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1198378
GENEAUOGY COLLECTION
ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY
3 1833 00877 9099
^y^C'ticvOt-
HISTORICAL
ENCYCLOPEDIA
OF
ILLINOIS
EDITED BY
Newton Batemax, LL.D. Paul Selby, A.M.
COOK COUNTY EDITION
VOLUME I.
ILLUSTRATED.
CHICAGO:
M U N S E L L PUBLISHING COMPANY
Pl-BLISHERS.
1905.
Entered according to Act of Congress,
in the years 1894, 1S99 and 1900, by
WILLIAM W. MUNSELL,
in the ottice of the Librarian of Congress
at
Washington.
1198378
TEkKIIORV IlRAIXKU HV THE ILLINOIS RIVER.
h?vi^ijr^zz^iizz^
PEEFACE.
Why publish this book? There should be many and strong reasons to warrant such an
undertaking. Are there such reasons? What considerations are weighty enough to have
induced the publishers to make this venture? and what special claims has Illinois to such a
distinction? These are reasonable and inevitable inquu-ies, and it is fitting they should
receive attention.
In the first place, good State Histories are of great importance and value, and there is
abundant and cheering evidence of an iiicreasing popular interest in them. This is true of
all such works, whatever States may be their subjects; and it is consiiicuously true of Illi-
nois, for the following, among many other reasons: Because of its great prominence in the
early history of the West as the seat of the first settlements of Europeans northwest of the
Ohio River — the unique character of its early civilization, due to or resulting fi'om its early
French population brought in contact with the aborigines — its political, military, and educa-
tional prominence — its steadfast loyalty and patriotism — the marvelous development of its
vast resources — the Uumber of distinguished statesmen, generals, and jurists whom it has
furnished to the Government, and its gi-and record in the exciting and perilous conflicts on
the Slavery question.
This is the magnificent Commonwealth, the setting forth of whose history, in all of its
essential departments and features, seemed to warrant the bringing out of another volume
devoted to that end. Its material has been gathered from every available source, and most
carefully examined and sifted before acceptance. Especial care has been taken in collecting
material of a biograjihical character ; facts and incidents in the personal history of men identi-
fied with the life of the State in its Territorial and later periods. This material has been
gathered from a great variety of sources widely scattered, and much of it quite inaccessible
to the ordinary inquirer. The encyclopedic form of the work favors conciseness and com-
pactness, and was adopted with a view to condensing the largest amount of information
within the smallest practicable space.
And so the Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois was conceived and planned in the belief
that it was needed; that no other book filled the place it was designed to occupy, or fur-
nished the amount, variety and scope of information touching the infancy and later life of
Illinois, that would be found in its pages. In that belief, and in furtherance of those ends,
the book has been constructed and its topics selected and written. Simplicity, perspicuity,
conciseness and accuracy have been the dominant aims and rules of its editors and writers.
The supreme mission of the book is to record, fairly and truthfully, historical facts ; facts of
the earlier and later history of the State, and drawn from the almost innumerable sources
connected with that history ; facts of interest to the great body of our people, as well as to
scholars, officials, and other special classes; a book convenient for reference in the school,
tL_ office, and the home. Hence, no attempt at fine writing, no labored, irrelevant and
3
4 PREFACE.
long-drawn accounts of matters, persons or things, which really need but a few plain words
for their adequate elucidation, will be found in its pages. On the other hand, perspicuity
and Acting development are never intentionally sacrificed to mere conciseness and brevity.
Whenever a subject, from its nature, demands a more elaborate treatment — and there are
many of this character — it is handled accordingly.
As a rule, the method jnirsued is the separate and topical, rather than the chronological,
as being more satisfactory and convenient for reference. That is, each topic is considered
separately and exhaustively, instead of being blended, chronologically, with others. I'o pass
from subject to subject, in the mere arbitrary order of time, is to sacrifice simplicity and
order to comjilexity and confusion.
Absolute freedom from error or defect in all cases, in handling so many thousands of
items, is not claimed, and could not reasonably be expected of any finite intelligence; since,
in complicated cases, some element may possibly elude its sharpest scrutiny. But every
statement of fact, made herein without qualification, is believed to be strictly correct, and
the statistics of the volume, as a whole, are submitted to its readers with entire confidence.
Considerable space is also devoted to biogi-aphical sketches of persons deemed worthy of
mention, for their close relations to the State in some of its varied interests, political, gov-
ernmental, financial, social, religious, educational, industrial, commercial, economical, mili-
tary, judicial or otherwise; or for their supposed personal deservings in other respects. It
is believed that the extensive recognition of such individuals, by the publishers, will not be
disapproved or regretted by the public ; that personal biography has an honored, useful and
legitimate place in such a history of Illinois as this volume aims to be, and that the omission
of such a department would seriously detract from the completeness and value of the book.
Perhaps no more delicate and difficult task has confronted the editors and publishers than
the selection of names for this part of the work.
While it is believed that no unworthy name has a place iu the list, it is freely admitted
that there may be many others, equally or possibly even more worthy, whose names do not
appear, partly for lack of definite and adequate information, and partly because it was not
deemed best to materially increase the space devoted to this class of topics.
And so, with cordial thanks to the publishers for the risks they have so cheerfully
assumed in this enterprise, for their business energy, integrity, and determination, and their
uniform kindness and courtesy ; to the many who have so generously and helpfully promoted
the success of the work, by their contributions of valuable information, interesting reminis-
cences, and rare incidents; to Mr. Paul Selby, the very alile associate editor, to whom
especial honor and credit are due for his most efficient, intelligent and scholarly services; to
Hon. Harvey B. Hurd, Walter B. Wines, and to all others who have, by word or act,
encouraged us in this enterprise — with grateful recognition of all these friends and helpers,
the Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois, with its thousands of topics and many thousands of
details, items and incidents, is now respectfully submitted to the good people of the State,
for whom it has been prepared, in the earnest hope and confident belief that it will be found
instructive, convenient and useful for the purposes for which it was designed.
PREFATORY STATEMENT,
Since the bulk of the matter contained in this vohime was practically completed and
ready for the press, Dr. Newton Batsman, who occupied the relation to it of editor-in-chief,
has passed beyond the sphere of mortal existence. In placing the work before the public, it
therefore devolves upon the undersigned to make this last prefatory statement.
As explained by Dr. Bateman in his preface, the object had in view in the preparation
of a "Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois" has been to present, in compact and concise form,
the leading facts of Territorial and State history, from the arrival of the earliest French
explorers in Illinois to the present time. This has included an outline history of the State,
under the title, "Illinois," supplemented by special articles relating to various crises and eras
in State history, changes in form of government and administration; the history of Consti-
tutional Conventions and Legislative Assemblies; the various wars in which Illinoisans have
taken part, with a summary of the principal events in the history of individual military
organizations engaged in the Civil War of 1861-65, and the War of 1808 with Spain; lists of
State officers. United States Senators and Members of Congress, with the terms of each ; the
organization and development of political divisions; the establishment of charitable and
educational institutions; the growth of public improvements and other enterprises which
have marked the progress of the State; natural features and resoitrces; the history of early
newspapers, and the growth of religious denominations, together with general statistical
information and unusual or extraordinary occurrences of a local or general State character —
all arranged under topical heads, and convenient for ready reference by all seeking informa-
tion on these subjects, whether in the family, in the office of the professional or business
man, in the teacher's study and the school-room, or in the public library.
While individual or collected biographies of the public men of Illinois have not been
wholly lacking or few in number — and those already in existence have a present and C07i-
stantly increasing value — they have been limited, for the most part, to special localities and
particular periods or classes. Rich as the annals of Illinois are in the records and character
of its distinguished citizens who, by their services in the public councils, upon the judicial
bench and in the executive chair, in the forum and in the field, have reflected honor upon
the State and the Kation, there has been hitherto no comprehensive attempt to gather
together, in one volume, sketches of those who have been conspicuous in the creation and
upbuilding of the State. The collection of material of this sort has been a task requiring
patient and laborious' research ; and, while all may not have been achieved in this direction
that was desirable, owing to the insufficiency or total absence of data relating to the lives of
many men most prominent in public affairs during the period to which they belonged, it is
still believed that what has been accomplished will be found of permanent value and be
appreciated by those most deeply interested in this phase of State history.
The large number of topics treated has made brevity and conciseness an indispensable
featitre of the work ; consequently there has been no attempt to indulge in graces of style or
5
6 PKEFATOEY STATEMENT.
elaboration of narrative. The object has been to present, in simple language and concise
form, facts of history of interest or value to those who may choose to consult its pages.
Absolute inerrancy is not claimed for every detail of the work, but no pains has been
spared, and every available authority consulted, to arrive at complete accuracy of statement.
In view of the important bearing which railroad enterprises have had upon the extraor-
dinary development of the State within the past fifty years, considerable space has been given
to this department, especially with reference to the older lines of railroad whose history lii\s
been intimately interwoven with that of the State, and its jjrogress in wealth and poimlation.
In addition to the acknowledgments made by Dr. Bateman, it is but proper that I
should exjjress my personal obligations to the late Prof. Samuel M. Inglis, State Superin-
tendent of Public Instruction, and his assistant, Prof. J. H. Freeman; to ex-Senator John
M. Palmer, of Si^ringfield ; to the late Hon. Joseph Medill, editor of "The Chicago Tribune" ;
to the Hon. James B. Bradwell, of "The Chicago Legal Xews"; to Gen. Green B. Eaum,
Dr. Samuel Willard, and Dr. Garrett Xewkirk, of Chicago (the latter as author of the prin-
cipal ijortions of the article on the "Undergi'ouud Railroad") ; to the Librarians of the State
Historical Library, the Chicago Historical Library, and the Chicago Public Library, for
special and valuable aid rendered, as well as to a large circle of correspondents in different
parts of the State who have courteously responded to requests for information on special
topics, and have thereby materially aided in securing whatever success may have been
attained in the work.
In conclusion, I cannot omit to pay this final tribute to the memory of my friend and
associate, Dr. Bateman, whose death, at his home in Galesburg, on October 21, 1897, was
deplored, not only by his associates in the Facult)' of Knox College, his former pupils and
immediate neighbors, but by a large circle of friends in all parts of the State.
Although his labors as editor of this volume had been substantially finished at the time
of his death (and they included the reading and revision of every line of copy at that time
prepared, comprising the larger jiroportion of the volume as it now goes into the hands of
the public), the enthusiasm, zeal and kindly appreciation of the labor of others which he
brought to the discharge of his duties, have been sadly missed in the last stages of prepara-
tion of the work for the press. In the estimation of many who have held his scholai'ship
and his splendid endowments of mind and character in the highest admu'ation, his con-
• nection with the work will be its strongest commendation and the siirest evidence of its
merit.
With myself, the most substantial satisfaction I have in dismissing the volume from my
hands and submitting it to the judgment of the public, exists in the fact that, in its prepara-
tion, I have been associated with such a co-laborer — one whose abilities commanded uni-
versal respect, and whose genial, scholarly character and noble qualities of mind and heart
won the love and confidence of all with whom he came in contact, and whom it had been my
privilege to count as a friend from an early period in his long and useful career.
^^>^<^if^r-<^c^i^ ^i^^u^^cy
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIOI<^S.
PAGE
Abraham Lincoln {Frontispiece) 1
Annex Central Hospital for Insane, Jacksonville 84
Asylum for Feeble-Minded Children, Lincoln 237
Asylum for Incurable Insane, Bartonville 85
Bateman, Newton (Portrait) 3
Board of Trade Building, Chicago 277
"Chenu Mansion," Kaskaskia (1898), where La Fayette was entertained in 1825 .... 315
Chicago Academy of Sciences ' 394
Chicago Drainage Canal 94
Chicago Historical Society Building 394
Chicago Public Buildings 395
Chicago Thoroughfares 93
Chief Chicagou (Portrait) 246
Comparative Size of Great Canals 95
Day after Chicago Fire 92
Early Historic Scenes, Chicago 170
Early Historic Scenes, Chicago (No. 2) 171
Engineering Hall, University of Illinois 280
Experiment Farm, University of Illinois 12
Experiment Farm, University of Illinois — The Vineyard 13
Experiment Farm, University of Illinois — Orchard Cultivation 13
First Illinois State House, Kaskaskia (1818) 314
Fort Dearborn from the West (1808) 246
Fort Dearborn from Southeast (1808) 247
Fort Dearborn (1853) 247
General John Edgar's House, Kaskasia 315
Henry de Tonty (Portrait) 246
House of Governor Bond, Old Kaskaskia (1801 ) 315
House of Chief Ducoign, the last of the Kaskaskias (1893) 314
Home for Juvenile Female Offenders, Geneva 236
Illinois Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, Quincy 438
Illinois State Normal L'niversity, Normal 504
Illinois State Capitol, Springfield 240
Illinois State Building, World's Columbian Exposition, 1893 601
Illinois State Penitentiary, Joliet 306
Illinois State Penitentiary — Cell House and Women's Prison 307
Illinois State Reformatory, Pontiac 493
7
8 LISTOFILLUSTKATIOXS.
PAGE
Institution for Deaf and Dumb, Jacksonville 300
Interior of Eoom, Kaskaskia Hotel (ISIKJ) where La Fayette Banquet was held in 1825 314
Institution for the Blind, Jacksonville 301
Kaskaskia Hotel, where La Fayette was feted in 1825 (as it appeared, 1803) 314
La Salle (Portrait) 24G
Library Building, University of Illinois 334
Library Building — Main Floor — University of lUiuois 335
Map of Burned District, Chicago Fire, 1871 276
Map of Grounds, World's Columbian Exposition, 1893 GOO
Map of Illinois Following Title Page
Map of Illinois Itiver Valley " " "
McCormick Seminary, Chicago 362
Monuments in Lincoln Park, Chicago 90
Monuments in Lincoln Park, Chicago 206
Monuments in Lincoln Park, Chicago ....'. 207
Natural History Hall, University of Illinois 151
Xewberry Library, Chicago , 394
Northern Hospital for the Insane, Elgin 402
Old Kaskaskia, from Garrison Hill (as it appeared in 1803) 314
Old State House, Kaskaskia (1000) 315
Pierre Menard Mansion, Kaskaskia (1803) 314
Remnant of Old Kaskaskia (as it appeared in 1898) 315
Selby, Paul (Portrait) 5
Soldiers' Widows' Home, AVilmington 439
Southern Illinois Normal, Carbondale 505
Southern Illinois Penitentiary and Asylum for Incurable Insane, Chester 492
University Hall, University of Illinois 150
University of Chicago 363
University of Illinois, Urbana. (Group of Buildings) 540
University of Illinois, Urbana. (Group of Buildings) 541
View from Engineering Hall, University of Illinois ." 281
View on Principal Street, Old Kaskaskia (1891) '. 315
Views in Lincoln Park, Chicago 91
Views of Drainage Canal 96
Views of Drainage Canal 97
War Eagle (Portrait) 246
Western Hospital for the Insane, Watertown , 40S
Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois.
ABBOTT, (Lient.-GoT.) Edward, a British
ofHoer, who was commandant at Post Vincennes
(called by the British, Fort Sackville) at the
time Col. George Rogers Clark captured Kaskas-
kia in 1778. Abbott's jirrisdiction extended, at
least nominally, over a part of the "Illinois
Country." Ten days after the occupation of Kas-
kaskia, Colonel Clark, having learned that
Abbott had gone to the British headquarters at
Detroit, leaving the Post without any guard
except that furnished by the inhabitants of the
village, took advantage of his absence to send
Pierre Gibault, the Catholic Vioar-General of Illi-
nois, to win over the people to the American
cause, which he did so successfully that they at
once took the oath of allegiance, and the Ameri-
can flag was run up over the fort. Although
Fort Sackville afterwards fell into the hands of
the British for a time, the manner of its occupa-
tion was as much of a surprise to the British as
that of Kaskaskia itself, and contributed to the
completeness of Clark's triumph. (See Clark,
Col. George Rogers, also, Gibault. Pierre.) Gov-
ernor Abbott seems to have been of a more
humane character than the mass of British
officers of his day, as he wrote a letter to General
Carleton about this time, protesting strongly
against the employment of Indians in carrying
on warfare against the colonists on the frontier,
on the ground of humanity, claiming that it was
a detriment to the British cause, although he
was overruled by his superior officer. Colonel
Hamilton, in the steps soon after taken to recap-
ture Vincennes.
ABINGDON, a city and railway junction in
Knox County, 10 miles south of Galesburg and 85
miles northeast of Quincy. It is the center of a
rich agricultural region and has two banks, some
flourishing manufactures, including heavy wag-
ons, working men's clothing and mouse-traps.
Hedding College, under the auspices of the
Methodist Episcopal Church, is located here.
Abingdon Normal College, formerly a separate
institution, located here, has been united with
Hedding College. Population (1890), 1,321; (1900),
2,032.
ACCAULT, Michael (Ak-ko), French explorer
and companion of La Salle, who came to the
"Illinois Country" in 1780, and accompanied
Hennepin when the latter descended the Illinois
River to its mouth and then ascended the Mis-
sissippi to the vicinity of the present city of St.
Paul, where they were captured by Sioux. They
were rescued by Greysolon Dulhut (for whom
the city of Duluth was named), and having dis-
covered the FaUs of St. Anthony, returned to
Green Bay. {See Hennepin.)
ACKERMAN, William K., Railway President
and financier, was born in New York City, Jan.
29, 1833, of Knickerbocker and Revolutionary
ancestry, his grandfather, Abraham D. Acker-
man, having served as Captain of a company of
the famous "Jersey Blues," participating with
"Mad" Anthony Wayne in the storming of Stony
Point during the Revolutionary War, while his
father served as Lieutenant of Artillerj' in the
War of 1812. After receiving a high school edu-
cation in New York, Mr. Ackerman engaged in
mercantile business, but in 18.52 became a clerk
in the financial department of the Illinois Central
Railroad. Coming to Chicago in the service of
the Company in 1860, he successively filled the
positions of Secretary, Auditor and Treasurer,
until July, 1876, when he was elected Vice-Presi-
dent and a year later promoted to the Presidency,
voluntarily retiring from this position in August,
1883, though serving some time longer in the
capacity of Vice-President. During the progress
of the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago
(1892-93) Mr. Ackerman served as Auditor of the
Exposition, and was City Comptroller of Chicago
under the administration of Mayor Hopkins
10
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
(1893-95). He is an active member of the Chicago
Historical Society, ami lias rendered valuable
service to railroad history by the issue of two bro-
chures on the "Early History of Illinois Rail-
roads," and a "Historical Sketch of the Illinois
Central Railroad."
ADAMS, John, LL.D., educator and philan-
thropist, was born at Canterbury, Conn., Sept. 18,
1772; graduated at Yale College in 1795; taught
for several years in his native place, in Plain-
field, N. J., and at Colchester, Conn. In 1810 he
became Principal of Phillips Academy at An-
dover, Mass., remaining there twenty-three
years. In addition to liis educational duties he
participated in the organization of several great
charitable associations which attained national
importance. On retiring from Phillips Academy
in 1833, he removed to Jacksonville. 111., where,
four years afterward, he became the third Prin-
cipal of Jacksonville Female Academy, remaining
six years. He then became Agent of the Ameri-
can Sunday School Union, in the course of the
next few years founding several hundred Sunday
Schools in different parts of the State. He re-
ceived the degree of LL. D. from Yale College in
1854. Died in Jacksonville, April 24, 1863. The
subject of this sketch was father of Dr. William
Adams, for forty years a prominent Presbj-terian
clergyman of New York and for seven years (1873-
80) President of Union Theological Seminary.
ADAMS, John McGrogror, manufacturer, was
born at Londonderry, N. H., March 11, 1834, the
son of Rev. John R. Adams, who served as Chap-
lain of the Fifth Maine and One Hundred and
Twenty- first New York Volunteers during the
Civil War. Mr. Adams was educated at Gorham,
Me., and Andover, Mas.s., after which, going to
New York Cit}', he engaged as clerk in a dry-
goods house at $150 a year. He next entered the
office of Clark & Jessup, hardware manufacturers,
and in 1858 came to Chicago to represent the
house of Morris K. Jessup & Co. He thus became
associated with the late John Crerar, the firm of
Jessup & Co. being finally merged into that of
Crerar, Adams & Co., which, with the Adams &
Westlake Co. , have done a large business in the
manufacture of railway supplies. Since the
death of Mr. Crerar, Mr. Adams has been princi-
pal manager of the concern's vast manufacturing
business.
ADAMS, (Dr.) Samuel, physician and edu-
cator, was born at Brunswick, Me. , Dec. 19, 1806,
and educated at Bowdoin College, where he
graduated in both the departments of literature
and of medicine. Then, having practiced as a
physician several years, in 1838 he assumed the
chair of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry and
Natural History in Illinois College at Jackson-
ville, 111. From 1843 to 1845 he was also Pro-
fessor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics in the
Medical Department of the same institution, and,
during his connection with the College, gave
instruction at different times in nearly every
branch embraced in the college curriculum,
including the French and German languages.
Of uncompromising firmness and invincible cour-
age in his adherence to principle, he was a man
of singular modesty, refinement and amiability
in private life, winning the confidence and esteem
of all with whom he came in contact, especially
the students who came under his instruction. A
profound and thorough scholar, he possessed a
refined and exalted literary taste, which was
illustrated in occasional contributions to scien-
tific and literary periodicals. Among productions
of his pen on philosophic topics may be enumer-
ated articles on "The Natm-al History of Man in
his Scriptural Relations;" contributions to the
"Biblical Repository" (1844); "Auguste Comte
and Positivi.sm" ("New Englander," 1873), and
"Herbert Spencer's Proposed Reconciliation be-
tween Religion and Science" ("New Englander,"
1875). His connection with Illinois College con-
tinued until his death, April, 1877 — a period of
more than thirty-eight years. A monument to
his memory has been erected tlirough the grate-
ful donations of his former pupils.
ADAMS, George Everett, lawyer and ex-Con-
gressman, born at Keene, N. H., June 18, 1840;
was educated at Harvard College, and at Dane
Law School, Cambridge, Mass. , graduating at the
former in 18G0. Early in life he settled in Chi-
cago, where, after some time spent as a teacher
in the Chicago High School, he engaged in the
practice of his profession. His first post of pub-
lic responsibility was that of State Senator, to
which he was elected in 1880. In 1882 he was
chosen, as a Republican, to represent the Fourth
Illinois District in Congress, and re-elected in
1884, "86 and '88. In 1890 he was again a candi-
date, but was defeated by Walter C. Newberry.
He is one of tlie Trustees of the Newberry
Library.
ADAMS, James, pioneer lawyer, was born in
Hartford, Conn., Jan. 26, 1808; taken to Oswego
County, N. Y., in 1809, and, in 1821, removed to
Springfield, 111., being the first lawyer to locate
in the future State capital. He enjoyed an ex-
tensive practice for the time ; in 1823 was elected
a Justice of the Peace, took part in the Winne-
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
11
bago and Black Hawk wars, was elected Probate
Judge in 1841, and died in office, August 11, 1843.
ADAMS COUNTY, an extreme westerly county
of the State, situated about midway between its
northern and southern extremities, and bounded
on the west by the Mississippi River. It was
organized in 183.5 and named in honor of John
Quincy Adams, the name of Quincy being given
to the county seat. The United States Census of
1890 places its area at 830 sq. m. and its popula-
tion at 61,888. The soil of the county is fertile
and well watered, the surface diversified and
hilly, especially along the Mississippi bluffs, and
its climate equable. The wealth of the county is
largely derived from agriculture, although a
large amount of manufactmung is carried on in
Quincy. Population (1900), 67,058.
ADDAMS, John Huy, legislator, was born at
Sinking Springs, Berks County, Pa., July 12,
1832 ; educated at Trappe and Upper Dublin, Pa. ,
and learned the trade of a miller in his youth,
which he followed in later Ufe. In 1844, Mr.
Addams came to Illinois, settling at Cedarville,
Stephenson County, purchased a tract of land
and built a saw and grist mill on Cedar Creek.
In 1854 he was elected to the State Senate from
Stephenson County, serving continuously in that
body by successive re-elections until 1870 — first as
a Whig and afterwards as a Republican. In 1865
he established the Second National Bank of Free-
port, of which he continued to be the president
until his death, August 17, 1881. — Miss Jane
{ Addams), philanthropist, the founder of the "Hull
House," Chicago, is a daughter of Mr. Addams.
ADDISON, a village of Du Page County, 24
miles west-northwest from Chicago. It is the
seat of an Evangelical Lutheran School. Popu
lation (1890), 485; (1900). .591.
ADJUTANTS-GENERAL. The office of Adju-
tant-General for the State of Illinois was first
created by Act of the Legislature, Feb. 2, 1865.
Previous to the War of the Rebellion the position
was rather honorary than otherwise, its duties
(except during the Black Hawk War) and its
emoluments being alike unimportant. The in-
cumbent was simply the Chief of the Governor's
Staff. In 1861, the post became one of no small
importance. Those who held the office during
the Territorial period were : Elias Rector, Robert
Morrison, Benjamin Stephenson and Wm. Alex-
ander. After the admission of Illinois as a State
up to the beginning of the Civil War, the duties
(which were almost wholly nominal) were dis-
charged by Wm. Alexander, 1819-21; Elijah C.
Berry, 1831-28; James W. Berry, 1838-39; Moses
K. Anderson, 1839-57; Thomas S. Mather, 1858-61.
In November, 1861, Col. T. S. Mather, who had held
the position for three years previous, resigned to
enter active service, and Judge Allen C. Fuller
was appointed, remaining in office until January
1, 1865. The first appointee, under the act of
1865, was Isham N. Haynie, who held office
until his death in 1869. The Legislature of 1869,
taking into consideration that all the Illinois
volunteers had been mustered out, and that the
duties of the Adjutant-General had been materi-
ally lessened, reduced the proportions of the
department and curtailed the appropriation for
its support. Since the adoption of the military
code of 1877, the Adjutant-General's office has
occupied a more important and conspicuous posi-
tion among the departments of the State govern-
ment. The following is a list of those who have
held office since General Haynie, with the date
and duration of their respective terms of office
Hubert Dilger, 1869-73; Edwin L. Higgins,
1873-75; Hiram Hilliard, 1875-81; Isaac H. Elliot,
1881-84; Joseph W. Vance, 1884-93; Albert Oren
dorff, 1893-96; C. C. Hilton, 1896-97; Jasper N.
Reece, 1897 — .
AGRICULTURE. Illinois ranks high as an
agricultural State. A large area in the eastern
portion of the State, because of the absence of
timber, was called by the early settlers "the
Grand Prairie." Upon and along a low ridge
beginning in Jackson County and running across
the State is the prolific fruit-growing district of
Southern Illinois. The bottom lands extending
from Cairo to the mouth of the Illinois River are
of a fertility seemingly inexhaustible. The cen-
tral portion of the State is best adapted to corn,
and the southern and southwestern to the culti-
vation of winter wheat. Nearly three-fourths of
the entire State — some 42,000 square miles — is up-
land prairie, well suited to the raising of cereals.
In the value of its oat crop Illinois leads all the
States, that for 1891 being 831, 106, 674, with 3,068,-
930 acres under cultivation. In the production
of corn it ranks next to Iowa, the last census
(1890) showing 7,014,836 acres under cultivation,
and the value of the crop being estimated at
§86,905,510. In wheat-raising it ranked seventh,
although the annual average value of the crop
from 1880 to 1890 was a little less than §39,000,-
000. As a live-stock State it leads in the value of
horses ($83,000,000), ranks second in the produc-
tion of swine (§30,000,000), third in cattle-growing
(§33,000,000), and fourth in dairy products, the
value of milch cows being estimated at §24,000,-
000. (See also Farmers' Institute.)
12
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
AGRICULTURE, DEPARTMENT OF. A
department of the State administration which
grew out of the organization of the Illinois Agri-
cultural Society, incorporated by Act of the
Legislature in 1853. The first appropriation from
the State treasury for its maintenance was 81,000
per annum, "to be expended in the promotion of
meclianical and agricultural arts." The first
President was James N. Brown, of Sangamon
County. Simeon Francis, also of Sangamon, was
the first Recording Secretary ; John A. Kennicott
of Cook, first Corresponding Secretary ; and John
Williams of Sangamon, first Treasurer. Some
thirty volumes of reports have been issued, cover-
ing a variety of topics of vital interest to agri-
cultui-ists. The department has well equipped
offices in the State House, and is charged with
the conduct of State Fairs and the management
of annual exhibitions of fat stock, besides the
collection and dissemination of statistical and
other information relative to the State's agri-
cultural interests. It receives annual reports
from all County Agricultiu-al Societies. The
State Board consists of three general officers
(President, Secretary and Treasurer) and one
representative from each Congressional district.
The State appropriates some §20,000 annuallj' for
the prosecution of its work, besides which there
is a considerable income from receipts at State
Fairs and fat stock shows. Between 820,000 and
82.'5,000 per annum is disbursed in premimns to
competing exhibitors at the State Fairs, and some
810,000 divided among County Agricultural
Societies holding fairs.
AKERS, Peter, D. D., Methodist Episcopal
clergyman, born of Presbyterian parentage, in
Campbell County, Va., Sept. 1, 1790; was edu-
cated in the common schools, and, at the age
of 16, began teaching, later pursuing a classical
course in institutions of Virginia and North
Carolina. Having removed to Kentucky, after a
brief season spent in teaching at Mount Sterling
in that State, he began the study of law and was
admitted to the bar in 1817. Two years later he
began the publication of a paper called "The
Star," which was continued for a short time. In
1821 he was converted and joined the Methodist
church, and a few months later began preaching.
In 1832 he removed to Illinois, and, after a year
spent in work as an evangelist, he assumed the
Presidency of McKendree College at Lebanon,
remaining during 1833-34; then established a
"manual labor school" near Jacksonville, which
he maintained for a few years. From 1837 to
18.53 was spent as stationed minister or Presiding
Elder at Springfield, Quincy and Jacksonville. In
the latter year he was again appointed to the
Presidency of McKendree College, where he
remained five years. He was then (1857) trans-
ferred to the Minnesota Conference, but a j-ear
later was compelled by declining health to assume
a superannuated relation. Returning to Illinois
about 1865, he served as Presiding Elder of the
Jacksonville and Pleasant Plains Districts, but
was again compelled to accept a superannuated
relation, making Jacksonville his home, where
he died, Feb. 31, 1886. While President of Mc-
Kendree College, he published liis work on "Bib-
lical Chronolog}'," to which he had devoted many
previous years of his life, and which gave evi-
dence of great learning and vast research. Dr.
Akers was a man of profound convictions, exten-
sive learning and great eloquence. As a pulpit
orator and logician he probably had no superior
in the State during the time of his most active
serA'ice in the denomination to which he belonged.
AKIX, Edward C., lawyer and Attorney-Gen-
eral, was born in Will County, 111., in 18.52, and
educated in the public schools of Joliet and at Ann
Arbor, Mich. For foiu- years he was paj-ing and
receiving teller in the First National Bank of
Joliet, but was admitted to the bar in 1878 and
has continued in active practice since. In 1887 he
entered upon his political career as the Republi-
can candidate for City Attorney of Joliet, and was
elected by a majority of over 700 votes, although
the city was usually Democratic. The follow-
ing year he was the camlidate of his party for
State's Attorney of Will County, and was again
elected, leading the State and county ticket by
800 votes — being re-elected to the same office in
1893. In 1895 he was the Republican nominee
for Maj'or of Joliet, and, although opposed by a
citizen's ticket headed by a Republican, was
elected over his Democratic competitor by a deci-
sive majority. His greatest popular triumph was
in 1896, when he was elected Attorney-General
on the Republican State ticket by a pluralit}'
over his Democratic opponent of 132,248 and a
majority over all competitors of 111,255. His
legal abilities are recognized as of a very high
order, while his personal popularity is indicated
by his uniform success as a candidate, in the
face, at times, of strong political majorities.
ALBANY, a village of Whiteside County, lo-
cated on the Mississippi River and the Chicago,
Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway (Rock Island
branch). Population (1890), 611; (1900), 621.
ALBION, the county seat of Edwards County.
Dairying is a leading industry in the surrounding
■xi'i K 1 \i I xr I'AUM (TH)'; \iNi:\' \kh i, rxl\"l■;Ksn'^■ nv ii.i.ixi
i;\t'i;rimicxt i'arm ((iRCUAKn crr,TnATi(ix\ i"ni\i;rsity ok u.i.inois.
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
13
country, and the village has a well-managed
creamery. It has a bank, five churches, an acad-
emy, wagon and plow works, flour mills, an ice
factory, and a weekly newspaper. Coal is also
mined in the vicinity. It is situated about 56
miles by rail northwest of Evansville, Ind. Popu-
lation (1880), 875; (1890), 937; (1900), 1,162.
ALCORN, James Lusk, was born near Gol-
conda. 111., Nov. 4, 1816; early went South and
held various offices in Kentucky and Mississippi,
including member of the Legislature in each;
was a member of the Mississippi State Conven-
tions of 1851 and 1861, and by the latter appointed
a Brigadier-General in the Confederate service,
but refused a commission by Jefferson Davis
because his fidelity to the rebel cause was
doubted. At the close of the war he was one of
the first to accept the reconsti'uction policy ; was
elected United States Senator from Mississippi in
1865, but not admitted to his seat. In 1869 he
was chosen Governor as a Republican, and two
years later elected United States Senator, serving
until 1877. Died, Dec. 20, 1894.
ALDRICH, J. Frank, Congressman, was born
at Two Rivers, Wis., April 6, 1853, the son of
William Aldrich, who afterwards became Con-
gressman from Chicago ; was brought to Chicago
in 1861, attended the public schools and the Chi-
cago University, and graduated from the Rensse-
laer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N. Y., in 1877,
receiving the degree of Civil Engineer. Later he
engaged in the linseed oil business in Chicago.
Becoming interested in politics, lie was elected a
member of the Board of County Commissioners
of Cook County, serving as President of that body
during the reform period of 1887; was also a
member of the County Board of Education and
Chairman of the Chicago Citizens' Committee,
appointed from the various clubs and commer-
cial organizations of the city, to promote the for-
mation of the Chicago Sanitary District. From
May 1, 1891, to Jan. 1, 1893, he was Commissioner
of Public Works for Chicago, when he resigned
his office, having been elected (Nov., 1893) a
member of the Fifty-third Congress, on the
Republican ticket, from the First Congressional
District; was re-elected in 1894, retiring at the
close of the Fifty-fourth Congress. In 1898 he
was appointed to a position in connection with
the office of Comptroller of the Currency at
Washington.
ALDRICH, William, merchant and Congress-
man, was born at Greenfield, N. Y., Jan. 20, 1820.
His early common school training was supple-
mented by private tuition in higher branches of
mathematics and in surveying, and by a term in
an academy. Until he had reached the age of 26
years he was engaged in farming and teaching,
but. in 1846, turned his attention to mercantile
pursuits. In 1851 he removed to Wisconsin,
where, in addition to merchandising, he engaged
in the manufacture of furniture and woodenware,
and where he also held several important offices,
being Superintendent of Schools for three years,
Chairman of the County Board of Supervisors
one year, besides serving one term in the Legisla-
ture. In 1860 he removed to Chicago, where he
embarked in the wholesale grocery business. In
1875 he was elected to the City Council, and, in
1876, chosen to represent his district (the First) in
Congress, as a Republican, being re-elected in 1878,
and again in 1880. Died in Fond du Lac, Wis.,
Dec. 3, 1885.
ALEDO, the county-seat of Mercer County.
The surrounding country is rich in bituminous
coal, and fruit-growing and stock-raising are ex-
tensively carried on. For these commodities it is a
shipping point of considerable importance. Three
weekly papers are published here. Population
(1880), 1,493; (1890), 1,601; (1900), 2,081.
ALEXANDER, John T., agriculturist and
stock-grower, was born in Western Virginia,
Sept. 15, 1830; removed with liis father, at six
years of age, to Ohio, and to Illinois in 1848.
Here he bought a tract of several thousand acres
of land on the Wabash Railroad, 10 miles east of
Jacksonville, which finally developed into one of
the richest stock-farms in the State. After the
war he became the owner of the celebrated
"Sullivant farm," comprising some 30,000 acres
on the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroad in
Champaign Coimty, to which he transferred his
stock interests, and although overtaken by re-
verses, left a large estate. Died, August 32, 1876.
ALEXANDER, Milton K., pioneer, was born in
Elbert County, Ga., Jan. 33, 1796; emigrated
with his father, in 1804, to Tennessee, and, while
still a boy, enlisted as a soldier in the Warof 1812,
serving under the command of General Jackson
until the capture of Pensacola, when lie entered
upon the campaign against the Seminoles in
Florida. In 1823 he removed to Edgar County,
111., and engaged in mercantile and agricultural
pursuits at Paris; serving also as Postmaster
there some twenty -five years, and as Clerk of the
County Commissioners' Court from 1836 to "37.
In 1836 he was commissioned by Governor Coles,
Colonel of the Nineteenth Regiment. Illinois
State Militia; in 1830 was Aide-de-Camp to Gov-
ernor Reynolds, and, inl832, took part in the Black
14
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS.
Hawk War as Brigadier-General of the Second
Brigade, Illinois Volunteers. On the inception of
the internal improvement scheme in 1837 he was
elected by the Legislature a member of the first
Board of Commissioners of Public Works, serving
until the Board was abolished. Died, July 7, 1856.
ALEXANDER, (Dr.) William M., pioneer,
came to Southern Illinois previous to the organi-
zation of Union County (1818), and for some time,
while practicing his profession as a physician,
acted as agent of the proprietors of the town of
America, which was located on the Ohio River,
on tlie iirst high ground above its junction with
the Mississippi. It became the first county-seat
of Alexander County, wliich was organized in
1819, and named in his honor. In 1820 we find
him a Representative in the Second General
Assembly from Pope County, and two years later
Representative from Alexander County, when he
became Speaker of the House during the session
of the Third General Assembly. Later, he
removed to Kaskaskia, but finallj- went South,
where he died, though the date and place of his
death are unknown.
ALEXANDER COUNTY, the extreme southern
comity of the State, being bounded on the west
bj- the Mississippiji, and south and east by the
Ohio and Caclie rivers. Its area is about 330
square miles and its population, in 1890, was 16,-
563. Tlie first American settlers were Tennessee-
ans named Bird, who occupied the delta and gave
it the name of Bird's Point, which, at the date of
the Civil War (1861-65), had been transferred to
the Missouri shore opposite the mouth of the Ohio.
Other early settlers were Clark, Kennedy and
Philips (at Mounds), Conyer and Terrel (at Amer-
ica), and Humphreys (near Caledonia). In 1818
Shadrach Bond (afterwards Governor), John G.
Comyges and others entered a claini for 1800 acres
in the central and northern part of the county,
and incorporated the "City and Bank of Cairo."
The history of this enterprise is interesting. In
1818 (on Comyges" death) the land reverted to the
Government ; but in 1835 Sidney Breese, David J.
Baker and ililes A. Gilbert re-entered the for-
feited bank tract and the title thereto became
vested in the "Cairo City and Canal Company,"
which was chartered in 1837, and, by purchase,
extended its holdings to 10,000 acres. The
county was organized in 1819: the first county-
seat being America, which was incorporated in
1830. Population (1900), 19,384.
ALEXIAS' BROTHERS' HOSPITAL, located
at Chicago; established in 1860, and under the
management of the Alexian Brothers, a monastic
order of the Roman Catholic Church. It was
originally opened in a small frame building, but a
better edifice was erected in 1868, only to be de-
stroyed in the great fire of 1871. The following
year, through the aid of private benefactions and
an appropriation of §18,000 from the Chicago Re-
lief and Aid Society, a larger and better hospital
was built. In 1888 an addition was made, increas-
ing tlie accommodation to 150 beds. Only poor
male patients are admitted, and these are received
without reference to nationality or religion, and
absolutely without charge. The present medical
staff (1896) comprises fourteen physicians and sur-
geons. In 1895 the close approach of an intra-
mural transit line having rendered the building
unfit for hospital purposes, a street railway com-
pan J- purchased the site and buildings for $3.50,-
000 and a new location has been selected.
ALEXIS, a village of Warren County, on the
Rock Island & St. Louis Division of the Chicago,
Burlington & Quincy Railway, 13 miles east of
north from Monmouth. It has manufactures of
brick, drain-tile, pottery and agricultural imple-
ments; is al.so noted for its Clydesdale horses.
Population (1880), 398; (1890), 563; (1900), 915.
ALGONQUIN'S, a group of Indian tribes.
Originally their territory extended from about
latitude 37° to 53° north, and from longitude 35°
east to 15° west of the meridian of Washington.
Branches of the stock were found by Cartier in
Canada, bj- Smith in Virginia, by tlie Puritans in
New England and by CathoUc missionaries in the
great basin of the Mississippi. One of the prin-
cipal of their five confederacies embraced the
Illinois Indians, who were found within tlie
State by the French when the latter discovered
the country in 1673. They were hereditary foes
of the warlike Iroquois, by whom their territory
was repeatedly invaded. Besides the Illinois,
other tribes of the Algonquin family who origi-
nally dwelt within the present limits of Illinois,
were the Foxes, Kickapoos, Miamis, Menominees,
and Sacs. Although nomadic in their mode of
life, and subsisting largely on the spoils of the
chase, the Algonquins were to some extent tillers
of the soil and cultivated large tracts of maize.
Various dialects of their language have been
reduced to grammatical rules, and Eliot's Indian
Bible is published in their tongue. The entire
Algonquin stock extant is estimated at about
95,000. of whom some 35,000 are within the United
States.
ALLEN, William Joslina, jurist, was born
June 9, 1839, in Wilson County, Tenn. ; of Vir-
ginia ancestry of Scotch-Irish descent. In early
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
15
infancy he was brought by his parents to South-
ern Illinois, where his father, Willis Allen, be-
came a Judge and member of Congress. After
reading law with his father and at the Louisville
Law School, young Allen was admitted to the
bar, settling at Metropolis and afterward (1853)
at his old home, Marion, in Williamson County.
In 1855 he was appointed United States District
Attorney for Illinois, but resigned in 1859 and re-
sumed private practice as partner of John A.
Logan. The same year he was elected Circvut
Judge to succeed his father, who had died, but he
declined a re-election. He was a member of the
Constitutional Conventions of 1862 and 1869, serv-
ing in both bodies on the Judicial Committee and
as Chairman of the Committee on the Bill of
Rights. From 1864 to 1888 he was a delegate to
every National Democratic Convention, being
chairman of the Illinois delegation in 1876. He
has been four times a candidate for Congress, and
twice elected, serving from 1862 to 1865. During
this period he was an ardent opponent of the wai
policy of the Government. In 1874-75, at the
solicitation of Governor Beveridge, he undertook
the prosecution of the leaders of a bloody "ven-
detta" which had broken out among his former
neighbors in Williamson County, and, by his fear-
less and impartial efforts, brought the off enders to
justice and assisted in restoring order. In 1886,
Judge AUen removed to Springfield, and in 1887
was appointed by President Cleveland to succeed
Judge Samuel H. Treat (deceased) as Judge of the
United States District Court for the Southern
District of Illinois. Died Jan. 26, 1901.
ALLEN, Willis, a native of Tennessee, who
removed to Williamson County, 111., in 1829 and
engaged in farming. In 1834 he was chosen
Sheriff of Franklin County, in 1838 elected Rep-
resentative in the Eleventh General Assembly,
and, in 1844, became State Senator. In 1841,
although not yet a licensed lawyer, he was chosen
Prosecuting Attorney for the old Third District,
and was shortly afterward admitted to the bar.
He was chosen Presidential Elector in 1844, a
member of the Constitutional Convention of 1847,
and served two terms in Congress (1851-55). On
March 2, 1859, he was commissioned Judge of the
Twenty-sixth Judicial Circuit, but died three
months later. His son, William Joshua, suc-
ceeded him in the latter office.
ALLERTO\, Saninel Waters, stock-dealer and
capitalist, was born of Pilgrim ancestry in
Dutchess County, N. Y., May 26, 1829. His
youth was spent with his father on a farm in
Yates County, N. Y., but about 1852 he engaged
in the live-stock business in Central and Western
New York. In 1856 he transferred his operations
to Illinois, shipping stock from various points to
New York City, finally locating in Chicago. He
was one of the earliest projectors of the Chicago
Stock -Yards, later securing control of the Pitts-
burg Stock-Yards, also becoming interested in
yards at Baltimore, Philadelphia, Jersey City and
Omaha. Mr. AUerton is one of the founders and
a Director of the First National Bank of Chicago,
a Director and stockholder of the Chicago City
Railway (the first cable line in tliat city), the
owner of an extensive area of highly improved
farming lands in Central Illinois, as also of large
tracts in Nebraska and Wyoming, and of valuable
and productive mining properties in the Black
Hills. A zealous Republican in politics, he is a
liberal supporter of the measures of that party,
and, in 1893, was the unsuccessful Republican can-
didate for Mayor of Chicago in opposition to
Carter H. Harrison.
