate memberships was evidently not perceixed in
lS4o. The numbers, which were then apparently for the first time assigned to the members of
that date, run through 465, representing the number of members. Up to that time four men
had been in the cjociety twice, the number of signatures having been 469. As the system then
adopted gave from thnt time forth the list of numbered memberships, the same method has
now been extended backward to the beginning of the list, the four extra numbers being rep-
resented by 465 a, b, c, d. These 469 numbers, as here edited, do not agree, except by chance
in some instances, with the numbers ascribed to the old members in 1843. The discrepancies
range from one to six, and are owing to an extraordinary theory of chronological succession
invented by the compiler of 1843. These numbers are now assigned in the true order of the
original signatures. From 466 onward, the numbers as printed agree with those which
accompany the signatures, except at some periods of temporary confusion, as, for instance,
in the numbers 1377-1394. In such cases the true chronological number has been printed in
the column, and the number as written in the record list has been printed after the name.
Number of memberships by printed list .... 1.717
Add Nos. 465 a, 6, c, d, 533 «, 596 a, 768 a, 1,266 a, 1,504 a. 9
Subtract Xo. 1,173, unfilled
Subtract No. 946. same man as 718 ....
Subtract duplicate signatures
Number of members, chronological list .... 1,687
1
726
1
1
725
1
1
724
.■'<
Number of names, alphabetical list 1,689
Subtract for C. F. King and J. G, Cakes, changed names . 2
Number of members, alphabeticallist .... 1,»;87
The lists as here printed are somewhat imperfect. Doubtless many of the old members
who here appear without the stars have long since been gathered unto their fathers. Proba-
ably some whose membership has otherwise been closed, still appear in full standing. But
it is hoped that the chronological statement will prove a fairly complete and accurate
transcript of the facts that appear on the recorded lists of the Society; and it^has not
seemed desirable to postpone the publication of the history for the sake of making investi-
gations beyond the otHcial record.
ERRATA
Page (33), No. 468, for 1842 read 1843.
Page ^55), No. 1492, for Clarence read Clarance.
Page (62), for Anderson, N. R., read Andersen, N. R.
Page (75), for Hanson, E. R., read Hansen, E. R. ; for Hansen, George
A., read Hanson, George A.
Page (76), after Hazelton, J. E., for Oct. 26, read Oct. 17.
(96)
LADIES OF THE CHORUS,
1865-1890
There are substantially no existing materials from which to make a list of ladies before
1865. Therefore no attempt has been made to construct such a list. Furthermore, the list
here given of ladies after 1865 is by no means perfect. The names of the chorus singers at
the festivals of 1865, 1868, and 1871 are given in the program books of those festivals
respectively. These names constitute almost the only obtainable information as to the
ladies who were in the chorus during the period beginning with the festival of 1865 and
ending with the festival of 1871. From the latter date, records of constantly increasing
accuracy have been kept.
The list here given purports to include all the names found in the festival books above
mentioned, or in the subsequent records of the Society, or ascertained from any other source.
Abbot, Mary, Miss
Abbott, Ella M., Mbs
Abbott, G., Miss
Abell, Edith, Miss
Aborn, Helen C, Miss
Acherly, C. L., Mrs.
Ackerman, S. E., Miss
Adams, Abbie, Miss
Adams. Emma L., Miss
Adams, Frank A., Mrs.
Adams, H. C, Miss
Adams, Mary, Miss
Adams, S. E. G., Miss
Adams, Susan S., Miss
Aiken, E. H., Mrs.
Aiken, Emma G., Miss
Akerman, George, Mrs.
Albee, Lillian C, Miss
Albright, S., Miss
Alden, D. A., Mrs.
Alden, Nellie M., Mrs.
Alden, R. B., Mrs.
Aldrich, A.M., Mrs.
Aldrich, Helen J., Miss
Aldrich, J. E., Miss
Aldrich, Mary A., Miss
Alexander, A. B., Miss
Alexander, Emma D., IMiss
Alexander, Mary H., Miss
Alexander, Zaida, Mrs.
Allen, Emily C-, Miss
Allen, Grace, Miss
Allen, Hannah, Miss
Allen, Hattie E., Miss
Allen, Ida, Miss
Allen, Julia, Miss
Allen, Lizzie C, Miss
Allen, Lizzie E., Miss
Allen, Louise G., Mrs.
Allen, Lucy G., Miss
Allen, M., Miss
Allen, Maggie, Miss
Allen, Nellie, Miss
Allen, S. C, Miss
Allen, William H., Mrs.
Alley, Lizzie E., Miss
Alsbury, Marijaret, Mrs.
Amidon, Fannie, Miss
Andrews, Mrs.
Andrews, Aleena R., Miss
Andrews, E. R., Mrs.
Andrews, Ellen, Miss
Andrews, Eva, Miss
Andrews, J. D., Mrs.
Andrews, L. E., Miss
Andrews, Luella W., Miss
Andrews, Minnie C, Miss
Andrews, R. L., Mrs.
(97)
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
Appleton, Florence A., Miss
Appleton, S. C, Mrs.
Arnands, S. R., Mrs.
Arno, E. J., Mrs.
Attwood, E., Miss
Attwood, J. H., Mrs.
Atwater, Sophie, Miss
Atwill, A. A., Miss
Atwill, L. B., Miss
Atwood, C. A., Mrs.
Atwood, Carrie, Miss
Atwood, J. W., Mrs.
AiistiD, E. S., Mrs.
Austin, Edith, Miss
Austin, Elizabeth, Mrs.
Austin, Lillie, Miss
Avery, E. B.,"Mrs.
Avery. Ella R., Mrs.
Avery, Mary H., Miss
Ayer, Elorence G., Miss
Bachelder, Nellie, Miss
Backus, Ella F., Miss
Bacon, Helen E., Mrs.
Badger, Sophia, Miss
Bagley, Clara E., Miss
Bagley, Lizzie M., Miss
Bagnal, B. G., Miss
Bagnal, Thomas, Mrs.
Bailey, A. R., Mrs.
Bailey, E. F., Miss
Bailey, Grace, Mrs.
Baker, L. V., Miss
Baker, Minnie F., Miss
Bakerman, M. M., Miss
Balch, Amy C, Miss
Baldwin, E. L., Mrs.
Baldwin, E. S., Miss
Baldwin, Lizzie J., Miss
Ballard, Georgiana A., Miss
Ballou, Cora, Miss
Ballou, Emily J., Miss
Ballou, Isabella J., Miss
Baraford, Miss
Bancroft, C. R., Mrs.
Bancroft. Eva J., Miss
Barbey, Christina D., Miss
Barker, Cora B., Mrs.
Barker, L. M., Mrs.
Barnes, Annie, Miss
Barnes, Bertha, Miss
Barnes, E.R., Miss
Barnes, Emma, Miss
Barnes, Margaret, Miss
Barr, H. H., Mrs.
Barrett, Alice M., Miss
Barrett, G. J., Miss
Barrows, E. K., Mrs.
Barry, May F., Mrs.
Barry, ^Y. T., Mrs.
Bartlett, Jennie L., Miss
Bartlett, M. F., Miss
Barton, Lucy T., Mrs.
Bassett, C, Miss
Batchelder, Frances, Miss
Bates, Hattie T., Mrs.
Bates, M. C. Miss
Bates, M. T., Mrs.
Bates, Maud, Miss
Bath, Carrie A., Miss
Battersby, Winifred, Miss
Baxter, C. A., Mrs.
Beal, H., Mrs.
Bearse, A. L., Mrs.
Beattie, Addle A., Miss
Beattie, Marion J., Miss
Beck, Frederick, Mrs.
Beck, L. A., Miss
Beck, L. M., Miss
Beede, A. F. C, Miss
Beers, J. T., Mrs.
Belding, Laura, Miss
Bell, C. A., Miss
Bennett, Emma J., Miss
Bennett, L. F., Miss
Bennison, S. M., Miss
Benson, A. M., Miss
Benson, Thesia C, Miss
Bent, E. M., Miss
Benton, Lizzie, Miss
Benton, Maggie B., Miss
Bergstrom, Mattie, Miss
Berk, M., Miss
Betton, Mrs.
Bickford, Alta, Miss
Bickford, Emma, Miss
Bicknell, Alice, Miss
Bicknell, Anna T., Miss
(98)
LADIES OF THE CHORUS, 1(
-1890.
Bicknell, Carrie L., Miss
Bidwell, Minda C, Miss
Bigelow, E. J., Mrs.
Bigelow, Florence, Miss
Billings, Ella M., Mrs.
Billings, Mary P. C, Mrs.
Billings, Nellie, Miss
Bingham, H. A., Mrs.
Bingham, H. E., Miss
Bingham, Kittie E., Miss
Bingham, Lucy J., Mrs.
Bingham, S. E., Miss
Birch, G. W., Mrs.
Bird, C. A., Miss
Bird, Carrie E., Miss
Bird, Helen M., Miss
Bird, Mary C, Miss
Bishop, P., Mrs.
Bishop, Marie, Mrs.
Bissell, A., Miss
Bittner, Nettie M., 3Iiss
Black, Ella, Miss
Black, Lucy, Miss
Blacker, E. F., Miss
Blackman, Mabelle W., Miss
Blaisdell, Emma A., Miss
Blauchard, Kate E., Miss
Blanchard, Nettie S., Miss
Blanchard, W. E., Mrs.
Blaney, E. A., Mrs.
Blatchford, Dora, Miss
Blethen, J. C.,Mrs.
Blodgett, Alice, Miss
Blodgett, F. A., Miss
Blood, Evlyn, Miss
Boardman, E. 1., Miss
Boardman, F. M., Miss
Boardman, Mabel, Miss
Bodges, A. L., Miss
Boll, Helena H., Miss
Bond, Minnie D., Mrs.
Boos, Josephine, Miss
Boos, Therese, Miss
Boott, E., jNIiss
Bosley, Mary A. , Miss
Bosworth, Abbie F., Miss
Bothamly, Edith, Miss
Bothamly, Emma, Miss
Bothamly, Fannie, Miss
Bowker, Jennie, Mrs.
Bowser, S. S., Mrs.
Boyd, Margaret A., Miss
Boyden, W. R., Mrs.
Boylston, Belle R., Mrs.
Brackett, Grace W.,- Miss
Brackett. Kate H., Miss
Brackett, L., Mrs.
Brackett, L. B., Miss
Brackett, Mary, Miss
Bradbury, C. B., Mrs.
Bradbury, E. A., Mrs.
Braddock, W. L., Mrs.
Braden, H. S., Mrs.
Bradford,' Lizzie B., Miss
Bradlee, Annie J., Miss
Bragdon, Florence L., Miss
Branch, A. E., Miss
Branch, M., Miss
Brandyer, Katherine, Miss
Branscomb, E. D., Mrs.
Bray, A., Miss
Brehm, Fannie J., Miss
Brice, Mary, Miss
Bridges, Georgianna, Miss
Briggs, Annie E,, Miss
Briggs, Julia E., Miss
Briggs, Lon, Miss
Brigham, A. E.,- Miss
Brigham, Addie R., Miss
Brigham, E. J., Miss
Brigham, M. C, Mrs.
Brittou, M. A., Mrs.
Broad. F. W., Mrs.
Brooks, Alice, Miss
Brooks, C. E., Miss
Brooks, Stella, Miss
Broughton, Caroline V., Miss
Brown, A. C, Miss
Brown, Alice G., Miss
Brown, C M., Miss
Brown, Carrie B., Miss
Brown, Christine, Miss
Brown, Edna E., Miss
Brown, Florence C, Miss
Brown, George M,, Mrs.
Brown, Hattie A., Miss
Brown, Henry B., Mrs.
Brown, M. A., Mrs.
(99)
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
Brown, M. G., Miss
Brown, Mary J., Mrs.
Brown, N. M., Miss
Brown, Nellie, Mrs.
Brown, S. A., Miss
Browne, A. Parker, Mrs.
Browning, E. F., Miss
Browning, J. A., Mrs.
Bruce, Katharine M., Miss
Bruce, M. E., Mrs.
Bruner, Lettie, Miss
Bryant, D. C, Mrs.
Bryant, Gertrude, Miss
Bryant, M. A., Miss
Bryant, Margaret, Miss
Bryden, W. R., Mrs.
BufRngton, Mary P., Miss
Bugbee, E. A., Miss
Buitekan, Eva, Miss
Bulkeley, L. E., Miss
Bullard, E. C, Mrs.
Bullard, E. H., Mrs.
Bullard, Mary L., Miss
Bullen, E. S., Miss
Bullen, Mary J.. Miss
Bunten, M. T., Miss
Bunton, E. J., Miss
Bunton, L. A., Miss
Bunton, W. H., Mrs.
Burbeck, H. L., Miss
Burgess, E. H. C, Miss
Burgess, H. P., Miss
Burgess, J. T., Mrs.
Burkett, Belle P., Miss
Burnham, A., Miss
Burnliam, A. L., Miss
Burnham, Clara, Mrs.
Burnham, Ellen E., Miss
Burnham, W. W., Mrs.
Burrill, M. A., Miss
Burroughs, Belle, Miss
Burroughs, Eliza A., Mrs.
Burroughs, Emma A., Miss
Burrows, E. A., Mrs.
Burton, C. E,, Miss
Burton, C. I., Miss
Burton, Ida M., Miss
Burton, Lizzie, Miss
Burton, Maggie B., Miss
Burton, Mary E., Miss
Butcher, Martin, Mrs.
Butler, S., Miss
Butterfleld, C. P., Miss
Butterfleld, Grace, Miss
Butterfleld, M. S., Mis&
Buttrick, L. A., Miss
Butts, Lizzie M., Miss
Buxton, Lulu L., Miss
Byrne, Addie A., Mrs-
Byrne, S. J., Mrs.
Byrne, S. T., Mrs.
Cabot, Edith R., Mis»
Cabot, Lilla, Miss
Cabot, Sarah, Miss
Caine, Ida P., Miss
Cairns, Emma, Miss
Caldwell, Mabel V., Miss
Calef, Josephine, Miss
Cameron, J., Mrs.
Camp, Kate, Miss
Campbell, A. A., Miss
Campbell, Alma, Miss
Campbell, Cora, Miss
Campbell, J. J., Mrs.
Campbell, L., Mrs.
.Campbell, T. W., Mrs.
Cann, Minnie, Miss
Capon, Mrs.
Card, Lucy G. M., Miss
Cardell, P. B., Mrs.
Carleton, C. P., Mr&.
Carleton, I. S., Miss
Carleton, J. P., Mrs.^
Carleton, J. S., Miss
Carnes, E. L., Miss
Carnes, P., Mrs.
Carr, B., Mrs.
Carr, II., Mrs.
Carr, H. H., Mrs.
Carr, H. V., Mrs.
Carr, J. A., Mrs.
Carr, M. G., Mrs.
Carrier, Ida, Miss
Carrington, L., Miss
Carter, H., Mrs.
Carter, Mary, Miss
Carter, Mary L., Mis&
(100)
LADIES OF THE CHORUS, 1865-1890.
Cary, J. B., Miss
Cary, L. P., Miss
Gary, S., Miss
Case, A. C, Mrs.
Case, H. V., Miss
Case, I. F., Miss
Casey, J. F., Mrs.
Cassidy, Jennie, Miss
Caswell, A., Miss
Caswell, M. A., Miss
Cazemay, Lizzie, Miss
Ceiley, Anna, Miss
Chadwick, Amelia, Miss
Chadwick, Anne, Miss
Chadwick, H. B., Mrs.
Chadwick, J. C, Mrs.
Chaffin, Mary A., Miss
Chamberlain, S. E., Miss
Chandler, Estelle I., INIiss
Chandler, Mary, Miss
Chandler, S. R., :Mrs.
Chapin, M. E., Mrs.
Chapman, E. A., Mrs.
Chase, Abbie A., Miss
Chase, Florence, Miss
Chase, J. H., Mrs.
Chase, Jennie E., Mrs.
Chase, Linna A., Miss
Chase, P. F., Mrs.
Chase, W. P., Mrs.
Cheesman, James, Mrs.
Cheney, C. A., Mrs.
Cheney, CM., Mrs.
Cheney, Ella, Miss
Cheney, J. E., Miss
Chickering, Addie M., Miss
Child, Frances L., Miss
Child, Harriet M., Miss
Chisam, E. B., Miss
Chisholm, E., Miss
Chisholm, L. E., Miss
Chisholm, R. C, Miss
Christie, C, Miss
Christie, Helen, Miss
Church, Joseph, Mrs.
Chute, C. H., Mrs.
Chute, R. J., Mrs.
Cilley, Clara A., Miss
Clapp, Abbie F., Miss
Clark, AbbyR., Miss
Clark, C. H., Mrs.
Clark, C. W., Miss
Clark, E. F., Miss
Clark, Emma W., Miss
Clark, J. N.,Mrs.
Clark, Jennie B., Miss
Clark, L. W., Mrs.
Clark, M. C, Miss
Clark, M. E., Mrs.
Clark, Minnie A., Miss
Clarke, M. A., Miss
Clarke, S. A., Miss
Cleaveland, Ella, Miss
Close, Fannie M., Mrs.
Clough, Gertrude, Miss
Clough, Lucy A., INIiss
Clouston, A. J., Miss
Cloutman, AdaG., Mrs.
Cloutman, Ella D., Miss
Cluer, B.,Miss
Coburn, E. S.. Miss
Coburn, Flora M., Miss
Coburn, M. P., Mrs.
Cochran, MaryE., Miss
Cochran, Susan, Miss
Cochrane, S. C. , Miss
Coffey, John A., Mrs.
Coffey, William H., Mrs.
Coffin, Josie P., Miss
Coffin, M. O., Miss
Coffin, Marietta, Miss
Cogswell, W. C, Mrs.
Colburn, Mary P., Mrs.
Colby, Lizzie, Miss
Cole, M. E., Miss
Cole, O.R., Miss
Colgate, H. C, Mrs.
Collier, Annie E., Miss
Collins, Amelia, Miss
Collins, E. D., Mrs.
Comey, Georgo H., Mrs.
Conant, Annabel O., Mrs.
Conant, Benjamin, Mrs.
Conant, Martha T., Miss
Conkey, H., Mrs.
Converse, W. H., Mrs.
Cook, C. E., Mrs.
(101)
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
Cook, E. O., :Mrs.
Cook, H. E., Mrs.
Cook, H. J., Mrs.
Cook, J. F., Mrs.
Cook, Lottie A., Miss
Cook, Mary T. F., Miss
Cooke, A. B., Mrs.
Cooke, C. G.,Mrs.
Coolidge, Emma, Miss
Copeland, M. J., Mrs.
Corey, A., Mrs.
Corliss, Grace S., Miss
Cornwall, Mary A., Mrs.
Corson, C. D., Mrs.
Costello, Abbie May, Miss
Cotton, Anna L., Miss
Covell, Olive M., Miss
Cowclin, G. M., Mrs.
Cox, Mary A., Miss
Cox, W. N., Mrs.
Crabtree, Inez, Miss
Crafts, A. F., Mrs.
Crafts, H. F., Miss
Cragin, Lizzie, Miss
Crandon, S. F.. Miss
Crane, A. F., Miss
Crane, Carrie, Miss
Crane, Emma L., Miss
Crane, L. L., Mrs.
Crane, Sarah L., Miss
Crawshaw, Mary, Miss
Crego, Miss
Crocker, M. H., Miss
Croft, Ada G., Miss
Croft, M. F., Miss
Crosby, Alice K., Miss
Crosby, Mary C, Miss
Crosby, S. F., Miss
Crosby, S. H., Miss
Cross, Viva, Miss
Crossette, Minnie A., Miss
Grossman, E. J., Mrs.
Crossman, Jennie, Mrs.
Crovvell, J. A., Mrs.
Crowell, Nellie H., Miss
Cumings, C. H., Mrs.
Cummings, H. A., Mrs.
Cummings, Lillian S., Miss
Cundy, Ida, Miss
Cunningham, E., Miss
Cunningham, S. V..Miss
Currier, Abbie, Mrs.
Currier, C. E., Mrs.
Curry, Mrs.
Curry, Alfaretta, Miss
Curry, Ida F., Miss
Curry, Mary M., Miss
Curtis, E., Miss
Curtis, L. A. B., Mrs.
Curtis, M. G., Mrs.
Cushing, A. G., Mrs.
Cushing, C, Mrs.
Cushing, E. F., Miss
Cushing, E. S.,Miss
Cushing, George, Mrs.
Cushing, Laura J., Miss
Cushing, M.. Miss
Cushing, Mary A., Mrs.
Cushing, Mary E., Mrs.
Cushing, R. D., Mrs.
Cushman, Hattie E., Miss
Cushman, L., Miss
Cushman, Mary L., Miss
Cushnie, Mary J., Miss
Cutler, Mary E., Miss
Cutter, C. K., Mrs.
Cutter, C. R.,'Miss
Cutter, Edith, Miss
Cutter, Imo L., Miss
Cutting, E. G., Miss
Cutting, F., Miss
Cutting, Lizzie S., Miss
Dabney, Ellen, Miss
Dabney, F., Miss
Dabney, Julia P., Miss
Dabney, S., Miss
Dakin, Bertha M., Miss
Dakin, Lillian J., Miss
Dalton, Grace F., Miss
Dalton, L. M., Mrs.
Dame, J. W., Mrs.
Damon, Lizzie, Miss
Dana, C, Miss
Dana, E. E., Miss
Dana, I. H., Miss
Dana, J. E., Miss
Dana, K., Miss
i
i
(102)
LADIES OF THE CHORUS, 1865-1890.
Dana, L., Miss
Dana, R. C, Miss
Dane, Carrie, Miss
Danforth, Adelaide, Miss
Danforth, Delphis S., Miss
Daniels, G. F., Mrs.
Daniels, Grace, Miss
Daniels, Isabel, Miss
Daniels, J. Scott, Mrs.
Daniels, M. W., Mrs.
Daniels, S. I., Miss
Daniels, S. M., Mrs.
Darling, M., Mrs.
David, LucyE., Miss
Davidson, Mrs.
Davis, A, A., Miss
Davis, A. F., Miss
Davis, A. M., Mrs.
Davis, Anna M., Miss
Davis^ Annie H., Miss
Davis, Belle, Miss
Davis, Eleanor P., Miss
Davis, Emily I., Miss
Davis, Frank L., Miss
Davis, J. M., Mrs.
Davis, Josie F., Miss
Davis, L. C, Miss
Davis, L. E., Miss
Davis, M. A., Miss
Davis, Mary T., Miss
Davis, V. G., Miss
Davy, M. E., Mrs.
Day, H. E.,Miss
Dayton, I. M., Mrs.
Dearing, Lilla A., Miss
Dearing, Marcia A., Miss
Decrow, Gertrude, Miss
Deering, Estelle C, Miss
Delano, Addie, Miss
Delano, R. K., Mrs.
Dempster, Mrs.
Denley, Mary, Miss
Dennett, Mabel F., Miss
Dennis, Mrs.
Dennis, A., Miss
Derby, Lizzie M., Miss
Derby, M. F., Miss
De Renfro, Mlllicent, Mrs.
De Ribas, H. R. G., Miss
Dewey, Mary E., Mrs.
Dexter, Cliarles H., Mrs.
Dexter, Florence, Miss
Dexter, Hattie L., Miss
De Young, Kate, Miss
Dickerman, A., Miss
Dickerman, A. L., Mrs.
Dickinson, Anna, Miss
Dickinson, M. S., Miss
Dickinson, Mary, Miss
Dimick, C. W., Mrs.
Dietrick, Louise G., Miss
Dodd, John, Mrs.
Dodge, Annie, Miss
Dodge, Edna S., Miss
Dodge, L. B., Mrs.
Dodge, S., Miss
Dolbeare, F. M., Miss
Dole, Kate, Miss
Dole, M. A., Miss
Dollover, Miss
Dorr, Daisy, Miss
Dow, Alice I., Miss
Dowling, E. M., Miss
Downer, Ella, Miss
Downing, Sarah E.,Miss
Drake, Inez, Miss
Drake, M. Bessie, Miss
Drake, M. L., Mrs.