ALLOUEZ, Claude Jean, sometimes called
"The Apostle of the West," a Jesuit priest, was
born in France in 1620. He reached Quebec in
1658, and later explored the country around
Lakes Superior and Michigan, establishing the
mission of La Pointe, near where Ashland, Wis.,
now stands, in 1665, and St. Xavier, near Green
Bay, in 1669. He learned from the Indians the
existence and direction of the upper Mississippi,
and was the first to communicate the informa-
tion to the authorities at Montreal, which report
was the primary cause of Joliet's expedition. He
succeeded Marquette in charge of the mission at
Kaskaskia, on the Illinois, in 1677, where he
preached to eight tribes. From that date to 1690
he labored among the aborigines of Illinois and
Wisconsin. Died at Fort St. Jaseph. in 1690.
ALLTN, (Rev.) Robert, clergyman and edu-
cator, was born at Ledyard, New London County,
Conn., Jan. 25, 1817, being a direct descend-
ant in the eighth generation of Captain Robert
Allyn, who was one of the first settlers of New
London. He grew up on a farm, receiving his
early education in a country school, supple-
mented by access to a small public library, from
which he acquired a good degree of familiarity
with standard English writers. In 1837 he
entered the Wesleyan University at Middletown,
Conn., where he distinguished himself as a
mathematician and took a high rank as a linguist
and rhetorician, graduating in 1841. He im-
mediately engaged as a teacher of mathematics
in the Wesleyan Academy at Wilbraham, Mass.,
and, in 1846, was elected principal of the school.
10
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
meanwhile (1843) becoming a licentiate of the
Providence Conference of the Methodist Episcopal
Church. From 1848 to 1854 he served as Princi-
pal of the Providence Conference Seminary at
East Greenwich, R. I., when he was appointed
Commissioner of Public Schools of Rhode Island
— also serving the same year as a Visitor to West
Point Military Academy. Between 1857 and 1859
lie filled the chair of Ancient Languages in the
State University at Athens, Ohio, when he ac-
cepted the Presidency of the Wesleyan Female
College at Cincinnati, four years later (1863)
becoming President of McKendree College at
Lebanon, III., where he remained until 1874.
That position he resigned to accept the Presi-
dency of the Southern Illinois Normal University
at Carbondale, whence he retired in 1893. Died
at Carbondale, Jan. 7, 1894.
ALTAMONT, a town and railway junction in
Effingham County, midway and tlie highest
point between St. Louis and Terre Haute, Ind.,
being 88 miles distant from each. It was laid out
in 1870. The principal industries are grain
and fruit-shipping. It has a bank, two grain
elevators, two flouring mills, and several manu-
facturing establishments, including tile-works,
wagon and furniture factories, besides churches
and good schools. Population (1880), 650; (1890),
1.044; (1900), 1,335.
ALTGELD, John Peter, ex-Judge and ex-Gov-
ernor, was born in Prussia in 1848, and in boy-
hood accompanied his parents to America, the
family settling in Ohio. At the age of 16 he
enlisted in the One Hundred and Si.xty-fourth
Ohio Infantry, serving until the close of the war.
His legal education was acquired at St. Louis and
Savannah, Mo., and from 1874 to '78 he was
Prosecuting Attorney for Andrew County in that
State. In 1878 he removed to Chicago, where he
devoted himself to professional work. In 1884 he
led the Democratic forlorn hope as candidate for
Congress in a strong Republican Congressional
district, and in 1886 was elected to the bench of
the Superior Court of Cook County, but resigned
in August, 1891. The Democratic State conven-
tion of 1892 nominated him for Governor, and he
■ivas elected the following November, being the
lirst foreign-born citizen to hold that office in the
history of the State, and the first Democrat
elected since 1853. In 1896 he was a prominent
factor in the Democratic National Convention
which nominated William J. Bryan for Presi-
dent, and was also a candidate for re-election to
the office of Governor, but was defeated by John
R. Tanner, the Republican nominee.
ALTOX, the principal city of Madison County,
and a commercial and manufacturing center,
situated on the east bank of the Mississippi, about
25 miles north of St. Louis and 30 miles south of
the mouth of the Illinois. Population by the
census of 1890, 10,294. Most of the business por-
tion of the city is built in a valley through which
flows a small stream, while the residence portion
occupies the bluffs overlooking the Mississippi
River, some of these — especially in the northern
part — rising to a height of nearly 350 feet. Be-
sides a brisk trade in Ivmiber, Alton has been
noted for its manufactures, including glass, iron,
castor oil, woolens, flour, tobacco and agricul-
tural implements. Its origin was a single small
building, erected in 1807 by the French as a trad-
ing post, the town proper being laid out by Col.
Rufus Easton in 1817. Good building stone is
abundant. The city has four newspapers, three
of them issuing daily editions. In 1827 the State
built a penitentiary at Alton, but later removed
the institution to Joliet. Population (1900), 14,310.
ALTON PEMTEXTIARY. The earliest pim-
ishments imposed upon public offenders in Illi-
nois were by public flogging or imprisonment for
a short time in jails rudely constructed of logs,
from which escape was not difficult for a prisoner
of nerve, strength and mental resource. The
inadequacy of such places of confinement was
soon perceived, but popular antipathy to any
increase of taxation prevented the adoption of
any other policy until 1837. A grant of 40,000
acres of saline lands was made to the State by
Congress, and a considerable portion of the money
received from their sale was ajipropriated to the
establishment of a State penitentiary at Alton.
The sum set apart proved insufficient.and, in 1831,
an additional appropriation of §10,000 was made
from the State treasury. In 1833 the prison was
ready to receive its fir.st inmates. It was built of
stone and had but twenty-four cells. Additions
were made from time to time, but by 1857 the
State determined upon building a new peniten-
tiary, which was located at Joliet (see Northern
Penitentiary), and, in 1860, the last convicts were
transferred thither from Alton. The Alton prison
was conducted on what is known as "the Aubvirn
plan" — associated labor in silence by daj' and
separate confinement by night. The manage-
ment was in the hands of a "lessee," who fur-
nished supplies, employed guards and exercised
the general powers of a warden under the super-
vision of a Commissioner appointed by the State,
and who handled all the products of convict
labor.
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
17
ALTON RIOTS. (See Lovejoy, Elijah Par-
rish. )
ALTONA, a town of Knox County, on the Chi-
cago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 16 miles
northeast of Galesburg ; has some manufactures,
a bank and a newspaper. Population (1880), 818;
(1890). 654; (1900), 633.
ALTON & SANCiAMON RAILROAD. (See
Chicago & Alton Railroad.)
AMBOY, a city in Lee County, on Green River,
and on the Illinois Central and the Chicago, Bur-
lington & Quincy Railroads ; 117 miles southeast
of Dubuque, 16 miles northwest of Mendota, and
Qf) miles south by west from Chicago. It con-
tains a town-hall, a bank, seven churches,
graded schools (including a higli school) and two
flouring mills. Extensive railroad repair shops,
employing some 200 hands, are located here.
Population (1890), 2,257; (1900), 1826.
AMES, Edward Raymond, Methodist Episcopal
Bishop, born at Amesville, Athens County, Ohio,
May 30, 1806; was educated at the Ohio State
University, where he joined the M. E. Church.
In 1828 he left college and became Principal of
the Seminary at Lebanon, 111., which afterwards
became McKendree College. While there he
received a license to preach, and, after holding
various charges and positions in the church, in-
cluding membership in the General Conference
of 1840, '44 and '52, in the latter year was elected
Bishop, serving until his death, which occurred
in Baltimore, April 25, 1879.
ANDERSON, Ualusha, clergyman and edu-
cator, was born at Bergen, N. Y., March 7, 1832;
graduated at Rochester University in 1854 and at
the Theological Seminary there in 1856; spent
ten years in Baptist pastoral work at Janesville,
Wis., and at St. Louis, and seven as Professor in
Newton Theological In.stitute, Mass. From 1873
to '80 he preached in Brooklyn and Chicago ; was
then chosen President of the old Chicago Univer-
sity, remaining eight years, when he again be-
came a iiastor at Salem, Mass., but soon after
assumed the Presidency of Denison University,
Ohio. On the organization of the new Chicago
University, he accepted the chair of Homiletics
and Pastoral Theology, which he now liolds
ANDERSON, George A., lawyer and Congress-
man, was born in Botetourt County, Va., March
11. 1833. When two years old he was brought by
his parents to Hancock County, 111 He re-
ceived a collegiate education, and, after studying
law at Lincoln, Neb., and at Sedalia, Mo., settled
at Quincy, 111., where he began practice in 1880.
In 1884 lie was elected City Attorney on the
Democratic ticket, and re-elected in 1885 without
opposition. The following year he was the suc-
cessful candidate of his party for Congress, which
was his last public service. Died at Quincy,
Jan. 31, 1896.
ANDERSON, James C, legislator, was born in
Henderson County, 111., August 1, 1845; raised on
a farm, and after receiving a common-school
education, entered Monmouth College, but left
early in the Civil War to enlist in tlie Twentietli
Illinois Volunteer Infantry, in which he attained
the rank of Second Lieutenant. After the war he
served ten years as Sheriff of Henderson County,
was elected Repre.sentative in the General
Assembly in 1888, "90, '92 and '96, and served on
the Republican "steering committee" during the
session of 1893. He also served as Sergeant-at-
Arms of the Senate for the session of 1895, and
was a delegate to the Republican National Con-
vention of 1896. His home is at Decorra.
ANDERSON, Stiiison H., Lieutenant-Gover-
nor, was born in Sumner County, Tenn., in 1800;
came to Jefferson County, 111., in his youth, and,
at an early age, began to devote his attention to
breeding fine stock; served in the Black Hawk
War as a Lieutenant in 1832, and the same year
was elected to the lower branch of the Eighth
General Assembly, being reelected in 1834. In
1838 he was chosen Lieutenant-Governor on the
ticket with Gov. Thomas Carlin, and soon after
the close of his term entered the United States
Army as Captain of Dragoons, in this capacity
taking part in the Seminole War in Florida.
Still later he served under President Polk as
United States Marshal for Illinois, and also held
the position of Warden of the State Penitentiary
at Alton for several years. Died, September, 1857. —
William B. (Anderson), son of the preceding,
was born at Mount Vernon, 111., April 30, 1830;
attended the common schools and later studied
surveying, being elected Surveyor of Jefferson
County, in 1851. He studied law and was admit-
ted to the bar in 1858, but never practiced, pre-
ferring the more quiet life of a farmer. In 1856
he was elected to the lower house of the General
Assembly and re-elected in 1858. In 1861 he
entered the volunteer service as a private, was
promoted through the grades of Captain and
Lieutenant-Colonel to a Colonelcy, and, at the
close of the war, was brevetted Brigadier-Gen-
eral. In 1868 he was a candidate for Presidential
Elector on the Democratic ticket, was a member
of the State Constitutional Convention of 1869-70,
and, in 1871, was elected to the State Senate, to
fill a vacancy. In 1874 he was elected to the Forty -
18
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
fourth Congress on the Democratic ticket. In
1893 General Anderson was appointed by Presi-
dent Cleveland Pension Agent for Illinois, con-
tinuing in that position four years, when he
retired to private life.
ANDRUS, ReT. Reuben, clergyman and edu-
cator, was born at Rutland, Jefferson County,
N. Y., Jan. 29, 1824; early came to Fulton
County, 111., and spent three years (1844-47) as a
student at Illinois College, Jacksonville, but
graduated at McKendree College, Lebanon, in
1849; taught for a time at Greenfield, entered the
Methodist ministry, and, in 1850, founded the Illi-
nois Wesleyan University at Bloomington, of
which he became a Professor; later re-entered
the ministry and held charges at Beardstown,
Becatur, Quincy, Springfield and Bloomington,
meanwhile for a time being President of Illinois
Conference Female College at Jacksonville, and
temporary President of Quincy College. In 1867
he was transferred to the Indiana Conference and
stationed at Evansville and Indianapolis; from
1872 to '75 was President of Indiana Asbury Uni-
versity at Greencastle. Died at Indianapolis,
Jan. 17, 1887.
ANNA, a town in Union County, on the Illinois
Central Railroad, 37 miles north of Cairo. The
surrounding region is famous for its crops of fruit
and vegetables, and for these Anna is an impor-
tant shipping point. It has a bank, three weekly
newspapers and fruit-drying establishments.
The (State) Southern Hospital for the Insane is
located here. Population (1880)), 1,494; (1890),
2,295; (1900), 2,618.
ANTHONY, Elliott, jurist, was born of New
England Quaker ancestry at Spafford, Onondaga
County, N. Y., June 10, 1827; was related on
the maternal side to the Chases and Phelps (dis-
tinguished lawyers) of Vermont. His early j-ears
were spent in labor on a farm, but after a course
of preparatory study at Cortland Academ}', in
1847 he entered the sophomore class in Hamilton
College at Clinton, graduating with honors in
1850. The next year he began the study of law,
at the same time giving instruction in an Acad-
emy at Clinton, where he had President Cleve-
land as one of his pupils. After admission to the
bar at Oswego, in 1851, he removed West, stop-
ping for a time at Sterling, 111., but the following
year located in Chicago. Here he compiled "A
Digest of Illinois Reports"; in 18.58 was elected
City Attorney, and, in 1863, became solicitor of
the Galena & Chicago Union Railroad (now the
Chicago & Northwestern). Judge Anthony
served in two State Constitutional Conventions —
those of 1862 and 1869-70 — being chairman of the
Committee on Executive Dejiartment and mem-
ber of the Committee on Judiciary in the latter.
He was delegate to the National Republican Con-
vention of 1880, and was the same year elected a
Judge of the Superior Court of Chicago, and was
re-elected in 1886, retiring in 1892, after which he
resumed tlie practice of his profession, being
chiefly employed as consulting counsel. Judge
Anthony was one of the founders and incorpo-
rators of the Chicago Law Institute and a member
of the first Board of Directors of the Chicago
Public Library; also served as President of the
State Bar Association (1894-95), and delivered
several important historical addresses before that
body. His other most important productions
are volumes on "The Constitutional Histoiy of
Illinois," "The Story of the Emjiire State" and
"Sanitation and Navigation." Near the close of
his last term upon the bench, he spent several
months in an extended tour through the princi-
pal countries of Europe. His death occurred,
after a protracted illness, at his home at Evans-
ton, Feb. 24, 1898.
ANTI-NEBRASKA EDITORIAL CONTEN-
TION, a political body, which convened at
Decatur, Feb. 22, 1856, piu'suant to the suggestion
of "The Morgan Journal," then a weekly paper
published at Jacksonville, for the purpose of for-
mulating a policy in opposition to the principles
of the Kansas-Nebraska bill. Twelve editors
were in attendance, as follows: Charles H. Ray
of "The Chicago Tribune"; V. Y. Ralston of
"The Quincy Whig"; O. P. Wharton of "The
Rock Island Advertiser"; T. J. Pickett of "The
Peoria Republican"; George Schneider of "The
Chicago Staats Zeitung" ; Charles Faxon of "The
Princeton Post"; A. N. Ford of "The Lacon Ga-
zette"; B. F. Shaw of "The Dixon Telegraph" ; E.
C. Daugherty of "The Rockford Register" ; E. W.
Blaisdell of "The Rockford Gazette"; W. J.
Usrey of "The Decatur Chronicle"; and Paul
Selby of ' 'The Jacksonville Journal. " Paul Selby
was chosen Chairman and W. J. Usrej', Secre-
tary. The convention adojited a platform and
recommended the calling of a State convention
at Bloomington on May 29, following, appointing
the following State Central Committee to take the
matter in charge : W. B. Ogden, Chicago ; S. M.
Church, Rockford ; G. D. A. Parks, Joliet ; T. J.
Pickett, Peoria; E. A. Dudley, Quincy; William
H. Herndon, Springfield; R. J. Oglesby, Deca-
t\ir; Joseph Gillespie, Edwardsville ; D. L. Phil-
lips, Jonesboro; and Ira O. Wilkinson and
Gustavus Koerner for the State-at-large. Abra-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
19
ham Lincoln was present and participated in the
consultations of the committees. All of these
served except Messrs. Ogden, Oglesby and Koer-
ner, the two former declining on account of ab-
sence from the State. Ogden was succeeded by
the late Dr. John Evans, afterwards Territorial
Governor of Colorado, and Oglesby by Col. Isaac
C. Pugli of Decatur. (See Bloomington Conven-
tion of 1S58. )
APPLE RIVER, a village of Jo Daviess
County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 21 miles
east-northeast from Galena. Population (1880),
626; (1890), 572; (1900), 576.
APPLINGTON, (Maj.) Zenas, soldier, was born
in Broome County, N. Y., Dec. 24, 1815; in 1837
emigrated to Ogle County, 111., where he fol-
lowed successively the occupations of farmer,
blacksmith, carpenter and merchant, finally
becoming the founder of the town of Polo. Here
he became wealthy, but lost much of his property
in the financial revulsion of 1857. In 1858 he
was elected to the State Senate, and, during the
session of 1859, was one of the members of that
body appointed to investigate the "canal scrip
fraud" (which see), and t%vo years later was one of
the earnest supporters of the Government in its
preparation for the War of the Rebellion. The
latter year he assisted in organizing the Seventh
Illinois Cavalry, of which he was commissioned
Major, being some time in command at Bird's
Point, and later rendering important service to
General Pope at New Madrid and Island No. 10.
He was killed at Corinth, Miss., May 8, 1862,
while obeying an order to charge upon a band of
rebels concealed in a wood.
APPORTIONMENT, a mode of distribution of
the counties of the State into Districts for the
election of members of the General Assembly
and of Congress, which will be treated under
separate heads:
Legislative. — The first legislative apportion-
ment was provided for by the Constitution of
1818. That instrument vested the Legislature
with power to divide the State as follows; To
create districts for the election of Representatives
not less than twenty-seven nor more than thirty-
six in number, until the population of the State
should amomit to 100,000; and to create sena-
torial districts, in number not less than one-third
nor more than one-half of the representative dis-
tricts at the time of organization.
The schedule appended to the first Constitution
contained the first legal apportionment of Sena-
tors and Representatives. The first fifteen
coimties were allowed fourteen Senators and
twenty-nine Representatives. Each county
formed a distinct legislative district for repre-
sentation in the lower house, with the number of
members for each varying from one to three;
while Johnson and Franklin were combined in
one Senatorial district, the other counties being
entitled to one Senator each. Later apportion-
ments were made in 1821, '26, '31, '36, '41 and '47.
Before an election was held under the last, how-
ever, the Constitution of 1848 went into effect,
and considerable changes were effected in this
regard. The number of Senators was fixed at
twenty-five and of Representatives at seventy-
five, until the entire population should equal
1,000,000, when five members of the House were
added and five additional members for each 500,-
000 increase in population until the whole num-
ber of Representatives reached 100. Thereafter
the number was neither increased nor dimin-
ished, but apportioned among the several coun-
ties according to the number of white inhabit-
ants. Should it be found necessarj', a single
district might be formed out of two or more
counties.
The Constitution of 1848 established fifty-four
Representative and twenty-five Senatorial dis-
tricts. By the apportionment law of 1854, the
number of the former was increased to fifty-eight,
and, in 1861, to sixty-one. The number of Sen-
atorial districts remained unchanged, but their
geographical limits varied under each act, while
the nvimber of members from Representative
districts varied according to population.
The Constitution of 1870 provided for an im-
mediate reapportionment (subsequent to its
adoption) by the Governor and Secretary of
State upon the basis of the United States Census
of 1870. Under the apportionment thus made,
as prescribed by the schedule, the State was.
divided into twenty-flve Senatorial districts (each
electing two Senators) and ninety-seven Repre-
sentative districts, with an aggregate of 177 mem-
bers varying from one to ten for the several
districts, according to population. This arrange-
ment continued in force for only one Legislature
— that chosen in 1870.
In 1872 this Legislature proceeded to reappor-
tion the State in accordance with the principle of
"minority representation," which had been sub-
mitted as an independent section of the Constitu-
tion and adopted on a separate vote. This
provided for apportioning the State into fifty -one
districts, each being entitled to one Senator and
three Representatives. The ratio of representa-
tion in the lower house was ascertained by divid-
20
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
ing the entire population by 153 and each county
to be allowed one Representative, provided its
population reached three-fifths of the ratio ; coun-
ties having a population equivalent to one and
three-fifths times the ratio were entitled to two
Representatives ; wliile each county with a larger
population was entitled to one additional Repre-
sentative for each time the full ratio was repeated
in the nvmiber of inhabitants. Apportionments
were made on this principle in 1873, '83 and '93.
Members of the lower house are elected bienni-
ally; Senators for four years, those in odd and
even districts being chosen at each alternate
legislative election. Tlie election of Senators for
the even (numbered) districts takes place at the
same time with that of Governor and other State
officers, and that for the odd districts at the inter-
mediate periods.
Congressional. — For the first fourteen years
of the State's history, Illinois constituted but one
Congressional district. The census of 1830 show-
ing sufficient population, the Legislature of 1831
(by act, approved Feb. 13) di^-ided the State into
three districts, the first election under this law
being held on the first Monday in August, 1833.
At that time Illinois comprised fifty-five coun-
ties, whicli were apportioned among the districts
as follows: First — Gallatin, Pope, Johnson,
Alexander, Union, Jackson, Franklin, Perry,
Randolph, Monroe, Washington, St. Clair, Clin-
ton, Bond, Madison, Macoupin; Second — White,
Hamilton, Jefferson, Wa}'ne, Edwards, Wabash,
Clay, Marion, Lawrence, Fayette, Montgomery,
Shelby, Vermilion, Edgar, Coles, Clark, Craw-
ford; Third — Greene, Morgan, Sangamon,
Macon, Tazewell, McLean, Cook, Henr3-, La
Salle, Putnam, Peoria, Knox, Jo Daviess, Mercer,
McDonough. Warren, Fulton, Hancock, Pike,
Schuyler, Adams, Calhoun.
The reapportionment following the census of
1840 was made by Act of March 1, 1843, and the
first election of Representatives thereunder
occuiTed on the first Monday of the following
August. Forty-one new coimties had been cre-
ated (making ninety-six in all) and the number
of districts was increased to seven as follows;
Fir.st — Alexander, Union, Jackson, Monroe,
Perry, Randolph, St. Clair, Bond, Washington,
Jladison; Second — Johnson. Pope, Hardin,
WilUamson. Gallatin, Franklin. White, Wayne,
Hamilton, Wabash, Massac, Jefferson. Edwards,
Marion ; Third — LawTence, Richland. Jasper,
Fayette, Crawford, Effingham, Christian, Mont-
gomery, Shelby, Moultrie, Coles, Clark, Clay,
Edgar, Piatt, Macon, De Witt; Fourth — Lake,
McHenry, Boone, Cook, Kane, De Kalb, Du Page,
Kendall, Will, Grundy, La Salle, Iroquois,
Livingston, Champaign, Vermilion, McLean,
Bureau; Fifth — Greene, Jersey, Calhovm, Pike,
Adams, Marquette (a part of Adams never fully
organized). Brown, Schuyler, Fulton, Peoria,
Macoupin; Sixth — Jo Daviess, Stephenson,
Winnebago, Carroll, Ogle, Whiteside, Henry,
Lee, Rock Island, Stark, Mercer, Henderson,
Warren, Knox, McDonough, Hancock; Seventh
— Putnam, Marshall, Woodford, Cass, Tazewell,
Mason, Menard, Scott, Morgan, Logan, Sangamon.
The next Congressional apportionment (August
23, 18.53) divided the State into nine districts, as
follows — the first election under it being held the
following November: First — Lake, McHenry,
Boone, Winnebago, Stephenson, Jo Daviess, Car-
roll, Ogle ; Second — Cook. Du Page, Kane, De
Kalb, Lee, Whiteside, Rock Island; Third —
Will, Kendall, Grundy, Livingston, La Salle,
Putnam, Bureau, Vermilion, Iroquois, Cham-
paign, McLean, De Witt; Fourtli — Fulton,
Peoria, Knox, Henr}', Stark, Warren, Mercer,
Marshall, Mason, Woodford, Tazewell; Fifth
— Adams. Calhomi, Brown, Schuyler, Pike, Mc-
Donough, Hancock, Henderson; Sixth — Morgan,
Scott, Sangamon, Greene, Macoupin, Montgom-
ery, Shelby, Christian, Cass, Menard, Jersey ;
Seventh — Logan, Macon, Piatt, Coles, Edgar,
Moultrie, Cumberland, Crawford, Clark, Effing-
ham, Jasper, Clay, Lawrence, Richland, Fayette;
Eightli — Randolph, Monroe, St. Clair, Bond,
Madison, Clinton, Washington, Jefferson, Mar-
ion; Ninth — Alexander, Pulaski, Massac, Union,
Johnson, Pope, Hardin, Gallatin, Saline, Jack-
son, PerrJ^ Franklin, Williamson, Hamilton,
Edwards, White, Wayne, Wabash.
The census of 1860 showed that Illinois was
entitled to fourteen Representatives, but tlirough
an error the apportionment law of April 24, 1861,
created only thirteen districts. This was com-
pensated for by providing for the election of one
Congressman for the State-at- large. The districts
were as follows: First — Cook, Lake; Second —
McHenry, Boone, Winnebago, De Kalb, and
Kane; Third — Jo Daviess, Stephenson, White-
side, Carroll, Ogle, Lee; Fourth — Adams, Han-
cock, Warren, Mercer, Henderson, Rock Island;
Fifth— Peoria, Knox, Stark, Marshall, Putnam,
Bureau, Henry; Sixth — La Salle, Grundy, Ken-
dall, Du Page, Will, Kankakee; Seventh —
Macon, Piatt, Champaign, Douglas, Moultrie,
Cumberland, Vermilion, Coles. Edgar, Iroquois,
Ford; Eighth — Sangamon, Logan, De Witt. Mc-
Lean, Tazewell, Woodford, Livingston; Ninth—
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
21
Fulton, Mason, Menard, Cass, Pike, McDonough.
Schuyler, Brown ; Tenth — Bond, Morgan, Cal-
houn, Macoupin, Scott, Jersey, Greene, Christian,
Montgomery, Shelby ; Eleventh — Marion, Fay-
ette, Richland, Jasper, Clay, Clark, Crawford.
Franklin, Lawrence, Hamilton, Effingham,
Wayne, Jefferson; Twelfth — St. Clair, Madison,
Clinton, Monroe, Washington, Randolph;
Thirteenth — Alexander, Pulaski, Union, Perry,
Johnson, Williamson, Jackson, Massac, Pope,
Hardin, Gallatin. Saline, White, Edwards,
Wabash.
The next reapportionment was made July 1,
1873. The Act created nineteen districts, as fol-
lows; First — The first seven wards in Chicago
and thirteen towns in Cook County, with the
county of Du Page; Second — Wards Eighth to
Fifteenth (inclusive) in Chicago; Third — Wards
Sixteenth to Twentieth in Chicago, the remainder
of Cook County, and Lake County; Fourth —
Kane, De Kalb, McHenry, Boone, and Winne-
bago; Fifth — Jo Daviess, Stephenson, Carroll,
Ogle, Whiteside; Sixth — Henry, Rock Island,
Putnam, Bureau, Lee; Seventh — La Salle, Ken-
dall, Grundy, Will; Eighth — Kankakee, Iroquois,
Ford, Marshall, Livingston, Woodford; Ninth —
Stark, Peoria, Knox, Fulton; Tenth — Mercer,
Henderson, Warren, McDonough, Hancock,
Schuyler; Eleventh — Adams, Brown, Calhoun,
Greene, Pike, Jersey; Twelfth — Scott, Morgan,
Jlenard, Sangamon, Cass, Christian ; Thirteenth —
Mason, Tazewell. McLean, Logan, De Witt ; Four-
teenth— Macon, Piatt, Champaign, Douglas. Coles,
Vermilion; Fifteenth — Edgar, Clark. Cumber-
land, Shelby, Moultrie, Effingham, Lawrence,
Jasper, Crawford ; Sixteenth — Montgomery.
Fayette, Washington, Bond, Clinton, Marion,
Clay ; Seventeenth — Macoupin, Madison, St.
Clair, Monroe ; Eighteenth — Randolph, Perry,
Jackson, Union, Johnson, Williamson, Alex-
ander, Pope, Massac, Pulaski; Nineteenth —
Richland, Wayne, Edwards, White, Wabash,
Saline, Gallatin, Hardin, Jefferson, Franklin,
Hamilton.
In 1882 (by Act of April 29) the number of dis-
tricts was increased to twenty, and the bound-
aries determined as follows : First — Wards First
to Fourth (inclusive) in Chicago and thirteen
towns in Cook County; Second— Wards 5th to
7th and part of 8th in Chicago; Third— Wards
9tli to 14th and part of 8th in Chicago ; Fourth
— The remainder of the City of Chicago and of
the county of Cook ; Fifth — Lake, SIcHenry,
Boone, Kane, and De Kalb; Sixth — Winnebago,
Stephenson, Jo Daviess, Ogle, and Carroll;
Seventh — Lee, Whiteside, Henry, Bureau, Put-
nam ; Eighth — La Salle, Kendall, Grundy, Du
Page, and Will ; Ninth — Kankakee, Iroquois,
Ford, Livingston, Woodford, Marshall; Tenth — •
Peoria, Knox, Stark, Fulton ; Eleventh — Rock
Island, Mercer, Henderson, Warren, Hancock,
McDonough, Schuyler; Twelfth — Cass, Brown,
Adams, Pike, Scott, Greene, Calhoun, Jersey ;
Thirteenth — Tazewell, Mason, Menard, Sanga-
mon, Morgan, Christian ; Fourteenth — McLean,
De Witt. Piatt. Macon, Logan ; Fifteenth —
Coles, Edgar, Douglas, Vermilion, Champaign;
Sixteenth — Cumberland, Clark, Jasper, Clay,
Crawford, Richland, Lawrence, Wayne, Edwards,
Wabash ; Seventeenth — Macoupin, Montgomery,
Moultrie, Shelby, Effingham, Fayette; Eight-
eenth— Bond, Madison, St. Clair, Monroe, Wash-
ington; Nineteenth — Marion, Clinton, Jefferson,
Saline, Franklin, Hamilton, White. Gallatin, Har-
din ; Twentieth — Perry, Randolph, Jackson,
Union, Williamson, Johnson, Alexander, Pope,
Pulaski, Massac.
The census of 1890 showed the State to be entit-
led to twenty-two Representatives. No reap-
portionment, however, was made until June,
1893, two members from the State-at-large being
elected in 1892. The existing twenty-two Con-
gressional districts are as follows: The first
seven districts comprise the counties of Cook and
Lake, the latter lying wholly in the Seventh dis-
trict; Eighth — McHenry, De Kalb, Kane, Du
Page, Kendall, Grundy ; Ninth — Boone, Winne-
bago, Stephenson, Jo Daviess, Carroll, Ogle, Lee ;
Tenth — Whiteside, Rock Island, Mercer, Henry,
Stark, Knox ; Eleventh — Bureau, La Salle.
Livingston. Woodford; Twelfth — Will, Kanka-
kee, Iroquois, Vermilion ; Thirteenth — Ford, Mc-
Lean, DeWitt, Piatt. Champaign, Douglas; Four-
teenth — Putnam. Marshall. Peoria, Fulton,
Tazewell, Mason; Fifteenth — Henderson, War-
ren, Hancock, McDonough, Adanas, Brown,
Schuyler ; Sixteenth — Cass, Morgan, Scott,
Pike, Greene. Macoupin, Calhoun, Jersey;
Seventeenth — Menard, Logan, Sangamon, Macon,
Christian ; Eighteenth — Madison, Montgomery,
Bond, Fayette, Shelby, Moultrie; Nineteenth —
Coles, Edgar, Clark, Cumberland, Effingham,
Jasper, Crawford, Richland, Lawrence; Twenti-
eth — Clay, Jefferson, Wayne. Hamilton, Ed-
wards. Wabasli, Franklin, White, Gallatin,
Hardin; Twenty-first — Marion, Clinton, Wash-
ington, St. Clair. Monroe, Randolph, Perry;
Twenty-second — Jackson, Union. Alexander,
Pulaski, Johnson, Williamson, Saline, Pope,
Massac. (See also Representatives in Congress.)
22
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
ARCHER, William B., pioneer, was born in
Warren Cuimty, Ohio, in 1792. and taken to Ken-
tucky at an early day, where he remained until
1817, when his family removed to Illinois, finally
settling in what is now Clark County. Altliough
pursuing the avocation of a farmer, lie became
one of the most prominent and influential men in
that part of the State. On the organizatien of
Clark County in 1819. he was appointed the first
County and Circuit Clerk, resigning the former
oflice in 1820 and the latter iu 1822. In 1824 he
was elected to the lower branch of the General
Assembly, and two years later to the State
Senate, serving continuously in the latter eight
years. He was thus a Senator on the breaking
out of the Black Hawk War (1832), in which he
served as a Captain of militia. In 1834 he was an
unsuccessful candidate for Lieutenant-Governor;
was appointed by Governor Duncan, in 1835, a
member of the first Board of Commissioners of
the Illinois & Michigan Canal; in 1838 was
returned a second time to the House of Repre-
sentatives and re-elected in 184(1 and "46 to tlie
same body. Two years later ( 1848) he was again
elected Circuit Clerk, remaining until 1852, and
in 1854 was an Anti-Nebraska Whig candidate
for Congress in opposition to James C. Allen.
Although Allen received the certificate of elec-
tion, Arclier contested his right to the seat, with
the result that Congress declared tlie seat vacant
and referred the question back to tlie people. In
a new election held in August, 1856, Archer was
defeated and Allen elected. He held no public
office of importance after this date, but in 1856
was a delegate to the first Republican National
Convention at Philadelphia, and in that body was
an enthusiastic supporter of Abraham Lincoln,
whose zealous friend and admirer he was, for the
office of Vice-President. He was also one of the
active promoters of various railroad enterprises
in that section of the State, especially the old
Chicago & Vincennes Road, the first projected
southward from the City of Chicago. His con-
nection with the Illinois & Michigan Canal was
the means of giving his name to Archer Avenue,
a somewhat famous thoroughfare in Chicago.
He was of tall stature and great energy of char-
acter, with a tendency to enthusiasm that com-
municated itself to others. A local history has
said of him that "he did more for Clark County
than any man in his day or since," although "no
consideration, pecuniary or otherwise, was ever
given him for his sei-vices." Colonel Archer was
one of the founders of Marshall, the county -seat
of Clark County, Governor Duncan being associ-
ated with him in the ownership of the land on
which the town was laid out. His death oc-
curred in Clark County, August 9, 1870, at the
age of 78 years.
ARCOLA, an incorporated city in Douglas
County, 158 miles south of Chicago, at the inter-
section of the Illinois Central and the Paris &
Decatur Railways. Its principal manufacturing
plants are a broom factory and brick and tile
works. It also has manufactures of flour, car-
riages, and agricultural implements. Areola is
lighted by electricity, and contains a handsome
city hall, nine churches, a high-school and two
newspapers. Population (1890), 1,733; (1900), 1,995.
ARENZ, Francis A., pioneer, was born at
Blankenberg, in the Province of the Rliein,
Prussia, Oct. 31, 1800; obtained a good education
and, while a young man, engaged in mercantile
business in his native country. In 1827 he came
to the United States and, after spending two
years in Kentucky, in 1829 went to Galena, where
he was engaged for a short time in the lead
trade. He took an early opportunity to become
naturalized, and coming to Beardstown a few
months later, went into merchandising and real
estate; also became a contractor for furnishing
supplies to the State troops during the Black Hawk
War, Beardstown being at the time a rendezvous
and shipping point. In 1834 he began the publi-
cation of "The Beardstown Chronicle and Illinois
Bounty Land Register," and was the projector of
the Beardstown & Sangamon Canal, extending
from the Illinois River at Beardstown to Miller's
Ferry on the Sangamon, for which he secured a
special charter from the Legislature in 1836. He
had a survey of the line made, but the hard times
prevented the beginning of the work and it was
finally abandoned. Retiring from the mercantile
business in 1835, he located on a farm six miles
southeast of Beardstown, but in 1839 removed to
a tract of land near the Morgan County line
which he had bought in 1833, and on which the
present village of Arenzville now stands. This
became the center of a thrifty agricultural com-
munity composed largely of Germans, among
whom he exercised a large infiuence. Resuming
the mercantile business here, he continued it
until about 1853, when he sold out a considerable
part of his possessions. An ardent Whig, he was
elected as such to the lower branch of the Four-
teenth General Assembly (1844) from Morgan
County, and during the following session suc-
ceeded in securing the passage of an act by which
a strip of territory three miles wide in the north-
ern part of Morgan County, including the village
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
23
•of Arenzville, and which had been in dispute,
was transferred by vote of the citizens to Cass
County. In 1853 Mr. Arenz visited his native
land, by appointment of President Fillmore, as
bearer of dispatches to the American legations at
Berlin and Vienna. He was one of the founders
of the Illinois State Agricultural Society of 18.53,
and served as the Vice-President for his district
until his death, and was also the foimder and
President of the Cass County Agricultural Soci-
ety. Died, April 3, 1856.
ARLIXttTOJf, a village of Bureau County, on
the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 92
miles west of Chicago. Population (1880), 447;
(1890), 436: (1900), 400.
ARLIA'GTOIV HEIGHTS (formerly Dunton), a
village of Cook County, on the Chicago & North-
western Railway, 22 miles northwest of Chicago;
is in a dairying district and has several cheese
factories, besides a sewing machine factory,
hotels and churches, a graded school, a bank and
one newspaper. Population (1880), 995; (1890),
1,424; (1900), 1,380.
ARMOUR, Philip Danfortli, packer, Board of
Trade operator and capitalist, was born at Stock-
bridge, Madison County, N. Y., May 16, 1833.
After receiving the benefits of such education as
the village academy afforded, in 1852 he set out
across the Plains to California, where he re-
mained four years, achieving only moderate suc-
cess as a miner. Returning east in 1856, he soon
after embarked in the commission business in
Milwaukee, continuing until 1863, when he
formed a partnership with Mr. John Plankinton
in the meat-packing business. Later, in conjunc-
tion with his brothers — H. O. Armour having
already built up an extensive grain commission
trade in Chicago — he organized the extensive
packing and commission firm of Armour &
Co., with branches in New York, Kansas City
and Chicago, their headquarters being removed
to the latter place from Jlilwaukee in 1875.
Mr. Armour is a most industrious and me-
thodical business man, giving as many hours
to the superintendence of business details as the
most industrious day-laborer, the result being
seen in the creation of one of the most extensive
and prosperous firms in the country. Mr.
Armour's practical benevolence has been demon-
strated in a munificent manner by his establish-
ment and endowment of the Armour Institute
(a manual training school) in Chicago, at a cost
of over §2,250,000, as an offshoot of the Armour
Mission foimded on the bequest of his deceased
brother, Joseph F. Armour. Died Jan. 6, 1901.
ARMSTR0X6, John Strawn, pioneer, born in
Somerset County, Pa., May 29, 1810, the oldest of
a family of nine sons ; was taken by his parents
in 1811 to Licking County, Ohio, where he spent
his childhood and early youth. His father was a
native of Ireland and his mother a sister of Jacob
Strawn, afterwards a wealthy stock-grower and
dealer in Morgan County. In 1829, John S. came
to Tazewell County, 111., but two years later
joined the rest of his family in Putnam (now
Marshall) County, all finally removing to La
Salle County, where they were among the earli-
est settlers. Here he settled on a farm in 1884,
where he continued to reside over fifty years,
when he located in the village of Sheridan, but
early in 1897 went to reside with a daughter in
Ottawa. He was a soldier in the Black Hawk
War, lias been a prominent and influential farm-
er, and, in the later years of his life, has been
a leader in "Granger" politics, being Master of his
local "Grange," and also serving as Treasurer of
the State Grange. — Georg^e Washington (Arm-
strong), brother of the preceding, was born upon
the farm of his parents, Joseph and Elsie (Strawn)
Armstrong, in Licking County, Ohio, Dec. 9,
1812; learned the trade of a weaver with his
father (who was a woolen manufacturer), and at
the age of 18 was in charge of the factory.
Earl}' in 1831 he came with his mother's family
to Illinois, locating a few montlis later in La
Salle County. In 1832 he served witli his older
brother as a soldier in the Black Hawk War, was
identified with the early steps for the construc-
tion of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, finallj' be-
coming a contractor upon the section at Utica,
where he resided several years. He then returned
to the farm near the present village of Seneca,
where he had located in 1833, and where (with
the exception of his residence at Utica) he has
resided continuously over sixty-five years. In
1844 Mr. Armstrong was elected to the lower
branch of the Fourteenth General Assembly,
also served in the Constitutional Convention of
1847 and. in 1858, was the unsuccessful Democratic
candidate for Congress in opposition to Owen
Lovejoy. Re-entering the Legislature in 1860 as
Representative from La Salle County, he served
in that body by successive re-elections vmtil 1868.
proving one of its ablest and most influential
members, as well as an accomplished parliamen-
tarian. Mr. Armstrong was one of the original
promoters of the Kankakee & Seneca Railroad. —
William E. (Armstrong), third brother of this
family, was born in Licking County, Oliio. Oct.
25, 1814; came to Illinois with the rest of the
24
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
family in 1831. and resided in La Salle County
until 1841, meanwhile serving two or three terms
as Sheriff of the county. Tlie latter year he was
appointed one of the Commissioners to locate the
countj'-seat of the newly-organized county of
Grimdy. finally becoming one of the founders and
the first permanent settler of the town of Grundy
— later called Morris, in honor of Hon. I. N. Mor-
ris, of Quincy, 111, at that time one of the Com-
missioners of the Illinois & Michigan Canal.
Here Mr. Armstrong was again elected to the
office of Sheriff, serving several terms. So ex-
tensive was his influence in Grundy County, that
he was popularly known as "The Emperor of
Grundy." Died, Nov. 1. 18.50.— Joel W. (Arm-
strong), a fourth brother, was born in Licking
County, Ohio, Jan. 6, 1817; emigrated in boyhood
to La Salle County, 111. ; served one term as
County Recorder, was member of the Board of
Supervisors for a number of years and the first
Postmaster of his town. Died, Dec. 3, 1871. —
Perry A. (Armstrong), the seventh brother of
this historic family, was born near Newark, Lick-
ing County, Ohio, April 15, 1833, and came to La
Salle County, 111., in 1831. His opportunities for
acquiring an education in a new country were
limited, but between work on the farm and serv-
ice as a clerk of his brother George, aided by a
short term in an academy and as a teacher in
Kendall Comity, he managed to prepare himself
for college, entering Illinois College at Jackson-
ville in 1843. Owing to failure of liealth, he was
compelled to abandon his plan of obtaining a col-
legiate education and returned home at the end
of his Freshman year, but continued his studies,
meanwhile teaching district schools in the winter
and working on his mother's farm during the
crop season, until 1845, when he located in Mor-
ris, Grundy County, opened a general store and
was appointed Postinaster. He has been in pub-
lic position of some sort ever since he reached his
majority, including the offices of School Trustee,
Postmaster, Justice of the Peace, Supervisor,
County Clerk (two terms), Delegate to the Con-
stitutional Convention of 1863, and two terms as
Representative in the General Assembly (1863-64
and 1872-74). During his last session in the Gen-
eral Assembly he took a conspicuous part in the
revision of the statutes under the Constitution of
1870, framing some of the most important laws
on the statute book, while participating in the
preparation of others. At an earlier date it fell
to his lot to draw up the original charters of the
Chicago & Rock Island, the Illinois Central, and
the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroads. He
has also been prominent in Odd Fellow and
Masonic circles, having been Grand Master of the
first named order in the State and being the old-
est 33d degree Mason in Illinois ; was admitted to
the State bar in 1864 and to that of the Supreme
Court of the United States in 1868, and has been
Master in Chancery for over twenty consecutive
years. Mr. Armstrong has also found time to do
some literary work, as shown by his history of
"The Sauks and Black Hawk War," and a num-
ber of poems. He takes much pleasure in relat-
ing reminiscences of pioneer life in Illinois, one
of which is the story of his first trip from
Ottawa to Chicago, in December, 1831, when he
accompanied his oldest brother (William E.
Armstrong) to Chicago with a sled and ox-
team for .salt to cure their mast-fed pork, the
trip requiring ten days. His recollection is, that
there were but three white families in Chicago
at that time, but a large number of Indians
mixed with half-breeds of French and Indian
origin.
ARNOLD, Isaac N., lawyer and Congressman,
was born near Cooperstown, N. Y., Nov, 30. 1813,
being descended from one of the companions of
Roger Williams. Thrown upon his own resources
at an early age, he was largely "self-made."
He read law at Cooperstown, and was admitted
to the bar in 1835. The next year he removed to
Chicago, was elected the first City Clerk in 1837.
but resigned before the close of the year and was
admitted to the bar of Illinois in 1841. He soon
established a reputation as a lawyer, and served
for three terms (the Thirteenth, Fourteenth and
Twentieth) in the lower house of the Legisla-
ture. In 1844 he was a Presidential Elector on
the Polk ticket, but the repeal of the Missouri
Compromise, with the legislation regarding Kan-
sas and Nebraska, logically forced him, as a free-
soiler, into the ranks of the Republican party, bj'
which he was sent to Congress from 1861 to 1865.