Drake, Sarah, Mrs.
Drake, T., Mrs.
Drew, G. H., Mrs.
Drew, Thomas, Jr., Mrs.
DuBois, S. M.,Mrs.
Dudley, E. M., Miss
Dudley, M. L., Miss
Duganne, S., Miss
Dumas, George V., Mrs.
Dunham, E. E., Miss
Dunklee, Nellie M., Miss
Dunlap, G. E., Mrs.
Dunuells, Jessie, Miss
Dunnels, E. W., Mrs.
Dunnels, Jennie L., Miss
Dunnels, Mattie D., Miss
Dunning, Clara M., Miss
Dunning, R. B., Mrs.
Dupee, C, Mrs.
Durand, M. L., Mrs.
(103)
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
Durgin, E. E.,Mrs.
Dustin, M. E., Mrs.
Dwyer, Hannah, Miss
Dyer, E. Jessie, Miss
Earnest, Hattie, Miss
Eastabrooks, Emma, Miss
Eastman, Mrs.
Eastman, Emma J., Miss
Eastman, Mary A., Miss
Eaton, H. E.,Miss
Eaton, Lizzie, Miss
Eaton, Lucy H., Miss
EajTs, Maria, Miss
Eclieran, D. C, Mrs.
Eddy, Mary, Mrs.
Edes, M. C, Miss
Edwards, J., Mrs.
Eldridge, L. M., Mrs.
Eldridge, M., Miss
Eliot, Catherine A., Miss
Elliott, C. A., Miss
Elliott, M. L., Miss
Ellis, Emma H., Mrs.
Ellis, F. O., Mrs.
Ellis, Mary, Miss
Ellison, J. R., Mrs.
Ellsworth, G. C.,Mrs.
Ellwell, A. M., Miss
Emerson, C. W., Mrs.
Emerson, R. V. C, Mrs.
Emerson, Sara, Mrs.
Emery, L. M., Miss
Emery, M. L., Miss
Emery, M. T., Miss
Emmons, J. M., Miss
Esselen, H. M.,Mrs.
Estabrooks, H. A., Miss
Estes, Lizzie G., Miss
Estle, Mary A., Miss
Esty, Annice E., Miss
Eustis, Grace F., Miss
Evans, E., Miss
Evans, E. B., Mrs.
Evans, Ellen, Miss
Evans, L. A., Miss
Evans, M. J., Miss
Evans, Marsraret, Miss
Ewer, Pauline C. Miss
Ewer, Susan, Miss
Fabyan, E. C, Miss
Fairbanks, Miss
Fairbanks, D., Mrs.
Fairbanks, E., Mrs.
Fall, Miss
Fanor, A., Miss
Farmer, H. M., Miss
Farmer, M. C, Miss
Farmer, M. E., Miss
Farmer, W. C, Miss
Farrell, Mary, Mrs.
Farrington, A., Mrs.
Farrington, Alice E., Miss
Farrington, H., Mrs.
Farrington, H. E., Mrs.
Farrington, Julia B., Miss
Farrington, Marietta T., Miss
Farrington, Mary E., Miss
Faxon, Edward, Mrs.
Fay, Edward, Mrs.
Fay, K., Miss
Fell, Sarah A., Miss
Fenno, Ada C , Miss
Fenno, E. A., Miss
Feran, E. A., Miss
Fernandez, Emma, Miss
Ferrin, Abby N., Miss
Ferris, T. L., Mrs.
Fessenden, William H., Mrs.
Field, A. L., Mrs.
Field, Emma S., Miss
Field, Mary W., Miss
Fields, Etta, Miss
Fininly, Martha, Miss
Fisher, G. B., Miss
Fisher, Sarah C, Miss
Fisher, T. W., Mrs.
Fiske, Emma L., Miss
Fitch, S. E., Mrs.
Fitch, W. F., Mrs.
Fitz, Andrew. Mrs.
Fitz, Hattie G., Miss
Flagg, Luthera, Miss
Flagg, Minnie A., Miss
Fletcher, Esther, Miss
(104)
LADIES OF THE CHORUS, 1865-1890.
Metcher, G. H., Mrs.
Flinn, A., Miss
Plinn, M., Miss
Floyd, M. H., Miss
Flynn, Annette, Miss
Flynn, Theresa M., Miss
FoUansbee, E. E., Miss
Follett, Dr., Mrs.
Follett, A. L., Miss
Follett, A. S., Miss
Follette, J. A., Mrs.
Folsom, George C, Mrs.
Folsom, Hattie S., Miss
Ford, Anna, Miss
Ford, Emma B., Mrs.
Ford, Mary E., Miss
Foskett, Nettie C, Miss
Foss, Anna F., Miss
Foss, Clara T., Miss
Foss, Nellie C, Miss
Foster, Annie L., Miss
Foster, Clyde, Miss
Foster, Cordelia A., Miss
Foster, E. G., Mrs.
Foster, George E., Mrs.
Foster, M. F., Miss
Foster, M. H., Miss
Foster, Susie, Miss
Fowles, A. L., Mrs.
Fowles, Carrie L., Mrs.
Fox,Effle H., Miss
Fox, J., Mrs.
Fox, Lizzie S., Miss
Fox,. Lucy M., Miss
Fox, N. S., Miss
Fox, W. S., Mrs.
French, Fannie T., Miss
French, Mary E., Miss
French, Mary L., Miss
Friend, Fannie C, Miss
Frisbee, A. B., Miss
Frisbee, G. B., Miss
Froh witter, Ernie J., Miss
Frost, Mrs.
Frost, E. J., Mrs.
Frost, F., Miss
Frost, G. E., Miss
Frost, S. F., Miss
Frye, Georgia M., Miss
Frye, Mary P., Miss
Frye, Serena J.. Miss
Fuller, Abbie T., Miss
Fuller, E. F., Miss
Fuller, Eloise L., Miss
Fuller, Etta 0., Miss
Fuller, H. M., Mrs.
Fuller, L. J., Mrs.
Fuller, M. A., Miss .
Fuller, M. A. G., Mrs.
Fuller, Sarah E., Mrs.
Furlong, A. B., Mrs.
Gaffney, A., Miss
Gaffney, Anna T., Miss
Gaffney, H. E., Miss
Gage, A. L., Miss
Gage, E. A., Miss
Gallagher, Jessie F., Miss
Gallison, L. J., Mrs.
Gamage, A., Mrs.
Gamage, A. M., Miss
Garcelon, Lillian O., Miss
Gardner, Hattie, Miss
Garland, H. S., Miss
Garland, N. L., Miss
Garrette, Lilian M., Miss
Garrette, Lucy L, Miss
Garrette, Victoria A., Miss
Garrison, Agnes, Miss
Gary, Edward, Mrs.
Gates, Alice, Miss
Gates, Florence, Miss
George, Mary E., Mrs.
Gerrish, Hattie N., Miss
Gerry, L. .J., Miss
Getchell, Annie A., Miss
Gharky, Marionette, Miss
Gibbs, Kate F., Miss
Gifford, W. B., Mrs.
Gilbert, B. F., Mrs.
Gild, G. L., Miss
Giles, Lucy A., Mrs.
Giles, N. L., Miss
Gilkey, C, Miss
Gill, Annie C, Miss
Gilmore, E. G., Miss
Gilmore, Emma M., Miss
Gilson, H. A., Miss
(105)
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
Gilson, S. Anna, Miss
Ginn, S. M., Miss
Glazier, O. E., Miss
Glidden, Jingie, Miss
Glover, Jennie A., Miss
Goddard, C. F., Mrs.
Goddard, K. T., Mrs.
Goldthwait, L. B., Miss
Gomez, Anna, Mrs.
Goocli, Caro, Sliss
Goodale, E. P., Miss
Goodale, G. 0., Miss
Goodale, Lizzie N., Miss
Goodnow, H. A., Mrs.
Goodnow, Luria, Miss
Goodnow, Olive, Miss
Goodnow, S., Miss
Goodwillie, Mrs.
Goodwin, A., Miss
Goodwin, D. A., Mrs.
Goodwin, E., Miss
Goodwin, H. E., Miss
Googins, S. E., Miss
Gorham, Miss
Gould, B. A., Jr., Mrs.
Gould, Jesse, Mrs.
Gould, Minnie M., Miss
Gould, S. E., Miss
Grampson, Miss
Granger, Annie M., Miss
Granger, M. M., Miss
Grant, A. R., Mrs.
Grant, Clara E., Miss
Grant, M. A., Mrs.
Gran wood, C, Miss
Graves, C. E., Mrs.
Graves, G. H., Mrs
Gray, Clara E., Miss
Gray, H. E., Mrs.
Gray, H. M., Miss
Gray, M., Miss
Gray, M. A., Mrs.
Greeley, Nellie, Miss
Green, Maggie, Miss
Greene, Ella, Miss
Greene, Flora, Miss
Greene, W. C, Mrs.
Greeor, Ella R., Miss
Greves, Clara E., Miss
Grieves, Maria, Miss
Griffin, W. F., Mrs.
Giyffiths, A. W., Mrs.
Griswold, Sarah A., Miss
Guardenier, M., Miss
Guenter, Anna, Miss
Guething, Sarah W., Miss
Guild, F. Albertina, Mrs.
Guild, G. L., Miss
Guild, Gertrude M., Miss
Gulbranson, Anna, Miss
Gunderson, H. M., Miss
Gunn, Grace A., Miss
Gurney, E. R., Mrs.
Hackett, Henry C, Mrs.
Hadley, E. M., Miss
Hadley, M. T., Mrs.
Hadley, Mary E., Miss
Hadley, S. Henry, Mrs.
Hadley, S. M., Miss
Hafford, Isabel, Miss
Haines, A. P., Miss
Haines, A. R., Mrs.
Haines, Mary C, Miss
Hains, G. M., Mrs.
Hale, E. M., Miss
Hale, Florence, Miss
Hale, Jennie S., Miss
Hall, A., Miss
Hall, A. B., Miss
Hall, B., Mrs.
Hall, Bertha H., Miss
Hall, D. C, Mrs.
Hall, Dora K., Miss
Hall, E., Miss
Hall, E. M., Miss
Hall, M. A., Miss
Hall, Mary L., Mrs.
Hall, Millie L., Miss
Hall, S. H., Miss
Hallenbeck, Jessie L., Miss
Ham, Cedilla D., Miss
Hamilton, Bessie, Miss
Hamilton, Julia, Miss
Hamilton, M. M., Miss
Hamlin, E. A., Miss
Hammett, H. M., Mrs.
Hammond, A. S., Miss
i
(106)
LADIES OF THE CHORUS, 1865-1890.
Hammond, A. W., Mrs.
Hammond, C. D., Miss
Hanson, Clara, Miss
Hapgood, H. L., Miss
Hapgood, M. L., Miss
Haraden, A. W., Miss
Haraden, H. A., Miss
Harding, C. L., Miss
Harding, Ella. Miss
Hardy, C. A., Mrs.
Hardy, Dora A., Miss
Harlow, A. F., Mrs.
Harmon, Annie L., Miss
Harper, H. G., Mrs.
Harrington, C. M., Miss
Harrington, E. W., Miss
Harris, Annie S., Miss
Harris, G. M., Miss
Harris, W. S., Mrs.
Hartwell, CoraB., Miss
Harvey, Alice A., Miss
Harwood, Minnie L., Miss
Haslett, A. C, Miss
Haslitt, M. J., Miss
Hastings, C. A., Miss
Hastings, E. H., ]Miss
Hastings, F. I., Miss
Hatch, A. S., Miss
Hatch, Edith, Miss
Hatch, Ida, Miss
Hatch, Jessie F., Miss
Hatch, John M., Mrs.
Hatch, Stella, Miss
Hathaway, Emma F., Miss
Haven, Frank, Mrs.
Hawes, C. W., Miss
Hawes, M. J., Mrs.
Hawes, William, Mrs.
Hawkes, Ellen E., Miss
Hay, M. D., Mrs.
Hayden, Emma, Miss
Hay den, H. C, Miss
Hayes, B. W., Mrs.
Hayes, Ella K., Miss
Haynes, Effie 0., Miss
Haynes, H. M., Miss
Haynes, S. F., Miss
Hays, W. T., Mrs.
Hayter, E. V., Miss
Hay ward, F. S., Mrs.
Hay ward, Lucy B., Miss
Haywood, S. F., Mrs.
Hazen, A., Mrs.
Headley, Carrie, Miss
Heath, E. M., Miss
Heath, Nettie M., Mrs.
Hebbard, Laura, Miss
Hebbard, Lena E., Miss
Hedge, Lizzie B., Miss
Hellman, Pauline J., Miss
Hemmenway, A., Mrs.
Henderson, A. E., Miss
Henderson, Amanda, Miss
Henderson, Edith, Miss
Henderson, O. M., Miss
Henry, G. E., Mrs.
Henry, Lizzie N., Miss
Herrick, William T., Mrs.
Hersam, A. R., Mrs.
Hersey, Mrs.
Hersey, Xellie P. , Miss
Hervey, A. F., Mrs.
Hervey, Lizzie, Miss
Hewett, Lizzie, Mrs.
Hews, Mary C, Miss
Heywood, Miss
Heywood, L. B., Miss
Hibbard, Annabel, Miss
Hicks, S. L., Miss
Higgins, F. K., Miss
Higgins, J. K., Mrs.
Higgins, P., Miss
Higgins, S. M., Miss
Higley, E. H., Mrs.
Hill, Abbie E., Mrs.
Hill, H., Miss
Hill, H. A., Miss
Hill, H. M., Miss
Hill, L. E. R., Mrs.
Hill, Lulu A. L., Miss
Hill, M., Mrs.
Hill, M. E., Miss
Hill, M. G., Mrs.
Hill, M. H., Mrs.
Hillard, J. L., Mrs.
Hillard, L. Alice, Mrs.
Hillman, M. G., Miss
Hillman, Susie, Miss
(107)
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
Hilton, Carrie, Miss
Hinds, Ella M., Miss
Hinds, Louisa F., Miss
Hinkley, Cornelia, Miss
Hitsen, M. E., Miss
Hobbs, M. E., Miss
Hodgdon, A. M., Miss
Hodges, Etta J., Miss
Hodsdon, A. M., Mrs.
Holbrook, Anna C, Miss
Holbrook, E. L., Miss
Holbrook, E. W., Miss
Holbrook, L., Miss
Holden, M. H., Mrs.
Holder, Carrie, Miss
Holder, F. A., Miss
Holland, Alice D., Mrs.
Holland, B. A., Miss
Holland, S. N., Miss
Hollings, E. L., Mrs.
Holmes, Carrie I., Mrs.
Holmes, Edith, Miss
Holmes, Florence, Miss
Holmes, Lizzie, Miss
Holmes, Theresa C, Miss
Holt, E. M., Miss
Holt, Fanny E., Miss
Holt, H. E., Mrs.
Holt, M. E., Miss
Holt, S. L., Miss
Homer, Emma, Miss
Hood, L. Emma, Miss
Hood, Mary A., Miss
Hooker, Abby B., Mrs.
Hooker, R. M., Mrs.
Hooper, Louise R., Mrs.
Hopkins, A. J., Miss
Hopkins, Lizzie M., Miss
Hopkinson, Grace M., Miss
Hosley, H. P., Mrs.
Hosmer, Anna L., Miss
Hosmer, Cora E., Miss
Hosmer, E., Miss
Hosmer, Jessie M., Miss
Hosmer, Mary A., Miss
Hosmer, Ora, Miss
Hosmer, Susie, Miss
Hough, Annie H., Miss
Houston, Julia E., Miss
Hovey, A. L., Miss
Hovey, E. F., Miss
Howard, C. R., Mrs.
Howard, E. M., Miss
Howard, J. B., Mrs.
Howard, L. Eva, Miss
Howard, M., Miss
Howard, M. E., Mrs.
Howard, Mattie W., Mrs.
Howe, A., Miss
Howe, C. M.. Mrs.
Howe, E. L., Miss
Howe, Emma S., Miss
Howe, Hattie E., Mrs.
Howe, Julia Ward, Mrs.
Howe, Nellie, Miss
Howes, M., Mrs.
Hubbard, C. J., Mrs.
Hubbard, Caro, Miss
Hubbard, Laura, Miss
Hudson, M. T., Mrs.
Huff, Carrie, Miss
Humphrey, A. E., Miss
Humphrey, L. B., Miss
Hunnewell, E. F., Miss
Hunnewell, E. L., Miss
Hunnewell, Eloise, Miss
Hunt, Mrs.
Hunter, Agnes E., Miss
Hunter, Hattie V., Miss
Hunter, L. F., Miss
Hunter, L. M., Mrs.
Hunter, Lizzie M., Miss
Huntley, J. R., Mrs.
Huntress, P. B., Mrs.
Hurll, Mrs.
Hussey, A. S., Mrs.
Hussey, Fannie, Miss
Hussey, Flora A., Miss
Hutchins, Miss
Hutchinson, A. S., Miss
Hutchinson, B. F., Mrs.
Hutchinson, E. L., Mrs.
Hutchinson, F. P., Miss
Hutchinson, Flora A., Miss
Hyde, F. L., Miss .
Irving, Anna M., Miss
Ives, C. F., Mrs.
(1083
I
LADIES OF THE CHORUS, 1865-1890.
Jackson, C. S., Miss
Jackson, G. W., Mrs.
Jackson, L. S., Miss
Jackson, Louisa, Miss
Jackson, M. C, Miss
Jackson, Minnie W., Miss
Jacobs, Hale, Mrs.
Jacques, M. A., Miss
James, Mary, Mrs.
Janes, Gertrude M., Miss
Janes, W. S., Mrs.
Jarvis, Charles, Mrs.
Jarvis, Julia A., Miss
Jarvis, Mattie C, Miss
Jcffers, Miss
Jenkins, C. E., Mrs.
Jenney, Walter, Mrs.
Jewell, Annie F., Miss
Jewett, Nellie, Miss
Johnson, C. F., Mrs.
Johnson, Charles H.. Mrs.
Johnson, Etta L.. Miss
Johnson, Hattie L., Miss
Johnson, L. F., Miss
Johnson, M., Miss
Johnson, M. A., Miss
Johnson, Mabel, Miss
Johnson, Maggie A., Miss
Johnson, Myra E., Miss
Johnston, M. A., Miss
Jones, G. S., Mrs.
Jones, J. E., Mrs.
Jones, Jennie F., Miss
Jones, L. A., Miss
Jones, N. D., Mrs.
Jones, Nan L., Miss
Jones, Nellie D., Miss
Jones, S. H., Miss
Jones, Susie, Miss
Jose, A., Miss
Jose, S., Miss
Josselyn, C. E., Miss
Josselyn, F., Miss
Josselyn, R. R., Miss
Julio, O., Mrs.
Katon, Mary A., Miss
Kean, M. V. B., Mrs.
Keays, Lizzie M., Miss
Kelley, A. S., Mrs.
Kelley, G. G., Miss
Kelley, Julia, Miss
Kemp, Edith, Miss
Kendall, Grace M., Miss
Kendrick, E. E., Miss
Kenerson, Louisa, Miss
Kennedy, Kate, Miss
Kent, A. K., Mrs.
Kent, L. A., Mrs.
Kern, M. B., Mrs.
Kern, M. E., Mrs.
Keyes, Emily S.. Mrs.
Keyes, J. M., Miss
Keyes, M. E., Miss
Keyes, Martha, Miss
Kidder, Miss
Kidder, H. E., Miss
Kidder, Kate B., Miss
Kiernan, T. J., Mrs.
Kilburn, D. W., Mrs.
Killiam, J. M., Mrs.
Kimball, E. F., Miss
Kimball, Ella, Miss
Kimball, H., Miss
Kimball, J. B., Mrs.
Kimball, J. J., Mrs.
Kimball, M. I., Miss
King, Miss
King, Amelia, Miss
King, C. F., Mrs.
King, Jenny L., Mrs.
Kingsbury, H. J., Miss
Kingsbury, P. O., Miss
Kingsbury, Susan, Miss
Kinsman, T. J., Mrs.
Kitson, M. E., Miss
Knapp, Almira S., Miss
Knapp, Emma W., Miss
Knapp, N., Miss
Knight, Martha D., Miss
Knowles, H. F., Mrs.
Knowles, M. F., Miss
Knowlton, Emily, Mrs.
Knox, S. Carrie, Miss
Kramer, E., Miss
Kronberg, Fannie, Miss
(109)
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
Ladd, M. H., Miss
Lambert, E. A.. Miss
Lambert, Eunice, ^[iss
Lamont, S;irah, Miss
Lamprey, Ada G., Miss
Lamson, B. F., Mrs.
Lamson, Helen, Miss
Lanagan, Effie, Miss
Lane, Mrs.
Lane, Mary, Miss
Langell, Henrietta, Miss
Langford, Mrs.
Larkin, Cora F., Miss
Laselle, S. E., Mrs.
Laskey, M. A., Mrs.
Latham, Mary J., Miss
Lathe, S. Lizzie, Miss
Lathrop, A. F., Mrs.
Lathrop, A. G., Miss
Lathrop, A. S., Mrs.
Lawrence, Lilian, Miss
Lawrence, ]\I , Miss
Lawrence, M. Carrie, Miss
Lawrence, P., Miss
Lawton, Charles, Mrs.
Lawton, Lillie M., Miss
Lazzaro, Carrie, Miss
Leatherbee, Miss
Leavitt, Nellie W., Miss
Le Cam, Mrs.^
Lee, Lottie E., ]\Irs.
Le Favor, A. S., Mrs.
Lefavor, Mabel B., Miss
Leighton, A. F., Mrs.
Leland, Anna M.. Miss
Lenfest, G. B., Mrs.
Leon, Rosalie F., Miss
Leonard, C. C, Mrs.
Leonard, Cora E., Miss
Leonard, Etta A., Miss
Leonard, Jennie, Mrs.
Levick, H. W., Mrs.
Lewis, Edith, Miss
Lewis, Estelle, Miss
Lewis, Ida L., Miss
Lewis, W. T., Mrs.
Lincoln, AnnaL., Miss
Lincoln, Maria, Miss
Lincoln, S. S., Mrs.
Lindsay, Hattie C, Miss
Lissner, Sarah S., Miss
Little, Addie, Miss
Little, Emma M., Miss
Little, M., Mrs.
Lloyd, Emma, Miss
Lloyd, Mary R., Mrs.
Locke, Anna L., Miss
Locke, Carrie A., Miss
Locke, Cora S., Miss
Locke, Emma, ^Nliss
Locke, M. E., Miss
Loheed, L. J., Mrs.
Long, Emma A., Miss
Long, Frederick E., Mrs.
Long, Sarah, Mrs.
Longfellow, Xellie J., Miss
Lord, E. Grace, Miss
Lord, M. J., Mrs.
Loring, J. L., Mrs.
Lothrop, A. M., Miss
Lothrop, Alice G., Miss
Lothrop, C M., Miss
Lothrop, Sarah J., Miss
Loud, S. E., Miss
Lovejoy, M. F., Miss
Loveland, Angle P., Miss
Lovell, Clara W., Mrs.
Lovering, Ella ]\L, Miss
Lovering, M. F., Mrs.
Lovering, W. H., Mrs.
Low, F. C, Mrs.
Low, J. H., Mrs.
Lowd, S., Miss
Lowell, R. M., Mrs.
Ludlow, Clara S., Miss
Lund, C. W., Mrs.
Lunt, Lizzie P., Miss
Mabie, Mattie M., Miss
Mack, Minnie L., Miss
Mackintosh, Georgia D., Miss
MacNeil, M. A., Miss
Macy, E. P., Mrs.
Maguire, Alice A., Miss
Maguire, H. A., Miss
Maher, Josephine, Miss
Mahoney, G. S., Mrs.