While in Congress he prepared and delivered an
exhaustive argument in support of the right of
confiscation by the General Government. After
the expiration of his last Congressional term, Mr.
Arnold returned to Chicago, where he resided
until his death, April 24, 1884. He was of schol-
arly instincts, fond of literature and an author of
repute. Among his best known works are his
"Life of Abraham Lincoln" and his "Life of
Benedict Arnold."
ARRINGTON, Alfred W., clergj-man, lawyer
and author, was born in Iredell County, N. C. ,
September, 1810, being the son of a Whig mem-
ber of Congress from that State. In 1829 he was
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
25
received on trial as a Methodist preacher and
became a circuit-rider in Indiana ; during 1832-33
served as an itinerant in Missouri, gaining much
celebrity by his eloquence. In 1834 he began the
study of law, and having been admitted to the
bar, practiced for several years in Arkansas,
where he was sent to the Legislature, and, in 1844,
was the Whig candidate for Presidential Elec-
tor. Later he removed to Texas, where lie served
as Judge for six years. In 1856 he removed to
Madison, Wis., but a year later came to Chicago,
where he attained distinction as a lawyer, dying
in that city Dec. 31, 1867. He was an accom-
plished scholar and gifted writer, having written
much for "The Democratic Review" and "The
Southern Literary Messenger, "' over the signature
of "Charles Summerfield, " and was author of an
"Apostrophe to Water," which he put in the
mouth of an itinerant Methodist preacher, and
which John B. Gough was accustomed to quote
with great effect. A volume of his poems with a
memoir was published in Chicago in 1869.
ARROWSMITH, a village of McLean Coimty,
on the Lake Erie & Western Railway, 20 miles
east of Bloomington; is in an agricultural and
stock region; has one newspaper. Population
(1890), 420; (1900). 317.
ARTHUR, a village of Moultrie County, at the
junction of the Chicago & Eastern Illinois and
the St. Louis, Vandalia & Terre Haute Railroad,
9 miles west of Areola. The region is agricul-
tural. It has a bank and a weekly newspaper.
Population (1890), 536; (1900), 838.
ASAY, Edward G., lawyer, was born in Phila-
delphia, Sept. 17, 1825; was educated in private
schools and entered the ministry of the Methodist
Episcopal Church; later spent sometime in the
South, but in 1853 retired from the ministry and
began the study of law, meantime devoting a part
of his time to mercantile business in New York
City. He was admitted to the bar in 1856, remov-
ing the same year to Chicago, %vhere he built up
a lucrative practice. lie was a brilliant speaker
and became eminent, especially as a criminal
lawyer. Politically he was a zealous Democrat
and was the chief attorney of Buckner S. Morris
and others during their trial for conspiracy in
connection with the Camp Douglas affair of No-
vember, 1864. During 1871-73 he made an ex-
tended trip to Europe, occupying some eighteen
months, making a second visit in 1882. His later
years were spent chiefly on a farm in Ogle
County. Died in Chicago, Nov. 34, 1898.
ASBTJRY, Henry, lawj-er, was born in Harri-
son (now Robertson) County, Ky., August 10,
1810; came to Illinois in 1834, making the jour-
ney on horseback and finally locating in Quincy,
where he soon after began the study of law with
the Hon. O. H. Browning; was admitted to the
bar in 1837, being for a time the partner of Col.
Edward D. Baker, afterwards United States
Senator from Oregon and finally killed at Ball's
Bluff in 1862. In 1849 Mr. Asbury was appointed
by President Taylor Register of the Quincy Land
Office, and, in 1864-65, served by appointment of
President Lincoln (who was his close personal
friend) as Provost-Marshal of the Quincy dis-
trict, thereby obtaining the title of "Captain,"
by which he was widely known among his
friends. Later he served for several years as
Registrar in Bankruptcy at Quincy, which was
his last official position. Originally a Kentucky
Whig, Captain Asburj' was one of the founders
of tlie Republican party in Illinois, acting in co-
operation with Abram Jonas, Archibald Williams,
Nehemiah Bushnell, O. H. Browning and others
of his immediate neighbors, and with Abraham
Lincoln, with whom he was a frequent corre-
spondent at that period. Messrs. Nicolay and
Hay, in their Life of Lincoln, award him the
credit of having suggested one of the famous
questions propounded by Lincoln to Douglas
which gave the latter so much trouble during
the memorable debates of 1858. In 1886 Captain
Asbury removed to Chicago, where he continued
to re.side until his death, Nov. 19, 1896.
ASHLAND, a town in Cass County, at the
intersection of the Chicago & Alton and the
Baltimore & Ohio South-Western Railroad, 21
miles west-northwest of Springfield and 200
miles southwest of Chicago. It is in the midst of
a rich agricultural region, and is an important
shipping point for grain and stock. It lias a
bank, three churches and a weekly newspaper.
Coal is mined in the vicinity. Population (1880),
609; (1890), 1,045; (1900), 1.201.
ASHLEY, a large and growing village in Wash-
ington County, at the intersection of the Illinois
Central and the Louisville & Nashville Railways,
63 miles from St. Louis. The surrounding region
is agricultural, there being also many orchards.
Its manufactures include flour and agricultural
implements. Population (1890), 1,035; (1900), 953.
ASHMORE, a town of Coles County, on the
Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Rail-
way, 8 miles northeast of Charleston ; has a news-
paper and considerable local trade. Population
(1880). 403; (1890), 476; (1900), 446.
ASHTOJJ, a village of Lee County, on the Chi-
cago & North- Western Railroad, 84 miles west of
26
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Chicago; has one newspaper. Population (1880),
646; (1890), 680; (1900), 756.
ASPIXWALL, Homer F., farmer and legisla-
tor, was born in Stephenson County, III., Nov. 15,
1846, educated in the Freeport high school, and,
in early life, spent two years in a wholesale
notion store, later resuming the occupation of a
farmer. After holding various local offices, in-
cluding that of member of the Board of Supervis-
ors of Stephenson County, in 1893 Jlr. Aspinwall
was elected to the State Senate and re-elected in
1896. Soon after the beginning of the Spanish-
American War in 1898, he was appointed by
President ilcKinley Captain and Assistant
Quartermaster in the Volimteer Army, but
before being assigned to duty accepted the Lieu-
tenant-Colonelcy of the Twelfth Illinois Pro-
visional Regiment. When it became evident that
the regiment would not be called into the service,
he was assigned to the command of the "Mani-
toba," a large transport steamer, which carried
some 12,000 soldiers to Cuba and Porto Rico with-
out a single accident. In view of the approach-
ing session of the Forty-first General Assembly,
it being apparent that the war was over, Mr.
Aspinwall applied for a discharge, which was
refused, a 20-days" leave of absence being granted
instead. A discharge was finally granted about
the middle of Febmary, when he resumed his
seat in the Senate. Jlr. Aspinwall owns and
operates a large farm near Freeport.
ASSUMPTIOX, a town in Christian County,
on the Illinois Central Railroad, 23 miles south
by west from Decatur and 9 miles north of Pana.
It is situated in a rich agricultural and coal min-
ing district, and has a bank, four churches, a
public school, two weekly papers and coal mines.
Population (1880), 706; (1890), 1,076; (1900), 1,702.
ASTORIA, a town in the southern part of Ful-
ton County, on the Rock Island & St. Louis Divi-
sion of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad,
106 miles north of Alton and 50 miles northwest
of Sijringfield. It has six churches, good schools,
two banks, some manufactures, and a weekly
newspaper. It is in a coal region. Population
(1880), 1,280; (1890), 1,357; (1900), 1,684.
ATCHISON, TOPEKA & SANTA FE RAIL-
WAT COMPANY. This Company operates three
subsidiary lines in Illinois — the Chicago, Santa
Fe & California, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa
Fe in Chicago, and the Mississippi River Rail-
road & Toll Bridge, which are operated as a
through line between Chicago and Kansas City,
with a branch from Ancona to Pekin, 111., hav-
ing an aggregate operated mileage of 515 miles, of
which 295 are in Illinois. The total earnings and
income for the year ending June 30, 1895, were
§1,298,600, while the operating exjjenses and fixed
charges amounted to $2,360,706. The accumu-
lated deficit on the whole line amounted, June 30,
1894, to more than §4.500,000. The total capitali-
zation of the whole line in 1895 was §53,775,251.
The parent road was chartered in 1859 under the
name of the Atchison & Topeka Railroad ; but in
1863 was changed to the Atchison, Topeka &
Santa Fe Railroad. The construction of the main
line was begun in 1859 and completed in 1873.
The largest number of miles operated was in
1893, being 7,481.65. January 1, 1896, the road
was reorganized under the name of The Atchison,
Tojieka & Santa Fe Railway Company (its present
name), which succeeded by purchase under fore-
closure (Deo. 10, 1895) to the property and fran-
chises of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe
Railroad Company. Its mileage, in 1895, was
6,481.65 miles. The executive and general officers
of the system (1898) are:
Aldace F. Walker, Chairman of the Board,
New York; E. P. Riplej', President, Chicago; C.
M. Higginson, Ass't to the President, Chicago;
E. D. Kenna. 1st Vice-President and General
Solicitor, Chicago; Paul Morton, 3d Vice-Presi-
dent, Chicago; E. Wilder, Secretary and Treas-
urer, Topeka; L. C. Doming, Assistant Secretary,
New York ; H. W. Gardner, Assistant Treasurer,
New York; Victor Jlorawetz, General Counsel,
New York; Jno. P. Whitehead, Comptroller,
New York; H. C. Whitehead, General Auditor,
Chicago ; AV. B. Biddle, Freight Traffic Manager,
Chicago; J. J. Frej', General Jlanager, Tojieka;
H. W. Mudge, General Superintendent, Topeka;
W. A. Bissell, Assistant Freight Traffic Manager,
Chicago; W. F. White, Passenger Traffic
Manager, Chicago; Geo. T. Nicholson, Assistant
Passenger Traffic Manager, Chicago; W. E.
Hodges, General Purchasing Agent, Chicago;
James A. Davis, Industrial Commissioner, Chi-
cago ; James Dun, Chief Engineer, Topeka, Kan. ;
John Player, Superintendent of Machinery,
Topeka, Kan. ; C. W. Kouns, Superintendent Car
Service. Topeka, Kan. ; J. S. Hobson, Signal
Engineer, Topeka; C. G. Sholes, Superintendent
of Telegraph, Topeka. Kan. ; C. W. Ryus, General
Claim Agent, Topeka ; F. C. Gay, General Freight
Agent, Topeka; C. R. Hudson, Assistant General
Freight xigent, Topeka; W. J. Black, General
Passenger Agent, Chicago; P. Walsh, General
Baggage Agent, Chicago.
ATHENS, a town in Menard County, north-
northwest of Springfield, on the Chicago, Peoria
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
27
& St. Louis Railroad. A valuable building stone
is extensively quarried here, which is susceptible
of a high polish and is commonly designated
Athens Marble. The town has three churches, a
bank, several mills, a newspaper office, and three
coal mines. Agriculture, stone-quarrying and
coal-mining are the principal industries of the
surrounding region. Population (1880), 410;
(1890), 944; (1900), 1,535.
ATKINS, Smith D., soldier and journalist, was
born near Elmira, N. Y. , June 9, 1836 ; came with
his father to Illinois in 1846, and lived on a farm
till 1850; was educated at Rock River Seminary,
Mount Morris, meanwhile learning the printer's
trade, and afterwards established "The Savanna
Register" in Carroll County. In 1854 he began
the study of law, and in 1860, while practicing at
Freeport, was elected Prosecuting Attorney, but
resigned in 1861, being the first man to enlist as a
private soldier in Stephenson County. He served
as a Captain of the Eleventh Illinois Volunteers
(three-months' men), re-enlisted with the same
rank for three years and took part in the capture
of Fort Donelson and the battle of Shiloh, serv-
ing at the latter on the staff of General Hurlbut.
Forced to retire temporarily on account of his
health, he next engaged in raising volunteers in
Northern Illinois, was finally commissioned Col-
onel of the Ninety-second Illinois, and, in Jime,
1863, was assigned to command of a brigade in
the Army of Kentucky, later serving in the Army
of the Cumberland. On the organization of Sher-
man's great "March to the Sea," he efficiently
cooperated in it, was brevetted Brigadier-General
for gallantry at Savannah, and at the close of the
war, by special order of President Lincoln, was
brevetted Major-General. Since the war. Gen-
eral Atkins' chief occupation has been that of
editor of "The Freeport Journal," though, for
nearly twenty-four years, he served as Post-
master of that city. He took a prominent part
in the erection of the Stephenson County Sol-
diers' Monument at Freeport, has been President
of the Freeport Public Library since its organiza-
tion, member of the Board of Education, and since
1895, by appointment of the Governor of Illinois,
one of the Illinois Commissioners of the Chicka-
mauga and Chattanooga Military Park.
ATKINSON, a village of Henry County, on the
Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway, 29 miles
east of Rock Island. It has a bank and a news-
paper. Population (1890), 584; (1900), 763.
ATLANTA, a city of Logan County, on the
Chicago & Alton Railroad, 20 miles southwest of
Bloomington and 39 miles north-northeast of
Springfield. It stands on a high and fertile
prairie and the surrounding region is rich in coal,
as well as a productive agricultural and stock-
raising district. It has five churches, a graded
school, a weekly newspaper, two banks and two
flouring mills. Coal is mined within the city
limits. Population (1890), 1,178; (1900), 1,370.
ATLAS, a hamlet in the southwestern part of
Pike Count}', 10 miles southwest of Pittsfield and
three miles from Rockport, the nearest station on
the Quincy & Louisiana Division of the Chicago,
Burlington & Quincy Railroad. Atlas has an in-
teresting history. It was settled by Col. William
Ross and four brothers, who came here from
Pittsfield, Mass., in the latter part of 1819, or
early in 1820, making there the first settlement
within the present limits of Pike County. The
town was laid out by the Rosses in 1823, and the
next year the county-seat was removed thither
from Coles Grove — now in Calhoun County — but
which had been the first county-seat of Pike
County, when it comprised all the territory lying
north and west of the Illinois River to the Mis-
sissippi River and the Wisconsin State line.
Atlas remained the county-seat until 1833, when
the seat of justice was removed to Pittsfield.
During a part of that time it was one of the
most important points in the western part of the
State, and was, for a time, a rival of Quincy.
It now has only a postoffioe and general store.
The population, according to the census of 1890,
was 53.
ATTORNEYS-GENERAL. The following is a
list of the Attorne3's-General of Illinois under the
Territorial and State Governments, down to the
present time (1899), with the date and duration of
the term of each incumbent :
Territorial — Benjamin H. Doyle, July to De-
cember, 1809; John J. Crittenden, Dec. 30 to
April, 1810; Thomas T. Crittenden, April to
October, 1810; Benj. M. Piatt, October, 1810-13;
William Mears, 1813-18.
State — Daniel Pope Cook, March 5 to Dec. 14,
1819; William Mears, 1819-31; Samuel D. Lock-
wood, 1821-23; James Turney, 1823-29; George
Forquer, 1829-33; James Sample, 1833-34; Ninian
W. Edwards, 1834-85; Jesse B. Thomas, Jr.,
1835-36; Walter B. Scates, 1836-37; Usher F.
Linder, 1837-38; George W. OLney, 1838-39; Wick-
liffe Kitchell, 1839-40; Josiah Lamborn, 1840-43;
James Allen McDougal, 1843-46 ; David B. Camp-
bell, 1846-48.
The Constitution of 1848 made no provision for
the continuance of the office, and for nineteen
years it remained vacant. It was re-created.
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
however, by legislative enactmeut in 1867, and
on Feb. 28 of that year Governor Oglesby
appointed Robert G. Inger.soll. of Peoria, to dis-
charge the duties of the position, which he con-
tinued to do until 1869. Subsequent incumbents
of the office have been: Washington Bushnell,
1869-73; James K. Edsall, 1873-81; James McCart-
ney, 1881-85 ; George Hunt, 188.3-93 ; M. T. Moloney,
1893-97; Edward C. Akin, 1897 — . Under the
first Constitution (1818) the oflSce of Attorney-
General was filled bj' appointment by the Legisla-
ture; under the Constitution of 1848, as already
stated, it ceased to exist until created by act of
the Legislature of 1867, but, in 1870, it was made
a constitutional oflSce to be filled by popular
election for a term of four years.
ATWOOD, a village lying partly in Piatt and
partly in Douglas County, on the Indianapolis,
Decatur & Western Railway, 27 miles east of
Decatur. The region is agricultural; the town
has a bank and a newspaper Population (1880),
212; (1890), 530; (1900), 698.
ATWOOD, Charles B., architect, was born at
Millbury, Mass., May IS, 1849; at 17 began a full
course in architecture at Harvard Scientific
School, and, after graduation, received prizes for
public buildings at San Francisco. Hartford and
a number of other cities, besides furnishing
designs for some of the finest private residences
in the country. He was associated with D. H.
Burnham in preparing plans for the Columbian
Exposition buildings, at Chicago, for the World's
Fair of 1893, and distinguished himself by pro-
ducing plans for the "Art Building," the "Peri-
style," the "Terminal Station" and other
prominent structures. Died, in the midst of his
higliest successes as an architect, at Chicago,
Dec. 19, 1895.
AUBURX, a town in Sangamon County, on the
Chicago & Alton Railroad, 15 miles south-south-
west of Springfield. Manufacturing is carried on
to some extent, the output consisting of flour, car-
riages and farm implements. It has several
churches, a graded school, a bank and a weekly
newspaper. Population (1890), 874; (1900), 1,281.
AUDITORS OF PUBLIC ACCOUNTS. The
Auditors of Public Accounts under the Terri-
torial Government were H. H. Maxwell, 1812-16;
Daniel P. Cook, 1816-17; Robert Blackwell, (April
to August), 1817; Elijah C. Berry, 1817-18. Under
the Constitution of 1818 the Auditor of Public
Accounts was made appointive by the legislature,
without limitation of term ; but by the Constitu-
tions of 1848 and 1870 the office was made
elective by the people for a term of four years.
The following is a List of the State Auditors
from the date of the admission of the State into
the Union down to the present time (1899), with
the date and duration of the term of each:
Elijah C. Berry, 1818-31; James T. B. Stapp,
1831-35; Levi Davis, 1835-41; James Shields,
1841-43; WilUam Lee D. Ewing, 1843-46; Thomas
H. Campbell, 1846-57; Jesse K. Dubois, 1857-64;
Orlin H. Miner, 1864-69; Charles E. Lippincott,
1869-77; Thomas B. Needles, 1877-81; Charles P.
Swigert, 1881-89; C. W. Pavey, 1889-93; David
Gore, 1893-97; James S. McCullough, 1897 — .
AUtrUSTA, a town in Augusta township, Han-
cock County, on the Chicago, Burlington &
Quincy Railroad, 36 miles northeast of Quincy.
Carriages, plows, flour, brooms and woolen goods
are the principal manufactures. The town has
two newspapers, a bank, four churches and a
graded school. The surrounding country is a
fertile agricultural region and abounds in coal.
Fine qualities of potter's clay and mineral paint
are obtained here. Population (1880), 1,015;
(1890), 1,077; (1900), 1,149.
.iUGUSTAlVA COLLEGE, an educational insti-
tution controlled by the Evangelical Lutheran
denomination, located at Rock Island and founded
in 1863. Besides preparatory and collegiate de-
partments, a theological school is connected with
the institution. To the two first named, young
women are admitted on an equality with
men. More than 500 students were reported in
attendance in 1896, about one-fourth being
women. A majority of the latter were in the
preparatory (or academic) department. The col-
lege is not endowed, but owns property (real
and personal) to the value of .?250,000. It has a
library of 12,000 volumes.
AURORA, a city and an important railroad
center in Kane Count}', situated on Fox River, 39
miles southwest of Chicago. Machine and repair
shops of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Rail-
road are located here. Other important manufac-
turing industries are: iron works, extensive
cotton and woolen mills, flour mills, silver-plating
works, carriage factories, stove and smelting-
works and establishments for turning out road
scrapers, carpet-sweepers, buggy tops and wood-
working machinery. The water-works and elec-
tric-lighting plants are owned by the city. Five
banks supply the demand for banking facilities.
The city has twenty-five churches, admirable
schools and a public library. The periodicals
(1896) embrace five daily, one semi-weekly and
five or six weekly papers. Population (1880),
11,873; (1890), 19,688; (1900), 24,147.
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
29
AUSTIN, a suburb of Chicago, in Cook County.
It is accessible from that city by either the Chi-
cago & Northwestern Railway, or by street
railway lines. A weekly newspaper is issued, a
graded school is supported (including a high
school department) and there are numerous
churches, representing the various religious
denominations. Population (1880), 1,359; (1890),
4,031. Annexed to City of Chicago, 1899.
AUSTIN COLLEGE, a mixed school at Effing-
ham, 111., founded in 1890. It has eleven teachers
and reports a total of 312 pupils for 1897-98—163
males and 150 females. It has a library of 2,000
volumes and reports property valued at §37,000.
AUSTRALIAN BALLOT, a form of ballot for
popular elections, thus named because it was
first brought into use in Australia. It was
adopted by act of the Legislature of Illinois in
1891, and is applicable to the election of all public
officers except Trustees of Schools, School Direct-
ors, members of Boards of Education and officers
of road districts in counties not under township
organization. Under it, all ballots for the elec-
tion of officers (except those just enumerated)
are required to be printed and distributed to the
election officers for use on the day of election, at
public cost. These ballots contain the names,
on the same sheet, of all candidates to be voted
for at such election, such names having been
formally certified previously to tlie Secretary of
State (in the case of candidates for offices to be
voted for by electors of the entire State or any
district greater than a single county) or to the
County Clerk (as to all others), by the presiding
officer and secretary of the convention or caucus
making such nominations, when the party repre-
sented cast at least two per cent of the aggregate
vote of the State or district at the preceding gen-
eral election. Other names may be added to the
ballot on the petition of a specified number of the
legal voters under certain prescribed conditions
named in the act. The duly registered voter, on
presenting himself at the poll, is given a copy of
the official ticket by one of the judges of election,
upon which he proceeds to indicate his prefer-
ence in a temporary booth or closet set apart for
his use, by making a cross at the head of the col-
umn of candidates for whom he wishes to vote, if
he desires to vote for all of the candidates of the
same party, or by a similar mark before the name
of each individual for whom he wishes to vote, in
case he desires to distribute his support among
the candidates of different parties. The object of
the law is to secure for the voter secrecy of the
ballot, with independence and freedom from dic-
tation or interference by others in the exercise of
his right of suffrage.
AVA, a town in Jackson County, on the Mobile
& Ohio Railroad (Cairo & St. Louis Division), 75
miles south-southeast from St. Louis. It has
one or more banks and a newspaper. Population
(1880), 365; (1890), 807; (1900), 984.
AVON, a village of Fulton County, on the Chi-
cago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 20 miles
south of Galesburg; has two newspapers and
drain-pipe works. Considerable live-stock and
farm produce are shipped here. Population
(1880), 689; (1890), 692; (1900), 809.
AYER, Benjamin F., lawyer, was born in
Kingston, N. H., April 22, 1825, graduated at
Dartmouth College in 1846, studied law at Dane
Law School (Harvard University), was admitted
to the bar and began practice at Manchester,
N. H. After serving one term in the New Hamp-
shire Legislature, and as Prosecuting Attorney
for Hillsborough County, in 1857 became to Chica-
go, soon advancing to the front rank of lawyers
then in practice there ; became Corporation Counsel
in 1861, and, two years later, drafted the revised
city charter. After tlie close of his official career,
he was a member for eight years of the law firm of
Beckwith, Ayer & Kales, and afterwards of the
firm of Ayer & Kales, until, retiring from.general
practice, Mr. Ayer became Solicitor of the Illinois
Central Railroad, then a Director of the Company,
and is at present its General Counsel and a potent
factor in its management.
AYERS, Marshall Paul, banker, Jacksonville,
was born in Philadelphia, Pa., July 27, 1823;
came to Jacksonville, 111., with his parents, in
1830, and was educated there, graduating from
Illinois College, in 1843, as the classmate of Dr.
Newton Bateman, afterwards President of Knox
College at Galesburg, and Rev. Thomas K.
Beecher, now of Elmira, N.Y. After leaving col-
lege he became the partner of his father (David
B. Ayers) as agent of Mr. John Grigg, of Philadel-
phia, who was the owner of a large body of Illi-
nois lands. His father dying in 1850, Mr. Ayers
succeeded to the management of the business,
about 75,000 acres of Mr. Grigg's unsold lands
coming under his charge. In December, 1852,
with the assistance of Messrs. Page & Bacon, bank-
ers, of St. Louis, he opened the first bank in Jack-
.sonville, for tlie sale of exchange, but which
finally grew into a bank of deposit and has been
continued ever since, being recognized as one of
the most solid institutions in Central Illinois. In
1870-71, aided by Philadelphia and New York
capitalists, he built the "Illinois Farmers" Rail-
30
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
road" between Jacksonville and Waverly, after-
wards extended to Virden and finallj- to Centralia
and Mount Vernon. This was the nucleus of the
Jacksonville Southeastern Railway, though Mr.
Ayers has had no connection with it for several
years. Other business enterprises with which he
has been connected are the Jacksonville Gas Com-
pany (now including an electric light and power
plant), of which he has been President for forty
years; the "Home Woolen Mills" (early wiped
out by fire), sugar and paper-barrel manufacture,
coal-mining, etc. About 1877 he purchased a
body of 33,600 acres of land in Champaign County,
known as "Broadlands," from John T. Alexander,
an extensive cattle-dealer, who had become
heavily involved during the years of financial
revulsion. As a result of this transaction, Mr.
Alexander's debts, which aggregated §1,000,000,
were discharged within the next two years. I\Ir.
Ayers has been an earnest Rei3ublican since the
organization of that party and, during the war,
rendered valuable service in assisting to raise
funds for the support of the operations of the
Christian Commission in the field. He has also
been active in Sunday School, benevolent and
educational work, having been, for twenty j-ears,
a Trustee of Illinois College, of which he has
been an ardent friend. In 1846 he was married
to Miss Laura Allen, daughter of Rev. John
Allen, D. D., of Himtsville, Ala., and is the father
of four sons and four daughters, all living.
BABCOCK, Amos C, was born at Penn Yan,
N. Y., Jan. 30, 1838, the son of a member of Con-
gress from that State ; at the age of 18, having
lost his father by death, came West, and soon
after engaged in mercantile business in partner-
ship with a brother at Canton, 111. In 18.54 he
was elected by a majority of one vote, as an Anti-
Nebraska Whig, to the lower branch of the Nine-
teenth General Assembly, and, in the following
session, took part in the election of United States
Senator which resulted in the choice of Lyman
Trumbull. Although a personal and political
friend of Mr. Lincoln, Mr. Babcock, as a matter
of policy, cast his vote for his townsman, WiUiam
Kellogg, afterwards Congressman from that dis-
trict, until it was apparent that a concentration
of the Anti-Nebraska vote on Trumbull was
necessary to defeat the election of a Democrat.
In 1863 he was appointed by President Lincoln
the first Assessor of Internal Revenue for the
Fourth District, and, in 1863, was commissioned
by Governor Yates Colonel of the One Hundred
and Third Illinois Volunteers, but soon resigned.
Colonel Babcock served as Delegate-at-large in
the Republican National Convention of 1868,
which nominated General Grant for the Presi-
dency, and the same year was made Chairman of
the Republican State Central Committee, also
conducting the campaign two years later. He
identified himself with the Greeley movement in
1873, but, in 1876, was again in line with his
party and restored to his old position on the State
Central Committee, serving until 1878. Among
business enterprises with which he was con-
nected was the extension, about 1854, of the Buda
branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy
Railroad from Yates City to Canton, and the
erection of the State Capitol at Austin, Tex.,
which was undertaken, in conjunction with
Abner Taylor and J. V. and C. B. Farwell, about
1881 and completed in 1888, for which the firm
received over 3,000,000 acres of State lands in the
"Pan Handle" portion of Texas. In 1889 Colonel
Babcock took up his residence in Chicago, which
continued to be his home until his deatli from
apoplexy, Feb. 3.5, 1899.
BABCOCK, Andrew J., soldier, was born at
Dorchester, Norfolk County, Mass., July 19, 1830;
began life as a coppersmith at Lowell; in 1851
went to Concord, N. H., and, in 18.56, removed to
Springfield, 111., where, in 1859, he joined a mili-
tary company called the Springfield Greys, com-
manded by Capt. (afterwards Gen. ) John Cook, of
which he was First Lieutenant. This company
became the nucleus of Company I, Seventh Illi-
nois Volunteers, which enlisted on Mr. Lincoln's
first call for troops in April, 1861. Captain Cook
having been elected Colonel, Babcock succeeded
him as Captain, on the re-enlistment of the regi-
ment in July following becoming Lieutenant-
Colonel, and, in March, 1863, being promoted to
the Colonelcy "for gallant and meritorious service
rendered at Fort Donelson." A year later he was
compelled to resign on account of impaired
health. His home is at Springfield.
BACON, George E., lawyer and legislator, born
at Madison, Ind., Feb. 4, 1851; was brought to
Illinois by his parents at three years of age, and.
in 1876, located at Paris, Edgar County ; in 1879
was admitted to the bar and held various minor
offices, including one term as State's Attorney.
In 1886 he was elected as a Republican to the
State Senate and re-elected four years later, but
finally removed to Aurora, where he died, July
6, 1896. Mr. Bacon was a man of recognized
abiUt}', as shown by the fact that, after the death
of Senator John A. Logan, he was selected by his
colleagues of the Senate to pronounce the eulog}'
on the deceased statesman.
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
31
BAGBT, John C.j jurist and Congressman, was
born at Glasgow, Ky., Jan. 24, 1819. After pas-
sing tlirougli the common schools of Barren
County, Ky., he studied civil engineering at
Bacon College, graduating in 1840. Later he
read law and was admitted to the bar in 184.5.
In 1846 he commenced practice at Rushville, 111.,
confining himself exclusively to professional work
iintil nominated and elected to Congress in 1874,
by the Democrats of the (old) Tenth District. In
188.5 he was elected to the Circuit Bench for the
Sixth Circuit. Died, April 4, 1896.
BAILEY, Joseph Mead, legislator and jurist,
was boi-n at Middlebur}-, Wyoming County, N. Y.,
June 23, 1833, graduated from Rochester (N. Y. )
University in 1854, and was admitted to the
bar in that city in 1855. In August, 1856, he
removed to Freeport, 111., where he soon built up
a profitable practice. In 1866 he was elected a
Repi'esentative in the Twenty-fifth General
Assembly, being re-elected in 1868. Here he was
especially prominent in securing restrictive legis-
lation concerning railroads. In 1876 he was
chosen a Presidential Elector for his district on
the Republican ticket. In 1877 he was elected a
Judge of the Thirteenth judicial district, and
re-elected in 1879 and in 1885. In January,
1878, and again in June, 1879, he was assigned to
the bench of the Appellate Court, being presiding
Justice from June, 1879, to June, 1880, and from
June, 1881, to June, 1883. In 1879 he received
the degree of LL.D. from the Universities of
Rochester and Chicago. In 1888 he was elected
to the bench of the Supreme Court. Died in
office. Oct. 16, 1895.
BAILHACHE, John, pioneer journalist, was
born in the Island of Jersey, May 8, 1787; after
gaining the rudiments of an education in his
mother tongue (the French), he acquired a knowl-
edge of English and some proficiency in Greek
and Latin in an academy near his paternal home,
when he spent five years as a printer's apprentice.
In 1810 he came to the United States, first locat-
ing at Cambridge, Ohio, but, in 1812, purchased a
half interest in "The Fredonian" at Chillicothe
(then the State Capital), soon after becoming sole
owner. In 1815 he purchased "The Scioto Ga-
zette" and consolidated the two papers under the
name of "The Scioto Gazette and Fredonian
Chronicle." Here he remained until 1828, mean-
time engaging temporarily in the banking busi-
ness, also serving one term in the Legislature
(1820), and being elected Associate Justice of the
Court of Common Pleas for Ross County. In
1828 he removed to Columbus, assuming charge
of "The Ohio State Journal," served one term as
Mayor of the city, and for three consecutive
years was State Printer. Selling out "The Jour-
nal" in 1836, he came west, the next year becom-
ing part owner, and finally sole proprietor, of "The
Telegraph" at Alton, 111., which he conducted
alone or in association with various partners until
1854, when he retired, giving his attention to the
book and job branch of the business. He served as
Representative from Madison County in the Thir-
teenth General Assembly (1843-44). As a man
and a journalist Judge Bailhaohe commanded the
highest respect, and did much to elevate the
standard of journalism in Illinois, "The Tele-
graph," during the period of his connection with
it, being one of the leading papers of the State.
His death occurred at Alton, Sept. 3, 1857, as the
result of injuries received the day previous, by
being thrown from a carriage in whicli he was
riding. — Maj. William Henry (Bailhache), son of
the preceding, was born at Chillicothe, Ohio,
August 14, 1836, removed with his father to Alton,
111., in 1836, was educated at Shurtleff College,
and learned the printing trade in the office of
"The Telegraph," under the direction of his
father, afterwards being associated with the
business department. In 1855, in partnership
with Edward L. Baker, he became one of the
proprietors and business manager of "The State
Journal" at Springfield. During the Civil War
he received from President Lincoln the appoint-
ment of Captain and Assistant Quartermaster,
serving to its close and receiving the brevet rank
of Major. After the war he returned to joui-nal-
ism and was associated at different times with
"The State Journal" and "The Quincy Whig,"
as business manager of each, but retired in 1873 ;
in 1881 was appointed by President Arthur,
Receiver of Public Moneys at Santa Fe., N. M.,
remaining four years. He is now (1899) a resi-
dent of San Diego, Cal. , where he has been
engaged in newspaper work, and, under the
administration of President McKinley, has been
a Special Agent of the Treasury Department. —
Preston Heath (BaiUiache), another son, was
born in Columbus, Ohio, Feb. 31, 1835, ser^-ed as
a Surgeon during the Civil War, later became a
Surgeon in the regular army and has held posi-
tions in marine hospitals at Baltimore, Washing-
ton and New York, and has visited Europe in the
interest of sanitary and hospital service. At
present (1899) he occupies a prominent position
at the headquarters of the United States Marine
Hospital Service in Washington. — Arthur Lee
(Bailhache), a third son, born at Alton, 111., AprU
32
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
12, 1839 ; at the beginning of the Civil War was
employed in the State commissary service at
Camp Yates and Cairo, became Adjutant of the
Thirty-eighth Illinois Volunteers, and died at
Pilot Knob, Mo., Jan. 9, 1862, as the result of
disease and exposure in the service.
BAKER, David Jewett, lawj-er and United
States Senator, was born at East Haddam. Conn. ,
Sept. 7. 1793. His family removed to New York
in 1800, where he worked on a farm during boy-
hood, but graduated from Hamilton College in
1816, and three years later was admitted to the
bar. In 1819 he came to Illinois and began prac-
tice at Kaskaskia, where he attained prominence
in his profession and was made Probate Judge of
Randolph County. His opposition to the intro-
duction of slavery into the State was so aggres-
sive that his life was frequently threatened. In
1830 Governor Edwards appointed him United
States Senator, to fill the unexpired term of
Senator McLean, but he served only one month
when he was succeeded by John M. Robinson,
who was elected by the Legislature. He was
United States District Attorney from 1833
to 1841 (the State then constituting but
one district), and thereafter resumed private
practice. Died at Alton. August 6, 1869.
— Henry Southard (Baker), son of the pre-
ceding, was born at Kaskaskia, 111., Nov. 10.
1824, received his preparatory education at Shurt-
lefif College, Upper Alton, and, in 1843, entered
Brown University, R. I., graduating therefrom
in 1847; was admitted to the bar in 1849, begin-
ning practice at Alton, the home of his father,
Hon. David J. Baker. In 1854 he was elected as an
Anti-Nebraska candidate to the lower branch of
the Nineteenth General Assembly, and, at the
subsequent session of the General Assembly, was
one of the five Anti-Nebraska members whose
uncompromising fidelitj- to Hon. Lyman Trum-
bull resulted in the election of the latter to the
United States Senate for the first time — the others
being his colleague. Dr. George T. Allen of the
House, and Hon. John M. Palmer, afterwards
United States Senator, Burton C. Cook and Nor-
man B. Judd in the Senate. He served as one of the
Secretaries of the Republican State Convention
held at Bloomington in May, 1856. was a Repub-
lican Presidential Elector in 1864. and, in 1865,
became Judge of the Alton City Court, serving
until 1881. In 1876 he presided over the Repub-
lican State Convention, served as delegate to the
Republican National Convention of the same
year and was an unsuccessful candidate for
Congress in opposition to William R. Morrison.
Judge Baker was the orator selected to deliver
the address on occasion of the unveiling of the
statue of Lieut. Gov. Pierre Menard, on the
capitol grounds at Springfield, in January, 1888.
About 1888 he retired from practice, dying at
Alton, March 5, 1897. — Edward L. (Baker),
second son of David Jewett Baker, was born at
Kaskaskia, 111., June 3, 1829; graduated at Shurt-
leff College in 1847; read law with his father two
years, after which he entered Har\-ard Law
School and was admitted to the bar at Spring-
field in 1855. Previous to this date Mr. Baker had
become associated with William H. Bailhache, in
the management of "The Alton Daily Telegraph."
and, in July, 18.55, they purchased '"The Illinois
State Journal," at Springfield, of which Mr.
Baker assumed the editorship, remaining until
1874. In 1869 he was appointed United States
Assessor for the Eiglith District, serving until
the abolition of the office. In 1873 he received
the appointment from President Grant of Consul
to Buenos Ayres. South America, and, assuming
the duties of the office in 1874, remained there
for twenty-three years, proving himself one of
the most capable and efficient officers in the con-
sular service. On the evening of the 20th of
June, 1897, when Mr. Baker was about to enter a
railway train already in niotion at the station in
the city of Buenos Ayres. he fell under the cars,
receiving injuries which necessitated the ampu-
tation of his right arm, finally resulting in his
death in the hospital at Buenos Ayres, July 8,
following. His remains were brought home at
the Government expense and interred in Oak
Ridge Cemetery, at Springfield, where a monu-
ment has since been erected in his honor, bearing
a tablet contributed by citizens of Buenos Ayres
and foreign representatives in that city express-
ive of their respect for his memory. — David
Jewett (Baker), Jr., a third son of David Jewett
Baker, Sr., was born at Kaskaskia, Nov. 20,1834;
graduated from Shurtlefl College in 18.54, and was
admitted to the bar in 1856. In November of
that year he removed to Cairo and began prac-
tice. He was Mayor of that city in 1864-65, and,
in 1869, was elected to the bench of the Nineteenth
Judicial Circuit. The Legislature of 1873 (b_v Act
of March 28) having divided the State into
twenty-six circuits, he was elected Judge of the
Twenty -sixth, on June 2, 1873. In Augvist, 1878,
he resigned to accept an appointment on the
Supreme Bench as successor to Judge Breese,
deceased, but at the close of his term on the
Supreme Bench (1879), was re-elected Circuit
Judge, and again in 1885. During this period he
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
33
served for several years on the Appellate Bench.
In 1888 he retired from the Circuit Bench by
resignation and was elected a Justice of the
Supreme Court for a term of nine years. Again,
in 1897, he was a candidate for re-election, but
was defeated by Carroll C. Boggs. Soon after
retiring from the Supreme Bench he removed to
Chicago and engaged in general practice, in
partnership with his son, John W. Baker. He
fell dead almost instantly in his office, March 13,
1899. In all. Judge Baker liad spent some thirty
years almost continuously on the bench, and had
attained eminent distinction both as a lawyer and
a jurist.
BAKER, Edward Dickinson, soldier and
United States Senator, was born in London,
Eng., Feb. 24, 1811; emigrated to Illinois while
yet in his minority, first locating at Belleville,
afterwards removing to Carrollton and finally to
Sangamon County, the last of which he repre-
sented in the lower house of the Tenth General
Assembly, and as State Senator in the Twelfth
and Thirteenth. He was elected to Congress as
a Whig from the Springfield District, but resigned
in December, 1846, to accept the colonelcy of the
Fourth Regiment, Illinois Volunteers, in the
Mexican War, and succeeded General Shields in
command of the brigade, when the latter was
wounded at Cerro Gordo. In 1848 he was elected
to Congress from the Galena District; was also
identified with the construction of the Panama
Railroad; went to San Francisco in 18o3, but
later removed to Oregon, where he was elected
to the United States Senate in 1860. In 1861 he
resigned the Senatorship to enter the Union
army, commanding a brigade at the battle of
Ball's Bluff, where he was killed, October 31, 1861.
BAKER, Jehn, lawyer and Congressman, was
born in Fayette County, Ky., Nov, 4, 1822. At
an early age he removed to Illinois, making his
home in Belleville, St. Clair County. He re-
ceived his earl}' education in the common schools
and at McKendree College. Although he did
not graduate from the latter institution, he
received therefrom the honorary degree of A. M.
in 18.58, and that of LL. D. in 1882. For a time
lie studied medicine, but abandoned it for the
study of law. From 1861 to 186.5 he was Master
in Chancery for St. Clair Count}-. From 1865 to
1869 he represented the Belleville District as a
Republican in Congress. From 1876 to 1881 and
from 1882 to 1885 he was Minister Resident in
Venezuela, during the latter portion of his term
of service acting also as Consul-General. Return-
ing home, he was again elected to Congress (1886)
from the Eighteenth District, but was defeated
for re-election, in 1888, by William S. Forman,
Democrat. Again, in 1896, having identified
himself with the Free Silver Democracy and
People's Party, he was elected to Congress from
tlie Twentieth District over Everett J. Murphy,
the Republican nominee, serving until March 3,
1899, He is the author of an annotated edition
of Montesquieu's "Grandeur and Decadence of
the Romans."
BALDWIN, Elmer, agriculturist and legisla-
tor, was born in Litchfield Count}', Conn., March
8, 1806 ; at 16 years of age began teaching a coun-
try school, continuing this occupation for several
years during the winter months, while working
on his fatlier's farm in the summer. He then
started a store at New Milford, which he man-
aged for three years, when he sold out on account
of his health and began farming. In 1833 he
came west and purchased a considerable tract of
Government land in La Salle County, where the
village of Farm Ridge is now situated, removing
thither with his family the following year. He
served as Justice of the Peace for fourteen con-
secutive terms, as Postmaster twenty years and
as a member of the Board of Supervisors of La
Salle County six years. In 1856 he was elected
as a Republican to the House of Representatives,
was re-elected to the same office in 1866, and to
the State Senate in 1872, serving two years. He
was also appointed, in 1869, a member of the first
Board of Public Charities, serving as President of
the Board. Mr. Baldwin is author of a "His-
tory of La Salle County," which contains much
local and biographical history. Died, Nov. 18,
189.5.
BALDWIN, Tlieron, clergyman and educa-
tor, was born in Goshen, Conn., July 21, 1801;
graduated at Yale College in 1827; after two
years" study in the theological school there, was
ordained a home missionary in 1829, becoming
one of the celebrated "Yale College Band," or
"Western College Society," of which he was Cor-
responding Secretary during most of his life. He
was settled as a Congregationalist minister at
Vandalia for two years, and was active in pro-
curing the charter of Illinois College at Jackson-
ville, of which he was a Trustee from its
organization to his death. He served for a
number of years, from 1831, as Agent of the
Home Missionary Society for Illinois, and, in
1838, became the first Principal of Monticello
Female Seminary, near Alton, which he con-
ducted five years. Died at Orange, N. J., April
10, 1870.
34
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
BALLARD, Addison, merchant, was born of
Quaker parentage in Warren County, Ohio, No-
vember, 1823. He located at La Porte, Ind.,
about 1841, where he learned and pursued the
carpenter's trade; in 1849 went to California,
remaining two years, when he returned to La
Porte ; in 18.^3 removed to Chicago and embarked
in the lumber trade, which he prosecuted until
1887, retiring with a competency. Mr. Ballard
served several years as one of the Commissioners
of Cook Coimty, and, from 1876 to 1883, as Alder-
man of the City of Chicago, and again in the
latter office, 1894-90.
BALTES, Peter Joseph, Roman Catholic Bishop
of Alton, was born at Ensheim, Rhenish Ba-
varia, April 7, 1837 ; was educated at the colleges
of the Holy Cross, at Worcester, Mass., and of St.
Ignatius, at Chicago, and at Lavalle University,
Montreal, and was ordained a priest in 1853, and
consecrated Bishop in 1870. His diocesan admin-
istration was successful, but regarded by his
priests as somewhat arbitrary. He ivrote numer-
ous pastoral letters and brocliures for the guidance
of clergy and laity. His most important literary
work was entitled "Pastoral Instruction," first
edition, N. Y., 1875; second edition (revised and
enlarged), 1880. Died at Alton, Feb. 15, 1886.