Mann, A. W., Mrs.
(iio;
LADIES OF THE CHORUS, 1865-1890.
Manning, M. A., Miss
Manning, S. C, Miss
Manning, S. E. R., Miss
Manny, E. B., Mrs.
Manser, Julia, Miss
Mansfield, A., Mrs.
Mansfield, M. M., Miss
Manson, Clara E., Miss
Manson, Lillian J., Miss
Marble, Anna E., Miss
March, Caro, Miss
Marks, Augusta M., Miss
Marsh, Mrs.
Marsh, Hariette H., Miss
Marsh, Jessie A., Miss
Marsh, Luella M., Miss
Marshall, Emma J., Mrs.
Marshall, Nettie, Mrs.
Marsters, Georgie M., Miss
Marston, Dr., Mrs.
Marston, A. T., Miss
Martin, J. L., Mrs.
Martin, Leslie A., Miss
Mason, Annie, Miss
Mason, Fanny, Miss
Ma'son, Flora E., Miss
Mason, H. W., Mrs.
Mason, Virginia A., Miss
Masten, Helen L., Miss
Maxwell, Mary D., Miss
May, M. S., Miss
Mayhew, Georgie R., Miss
Mayhew, M. A., Mrs.
Maynard, Alice E., Miss
Maynard, F.,Miss
Maynard, H. C, Mrs.
Mayo, Dora M., Miss
McClure, V., Miss
McCrillis, Andrew, Mrs.
McCrillis, Isabel, Miss
McDonald, Rosanna, Miss
McDonough, Nellie A., Miss
McDougall, Clara, Miss
McGill, J., Mrs.
McGowan, W. S., Mrs.
Mcintosh, H. S., Mrs.
McKay, C. C, Mrs.
McKay, H. A., Miss
McKilllcan, J. M., Miss
McKinnon, G. W., Mrs.
McKnight, Carrie A., Miss
McLaughlin, M. Marie, Miss
McManus, Mary J., Miss
McVey, Mary, Miss
INIead, H. M., Miss
Mead, M. T., Miss
Mead, Mattie, Miss
Meader, George C , Mrs.
Meisel, Carl, Mrs.
Mellen, H. L., Miss
Mellen, H. M., Miss
Mellen, H. S., Miss
Mellen, Maria A., Miss
Melvin, Carrie, Miss
Merrill, E. W..Mrs.
Merrill, Lizzie, Miss
Merrill, M. W., Miss
Merrill, S. M., Miss
Merriman, A. E., Miss
Merritt, Emma F., Miss
Meston, L. B., Mrs.
Metcalf, Lizzie, Miss
Metcalf, Mary F., Miss
Meyer, H. A., Mrs.
Miles, L. H., Miss
Milkins, Florence, Miss
Miller, A. M., Miss
Miller, E. H., Mrs.
Miller, E. H.,Miss
Miller, Etta B., Mrs.
Miller, G. E., Miss
Miller, G. F.,Mrs.
Miller, Mary C, Miss
MiUett, Eraily M., Miss
IMilliken, Georgie, Miss
Milliken, Josie B., Miss
Milliken, M. C.,Mrs.
Milliken, Mary, Miss
Milton, M. Viola, Miss
Minot, Carrie P., Miss
Mirick, A. G., Mrs.
Mirrick, Carrie, Miss
Mitchell, Ada B., Miss
Mitchell, Lucia H., Miss
Mitchell, M. E., Miss
Mitchpll, N. B.,Mrs.
Monroe, Laura, Miss
Moodv, S. E., Miss
(111)
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AXD HAYDN SOCIETY.
Mooney, M. J., Mrs.
Moore, Eva J., Miss
Moore, Lucj-^ A., Miss
Moore, Mar}- R., Miss
Moors, Mrs.
Morgan, Sarah A., Mrs.
Morrill, C. A., Miss
Morrill, Viola E., Miss
Morris, Etta, Miss
Morris, Lizzie M., Miss
Morris, M. A,, Mrs.
Morrison, A. P., Miss
Morrison, Eleanor Le F,, Miss
Morrison, Rebecca, Miss
Morse, Alice A., Miss
Morse, C. A., Mrs.
Morse, E. Isabella, Miss
Morse, E. S., Miss
Morse, EUie C, Miss
Morse, Ethel, Miss
Morse, Etta, Miss
Morse, H. J. , Miss
Morse, I., Miss
Morse, M. E., Miss
Morse, S. J., Mrs.
Morton, A. E., Miss
Morton, F. W., Mrs.
Morton, Mary B., Miss
Morton, S. R., Miss
Moses, Fannie, Miss
Moulton, Annie J., Miss
Moulton, E. B., Mrs.
MuUaly, J. C, Mrs.
Mullen, A. B,, Mrs.
Mullen, J. R., Mrs.
Munroe, Abby M., Mrs.
Munroe, Alice, Miss
Munroe, Charles, Mrs.
Munroe, E. T., Miss
Munroe, J. W., Mrs.
Munroe, L. B., Mrs.
Munroe, L. C, Mrs.
Munroe, L. F., Miss
Munroe, Laura, Miss
Munroe, Mary E., Mrs.
Munroe, S. E. H.,Miss
Murray, Minnie S., Miss
Nash, S. A., Mrs.
Nason, CM., Mrs.
Nason, G. H., Mrs.
Nason, G. W., Mrs.
Natale, Lizzie, Miss
Naughton, M. A., Miss
Neale, E., Miss
Neff, E. G., Miss
Neilson, Lizzie, Miss
Nellis, Adaline, Miss
Nettleton, Mrs.
Newell, F. H., Mrs.
Newhall, Lute M., Miss
Newhall, William, Mrs.
Newman, Nellie T., Mrs.
Nice, Abby M., Miss
Nichols, C. B., Miss
Nichols, E A., Mrs.
Nichols, M. A., Miss
Nichols, Mary, Miss
Nichols, Mary E., Mrs.
Nichols, S. W., Mrs.
Nicholson, Abby N., Miss
Nickerson, Abby C, Miss
Nickerson, Ella L., Miss
Nixon, Georgia, Miss
Nixon, Lizzie, Miss
Nolen, Caroline, Miss
Norris, E. L., Mrs.
Norwood, Bertha, Miss
No well, Mrs.
Nowell, J., Miss
Noyes, C. C, Mrs.
Noyes, Jennie M. P. , Mrs.
Noyes, M. G., Miss
Noyes, Mary E., Miss
Nutter, Ida, Miss
Nye, A. S., Mrs.
Nye, J. A., Mrs.
Nye; Sarah A., Mrs.
Oakes, George H., Mrs.
O'Brien, Nellie. Miss
Oldham, Sarah W., Mrs.
Olive, Douglas, Mrs.
Olive, Grace, Miss
Olive, M. R., Mrs.
Oliver, Leslie, Miss
O'Neill, E. G., Mrs.
Orcutt, Isa C, Miss
(112)
LADIES OF THE CHORUS, 1865-18 90.
Orciitt, Kate W., Miss
Orcutt, M. A., Miss
Ordway, E. A., Mrs.
Ordway, O., Mrs.
Osborn, C. H., Miss
Osborne, Alice J., Mrs.
Osgood, Annie M.. Miss
Osgood, C. E., Miss
Osgood, H. W.,Miss
Osgood, M. A., Miss^
Otis, Annie E., Miss
Oviatt, Bertha G., Miss
Packard, Carrie B., Miss
Packard, E. A., Miss
Packard, Emma R., Miss
Packard, Helen E., Miss
Packard, M. I., Mrs.
Pane, J. C, Mrs.
Page, J. E , Mrs.
Page, Jennie E., Miss
Page, Nellie, Miss
Paige, C. F., Mrs.
Paine, Alice I., Miss
Paine, EannieE., Miss
Paine, Isabella S., Miss
Paine, Jennie F., Miss
Paine, Nellie V., Miss
Palfrey, S. H.,Miss
Palmer, G., Miss
Palmer, P. F., Miss
Pancoast, Mary A., Miss
Papendiek, Miss
Parcher, Eva A., Miss .
Park, Nellie F., Miss
Parker, Alice Q., Miss
Parker, Delia, Miss
Parker, H. A., Mrs.
Parker, H. G., Mrs.
Parker, Mary E., Miss
Parker, Nellie, Miss
Parker, R. S., Mrs.
Parker, W. F., Mrs.
Parker, W. T., Mrs.
Parkes, Rene S., Miss
Parks, J. A., Mrs.
Parmelee, Alice E., Miss
Parry, Edith F., Miss
Parsons, C. L., Miss
Parsons, M., Miss
Partelow, Fanny, Miss
Partridge, C. C, Mrs.
Partridge, Charles G., Mrs.
Patch, E. O., Miss
Patchen, Ida E., Miss
Patten, Fannie G., Miss
Pay son, CD., Miss
Pay son, C. L., Miss
Pay son, L. R., Miss
Peabody, L. M., Miss
Peabody, Sarah S., Miss
Pearson, D A., Miss
Pearson, M. L., Miss
Peck. E. A., Miss
Peirce, M. F., Mrs.
Peiver, M. E., Miss
Pendleton, Ellen L., Miss
Percival, F., Miss
Perkins, Carrie A., Miss
Perkins, E. E., Mrs.
Perkins, E. F., Miss
Perkins, H. M.,Mrs.
Perkins, M. P., Mrs.
Perkins, N. M.,Mrs.
Perkins, R. W., Mrs.
Perkins, S., Mrs.
Perkins, W. M., Mrs.
Perrin, Julia, Miss
Perry, F., Miss
Peterson, S. L., Miss
Pettqrson, L. E., Mrs.
Pettingill, M. E.. Miss
Pevear. Abbie F., Miss
Pewtress, C. E., Miss
Pewtress, J. B., Mrs.
Pfordte, Rosa, Miss
Phelps, A. D., Mrs.
Phelps, Lizzie A., Miss
PhUbrick, G., Miss
Philbrick, H. F., Miss
Philbrook, A. E., Miss
Philbrook, G. H., Mrs.
Philbrook, J. H., Mrs.
Phillipps, E. M., Miss
Phillips, Clara B., Miss
Phillips, M. T., Miss
Phillips, Olive A., Miss
Phillipson, E. F.. Miss
(113)
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
Phipps, Alice C, Mrs.
Pickernell, Etta, Miss
Pierce, A. S., Miss
Pierce, Fanuy, Miss
Pierce, L. Y., Miss
Pierce, M. E., Miss
Pierce, Mary, Miss
Pierce. V. R., Mrs.
Pike, E., Miss
Pike, J. H,_Mrs.
Pillsbury, L. A.. Miss
Pinkham, A. P.. Mrs.
Pitkin, Belle A., Mrs.
Plimpton, Bessie, Miss
Plimpton. Hattie H., Miss
Plummer, E.. Miss
Plummer, Grace H., Miss
Plummer, William H., Mrs.
Poland, Ellen M., Miss
Poland, Mary C, Miss
PoUey, N. M., Miss
Pool, S. F., Miss
Poole, Clara J.. Miss
Poole, Hattie C, Miss
Poole, Josie C , Miss
Poole, L. B., Miss
Poole, Lucy J., Mrs.
Poole, S. A., Mrs.
Poole, S. F., Miss
Poor, Georgietta, Miss
Poor, Lina S., Miss
Pope, A. A., Mrs.
Pope, A. S., Mrs.
Pope, Agnes, Miss
Pope, L. C, Miss
Pope, Lizzie, Miss
Porter, J. E., Miss
Porter. L. C, Mrs.
Potter, B. R., Miss
Potter, Fannie, Miss
Powell, Charlotte A.. Miss
Powers, Rosamund, Miss
Pratt, A. F., Miss
Pratt, C. E., Mrs.
Pratt, E. F., Mrs.
Pratt, Ellen, Miss
Pratt, H. M., Mrs.
Pratt, Isabella B., Miss
Prentiss, S. B., Mrs.
Prescott, Mrs.
Prescott, C, Miss
Prescott, Flora M., Miss
Prescott, Laura, Miss
Prescott, O. C, Mrs.
Preston, Elizabeth, Miss
Preston. P. V., Mrs.
Price. Alma, Miss
Priest, J. E., Mrs.
Prince, C. C , Miss
Proctor, Mrs.
Prout, Anna S., Miss
Pushaw, M. A., Mrs.
Putnam, A. C, Miss
Putnam, H., Miss
Putnam. Helen G., Miss
Putnam. .1. S.,Mrs.
Putnam, ^^. A., Miss
Putnam, Mary A., Mrs.
Putnam, S. S., Miss
Putnam, W. H., Mrs.
Quimby, E. F., Mrs.
Quincy, J. P., Mrs.
Quinlan, E. M., Miss
Raddin, Eda B., Miss
R:»metti, Jessie, Miss
Rametti, Joseph, Mrs.
Rametti, Kate, Miss
Rametti. Kate H., Mrs.
Rametti. Winnie B., Miss
Ramsay, F. M.. ^[rs.
Ramsdell, Ella M., Miss
Ramsey, Annie L., Mrs.
Randall, A. M., Miss
Randall, Edith, Miss
Rawson, M. E., Miss
Raymond, Alice M., Miss
Raymond. Annie, Mrs.
Raynard, Abby T., Mrs.
Rea, C, Miss
Rea, F. L.. Miss
Read, M. A., Miss
Read. Mary M., Mrs.
Redmond, Kate, Miss
Reed, Hannah P., Miss
Reed, Jennie E., Miss
Reed, W. B.. Mrs.
Regan, M. E., Miss
(110
LADIES OF THE CHORUS, 1865-1890.
Reid, Mary H., Miss
Rein, Selma, Miss
Reraick, D. K., Miss
Remick, Grace M., Miss
Resler, Lydia K., Miss
Ribas, H., Miss
Rice, Edwin, Mrs.
Rice, F. L., Miss
Rice, G. M., Miss
Rice, H., Miss
Rice, Mary F., Mrs.
Rich, Annie E., Mrs.
Richards, H. M., Miss
Richards. M. F., Miss
Richardson, E. G., Miss
Richardson, E. V., Miss
Richardson, Ena, Miss
Richardson, J. A., Mrs.
Rickards, A. A., Miss
Ridgeway, Graziella, Miss
Ridlon, Hattie, Miss
Riker, Isabel. Miss
Riley, Bessie, Miss
Rimbach, M. B., Miss
Ring, Helen M., Mrs.
Ringot, E., Miss
Ripley, D. A., Miss
Roaf, H. N., Mrs.
Roaf, R. N., Mrs.
Robbins, A., Miss
Robbins, Fannie F., Miss
Robbins, J. A., Mrs.
Robbins, M. A., Miss
Robbins, M. H., Miss
Robbins, S, M., Mrs.
Roberts, H. E., Miss
Roberts, H. G., Miss
Roberts, J. W., Mrs.
Roberts, Josie S., Miss
Roberts, 0. L., Mrs.
Robertson, Edith, Mrs.
Robertson, Marie, Miss
Robinson, A. A., Miss
Robinson, E. F., Mrs.
Robinson, E. T., Miss
Robinson, Eva. Mrs.
Robinson, Florence N., Miss
Robinson, H. A., Miss
Robinson, H. L., Miss
Robinson, Howard, Mrs.
Robinson, J. E., Miss
Robinson, J. T., Mrs.
Robinson, Jennie E., Miss
Robinson, Lillian A., Miss
Robinson, Orina, Miss
Kodenmayer. C. W.. Mrs.
Roffe, A. H.,Mrs.
Rogers, A. J., Mrs.
Rogers, M. D., Miss
Rogers, S. C, Miss
Rogers, Sarah, Miss
Roome, Mary, Miss
Rose, Mary, Miss
Rosenberger, Jane, Miss
Rosenblatt, Stella, Miss
Ross, Eliza, Miss
Ross, Lillie C, Miss
Rossiter, Josie L., Miss
Rowe, E. F., Mrs.
Rowe, Lottie E., Mrs.
Rowe, M. E., Mrs.
Rudd, Kate E., Miss
Rugg, A., Miss
Ruggles, Anna, Miss
Ruggles, Julia, Miss
Rundlett, L. M., Mrs.
Rundlett, R. S., Mrs.
Runey, E. F., Miss
Runey, Etta, Miss
Russell, Mrs.
Russell, Carrie E., ^Nliss
Russell, Fannie F., Miss
Russell, H. A., Miss
Russell, Kate, Miss
Ryan, Alice C, Miss
Ryan, Kellie, Miss
Ryder, F. W., Miss
Ryder, M. T. F., Mrs.
Rydingsyiird, Carl von, Mrs.
Ryerson, Mary A., Mrs.
Safford, A. E., Miss
Safford, A. M., Miss
Safford, A. N., Miss
Safford, Agnes, Miss
Safford, Alida, Miss
Safford, M. A., Miss
Sale, Edith M., Miss
(115)
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
Salisbury, Eloise E., Miss
Salisbury, Lutie, Miss
Sampson, Mary F., Miss
Sampson, Olivia R., Miss
Sanborn, G. T., Mrs.
Sanderson, L., Miss
Sargent, A. J., Miss
Sargent, Louisa, Mrs.
Sargent, R. W., Mrs.
Sautelle, Fannie E., Mrs.
Sautelle, Lilian M., Miss
Sawyer, E. E., Mrs.
Sawyer, Hattie, Miss
Saxton, M. A., Miss
Scamman, J. B., Mrs.
Schaefer, Minnie E., Miss
Sclielling, M. P., Miss
Schouler, M. C, Miss
Scott, Mrs.
Scribner, Alice, Miss
Scribner, Emma N., Miss
Scribner, Ida F., Miss
Sears, Fred. S., Mrs.
Seavey, D. F., Mrs.
Seavey, Edith H., Miss
Seavey, J. W., Mr>.
Segee, E., Miss
Senna, Ida F., Mrs.
Severance, Ella, Miss
Shackford, Miss
Shackford, May K., Miss
Shapleigh, E., Miss
Shapleigh, E. M., Mrs.
Shapleigh, H. E., Mrs.
Shapleigh, W. H., Mrs.
Shapleigh, W. T., Mrs.
Sharland, J. B., Mrs.
Sharpe, Hannah H., Miss
Shatswell, Clara. Mrs.
Shattuck, Anna, Mrs.
Shaw, Helen M., Miss
Shaw, J. B., Mrs.
Shedd, Clara L., Miss
Sheldon, M. C, Mrs.
Shepley, Charles H., Mrs.
Shepple, Mrs.
Sherman, Harriet, Mrs.
Shiraff, Annie, Miss
Sibley, Etta, Miss
Sibley, L. W., Mrs.
Sibley, M. A., Miss
Silver, Hattie E., Mrs.
Simmons, Kate, Miss
Simonds, Mabel, Miss
Singleton, Emily G., Miss
Singleton, Esther, Miss
Skoog, Nana P., Miss
Slater, A. J., Mrs.
Slayton, Mary L., Miss
Small, Beulah, Miss
Smalley, Laura A., Miss
Smart, Clara E., Miss
Smith, A., Miss
Smith, A. C, Miss
Smith, A. E., Miss
Smith, Abbie A., Miss
Smith, Annie E., Miss
Smith, C. K., Miss
Smith, Corbett. Mrs.
Smith, E. T.. Miss
Smith, Edward, MrL
Smith, Eliza B., Miss
Smith, EUaE.. Miss
Smith, Emma T., Miss
Smith, G. M., Miss
Smith, H. E., Mrs.
Smith, H. J., Miss
Smith, H. M., Mrs.
Smith, Harriet, Miss
Smith, J. A., ]\Iiss
Smith, Juliette, Miss
Smith, L. E., Miss
Smith, Lizzie A., Miss
Smith, Louise, Miss
Smith, M. C, Mrs.
Smith, M.E., Miss
Smith, Mary M., Miss
Smith, Mary T. S., Miss
Smith, Mattie H., Miss
Smith, S. A., Mrs.
Smith, S. S., Mrs.
Smith, W. K., Mrs.
Smythe, A. C, Miss
Smythe, George A., Mrs.
Smythe, S. I., Mrs.
Snelling, Carrie, Miss
Snow, Helen M., Miss
Snow, W. H., Mrs.
(116)
LADIES OF THE CHORUS, 1865-1890.
Snowman, M. W., Mrs.
Sowers, I. F., Mrs.
Spalding, S. M. R., Mrs.
Sparrow, A., Miss
Spaulding, M. R., Mrs.
Spaulding, W. W., Mrs.
Spear, Isabel F., Miss
Spear, S. J., Miss
Spencer, A.. Miss
Spencer, C, Miss
Sperry, Beda S., Miss
Spillam, Maria F.. Miss
Spillane, Josepliine, Miss
Spiller, A. W., Miss
Spiller, Lura S., Miss
Spokesfield, C. A., Miss
Spokesfield, E. L., Miss
Spokesfield, H., Miss
Sprague, C. A., Miss
Spring, Kate L., Mi>s
Spring, Minnie E., Miss
Squire, Mary, Miss
Squires, J. B., Mrs.
Squyer, J. H., Miss
Stackpole, Carrie B., Miss
Stackpole, E. B., Miss
Stackpole, S. E., Miss
Standish, S. B., Mrs.
Stanford, C. D., Mrs.
Stanley, A., Mrs.
Stanley, A. F., Mrs.
Stanley, A. S., Miss
Stanley, Nettie, Miss
Starbird, Etta, Miss
Stark, Eva A., Miss
Stark, Grace A., Miss
Stearns, E. D., Miss
Steele, Carrie L., Mrs.
Steele, E. Alice, Miss
Steele, Emma A., Miss
Steere, Etta A., Mrs.
Steere, H. L., Mrs.
Stephenson, Belle, Miss
Stetson, C. W., Miss
Stetson, E., Miss
Stetson, E. J., Miss
Stetson, H. H., Mrs.
Stetson, J. W., Mrs.
Stevens, A. D., Mrs.
Stevens, A. M., Miss
Stevens, A. R., Miss
Stevens, E. D., Miss
Stevens, E. F., Miss
Stevens, E. L., Miss
Stevens, Ida C, Miss
Stevens, M. D., Miss
Stevens, MaryS., Miss
Stevens, N. W., Miss
Stevenson, Annie B., Miss
Stevenson, B., Miss
Stewart, R. A., Mrs.
Stickman, L., Mrs.
Stickney, John H., Mrs.
Stickney, R. H., Mrs.
Stickney, S. B., Miss
Stiles, Z. A., Miss
Stillings, S. E. G., Mrs.
Stockman, L., Miss
Stockman, O. P., Miss
Stoddard, H. H., Miss
Stoddard, S. S., Miss
Stone, Agnes, Miss
Stone, Alice, Miss
Stone, Anna, Miss
Stone, Annie L., Miss
Stone, Charles W., Mrs.
Stone, E. F., Miss
Stone, Ellen, Miss
Stone, George T., Mrs.
Stone, 11. L., Mrs.
Stone, J. M., Miss
Stone, Julia, Miss
Stone, L. G., Mrs.
Stone, N. J., Miss
Store, T. G., Miss
Stone, W. H., Mrs.
Storer, Agnes, Miss
Storer, M. W., Miss
Stowers, N. M., Miss
Strater, P. P., Mrs.
Strickland, Mary, Miss
Sturgiss, M. H., Miss
Sturtevant, A. E., Miss
Swain, Amy, Miss
Swain, Nellie E., Miss
Swan, Ellen M., Miss
Sweeny, Madelena, Miss
Sweeny, S. L., Miss
(117)
HISTORY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
Sweet, E. B., Mrs.
Swett, E. E., Mrs.
Swett, M., Mrs.
Swett, Miriam B., Miss
Swett, William B., Mrs.
Swett, William G., Mrs.
S3'lvester, C, Mrs.
Sylvester, C. T., Mrs.
Sylvester, E., Miss
Sylvester, E. R., Miss
Sylvester, H. E., Mrs.
Sj'lvester, J. A., Mrs.
Sylvester, N., Mrs.