BALTIMORE & OHIO SOUTHWESTERN
RAILWAY. This road (constitviting a part of the
Baltimore & Ohio system) is made up of two
principal divisions, the first extending across the
State from East St. Louis to Belpre, Ohio, and the
second (known as the Springfield Division) extend-
ing from Beardstown to Sha\vneetown. The total
mileage of the former (or main line) is 537
miles, of which 147'^ are in Illinois, and of the
latter (wholly within Illinois) 338 miles. The
main line (originally known as the Ohio & Mis-
sissippi Railway) was chartered in Indiana in
1848, in Ohio in 1849, and in Illinois in 1851. It
was constructed b}- two companies, the section
from Cincinnati to the Indiana and Illinois State
line being known as the Eastern Division, and
that in Illinois as the Western Division, the
gauge, as originally built, being six feet, but
reduced in 1871 to standard. The banking firm
of Page & Bacon, of St. Louis and San Francisco,
were the principal financial backers of tlie enter-
prise. The line was completed and opened for
traffic. May 1, 1857. The following year the road
became finanoially embarrassed ; the Eastern Di-
vision was placed in the hands of a receiver in
1860, while the Western Division was sold under
foreclosure, in 1803. and reorganized as the Oliio
& Mississippi Railway under act of the Illinois
Legislature passed in February, 1861. The East-
ern Division was sold in January, 1867; and, in
November of the same year, the two divisions
were consolidated under the title of the Ohio &
Mississippi Railway. — The Springfield Division
was the result of the consolidation, in December,
1809, of the Pana, Springfield & Northwestern
and the Illinois & Soutlieastern Railroad — each
having been chartered in 1867 — the new corpo-
ration taking the name of the Springfield & Illi-
nois Southeastern Railroad, under which name
the road was built and opened in March, 1871. In
1873, it was placed in the hands of receivers; in
1874 was sold under foreclosure, and, on March
1, 1875, passed into the hands of the Ohio & Mis-
sissippi Railway Company. In November, 1876,
the road was again placed in the hands of a
receiver, but was restored to the Company in 1884.
— In November, 1893, the Ohio & Mississippi was
consolidated with the Baltimore & Ohio South-
western Railroad, which was the successor of the
Cincinnati, Washington & Baltimore Railroad,
the reorganized Company taking the name of the
Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway Com-
pany. The total capitalization of the road, as
organized in 1898, was §84,770,531. Several
branches of the main line in Indiana and Ohio go
to increase tlie aggregate mileage, but being
wholly outside of Illinois are not taken into ac-
count in this statement.
BALTIMORE & OHIO & CHICAGO RAIL-
ROAD, part of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad
Sj'stem, of which only 8.21 out of 265 miles are in
Illinois. Tlie principal object of the companj-'s
incorporation was to secure entrance for the
Baltimore & Ohio into Chicago. The capital
stock outstanding exceeds $1,500,000. The total
capital (including stock, funded and floating debt)
is §20,339,166 or §76,728 per mile. The gross
earnings for the year ending June 30, 1898, were
§3,383,016 and the operating expenses §2,493,453.
The income and earnings for the portion of the
line in Illinois for the same period were §209,308
and tlie expenses §208,096.
BANGS, Mark, lawyer, was born in Franklin
County, Mass., Jan. 9, 1833; spent his boy-
hood on a farm in Western New York, and, after
a year in an institution at Rochester, came to
Chicago in 1844, later spending two years in farm
work and teaching in Central Illinois. Return-
ing east in 1847, he engaged in teaching for
two years at Springfield, Mass., then spent
a year in a dry goods store at Lacon, 111.,
meanwhile prosecuting his legal studies. In
1851 he began practice, was elected a Judge
1198378
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
35
of the Circuit Court in 1859 ; served one session
as State Senator (1870-73) ; in 1873 was ap-
pointed Circuit Judge to fill the unexpired
term of Judge Richmond, deceased, and, in 1875,
was appointed by President Grant United States
District Attorney for the Northern District,
remaining in office four years. Judge Bangs was
also a member of the first Anti-Nebraska State
Convention of IlUnois, held at Springfield in 1854;
in 1863 presided over the Congressional Conven-
tion which nominated Owen Lovejoy for Congress
for the first time ; was one of the charter members
of the "Union League of America," serving as its
President, and, in 1868, was a delegate to the
National Convention which nominated General
Grant for President for the first time. After
retiring from the office of District Attorney in
1879, he removed to Chicago, where he is still
(1898) engaged in the practice of his profession.
BAXKSOS, Andrew, pioneer and early legi.s-
lator, a native of Tennessee, settled on Silver
Creek, in St. Clair County, 111., four miles south
of Lebanon, about 1808 or 1810, and subsequently
removed to Washington County. He was a Col-
onel of "Rangers" during the War of 1813, and a
Captain in the Black Hawk War of 1833. In
1833 he was elected to the State Senate from
Washington County, serving four years, and at
the session of 1833-33 was one of those who voted
against the Convention resolution which had for
its object to make Illinois a slave State. He sub-
sequently removed to Iowa Territory, but died, in
1853, while visiting a son-in-law in Wisconsin.
BAPTISTS. The first Baptist minister to set-
tle in Illinois was Elder James Smith, who
located at New Design, in 1787. He was fol-
lowed, about 1796-97, by Revs. David Badgley and
Joseph Chance, who organized the first Baptist
church within the limits of the State. Five
churches, having four ministers and 111 mem-
bers, formed an association in 1807. Several
causes, among them a difference of views on the
slavery question, resulted in the division of the
denomination into factions. Of these perhaps
the most numerous was the Regular (or Mission-
ary) Baptists, at the head of which was Rev. John
M. Peck, a resident of the State from 1823 until
his death (1858). By 1835 the sect had grown,
until it had some 250 churches, with about 7,500
members. These were under the ecclesiastical
care of twenty-two Associations. Rev. Isaac
McCoy, a Baptist Indian missionary, preached at
Fort Dearborn on Oct. 9, 1835, and, eight years
later. Rev. Allen B. Freeman organized the first
Baptist society in what was then an infant set-
tlement. By 1890 the number of Associations
had grown to forty, with 1010 churches, 891
ministers and 88,884 members. A Baptist Theo-
logical Seminary was for some time supported at
Morgan Park, but, in 1895, was absorbed by the
University of Chicago, becoming the divinity
school of that institution. The chief organ of the
denomination in Illinois is "The Standard," pub-
lished at Chicago.
BARBER, Hiram, was born in Warren County,
N. Y., March 34, 1885. At 11 years of age he
accompanied his family to Wisconsin, of which
State he was a resident until 1866. After gradu-
ating at the State University of Wisconsin, at
Madison, he studied law at the Albany Law
School, and was admitted to practice. After
serving one term as District Attorney of his
county in Wisconsin (1861-63), and Assistant
Attorney-General of the State for 1865-66, in
the latter j-ear he came to Chicago and, in 1878,
was elected to Congress by the Republicans of
the old Second Illinois District. His home is in
Chicago, where he holds the jiosition of Master in
Chancery of the Superior Court of Cook County.
BARDOLPH, a village of McDonough County,
on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 7
miles northeast of Macomb; has a local paper.
Population (1880), 409; (1890), 447; (1900), 387.
BARNSBACK, Georg-e Frederick Jnlins, pio-
neer, was born in German)', July 35, 1781 ; came
to Philadelphia in 1797, and soon after to Ken-
tucky, where he became an overseer; two or
three years later visited his native country, suf-
fering shipwreck en route in the English Channel ;
returned to Kentucky in 1803, remaining imtil
1809, when he removed to what is now Madison
(then a part of St. Clair) County, 111. ; served in
the War of 1813, farmed and raised stock until
1834, when, after a second visit to Germany, he
bought a plantation in St. Francois County, Mo.
Subsequently becoming disgusted with slavery,
he manumitted his slaves and returned to Illinois,
locating on a farm near Edwardsville, where he
resided until his death in 1869. Mr. Barnsback
served as Representative in the Fourteenth Gen-
eral Assembly (1844-46) and, after returning from
Springfield, distributed his salary among the poor
of Madison County. — Julius A. (Barnsback), his
son, was bom in St. Francois County, Mo., May
14, 1836; in 1846 became a merchant at Troy,
Madison County ; was elected Sheriff in 1860 ; in
1864 entered the service as Captain of a Company
in the One Hundred and Fortieth Illinois Volun-
teers (100-days' men); also served as a member of
the Twenty-fourth General Assembly (1865).
36
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
BARNUM, William H., la^vyer and ex-Judge,
was born in Onondaga County, N. Y. , Feb. 13,
1840. When he was but two years old his family
removed to St. Clair County, 111., where he passed
his boyhood and youth. His preliminary educa-
tion was obtained at Belleville. 111., Ypsilanti,
Mich., and at the Michigan State Universitj' at
Ann Arbor. After leaving the institution last
named at the end of the sophomore year, he
taught scliool at Belleville, still pursuing his clas-
sical st\i*lies. In 1862 he was admitted to the bar
at Belleville, and soon afterward opened an office
at Chester, where, for a time, he held the office
of Master in Chancery. He removed to Chicago
in 1867, and, in 1879, was elevated to the bench
of the Cook County Circuit Court. At the expi-
ration of his term he resumed private practice.
BARRERI], GranTille, was born in Highland
County, Ohio. After attending the common
schools, he acquired a higher education at Au-
gusta, Ky., and ^Jlarietta, Ohio. He was admitted
to the bar in his native State, but began the prac-
tice of law in Fulton County. 111., in 1856. In
1873 he received the Republican nomination for
Congress and was elected, representing liis dis-
trict from 1873 to 1875, at the conclusion of his
term retiring to private life. Died at Canton,
111., Jan. 13, 1889.
BARRIXGTOX, a viUage located on the north-
ern border of Cook County, and partly in Lake,
at the intersection of the Chicago & Northwestern
and the Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Railway, 33 miles
northwest of Cliicago. It has banks, a local paper,
and several cheese factories, being in a daiiying
district. Population (1890). 848; (1900), 1.163.
BARROWS, Jobn Henry, D. D., clergyman
and educator, was born at Medina, Mich., July
11, 1847; graduated at Mount Olivet College in
1867, and studied theology at Yale, Union and
Andover Seminaries. In 1869 he went to Kansas,
where he spent two and a half years in mission-
ary and educational work. He then (in 1872)
accepted a call to the First Congregational
Church at Springfield, 111,, where he remained a
year, after which he gave a year to foreign travel,
visiting Europe, Egypt and Palestine, during a
part of the time supplying the American chapel
in Paris. On Ids return to the United States he
spent sis years in pastoral work at LaA\T:ence and
East Boston, Mass., when (in November, 1881) he
assumed the pastorate of the First Presbyterian
Church of Chicago. Dr. Barrows achieved a
world-wide celebrity by his services as Chairman
of the "Parliament of Religions," a branch of the
"World's Congress Auxiliary," held during the
World's CoUunbian Exposition in Chicago in
1893. Later, he was appointed Professorial Lec-
turer on Comparative Religions, under lectureships
in connection vrith the University of Chicago en-
dowed by Mrs. Caroline E. Haskell. One of these,
estabhshed in Dr. Barrows' name, contemplated
a series of lectures in India, to be delivered on
alternate years with a similar course at tlie L'ni-
versity. Courses were delivered at the University
in 1895-96, and, in order to carry out the purposes
of the foreign lectureship, Dr. Barrows found it
necessary to resign his pastorate, which he did in
the spring of 1896. After spending the siunmer
in Germany, the regular itinerary of the romid-
the-world tour began at London in the latter part
of November, 1896, ending with his return to the
United States by way of San Francisco in May,
1897. Dr. Barrows was accompanied by a party
of personal friends from Chicago and elsewhere,
the tour embracing visits to the principal cities
of Southern Europe, Egypt, Palestine, China and
Japan, with a somewhat protracted stay in India
during the winter of 1896-97. After his return to
the United States he lectured at the University
of Chicago and in many of the principal cities of
the countrj', on the moral and religious condition
of Oriental nations, but, in 1898, was offered
the Presidency of OberUn College, Ohio, which
he accepted, entering upon his duties early in
1899.
BARRY, a city in Pike County, founded in
1836, on the Wabash Railroad, 18 miles east of
Hannibal, Mo., and 30 miles southeast of Quincy.
The svirrounding country is agricultural. The
city contains woolen and flouring mills, pork-
packing establishments, etc. It has two local
papers, a bank, three churches and a high school,
besides schools of lower grade. Population
(1880), 1,393; (1890), 1.354; (1900), 1,643.
BARTLETT, Adolplins Clay, merchant, was
born of Revolutionary ancestry at Stratford,
Fulton Coxmty, N. Y., June 33, 1844 ; was educated
in the common schools and at Danville Academy
and Clinton Liberal Institute, N. Y., and, coming
to Chicago in 1863, entered into the employment
of the hardware firm of Tuttle. Hibbard & Co.,
now Hibbard, Spencer, Bartlett & Co., of which,
a few years later, he became a partner, and later
Vice-President of the Company. Mr. Bartlett
has also been a Trustee of Beloit College, Presi-
dent of the Chicago Home for the Friendless and
a Director of the Chicago & Alton Railroad and
the Metropolitan National Bank, besides being
identified with various other business and benevo-
lent associations.
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
37
BASCOM, (RcT.) Flarel, D. D., clergyman,
was born at Lebanon, Conn., June 8, 1804; spent
liis boyhood on a farm until 17 years of age, mean-
while attending the common schools; prepared
for college under a private tutor, and, in 1834,
entered Yale College, graduating in 1828. After a
year as Principal of the Academy at New Canaan,
Conn., he entered upon the study of theology
at Yale, was licensed to preach in 1831 and, for
the next two years, served as a tutor in the liter-
ary department of the college. Then coming to
Illinois (1833), he cast his lot with the "Yale
Band," organized at Yale College a few years
previous ; spent five years in missionary work in
Tazewell County and two years in Northern Illi-
nois as Agent of the Home Missionary Society,
exploring new settlements, founding churches
and introducing missionaries to new fields of
labor. In 1839 he became pastor of the First
Presbyterian Church of Chicago, remaining until
1849, when he assumed the pastorship of the First
Presbyterian Chm-ch at Galesburg, this relation
continuing until 1856. Then, after a year's serv-
ice as the Agent of the American Missionary
Association of the Congregational Church, he
accepted a call to the Congregational Church at
Princeton, where he remained until 1869, %vhen
he took charge of the Congregational Church at
Hinsdale. From 1878 he served for a consider-
able period as a member of the Executive Com-
mittee of the Illinois Home Missionary Society;
was also prominent in educational work, being
one of the founders and, for over twenty-five
years, an officer of the Chicago Theological
Seminary, a Trustee of Knox College and one of
the founders and a Trustee of Beloit College,
Wis., from which he received the degree of D. D.
in 1869. Dr. Bascom died at Princeton, 111.,
August 8. 1890.
BATAYIA, a town in Kane County, located on
Fox River, and on branch lines of the Chicago &
Northwestern and the Chicago, Burlington &
Quincy Railroads, 38 miles west of Chicago. It
has water power and establishments for the
manufacture of wagons, paper bags and wind-
mills. There are also extensive limestone quar-
ries in tlie vicinity. The town was founded in
1834 and incorporated as a village in 1856. It has
two weekly papers, eight churches and six public
schools, besides a private hospital for the insane.
Population(1880), 3,639; (1890), 3,543; (1900), 3,871.
BATEMAJf, Newton, A. M., LL.D., educator
and Editor-in-Chief of the "Historical Encyclo-
pedia of Illinois," was born at Fairfield, N. J.,
July 27, 1822, of mixed English and Scotch an-
cestry ; was brought by his parents to Illinois in
1833; in his youtli enjoyed only limited educa-
tional advantages, but graduated from Illinois
College at Jacksonville in 1843, supporting him-
self during his college course wholly by his own
labor. Having contemplated entering the Chris-
tian ministry, he spent the following year at Lane
Theological Seminary, but was compelled to
withdraw on account of failing health, when he
gave a year to travel. He then entered upon his
life-work as a teacher by engaging as Principal
of an English and Classical School in St. Louis,
remaining there two years, when he accepted the
Professorship of Mathematics in St. Charles Col-
lege, at St. Charles, Mo., continuing in that
position four years (1847-51). Returning to Jack-
sonville, 111., in the latter year, he assumed the
principalship of the main public school of that
city. Here he remained seven years, -during four
of them discharging the duties of County Super-
intendent of Schools for Morgan County. In the
fall of 1857 he became Principal of Jacksonville
Female Academy, but the following year was
elected State Superintendent of Public Instruc-
tion, having been nominated for the office by the
Republican State Convention of 1858, which put
Abraham Lincoln in nomination for the United
States Senate. By successive re-elections he con-
tinued in this office fourteen years, serving con-
tinuously from 1859 to 1875, except two years
(1863-65), as the result of his defeat for re-election
in 1862. He was also endorsed for the same office
by the State Teachers' Association in 1856, but
was not formally nominated by a State Conven-
tion. During his incvunbency the Illinois com-
mon school system was developed and brought to
the state of efficiency which it has so well main-
tained. He also prepared some seven volumes of
biennial reports, portions of which have been
republished in five different languages of Europe,
besides a volmne of "Common Scliool Decisions,"
originally published by authority of the General
Assembly, and of which several editions have
since been issued. This volume has been recog-
nized by the courts, and is still regarded as
authoritative on the subjects to which it relates.
In addition to his official duties during a part of
this period, for three years he served as editor of
"The Illinois Teacher." and was one of a com-
mittee of tliree which prepared the bill adopted
by Congress creating the National Bureau of
Education. Occupying a room in the old State
Capitol at Springfield adjoining that used as an
office by Abraham Lincoln during the first candi-
dacy of the latter for the Presidency, in 1860, a
38
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
close intimacy sprang up between the two men,
which enabled the "School-master," as Mr. Lin-
coln playfully called the Doctor, to acquire an
insight into the character of the future emanci-
pator of a race, enjoyed by few men of that time,
and of which he gave evidence by his lectures
full of interesting reminiscence and eloquent
appreciation of the high character of the "Martyr
President." A few months after his retirement
from the State Superintendency (1875), Dr. Bate-
man was offered and accepted the Presidency of
Knox College at Galesbur'g. remaining until 1893,
when he voluntarily tendered his resignation.
This, after having been repeatedly urged upon
the Board, was finally accepted ; but that body
immediately, and by unanimous vote, appointed
Irim President Emeritus and Professor of Mental
and Moral Science, under which he continued to
discharge his duties as a special lecturer as his
health enabled him to do so. During his incum-
bency as President of Knox College, he twice
received a tender of the Presidency of Iowa State
University and the Chancellorship of two other
important State institutions. He also served, by
appointment of successive Governors between 1877
and 1891, as a member of the State Board of
Health, for four years of this period being Presi-
dent of the Board. In February, 1878, Dr. Bate-
man, unexpectedly and without solicitation on his
part, received from President Hayes an appoint-
ment as "Assay Commissioner" to examine and
test the fineness and weight of United States
coins, in accordance with the provisions of the
act of Congress of June 22, 1874, and discharged
the duties assigned at the mint in Philadelphia.
Never of a very strong physique, which was
rather weakened by his privations while a stu-
dent and his many years of close confinement to
mental labor, towards the close of his life Dr.
Bateman suffered much from a chest trouble
which finally developed into "angina pectoris,"
or heart disease, from which, as the result of a
most painful attack, he died at his home in Gales-
burg, Oct. 21, 1897. The event produced the
most profound sorrow, not onlj' among his associ-
ates in the Faculty and among the students of
Knox College, but a large number of friends
throughout the State, who had known him offi-
cially or personally, and had learned to admire
his many noble and beautiful traits of character.
His funeral, which occurred at Galesburg on
Oct. 25, called out an immense concourse of
sorrowing friends. Almost the last labors per-
formed by Dr. Bateman were in the revision of
matter for this volume, in which he manifested
the deepest interest from the time of his assump-
tion of the duties of its Editor-in-Chief. At the
time of his death he had the satisfaction of know-
ing that his work in this field was practically
complete. Dr. Bateman had been t-wice married,
first in 1850 to Miss Sarah Dayton of Jacksonville,
who died in 1857, and a second time in October,
1859, to Miss Annie N. Tyler, of Mas.sacliusetts
(but for some time a teacher in Jacksonville
Female Academy), who died, May 28, 1878. —
Clifford Rush (Bateman), a son of Dr. Bateman
by his first marriage, was born at Jacksonville,
March 7, 1854, graduated at Amherst College and
later from the law department of Columbia Col-
lege, New York, afterwards prosecuting his
studies at Berlin, Heidelberg and Paris, finallj-
becoming Professor of Administrative Law and
Government in Columbia College — a position
especially created for him. He had filled this
position a little over one year when his career —
which was one of great promise — was cut short by
death, Feb. 6, 1883. Three daughters of Dr. Bate-
man survive — all the wives of clergymen. — P. S.
BATES, Clara Doty, author, was born at Ann
Arbor, Mich., Dec. 22, 1838; published her first
book in 1868; the next year married Morgan
Bates, a Chicago publisher; wrote much for
juvenile periodicals, besides stories and poems,
some of the most popular among the latter being
"Blind Jakey" (1868) and "^Esop's Fables" in
verse (1873). She was the collector of a model
library for children, for the World's Columbian
Exposition, 1893. Died in Chicago, Oct. 14, 1895.
BATES, Erastus Newton, soldier and State
Treasurer, was born at Plainfield, Mass., Feb. 29,
1828, being descended from Pilgrims of the May-
flower. AVhen 8 years of age he was brought by
his father to Ohio, where the latter soon after-
ward died. For several years he lived with an
uncle, preparing himself for college and earning
money by teaching and manual labor. He gradu-
ated from Williams College, Mass., in 1853, and
commenced the study of law in New York City,
but later removed to Minnesota, where he served
as a member of the Constitutional Convention of
1856 and was elected to the State Senate in 1857.
In 1859 he removed to Centralia, III., and com-
menced practice there in August, 1862; was com-
missioned Major of the Eightieth Illinois
Volunteers, being successivel}' promoted to the
rank of Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel, and
finally brevetted Brigadier-General. For fifteen
months he was a prisoner of war, escaping from
Libby Prison only to be recaptured and later
exposed to the fire of the Union batteries at Mor-
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
39
ris Island, Charleston harbor. In 1866 he was
elected to the Legislature, and, in 1868, State
Treasurer, being re-elected to the latter office
under the new Constitution of 1870, and serving
imtil January, 1873. Died at Minneapolis,
Minn., May 29, 1898, and was buried at Spring-
field.
BATES, George C, lawyer and politician, was
born in Canandaigua, N. Y., and removed to
Michigan in 1834; in 1849 was appointed United
States District Attorney for that State, but re-
moved to California in 1850, where he became a
member of the celebrated "Vigilance Committee"
at San Francisco, and, in 1856, delivered the first
Republican speech there. From 1861 to 1871, he
practiced law in Chicago; the latter year was
appointed District Attorney for Utah, serving
two years, in 1878 removing to Denver, Colo.,
where he died, Feb. 11, 1886. Mr. Bates was an
orator of much reputation, and was selected to
express the thanks of the citizens of Chicago to
Gen. B. J. Sweet, commandant of Camp Douglas,
after the detection and defeat of the Camp Doug-
las conspiracy in November, 1864 — a duty which
he performed in an address of gi'eat eloquence.
At an early day he married the widow of Dr.
Alexander Wolcott, for a number of years previ-
ous to 1830 Indian Agent at Chicago, his wife
being a daughter of John Kinzie, the first white
settler of Chicago.
BATH, a village of Mason County, on the
Jacksonville branch of the Chicago, Peoria & St.
Louis Railway, 8 miles south of Havana. Popu-
lation (1880), 439; (1890), 384; (1900), 330.
BAYLIS, a village of Pike County, on the
Naples & Hannibal branch of the Wabash "Rail-
way, 40 miles west of Jacksonville ; has one
newspaper. Population (1890), 368; (1900), 340.
BATLISS, Alfred, Superintendent of Public
Instruction, was born about 1846, served as a
private in the First Michigan Cavalry the last
two j-ears of the Civil War, and graduated from
Hillsdale College (Mich.), in 1870, supporting
himself during his college course by work upon a
farm and teaching. After serving three years as
County Superintendent of Schools in La Grange
County, Ind., in 1874 he came to Illinois and
entered upon the vocation of a teacher in the
northern part of the State. He served for some
time as Superintendent of Schools for the city of
Sterling, afterwards becoming Principal of the
Township High School at Streator, where he was,
in 1898, when he received the nomination for the
office of State Superintendent of Public Instruc-
tion, to which he was elected in November follow-
ing by a plurality over his Democratic opponent
of nearly 70,000 votes.
BEARD, Thomas, pioneer and founder of the
city of Beardstown, 111., was born in Granville,
Washington County, N. Y., in 1795, taken to
Northeastern Ohio in 1800, and, in 1818, removed
to Illinois, living for a time about Edwardsville
and Alton. In 1820 he went to the locality of
the present city of Beardstown, and later estab-
lished there the first ferry across the Illinois
River. In 1827, in conjunction with Enoch
March of Morgan County, he entered the land on
which Beardstown was platted in 1829. Died, at
Beardstown, in November, 1849.
BEARDSTOWN, a city in Cass Cormty, on the
Illinois River, being the intersecting point for
the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern and the
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Raih/ays, and the
northwestern terminus of the former. It is 111
miles north of St. Louis and 90 miles south of
Peoria. Thomas Beard, for whom the town was
named, settled here about 1820 and soon after-
wards established the first ferrj' across the Illinois
River. In 1827 the land was patented by Beard and
Enoch March, and the town platted, and, during
the Black Hawk War of 1833, it became a princi-
pal base of supplies for the Illinois volunteers.
The city has six churches and three schools
(including a liigh school), two banks and four
papers, two of them daily. Several branches of
manufacturing are carried on here, — floui'ing and
saw mills, cooperage works, a baking powder
factor}', a feed-cutter factory, large machine
shops, and others of less importance. The river
is spanned here by a fine railroad bridge, costing
some $300,000. Population (1880), 3,135; (1890),
4,226; (1900), 4,827.
BEAUBIEX, Jean Baptiste, the second per-
manent settler on the site of Chicago, was bom
at Detroit in 1780, became clerk of a fur-trader on
Grand River, married an Ottawa woman for his
first wife, and, in 1800, had a trading-post at Mil-
waukee, which he maintained until 1818. He
visited Chicago as early as 1804, bought a cabin
there soon after the Fort Dearborn massacre of
1812, married the daughter of Francis La Fram-
boise, a French trader, and, in 1818, became
agent of the American Fur Company, having
charge of trading posts at Mackinaw and else-
where. After 1823 he occupied the building
known as "the factory," just outside of Fort Dear-
born, which had belonged to the Government,
but removed to a farm on the Des Plaines in 1840.
Out of the ownership of this building grew his
claim to the right, in 1835, to enter seventy-five
40
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
acres of land belonging to the Fort Dearborn
reservation. The claim was allowed by the Land
Office officials and sustained b}- the State courts,
but disallowed by the Supreme Court of the
United States after long litigation. An attempt
was made to revive this claim in Congress in
1878, but it was reported upon adversely by a
Senate Committee of which the late Senator
Tliomas F. Bayard was chairman. Mr. Beaubien
was evidently a man of no little prominence in
his day. He led a company of Chicago citizens
to the Black Hawk War in 1832, was appointed
by the Governor the first Colonel of Militia for
Cook County, and, in 1850, was commissioned
Brigadier-General. In 1858 he removed to Nash-
ville, Tenn., and died there, Jan. 5, 1.S63. — Mark
(Beaubien), a younger brother of Gen. Beaubien,
was born in Detroit in 1800, came to Chicago in
1826, and bought a log house of James Kinzie, in
which he kept a hotel for some time. Later, he
erected the first frame building in Chicago, which
was known as the "Sauganash," and in which he
kept a hotel until 1834. He also engaged in mer-
chandising, but was not successful, ran the first
ferry across the South Branch of the Chicago
River, and served for many years as lighthou-se
keeper at Chicago. About 1834 the Indians trans-
ferred to him a reservation of 640 acres of land on
the Calimiet, for which, some forty years after-
wards, he received a patent which had been
signed by Martin Van Buren — he having previ-
ously been ignorant of its existence. He was
married twice and had a family of twent3'-two
children. Died, at Kankakee, 111., April 16, 1881.
— Madore B. (Beaubien), the second son of
General Beaubien bj' his Indian wife, was born
on Grand River in Michigan, July 15, 1809, joined
his father in Chicago, was educated in a Baptist
Mission School where Niles. Mich., now stands;
was licensed as a merchant in Chicago in 1831,
bvit failed as a business man; served as Second
Lieutenant of the Naperville Company in the
Black Hawk War, and later was First Lieutenant
of a Chicago Company. His first wife was a
white woman, from whom he separated, after-
wards marrying an Indian woman. He left Illi-
nois with the Pottawatomies in 1840, resided at
Council Bluffs and, later, in Kansas, being for
many years the official interpreter of the tribe
and, for some time, one of six Commissioners
emploj'ed by the Indians to look after their
affairs with the United States Government. —
Alexander (Beaubien), son of General Beau-
bien by his white wife, was born in one of the
buildings belonging to Fort Dearborn, Jan. 28,
1822. In 1840 lie accompanied his father to his
farm on the Des Plaines, but returned to Cliicago
in 1862, and for years past has been employed on
the Cliicago police force.
BEBB, William, Governor of Ohio, was born
in Hamilton County in that State in 1802 ; taught
school at North Bend, the home of WilUam Henry
Harrison, studied law and practiced at Hamilton;
served as Governor of Ohio, 1846-48 ; later led a
Welsh colony to Tennessee, but left at the out-
break of the Civil War, removing to Winnebago
County, III, where he had purchased a large
body of land. He was a man of uncompromising
loyalty and high principle ; served as Examiner
of Pensions by appointment of President Lincoln
and, in 1868, took a prominent part in the cam-
paign which resulted in Grant's first election to
the Presidency. Died at Rockford, Oct. 23, 1873.
A daughter of Governor Bebb married Hon.
John P. Reynolds, for many years the Secretary
of the Illinois State Agricultural Society, and,
during the World's Columbian Exposition,
Director-in-Chief of the Illinois Board of World's
Fair Commissioners.
BECKER, Charles St. N., ex-State Treasurer,
was born in Germany, June 14, 1840, and brought
to this country by his parents at the age of 11
years, the family settling in St. Clair County, 111.
Early in the Civil War he enlisted in the Twelfth
Missouri regiment, and, at the battle of Pea
Ridge, was so severely wounded that it was
found necessary to amputate one of his legs. In
1866 he was elected Sheriff of St. Clair County,
and, from 1872 to 1880, he served as clerk of the
St. Clair Circuit Court. He also served several
terms as a City Councilman of Belleville. In 1888
he was elected State Treasui-er on the Republican
ticket, serving from Jan. 14, 1889, to Jan. 12, 1891.
BECKWITH, Corydon, lawyer and jurist, was
born in Vermont in 1823, and educated at Provi-
dence, R. I., and Wrentham, Mass. He read law
and was admitted to the bar in St. Albans, Vt.,
where he practiced for two years. In 1853 he
removed to Chicago, and, in January, 1864, was
appointed by Governor Yates a Justice of the
Supreme Court, to fill the five remaining months
of the unexpired term of Judge Caton, who had
resigned. On retiring from the bench he re-
sumed private practice. Died, August 18, 1890.
BECKWITH, Hiram Williams, lawyer and
author, was born at Danville, 111., March 5, 1833.
Mr. Beckwith's father, Dan W. Beckwith, a pio-
neer settler of Eastern Illinois and one of the
founders of the city of Danville, was a native of
Wyalusing, Pa., where he was born about 1789,
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
41
his mother being, in her girlliood, Hannah York,
one of the survivors of the famous Wyoming
massacre of 1778. In 1817, the senior Beckwith,
in company with his brother George, descended
the Ohio River, afterwards ascending the Wabash
to where Terre Haute now stands, but finally
locating in what is now a part of Edgar County,
111. A year later he removed to the vicinity of
the present site of the city of Danville. Having
been employed for a time in a surveyor's
corps, he finally became a surveyor himself, and,
on the organization of Vermilion County, served
for a time as County Surveyor by appointment of
the Governor, and was also employed by the
General Government in surveying lands in the
eastern part of the State, some of the Indian
reservations in that section of the State being
set off by him. In connection with Guy W.
Smith, then Receiver of Public Moneys in the
Land Office at Palestine, 111., he donated the
ground on which the county-seat of Vermilion
County was located, and it took the name of Dan-
ville from his first name — "Dan." In 1830 he
was elected Representative in the State Legisla-
ture for the District composed of Clark, Edgar,
and Vermilion Counties, then including all that
section of the State between Crawford County
and the Kankakee River. He died in 1835.
Hiram, the subject of this sketch, thus left
fatherless at less than three years of age, received
only such education as was afforded in the com-
mon scliools of that period. Nevertheless, he
began the study of law in the Danville office of
Lincoln & Laraon, and was admitted to practice
in 1854, about the time of reaching his majority.
He continued in their office and, on the removal
of Lamon to Bloomington in 1859, he succeeded
to the business of the firm at Danville. Mr.
Lamon — who, on Mr. Lincoln's accession to the
Presidency in 1861, became Marshal of the Dis-
trict of Columbia — was distantly related to Mr.
Beckwith by a second marriage of the mother of
the latter. While engaged in the practice of his
profession, Mr. Beckwith has been over thirty
years a zealous collector of records and other
material bearing upon the early history of Illinois
and the Northwest, and is probably now the
owner of one of the most complete and valuable
collections of Americana in Illinois. He is also
the author of several monographs on historic
themes, including "The Winnebago War," "The
Illinois and Indiana Indians," and "Historic
Notes of the Northwest," published in the "Fer-
gus Series," besides having edited an edition of
"Reynolds' History of Illinois" (published by the
same firm) , which he has enriched by the addition
of valuable notes. During 1895-96 he contributed
a series of valuable articles to "The Chicago
Tribune" on various features of early IlUnois and
Northwest history. In 1890 he was appointed by
Governor Fifer a member of the first Board of
Trustees of the Illinois State Historical Library,
serving until the expiration of his term in 1894,
and was re-appointed to the same position by
Governor Tanner in 1897, in each case being
chosen President of the Board.
BEECHER, Charles A., attorney and railway
solicitor, was born in Herkimer County, N. Y.,
August 37, 1829, but, in 1836, removed with his
family to Licking County, Ohio, where he lived
upon a farm until he reached the age of 18 years.
Having taken a course in the Ohio Wesleyan
University at Delaware, in 1854 he removed to
Illinois, locating at Fairfield, Wayne County,
and began the study of law in the office of his
brother, Edwin Beecher, being admitted to prac-
tice in 1855. In 1867 he united with others in the
organization of the Illinois Southeastern Rail-
road projected from Shawneetown to Edgewood
on the Illinois Central in Effingham County.
This enterprise was consolidated, a year or two
later, with the Pana, Springfield & Northwest-
ern, taking the name of the Springfield & Illinois
Southeastern, under which name it was con-
structed and opened for traffic in 1871. (This
line — which Mr. Beecher served for some time
as Vice-President — now con.stitutes the Beards-
town & Shawneetown Division of the Baltimore
& Ohio Southwestern.) The Springfield & Illi-
nois Southeastern Company having fallen into
financial difficulty in 1873, Mr. Beecher was
appointed receiver of the road, and, for a time,
had control of its operation as agent for the bond-
holders. In 1875 the line was conveyed to the
Ohio & Mississippi Railroad (now a part of the
Baltimore & Ohio), when Mr. Beecher became
General Counsel of the controlling corporation,
so remaining vmtil 1888. Since that date he has
been one of the assistant counsel of the Baltimore
& Ohio system. His present home is in Cincin-
nati, although for over a quarter of a century he
has been prominently identified with one of the
most important railway enterprises in Southern
Illinois. In politics Mr. Beecher has always been
a Republican, and was one of the few in W^ayne
County who voted for Fremont in 1856, and for
Lincoln in 1860. He was also a member of
the Republican State Central Committee of
Illinois from 1860 for a period of ten or twelve
vears.
42
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
BEECHER, Edward, D. D., clergjman and
educator, was born at East Hampton, L, I.,
August 37, 1803 — the son of Rev. Lyman Beecher
and the elder brother of Henry Ward ; graduated
at Yale College in 1822, taught for over a year at
Hartford, Conn., studied theology, and after a
year's service as tutor in Yale College, in
1826 was ordained pastor of the Park Street
Congregational Church in Boston. In 1830
he became President of Illinois College at
Jacksonville, remaining until 1844, when he
resigned and returned to Boston, serving as
pastor of the Salem Street Church in that
cit.v until 1856, also acting as senior editor of
"The Congregationalist" for four years. In 1856
he returned to Illinois as jmstor of the First Con-
gregational Church at Galesburg, continuing
imtil 1871, when he removed to Brooklj-n, where
he resided without pastoral charge, except 1885-
89. when he was pastor of the Parkville Congre-
gational Church. While President of Illinois
College, that institution was exposed to mucli
hostile criticism on account of his outspoken
opposition to slavery, as shown by his participa-
tion in founding the first Illinois State Anti-
Slavery Society and his eloquent denunciation of
the murder of Elijah P. Lovejoy. Next to his
brother Henry Ward, he was probablj- the most
powerful orator belonging to that gifted family,
and, in connection with his able associates in the
faculty of the Illinois College, assisted to give
that institution a wide reputation as a nursery
of independent thought. Up to a short time
before his death, he was a prolific writer, his
productions (besides editorials, reviews and con-
tributions on a variety of subjects) including
nine or ten volumes, of which the most impor-
tant are: "Statement of Anti-Slavery Principles
and Address to the People of Illinois" (1837) ;
"A Plea for Illinois College"; "History of the
Alton Riots" (1838); "The Concord of Ages"
(1853); "The Conflict of Ages" (1854); "Papal
Conspiracy Exposed" (1854), besides a number
of others invariably on religious or anti-slavery
topics. Died in Brooklyn, July 28, 1895.
BEECHER, William H., clergyman — oldest
son of Rev. Lyman Beecher and brother of
Edward and Henry Ward — was born at East
Hampton, N. Y., educated at home and at An-
dover, became a Congregationalist clergyman,
occupying pulpits at Newport, R. I., Batavia,
N. Y., and Cleveland, Ohio; came to Chicago in
his later years, dying at the home of his daugh-
ters in that city, June 23, 1889.
BEGGS, (Rev.) Stephen R.. pioneer Methodist
Episcopal preacher, was born in Buckingham
County, Va., March 30, 1801. His father, who
was opposed to slavery, moved to Kentucky in
1805, but remained there only two years, when he
removed to Clark County, Ind. The son enjoyed
but poor educational advantages here, obtaining
his education chiefly by his own efforts in what
he called "Brush College." At the age of 21 he
entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal
Church, during the next ten years traveling
different circuits in Indiana. In 1831 he was
appointed to Chicago, but the Black Hawk War
coming on immediately thereafter, he retired to
Plainfield. Later he traveled various circuits in
Illinois, until 1868, when he was superannuated,
occupying his time thereafter in writing remi-
niscences of his early history. A volume of this
character published by him, was entitled "Pages
from the Early History of the West and North-
west." He died at Plainfield, 111., Sept. 9, 1895,
in the 95th year of his age.
BEIDLER, Henry, early settler, was born of
German extraction in Bucks County, Pa., Nov.
27, 1812; came to Illinois in 1843, settling first at
Springfield, where he carried on the grocery
business for five years, then removed to Chicago
and engaged in the lumber trade in connection
with a brother, afterwards carrying on a large
lumber manufacturing business at Muskegon,
Mich., which proved very profitable. In 1871
Mr. Beidler retired from the lumber trade, in-
vesting largeh' in west side real estate in the city
of Cliicago, which appreciated rapidly in value,
making him one of the most wealthy real estate
owners in Chicago. Died, March 10, 1893.— Jacob
(Beidler), brother of the preceding, was born in
Bucks County, Penn., in 1815; came west in
1842, first began working as a carpenter, but
later engaged in the grocery business with his
brother at Springfield, 111. ; in 1844 removed to
Chicago, where he was joined by his brother four
years later, when they engaged largelj' in the
lumber trade. Mr. Beidler retired from business
in 1891, devoting his attention to large real estate
investments. He was a liberal contributor to
religious, educational and benevolent institutions.
Died in Chicago, March 15, 1898.
BELFIELD, Henry Holmes, educator, was
born in Philadelphia, Nov. 17, 1837; was educated
at an Iowa College, and for a time was tutor in
the same ; during the War of the Rebellion served
in the army of tlie Cumberland, first as Lieuten-
ant and afterwards as Adjutant of the Eighth
Iowa Cavalry, still later being upon the staff of
Gen. E. M. McCook, and taking part in the
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
43
Atlanta and Nashville campaigns. While a
prisoner in the hands of the rebels he was placed
under fire of the Union batteries at Charleston.
Coming to Chicago in 1866, he served as Principal
in various pubUc schools, including the North
Division High School. He was one of the earli-
est advocates of manual training, and, on the
estabUslinaent of the Chicago Manual Training
School in 1884, was appointed its Director — a
position which he has continued to occupy.
During 1891-93 he made a trip to Europe by
appointment of the Government, to investigate
the school systems in European countries.
BELKXAP, Hug'li Reid, ex-Member of Congress,
was born in Keokuk, Iowa, Sept. 1, 1860, being
the son of W. W. Belknap, for some time Secre-
tary of War under President Grant. After
attending the public schools of his native city,
he took a course at Adams Academy, Quincy,
Mass., and at Phillips Academy, Andover, when
he entered the service of the Baltimore & Ohio
Railroad, where he remained twelve years in
various departments, finally becoming Cliief
Clerk of the General Manager. In 1892 he retired
from tills position to become Superintendent of
the South Side Elevated Railroad of Chicago.
He never held any political position until nomi-
nated (189-t) as a Republican for the Fifty-fourth
Congress, in the strongly Democratic Third Dis-
trict of Chicago. Although the returns sliowed
a plurality of thirty-one votes for his Democratic
opponent (Lawrence McGann), a recount proved
him elected, when, Mr. McGann having volun-
tarily withdrawn, Mr. Belknap was unanimously
awarded the seat. In 1896 he was re-elected
from a District usually strongly Democratic,
receiving a plurality of 590 votes, but was
defeated by his Democratic opponent in 1898, retir-
ing from Congress, March 3, 1899, when he re-
ceived an appointment as Paymaster in the Army
from President McKinley, with the rank of Major.
BELL, Robert, lawyer, was born in Lawrence
County, 111., in 1829, educated at Mount Carmel
and Indiana State University at Bloomington,
graduating from the law department of the
latter in 1855 ; while yet in his minority edited
"The Mount Carmel Register," during 1851-52
becoming joint owner and editor of the same
with his brother, Victor D. Bell. After gradu-
ation he opened an office at Fairfield, Wayne
County, but. in 1857, returned to Mount Carmel
and from 1864 was the partner of Judge E. B.
Green, until the appointment of the latter Chief
Justice of Oklahoma by President Harrison in
1890. In 1869 Mr. Bell was appointed County
Judge of Lawrence County, being elected to the
same office in 1894. He was also President
of the Illinois Southern Railroad Company
until it was merged into the Cairo & Vincennes
Road in 1867 ; later became President of the St.
Louis & Mt. Carmel Railroad, now a part of the
Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis line, and
secured the construction of the division from
Princeton, Ind., to Albion, 111. In 1876 he visited
California as Special Agent of the Treasury
Department to investigate alleged frauds in the
Revenue Districts on the Pacific Coast ; in 1878
was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress on
the Republican ticket in the strong Democratic
Nineteenth District; was appointed, the same
year, a member of the Republican State Central
Committee for the State-at-large, and, in 1881,
officiated by appointment of President Garfield,
as Commissioner to examine a section of the
Atlantic & Pacific Railroad in New Mexico.
Judge Bell is a gifted stump-speaker and is known
in the southeastern part of the State as the
"Silver-tongued Orator of the Wabash."
BELLEVILLE, the county-seat of St. Clair
County, a city and railroad center, 14 miles south
of east from St. Louis. It is one of the oldest
towns in the State, having been selected as the
county-seat in 1814 and platted in 1815. It lies
in the center of a rich agricultural and coal-bear-
ing district and contains numerous factories of
various descriptions, including flouring mills, a
nail-mill and an extensive rolling mill. It has
five newspaper establishments, three being Ger-
man which issue daily editions. Its commercial
and educational facilities are exceptionally good.
Its population is largely of German descent.
Population (1890), l.j.361; (1900), 17,484.
BELLEYILLE, CEMRALIA & EASTERX
RAILROAD. (See Louisville. Evansville & St.
Louis (Consolidated) Railroad.)
BELLEVILLE & CAROJiDELET RAILROAD,
a short line of road extending from Belleville to
East Carondelet, 111., 17.3 miles. It was chartered
Feb. 20, 1881, and leased to the St. Louis, Alton
& Terre Haute Railroad Companj-, June 1, 1883.
The annual rental is .$30,000, a sum equivalent to
the interest on the bonded debt. The capital
stock (1895) is §500,000 and the bonded debt 8485,-
000. In addition to these sums the floating debt
swells the entire capitalization to 8995,054 or §57,-
817 per mile.
BELLEVILLE & ELDORADO RAILROAD,
a road 50,4 miles in length running from Belle-
ville to Duquoin, 111. It was chartered Feb. 22,
1861, and completed Oct. 31, 1871. On July 1,
44
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
1880, it was leased to the St Louis, Alton &
Terre Haute Railroad Company for 48G years, and
has since been operated by that corporation in
connection with its Belleville branch, from East
St. Louis to Belleville. At Eldorado the road
intersects the Cairo & Vincennes Railroad and
the Shawneetown branch of tlie St. Louis &
Southeastern Railroad, operated by the Louisville
& NpsliviUe Railroad Compan.y. Its capital
stock (189.5) is $1,000,000 and its bonded debt
8550,000. The corporate ofifice is at Belleville.
BELLEVILLE & ILLIXOISTOWN RAILROAD,
(See St. Louis. ^[lto)i & Tcrre Haute Railroad.)
BELLEVILLE & SOUTHERN ILLINOIS
RAILROAD, a road (laid with steel rails) run-
ning from Belleville to Duquoin, 111., 56.4 miles
in length. It was chartered Feb. 15, 1857, and
completed Dec. 15, 1873. At Duquoin it connects
with the Illinois Central and forms a short line
between St. Louis and Cairo. Oct. 1, 1866, it was
leased to the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute
Railroad Company for 999 years. The capital
stock is §1,693,000 and the bonded debt $1,000,-
000. The corporate office is at Belleville.
BELLMONT, a village of Wabash County, on
the Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis Railway, 9
miles west of Slount Carmel. Population (1880),
3.50; (1890), 487; (1900), 634,
BELT RAILWAY COMPAIVY OF CHICAGO,
THE, a corporation chartered, Nov. 22, 1883, and
the lessee of the Belt Division of the Chicago &
Western Indiana Railroad (which see). Its total
trackage (all of standard gauge and laid with 66-
pound steel rails) is 93.36 miles, distributed as fol-
lows: Auburn Junction to Chicago, Milwaukee &
St. PaulJunction, 15.9 miles; branches from Pull-
man Junction to Irondale, 111., etc., 5.41 miles;
second track, 14.1 miles; sidings, 57.85 miles.
The cost of construction has been 8534,549; capi-
tal stock, .$1,200,000. It has no funded debt.
The earnings for the year ending June 30, 1895,
were 8556,847, the operating expenses $378,013,
and the taxes $51,009.
BELVIDERE, an incorporated city, the county-
seat of Boone Count}', situated on the Kishwau-
kee River, and on the Chicago & Northwestern
Railroad, 78 miles west-northwest of Chicago
and 43 miles east of Freeport. The city has
eleven churches, graded schools and three banks
(two National). Three newspapers are published
here. Belvidere also has very considerable
manufacturing interests, including two flouring
mills, a plow factory, a reaper works, and manu-
factories of sewing machines, bed springs and
boots and shoes, besides large cheese and pickle
factories. Population (1880), 2,951; (1890), 3,867;
(1900), 6,937.
BEMENT, a town in Piatt County, at the inter-
section of the main line of the Wabash Railroad
with its Chicago Division, 20 miles east by north
from Decatur, and 166 miles south-southwest
from Chicago. It has four churches, a graded
school, a bank, a weekly newspaper and a flouring
mill. Population (1880), 963; (1890), 1,129; (1900),
1,484.
BEXJAMIN, Reuben Moore, lawyer, born at
Chatham Centre, Columbia County, N. Y., June
29, 1833; was educated at Amherst College, Am-
herst, Mass. ; spent one year in the law depart-
ment of Harvard, another as tutor at Amherst
and, in 1856, came to Bloomington, 111., where, on
an examination certificate furnished by Abraham
Lincoln, he was licensed to practice. The first
public office held by Mr. Benjamin was that of
Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention
of 1869-70, in which he took a prominent part in
shaping the provisions of the new Constitution
relating to corporations. In 1873 he was chosen
County Judge of McLean County, by repeated
re-elections holding the position until 1886, when
he resumed private practice. For more than
twenty years he has been connected with the law
department of Wesleyan University at Blooming-
ton, a part of the time being Dean of the Faculty ;
is also the author of several volumes of legal
text-books.
BENNETT MEDICAL COLLEGE, an Eclectic
Medical School of Chicago, incorijorated by
special charter and opened in the avitumn of
1868. Its first sessions were held in two large
rooms; its faculty consisted of seven professors,
and there were thirty matriculates. More com-
modious quarters were secured the following
year, and a still better home after the fire of 1871,
in which all the college property was destroyed.
Another change of location was made in 1874.
In 1890 the property then owned was sold and a
new college building, in connection with a hos-
pital, erected in a more quiet quarter of the city.
A free dispensar}' is conducted bj' the college.
The teaching faculty (1896) consists of nineteen
professors, with foiu- assistants and demonstra-
tors. Women are admitted as pupils on equal
terms with men.
BENT, Charles, journalist, was born in Chi-
cago, Dec. 8, 1844, but removed with his family,
in 1856, to Morrison, Whiteside County, where,
two years later, he became an apprentice to the
printing business in the office of "The Whiteside
Sentinel." In June, 1864, he enlisted as a soldier
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
45
in the One Hundred and Fortieth Illinois (100-
days' regiment) and, on the expiration of his term
of service, re-enlisted in the One Hundred and
Forty -seventh Illinois, being mustered out at
Savannah, Ga., in January, 1866, with the rank
of Second Lieutenant. Then resuming his voca-
tion as a printer, in July, 1867, he purchased the
office of "The Whiteside Sentinel," in which he
learned his trade, and has since been the editor of
that paper, except during 1877-79 while engaged
in writing a "History of Whiteside Coimty. "
He is a cliarter member of the local Grand Army
Post and served on the staff of the Department
Commander ; was Assistant Assessor of Internal
Revenue during 1870-73, and, in 1878, was elected
as a Republican to the State Senate for White-
side and Carroll Counties, serving four years.
Other positions held by him include the office of
City Alderman, member of the State Board of
Canal Commissioners (1883-85) and Commissioner
of the Joliet Penitentiary (1889-93). He has also
been a member of the Republican State Central
Committee and served as its Chairman 1886-88.
BEJfTON, the coimty -seat of Franklin County,
situated about 90 miles southeast of St. Louis,
and about 18 miles east of Duquoin. The town
stands on a rich, fertile prairie. It has a bank,
three churches, two flouring mills and two weekly
newspapers. Population (1890), 939; (1900). 1,341.
BERDAN, James, lawyer and County Judge,
was born in New York City, July 4, 1805, and
educated at Columbia and Yale Colleges, gradu-
ating from the latter in the class of 1824. His
father, James Berdan, Sr. , came west in the fall
of 1819 as one of the agents of a New York
Emigration Society, and, in January, 1820, visited
the vicinity of the present site of Jacksonville,
111., but died soon after his return, in part from
exposure incurred during his long and arduous
winter journey. Thirteen years later (1832) his
son, the subject of this sketch, came to the same
region, and Jacksonville became his home for the
remainder of his life. Mr. Berdan was a well-
read lawyer, as well as a man of high principle
and sound culture, with pure literary and social
tastes. Although possessing imusual capabilities,
his refinement of character and dislike of osten-
tation made him seek rather the association and
esteem of friends than public office. In 1849 he
was elected County Judge of Morgan County,
serving by a second election until 1857. Later
he was Secretary for several years of the Tonica
& Petersburg Railroad (at that time in course of
construction), serving until it was merged into
the St. Louis, Jacksonville & Chicago Railroad,
now constituting a part of the Jacksonville di-
vision of the Chicago & Alton Railroad; also
served for many years as a Trustee of Illinois
College. In the latter years of his life he was, for
a considerable period, the law partner of ex-Gov-
ernor and ex-Senator Richard Yates. Judge
Berdan was the ardent political friend and
admirer of Abraham Lincoln, as well as an inti-
mate friend and frequent correspondent of the
poet Longfellow, besides being the correspondent,
during a long period of his life, of a number of
other prominent literary men. Pierre Irving,
the nephew and biographer of Washington Irving,
was his brother-in-law through the marriage of a
favorite sister. Judge Berdan died at Jackson-
ville, August 24, 1884.
BERGEN, (Rev.) John G., pioneer clergyman,
was born at Hightstown, N. J., Nov. 27, 1790;
studied theology, and, after two years-' service as
tutor at Princeton and sixteen years as pastor of
a Presbyterian church at JIadison, N. J., in 1828
came to Springfield, 111., and assisted in the
erection of the first Protestant church in the
central part of the State, of wliich he remained
pastor until 1848. Died, at Springfield, Jan.
17, 1872.
BERGGREN, Augustus W., legislator, born in
Sweden, August 17, 1840; came to the United
States at 10 years of age and located at Oneida,
Knox County, 111., afterwards removing to Gales-
burg; held various offices, including that of
Sheriff of Knox County (1873-81), State Senator
(1881-89) — serving as President pro tern, of the
Senate 1887-89, and was Warden of the State
penitentiary at Joliet, 1888-91. He was for many
years the very able and efficient President of the
Covenant Mutual Life Association of Illinois, and
is now its Treasurer.
BERGIER, (Rev.) J, a secular priest, born in
France, and an early missionary in Illinois. He
labored among the Taniaroas, being in charge of the
mission at Cahokia from 1700 to his death in 1710.
BERRY, OrviUe F., lawyer and legislator, was
born in McDonough County, 111., Feb. 16, 18.52;
early left an orphan and, after working for some
time on a farm, removed to Carthage, Hancock
County, where he read law and was admitted to
the bar in 1877; in 1883 was elected Mayor of
Carthage and twice re-elected ; was elected to the
State Senate in 1888 and '92, and, in 1891, took a
prominent part in securing the enactment of the
compulsory education clause in the common
school law. Mr. Berry presided over the Repub-
lican State Convention of 1896, the same year was
a candidate for re-election to the State Senate,
40
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
but the certificate was awarded to his Democratic
competitor, who was declared elected by 164
plurality. On a contest before the Senate at the
first session of the Fortieth General Assembly,
the seat was awarded to Mr. Berry on the ground
of illegality in the rulings of the Secretary of
State affecting the vote of his opponent.
BERRY, (Col.) William W., lawyer and sol-
dier, was born in Kentucky, Feb. 33, 1834, and
educated at Oxford, Ohio. His home being then
in Covington, he studied law in Cincinnati, and,
at the age of 33, began practice at Louisville, Ky.,
being married two years later to Miss Georgie
Hewitt of Frankfort. Early in 1861 he entered
the Civil War on the Union side as Major of the
Louisville Legion, and subsequently served in
the Army of the Cumberland, marching to the
sea with Sherman and, during the period of his
service, receiving four woimds. After the close
of the war he was offered the position of Gov-
ernor of one of the Territories, but, determining
not to go further west than Illinois, declined.
For three years he was located and in practice at
Winchester, 111., but removed to Quincy in 1874,
where he afterwards resided. He always took a
warm interest in politics and, in local affairs,
was a leader of his party. He was an organizer of
the G. A. R. Post at Quincy and its first Com-
mander, and, in 1884-85, served as Commander of
the State Department of the G. A. R. He organ-
ized a Young Men's Republican Club, as he
believed that the young minds should take an
active part in politics. He was one of the com-
mittee of seven appointed by the Governor to
locate the Soldiers' and Sailors' Home for Illinois,
and, after spending six months inspecting vari-
ovis sites offered, the institution was finallj'
located at Quincy; was also Trustee of Knox
College, at Galesburg, for several years. He was
frequently urged by his party friends to run for
public office, but it was so much against his
nature to ask for even one vote, that he would
not consent. He died at his home in Quincy,
much regretted. May 6, 1895.
BESTOR, George C, legislator, born in Wash-
ington City, April 11, 1811; was assistant docu-
ment clerk in the House of Representatives eight
j'ears; came to Illinois in 1835 and engaged in
real-estate business at Peoria; was twice ap-
pointed Postmaster of that city (1843 and 1861)
and three times elected Mayor; served as finan-
cial agent of the Peoria & Oquawka (now Chicago,
Burlington & Quincy Railroad), and a Director of
the Toledo. Peoria & Warsaw ; a delegate to the
Whig National Convention of 1853; a State
Senator (1858-63), and an ardent friend of Abra-
ham Lincoln. Died, in Washington, May 14,
1878, while prosecuting a claim against the
Government for the construction of gunboats
during the war.
BETHALTO, a village of Madison County, on
the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis
Railway, 35 miles north of St. Louis. Popula-
tion (1880), 638; (1890), 879; (1900). 477.
BETHANY, a village in Moultrie County, on
the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railroad, 80
miles southeast of Decatur ; is in a farming dis-
trict; has a local newspaper. Population (1880),
369; (1890), 688; (1900), 873.
BETTIE STUART INSTITUTE, an institu-
tion for young ladies at Springfield, 111., founded
in 1868 by Mrs. Mary McKee Homes, who con-
ducted it for some twenty years, until her death.
Its report for 1898 shows a faculty of ten instruct-
ors and 135 pupils. Its property is valued at
§33,500. Its course of instruction embraces the
preparatory and classical branches, together with
music, oratory and fine arts.
BEVERIDCiE, James H., State Treasurer,
was born in Washington Coimty, N. Y., in 1838;
served as State Treasurer, 1865-67, later acted as
Secretary of the Commission which built the
State Capitol. His later years were spent in
superintending a large dairy farm near Sandwich,
De Kalb County, where he died in January, 1896.
BEVERIDGE, John L., ex-Governor, was born
in Greenwich, N. Y., July 6, 1834; came to Illi-
nois, 1843, and, after spending some two years in
Granville Academy and Rock River Seminary,
went to Tennessee, where he engaged in teaching
while studying law. Having been admitted to
the bar, he returned to Illinois in 1851, first locat-
ing at Sycamore, but three years later established
himself in Chicago. During the first year of the
war he assisted to raise the Eighth Regiment Illi-
nois Cavalry, and was commissioned first as Cap-
tain and still later Major; two years later
became Colonel of the Seventeenth Cavalry,
which he commanded to the close of the war,
being mustered out. February, 1866, with the
rank of brevet Brigadier-General. After the war
he held the oflSce of Sheriff of Cook Coimty four
years; in 1870 was elected to the State Senate.
and, in the following year, Congressman-at-large
to succeed General Logan, elected to the United
States Senate; resigned this office in January.
1873, having been elected Lieutenant-Governor,
and a few weeks later succeeded to the govern-
orship by the election of Governor Oglesby to tlie
United States Senate. In 1881 he was appointed,
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
47
by President Arthur, Assistant United States
Treasurer for Chicago, serving until after Cleve-
land's first election. His present home (1898), is
near Los Angeles, Cal.
BIENVILLE, Jean Baptiste le Moyne, Sienr
de, was born at Montreal, Canada, Feb. 23, 1680,
and was the French Governor of Louisiana at tlie
time the Illinois country was included in that
province. He had several brothers, a number of
whom played important parts in the early history
of the province. Bienville first visited Louisi-
ana, in companj- with his brother Iberville, in
1698, their object being to establish a French
colony near the mouth of the Mississippi. The
first settlement was made at Biloxi, Dec. 6, 1699,
and SanvoUe, another brother, was placed in
charge. The latter was afterward made Governor
of Louisiana, and, at his death (1701), he was
succeeded by Bienville, who transferred the seat
of government to Mobile. In 1704 he was joined
by his brother Chateaugay, who brought seven-
teen settlers from Canada. Soon afterwards
Iberville died, and Bienville was recalled to
France in 1707, but was reinstated the following
year. Finding the Indians worthless as tillers of
the soil, he seriously suggested to the home gov-
ei'nment the expediency of trading oil the copper-
colored aborigines for negroes from the West
Indies, three Indians to be reckoned as equiva-
lent to two blacks. In 1713 Cadillac was sent out
as Governor, Bienville being made Lieutenant-
Governor. Tlie two quarreled. Cadillac was
superseded by Epinay in 1717, and, in 1718, Law's
first expedition arrived (see Company of the
West), and brought a Governor's commission for
Bienville. Tlie latter soon after founded New
Orleans, which became the seat of government
for the province (which then included Illinois), in
17'.J3. In January, 1724, he was again summoned
to France to answer charges; was removed in
disgrace in 1726, but reinstated in 1733 and given
the rank of Lieutenant-General. Failing in vari-
ous expeditions against the Chickasaw Indians,
he was again superseded in 1743, returning to
France, where he died in 1768.
BIGGS, William, pioneer, Judge and legislator,
%vas born in Jlaryland in 17.53, enlisted in the
Revolutionary army, and served as an officer
under Colonel George Rogers Clark in the expe-
dition for the capture of Illinois from the British
in 1778. He settled in Bellefontaine (now Monroe
County) soon after the close of the war. He was
Sheriff of St. Clair County for many years, and
later Justice of the Peace and Judge of the Court
of Common Pleas. He also represented his
coimty in the Territorial Legislatures of In-
diana and Illinois. Died, in St. Clair County,
in 1827.
BIGGSVILLE, a village of Henderson County,
on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad,
15 miles northeast of Burlington ; has a bank and
two newspapers; considerable grain and live-
stock are shipped here. Population (1880), 358;
(1890), 487; (1900), 417.
BIG MUDDY RIVER, a stream formed by the
union of two branches which rise in Jefferson
County. It runs south and southwest through
Franklin and Jackson Counties, and enters the
Mississippi about five miles below Grand Tower.
Its length is estimated at 140 miles.
BILLINGS, Albert Merritt, capitalist, was
born in New Hampshire. April 19, 1814. educated
in the common schools of his native State and
Vermont, and, at the age of 22, became Sheriff of
Windsor County, Vt., Later he was proiirietor
for a time of the mail stage-coach line between
Concord, N. H., and Boston, but, having sold out,
invested his means in the securities of the Chi-
cago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway and became
identified with the business interests of Chicago.
In the '50's he became associated with Cornelius
K. Garrison in the People's Gas Company of Chi-
cago, of which he served as President from 1859
to 1888. In 1890 Mr. Billings became extensively
interested in the street railway enterprises of Mr.
C. B. Holmes, resulting in his becoming the pro-
prietor of the street railway system at Memphis,
Tenn., valued, in 1897, at §3,000,000. In early
life he had been associated with Commodore
'V^anderbilt in the operation of the Hudson River
steamboat lines of tlie latter. In addition to his
other business enterprises, he was principal
owner and, during the last twenty-five years of
his life. President of the Home National and
Home Savings Banks of Chicago. Died, Feb. 7,
1897, leaving an estate valued at several millions
of dollars.
BILLINGS, Henry W., was born at Conway,
Mass., July 11, 1814, graduated at Amherst Col-
lege at twenty years of age, and began the study
of law with Judge Foote, of Cleveland, Ohio, was
admitted to the bar two j'ears later and practiced
there some two years longer. He then removed
to St. Louis, Mo., later resided for a time at
Waterloo and Cairo, 111., but, in 1845, settled at
Alton; was elected Mayor of that city in 1851,
and the first Judge of the newly organized City
Court, in 18159, serving in this position six years.
In 1869 he was elected a Delegate from Madison
County to the State Constitutional Convention of
48
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
1869-70, but died before the expiration of the ses-
sion, on April 19, 1870.
BIREBECE, Morris, early colonist, was born
in England about 1762 or 1763, emigrated to
America in 1817, and settled in Edwards County,
111. He purchased a large tract of land and in-
duced a large colony of Englisli artisans, laborers
and farmers to settle upon the same, founding
the town of New Albion. He was an active, un-
compromising opponent of slavery, and was an
important factor in defeating the scheme to make
Illinois a slave State. He was appointed Secre-
tary of State by Governor Coles in October, 1834,
but resigned at the end of three months, a liostile
Legislature having refused to confirm him. A
strong writer and a frequent contributor to the
press, his letters and published worlis attracted
attention both in tliis country and in Europe.
Principal among tlie latter were: "Notes on a
Journey Through France" (181,5); "Notes on a
Journey Through America" (1818), and "Letters
from Illinois" (1818). Died from drowning in
182.5, aged about 63 years. (See Slavery and
Shn-e Lairs.)
BISSELL, William H., first Eepublican Gov-
ernor of Illinois, was born near Cooperstown,
N. Y., on April 25, ISll, graduated in medicine at
Philadelpliia in 1835, and, after practicing a short
time ill Steuben County, N. Y., removed to Mon-
roe County, 111. In 1840 lie was elected a Repre-
sentative in tiie General Assembly, where he soon
attained high rank as a debater. He studied law
and practiced in Belleville, St. Clair Couuty, be-
coming Prosecuting Attorney for that county in
1844. He served as Colonel of the Second Illinois
Volunteers during the Mexican War, and achieved
distinction at Buena Vista. He represented Illi-
nois in Congress from 1849 to 1855, being first
elected as an Independent Democrat. On the pas-
sage of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, he left tlie Demo-
cratic party and, in 1856, was elected Governor on
the Republican ticket. Wliile in Congi'ess lie was
cliallenged by Jefferson Davis after an inter-
cliange of heated words respecting the relative
courage of Nortliern and Soutliern soldiers.
spoken in debate. Bissell accepted tlie challen.ge.
naming muskets at thirty paces. Mr. Davis"s
friends objected, and the duel never occurred.
Died in office, at Springfield, 111., March 18, 1860.
BLACE, Joiin C, lawyer and soldier, was born
at Lexington, Mi.ss., Jan. 29, 1839, and re-
moved with his parents to Illinois, in 1847. He
graduated from Wabash College, lud., and, in
1867, was admitted to the bar, beginning practice
at Danville. He enlisted in the Union army at
tiie outbreak of the Rebellion, serving with gal-
lantry and distinction from April 15, 1861, to
August 15, 1865, retiring with the rank of Briga-
dier-General by brevet. He was an unsuccessful
candidate on the Democratic ticket for Lieuten-
ant-Governor in 1872, and Delegate-at-large to the
Democratic National Convention of 1884. Dur-
ing President Cleveland's first term he became
Comnaissioner of Pensions, filling that office from
March 17, 1885, to March 27, 1889. On retiring
from that office he removed to Chicago and, in
1892, was elected Congressmau-at-large, on the
Democratic ticket. In 1895 he was appointed by
President Cleveland United States District
Attorney for the Nortliern District of Illinois,
serving- until the close of the year 1898.
BL.U KIUHX UMVERSITY, located at Car-
linvilli', ]\laci>uj)in County. It owes its origin to
the efforts of Dr. Gideon Blackburn, who, having
induced friends in the East to unite with him in
the purchase of Illinois lands at Government
price, in 1837 conveyed 16.656 acres of these
lands, situated in ten different counties, in trust
for the founding of an institution of learning,
intended particularly "to qualify young men for
the gospel ministry." The citizens of Carlinville
donated funds wherewith to purchase eighty
acres of land, near that city, as a site, which was
included in the deed of trust. The enterprise
lay dormant for many years, and it was not until
1857 that the institution was formally incorpo-
I'ated, and ten years later it was little more than
a high school, giving one course of instruction
considered particularly adapted to prospective
students of theologj'. At present (1898) there
are about 110 students in attendance, a faculty
of twelve instructors, and a theological, as well as
preparatory and collegiate departments. The
institution owns property valued at .?110,000, of
which §50,000 is represented by real estate and
$40,000 by endowment funds.
BLACE HAWE, a Chief of the Sac tribe of
Indians, reputed to have been born at Kaskaskia
in 1767. (It is also claimed that he was born on
Rock River, as well as within the present limits
of Hancock Count}'.) Conceiving that his people
had been wrongfully despoiled of lands belonging
to them, in 1832 he inaugurated what is com-
monly known as the Black Hawk War. His
Indian name was Slakabaimishekiakiak, signify-
ing Black Sparrow Hawk. He was ambitious, but
susceptible to flattery, and while having many of
the qualities of leadership, was lacking in moral
force. He was always attached to British inter-
ests, and unquestionably received British aid of a
HISTOKTCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
49
substantial sort. After his defeat he was made
the ward of Keokuk, another Chief, which
liuiniliation of his pride broke his heart. He died
on a reservation set apart for him in Iowa, in
1838, aged 71. His body is said to have been
exhumed nine months after death, and his articu-
lated skeleton is alleged to have been preserved
in the rooms of the Burlington (la.) Historical
Society until 1855, when it was destroyed by fire.
(See also Black Haii-k War: Appendix.)
BLACKSTONE, Timothy B., Railway Presi-
dent, was born at Branford, Conn., March 28,
1829. After receiving a common school educa-
tion, supplemented bj- a course in a neighboring
academy, at 18 he began the practical study of
engineering in a corps employed by the New
York & New Hampshire Railway Company, and
the same year became assistant engineer on the
Stockbridge & Pittsfield Railway. While thus
employed he applied himself diligently to the
study of the theoretical science of engineering,
and, on coming to Illinois in 1851, was qualified
to accept and fill the position of division engineer
(from Bloomington to Dixon) on the Illinois Cen-
tral Railway. On the completion of the main
line of that road in 1855, he was appointed Chief
Engineer of the Joliet & Chicago Railroad, later
becoming financially interested therein, and
being chosen President of the corporation on the
completion of the line. In January, 1864, the
Chicago & Joliet was leased in perpetuity to the
Chicago & Alton Railroad Company. Mr. Black-
stone then became a Director in the latter organi-
zation and, in April following, was chosen its
President. This oflice he filled uninterruptedly
until April 1,1899, when the road passed into the
hands of a syndicate of other lines. He was also
one of the original incorporators of the Union
Stock Yards Company, and was its President from
1864 to 1868. His career as a railroad man was con-
spicuous for its long service, the iminterrupted
success of his management of the enterprises
entrusted to his hands and his studious regard for
the interests of stockholders. Tliis was illustrated
by the fact that, for some thirty years, the Chicago
& Alton Railroad paid dividends on its preferred
and common stock, ranging from 6 to 8J^ per cent
per annum, and, on disposing of his stock conse-
quent on the transfer of the line to a new corpora-
tion in 1899, Mr. Blackstone rejected off ers for his
stock — aggregating nearly one-third of the whole
— which would have netted him $1,000,000 in
excess of the amount received, because he was
unwilling to use his position to reap an advantage
over smaller stockholders. Died, May 26, 1900.
BLACKWELL, Robert S., lawyer, was born
at Belleville, 111., in 1823. He belonged to a
jjrominent family in the early history of the
State, his father, David Blackwell, who was also
a lawyer and settled in Belleville about 1819,
having been a member of the Second General
Assembly (1820) from St. Clair County, and also
of the Fourth and Fifth. In April, 1823, he was
appointed by Governor Coles Secretary of State,
succeeding Judge Samuel D. Lockwood, after-
wards a Justice of the Supreme Court, who had
just received from President Monroe the appoint-
ment of Receiver of Public Moneys at the
Edwardsville Land Office. Mr. Blackwell served
in the Secretary's office to October, 1824, during
a part of the time acting as editor of "The Illinois
Intelligencer,'" which had been removed from
Kaskaskia to Vandalia, and in which he strongly
opposed the policy of making Illinois a slave
State. He finally died in Belleville. Robert
Blackwell, a brother of David and the uncle of
the subject of this sketch, was joint owner with
Daniel P. Cook, of "The Illinois Herald" — after-
wards "The Intelligencer" — at Kaskaskia, in
1816, and in April, 1817, succeeded Cook in the
office of Territorial Auditor of Public Accounts,
being himself succeeded by Elijah C. Berry, who
had become his partner on "The Intelligencer,"
and served as Auditor until tlie organization of
the State Government in 1818. Blackwell & Berry
were chosen State Printers after the removal of
the State capital to Vandalia in 1820, serving -in
this capacity for some years. Robert Blackwell
located at Vandalia and served as a member of
the House from Fayette County in the Eighth
and Ninth General Assemblies (1832-36) and in
the Senate, 1840-42. Robert S. — the son of David,
and the younger member of this somewhat
famovis and historic family— whose name stands at
the head of this paragraph, attended the common
schools at Belleville in his boyhood, but in early
manhood removed to Galena, where he engaged
in mercantile pursuits. He later studied law
with Hon. O. H. Browning at Quincy, beginning
practice at Rushville, where he was associated
for a time with Judge Minshall. In 1852 he
removed to Chicago, having for his first partner
Corydon Beckwith, afterwards of the Supreme
Court, still later being associated with a number
of prominent lawyers of that day. He is de-
scribed by his biographers as "an able lavryer, an
eloquent advocate and a brilliant scholar."
"Blackwell on Tax Titles," from his pen, has been
accepted by the profession as a high authority on
that branch of law. He also published a revision
50
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
of t}ie Statutes in 1858, and began an "Abstract
of Decisions of the Supreme Court, " which had
reached the third or fourth volume at his death,
May 16, 1863.
BLAIR, William, merchant, was born at
Homer. Cortland County, N. Y., May 20, 1818,
being descended through five generations of New
England ancestors. After attending school in
the toi\Ti of Cortland, which became his father's
residence, at the age of 14 he obtained employ-
ment in a stove and hardware store, four years
later (1836) coming to Joliet, III., to take charge
of a branch store which the firm had established
there. The next year he purchased the stock and
continued the business on his own account. In
August, 1842, he removed to Chicago, where he
established the earliest and one of the most
extensive wholesale hardware concerns in that
city, with which he remained connected nearly
fifty years. During this period he was associated
with various partners, including C. B. Nelson,
E. G. Hall, O. W. Belden, James H. Horton and
others, besides, at times, conducting the business
alone. He suffered by the fire of 1871 in common
with other business men of Chicago, but promptly
resumed business and, within the next two or
three years, had erected business blocks, succes-
sively, on Lake and Randolph Streets, but retired
from business in 1888. He was a Director of the
Merchants' National Bank of Chicago from its
organization in 186.5, as also for a time of the
Atlantic & Pacific Telegraph Company and the
Chicago Gaslight & Coke Company, a Trustee of
Lake Forest University, one of the Managers of
the Presbyterian Hospital and a member of the
Chicago Historical Society. Died in Chicago,
May 10, 1899.
BLAKELY, David, journalist, was born in
Franklin County, Vt., in 1834; learned the print-
er's trade and graduated from the University of
Vermont in 1857. He was a member of a musical
family which, under the name of "The Blakely
Family," made several successful tours of the
West. He engaged in journalism at Rochester,
Minn., and, in 1862, was elected Secretary of
State and ex-officio Superintendent of Schools,
serving until 1865, when lie resigned and, in
partnership with a brother, bought "The Chicago
Evening Post," with which he was connected at
the time of the great fire and for some time after-
ward. Later, he returned to Minnesota and
became one of the proprietors and a member of
the editorial staff of "The St. Paul Pioneer-Press. "
In his later years Mr. Blakely was President of
the Blakely Printing Company, of Chicago, also
conducting a large printing business in New
York, which was his residence. He was manager
for several years of the celebrated Gilmore Band
of musicians, and also instrumental in organizing
tlie celebrated Sousa's Band, of which he was
manager up to the time of his decease in New
York, Nov. 7, 1896.
BLAKEMAN, Curtiss, sea-captain, and pioneer
settler, came from New England to Madison
Count}', 111., in 1819, and settled in what was
afterwards known as the "Marine Settlement," of
which he was one of the founders. This settle-
ment, of which the present town of Marine (first
called Madison) was the outcome, took its name
from the fact that several of the early settlers, like
Captain Blakeman, were sea-faring men. Captain
Blakeman became a prominent citizen and repre-
sented Madison County in the lower branch of
the Third and Fourth General Assemblies (1822
and 1824), in the former being one of the opponents
of the pro-slavery amendment of the Constitution.
A son of his, of the same name, was a Represent-
ative in the Thirteenth, Fifteenth and Sixteenth
General Assemblies from JIadison County.
BLANC HARD, Jonathan, clergyman and edu
cator, was born in Rockingham, Vt., Jan. 19,
1811; graduated at Middlebury College in 1832;
then, after teaching some time, spent two years
in Andover Theological Seminary, finally gradu-
ating in theologj" at Lane Seminary, Cincinnati,
in 1838, where he remained nine years as pastor
of the Sixtli Presbyterian Church of that city.
Before this time he had become interested in
various reforms, and, in 1843, was sent as a
delegate to tlie second World's Anti-Slavery
Convention in London, serving as the American
Vice-President of that body. In 1846 he assmned
the Presidency of Knox College at Galesburg,
remaining until 1858, during his connection
with that institution doing much to increase its
capacity and resources. After two j-ears spent in
pastoral work, he accepted (1860) the Presidency
of Wheaton College, which he continued to fill
until 1882, when he was chosen President Emer-
itus, remaining in this position until his death.
May 14, 1892.
BLAXDINSTILLE, a tovm in McDonough
County, on the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw Rail-
road, 26 miles southeast of Burlington, Iowa, and
64 miles west by soutli from Peoria. It is a ship-
ping point for the grain grown in the surround-
ing countrj', and has a grain elevatoi and steam
flour and saw mills. It also has banks, two
weekly newspapers and several churches. Popu-
lation (1890), 877; (1900), 995.
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
51
BLANEY, Jerome Van Zandt, early physician,
born at Newcastle, Del., May 1, 1820; was edu-
cated at Princeton and graduated in medicine at
Philadelphia when too yovmg to receive his
diploma; in 1842 came west and joined Dr. Daniel
Brainard in founding Rush Medical College at
Chicago, for a time filling three chairs in that
institution ; also, for a time, occupied the chair of
Chemistry and Natural Philosophy in Northwest-
ern University. In 1861 he was appointed Sur-
geon, and afterwards Medical Director, in the
army, and was Surgeon -in-Chief on the staff of
General Sheridan at the time of the battle of
Winchester; after the war was delegated by the
Government to pay off medical officers in the
Northwest, in this capacity disbiu'sing over §600,-
000 ; finally retiring with the rank of Lieutenant-
Colonel. Died. Dec. 11, 1874.
BLATCHFOKD, Eliphalet Wickes, LL.D.,
son of Dr. John Blatchford, was born at Stillwater,
N. Y. , May 31, 1826; being a grandson of Samuel
Blatchford, D.D.,who came to New York from
England, in 1795. He prepared for college at Lan-
singburg Academy. New York, and at Marion
College, Mo. , finally graduating at Illinois College,
Jacksonville, in the class of 1845. After graduat-
ing, he was employed for several years in the law
offices of his imcles, R. M. and E. H. Blatchford,
New York. For considerations of health he re-
turned to the West, and, in 1850, engaged in busi-
ness for himself as a lead manufacturer in St.
Louis, Mo., afterwards associating with him the
late Morris Collins, under the firm name of Blatch-
ford & Collins. In 1854 a branch was established
in Chicago, known as Collins & Blatchford. After
a few years the firm was dissolved, Mr. Blatch-
ford taking the Chicago business, which has
continued as E. W. Blatchford & Co. to the pres-
ent time. While Mr. Blatchford has invariably
declined political offices, he has been recognized
as a staunch Republican, and the services of few
men have been in more frequent request for
positions of trust in connection with educational
and benevolent enterprises. Among the numer-
ous positions of this character which he has been
called to fill are those of Treasurer of the North-
western Branch of the United States Sanitary
Commission, during the Civil War, to which he
devoted a large part of his time ; Trustee of Illi-
nois College (1866-75); President of the Chicago
Academy of Sciences ; a member, and for seven-
teen years President, of the Board of Trustees of
the Chicago Eye and Ear Infirmary ; Trustee of
the Chicago Art Institute ; Executor and Trustee
of the late Walter L. Newberry, and, since its
incorporation. President of the Board of Trustees
of The Newberry Library; Trustee of the John
Crerar Library; one of the founders and Presi-
dent of the Board of Trustees of the Chicago
Manual Training School; life member of the
Chicago Historical Society; for nearly forty
years President of the Board of Directors of the
Chicago Theological Seminary; during his resi-
dence in Chicago an officer of the New England
Congregational Chm-ch; a corporate member of
the American Board of Commissioners for For-
eign Missions, and for fourteen years its Vice-
President; a charter member of the City
Missionary Society, and of the Congregational
Club of Chicago; a member of the Chicago
Union League, the University, the Literary and
the Commercial Clubs, of which latter he has
been President. Oct. 7, 1858, Mr. Blatchford was
married to Miss Mary Emily Williams, daughter
of John C. Williams, of Chicago. Seven children —
four sons and three daughters — have blessed this
union, the eldest son, Paul, being to-day one of
Chicago's valued business men. Mr. Blatchford's
life has been one of ceaseless and successful
activity in business, and to him Chicago owes
much of its prosperity. In the giving of time
and money for Christian, educational and benevo-
lent enterprises, he has been conspicuous for his
generosity, and noted for his valuable counsel and
executive ability in carrying these enterprises to
success.
BLATCHFORD, John, D.D., was born at New-
field (now Bridgeport), Conn., May 34, 1799;
removed in childhood to Lansingburg, N. Y.,
and was educated at Cambridge Academy and
Union College in that State, graduating in 1820.
He finished his theological course at Princeton,
N. J., in 1823, after which he ministered succes-
sively to Presbyterian churches at Pittstown and
Stillwater, N. Y., in 1830 accepting the pastorate
of the First Congregational Church of Bridge-
port, Conn. In 1836 he came to the West, sjjend-
ing the following winter at Jacksonville, 111. , and,
in 1837, was installed the first pastor of the First
Presbyterian Church of Chicago, where he
remained imtil compelled by failing health to
resign and return to the East. In 1841 he ac-
cepted the chair of Intellectual and Moral Phi-
losophy at Marion College, Mo., subsequently
assuming the Presidency. The institution having
been purchased by the Free Masons, In 1844, he
removed to West Ely, Mo., and thence, in 1847,
to Quincy, 111., where he resided during the
remainder of his life. His death occurred in St.
Louis, April 8, 1855. The churches he served
52
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
testified strongly to Dr. Blatchford's faithful,
acceptable and successful performance of his
ministerial duties. He was married in 1825 to
Frances Wickes, daughter of Eliphalet Wickes,
Esq.. of Jamaica, Long Island, N. Y.
BLEDSOE, Albert Taylor, teacher and law-
yer, was born in Frankfort, Ky., Nov. 9, 1809;
graduated at West Point Military Academy in
1830, and, after two years' service at Fort Gib-
son. Indian Territory, retired from the army in
1832. During 1833-34 he was Adjunct Professor
of Mathematics and teacher of French at Kenyon
College, Ohio, and, in 1835-36, Professor of
Mathematics at Miami University. Then, hav-
ing studied theologj", he served for several years
as rector of Episcopal churches in Ohio. In 1838
he settled at Springfield. 111., and began the prac-
tice of law, remaining several years, when he
removed to Wasliington, D. C. Later he became
Professor of Mathematics, first (1848-54) in the
University of Mississippi, and (1854-61) in the
University of Virginia. He then entered the
Confederate service with the rank of Colonel,
but soon became Acting Assistant Secretary of
War ; in 1863 visited England to collect material
for a work on the Constitution, which was pub-
lished in 1866, when he settled at Baltimore,
where he began the publication of "The Southern
Review," which became the recognized organ of
the Methodist Episcopal Church South. Later
he became a minister of the Methodist Church.
He gained considerable reputation for eloquence
during his residence in Illinois, and was the
author of a number of works on reUgious and
political subjects, the latter maintaining the
right of secession; was a man of recognized
ability, but lacked stability of character. Died
at Alexandria, Va. . Dec. 8. 1877.
BLODGETT, Henry Williams, jurist, was born
at Amherst, Mass., in 1821. At the age of 10
years he removed with his parents to Illinois,
where he attended the district schools, later
returning to Amherst to spend a year at the
Academy. Returning home, he spent the years
1839-42 in teaching and surveying. In 1842 he
began the study of law at Chicago, being
admitted to the bar in 1845, and beginning prac-
tice at Waukegan, 111., where he has continued
to reside. In 1852 he was elected to the lower
house of the Legislature from Lake County, as
an anti-slavery candidate, and, in 1858, to the
State Senate, in the latter serving four years.
He gained distinction as a railroad solicitor, being
employed at different times by the Chicago &
Northwestern, the Chicago, Slilwaukee & St.
Paul, the Michigan Southern and the Pittsburg
& Fort Wayne Companies. Of the second named
road he was one of the projectors, procuring its
charter, and being identified with it in the sev-
eral capacities of Attorney, Director and Presi-
dent. In 1870 President Grant appointed him
Judge of the United States District Court for the
Northern District of Illinois. This position he
continued to occupy for twenty-two years, resign-
ing it in 1892 to accept an appointment by Presi-
dent Cleveland as one of the counsel for the
United States before the Behring Sea Arbitrators
at Paris, which was his last official service.
BLOOMIXGDALE, a village of Du Page County,
30 miles west bj- north from Chicago. Population
(1880), 226; (1890), 463; (1900), 235.
BLOOMINGTON, the county-seat of McLean
County, a flourishing city and railroad center, GO
miles northeast of Springfield. Coal is mined in
the surrounding countrj'. Besides car-shops and
repair works, employing between 1,000 and 3,000
hands, there are manufactories of stoves and
furnaces, plows, separators and flour. Nurseries
in tlie vicinity are numerous, and horse-breeding
receives much attention. The citj' is the seat of
the Illinois Wesleyan College and a Roman
Catholic College, and has eight or nine news-
papers (three published daily) besides educational,
trade and society publications. Bloomingtou has
paved streets and electric railways, the latter
connecting the city with Normal (two miles dis-
tant), which is the site of the "State Normal
University" and "Soldiers' Orphans' Home.''
Population (1890), 20,484; (1900), 23,286.
BLOOMINGTON C0>TE>T10>' OF 1856.
Although not formallj- called as sucli, this was
the first Republican State Convention held in
Illinois, out of which grew a permanent Repub-
lican organization in the State. A mass conven-
tion of those opposed to the repeal of the Missouri
Compromise (known as an "Anti-Nebraska
Convention") was held at Springfield during the
week of the State Fair of 1854 (on Oct. 4 and 5),
and, although it adopted a platform in harmony
with the principles which afterwards became the
foundation of the Republican party, and appointed
a State Central Committee, besides putting in
nomination a candidate for State Treasurer — the
only State officer elected that year — the organi-
zation was not perpetuated, the State Central
Committee failing to organize. The Bloomington
Convention of 1856 met in accordance with a call
issued by a State Central Committee appointed
by the Convention of Anti-Nebraska editors lield
at Decatur on February 22, 1856. (See Anti-Neb-
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
53
raska Editorial Convention.) The call did not
even contain the word "Republican," but was
addressed to those opposed to the principles of
the Nebraska Bill and the policy of the existing
Democratic administration. The Convention
met on May 29, 1856, the date designated by the
Editorial Convention at Decatur, but was rather
in the nature of a mass than a delegate conven-
tion, as party organizations existed in few coun-
ties of the State at that time. Consequently
representation was very unequal and followed no
systematic rule. Out of one hundred counties
into which the State was then divided, only
seventy were represented by delegates, ranging
from one to twenty-five each, leaving thirty
counties (embracing nearly the whole of the
southern part of the State) entirely unrepre-
sented. Lee County had the largest representa-
tion (twenty-five), Morgan County (the home of
Richard Yates) coming next with twenty dele-
gates, while Cook County had seventeen and
Sangamon had five. The whole number of
delegates, as shown by the contemporaneous
record, was 269. Among the leading spirits in
the Convention were Abraham Lincoln, Archi-
bald Williams, O. H. Browning, Richard Yates,
John M. Palmer, Owen Lovejoy, Norman B.
Judd, Burton C. Cook and others who afterwards
became prominent in State politics. The delega-
tion from Cook County included the names of
John Wentworth, Grant Goodrich, George
Schneider, Mark Skinner, Charles H. Ray and
Charles L. Wilson. The temporary organization
was effected with Archibald Williams of Adams
County in the chair, followed by the election of
John M. Palmer of Macoupin, as Permanent
President. The other officers were: Vice-Presi-
dents— John A. Davis of Stephenson; William
Ross of Pike; James McKee of Cook; John H.
Bryant of Bureau; A. C. Harding of Warren;
Richard Yates of Morgan; Dr. H. C. Johns of
Macon; D. L. Phillips of Union; George Smith
of Madison ; Thomas A. Marshall of Coles ; J. M.
Ruggles of Mason ; G.D. A. Parks of Will, and John
Clark of Schuyler. Secretaries — Henry S. Baker
of Madison ; Charles L. Wilson of Cook ; John
Tillson of Adams; Washington Bushnell of La
Salle, and B. J. F. Hanna of Randolph. A State
ticket was put in nomination consisting of
William H. Bissell for Governor (by acclama-
tion); Francis A. Hoffman of Du Page County,
for Lieutenant-Governor; Ozias M. Hatch of
Pike, for Secretary of State ; Jesse K. Dubois of
Lawrence, for Auditor; James Miller of McLean,
for Treasurer, and William H. Powell of Peoria,
for Superintendent of Public Instruction. Hoff-
man, having been found ineligible by lack of resi-
dence after the date of naturalization, withdrew,
and his place was subsequently filled by the
nomination of John Wood of Quincy. The plat-
form adopted was outspoken in its pledges of
unswerving loyalty to the Union and opposition
to the extension of slavery into new territory. A
delegation was appointed to the National Con-
vention to be held in Philadelphia on June 17,
following, and a State Central Committee was
named to conduct the State campaign, consisting
of James C. Conkling of Sangamon County;
Asahel Gridley of McLean; Burton C. Cook of
La Salle, and Charles H. Ray and Norman B.