Sj'lvester, Nellie, Miss
Syraonds, L. H., Miss
Taft, Mrs.
Talbot, E. F., Mrs.
Talbot, Jennie M., Miss
Talbot, M. E., Miss
Tappan, Eugene, Mrs.
Tarbell, A. A., Miss
Tarleton, Miss
Tate, H. A., Mrs.
Tate, Helen, Mrs.
Tate, S. W., Mrs.
Taylor, A., Miss
Taylor, A. B., Miss
Taylor, A. J., Mrs.
Taylor, A. S., Mrs.
Taylor, C. A., Miss
Taylor, Ella E., Mrs.
Taylor, Gertrude H., Miss
Taylor, H., Miss
Taylor, H. H.,Miss
Taylor, Jennie, Miss
Taylor, Julia, Miss
Taylor, L. P., Miss
Taylor, M. P., Miss
Taylor, N., Miss
Tedford, Laura D., Miss
Teele, A. E., Miss
Temple, Hattie, Miss
Tenney, Mary, Miss
Tetlow, Ella, Mrs.
Thayer, F. S., Mrs.
Thayer, J. W., Mrs.
Thomas, Anna L., Miss
Thomas, J. B., Miss
Thomas, M. A., Miss
Thomas, M. E., Mrs.
Thomas, W. J., Mrs.
Thompson, Mrs.
Thompson, Andrina L. T., Miss
Thompson, Lizzie, Miss
Thompson, M. E., Miss
Tborndike, Eva M., Mrs.
Thorndike, Grace M., Miss
Thorndike, Mary V., Miss
Tibbetts, Louise, Miss
Tilden, Clara, Mrs.
Tilden, Helen, Miss
Tinkham, E. T., Miss
Tinkham, Emma, Miss
Tinkham, Lucy E. T., Miss
Tirrell, Florence, Miss
Tirrell, M. A. T., Miss
Tirrell, Miriam A., Miss
Tirrill, Carrie, Miss
Titcomb, J. P., Miss
Titus, E. E., Miss
Titus, Eliza J., Miss
Titus, Minta C, Miss
Todd, Mabel L., Mrs.
Todd, Mildred, Miss
Tobey, Mary E., Miss
Toffey, Kate, Miss
Tolles, H. F., Miss
Tolman, H. M., Mrs.
Tonett, K., Mrs.
Tower, Carrie, Mrs.
Towle, O. A., Miss
Towne,.M. E., Miss
Tozier, S. A., Miss
Tozier, Sarah, Miss
Travis, Mrs.
Tread well, A. O., Mrs.
Treadwell, Clara M., Mrs.
Treadwell, E. C, Miss
Treadwell, J. B., Mrs.
Treadwell, M., Miss
Treadwell, Olive A., Miss
Treat, Sarah, Miss
Trow, M., Miss
Truett, H., Mrs.
Trull, O. J., Mrs.
Tucker, Bertha J., Miss
Tucker, Maud, Miss
(118)
LADIES OF THE CHORUS, 1865-1800.
Tucker, W., Mr?*.
Tucker man, E. M., Miss
Tuckerman, Mary F., Miss
Tuckerman, Mildred E., Miss
Tuckerman, S., Miss
Tufts, Cora L., Miss
Tufts, Eleanor Vauglian, Mrs.
Turner, Ella S., Mrs.
Turner, Mary G., Miss
Turrill, M. C, Miss
Twichell, Ellen M., Miss
Tyler, Jennie, Miss
Tyng, A., Miss
Underbill, Emma, Miss
Upham, Katherine B., Miss
Upliam, M. E., Miss
Varney, Grace S., Miss
Varney, Sarah E., Miss
Vernon, Annie, Miss
Verry, Eliza, Miss
Very. H., Mrs.
Very, Harriet G., Mrs.
Very, T. K., Mrs.
Vinal, Josephine, Miss
Vinal, M. A., Miss
Vogel, S. C, Mrs.
Vogel, S. E., Miss
Vogl, Susie, Mrs.
Vose, A. M., Miss
Wade, C. H., Mrs.
Wadleigh, Addle, Miss
Wadleigh, W. H., Mrs.
Wadsworth, Edna, Miss
Wadsworth, Florence L., Miss
Waitt, S. W., Miss
Wakefield,. Ella, Miss
Wakefield, Grace, Miss
Walberg, Anna, Miss
Waldmeyer, M. P., Miss
Waldo, E. C, Mrs.
Walker, A. S., Miss
Walker, Almira, Miss
Wall^er, Attie M., Miss
Walker, J. A., Mrs.
Walker, M.J. E.,Mrs.
Wallvcr, Mary E., Mrs.
Wallace, E. L., Mrs.
Wallace, M. E., Mrs.
Walters, Maggie, Miss
Walton, E. B., Miss
Walton, L. A., Miss
Walton, M. B, Miss
Ward, H. P.. Mrs.
Ware, H., Miss
Ware, L. P., Miss
Warman, Effie E., Miss
Warner, Ella M., Miss
Warner, J. C, Mrs.
Warren, J. F., Miss
Washburn, Emily P., Miss
Washburn, Evelyn F., Miss-
Washbnrn, Henry, Mrs.
Wa>hburn; J. P., Mrs.
Washburn, Jennie P., Miss
Wason, Annie, Miss
Wasson, A. J., Miss
Waterhouse, R. J., Mrs.
Waterman, H. E., Miss
Waterman, L. L., Miss
Waterman, S. E. V , Mrs.
Waterman, S. L., Miss
Waters, A. F., Mrs.
Waters, G. W., Mrs.
Waters, Irene F., Miss
Watjen, Cora, Miss
Watson, Elizabeth, Miss
Watson, Emma, Miss
Watton, E. B., Miss
Weale, Emma S., Miss
Weale, Marie E., Miss
Webb, C. E., Miss
Webb, E. K., Miss
Webb, E. R., Mrs.
Webber, Miss
Webber, Charles F., Mrs.
Wedger, E. S., Miss
Weed, H. M., Miss
Weeks, Carrie S., Mrs.
Weeks, Emma M., Miss
Weeks, M. M., Mrs.
Weeks, N., Miss
Weld, Lina S., xMiss
Wellington, A. C. Mrs.
Wellington, A. F., Miss
Wellington, Annie, Miss
(119)
HISTOKY OF THE HANDEL AND HAYDN SOCIETY.
Wellington, Cora L., Miss
Wellington, Edith, Miss
Wells, Addie. Miss
Wells, H. G., Mrs.
Wells, Julia A., Miss
Wells, M. Frances, Mrs.
Wells, Mary, Miss
Wells, S. A., Miss
Wells, Susan E., Miss
Wemyss, C. C, Mrs.
Wentworth, L. J., Mrs.
Wessells, E. 0., Mrs.
West, Fannie K., Miss
West, Lizzie, Miss
Westcott, Sara H., Miss
Weston, Isa G., Miss
Weston, M. E., Miss
Weston, W. E., Mrs.
Wetherbee, Cora M., Miss
Wetherbee, Helen F., Miss
Wetherbee, M., Miss
Weymouth, A., Miss
Weymouth, A. J., Miss
Weymouth, C, Miss
Weymouth, E., Miss
Weymouth, J. W,, Miss
Wheaton, Hattie B., Miss
Wheeler, C. J., Miss
Wheeler, Clara, Miss
Wheeler, Dora, Miss
Wheeler, E. B., Mrs.
Wheeler, H., Mrs.
Wheeler, Lena C, Mrs.
Wheeler, Lizzie A., Mrs.
Wheeler, Marie S., Miss
Wheeler, Nellie F., Miss
Wheeler, S. M., Miss
Wheeler, Sarah W., Mrs.
Wheeler, W. H., Mrs.
Wheelwright, Josie, Miss
Whitcomb, Anna L., Miss
Whitcomb, Clarence P., Mrs.
Whitcomb, H. P., Mrs.
Whitcomb, N. O., Mrs.
White, A. S., Mrs.
White, A. W., Miss
White, Abbie, Miss
White, Ada G., Mrs.
White, Agnes A., Miss
White, Agnes E., Mrs.
White, C. A., Miss
White, E. Y., Mrs.
White, ElvaG., Miss
White. Grace F., Miss
White, L. A., Miss
White, Lizzie F., Miss
White, M. Louisa, Miss
White, Villa W., Miss
Whitehou«c, E. A., Mrs.
WhitiDg, C. H.,Mrs.
Whiting, Henry, Mrs.
Whiting, N. M., Mrs.
Whitman, Mrs.
Whitman, J. F.. Mi^s
Whitmore, Fanny A., Miss
Whitmore, Helen R., Miss
Whitmore, J. C, Mrs.
Whitney, F. P., Mrs.
Whitney, Florence S., Miss
Whitney, H. J., Mrs.
Whitney, H. M., Miss
Whitney, Hattie, Miss
Whitney, L., Miss
Whitney, M. E., Mrs.
Whitney, M. W., Mrs.
Whiton, A., Miss
Whittemore, Alice, Mrs.
Whitten, Lucy H., Miss
Whittier, Charles R., Mrs.
Whittlesey, Ellen, Miss
Whorf, Abbie, Miss
Wiggin, Lucy P., Mrs.
Wilbur, Belle, Miss
Wilcox, Ellen L., Miss
Wild, H., Miss
Wilde, Hiram, Mrs.
Wilde, Laurette M. , ISIiss
Wilde, Millie, Miss
Wilder, F. A., Miss
Wilder, L. L., Miss
Wilder, S. L., Mrs.
Wilkins, H., Miss
Wilkins, M. F., Mrs.
Willard, G. F., Mrs.
Willard, Susannah, Miss
Willet, Mary, Miss
Willey, Cora J., Miss
Willey, G. H., Mrs.
I
(120X
LADIES OF THE CHORUS, 1865-1890.
Williams, Caio, Miss
Williams, Carrie, Miss
Williams, F. M., Mrs.
Williams, J. L., Mrs.
Williams, L. M., Miss
Williams, Maud K., Miss
Williams, S. A., Mrs.
Willis, Miss
Willis, Ellen S., Miss
Willis, Julia, Miss
Wilmarth, M. E., Miss
Wilson, A. L., Mrs.
Wilson, Annie A., Miss
Wilson, E., Miss
Wilson, Jennie, Miss
Wilson, M., Miss
Wilson, W. C, Mrs.
Wing, J. A., Mrs.
Winnard, Mary, Miss
Winslow, Emma, Miss
Winslow, M. Q., Miss
Winward, A. J., Miss
Winward, Lizzie, Miss
Wiswall, George C, Mrs.
Wood, Abby E., Miss
Wood, Alice C. S., Mrs.
Wood, Anna E. H., Miss
Wood, C. H., Miss
Wood, F. A., Miss
Wood, Katherine, Miss
Wood, L. Augusta, Miss
Wood, M. F., Miss
Wood, S. A. W., Miss
Woodbury, B. F., Mrs.
Woodbury, Nellie L., Miss
Woodman, R. P., Mrs.
Woodman, S., Miss
Woodman, S. A., Miss
Woods, Annie L., Miss
Woodward, H. M., Miss-
Worcester, J. R., Mrs.
Worth, Mary R., Miss
Worthen, Inez, Miss
Wright, C, Mrs.
Wright, C. J., Mrs.
Wright, Chandler, Mrs.
Wyman, Florence, Miss
Wymau, Lizzie, Miss
Yeager, Mary, Miss
Young, D. M., Mrs.
Young, Etta R., Miss
Young, H. O., Miss
Young, H. T., Mrs.
Young, Ida J., Miss
Young, J. H., Mrs.
Young, Jessie M., Miss
Young, Marion F., Miss
Young, Mattie C, Miss
(121)
HONORARY MEMBERS,
1815-1890
Nahum MitcHell
Bridgewater, Mass.
May
21,
1816
Bartholomew Brown
(( ((
((
((
((
Alexi Eustaphieve
Boston
((
"
"
Thomas Smith Webb
((
Sept.
16,
1817
Oliver Shaw
Providence, R. I.
Mar.
13,
1818
Augustus Peabody
Boston
((
21,
((
John R. Parker
a
((
"
"
Moses Noyes
Providence, R. I.