Judd of Cook. The principal speakers of the
occasion, before the convention or in popular
meetings held while the members were present in
Bloomington, included the names of O. H. Brown-
ing, Owen Lovejoy, Abraham Lincoln, Burton
C. Cook, Richard Yates, the venerable John
Dixon, founder of the city bearing his name, and
Governor Reeder of Pennsylvania, who had been
Territorial Governor of Kansas by appointment
of President Pierce, but had refused to carry out
the policy of the administration for making
Kansas a slave State. None of the speeches
were fully reported, but that of Mr. Lincoln has
been universally regarded by those who heard it
as the gem of the occasion and the most brilliant
of his life, foreshadowing his celebrated "house-
divided-against-itself" speech of June 17, 1858.
John L. Scripps, editor of "The Chicago Demo-
cratic Press," writing of it, at the time, to his
paper, said: "Never has it been our fortune to
listen to a more eloquent and masterly presenta-
tion of a subject. . . . For an hour and a half he
(Mr. Lincoln) held the assemblage siiellbound by
the power of his argument, the intense irony of
his invective, and the deep earnestness and fervid
brilliancy of his eloquence. When he concluded,
the audience sprang to their feet and cheer after
cheer told how deeply their hearts had been
touched and their souls warmed up to a generous
enthusiasm." At the election, in November
following, although the Democratic candidate
for President carried the State by a plurality of
over 9,000 votes, the entire State ticket put in
nomination at Bloomington was successful by
majorities ranging from 3,000 to 20,000 for the
several candidates.
BLUE ISLAND, a village of Cook County, on
the Calumet River and the Chicago, Rock Island
& Pacific, the Chicago & Grand Trunk and
the Illinois Central Railways, 15 miles south of
54
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Chicago. It has a high school, churches and two
newspapers, besides brick, smelting and oil works.
Population (1890), 2,521; (1900), 6,1U.
BLUE ISLAND RAILROAD, a short line 3.96
miles in lengtli, lying wholly within Illinois;
capital stock §25,000; operated by the Illinois
Central Railroad Comijanj'. Its funded debt
(1895) was 8100,000 and its floating debt, S3, 779.
BLUE MOUND, a town of Macon County, on
the Wabash Railway, 14 miles southeast of Deca-
tur; is in a grain and live-stock region; has a
bank and one newspaper. Population (1880), 532;
(1890), 696; (1900), 714.
BLUFFS, a village of Scott County, at the
junction of the Quincy and Hannibal branches of
the Wabash Railway, 52 miles west of Spring-
field; has a bank and a newspaper. Population
(1880), 162; (1890), 421; (1900), 539.
BOAL, Robert, M.D., physician and legis-
lator, born near Harrisburg, Pa., in 1806; was
brought by his parents to Ohio when five years
old and educated at Cincinnati, graduating from
the Ohio Medical College in 1828; settled at
Lacon, 111., in 1836, practicing there until 1862,
when, having been appointed Surgeon of the
Board of Enrollment for that District, he re-
moved to Peoria. Other public positions held by
Dr. Boal have been those of Senator in the
Fourteenth and Fifteenth General Assemblies
(1844-48), Representative in the Nineteenth and
Twentieth (18.54-58), and Trxistee of the Institu-
tion for the Deaf and Dumb at Jacksonville,
remaining in the latter position seventeen years
under the successive administrations of Gov-
ernors BLssell, Yates, Oglesby, Palmer and Bever-
idge — the last five years of his service being
President of the Board. He was also President
of the State Medical Board in 1883. Dr. Boal
continued to practice at Peoria until about 1890,
when he retired, and, in 1893, returned to Lacon
to reside with his daughter, the widow of the
late Colonel Greenbury L. Fort, for eight years
Representative in Congress from the Eighth
District.
BOARD OF ARBITRATION, a Bureau of the
State Government, created by an act of the Legis-
lature, approved August 2, 1895. It is appointed
by the Executive and is composed of three mem-
bers (not more than two of whom can belong to
the same political party), one of whom must be
an employer of labor and one a member of some
labor organization. The term of office for the
members first named was fixed at two years;
after March 1, 1897, it is to be three years, one
member retiring annually. A compensation of
.§1,500 per annum is allowed to each member of
the Board, while the Secretary, who must also be
a stenographer, receives a salary of §1,200 per
annum. When a controversy arises between an
individual, firm or corporation employing not less
than twenty-five persons, and his or its employes,
application may be made by the aggrieved
party to the Board for an inquiry into the
nature of the disagreement, or both parties may
unite in the submission of a case. The Board is
required to visit the locality, carefully investi-
gate the cause jf the dispute and render a deci-
sion as soon as practicable, the same to be at once
made public. If the application be filed by the
employer, it must be accompanied by a stipula-
tion to continue in business, and order no lock-out
for the space of three weeks after its date. In
like manner, complaining employes must promise
to continue peacefully at work, under existing
conditions, for a like period. The Board is
granted power to send for persons and papers and
to administer oaths to witne.sses. Its decisions
are binding upon applicants for six months after
rendition, or until either party shall have given
the other sixty days' notice in writing of his or
their intention not to be bound thereby. In case
the Board shall learn that a disagreement exists
between employes and an employer having less
than twenty-five persons in his employ, and that
a strike or lock-out is seriously threatened, it is
made the duty of the body to put itself into
communication with both employer and employes
and endeavor to effect an amicable settlement
between them by mediation. The absence of any
provision in the law prescribing penalties for its
violation leaves the observance of the law, in its
present form, dependent upon the volimtary
action of the parties interested.
BOARD OF EQUALIZATION, a body organ-
ized under act of the General Assembly, approved
March 8, 1867. It first consisted of twenty-five
members, one from each Senatorial District.
The first Board was appointed by the Governor,
holding office two years, afterwards becoming
elective for a term of four years. In 1872 the
law was amended, reducing the number of mem-
bers to one for each Congressional District, the
whole number at that time becoming nineteen,
with the Auditor as a member ex-officio, who
usually presides. From 1884 to 1897 it consisted
of twenty elective members, but, in 1897, it was
increased to twenty-two. The Board meets
annually on the second Tuesday of August. The
abstracts of the property assessed for taxation in
the. several counties of the State are laid before
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
55
it for examination and equalization, but it may
not reduce the aggregate valuation nor increase
it more than one per cent. Its powers over the
returns of the assessors do not extend beyond
equalization of assessments between counties.
The Board is required to consider the various
classes of property separately, and determine
such rates of addition to or deduction from the
listed, or assessed, valuation of each class as it
may deem equitable and just. The statutes pre-
scribe rules for determining the value of all the
classes of property enumerated — personal, real,
railroad, telegraph, etc. The valuation of the
capital stock of railroads, telegraph and other
corporations (except newspapers) is fixed by the
Board. Its consideration having been completed,
the Board is required to summarize the results of
its labors in a comparative table, which must be
again examined, compared and perfected.
Reports of each annual meeting, with the results
reached, are printed at the expense of the State
and distributed as are other public documents.
The present Board (1897-1901) consists by dis-
tricts of (1) George F. McKnight, (3) John J.
McKenna, (3) Solomon Simon, (4) Andrew Mc-
Ansh, (5) Albert Oberndorf, (6) Henry Severin,
(7) Edward S. Taylor, (8) Theodore S, Rogers,
(9) Charles A. Works, (10) Thomas P. Pierce, (11)
Samuel M. Barnes, (12) Frank P. Martin, (13)
Frank K. Robeson, (U) W. O. Cadwallader, (15)
J. S. Cruttenden, (16) H. D. Hirshheimer, (17)
Thomas N. Leavitt, (18) Joseph F. Long, (19)
Richard Cadle, (20) Charles Emerson, (21) John
W. Larimer, (22) William A. Wall, besides the
Auditor of Public Accounts as ex -officio member
— the District members being divided politically
in the proportion of eighteen Republicans to four
Democrats.
BOARD OF PUBLIC CHARITIES, a State
Bureau, created by act of the Legislature in
1869, upon the recommendation of Governor
Oglesby. The act creating the Board gives the
Commissioners supervisory oversight of the
financial and administrative conduct of all the
charitable and correctional institutions of the
State, with the exception of the penitentiaries,
and they are especially charged with looking
after and caring for the condition of the paupers
and the insane. As originally constituted the
Board consisted of five male members who em-
ployed a Secretary. Later provision was made
for the appointment of a female Commissioner.
The office is not elective. The Board has always
carefully scrutinized the accounts of the various
State charitable institutions, and, under its man-
agement, no charge of peculation against any
official connected with the same has ever been
substantiated ; there have been no scandals, and
only one or two isolated charges of cruelty to
inmates. Its supervision of the county jails and
almshouses has been careful and conscientious,
and has resulted in benefit alike to the tax-payers
and the inmates. The Board, at the close of the
year 1898, consisted of the following five mem-
bers, their terms ending as indicated in paren-
thesis: J. C. Cor bus (1898), R. D. Lawrence
(1899), Julia C. Lathrop (1900), William J. Cal-
houn (1901), Ephraim Banning (1903). J. C. Cor-
bus was President and Frederick H. Wines,
Secretary.
BOtrARDUS, Charles, legislator, was born
in Cayuga County, N. Y., March 28, 18-il, and
left an orphan at six years of age ; was educated
in the common schools, began working in a store
at 12, and, in 1862, enlisted in the 'One Hundred
and Fifty-first New York Infantry, being elected
First Lieutenant, and retiring from the service
as Lieutenant-Colonel "for gallant and meritori-
ous service" before Petersburg. While in the
service he participated in some of the most
important battles in Virginia, and was once
wounded and once captured. In 1873 he located
in Ford County, 111., where he has been a success-
ful operator in real estate. He has been twice
elected to the House of Representatives (1884 and
'86) and three times to the State Senate (1888,
'93 and '96), and has served on the most important
committees in each house, and has proved him-
self one of the most useful members. At the
session of 1895 he was chosen President pro tern.
of the Senate.
BOGGS, CarroU C, Justice of the Supreme
Court, was born in Fairfield, Wayne County,
111., Oct. 19, 1844, and still resides in his native
town; has held the offices of State's Attorney,
County Judge of Wayne Coimty, and Judge of
the Circuit Court for the Second Judicial Circuit,
being assigned also to Appellate Court duty. In
June, 1897, Judge Boggs was elected a Justice of
the Supreme Court to succeed Judge David J.
Baker, his term to continue until 1906.
BOLTWOOD, Henry L., the son of William
and Electa (Stetson) Boltwood, was born at Am-
herst, Mass., Jan. 17, 1831; fitted for college at
Amherst Academy and graduated from Amherst
College in 1853. While in college he taught
school every winter, commencing on a salary of
S4 per week and "boarding round" among the
scholars. After graduating he taught in acad-
emies at Limerick, Me., and at Pembroke and
56
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Derry, N. H., and in tlie high school at Law-
rence, Mass. ; also served as School Commissioner
for Rockingliam County, N. H. In 1864 lie went
into the service of the Sanitary Commission in
the Department of the Gulf, remaining until the
close of the war; was also ordained Chaplain of a
colored regiment, but was not regularly mustered
in. After the clo.se of the war he was employed
as Superintendent of Schools at Griggsville, 111.,
for two years, and, while there, in 1867, organ-
ized the first township high school ever organized
in the State, where he remained eleven years. He
afterwards organized the township high school at
Ottawa, remaining there five years, after which,
in 188.3, he organized and took charge of the
township high school at Evanston, where he has
since been employed in his profession as a teacher.
Professor Boltwood has been a member of the State
Board of Education and has served as President
of the State Teachers' Association. As a teacher
he has given special attention to English language
and literature, and to history, being the author
of an English Grammar, a High School Speller
and "Topical Outlines of General Historj-,"
besides many contributions to educational jour-
nals. He has done a great deal of institute work,
both in Illinois and Iowa, and has been known
somewhat as a tariff reformer.
BOND, Lester L., lawyer, was born at Raven-
na, Ohio, Oct. 27, 1829; educated in the common
schools and at an academy, meanwhile laboring
in local factories; studied law and was admitted
to the bar in 18.53, the following year coming to
Chicago, where he has given his attention chiefly
to practice in connection with patent laws. Mr.
Bond served several terms in the Chicago City
Council, was Republican Presidential Elector in
1868, and served two terms in the General Assem-
bly—1866-70.
BOND, Shadrach, first Territorial Delegate in
Congress from Illinois and first Governor of the
State, was born in Maryland, and, after being
liberally educated, removed to Kaskaskia while
Illinois was a part of the Northwest Territory.
He served as a member of the first Ten-itorial
Legislature (of Indiana Territory) and was the
first Delegate from the Territory of Illinois in
Congress, serving from 1812 to 1814. In the
latter year he was appointed Receiver of Public
Moneys ; he also held a commission as Captain in
the War of 1812. On the admission of the State,
in 1818, he was elected Governor, and occupied
the executive chair until 1822. Died at Kaskas-
kia, April 13, 1832.— Shadrach Bond, Sr., an uncle
of the preceding, came to Illinois in 1781 and was
elected Delegate from St. Clair Coimty (then
comprehending all Illinois) to the Territorial
Legislature of Northwest Territory, in 1799, and,
in 1804, to the Legislative Council of the newly
organized Territory of Indiana.
BOND COUNTY, a small county lying north-
east from St. Louis, having an area of 380 square
miles and a population 1900) of 16,078. The
first American settlers located here in 1807, com-
ing from the South, and building Hill's and
Jones's forts for protection from the Indians.
Settlement was slow, in 1816 there being scarcely
twenty-five log cabins in the county. The
county-seat is Greenville, where the first cabin
was erected in 181.5 by George Davidson. The
county was organized in 1818, and named in
honor of Gov. Shadrach Bond. Its original
limits included the present counties of Clinton,
Fayette and Montgomery. Tlie first court was
held at Perryville, and, in May, 1817, Judge
Jesse B. Thomas presided over the first Circuit
Court at Hill's Station. The first court house
was erected at Greenville in 1822. The county
contains good timber and farming lands, and at
some points, coal is found near the surface.
BONNEY, Charles Carroll, lawyer and re-
former, was born in Hamilton, N. Y. , Sept. 4,
1831 ; educated at Hamilton Academy and settled
in Peoria, 111., in 18.50, where he pursued the
avocation of a teacher while studying law ; was
admitted to the bar in 1852, but removed to Chi-
cago in 1860, where he has since been engaged in
practice; served as President of the National
Law and Order League in New York in 188.5,
being repeatedly re-elected, and has also been
President of the Illinois State Bar Association, as
well as a member of the American Bar Associa-
tion. Among the reforms which he has advo-
cated are constitutional prohibition of special
legislation ; an e.xtension of equity practice to
bankruptcy and other law proceedings; civil serv-
ice pensions; State Boards of labor and capital,
etc. He has also published some treatises in book
form, chiefly on legal questions, besides editing
a volume of "Poems by Alfred W. Arrington,
with a sketch of his Character" (1869.) As Presi-
dent of the World's Congresses Auxiliary, in 1893,
Mr. Bonney contributed largely to the success of
that very interesting and important feature of
the great Columbian Exposition in Chicago.
BOONE, Levi D., M. D., early physician, was
born near Lexington, Ky., December, 1808 — a
descendant of the celebrated Daniel Boone; re-
ceived the degree of M. D. from Transylvania
University and came to Edwardsville, 111., at an
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS.
57
early day, afterwards locating at Hillsboro and
taking part in the Black Hawk War as Captain of
a cavalry company ; came to Chicago in 1836 and
engaged in the insiirance business, later resuming
the practice of his profession; served several
terms as Alderman and was elected Mayor in
1855 by a combination of temperance men and
Know- Nothings ; acquired a large property by
operations in real estate. Died, February,
1882
BOONE COUNTY, the smallest of the "north-
ern tier" of counties, having an area of only 290
square miles, and a population (1900) of 15,791.
Its surface is chiefly rolling prairie, and the
principal products are oats and corn. The earli-
est settlers came from New York and New Eng-
land, and among them were included Medkiff,
Dunham, Caswell, Cline, Towner, Doty and
Whitney. Later (after the Pottawattomies had
evacuated the country), came the Shattuck
brothers, Maria Hollenbeck and Mrs. BuUard,
Oliver Hale, Nathaniel Crosby, Dr. Whiting, H.
C. Walker, and the Neeley and Mahoney families.
Boone County was cut off from Winnebago, and
organized in 1837. being named in lienor of Ken-
tucky's pioneer. The first frame house in the
county was erected by S. F, Doty and stood for
fifty years in the village of Belvidere on the north
side of the Kishwaukee River. The county-seat
(Belvidere) was platted in 1837, and an academy
built soon after. The first Protestant church
was a Baptist society under the pastorate of Rev.
Dr. King.
BOURBONNAIS, a village of Kankakee County,
on the Illinois Central Railroad, 5 miles north of
Kankakee. Population (1890), 510; (1900), 595.
BOUTELL, Henry Sherman, lawyer and Con-
gressman, was born in Boston, Mass., March 14,
1856, graduated from the Northwestern Univer-
sity at Evanston, 111., in 1874, and from Harvard
in 1876; was admitted to the bar in Illinois in
1879, and to that of the Supreme Court of the
United States in 1885. In 1884 Mr. Boutell was
elected to the lower branch of the Thirty-fourth
General Assembly and was one of the '"103" who,
in the long struggle during the following session,
participated in the election of Gen. John A.
Logan to the United States Senate for the last
time. At a special election held in the Sixth
Illinois District in November, 1897, he was
elected Representative in Congress to fill the
vacancy caused by the sudden death of his pred-
ecessor, Congressman Edward D. Cooke, and at
the regular election of 1898 was re-elected to the
same position, receiving a plurality of 1,116 over
his Democratic competitor and a majority of 719
over all.
BOUTON, Nathaniel S., manufacturer, was
born in Concord, N. H., May 14, 1828; in his
youth farmed and taught school in Connecticut,
but in 1852 came to Chicago and was emplo3'ed
in a foundry firm, of which he soon afterwards
became a partner, in the manufacture of car-
wheels and railway castings. Later he became
associated with the American Bridge Company's
works, which was sold to the Illinois Central
Railroad Company in 1857, when he bought the
Union Car Works, which he operated until 1863.
He then became the head of the Union Foundry
Works, which having been consolidated with
the Pullman Car Works in 1886, he retired,
organizing the Bouton Foundry Company. Jlr.
Bouton is a Republican, was Commissioner of
Public Works for the city of Chicago two terms
before the Civil War, and served as Assistant
Quartermaster in the Eighty-eighth Illinois
Infantry (Second Board of Trade Regiment)
from 1862 until after the battle of Chickamauga.
BOYD, Thomas A., was born in Adams County,
Pa., June 25, 1830, and graduated at Marshall
College, Mercersburg, Pa., at the age of 18;
studied law at Chambersburg and was admitted
to the bar at Bedford in his native State, where
he practiced until 1856, when he removed to Illi-
nois. In 1861 he abandoned his practice to enlist
in the Seventeenth Illinois Infantry, in whicli lie
held the position of Captain. At tlie close of the
war he returned to his home at Lewistown, and,
in 1866, was elected State Senator and re-elected
at the expiration of his term in 1870, serving in
the Twenty-fifth, Twenty-sixth and Twenty-
seventh General Assemblies. He was also a
Republican Representative from Iiis District in
the Forty-fifth and Forty-sixth Congresses
(1877-81). Died, at Lewistown, May 28, 1897.
BRACEVILLE, a town in Grundy County, 61
miles by rail soutiiwest of Chicago. Coal mining
is the principal industry. Tlie town has two
banks, four cliurches and two weekly newspapers.
Population (1880), 278; (1890), 2,1.50; (1900), 1.669.
BRADFORD, a village of Stark County, on the
Buda and Rushville branch of tlie Chicago, Bur-
lington & Quincy Railway, 11 miles south of
Buda ; has a grain and live-stock trade ; one news-
paper is published here. Population (1880), .500;
(1890), 604; (1900), 773.
BBADSBY, William H., pioneer and Judge,
was born in Bedford County, Va., July 12, 1787.
He removed to Illinois early in life, and was the
first postmaster in Washington County (at Cov-
58
niSTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
ington), the first scliool-teacher and the first
Circuit and County Clerk and Recorder. At the
time of his death he was Probate and County
Judge. Besides being Clerk of all the courts, he
was virtuaUy County Treasurer, as he had cus-
tody of all the county's money. For several
years he was also Deputy United States Surveyor,
and in that capacity surveyed much of the south
part of the State, as far east as Wayne and Clay
Counties. Died at Nashville, 111 , August 21,
1839.
BRADWELL, James Bolesworth, lawyer and
editor, was born at Loughborough, England, April
16, 1828, and brought to America in infancy, his
parents locating in 1829 or '30 at Utica, N. Y. In
1833 they emigrated to Jacksonville, 111., but the
following year removed to Wheeling, Cook
County, settling on a farm, where the younger
Bradwell received his first lessons in breaking
prairie, splitting rails and tilling the soil. His
first schooling was obtained in a country log-
school-house, but, later, he attended the Wilson
Academy in Chicago, where he had Judge Lo-
renzo Sawyer for an instructor. He also took a
course in Knox College at Galesburg, then a
manual-labor school, supporting himself by work-
ing in a wagon and plow shop, sawing wood,
etc. In May, 1852, he was married to Miss Myra
Colby, a teacher, with whom he went to Mem-
phis, Term., the same j'ear, where they engaged
in teacliing a select school, the subject of this
sketch meanwhile devoting some attention to
reading law. He was admitted to the bar there,
but after a stay of less than two years in Mem-
phis, returned to Chicago and began practice.
In 1861 he was elected County Judge of Cook
County, and re-elected four years later, but
declined a re-election in 1869. The first half of
his term occurring during the progress of the
Civil War, he had the opportunity of rendering
some vigorous decisions which won for him the
reputation of a man of courage and infiexible
independence, as well as an incorruptible cham-
pion of justice. In 1872 he was elected to the
lower branch of the Twenty-eighth General
Assembly from Cook County, and re-elected in
18T4. He was again a candidate in 1882, and by
many believed to have been honestly elected,
though his opponent received the certificate. He
made a contest for the seat, and the majority of
the Committee on Elections reported in his
favor; but he was defeated through the treach-
ery and suspected corruption of a professed polit-
ical friend. He is the author of the law making
women eligible to school offices in Illinois and
allowing them to become Notaries Public, and
has always been a champion for equal rights for
women in the professions and as citizens. He
was a Second Lieutenant of the One Hundred and
Fifth Regiment, Illinois Militia, in 1848; presided
over the American Woman's Suffrage Associa-
tion at its organization in Cleveland; has been
President of the Chicago Press Club, of the Chi-
cago Bar Association, and. for a number of years,
the Historian of the latter; one of the founders
and President of the Union League Club, besides
being associated with many other social and
business organizations. At present (1899) he is
editor of "The Chicago Legal News," founded by
his wife thirty years ago, and with wliich he has
been identified in a business capacitj" from its
establishment. — MjTa Colby (Bradwell), the wife
of Judge BradweU, was born at Manchester, Vt.,
Feb. 12, 1831 — being descended on her mother's
side from the Chase family to which Bishop
Philander Chase and Salmon P. Chase, the latter
Secretary of the Treasury and Chief Justice of
the Supreme Court by appointment of Abraham
Lincoln, belonged. In infancy she was brought
to Portage, N. Y. , where she remained until she
was twelve years of age, when her family re-
moved west. She attended school in Kenosha,
Wis., and a seminary at Elgin, afterwards being
engaged in teaching. On Ma)- 18, 18.52, she was
married to Judge Bradwell, almost immediately
going to Memphis, Tenn. , where, with the assist-
ance of her husband, she conducted a select school
for some time, also teaching in the public schools,
when they returned to Chicago. In the early
part of the Civil War she took a deep interest in
the welfare of the soldiers in the field and their
families at home, becoming President of the
Soldiers' Aid Society, and was a leading spirit in
the Sanitary Fairs held in Chicago in 1863 and in
186,5. After the war she commenced the study
of law and, in 1868, began the publication of
"The Chicago Legal News," with which she re-
mained identified until her death — also publishing
bieniually an edition of the session laws after
each session of the General Assembly. After
passing a most creditable examination, applica-
tion was made for her admission to the bar in
1871, but denied in an elaborate decision rendered
by Judge C. B. Lawrence of the Supreme Court
of the State, on the sole ground of sex, as
was also done by the Supreme Court of the
United States in 1873, on the latter occasion
Chief Justice Chase dissenting. She was finally
admitted to the bar on March 28, 1892. and was
the first lady member of the State Bar Associ-
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
59
ation. Other organizations with wliich she was
identified embraced the Illinois State Press
Association, the Board of Managers of the Sol-
diers' Home (in war time), the "Illinois Industrial
School for Girls" at Evanston, the Washingtonian
Home, the Board of Lady Managers of the
World's Columbian Exposition, and Chairman of
the Woman's Committee on Jurisprudence of the
World's Congress Auxiliary of 1893. Although
much before the public during the latter years of
her life, she never lost the refinement and graces
which belong to a true woman. Died, at her
home in Chicago, Feb. 14, 1894.
BRAIDWOOD, a city in Will County, incorpo-
rated in 1860 ; is 58 miles from Chicago, on the
Chicago & Alton Railroad; an important coal-
mining point, and in the heart of a rich
agricultural region. It has a bank and a weekly
newspaper. Population (1890), 4,041 ; (1900), 3,379.
BRANSOJT, Nathaniel W., lawyer, was born in
Jacksonville, 111. , May 29, 1837 ; was educated in
the private and public schools of that city and at
Illinois College, graduating from the latter in
1857 ; studied law with David A. Smith, a promi-
nent and able lawyer of Jacksonville, and was
admitted to the bar in January, 1860, soon after
establishing himself in practice at Petersburg,
Menard County, where he has ever since resided.
In 1867 Mr. Branson was appointed Register in
Bankruptcy for the Springfield District — a po-
sition which he held thirteen years. He was also
elected Representative in the General Assembly
in 1873, by re-election in 1874 serving four years
in the stormy Twenty-eighth and Twenty-ninth
General Assemblies ; was a Delegate from Illinois
to the National Republican Convention of 1876,
and served for several years most efficiently as a
Trustee of the State Institution for the Blind at
Jacksonville, part of the time as President of the
Board. Politically a conservative Republican,
and in no sense an office-seeker, the official po-
sitions which he has occupied have come to him
unsought and in recognition of his fitness and
capacity for the proper discharge of their duties.
BRAYMAJf, Mason, lawyer and soldier, was
born in Buffalo, N. Y., May 33, 1813; brought up
as a farmer, became a printer and edited "The
Buffalo Bulletin." 1834-35; studied law and was
admitted to the bar in 1836; removed west in
1837, was City Attorney of Monroe, Mich., in 1838
and became editor of "The Louisville Adver-
tiser" in 1841. In 1843 he opened a law office in
Springfield, 111., and the following year was
appointed by Governor Ford a commissioner to
adjust the Mormon troubles, in which capacity
he rendered valuable service. In 1844-45 he was
appointed to revise the statutes of the State.
Later he devoted much attention to railroad
enterprises, being attorney of the Illinois Central
Railroad, 1851-55; then projected the construc-
tion of a railroad from Bird's Point, opposite
Cairo, into Arkansas, which was partially com-
pleted before the war, and almost wholly de-
stroyed during that period. In 1861 he entered
the service as Major of the Twenty-ninth IlUnois
Volunteers, taking part in a nmnber of the early
battles, including Fort Donelson and Shiloh;
was promoted to a colonelcy for meritorious con-
duct at the latter, and for a time served as
Adjutant-General on the staff of General McCler-
nand; was promoted Brigadier-General in Sep-
tember, 1863, at the close of the war receiving
the brevet rank of Major-General. After the
close of the war he devoted considerable atten-
tion to reviving his railroad enterprises in the
South; edited "The Illinois State Journal,"
1873- 73: removed to Wisconsin and was aji-
pointed Governor of Idaho in 1876, serving four
years, after which he retm-ned to Ripon, Wis.
Died, in Kansas City, Feb. 37, 1895.
BREESE, a town in Clinton Coimty, on the
Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway, 39
miles east of St. Louis ; has a bank and a weekly
newspaper. Population (1890), 808; (1900), 1,571.
BREESE, Sidney, statesman and jurist, was
born at Whitesboro, N. Y., (according to the
generally accepted authority) July 15, 1800.
Owing to a certain sensitiveness about his age in
his later years, it has been exceedingly difficult
to secure authentic data on the subject; but his
arrival at Kaskaskia in 1818, after graduating at
Union College, and his admission to the bar in
1820, have induced many to believe that the date
of his birth should be placed somewhat earlier.
He was related to some of the most prominent
families in New York, including the Livingstons
and the Morses, and, after his arrival at Kaskas-
kia, began the study of law with his friend Elias
Kent Kane, afterwards United States Senator.
Meanwhile, having served as Postmaster at Kas-
kaskia, he became Assistant Secretary of State,
and, in December, 1820, superintended the re-
moval of the archives of that office to Vandalia,
the new State capital. Later he was appointed
Prosecuting Attorney, serving in that position
from 1822 till 1827, when he became United
States District Attorney for Illinois. He was
the first official reporter of the Supreme Court,
issuing its first volume of decisions; served as
Lieutenant-Colonel of volunteers during the
GO
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Black Hawk War (1833) ; in 1833 was elected to
the circuit bench, and, in 1841, was advanced to
the Supreme bench, serving less than two years,
when he resigned to accept a seat in the United
States Senate, to wliich he was elected in 1843 as
the successor of Richard M. Young, defeating
Steplien A. Douglas in the first race of the latter
for the office. "While in the Senate (1843-49) he
served as Chairman of the Committee on Public
Lands, and was one of the first to suggest the
construction of a transcontinental railway to the
Pacific. He was also one of the originators and
active promoters in Congress of the Illinois Cen-
tral Railroad enterprise. He was Speaker of the
Illinois House of Representatives in 18.51. again
became Circuit Judge in 185.5 and returned to
the Supreme bench in 1857 and served more than
one term as Chief Justice, tlie last being in
1873-74. His home during most of his public life
in Illinois was at Carl3-le. His death occurred
at Pinckneyville, June 28. 1878.
BREXTANO, Lorenzo, was born at Mannheim,
in the Grand Duchy of Baden, Germany, Nov.
14, 1813; was educated at the Universities of
Heidelberg and Freiburg, receiving the degree of
LL.D., and attaining high honors, both profes-
sional and political. He was successively a
member of the Baden Chamber of Deputies and
of the Frankfort Parliament, and always a leader
of the revolutionist party. In 1849 he became
President of the Provisional Republican Gov-
ernment of Baden, but was, before long, forced
to find an asylum in the United States. He first
settled in Kalamazoo County, Jlich., as a farmer,
but, in 1859, removed to Chicago, where he was
admitted to the Illinois bar, but soon entered the
field of journalism, becoming editor and part
proprietor of "The Illinois Staats Zeitung." He
held various public offices, being elected to the
Legislature in 1862, serving five years as Presi-
dent of the Chicago Board of Education, was a
Republican Presidential Elector in 1868, and
United States Consul at Dresden in 1873 (a gen-
eral amnesty having been granted to the
participants in the revolution of 1848), and
Representative in Congress from 1877 to 1879.
Died, in Chicago, Sept. 17, 1891.
BRIDGEPORT, a town of Lawrence County,
on the Baltimore & Ohio .Southwestern Railroad,
14 miles west of Vincennes, Ind. It has a bank
and one weekly paper. Population (1900), 487.
BRIDGEPORT, a former suburb (now a part of
the city) of Chicago, located at the junction of
the Illinois & Michigan Canal with the South
Branch of the Chicago River. It is now the
center of the large slaughtering and packing
industry.
BRIDGEPORT & SOUTH CHICAGO RAIL-
WAY. (See Chicago & Northern Pacific Railroad.)
BRIGHTON, a village of Macoupin County, at
the intersection of the Chicago & Alton and the
Rock Island and St. Louis branch of the Chicago,
Burlington & Quincy Railways; coal is mined
here; has a newspaper. Population (1880), 691;
(1890), 697; (1900), 660.
BRIMFIELD, a town of Peoria County, on the
Buda and Rushville branch of the Chicago, Bur-
lington & Quincy Railway, 38 miles south of
Buda; coal-mining and farming are the chief
industries. It has one weekly paper and a bank.
Population (1880), 832; (1890), 719; (1900), 677.
BRISTOL, Frank Milton, clergyman, was born
in Orleans County, N. Y., Jan. 4, 1851; came
to Kankakee, 111., in boyhood, and having lost
liis father at 12 j-ears of age, spent the following
years in various manual occupations until about
nineteen years of age, when, having been con-
verted, he determined to devote his life to the
ministry. Tlirough the aid of a benevolent lady,
he was enabled to get two years' (1870-72) instruc-
tion at the Northwestern University, at Evans-
ton, afterwards supporting himself by preaching
at various points, meanwhile continuing his
studies at the University until 1877. After com-
pleting his course he served as pastor of some of
the most prominent Methodist churches in Chi-
cago, his last charge in the State being at Evans-
ton. In 1897 he was transferred to Washington
City, becoming pastor of the Metropolitan M. E.
Church, attended by President McKinley. Dr.
Bristol is an author of some repute and an orator
of recognized ability.
BROADWELL, Norman M., lawyer, was born
in Morgan Count}', 111., August 1, 1825; was edu-
cated in the common schools and at McKendree
and Illinois Colleges, but compelled by failing
health to leave college without graduating ; spent
some time in the book business, then began the
stud}' of medicine with a view to benefiting his
own health, but finally abandoned this and, about
1850, commenced the study of law in the office of
Lincoln & Herndon at Sjiringfield. Having been
admitted to the bar, he practiced for a time at
Pekin, but, in 1854. returned to Springfield,
where he spent the remainder of his life. In 1860
he was elected as a Democrat to the House of
Representatives from Sangamon County, serving
in the Twenty-second General Assembly. Otlier
oflices held by him included those of County
Judge (1863-65) and Mayor of the city of Spring-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
61
field, to which last position he was twice elected
(1867 and again in 1869). Judge Broadwell was
one of the most genial of men, popular, high-
minded and honorable in all his dealings. Died,
in Springfield, Feb. 28, 1893.
BROOKS, John Flavel, educator, was born
in Oneida County, New York, Dec. 3, 1801 ;
graduated at Hamilton College, 1828; studied
three years in the theological department of Yale
College ; was ordained to the Presbyterian min-
istry in 1831, and came to Illinois in the service
of the American Home Missionary Society.
After preaching at Collinsville, Belleville and
other points, Mr. Brooks, who was a member of
the celebrated "Yale Band," in 1837 assumed the
principalship of a Teachers' Seminary at Waverly,
Morgan County, but three years later removed to
Springfield, where he established an academy for
both sexes. Although finally compelled to
abandon this, he continued teaching with some
interruptions to within a few years of his death,
which occurred in 1886. He was one of the Trus-
tees of Illinois College from its foundation up to
his death.
BROSS, William, journalist, was born in Sus-
sex County, N. J., Nov. 14, 1813, and graduated
with honors from Williams College in 1838, hav-
ing previously developed his physical strength
by much hard work upon the Delaware and
Hudson Canal, and in the lumbering trade. For
five years after graduating he was a teacher, and
settled in Chicago in 1848. Th3re he first engaged
in bookselling, but later embarked in journalism.
His first publication was "The Prairie Herald," a
religious paper, which was discontinued after
two years. In 1852, in connection with John L.
Scripps, he founded "The Democratic Press,"
which was consolidated with "The Tribune" in
1858, Mr. Bross retaining his connection with tlie
new concern. He was always an ardent free-
soiler, and a firm believer in the great future of
Cliicago and the Northwest. He was an entliusi-
astio Republican, and, in 1856 and 1860, served as
an effective campaign orator. In 1864 he was
the successful nominee of his party for Lieuten-
ant-Governor. This was his only official position
outside of a membership in the Chicago Common
Council in 1855. As a presiding officer, he was
dignified yet affable, and his impartiality was
shown by the fact that no appeals were taken
from his decisions. After quitting public life he
devoted much time to literary pursuits, deliver-
ing lectures in various parts of the country.
Among his best known works are a brief "His-
tory of Chicago," "History of Camp Douglas,"
and "Tom Quick." Died, in Chicago, Jan. 27,
1890.
BROWN, Henry, lawyer and historian, was
born at Hebron, Tolland County, Conn., May 13,
1789 — the son of a commissary in the army of
General Greene of Revolutionary fame; gradu-
ated at Yale College, and, when of age, removed
to New York, later studying law at Albany,
Canandaigua and Batavia, and being admitted to
the bar about 1813, when he settled down in
practice at Cooperstown ; in 1816 was appointed
Judge of Herkimer County, remaining on the
bench until about 1824. He then resumed prac-
tice at Cooperstown, continuing until 1836, when
he removed to Chicago. The following j'ear he
was elected a Justice of the Peace, serving two
years, and, in 1842, became Prosecuting Attorney
of Cook County. During this period he was
engaged in writinga "History of Illinois," which
was published in New York in 1844 This was
regarded at the time as the most voluminous and
best digested work on Illinois history that had as
yet been published. In 1846, on assuming the
Presidency of tlie Chicago Lycemn, he delivered
an inaugural entitled "Cliicago, Present and
Future," which is still preserved as a striking
prediction of Chicago's future greatness. Origi-
nally a Democrat, he became a Freesoiler in 1848.
Died of cholera, in Chicago, May 16, 1849.
BROWN, James B., journalist, was born in
Gilmanton, Belknap County, N. H., Sept. 1,
1833 — his father being a member of the Legisla-
ture and Selectman for his town. The son was
educated at Gilmanton Academy, after which he
studied medicine for a time, but did not gradu-
ate. In 1857 he removed West, first settling at
Dunleith, Jo Daviess County, 111., where he
became Principal of the public schools; in 1861
was elected County Superintendent of Schools
for Jo Daviess County, removing to Galena two
years later and assuming the editorship of "The
Gazette" of that city. Mr. Brown also served as
Postmaster of Galena for several years. Died,
Feb. 13, 1896.
BROWN, James N., agriculturist and stock-
man, was born in Fayette County, Ky., Oct. 1,
1806; came to Sangamon County, 111., in 1833,
locating at Island Grove, where he engaged
extensively in farming and stock-raising. He
served as Representative in the General Assem-
blies of 1840, '42, '46, and '52, and in the last was
instrumental in securing the incorporation of the
Illinois State Agricultural Society, of which he
was chosen the first President, being re-elected in
1854. He was one of the most enterprising grow-
€2
niSTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
ers of blooded cattle in the State and did much to
introduce them in Central Illinois ; was also an
earnest and influential advocate of scientific
education for the agricultural classes and an
efficient colaborer %yith Prof. J. B. Turner, of
Jacksonville, in securing the enactment by Con-
gress, in 1862, of the law granting lands for the
endowment of Industrial Colleges, out of which
grew the Illinois State University and institu-
tions of like character in other States. Died,
Nov. 16, 1868.
BROWN, William, lawyer and jurist, was born
June 1, 1819, in Cumberland, England, his par-
ents emigrating to this countrj' when he was
eight years old, and settling in Western New
York. He was admitted to the bar at Rochester,
in October, 1845, and at once removed to Rock-
ford, 111., where he commenced practice. In 18.53
he was elected State's Attorney for the Four-
teenth Judicial Circuit, and, in 18.57, was chosen
Mayor of Rockford. In 1870 he was elected to
the bench of the Circuit Court as successor to
Judge Sheldon, later was promoted to the Su-
preme Court, and was re-elected successively in
1873, in '79 and '85. Died, at Rockford, Jan. 15,
1891.
BROWN, William H., lawyer and financier,
was born in Connecticut, Dec. 20, 1796; spent
his boyhood at Auburn, N. Y., studied law, and,
in 1818, came to Illinois with Samuel D. Lock-
wood (afterwards a Justice of the State Supreme
Court), descending the Ohio River to Shawnee-
town in a flat-boat. Mr. Brown visited Kaskas-
kia and was soon after appointed Clerk of the
United States District Court by Judge Nathaniel
Pope, removing, in 1820, to Vandalia, the new
State capital, where he remained until 1835. He
then removed to Chicago to accept the position of
Cashier of the Chicago branch of the State Bank
of Illinois, which he continued to fill for many
years. He served the city as School Agent for
thirteen years (1840-53), managing the city's
school fund through a critical period with great
discretion and success. He was one of the group
of earl}' patriots who successfully resisted the
attempt to plant slavery in Illinois in 1823-24;
was also one of the projectors of the Chicago &
Galena Union Railroad, was President of the
Chicago Historical Society for seven years and
connected with many other local enterprises.
He was an ardent personal friend of President
Lincoln and served as Representative in the
Twenty-second General Assembly (1860-62).
While making a tour of Europe he died of paraly-
sis at Amsterdam, June 17, 1867.
BROWN COUNTY, situated in the western
part of the State, with an area of 300 square
miles, and a population (1890) of 11,951; was cut
off from Schuyler and made a separate county in
May, 1839, being named in honor of Gen. Jacob
Brown. Among the pioneer settlers were the
Vandeventers and Hambaughs, John and David
Six, William McDaniel, Jeremiah Walker,
Willis O'Neil, Harry Lester, John Ausmus and
Robert H. Curry. The county-seat is Mount
Sterling, a town of no little attractiveness.
Other prosperous villages are Mound Station and
Ripley. The chief occupation of the people is
farming, although there is some manufacturing
of lumber and a few potteries along the Illinois
River. Population (1900), 11,557.
BROWNE, Francis Fisher, editor and author,
was born in South Halifax, Vt., Dec. 1, 1843, the
son of William Goldsmith Browne, who was a
teacher, editor and author of the song "A Hun-
dred Years to Come." In childhood he was
brought by his parents to Western Massachusetts,
where he attended the public schools and learned
the printing trade in his father's newspaper
office at Chicopee, Mass. Leaving school in 1862,
he enlisted in the Forty-sixth Regiment Massa-
chusetts Volunteers, in which he served one
year, chiefly in North Carolina and in the Army
of the Potomac. On the discharge of his regi-
ment he engaged in the study of law at Roches-
ter, N. Y., entering the law department of the
University of Michigan in 1866, but abandoning
his intenton of entering the legal profession,
removed to Chicago in 1867, where he engaged in
journalistic and literary pirrsuits. Between 1869
and '74 he was editor of "The Lakeside Monthly, "
when he became literary editor of "The Alliance, " '
but, in 1880, he established and assumed the
editorship of "The Dial, " a purely literar}' pub-
lication which has gained a high reputation, and
of which he has remained in control continuously
ever since, meanwhile serving as the literary
adviser, for many years, of the well-known pub-
lishing house of McClurg & Co. Besides his
journalistic work, Mr. Browne has contributed
to the magazines and literary anthologies a num-
ber of short lyrics, and is the author of "The
Everyday Life of Abraham Lincoln" (1886), and
a volume of poems entitled, "Volunteer Grain"
(1893). He also compiled and edited "Golden
Poems by British and American Authors'' (1881);
"The Golden Treasury of Poetry and Prose"
(1886), and the "Laurel Crowned"series of stand-
ard poetry (1891-92). Mr. Browne was Cliairman
of the Committee of the Congress of Authors in
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
63
the World's Congress Auxiliary held in con-
nection with The Columbian Exposition in
1893.
BROWNE, Thomas C, early jurist, was born in
Kentucky, studied law there and, coming to
Shawneetown in 1812, served in the lower branch
of the Second Territorial Legislature (1814-16)
and in the Council (1816-18), being the first law-
yer to enter that body. In 1815 he was appointed
Prosecuting Attorney and, on the admission of
Illinois as a State, was promoted to the Supreme
bench, being re-elected by joint ballot of the
Legislature in 1825, and serving continuously
until the reorganization of the Supreme Court
under the Constitution of 1848, a period of over
thirty years. Judge Browne's judicial character
and abilities have been differently estimated.
Though lacking in industry as a student, he is
represented by the late Judge John D. Caton,
who knew him personally, as a close thinker and
a good judge of men. While seldom, if ever,
accustomed to argue questions in tlie conference
room or write out his opinions, he had a capacity
for expressing himself in short, pungent sen-
tences, which indicated that he was a man of con-
siderable ability and had clear and distinct views
of his own. An attempt was made to impeach
him before the Legislature of 1843 "for want of
capacity to discharge the duties of his office,"
but it failed by an almost unanimous vote. He
was a Whig in politics, but had some strong sup-
porters among Democrats. In 1822 Judge Browne
was one of the four candidates for Governor — in
the final returns standing third on the list and, by
dividing the vote of the advocates of a pro-slavery
clause in the State Constitution, contributing to
the election of Governor Coles and the defeat of
the pro-slavery party. (See Coles, Edward, and
Slavei'y and Slave Laics. ) In the latter part of
his official term Judge Browne resided at Gra-
lena, but, in 1853, removed with his son-in-law,
ex-Congressman Joseph P. Hoge, to San Fran-
cisco, Cal., where he died a few years later —
probably about 1856 or 1858.
BROWNING, OrTiUe Hickman, lawyer, United
States Senator and Attorney-General, was born
in Harrison County, Ky., in 1810. After receiv-
ing a classical education at Augusta in his native
State, he removed to Quincy, 111., and was
admitted to the bar in 1831. In 1833 he served
in the Black Hawk War, and from 1836 to 1843,
was a member of the Legislature, serving m both
houses. A personal friend and political adherent
of Abraham Lincoln, he aided in the organization
of the Republican party at the memorable
Bloomington Convention of 1856. As a delegate
to the Chicago Convention in 1860, he aided in
securing Mr. Lincoln's nomination, and was a
conspicuous supporter of the Government in the
Civil War. In 1861 he was appointed by Gov-
ernor Yates United States Senator to fill Senator
Douglas' unexpired term, serving until 1863. In
1866 he became Secretary of the Interior by ap-
pointment of President Johnson, also for a time
discharging the duties of Attorney-General.
Returning to Illinois, he was elected a member of
the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, which
was his last participation in public afl'airs, his
time thereafter being devoted to his profession.
He died at his home in Quincy, 111., August 10,
1881.
BRYAN, Silas Lillard, legislator and jurist,
born in Culpepper County, Va., Nov- 4, 1822; was
left an orphan at an early age, and came west in
1840, living for a time with a brother near Troy,
Mo. The following year lie came to Marion
County, 111., where he attended school and
worked on a farm; in 1845 entered McKendree
College, graduating in 1849, and two years later
was admitted to the bar, supporting himself
meanwhile by teaching. He settled at Salem,
111., and, in 1853, was elected as a Democrat to
the State Senate, in which body he served for
eight years, being re-elected in 1856. In 1861 he
was elected to the bench of the Second Judicial
Circuit, and again chosen in 1867, his second
term expiring in 1873. While serving as Judge,
he was also elected a Delegate to the Constitu-
tional Convention of 1869-70. He was an vmsuc-
cessful candidate for Congress on the Greeley
ticket in 1872. Died at Salem, March 30, 1880.—
William Jennings (Bryan), son of the preceding,
was born at Salem, 111., March 19, 1860. The early
life of young Bryan was spent on his father's
farm, but at the age of ten years he began to
attend the public school in town ; later spent two
years in Whipple Academy, i,the preparatory
department of Illinois College at Jacksonville,
and, in 1881, graduated from the college proper as
the valedictorian of his class. Then he devoted
two years to the study of law in the Union Law
School at Chicago, meanwhile acting as clerk and
studying in the law office of ex-Senator Lyman
Trumbull. Having graduated in law in 1883, he
soon entered upon the practice of his profession
at Jacksonville as the partner of Judge E. P.
Kirby, a well-known lawyer and prominent
Republican of that city. Four years later (1887)
found him a citizen of Lincoln, Neb., which has
since been his home. He took a prominent part
64
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
in the politics of Nebraska, stumping the State
for the Democratic nominees in 1888 and '89, and
in 1890 received the Democratic nomination for
Congress in a district whicli had been regarded
as strongly Republican, and was elected by a
large majority. Again, in 1892, he was elected
by a reduced majority, but two years later
declined a renomination, though proclaiming
himself a free-silver candidate for the United
States Senate, meanwhile officiating as editor of
"The Omaha World-Herald." In July, 1896, he
received the nomination for President from the
Democratic National Convention at Chicago, on
a platform declaring for the "free and unlimited
coinage of silver" at the ratio of sixteen of silver
(in weight) to one of gold, and a few weeks later
was nominated by the "Populists" at St. Louis
for the same office — being the youngest man ever
put in nomination for the Presidency in the his-
torj- of the Government. He conducted an
active personal campaign, speaking in nearly
every Northern and Middle Western State, but
was defeated by his Republican opponent, Maj.
William McKinley. Mr. Bryan is an easy and
fluent speaker, possessing a voice of unusual
compass and power, and is recognized, even by
his political opponents, as a man of pure personal
character.
BRYAN, Thomas Barbour, lawyer and real
estate operator, was born at Alexandria, Va.,
Dec. 23, 1828, being descended on the maternal
side from the noted Barbour family of that
State; graduated in law at Harvard, and, at the
age of twenty-one, settled in Cincinnati. In
1852 he came to Chicago, where he acquired ex-
tensive real estate interests and built Bryan
Hall, which became a popular place for en-
tertainments. Being a gifted speaker, as well
as a zealous Unionist, Mr. Bryan was chosen
to deliver the address of welcome to Senator
Douglas, when that statesman returned to
Chicago a few weeks before his death in 1861.
During the progress of the war he devoted his
time and his means most generously to fitting out
soldiers for the field and caring for the sick and
wounded. His services as President of the great
Sanitary Fair in Chicago (186.5), where some
8300,000 were cleared for disabled soldiers, were
especially conspicuous. At this time he became
the purchaser (at 83,000) of the original cop}- of
President Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation,
which had been donated to the cause. He also
rendered valuable service after the fire of 1871,
though a heavy sufferer from that event, and was
a leading factor in securing the location of the
World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1890,
later becoming Vice-President of the Board of
Directors and making a visit to Europe in the
interest of the Fair. After the war Mr. Bryan
resided in Washington for some time, and, bj-
appointment of President Hayes, served as Com-
missioner of the District of Columbia. Possessing
refined literar}- and artistic tastes, he has done
much for the encouragement of literature and
art in Chicago. His home is in the suburban
village of Elmhurst. — Charles Pag^e (Bryan), son
of the preceding, lawyer and foreign minister,
was born in Chicago, Oct. 2, 18.5.1, and educated
at the University of Virginia and Columbia Law-
School ; was admitted to practice in 1878, and
the following year removed to Colorado, where
he remained four j-ears, while there serving in
both Houses of the State Legislature. In 1883 he
returned to Chicago and became a member of the
First Regiment of the Illinois National Guard,
serving upon the staff of both Governor Oglesby
and Governor Fifer; in 1890, was elected to the
State Legislature from Cook County, being re-
elected in 1892, and in 1894; was also the first
Commissioner to visit Europe in the interest of
the World's Columbian Exposition, on his return
serving as Secretary of the Exposition Commis-
sioners in 1891-92. In the latter part of 1897 he
was appointed by President McKinley Minister
to China, but before being confirmed, early in
1898, was assigned to the United States mission to
the Republic of Brazil, where he now is, Hon.
E. H. Conger of Iowa, who had previously been
appointed to the Brazilian mission, being trans-
ferred to Pekin.
BRTAXT, John Howard, pioneer, brother of
William Cullen Bryant, the poet, w-as born in
Cummington, Mass., July 22, 1807, educated at
the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy,
N. Y, ; removed to Illinois in 1831, and held vari-
ous offices in Bureau County, including that of
Representative in the General Assembly, to which
he was elected in 1842, and again in 1858. A
practical and enterprising farmer, he was identi-
fied with the Illinois State Agricultiu-al Society
in its early history, as also with the movement
which resulted in the establishment of industrial
colleges in the various States He was one of the
founders of the Republican party and a warm
personal friend of President Lincoln, being a
member of the first Republican State Convention
at Bloomington in 1856, and serving as Collector
of Internal Revenue by appointment of Mr. Lin-
coln in 1862-64. In 1872 Mr. Bryant jomed in the
Liberal Republican movement at Cincinnati, two
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
65
years later was identified with the "Independent
Reform" party, but has since cooperated with
the Democratic party. He has produced two
volumes of poems, published, respectively, in 18.5-5
and 1885, besides a number of public addresses.
His home is at Princeton, Bureau County.
BUCK, Hiram, clergyman, was born in Steu-
ben County, X. Y., in 1818; joined the Illinois
Methodist Episcopal Conference in 1843, and con-
tinued in its service for nearly fifty years, being
much of the time a Presiding Elder. At his
death he bequeathed a considerable sum to the
endowment funds of the "Wesleyan University at
Bloomington and the Illinois Conference College
at Jacksonville. Died at Decatur, 111., August
23, 1892.
BUDA, a town in Bureau County, at the junc-
tion of two branches of the Chicago, Burlington
& Quincy Railroad, twelve miles southwest of
Princeton (the country-seat), and 118 miles west-
southwest of Chicago. It has several churches,
a bank and a newspaper office. Dairying is ex-
tensively carried on in the surrounding region,
and Buda has a good sized creamery. Beds of
clay abound, and brick and tile are manufactured
here. There are also iron works and a manu-
factory of railroad supplies. Population (1880),
778, (1890). 990; (1900), 873.
BUFORD, Napoleon Bonaparte, banker and
soldier, was born in Woodford County. Ky., Jan.
13, 1807; graduated at West Point Military Acad
emy, 1827, and served for some time as Lieutenant
of Artillery ; entered Harvard Law School in
1831, served as Assistant Professor of Natural and
Experimental Philosophy there (1834-35), then
resigned his commission, and, after some service
as an engineer upon public works in Kentuck)-,
established himself as an iron-founder and banker
at Rock Island, 111 , in 1857 becoming President
of the Rock Island & Peoria Railroad. In 1861
he entered the volunteer service, as Colonel of
the Twenty-seventh Illinois, serving at various
points in Western Kentucky and Tennessee, as
also in the siege of Vicksburg, and at Helena,
Ark., where he was in command from Septem-
ber. 1863, to March, 1865. In the meantime, by
promotion, he attained to the rank of Major-
General by brevet, being mustered out in August,
1865. He subsequently held the post of Special
United States Commissioner of Indian Affairs
(1868), and that of Inspector of the Union Pacific
Railroad (1867-69). Died, March 28, 1883.
BULKLET, (Rev.) Justus, educator, was born
at Leicester, Livingston County, N. Y., Julj' 23,
1819, taken to Allegany County, N. Y., at 3
years of age, where he remained until 17, attend-
ing school in a log school-house in the winter and
working on a farm in the summer. His family
then removed to Illinois, finally locating at
Barry, Pike County. In 1842 he entered the
preparatory department of Shurtleff College at
Upper Alton, graduating there in 1847. He was
immediately made Principal of the preparatory
department, remaining two years, when he was
ordained to the Baptist ministry and became
pastor of a church at Jerseyville. Four years
later he was appointed Professor of Mathematics
in Shurtleff College, but remained only two
years, when he accepted the pastorship of a
church at Carrollton, which he continued to fill
nine years, when, in 1864, he was called to a
church at Upper Alton. At the expiration of
one year he was again called to a professorship
in Shurtleff College, this time taking the chair of
Church History and Church Polity, which he
continued to fill for a period of thirty-four years ;
also serving for a time as Acting President dur
ing a vacancy in that oflSce. During this period
he was frequently called upon to preside as Mod-
erator at General Associations of the Baptist
Church, and he became widely known, not only
in that denomination, but elsewhere. Died at
Upper Alton, Jan. 16, 1899.
BULL, Lorenzo, banker, Quincy, 111., was born
in Hartford, Conn., March 21, 1819, being the
eldest son of Lorenzo and EUzabeth Goodwin
Bull. His ancestors on both sides were of the
party who, under Thomas Hooker, moved from
the vicinity of Boston and settled Hartford in
1634. Leaving Hartford in the spring of 1833, he
arrived at Quincy, 111., entirely without means,
but soon after secured a position with Judge
Henry H. Snow, who then held most of the
county offices, being Clerk of the County Com-
missioners' Court. Clerk of the Circuit Court,
Recorder, Judge of Probate, Notary Public and
Justice of the Peace. Here the young clerk
made himself acquainted with the people of the
county (at that time few in number), with the
land-system of the country and with the legal
forms and methods of procedure in the courts.
He remained with Judge Snow over two years,
receiving for his services, the first year, six dol-
lars per month, and, for the second, ten dollars
per month, besides his board in Judge Snow's
family. He next accepted a situation with
Messrs. Holmes, Brown & Co., then one of the
most prominent mercantile houses of the city,
remaining through various changes of the firm
imtil 1844, when he formed a partnership with
66
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
his brother vmder the firm name of L. & C. H.
Bull, and opened a store for the sale of hardware
and crockery, which was the first attempt made
in Quincy to separate the mercantile business
into different departments. Disposing of their
business in 1861, the firm of L. & C. H. Bull
embarked in the private banking business, which
they continued in one location for about thirty
years, when they organized the State Savings
Loan & Trust Company, in which he held the
position of President until 1898, when he retired.
Mr. Bull has always been active in promoting the
improvement and growth of the city ; was one of
the five persons who built most of the horse rail-
roads in Quincj-, and was, for about twenty years,
President of the Company. The Quincy water-
works are now (1898) owned entirely by liimself
and his son. He has never sought or held political
oiHce, but at one time was the active President of
five distinct business corporations. He was also
for some five years one of the Trustees of Illinois
College at Jacksonville. He was married in 1844
to Miss Margaret H. Benedict, daughter of Dr.
TVm. M. Benedict, of Milbury, Mass., and they
have five children now hving. In politics he is a
Republican, and his religious associations are with
the Congregational Church. — Charles Henry
(Bull), brother of the preceding, was born in
Hartford, Conn., Dec. 16. 1823. and removed
to Quincy, 111., in June, 1837. He commenced
business as a clerk in a general store, where
he remained for seven years, when he entered
into partnership with his brother, Lorenzo Bull,
in the hardware and crockery business, to
which was subsequently added dealing in
agricultural implements. This business was
continued until the 3'ear 1861, when it was
sold out, and the brothers established them-
selves as private bankers under the same firm
name. A few j-ears later they organized the
Merchants' and Farmers' National Bank, which
was mainly owned and altogether managed by
them. Five or six years later this bank was
wound up. when they returned to private bank-
ing, continuing in this business until 1891, when
it was merged in the State Savings Loan &
Trust Company, organized under the laws of
Illinois with a capital of $300,000, held equally
by Lorenzo Bull, Charles H. Bull and Edward J.
Parker, respectively, as President, Vice-Presi-
dent and Cashier. Near the close of 1898 the
First National Bank of Quincy was merged into
the State Savings Loan & Trust Company with
J. H. Warfield, the President of the former, as
President of the consolidated concern. Mr. Bull
was one of the parties who originally organized
the Quincy, Missouri & Pacific Railroad Com-
pany in 1869— a road intended to be built from
Quincy, 111., across the State of Missouri to
Brownsville. Xeb., and of which he is now
(1898) the President, the name having been
changed to the Quincy, Omaha & Kansas City
Railway. He was also identified with the con-
struction of the sj'stem of street railwa3-s in
Quincy, and continued active in their manage-
ment for about twenty years. He has been
active in various other pubUc and private enter-
prises, and has done much to advance the growth
and prosperit)' of the city.
BUNKER HILL, a city in Macoupin County,
founded in 1836, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati
Chicago & St. Louis Railroad, 37 miles northeast
of St. Louis, Mo. The city has flourishing mills
and a coal mine, several churches, a public school
and an academy. The surrounding region is
noted for stock and dairy farming and for the
raising of fruit and grain. It is the largest milk
producing point tributary to St. Louis. Popula-
tion (1880), 1,441: (1890), 1,269; (1892), by school
census, 1.340; (1900), 1.279.
BUXX, Jacob, banker and manufacturer, was
born in Hunterdon Count}', N. J., in 1814; came
to Springfield in 1836, and, four years later, began
business as a grocer, to which he afterwards
added that of private banking, continuing until
1878. During a part of this time his bank was
one of the best known and widely regarded as
one of the most solid institutions of its kind in
the State. Though crippled bj- the financial
revulsion of 1873-74 and forced investments in
depreciated real estate, he paid dollar for dollar.
After retiring from banking in 1878, he assumed
charge of the Springfield Watch Factory, in
which he was a large stockholder, and of which
he became the President. Mr. Bunn was, be-
tween 1866 and 1870, a principal stockholder in
"The Chicago RepubHcan" (the predecessor of
"The Inter-Ocean"), and was one of the bankers
who came to the aid of the State Government with
financial assistance at the beginning of the Civil
War. Died at Springfield, Oct. 16, 1897.— John W.
(Bunn), brother of the preceding and successor
to the grocery business of J. & J. W. Bunn, has
been a prominent business man of Springfield,
and served as Treasurer of the State Agricultural
Board from 1858 to 1898, and of the IlUnois Uni-
versit}' from its establishment to 1893.
BUNSEN, George, German patriot and educa-
tor, was born at Frankfort-on-the-Maine, Ger-
many, Feb. 18, 1794, and educated in his native
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
67
city and at Berlin University; while still a
student took part in the Peninsular War which
resulted in the downfall of Napoleon, but resum
ing his studies in 1816, graduated three years
later. He then founded a boys' school at Frank-
fort, which he maintained fourteen years, when,
having been implicated in the republican revolu
tion of 1833, he was forced to leave the country,
locating the following j'ear on a farm in St. Clair
County, III. Here he finally became a teacher in
the public schools, ser^'ed in the State Constitu-
tional Convention of 1847, was elected School
Commissioner of St. Clair County, and, having
removed to Belleville in 18.55, there conducted a
private school for the instruction of teachers
while discharging the duties of his office-, later
was appointed a member of the first State School
Board, serving until 1860, and taking part in the
establishment of the Illinois State Normal Uni
versity, of which he was a zealous advocate. He
was also a contributor to "The Illinois Teacher,"
and, for several years prior to his death, served
as Superintendent of Schools at Belleville without
compensation. Died, November, 1ST3.
BURCH.iRD, Horatio C, ex Congressman, was
born at Marshall, Oneida County, N. Y., Sept. 23,
182.5; graduated at Hamilton College, N. Y., in
18.50, and later removed to Stephenson County,
111., making his home at Freeport. By profes-
sion he is a lawyer, but he has been also largely
interested in mercantile pursuits. From 1857 to
1860 he was School Commissioner of Stephenson
County ; from 1863 to 1866 a member of the State
Legislature, and from 1869 to 1879 a Representa-
tive in Congress, being each time elected as a
Republican, for the first time as the successor of
E. B. Washbume. After retiring from Congress,
he served for six years (1879-85) as Director of the
United States Mint at Philadelphia, with marked
ability. During the World's Columbian Exposi-
tion at Chicago (1893), Mr. Burchard was in
charge of the Bureau of Awards in connection
with the Mining Department, afterwards resum-
ing the practice of his profession at Freeport.
BURDETTE, Robert Jones, journalist and
humorist, was born in Greensborough, Pa. , July
30, 1844, and taken to Peoria, 111., in early life,
where he was educated in the public schools. In
1863 he enlisted as a private in the Forty -seventh
Illinois Volunteers and served to the end of the
war; adopted journalism in 1869, being employed
upon "The Peoria Transcript" and other papers
of that city. Later he became associated with
"The Burlington (Iowa) Hawkeye," upon which
he gained a wide reputation as a genial humor-
ist. Several volimies of his sketches have been
published, but in recent years he has devoted his
attention chiefly to lecturing with occasional
contributions to the literary press.
BUREAU COUNTY, set off from Putnam
County in 1837, near the center of the northern
half of the State, Princeton being made the
county-seat. Coal had been discovered in 1834,
there being considerable quantities mined at
Mineral and Selby. Sheffield also has an impor-
tant coal trade. Public lands were offered for sale
as early as 1885, and by 1844 had been nearly all
sold. Princeton was platted in 1833, and. in 1890,
contained a population of 3,396, The county has
an area of 870 square miles, and, according to the
census of 1900, a population of 41,113. The pio-
neer settler was Henry Thomas, who erected the
first cabin, in Bureau to%vnship, in 1838. He was
soon followed by the Ament brothers (Edward.
Justus and John L. ), and for a time settlers came
in rapid succession, among the earliest being
Amos Leonard. Daniel Dimmick, John Hall,
William Hoskins, Timothy Perkins, Leonard
Roth, Bulbona and John Dixon. Serious
Indian disturbances in 1831 caused a hegira of
the settlers, some of whom never returned. In
1833 a fort was erected for the protection of the
whites, and, in 1836, there began a new and large
influx of immigrants. Among other early set-
tlers were John H. and Arthur Bryant, brothers
of the poet, William Cullen Bryant.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, estab-
lished in 1879, being an outgrowth of the agitation
and discontent among the laboring classes, which
culminated in 1877-78. The Board consists of
five Commissioners, who serve for a nominal
compensation, their term of office being two
years. They are nominated by the Executive
and confirmed by the Senate. The law requires
that three of them shall be manual laborers and
two employers of manual labor. The Bureau is
charged with the collection, compilation and
tabulation of statistics relative to labor in Illi-
nois, particularly in its relation to the commer-
cial, industrial, social, educational and sanitary
conditions of the working classes. The Com-
mission is required to submit biennial reports.
Those already published contain much informa-
tion of value concerning coal and lead mines,
convict labor, manufactures, strikes and lock-
outs, wages, rent, cost of living, mortgage
indebtedness, and kindred topics.
BURGESS, Alexander, Protestant Episcopal
Bishop of the diocese of Quincy, was born at
Providence, R. I., Oct. 31, 1819. He graduated
68
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
from Brown University in 1838 and from the
General Theological Seminary (New York) in
1841. He was made a Deacon, Nov. 3. 1842, and
ordained a priest, Nov. 1, 1843. Prior to his ele-
vation to the episcopate he was rector of various
parishes in Maine, at Brooklyn, N. Y., and at
Springfield, Mass. He represented the dioceses
of Maine, Long Island and Massachusetts in the
General Conventions of the Protestant Episcopal
Church from 1844 to 1877, and, in the latter year,
was President of the House of Deputies. Upon
the death of his brother George, Bishop of Maine,
he was chosen b}- the clergy of the diocese to suc-
ceed him but declined When the diocese of
Quincy. 111. was created, he was elected its first
Bishop, and consecrated at Christ Church, Spring-
field, Mass., on Ma}- 15, 1878. Besides publishing
a memoir of his brother. Bishop Burgess is the
author of several Sunday-school question books,
carols and hymns, and has been a contributor to
periodical church literature. His residence is at
Peoria.
BURLET. Arthur Gilman, merchant, was born
at Exeter, N. H., Oct. 4, 1812, received his edu-
cation in the local schools, and, in 1835, came
West, locating in Chicago. For some two years
he served as clerk in the boot, shoe and clothing
store of John Holbrook. after which he accepted
a position with his half-brother, Stephen F. Gale,
the proprietor of the first book and stationery
store in Chicago. In 1838 he invested his savings
in a bankrupt stock of crockerj', purchased from
the old State Bank, and entered upon a business
career which was continued uninterruptedly for
nearly sixty years. In that time Mr. Burley
built up a business which, for its extent and
success, was unsurpassed in its time in the West.
His brother in-law, Mr. John Tyrrell, became a
member of the firm in 1852, the business there-
after being conducted vmder the name of Burley
& Tyrrell, with Mr. Burley as President of the
Company until his death, which occurred, August
27, 1897. — Augustus Harris (Burley), brother of
the preceding, was born at Exeter, N. H., March
28, 1819 ; was educated in the schools of his native
State, and, in his youth, was employed for a
time as a clerk in Boston. In 1837 he came to
Chicago and took a position as clerk or salesman
in the book and stationery store of his half-
brother, Stephen F. Gale, subsequently became a
partner, and, on the retirement of Mr, Gale a
few years later, succeeded to the control of the
business. In 1857 he disposed of his book and
stationery business, and about the same time
became one of the founders of the Merchants'
Loan and Trust Company, with which he has
been connected as a Director ever since. Mr.
Burley was a member of the volunteer fire depart-
ment organized in Chicago in 1841- Among the
numerous public positions held by him may be
mentioned, member of the Board of PubUcWorks
(1867-70), the first Superintendent of Lincoln Park
(1869), Representative from Cook County in the
Twenty-seventh General Assembly (1870-72). City
Comptroller during the administration of Mayor
MediU (1872-73), and again under Mayor Roche
(1887), and member of the City Council (1881-83).
Politically, Mr. Burley has been a zealous Repub-
lican and served on the Chicago Union Defense
Committee in the first year of the Civil War, and
was a delegate from the State-at>large to the
National Republican Convention at Baltimore in
1804, which nominated Abraham Lincoln for the
Presidency a second time.
BURNH.4.3I, Daniel Hudson, architect, was
born at Henderson, N. Y. , Sept. 4, 1846; came to
Chicago at 9 years of age; attended private
scliools and the Chicago High School, after which
he spent two years at Waltham, Mass., receiving
special instruction ; retui-ning to Chicago in 1867.
he was afterwards associated with various firms.
About 1873 he formed a biisiness connection with
J. W. Root, architect, which extended to the
death of the latter in 1891. The firm of Burnham
& Root furnished the plans of a large number of
the most conspicuous business buildings in Chi-
cago, but won their greatest distinction in con-
nection with the construction of buildings for the
World's Columbian Exposition, of which Mr.
Root was Supervising Architect previous to his
death, while Mr. Burnham was made Chief of
Construction and, later. Director of Works. In
this capacity his authoritj- was almost absolute,
but was used with a discretion that contributed
gi-eatly to the success of the enterprise.
BURK, Albert G., former Congressman, was
born in Genesee County, N. Y., Nov. 8, 1829;
came to Illinois about 1832 with his widowed
mother, who settled in Springfield. In early life
he became a citizen of Winchester, where he read
law and was admitted to the bar, also, for a time,
following the occupation of a printer. Here he
was twice elected to the lower house of the Gen-
eral Assembly (1860 and 1862), meanwhile serving
as a member of the State Constitutional Conven-
tion of 1862. Having removed to CarroUton,
Greene County, he was elected as a Democrat to
the Fortieth and Forty-first Congresses (1866 and
1868), serving until March 4, 1871. In August,
1877, he was elected Circuit Judge to fill a
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
69
vacancy and was re-elected for the regular term
in June, 1879, but died in office, June 10, 1882.
BURRELL, Orlando, member of Congress, was
born in Bradford County, Pa. ; removed with liis
parents to White County, 111., in 1834, growing
up on a farm near Carmi ; received a common
school education; in 1850 went to California,
driving an ox-team across the plains. Soon after
the beginning of the Civil War (1861) he raised a
company of cavalry, of which he was elected
Captain, and which became a part of the First
Regiment Illinois Cavalry ; served as Coimty
Judge from 1873 to 1881, and was elected Sheriff
in 1886. In 1894 he was elected Representative
in Congress as a Republican from the Twentieth
District, composed of counties which formerly
constituted a large part of the old Nineteenth
District, and which had uniformly been repre-
sented by a Democrat. He suffered defeat as a
candidate for re-election in 1896.
BURROUGHS, John Curtis, clergj-man and
educator, was born in Stamford, N. Y., Dec. 7,
1818; graduated at Yale College in 1843, and
Madison Theological Seminary in 1846. After
five years spent as pastor of Baptist churches at
Waterford and West Troy, N. Y., in 1853 he
assumed the pastorate of the First Baptist Church
of Chicago; about 1856 was elected to the presi-
dency of the Chicago University, then just
established, having previously declined the
presidency of Shurtlefl College at Upper Alton.
Resigning his position in 1874, he soon after
became a member of the Chicago Board of Edu-
cation, and, in 1884, was elected Assistant Super-
intendent of Public Schools of that city, serving
until his death, April 31, 1893.
BUSEY, Samuel T., banker and ex-Congress-
man, was born at Greencastle, Ind., Nov. 16,
1835; in infancy was brought by his parents to
Urbana, 111., where he was educated and has
since resided. From 1857 to 1859 he was engaged
in mercantile pursuits, but during 1860-61
attended a commercial college and read law. In
1863 he was chosen Town Collector, but resigned
to enter the Union Army, being commissioned
Second Lieutenant by Governor Yates, and
assigned to recruiting service. Having aided in
the organization of the Seventy-sixth Illinois
Volunteers, he was commissioned its Lieutenant-
Colonel, August 13, 1863 ; was afterward promoted
to the colonelcy, and mustered out of service at
Chicago, August 6, 1865, with the rank of Brevet
Brigadier-General. In 1866 he was an unsuccess-
ful candidate for the General Assembly on the
Democratic ticket, and for Trustee of the State
University in 1888. From 1880 to 1889 he was
Mayor and President of the Board of Education
of Urbana. In 1867 he opened a private bank,
which he conducted for twenty-one years. In
1890 he was elected to Congress from the Fif-
teenth Illinois District, defeating Joseph G. Can-
non, Republican, by whom he was in turn
defeated for the same office in 1893.
BUSHNELL, a flourishing town in McDonougli
County, 10 miles by rail northeast of Macomb,
the county- seat. It is a railway junction, and
has important manufacturing interests. Wooden
pumps, metal wheels, flour, agricultural imple-
ments, wagons and carriages are among the
manufactures. Beds of excellent clay are found
in the neighborhood, and paving, common and
fancy brick are made in large quantities. It has
two banks, two newspaper offices, a public library,
seven or eight churches, graded public and high
schools, and is the seat of the Western Normal
College. Population (1890), 3,314; (1900), 3,490.
BUSHNELL, Nehemiah, lawyer, was born in
the town of Westbrook, Conn., Oct. 9, 1813;
graduated at Yale College in 1835, studied law
and was admitted to the bar in 1837, coming in
December of the same year to Quincy, 111., where,
for a time, he assisted in editing "The Whig"
of that city, later forming a partnership with
O. H. Browning, which was never fully broken
until his death. In his practice he gave much
attention to land titles in the "Military Tract" ;
in 1851 was President of the portion of the North-
ern Cross Railroad between Quincy and Gale.s-
burg (now a part of the Chicago, Burlington &
Quincy) , and later of the Quincy Bridge Company
and the Quincy & Palmyra (Mo.) Railroad. In
1873 he was elected by the Republicans the
"minority" Representative from Adams County
in the Twentj'-eighth General Assembly, but
died during the succeeding session, Jan. 31, 1873.
He was able, high-minded and honorable in public
and private life.
BUSHNELL, Washington, lawyer and Attor-
ney-General, was born in Madison County, N. Y.,
Sept. 30, 1835; in 1837 came with his father to
Lisbon, Kendall County, 111., where he worked on
a farm and taught at times ; studied law at Pough-
keepsie, N. Y., was admitted to the bar and
established himself in practice at Ottawa, 111.
The public positions held by him were those of
State Senator for La Salle County (1861-69) and
Attorney -General (1869-73); was also a member
of the Republican National Convention of 1864,
besides being identified with various business
enterprises at Ottawa. Died, June 30, 1885.
70
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
BUTLER, William, State Treasurer, was born
in Adair County, Ky., Dec. 15, 1797; during the
war of 1812, at the age of 16 years, served as the
messenger of the Governor of Kentucky, carrying
dispatches to Gen. William Henry Harrison in
the field; removed to Sangamon County, 111., in
1838, and, in 1836, was appointed Clerk of tlie
Circuit Court by Judge Stephen T. Logan. In
1859 he served as foreman of the Grand Jury
which investigated the "canal scrip frauds"
charged against ex-Governor Matteson, and it
was largely through liis influence that tlie pro-
ceedings of that body were subsequent!)' pub-
lished in an official form. During the same year
Governor Bissell appointed him State Treasurer
to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of
James Miller, and he was elected to the same
office in 1860. Mr. Butler was an ardent sup-
porter of Abraham Lincoln, whom lie efficiently
befriended in the earlj' struggles of tlie latter
in Springfield. He died in Springfield, Jan. 11,
1876.
BUTTERFIELD, Justin, early lawyer, was
born at Keene, N. H., in 1790. He studied at
Williams College, and was admitted to the bar
at Watertown, N. Y., in 1812. After some years
devoted to practice at Adams and at Sackett's
Harbor, N. Y. , he removed to New Orleans, where
he attained a high rank at the bar. In 1835 he
settled in Chicago and soon became a leader in
his profession there also. In 1 841 he was appointed
by President Harrison United States District At-
torney for the District of Illinois, and, in 1849, by
President Taylor Commissioner of the General
Land Office, one of his chief competitors for the
latter place being Abraham Lincoln. Tliis dis-
tinction he probably owed to the personal influ-
ence of Daniel Webster, then Secretary of State,
of whom Mr. Butterfield was a personal friend
and warm admirer. While Commissioner, he
rendered valuable service to the State in securing
the canal land grant. As a lawyer he was logical
and resourceful, as well as witty and quick at
repartee, yet his chief strength lay before the
Court rather than the jury. Numerous stories
are told of his brilliant sallies at the bar and
elsewhere. One of the former relates to his
address before Judge Nathaniel Pope, of the
United States Court at Springfield, in a habeas-
corpus case to secure the release of Joseph Smith,
the Mormon prophet, who was under arrest under
the charge of complicity in an attempt to assassin-
ate Governor Boggs of Missouri. Rising to begin
his argimient, Mr. Butterfield said; "I am to
address the Pope" (bowing to the Court), "sur-
rounded by angels" (bowing still lower to a party
of ladies in the audience), "in the presence of
the holy apostles, in behalf of the prophet of
the Lord." On another occasion, being asked if
he was opposed to the war with Mexico, he
replied, "I opposed one war" — meaning his
opposition as a Federalist to the War of 1812 —
"but learned the folly of it. Henceforth I am for
war, pestilence and famine." He died, Oct. 25,
1855.
BYFORD, William H., phj'sician and author,
was born at Eaton, Ohio, March 20, 1817; in 1830
came with his widowed mother to Crawford
County, 111., and began learning the tailor's
trade at Palestine; later studied medicine at
Vinoennes and practiced at different points in
Indiana. Meanwhile, having graduated at the
Ohio Medical College, Cincinnati, in 1850, he
assumed a professorship in a Sledical College at
Evansville, Ind., also editing a medical journal.
In 1857 he removed to Chicago, where he ac-
cepted a chair in Rush Medical College, but two
years later became one of the founders of the
Chicago Medical College, where he remained
twentj- years. He then (1879) returned to Rusli,
assuming the eliair of Gj'necology. In 1870 he
assisted in founding the Woman's Medical Col-
lege of Chicago, remaining President of the
Faculty and Board of Trustees until his death,
May 21, 1890. He published a number of medical
works which are regarded as standard by the
profession, besides acting as associate of Dr. N, S.
Davis in the editorship of "The Chicago 5Iedical
Jom'nal" and as editor-in-chief of "The Medical
Journal and Examiner," the successor of the
former. Dr. Byford was held in the highest
esteem as a physician and a man, both by the
general public and his professional associates.
BYRON, a village of Ogle County, on Rock
River, at the intersection of the Chicago & Great
Western and the Chicago, Jlilwaukee & St Paul
Railways, 83 miles west-northwest from Chicago.
It is the center of a farniing and dairying dis-
trict; has banks and a newspaper. Population
(1890), 698; (1900), 1,015-
CABLE, a town in Mercer County, on the Rock
Island & Peoria Railroad, 26 miles south by east
from Rock Island. Coal-mining is the principal
industry, but there are also tile works, a good
quality of clay for manufacturing purposes being
found in abundance. Population (1880), 572;
(1890), 1,276; (1900). 697.
CABLE, Benjamin T., capitalist and politician,
was born in Georgetown, Scott County, Ky..
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
71
August 11, 1853. When he was three years old
his father's family removed to Rook Island, 111.,
where he has since resided. After passing
through the Rock Island public schools, he matric-
ulated at the University of Michigan, graduating
in June, 1876. He owns extensive ranch and
manufacturing property, and is reputed wealthy ;
is also an active Democratic politician, and influ-
ential in his party, having been a member of both
the National and State Central Committees. In
1890 he was elected to Congress from the Eleventh
Illinois District, but since 1893 has held no public
office.
CABLE, Ransom R., railway manager, was
born in Athens County, Ohio, Sept. 23, 1834.
His early training was mainly of the practical
sort, and by the time he was 17 years old he was
actively employed as a lumberman. In 1857 he
removed to Illinois, first devoting his attention
to coal mining in the neighborhood of Rock
Island. Later he became interested in the pro-
jection and management of railroads, being in
turn Superintendent, Vice-President and Presi-
dent of the Rock Island & Peoria Railroad. His
next position was that of General Manager of the
Roekford, Rock Island & St. Louis Railroad. His
experience in these positions rendered him famil-
iar with both the scope and the details of railroad
management, while his success brought him to
tlie favorable notice of those who controlled rail-
waj' interests all over the country. In 1876 he
was elected a Director of the Chicago, Rock
Island & Pacific Railway. In connection with
this company he has held, successively, the
offices of Vice-President, Assistant to the Presi-
dent, General Manager and President, being chief
executive officer since 1880. (See Chicago, Rock
Island & Pacific Railway.)
CAHOKIA, the first permanent white settle-
ment in Illinois, and, in French colonial times,
one of its principal towns. French Jesuit mis-
sionaries established the mission of the Tamaroas
here in 1700, to which the}- gave the name of
"Sainte Famille de Caoquias," antedating the
settlement at Kaskaskia of the same year by a
fe\v months. Cahokia and Kaskaskia were
jointly made the county -seats of St. Clair County,
when that county was organized by Governor St.
Clair in 1790. Five years later, when Randolph
County was set off from St. Clair, Cahokia was
continued as the county-seat of the parent
oountj', so remaining until the removal of the
seat of justice to Belleville in 1814. Like its
early rival, Kaskaskia, it has dwindled in impor-
tance until, in 1890, its population was estimated
at 100. Descendants of the early French settlers
make up a considerable portion of the present
population. The site of the old town is on the
line of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Rail-
road, about four miles from East St. Louis.
Some of the most remarkable Indian mounds in
the Mississippi Valley, known as "the Cahokia
Mounds, " are located in the vicinity. (See Mound-
Builders. Works of the.)
CAIRNES, Abraham, a native of Kentucky, in
1816 settled in that part of Crawford County, 111.,
which was embraced in Lawrence County on the
organization of the latter in 1831. Mr. Cairnes
was a member of the House for Crawford County
in the Second General Assembly (1820-33), and
for Lawrence County in the Third (1833-24), in
the latter voting against the pro-slavery Conven-
tion scheme. He removed from Lawrence
County to some point on the Mississippi River in
1836, but further details of his history are un-
known.
CAIRO, the county-seat of Alexander County,
and the most important river point between St.
Louis and Memphis. Its first charter was ob-
tained from the Territorial Legislature by Shad-
rach Bond (afterwards Governor of Illinois), John
G. Comyges and others, who incorporated the
"City and Bank of Cairo. " The company entered
about 1,800 acres, but upon the death of Mr. Comy-
ges, the land reverted to the Government. The
forfeited tract was re-enttred in 1835 by Sidney
Breese and others, who later transferred it to the
"Cairo City and Canal Company," a corporation
chartered in 1837, which, by purchase, increased
its holdings to 10,000 acres. Peter Stapleton is
said to have erected the first house, and John
Hawley the second, within the town limits. In
consideration of certain privileges, the Illinois
Central Railroad has erected around the water
front a substantial levee, eighty feet wide. Dur-
ing the Civil War Cairo was an important base
for militarj- operations. Its population, according
to the census of 1900, was 12,566. (See also Alex-
ander County.)
CAIRO BRIDGE, THE, one of the triumphs of
modern engineering, erected by the Illinois Cen-
tral Railroad Company across the Ohio River,
opposite the city of Cairo. It is the longest
metallic bridge across a river in the world, being
thirty-three feet longer than the Tay Bridge, in
Scotland. The work of construction was begun,
July 1, 1887, and uninterruptedly prosecuted for
twenty-seven months, being completed, Oct. 39,
1889. The first train to cross it was made up of
ten locomotives coupled together. The ap-
72
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
proaches from both the Illinois and Kentucky
shores consist of iron viaducts and well-braced
timber trestles. The Illinois viaduct approach
consists of seventeen spans of 150 feet each, and
one span of 106 fi feet. All these rest on cylin-
der piers filled with concrete, and are additionally
supijorted by piles driven within the cylinders.
The viaduct on the Kentucky shore is of similar
general construction. Tlie total number of spans
is twenty-two — twenty -one being of 150 feet each,
and one of lOG'^" feet. The total length of the
metal work, from end to end, is 10,650 feet,
including that of the bridge proper, which is
4.644 feet. The latter consists of nine through
spans and three deck spans. The through spans
rest on ten first-class masonry piers on pneumatic
foundations. The total length of the bridge,
including the timber trestles, is 20,461 feet — about
3Ji miles. 'Four-fifths of the Illinois trestle
work has been filled in with earth, while that on
the southern shore has been virtually replaced by
an embankment since the completion of the
bridge. The bridge proper stands 104.43 feet in
the clear above low water, and from the deepest
foundation to the top of the highest iron work is
248.94 feet. The total cost of the work, including
the filling and embankment of the trestles, has
been (1895) between 83.2.50,000 and §3.500,000.
CAIRO, TINCENNES & CHICAGO RAIL-
ROAD, a division of the Cleveland, Cincinnati,
Chicago & St. Louis Railway, extending from
Danville to Cairo (361 miles), with a branch nine
miles in length from St. Francisville, 111., to Vin-
cennes, Ind. It was chartered as the Cairo &
Vincennes Railroad in 1867, comjoleted in 1873,
jjlaced in the hands of a receiver in 1874, sold
under foreclosure in January, 1880, and for some
time operated as the Cairo Division of the
Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway. In 1889,
having been surrendered by the Wabash, St.
Louis & Pacific Railway, it was united with the
Danville & Southwestern Railroad, reorganized as
the Cairo, Vincennes & Chicago Railroad, and,
in 1890, leased to the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chi-
cago & St. Louis Railway, of which it is known
as the "Cairo Division." (See Cleveland, Cincin-
nati, Chicago & St. Louis Raihcay.)
CAIRO Hi, ST. LOUIS RAILROAD. (See St.
Louis & Cairo Railroad and Jlobile & Ohio Rail-
u-ay.)
CAIRO & VINCENNES RAILROAD. (See
Cairo, Vincennes & Chicago Railroad.)
CALDWELL, (Dr.) Georg'e, early physician
and legislator (the name is spelled both Cadwell
and Caldwell in the early records), was born at
Wethersfield, Conn., Feb. 31, 1773, and received
his literary education at Hartford, and his pro-
fessional at Rutland, Vt. He married a daughter
of Hon. Matthew Lyon, who was a native of
Ireland, and who served two terms in Congress
from Vermont, four from Kentucky (1803-11),
and was elected the first Delegate in Congress
from Arkansas Territory, but died before taking
his seat in August, 1833. Lyon was also a resi-
dent for a time of St. Louis, and was a candidate
for Delegate to Congress from Missouri Territory,
but defeated by Edward Hempstead (see Hemp-
stead, Edirard). Dr. Caldwell descended the
Ohio River in 1799 in company with Lyon's
family and his brother-in-law, John Messinger
(see Messinger, John), who afterwards became a
prominent citizen of St. Clair County, the party
locating at Eddyville, Ky. In 1803, Caldwell
and Messinger removed to Illinois, landing near
old Fort Chartres, and remained some time in
the American Bottom. The former finally
located on the banks of the Mississippi a few
miles above St. Louis, where he practiced his
profession and held various public ofHces, includ-
ing those of Justice of the Peace and County
Judge for St. Clair County, as also for Madison
County after the organization of the latter. He
served as State Senator from Madison County
in the First and Second General Assemblies
(1818-23), and, having removed in 1830 within the
limits of what is now Morgan County (but still
earlier embraced in Greene), in 1822 was elected
to the Senate for Greene and Pike Counties —
the latter at that time embracing all the northern
and northwestern part of the State, including
the county of Cook. During the following ses-
sion of the Legislatui-e he was a sturdy opponent
of the scheme to make Illinois a slave State. His
home in Morgan County was in a locality known
as "Swinerton's Point," a few miles west of
Jacksonville, where he died, August 1, 1826.
(See Slavery and Slave Laws.) Dr. Caldwell (or
Cadwell, as he was widely known) commanded
a high degree of respect among early residents of
Illinois. Governor Reynolds, in his "Pioneer
History of Illinois," says of him: "He was
moral and correct in his public and private life,
. . . was a respectable physician, and alwaj's
maintained an unblemished character."
CALHOUN, John, pioneer printer and editor,
was born at Watertown, N. Y., April 14, 1808;
learned the printing trade and practiced it in his
native town, also working in a type-foundry in
Albany and as a compositor in Troy. In the fall
of 1833 he came to Chicago, bringing with him.
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
73
an outfit for the publication of a weekly paper,
and, on Nov. 36, began the issue of "The Chicago
Democrat" — the first paper ever published in that
city. Mr. Calhoun retained the management of
the paper three years, transferring it in Novem-
ber, 1836, to John Wentworth, who conducted it
until its absorption by "The Tribune" in July,
1861. Mr. Callioun afterwards served as County
Treasurer, still later as Collector, and, finally, as
agent of the Illinois Central Raih-oad in procur-
ing right of way for the construction of its lines.