Nov.
25,
((
David Lawrence Brown
Boston
Dec.
8,
♦♦
Daniel Staniford
('
Jan.
13,
1819
John Pickering
Salem, Mass.
Feb.
19,
"
Samuel P. Taylor
Boston
Jan.
10,
1820
Reuben D. Muzzy
Hanover, N. H.
Jan.
21,
1823
J. H. Bingham
Alstead, N. H.
>(
28,
((
Thomas Hastings
Albany, N. Y.
"
"
"
A. P. Heinrich
Kentucky
Mar.
4,
' li
Amos Albee
Watertown, Mass.
July
1,
"
Benjamin Brierly
Portsmouth, N. H.
May
4.
1824-
Joshua Stone
Boston
Aug.
17,
1826
William Staunton, Jr.
"
"
it
((
Prentiss Mellen
Portland, Me.
Jan.
5,
1827
Edward Howe
<c
((
"
((
Henry K. Oliver
Salem, Mass.
"
12,
"
John Meachum
Albany, N. Y.
Sept.
13,
"
George Oates ,
Augusta, Ga.
((
<(
"
Samuel Bigelow
Charleston, S. C.
"
((
"
John Wills
Boston
It
25,
"
George W. Lucas
Northampton, Mass.
Sept.
12,
1828
Solomon Warriner
Springfield, Mass.
((
■ li
((
E. Ives, Jr.
Berlin, Conn.
'♦
"
((
A. F. Putnam
Dartmouth, N. H.
"
"
"
George Dutton
Utica, N. Y.
li
"
((
Amatus Bobbins
Troy, N. Y.
((
"
"
H. Sewall
Augnsta, Me.
"
((
((
John Paddon
Boston
"
"
((
Abraham G. Tannatt
Springfield, Mass.
u
t(
li
Charles E. Horn
London, England
Feb.
17,
1829
i
(122)
HONORARY MEMBERS, 1815-1890.
Gottlieb Graupner
Boston
Nov.
2C
), 1829
Bryant P. Tilden
"
Jan.
2G
, 1830
Charles F. Kupfer
''
"
'
"
*Abijah M. Ide Berkley
Attleborough
June
IC
, 1831
Adoniram Crane
Berkley
a
'
"
T. Hopkins
Boston
Aug.
li
►, "
John Pierpont
"
((
2i
), "
Nathaniel L. Frothingham
"
Aug.
6, 1832
Charles Zeuner
"
('
<
"
Jonathan Huntingtdn
'•
Mar.
2g
, 1833
Jonathan M. Wainwright
((
Jan.
2i
», 1834
Samuel H. Jenks
Nantucket, Mass.
Oct.
10, "
Otis Everett
Boston
"
'
"
Benjamin Holt
Lancaster
"
'
(<
Allan Pollock
Boston
"
'
"
Joseph Bailey
New York
"
'
"
John W. Webster
Cambridge
((
'
"
John Mackay
Boston
((
'
((
E. R. Hansen
Providence, R. I.
Nov.
22
, "
Amasa Winchester
Boston
July
U
, 1836
Thomas Power
((
June
8
, 1838
Robert C. Winthrop
li
Sept.
4
4t
Sigismond Neukomm
London, England
May
25
, 1839
A. U. Hayter
Boston
Nov.
12
, '*
Samuel H. Parker
'(
Dec.
S
, "
George Gushing
((
Jan.
2g
, 1840
Moses Whitney, Jr.
((
May
U
>, '■'■
Charles W. Lovett
C(
"
2]
John Braham
London, England
Nov.
27
r a
T. B. Hayward
Boston
July
2i
, 1841
Peter Wainwright
Roxbury
Sept.
e
, "
Louis Ostinelli
Italy
Nov.
2S
5, 1843
William Brown
Salem, Mass.
Mar.
2c
, 1845
J. L. Hatton
England
Mar.
11
, 1850
William Learnard
Dorchester, Mass.
Aug.
C
, "
Nathaniel Harris
Boston
July
24
, 1850
Carl Zerrahn
"
Oct.
2
\ 1867
John P. Putnam
((
"
'
((
J. Baxter Upham
"
Oct.
27
, 1871
Robert Franz
Halle, Saxony
Dec.
g
, 1876
B. J. Lang
Boston
Apr.
29
. 1887
*The record distinctly stateB that Abijah M. Ide Berkley, of Attleboro' (Bristol County),
was elected an honorary member. Yet the whole record of this date concerning the election
of honorary members is confused ; and an inspection of the whole record leaves little doubt
that the recording officer erroneously incorporated into the name of Ide the residence of
Crane (elected at the same meeting), and that the name in question is Abijah M. Ide.
(123)
APPENDIX.
ERRATA IN AND ADDENDA TO VOL. I., NO. 1.
Page 6, note, line 11. For-Eiu fester Burg," read '• Ein feste Burg."
Page 8, note, line 3. For " sing them mth icithoJ," read •• sing them icithal."
Page 12, note 2. Concerning the Old Hundredth Psalm, the reader may
consult History of, by the Rev. W. H. Havergal. 1854. Fr. F. Miiller ascribes
Old Hundredth to Claude Goudimel (see Musical. Magazine. Hach. III., 199).
Raveuscroft's Psalms, of which Gov. Endicott's copj- is preserved in the
Library of the Massachusetts Historical Society, were republished by the Rev.
Mr. Havergal. in 18*3.5.
Page 13. Many secular tunes, turned to ecclesiastical uses in the sixteenth
century, are given in Becker's Mi^ik in DeutschJand. 1840.
Page 15, note 2. For • Th. Ravenscroft," etc., *• published in 1628," read
•Th. Ravenscroft (b. about 1582: d. about 1630 or 1635). . . . published in
1621."
Page 25. line 26. For - nor in any instance," read •• nor destitute in many
instances." etc.
Page 33, line 27. Strike out -father of [Mrs. Ostinelli." Mrs. Ostinelli
was the daughter of James H. Hewitt.
Page 33. note 7. For • Mem. Hist, of Boston, L, 116," read ''IV., 416."
Page 35. note 3. For • Columbia Centinel," read '• Columbian CentineL"
Page 36. line 6. For '• source of," read - service of," etc.
Page 36. note 2. 3Iiss Catherine, sister of (Jottlieb Graupner, who some-
times played the organ at the rehearsals of the Handel and Haydn Society,
married a Mr. Cushing. Miss Han-iet Graupner. daughter of Gottlieb, still
survives. His adopted daughter. <Jli\'ia. was living in 1871.
Page 38, line 22. For ■ Thomas L. Webb," read •• Thomas S. Webb."
Page 42. line 18. For • George I. Webb," read •• Samuel Webbe (b. 1740;
d. May 26. 1816)." The anthem for five voices by this weU-known English
glee ^^'rite^. •' When winds breathe soft along the silent deep," here referi'ed
to. is printed in the first volume of the Old Colony Collection, page 53, and in
VoL in., page 83.
Page 43. Programme, Part II, For • Chorus. They played in air. etc.."
read "Anthem. They played, in air the trembling music floats." Anthem
composed by Sir John Stevenson. Printed in first volume of the Handel
find Haydn Collection, page 98.
Page 43. note 1. Mr. Melvin Lord, who was a member of the chorus in 1815,
used to teU the story referred to. He described viixh. much emphasis the
vexation of the president at their not making better work with it.
Page 44, line 17. For •Transcript,''' read -'Advertiser, Supplement, Sat-
urday, Dec. 23, 1871."
IV APPENDIX.
Page 47, line 21. Mr. Stockwell. It is related of this gentleman, who
Tvas small of stature, that at a rehearsal, after the intermission, when
all were ready, he alone was not at his post. Samuel Eichardson. a large and
powerful man, volunteered to find him, and going round behind the organ,
where the members resorted for a glass of brand}-, which was the regular
and invariable refreshment between the parts, soon returned, holding tin-
delinquent by the collar of his coat, with his legs dangling helplessl}- in the
air, and placed him at the organ.
Page 48. line 3. " Keconsidered the matter, as we shall see." This is an
error. It was S. P. Taylor, of New York (see Musical Library . page 27). as
mentioned on page 52, who officiated as organist at the fom* concerts given by
the society on the 1st, 4th, Gth, and 8th of April, 1817, and not Dr. Eayuer Taylor,
mentioned on page 47, who. according to a writer in the Euterpiad, Vol. II.,
page 162, used to relate that when he was a choir bo,y at the King's Chapel
Royal (1754-17G0), he attended Handel's funeral (April 27, 1759). and that
" on this solemn and memorable occasion his hat accidentally fell into the
grave, and was bm-ied with the remains of that wonderful composer."
" Xever mind," said some one to whom he told the story, " he left you some
of his brains in return." After Taylor ceased to be a chorister, he found
emplo^Tuent as composer, vocalist, organist, and harpsichord player. Having
taught for several years at Chelmsford, he became director of music at the
Sadlers Wells Theatre. His song. "A Sailor's Life at Sea," and his comic
trio, " Chiu-chat-quaw," written at this time, became very popular. About
1792, Taylor came to America with his family, and found employment as
organist and teacher in various cities. In 1821 he was still living at Phila-
delphia. " The Faded Lily" and " The Beech Tree's Petition," songs, which
he published in this country, were much admired. The wi'iter in the Euterpiad
speaks of him as a master of the best style of organ playing. This seems
hardly compatible with his alleged fondness for singing Vauxhall ballads and
caricatm-ing Italian operas extemporaneously at the piano.
Page 48, note 3. For " 1774, choii* boy," etc., read " 1754." In explana-
tion of Dr. Jackson's refusal ''to have an>jthing to do icith the Society, '" etc..
mentioned line 15 of page 48, it may be said, that being conscious of very
superior knowledge, he felt certain that if he were brought into close contact
with a chorus of amateur singers, quarrels would inevitably ensue. "His
only safe course," says a writer on this matter, "was to keep at a distance
from what they would call his pretensions, and save them from liis contempt
for what he would knoio to be their ignorance."
Page 50, note 2, line 5. John Mackay, here spoken of, was lost at sea on
a voyage to South America.
Page 52, line 22. S. P. Taylor (misprinted Tajlof), b. in England. 177s.
began his career as a chorister, and played the organ at the age of twelve. In
1806 he came to America, and the next year was appointed organist at Christ
Church. He dii'ected oratorios (concerts?) at St. Paul's, and first introduced
the chant in New York. In 1863, Mr. Taylor, then eightv-five years old.
played Luther's (so-called) Judgment Hpnn at the dedication of a new organ
Page 52. line 24. Last word " or" should be *' of."
Page 52, note 1, line 4. After first "it" insert date (1852). Line 6.
"music" should be "Music." HAd. For "p. 26," read "p. 25." Ihid.
After "cites" insert "(Note, p. 26)."
APPENDIX. V
Page 58, line 20. Oliver Shaw, a native of Middleboro', Mass., studied
singing- under Dr. Hinterliead at Newport, and afterwards the organ and
piano under Graupner. He taught singing schools, presided over musical
societies in Dedhani and Providence, sang often in public, and died in 1848.
Page 53, line 25. For •• listeued." read '' Usteued.''
Page 53, note 2. The concert referred to in this note was given at the
Chauncy Street Church.
Page 53, note 3. line 2. For •• honorably having," read " honored by hav-
ing," etc.
Page 54. Progrannne, Part I., No. 10. For "There rest the sinful Mary's
tears," read, —
'• AYere not the sinful Mary's tears
An oftering worthy heaven,
When o'er the faults of former years
She wept, and was forgiven? "
Page 54, note 2. The quotation from the Centinel ends with the word
"animated," fourth line. There should be no quotation-marks after the
word ••jealousy."
Page 50, line 30. " The print." The Transcript for June 7, 1873, contains
S. J.'s correspondence with Mrs. Jonathan Preston about her father's por-
trait The "precipitous and most unnatural mountain," spoken of in the
thirty-third line, appears, on closer inspection, to be that common funereal
emblem, the willow-tree.
Page 57, Historical Synopsis, second line. For "Eleventh annual meet-
ing," read " First annual meeting,"
i
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