Died in Chicago, Feb. 20, 1859.
CALHOUN, John, surveyor and politician, was
born in Boston, Mass., Oct. 14, 1806; removed to
Springfield, 111., in 1830, served in the Black
Hawk War and was soon after appointed County
Surveyor. It was under Mr. Calhoun, and by his
appointment, that Abraham Lincoln served for
some time as Deputy Surveyor of Sangamon
County. In 1838 Calhoun was chosen Represent-
ative in the .General Assembly, but was defeated
in 1810, thougli elected Clerk of the House at the
following session. He was a Democratic Presi-
dential Elector in 1844, was an unsuccessful
candidate for the nomination for Governor in
1846, and, for three terms (1849, '50 and '51),
served as Mayor of the city of Springfield. In
1853 he was defeated by Richard Yates (after-
wards Governor and United States Senator), as a
candidate for Congress, but two years later was
appointed by President Pierce Surveyor-General
of Kansas, where he became discreditably con-
spicuous by his zeal in attempting to carry out
the poUcy of the Buchanan administration for
making Kansas a slave State — especially in con-
nection with the Lecompton Constitutional Con-
vention, with the election of which he had much
to do, and over which he presided. Died at St.
Joseph, Mo., Oct. 25, 1859.
CALHOUN, William J., lavvyer, was born in
Pittsburg, Pa., Oct. 5, 1847. After residing at
various points in that State, his family removed
to Ohio, where he worked on a farm until 1864,
when he enlisted as a private in the Nineteenth
Ohio Volunteer Infantry, serving to the end of
the war. He participated in a number of severe
battles while with Sherman on the march against
Atlanta, returning with General Thomas to Nash-
ville, Tenn. During the last few months of the
war he served in Texas, being mustered_ out at
San Antonio in that State, though receiving his
final discharge at Columbus, Ohio. After the
war he entered the Poland Union Seminary,
where he became the intimate personal friend of
Maj. William McKinley, who was elected to the
Presidency in 1896. Having graduated at the
seminary, he came to Areola, Douglas County,
111., and began the study of law, later taking a
course in a law school in Chicago, after which he
was admitted to the bar (1875) and established
himself in practice at Danville as the partner of
the Hon. Joseph B. Mann. In 1882 Mr. Calhoun
was elected as a Republican to the lower branch
of the Thirty-third General Assembly and, during
the following session, proved himself one of the
ablest members of that body. In May, 1897, Mr.
Calhoun was appointed by President McKinley a
special envoy to investigate the circumstances
attending the death of Dr. Ricardo Ruiz, a nat-
uralized citizen of the United States who had
died while a prisoner in the hands of the Spaniards
during the rebellion then in progress in Cuba.
In 1898 he was appointed a member of the Inter-
State Commerce Commission to succeed William
R. Morrison, whose term had expired".
CALHOUN COUNTY, situated between the
Mississippi and Illinois Rivers, just above their
junction. It has an area of 260 square miles,
with a population (1900) of 8,917; was organized
in 1825 and named for John C. Calhoun. Origi-
nally, the county was well timbered and the
early settlers were largely engaged in lumbering,
which tended to give the population more or less
of a migratory character. Much of the timber
has been cleared off, and the principal business
in later years has been agriculture, although coal
is found and mined in paying quantities along
Silver Creek. Tradition has it that the aborig-
ines found the precious metals in the bed of this
stream. It was originally included within the
limits of the Military Tract set apart for the
veterans of the War of 1812. The physical con-
formation of the county's surface exhibits some
peculiarities. Limestone bluffs, rising some-
times to the height of 200 feet, skirt the banks of
both rivers, while through the center of the
countj' rims a ridge dividing the two watersheds.
The side valleys and the top of the central ridge
are alike fertile. The bottom lands are very
rich, but are liable to inundation. The county-
seat and principal town is Hardin, with a popula-
tion (1890) of 311.
CALLAHAN, Ethelbert, lawyer and legislator,
was born near Newark, Ohio, Dec. 17, 1829;
came to Crawford County, 111., in 1849, where he
farmed, taught school and edited, at different
times, "The Wabash Sentinel" and "The Marshall
Telegraph." He early identified himself with
the Republican party, and, in 1864, was the
Republican candidate for Congress in his dis-
74
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
trict ; became a member of the first State Board
of Equalization by appointment of Governor
Oglesby in 1867; served in the lower house of the
General Assembly during the sessions of 1875, "91,
'93 and '95. and, in 1893-95, on a Joint Comnaittee
to revise the State Revenue Laws. He was also
Presidential Elector in 1880, and again in 1888.
Mr. Callahan was admitted to the bar when past
30 years of age. and was President of the State
Bar Association in 1889. His home is at Robinson.
CALUMET RIVER, a short stream the main
body of which is formed by the union of two
branches which come together at the southern
boundary of the city of Chicago, and which flows
into Lake Michigan a short distance north of the
Indiana State line. The eastern branch, known
as the Grand Calumet, flows in a westerly direc-
tion from Northwestern Indiana and unites with
the Little Calumet from the west, S}< miles from
the mouth of the main stream. From the south-
ern limit of Chicago the general com-se of the
stream is north between Lake Calumet and Wolf
Lake, which it serves to drain. At its mouth,
Calumet Harbor has been constructed, wliich
admits of the entrance of vessels of heavj-
drauglit, and is a shipping and receiving
point of importance for heavy freight for
the Illinois Steel Works, the Pullman Palace
Car AVorks and other manufacturing establish-
ments in that vicinit}'. The river is regarded as
a navigable stream, and has been dredged by the
General Government to a depth of twent}- feet
and 200 feet wide for a distance of two miles,
with a depth of sixteen feet for the remainder of
the distance to the forks. The Calumet feeder
for the Illinois and Michigan Canal extends from
the west branch (or Little Calumet) to the canal
in the vicinit}' of Willow Springs. The stream
was known to the earlj- French exjilorers as "the
Calimic," and was sometimes confounded by
tliem with the Chicago River.
CALUMET RIVER RAILROAD, a short line,
4.43 miles in length, lying wliollj' within Cook
Count}-. The Pennsylvania Railroad Company
is the lessee, but the line is not operated at present
(1898). Its outstanding capital stock is §68,700.
It has no funded debt, but lias a floating debt of
8116,357, making a total capitalization ofSlS5,087.
This road extends from One Hundredth Street in
Cliicago to Hegewisch, and was chartered in 1883.
(See Pennsylvania Railroad.)
CAMBRIDGE, the county-seat of Henry
County, about 160 miles southwest of Chicago,
on the Rock Island & Peoria Railroad. It is
situated in a fertile region chiefl}- devoted to
agricultiu-e and stock-raising. The city is a
considerable grain market and has some manu-
factories. Some coal is also mined. It has a
public library, two newspapers, banks, good
schools, and handsome public (county) buildings.
Population (1880), 1,203; (1890), United States
census report, 940; (1900), 1,345.
CAMERON, James, Cumberland Presbyterian
minister and pioneer, was born in Kentucky in
1791, came to Illinois in 1815, and, in 1818, settled
in Sangamon County. In 1829 he is said to have
located where the town of New Salem (after-
wards associated with the early history of Abra-
ham Lincoln) was built, and of which he and
James Rutledge were the founders. He is also
said to have officiated at the funeral of Ann
Rutledge, with whose memor}- Jlr. Lincoln's
name has been tenderly associated by his biog-
raphers. Mr. Cameron subsequently removed
successively to Fulton County, 111., to Iowa and
to California, dying at a ripe old age, in the latter
State, about 1878.
CAMP DOUGLAS, a Federal military camp
established at Chicago early in tlie War of the
Rebellion, located between Thirty-first Street and
College Place, and Cottage Grove and Forest
Avenues. It was ^originally designed and solelj'
used as a camp of instruction for new recruits.
Afterwards it was utilized as a place of confine-
ment for Confederate prisoners of war. (For
plot to liberate the latter, together with other
similar prisoners in Illinois, see Camp Douglas
Cons2)iracy. )
CAMP DOUGLAS CONSPIRACY, a plot formed
in 1864 for the liberation of the Confederate
prisoners of war at Chicago (in Camp Douglas),
Rock Island, Alton and Springfield. It was to be
but a preliminary step in the execution of a
design long cherished by the Confederate Gov-
ernment, viz., the seizing of the organized gov-
ernments of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, and the
formation of a Northwestern Confederacy,
through the cooperation of the "Sons of Lib-
erty." (See Sec7-et Treasonable Societies.) Three
peace commissioners (Jacob Thompson, C. C.
Clay and J. P. Holcomb), who had been sent
from Richmond to Canada, held frequent
conferences with leaders of the treasonable
organizations in the North, including Clement L.
Vallandigham, Bowles, of Indiana, and one
Charles Walsh, who was head of the movement
in Chicago, with a large number of allies in that
city and scattered throughout the States. The
general management of the affair was entrusted
to Capt. Thomas H. Hines, who had been second
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
75
in command to the rebel Gen. John Morgan dur-
ing liis raid north of the Ohio River, while Col.
Vincent Marmaduke, of Missouri, and G. St. Leger
(irenfell (an Englishman) were selected to
carry out the military program. Hines followed
out his instructions with great zeal and labored
indefatigably. Thompson's duty was to dis-
seminate incendiary treasonable literature, and
strengthen the timorous "Sons of Liberty" by
the use of argument and money, both he and his
agents being lavishly supplied with the latter.
There was to be a draft in July, 1864, and it was
determined to arm the "Sons of Liberty" for
resistance, the date of uprising being fixed for
July 20. This part of the scheme, however, was
finally abandoned. Captain Hines located him-
self at Chicago, and personally attended to the
distribution of funds and the purchase of arms.
The date finally fixed for the attempt to liberate
the Southern prisoners was August 29, 1864, when
the National Democratic Convention was to
assemble at Chicago. On that date it was
expected the city would be so crowded that the
presence of the promised force of "Sons" would
not excite comment. The program also included
an attack on the city by water, for which pur-
pose reliance was placed upon a horde of Cana-
dian refugees, under Capt. John B. Castleman.
There were some 26,500 Southern prisoners in the
State at this time, of whom about 8,000 were at
Chicago, 6,000 at Rock Island, 7,500 at Spring-
field, and 5,000 at Alton. It was estimated that
there were 4,000 "Sons of Liberty" in Chicago,
who would be largely reenforced. With these
and the Canadian refugees the prisoners at Camp
Douglas were to be liberated, and the army thus
formed was to march upon Rock Island, Spring-
field and Alton. But suspicions were aroused,
and the Camp was reenforced by a regiment of
infantry and a battery. The organization of the
proposed assailing force was very imperfect, and
tlie great majority of those who were to compose
it were lacking in courage. Not enough of the
latter reported for service to justify an attack,
and the project was postponed. In the meantime
a preliminary part of the plot, at least indirectly
connected with the Camp Douglas conspiracy,
and which contemplated the release of the rebel
officers confined on Johnson's Island in Lake
Erie, had been "nipped in the bud" by the arrest
of Capt. C. H. Cole, a Confederate officer in dis-
guise, on the 19th of September, just as he was
on the point of putting in execution a scheme for
seizing the United States steamer Michigan at
Sandusky, and putting on board of it a Confeder-
ate crew. November 8 was the date next selected
to carry out the Chicago scheme — ^the day of Presi-
dent Lincoln's second election. The same pre-
liminaries were arranged, except that no water
attack was to be made. But Chicago was to be
burned and flooded, and its banks pillaged.
Detachments were designated to apply the torch,
to open fire plugs, to levy arms, and to attack
banks. But representatives of the United States
Secret Service had been initiated into the "Sons
of Liberty," and the plans of Captain Hines and
his associates were well known to the authori-
ties. An efficient body of detectives was put
upon their track by Gen. B. J. Sweet, the com-
mandant at Camp Douglas, although some of the
most valuable service in running down the con-
spiracy and capturing its agents, was rendered
by Dr. T. Winslow Ayer of Chicago, a Colonel
Langhorne (an ex-Confederate who had taken
the oath of allegiance without the knowledge of
some of the parties to the plot), and Col. J. T.
Shanks, a Confederate prisoner who was known
as "The Texan." Both Langhorne and Shanks
were appalled at the horrible nature of the plot
as it was unfolded to them, and entered with
zeal into the effort to defeat it. Shanks was
permitted to escape from Camp Douglas, thereby
getting in communication with the leaders of the
plot who assisted to conceal him, wliile he faith-
fully apprised General Sweet of their plans. On
the night of Nov. 6 — or rather after midnight on
the morning of the 7th — General Sweet caused
simultaneous arrests of the leaders to be made at
their hiding-places. Captain Hines was not
captured, but the following conspirators were
taken into custody : Captains Cantrill and Trav-
erse; Charles Walsh, the Brigadier-General of
the "Sons of Liberty," who was sheltering them,
and in whose barn and house was found a large
quantity of arms and military stores ; Cols. St.
Leger Grenfell, W. R. Anderson and J. T.
Shanks; R. T. Semmes, Vincent Marmaduke,
Charles T. Daniel and Buckner S. Morris, the
Treasurer of the order. They were tried by
Military Commission at Cincinnati for conspir-
acy. Marmaduke and Morris were acquitted ;
Anderson committed suicide during the trial;
Walsh, Semmes and Daniels were sentenced to
the penitentiary, and Grenfell was sentenced to
be hung, although his sentence was afterward
commuted to life imprisonment at the Dry Tortu-
gas, where he my.steriously disappeared some
years afterward, but whether he escaped or was
drowned in the attempt to do so has never been
known. The British Government had made
70
IIISTOKK'AL EXC'YCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
repeated attempts to secure his release, a brother
of his being a General in the British Army.
Daniels managed to escape, and was never recap-
tured, while Walsh and Semmes, after under-
going brief terms of imprisonment, were
pardoned by President Johnson. The subsequent
history of Shanks, who played so prominent a
part in defeating the scheme of wholesale arson,
pillage and assassination, is interesting. While
in prison he had been detailed for service as a
clerk in one of the offices under the direction of
General Sweet, and. while thus employed, made
the acquaintance of a young lady member of a
loyal family, whom he afterwards married.
After the exposure of the contemplated uprising,
the rebel agents in Canada offered a reward of
§1,000 in gold for the taking of his life, and he
was bitterly persecuted. The attention o-f Presi-
dent Lincoln was called to the service rendered
by him, and sometime during 186.') he received a
commission as Captain and engaged in fighting
the Indians upon the Plains. The efficiency
shown by Colonel Sweet in ferreting out the con-
spiracy and defeating its consummation won for
him the gratitude of the people of Chicago and
the whole nation, and was recognized by the
Government in awarding him a commission as
Brigadier-General. (See Benjamin J. Sweet.
Camp Douglas and Secret Treasonable Societies.)
CAMPBELL, Alexander, legislator and Con-
gressman, was born at Concord, Pa., Oct. 4, 1814.
After obtaining a limited education in the com-
mon schools, at an early age he secured employ-
ment as a clerk in an iron manufactory. He soon
rose to the position of superintendent, managing
iron-works in Pennsylvania, Kentucky and Mis-
souri, until 1850, when he removed to Illinois,
settling at La Salle. He was twice (1853 and
1853) elected JIayor of that city, and represented
his county in the Twenty-first General Assembly
(1839). He was also a member of the State
Constitutional Convention of 1862, and served
one term (1875-77) as Representative in Congress,
being elected as an Independent, but, in 1878. was
defeated for re-election by Philip C. Haj'es,
Republican. Mr. Campbell was a zealous friend
of Abraham Lincoln, and, in 18.58, contributed
liberally to the expenses of the latter in making
the tour of the State during tiie debate with
Douglas. He broke with the Republican party
in 1874 on the greenback issue, which won for
him the title of "Father of the Greenback," His
death occurred at La Salle, August 9, 1898.
CAMPBELL, Antrim, early lawyer, was born
in New Jersey in 1814; came to Springfield, 111.,
in 1838; was appointed Master in Chancery for
Sangamon County in 1849, and, in 1861, to a
similar position by the United States District
Court for that district. Died, August 11, 1868.
CAMPBELL, James R., Congressman and sol-
dier, was born in Hamilton Count}-, 111., May 4,
1853, his ancestors being among the first settlers
in that section of the State ; was educated at
Notre Dame Universitj', Ind., read law and was
admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court in 1877 ;
in 1878 purchased "The McLeansboro Times,"
which he has since conducted ; was elected to the
lower house of the General Assembly in 1884, and
again in '86, advanced to the Senate in 1888, and
re-elected in '93. During his twelve years'
experience in the Legislature he participated, as
a Democrat, in tlie celebrated Logan-Morrison
contest for the United States Senate, in 1885, and
assisted in the election of Gen. John M. Palmer
to the Senate in 1891. At the close of his last
term in the Senate (1896) he was elected to Con-
gress from the Twentieth District, receiving a
plurality of 2,851 over Orlando Burrell, Repub-
lican, who had been elected in 1894. On the
second call for troops issued by the President
during the Spanish-American War, Mr. Camp-
bell organized a regiment which was mustered in
as the Ninth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, of
which he was commissioned Colonel and assigned
to the corps of Gen. Fitzhugh Lee at Jackson-
ville, Fla. Although his regiment saw no active
service during the war, it was held in readiness
for that purpose, and, on the occupation of Cuba
in December, 1898, it became a part of the army
of occupation. As Colonel Campbell remained
with his regiment, he took no part in the pro-
ceedings of the last term of the Fifty-fifth Con-
gress, and was not a candidate for re-election in
1898.
CAMPBELL, Thompson, Secretary of State
and Congressman, was born in Chester County,
Pa., in 1811 ; removed in childhood to the western
part of the State and was educated at Jefferson
College, afterwards reading law at Pittsburg.
Soon after being admitted to the bar he removed
to Galena, 111., where he had acquired some min-
ing interests, and, in 1843, was appointed Secre-
tary of State by Governor Ford, but resigned in
1846, and became a Delegate to the Constitutional
Convention of 1847; in 1850 was elected as a
Democrat to Congress from the Galena District,
but defeated for re-election in 1852 by E. B.
Washburne. He was then appointed by President
Pierce Commissioner to look after certain land
grants by the Mexican Government in California,
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
77
removing to that State in 1853, but resigned this
position about 1855 to engage in general practice.
In 1859 he made an extended visit to Europe
with his family, and, on his return, located in
Chicago, the following year becoming a candidate
for Presidential Elector-at-large on tlie Breckin-
ridge ticket; in 1861 returned to California, and,
on the breaking out of the Civil War, became a
zealous champion of the Union cause, by his
speeches exerting a powerful influence upon the
destiny of the State. He also served in the Cali-
fornia Legislature during the war, and, in 1864,
was a member of the Baltimore Convention
which nominated Mr. Lincoln for the Presidency
a second time, assisting most ably in the subse-
quent campaign to carry the State for the Repub-
lican ticket. Died in San Francisco, Dec. 6, 1868.
CAMPBELL, William J., lawyer and politi-
cian, was born in Philadelphia in 1850. When
he was two years old his father removed to
Illinois, settling in Cook County. After passing
through the Chicago public schools, Mr. Camp-
bell attended the University of Pennsylvania, for
two years, after which he studied law, and was
admitted to the bar in 1875. From that date he
was in active practice and attained prominence
at the Chicago bar. In 18T8 he was elected State
Senator, and was re-elected in 1883, serving in all
eight years. At the sessions of 1881, '83 and '85
he was chosen President pro tempore of tlie
Senate, and, on Feb. 6, 1883, he became Lieuten-
ant-Governor upon the accession of Lieutenant-
Governor Hamilton to the executive office to
succeed Shelby M. Cullom, who had been elected
United States Senator. In 1888 lie represented
the First Illinois District in the National Repub-
lican Convention, and was the same year chosen
a member of the Republican National Committee
for Illinois and was re-elected in 1883. Died in
Chicago, March 4, 1896. For several years
immediately preceding his death, Mr. Campbell
was the chief attorney of the Armour Packing
Company of Chicago.
CAMP POINT, a town in Adams Coimty, at
the intersection of the Chicago, Burlington &
Quincy and the Wabash Railroads, 31 miles east-
northeast of Quincy. Grain is extensively grown
in the surrounding country, and the to%vn has
two large flouring mills. It also contains a bank,
four churches, a high school and two newspaper
offices. Population (1890), 1,150; (1900), 1,260.
CANAL SCRIP FRAUD. During the session
of the Illinois General Assembly of 1859, Gen.
Jacob Fry, who, as Commissioner or Trustee, had
been associated with the construction of the
Illinois & Michigan Canal from 1837 to 1845,
had his attention called to a check purporting to
have been issued by the Commissioners in 1839,
which, upon investigation, he became convinced
was counterfeit, or had been fraudulently issued.
Having communicated his conclusions to Hon.
Jesse K. Dubois, the State Auditor, in charge of
the work of refunding the State indebtedness, an
inquiry was instituted in the office of the Fund
Commissioner — a position attached to the Gov-
ernor's office, but in the charge of a secretary^
which developed the fact that a large amount of
these evidences of indebtedness had been taken
up through that office and bonds issued therefor
by the State Auditor under the laws for funding
the State debt. A subsequent investigation by the
Finance Committee of the State Senate, ordered
by vote of that body, resulted in the discovery
tliat, in May and August, 1839, two series of
canal "scrip" (or cliecks) had been issued by the
Canal Board, to meet temporary demands in the
work of construction — the sum aggregating
§369,059 — of which all but .§316 had been redeemed
within a few years at the Chicago branch of the
Illinois State Bank. The bank officers testified
that this scrip (or a large part of it) liad, after
redemption, been held by them in the bank vaults
without cancellation until settlement was had
with the Canal Board, when it was packed in
boxes and turned over to the Board. After hav-
ing lain in the canal office for several years in
this condition, and a new "Trustee" (as the
officer in charge was now called) having come
into the canal office in 1853, this scrip, with other
papers, was repacked in a shoe-box and a trunk
and placed in charge of Joel A. Matteson, then
Governor, to be taken by him ^o Springfield and
deposited there. Notliing further was known of
these papers until October, 1854, when .5300 of the
scrip was presented to tlie Secretary of the Fund
Commissioner by a Springfield banker, and bond
issued thereon. This was followed in 1856 and
1857 by larger sums, until, at tlie time the legis-
lative investigation was instituted, it was found
that bonds to the amount of §333,183.66 had been
issued on account of principal and interest.
With the exception of the §300 first presented, it
was shown that all the scrip so funded had been
presented by Governor Matteson, either while in
office or subsequent to his retirement, and the
bonds issued therefor delivered to him — although
none of the persons in whose names the issue was
made were known or ever afterward discovered.
The developments made by the Senate Finance
Committee led to an offer from Matteson to
78
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
indemnify the State, in which lie stated that he
had "unconsciously and innocently been made
the instrument through whom a gross fraud upon
the State had been attempted." He therefore
gave to the State mortgages and an indemnifying
bond for the sum shown to have been funded by
him of this class of indebtedness, upon which the
State, on foreclosure a few years later, secured
judgment for $255,000, althougli the property on
being sold realized onlj- $238,000. A further
investigation by the Legislature, in 1861, revealed
the fact that additional issues of bonds for similar
scrip had been made amounting to 8105,340. for
which the State never received any compensa-
tion. A search through the State House for the
trunk and box placed in the hands of Governor
Matteson in 1853, while the official investigation
was in progress, resulted in the discovery of the
trunk in a condition showing it had been opened,
but the box was never found. The fraud was
made the subject of a protracted investigation
by the Grand Jury of Sangamon County in May,
1859, and, although the jury twice voted to indict
Governor Matteson for larceny, it as often voted
to reconsider, and, on a third ballot, voted to
"ignore the bill."
CANBY, Richard Spriggr, jurist, was born in
Green County, Ohio, Sept. 30, 1808 ; was educated
at Miami University and admitted to the bar,
afterwards serving as Prosecuting Attorney,
member of the Legislature and one term (1847-19)
in Congress. In 1863 he removed to Illinois,
locating at Olney, was elected Judge of the
Twenty-fifth Judicial Circuit in 1867, resuming
practice at the expiration of his term in 1873.
Died in Richland County, July 27, 1895. Judge
Canby was a relative of Gen. Edward Richard
Spriggs Canby, who was treacherously killed by
the Modocs in California in 1873.
CAJfXOXj Joseph G., Congressman, was born
at Guilford, N. C, May 7, 1836, and removed to
Illinois in early youth, locating at Danville, Ver-
milion County. By profession lie is a lawyer.
and served as State's Attorney of Vermilion
County for two terms (1861-68). Incidentally,
he is conducting a large banking business at
Danville. In 1872 he was elected as a Republican
to the Forty-third Congress for the Fifteenth Dis-
trict, and has been re-elected biennially ever
since, except in 1890, when he was defeated for
the Fifty-second Congress by Samuel T. Busey,
his Democratic opponent. He is now (1898)
serving his twelftli term as the Representative
for the Twelfth Congressional District, and has
been re-elected for a thirteenth term in the Fifty-
sixth Congress (1899-1901). Mr. Cannon has been
an influential factor in State and National poli-
tics, as shown by the fact that he has been Chair-
man of the House Committee on Appropriations
during the important sessions of the Fifty-fourth
and Fifty-fifth Congresses.
CAXTOX, a flourishing city in Fulton County,
12 miles from the Illinois River, and 28 miles
southwest of Peoria. It is the commercial
metropolis of one of the largest and richest
counties in the "corn belt"; also has abundant
supplies of timber and clay for manufacturing
purposes. There are coal mines within the
municipal limits, and various manufacturing
establishments. Among the principal outputs
are agricultural implements, flour, brick and tile,
cigars, cigar-boxes, foundry and machine-shop
products, firearms, brooms, and marble. The
city is lighted by both gas and electricity, has a
public library and high school, and three news-
paper establishments, two of which publish dailj'
editions. Population (1890), 5,604; (1900), 6,564.
CAPPS, Jabez, pioneer, was born in London,
England, Sept. 9, 1796; came to the United States
in 1817, and to Sangamon County, 111., in 1819.
For a time he taught school in what is now
called Round Prairie, in the present County of
Sangamon, and later in Calhoun (the original
name of a part of the city of Springfield), having
among his pupils a number of those who after-
wards became prominent citizens of Central
Illinois. In 1836, in conjunction with two part-
ners, he laid out the town of Mount Pulaski, the
original county -seat of Logan County, where he
continued to live for the remainder of his life,
and where, during its later period, he served as
Postmaster some fifteen years. He also served as
Recorder of Logan Coiinty four j-ears. Died,
April 1, 1896, in the 100th year of his age.
CARBONDALE, a city in Jackson County,
founded in 1852, 57 miles north of Cairo, and 91
miles from St. Louis. Three lines of railway
center here. The chief industries are coal-min-
ing, farming, stock-raising, fruitgrowing and
lumbering. It has seven or eight churches, two
weekly papers, and five public schools, and is the
seat of the .Southern Illinois Normal University.
Population (1890), 2,382; (1900), 3,318.
CARBONDALE k SHAWNEETOWN RAIL-
ROAD, a short line 17'4 miles in length, ex-
tending from Marion to Carbondale, and operated
by the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad
Company, as lessee. It was incorporated as the
Murphysboro & Shawneetown Railroad in 18C7;
its name changed in 1869 to The Carbondale &
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
79
Shawneetown, was opened for business, Dec. 31,
1871, and leased in 1886 for 980 years to the St.
Louis Southern, through which it passed into the
hands of the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Rail-
road, and by lease from the latter, in 1896, became
a part of the Illinois Central System (which see).
CAREY, William, lawyer, was born in the town
of Turner, Maine, Dec. 29, 1826; studied law with
General Fessenden and at Yale Law School, was
admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court of
Maine in 1856, the Supreme Court of Illinois in
1857, and the Supreme Court of the United
States, on motion of Hon. Lyman Trumbull, in
1873. Judge Carey was a member of the State
Constitutional Convention of 1869-70 from Jo
Daviess County, and the choice of the Republicans
in that body for temporary presiding officer;
was elected to the next General Assembly (the
Twenty -seventh), serving as Chairman of the
House Judiciary Committee through its four ses-
sions; from 1873 to 1870 was United States Dis-
trict Attorney for Utah, still later occupying
various offices at Deadwood, Dakota, and in Reno
County, Kan. The first office held by Judge
Carey in Illinois (that of Superintendent of
Schools for the city of Galena) was conferred
upon him through the influence of John A. Raw-
lins, afterwards General Gr'ant's chief -of -staff
during the war, and later Secretary of War —
although at the time Mr. Rawlins and he were
politically opposed. Mr. Carey's present resi-
dence is in Chicago.
CARLIN, Thomas, former Governor, was born
of Irish ancestry in Fayette County, Ky., July
18, 1789; emigrated to Illinois in 1811, and served
as a private in the War of 1812, and as a Captain
in the Black Hawk War. While not highly edu-
cated, he was a man of strong common sense,
high moral standard, great firmness of character
and unfailing courage. In 1818 he settled in
Greene County, of which he was the first Slieriff ;
was twice elected State Senator, and was Regis-
ter of the Land Office at Quincy, when he was
elected Governor on the Democratic ticket in
1838. An uncompromising partisan, he never-
theless commanded the respect and good-will of
his political opponents. Died at his home in
Carrollton, Feb. 14, 1852.
CARLIN, William Passmore, soldier, nephew of
Gov. Thomas Carlin, was born at Rich Woods,
Greene County, 111., Nov. 34, 1829. At the age
of 21 he graduated from the United States Mili-
tary Academy at West Point, and, in 1855, was
attached to the Sixth United States Infantry as
Lieutenant. After several years spent in Indian
fighting, he was ordered to California, where lie
was promoted to a captaincy and assigned to
recruiting duty. On August 15, 1861, he was
commissioned Colonel of the Thirty-eighth Illi-
nois Volunteers. His record during the war was
an exceptionally brilliant one. He defeated Gen.
Jeff. Thompson at Fredericktown, Mo., Oct. 31,
1861 ; commanded the District of Southeast Mis-
souri for eighteen months; led a brigade under
Slocum in the Arkansas campaign; served with
marked distinction in Kentucky and Mississippi ;
took a prominent part in the battle of Stone
River, was engaged in the Tullahoma campaign,
at Chattanooga, Lookout Mountain and Mission-
ary Ridge, and, on Feb. 8, 1864, was commis-
sioned Major in the Sixteenth Infantry. He also
took part in the Georgia campaign, aiding in the
capture of Atlanta, and marching with Sherman
to the sea. For gallant service in the assault at
Jonesboro, Tenn., ,Sept. 1, 1864, he was made
Colonel in the regular army, and, on March 13,
1865, was brevetted Brigadier-General for meritori-
ous service at Bentonville, N. C, and Major-
General for services during the war. Colonel
Carlin was retired with the rank of Brigadier-
General in 1893. His home is at Carrollton.
CARLINVILLE, the county-seat of Macoupin
County ; a city and railroad junction, 57 miles
northeast of St. Louis, and 38 miles southwest of
Springfield. Blackburn University (which see)
is located here. Three coal mines are operated,
and there are brick works, tile works and flouring
mills. Three newspapers are published here, two
issuing daily editions. Population (1880), 8,117;
(1890), 3,293; (1900), 3,502.
CARLYLE, the county-seat of Clinton County,
48 miles east of .St. Louis, located on the Kaskas-
kia River and the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern
Railroad. The town has churches and schools
adapted to its wants, and some manufactures.
It has a flourishing seminary for young ladies,
three weeklj' papers, and a public library of some
5.000 volumes. Population (1880), 2,017; (1890),
1,784; (1900), 1,874.
CARMI, the county-seat of White County, on
the Little AVabash River, 134 miles east of St.
Louis and 38 west of Evansville, Ind. The sur-
rounding country is fertile, yielding both cereals
and fruit. Flouring mills and lumber manufac-
turing, including the making of staves, are the
chief industries, though the city has brick and
tile works, a plow factory and foundry. Popula-
tion (1880), 3,512; (1890), 2,785; (1900), 2,939.
CARPENTER, Milton, legislator and State
Treasurer; entered upon public life in Illinois as
80
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Representative in the Ninth General Assembly
(1834) from Hamilton County, serving by succes-
sive re-elections in the Tenth, Eleventh and
Twelfth. While a member of the latter (1841)
he was elected by the Legislature to the ofiBce of
State Treasurer, retaining this position until the
adoption of the Constitution of 1848, when he was
chosen his own successor by popular vote, but
died a few days after the election in August,
1848. He was buried in what is now known as
the "Old Hutchinson Cemetery" — a burying
grovmd in the west part, of the city of Springfield,
long since abandoned — where his remains still lie
(1897) in a grave immarked by a tombstone.
CARPENTER, Philo, pioneer and early drug-
gist, was born of Piu'itan and Revolutionary
ancestrj- in the town of Savoy, Mass., Feb. 27,
1805 ; engaged as a druggist's clerk at Troy, N. Y. ,
in 1828, and came to Chicago in 1832, where he
established himself in the drug business, which
was later extended into other lines. Soon after
his arrival, he began investing in lands, which
have since become immensely valuable. Mr.
Carpenter was associated with the late Rev.
Jeremiah Porter in the organization of the First
Presbyterian Church of Chicago, but, in 1851,
withdrew on account of dissatisfaction with the
attitude of some of the representatives of that
denomination on the subject of slavery, identify-
ing himself with the Congregationalist Church,
in which he had been reared. He was one of the
original foimders and most liberal benefactors of
the Chicago Theological Seminary, to which he
gave in contributions, during his life-time, or in
bequests after his death, sums aggregating not
far from §100,000. One of the Seminary build-
ings was named in his honor, "Carpenter Hall."
He was identified with various other organiza-
tions, one of the most important being the Relief
and Aid Society, which did such useful work
after the fire of 1871. By a life of probity, liber-
ality and benevolence, he won the respect of all
classes, dying, August 7, 1886.
CARPeMeR, (Mrs.) Sarah L.Warren, pio-
neer teacher, born in Fredonia, N. Y., Sept. 1,
1813 ; at the age of 13 she began teaching at State
Line, N. Y. ; in 1833 removed with her parents
(Mr. and Mrs. Daniel "Warren) to Chicago, and
soon after began teaching in what was called the
"Yankee settlement," now the town of Lockport,
"Will County. Slie came to Chicago the following
year (1834) to take the place of assistant of Gran-
ville T. .Sproat in a school for boys, and is said to
have been the first teacher paid out of the public
funds in Chicago, though Miss Eliza Cliappell
(afterwards Mrs. Jeremiah Porter) began teach-
ing the children about Fort Dearborn in 1833.
Miss Warren married Abel E. Carpenter, whom
she survived, dying at Aurora, Kane County,
Jan. 10, 1897.
CARPEXTERSTILLE, a village of Kane
County, on the Lake Geneva branch of the Chi-
cago & Northwestern Railroad, 7 miles north
of East Elgin and about 48 miles from Chicago.
Population (1890), 754; (1900), 1,002.
CARR, Clark E., lawj-er, politician and diplo-
mat, was born at Boston, Erie County, N. Y.,
May 20, 1836 ; at 13 years of age accompanied his
father's family to Galesburg, lU., where he spent
several years at Knox College. In 1857 he gradu-
ated from the Albany Law Scliool, but on return-
ing to Illinois, soon embarked in politics, his
affiliations being uniformly with the Republican
party. His first office was that of Postmaster at
Galesburg, to which lie was appointed by Presi-
dent Lincoln in 1861 and which he held for
twenty-four years. He was a tried and valued
assistant of Governor Yates during the War of
the Rebellion, serving on the staff of the latter
with the rank of Colonel. He was a delegate to
the National Convention of his party at Baltimore
in 1864, which renominated Lincoln, and took an
active part in the campaigns of that year, as well
as those of 1868 and 1872. In 1869 he purchased
"The Galesburg Republican," which he edited
and published for two years. In 1880 he was an
unsuccessful candidate for the Republican nomi-
nation for Governor ; in 1884 was a delegate to the
Republican National Convention, from the State-
at-large, and, in 1887, a candidate for the caucus
nomination for United States Senator, which was
given to Charles B. Farwell. In 1888 he was
defeated in the Republican State Convention as
candidate for Governor by Joseph W. Fifer. In
1889 President Harrison appointed liim Minister
to Denmark, wliich post he filled with marked
ability and credit to the country until his resig-
nation was accepted by President Cleveland,
when he returned to his former home at Gales-
burg. While in Denmark he did much to
promote American trade with that country,
especially in the introduction of American corn
as an article of food, which has led to a large
increase in the annual exportation of this com-
modity to Scandinavian markets.
CARR, Eugene A., soldier, was born in Erie
County, N. Y., May 20, 1830, and graduated at
West Point in 1850, entering the Mounted Rifles.
Until 1801 he was stationed in the Far West, and
engaged in Indian fighting, earning a First Lieu-
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
81
tenancy through his gallantry. In 1861 he
entered upon active service under General Lyon,
in Southwest Missouri, taking part in the engage-
ments of Dug Springs and Wilson's Creek,
winning the brevet of Lieutenant-Colonel. In
September, 1861, he was commissioned Colonel of
the Third Illinois Cavalry. He served as acting
Brigadier-General in Fremont's hundred-day
expedition, for a time commanding the Fourth
Division of the Army of the Southwest. On the
second day at Pea Ridge, although three times
wounded, he remained on the field seven hours,
and materially aided in securing a victory, for
his bravery being made Brigadier-General of
Volunteers. In the summer of 1863 he was
promoted to the rank of Major in the Regular
Army. During the Vicksburg campaign he com-
manded a division, leading the attack at Magnolia
Church, at Port Gibson, and at Big Black River,
and winning a brevet Lieutenant-Colonelcy in
the United States Army. He also distinguished
himself for a first and second assault upon taking
Vicksburg, and, in the autumn of 1862, com-
manded the left wing of the Sixteenth Corps at
Corinth. In December of that year he was
transferred to the Department of Arkansas,
where he gained new laurels, being brevetted
Brigadier-General for gallantry at Little Rock,
and Major-General for services during the war.
After the close of the Civil War, he was stationed
chiefly in the West, where he rendered good serv-
ice in the Indian campaigns. In 1894 he was
retired with the rank of Brigadier-General, and
has since resided in New York.
CARRIEL, Henry F., M.D., alienist, was born
at Charlestown, N. H., and educated at Marlow
Academy, N. H., and Weslej-an Seminary, Vt. :
graduated from the College of Physicians and
Surgeons, New York City, in 1857, and immedi-
ately accepted the position of Assistant Physician
in the New Jersey State Lunatic Asylum,
remaining until 1870. Meanwhile, however, he
visited a large number of the leading hospitals
and asylums of Europe. In 1870, Dr. Carriel
received the appointment of Superintendent of
the Illinois Central Hospital for the Insane at
Jacksonville, a position which he continued to
fill until 1893, when he voluntarily tendered to
Governor Altgeld his resignation, to take effect
July 1 of that year.— Mrs. Mary Turner (Carriel),
wife of Dr. Carriel, and a daughter of Prof.
Jonathan B. Turner of Jacksonville, was elected
a Trustee of the University of Illinois on the Repub-
lican ticket in 1896, receiving a plurality of 148,039
over Julia Holmes Smith, her highest competitor.
CARROLL COUXTY, originally a part of Jo
Daviess County, but set apart and organized in
1839, named for Charles Carroll of CarroUton. The
first settlements were in and around Savanna,
Cherry Grove and Arnold's Grove. The first
County Commissioners were Messrs. L. H. Bor-
den, Garner Moffett and S. M. Jersey, who held
their first court at Savanna, April 13, 1839. In
1843 the county-seat was changed from Savanna
to Moimt Carroll, where it yet remains. Town-
ships were first organized in 1850, and the
development of the county has steadily pro-
gressed since that date. The surface of the land
is rolling, and at certain points decidedly pictur-
esque. The land is generally good for farming.
It is well timbered, particularly along the Mis-
sissippi. Area of the county, 440 square miles;
population, 18,963. Mount Carroll is a pleasant,
prosperous, wide-awake town, of about 2,000
inliabitants, and noted for its excellent public
and private schools.
CARROLLTON, the county-seat of Greene
County, situated on the west branch of the Chi-
cago & Alton Railroad, 33 miles north-northwest
of Alton, and 34 miles south by west from Jack-
sonville. A foundry, a carriage factory, two
machine shops and two flouring mills are the
chief manufacturing establishments. The town
contains two banks, six churches, a high school,
and two weekly newspaper oflSces. Population
(1880), 1,934; (1890), 2,258; (1900), 2,355.
CARTER, Joseph N., Justice of the Supreme
Court, was born in Hardin County, Ky., March
12, 1843; came to Illinois in boyhood, and, after
attending school at Tuscola four years, engaged
in teaching until 1863, when he entered Illinois
College, graduating in 1866; in 1868 graduated
from the Law Department of the University of
Michigan, the next year establishing himself in
practice at Quincy, where he has since resided.
He was a member of the Thirty-first and Thirty-
second General Assemblies (1878-82), and, in
June, 1894, was elected to the seat on the Supreme
Bench, which he now occupies
CARTER, Thomas Henry, United States Sena-
tor, born in Scioto County, Ohio, Oct, 30, 1854;
in his fifth year was brought to Illinois, his
father locating at Pana, where he was educated
in the public schools; was employed in farming,
railroading and teaching several years, then
studied law and was admitted to the bar, and, in
1882, removed to Helena, Mont., where he en-
gaged in practice; was elected, as a Republican,
the last Territorial Delegate to Congress from
Idaho and the first Representative from the new
82
HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
State; was Commissioner of the General Land
Office (1891-93), and, in 1895, was elected to the
United States Senate for the term ending in 1901.
In 1893 he was chosen Chairman of the Repub-
lican National Committee, serving until the St.
Louis Convention of 1896.
CARTERVILLE, a village in Williamson
Countj', 10 miles by rail northwest of ilarion.
Coal mining is the principal industry. It has a
bank, four churches, a public school, and a
weekly newspaper. Population (1880), 693;
(1890), 969; (1900), 1,749.
CARTHA(tE, a city, and the county-seat of
Hancock County, 13 miles east of Keokuk, Iowa,
on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy and the
Wabash Railroads. It has waterworks and is
lighted by electricity; has three weekly papers,
and is the seat of a Lutheran College. Popula-
tion (1880), 1,594; (1890), 1,654; (1900), 3,104.
CARTHAGE COLLEGE, at Carthage, Hancock
County, incorporated in 1871 ; has a teaching
faculty of twelve members, and reports 158 pupils
— sixty-eight men and ninetj' women — for 1897-98.
It has a library of 5,000 volumes and endowment
of §33,000. Instruction is given in the classical,
scientific, musical, fine arts and business depart-
ments, as well as in preparatory studies. In 1898
this institution reported a property valuation of
841,000, of which 835.000 was in real estate.
CARTHAGE & BURLINGTON RAILROAD.
(See Chicago. Biirlingfon <f- Qtn'ncy Bailroad.)
CARTWRIGHT, James Henry, Justice of the
Supreme Court, was born at Maquoketa, Iowa,
Dec. 1, 1843 — the son of a frontier Methodist
clergyman; was educated at Rock River Semi-
nary and the University of Michigan, graduating
from the latter in 1867 ; began practice in 1870 at
Oregon, Ogle County, which is still his home ; in
1888 was elected Circuit Judge to succeed Judge
Eustace, deceased, and in 1891 assigned to Appel-
late Court duty ; in December, 1895, was elected
Justice of the Supreme Court to succeed Justice
John M. Bailey, deceased, and re-elected in
1897.
CARTWRIGHT, Peter, pioneer Methodist
preacher, was born in Amherst County, Va. ,
Sept. 1, 1785, and at the age of five years accom-
panied his father (a Revolutionary veteran) to
Logan County. Kj'. The country was wild and
unsettled, there were no schools, the nearest mill
was 40 miles distant, the few residents wore
homespun garments of flax or cotton ; and coffee,
tea and sugar in domestic use were almost un-
known. Methodist circuit riders soon invaded
the district, and, at a camp meeting held at Cane
Ridge in 1801, Peter received his first religious
impressions. A few months later he abandoned
his reckless life, sold his race-horse and abjured
gambling. He began preaching immediately
after his conversion, and, in 1803, was regularly
received into the ministry of the Methodist Epis-
copal Church, although only 18 years old. In
1833 he removed to Illinois, locating in Sangamon
County, then but sparselj' settled. In 1838, and
again in 1833, he was elected to the Legislature,
where his homespun wit and undaunted courage
stood him in good stead. For a long series of
years he attended annual conferences (usually as
a delegate), and was a conspicuous figure at
camp-meetings. Although a Democrat all his
life, he was an uncompromising antagonist of
slavery, and rejoiced at the division of his
denomination in 1844. He was also a zealous
supporter of the Government during the Civil
War. In 1846 he was a candidate for Congress
on the Democratic ticket, but was defeated by
Abraham Lincoln. He was a powerful preacher,
a tireless worker, and for fifty years served as a
Presiding Elder of his denomination. On the
lecture platform, his quaint ness and eccentricity,
together with his inexhaustible fund of personal
anecdotes, insured an interested audience.
Numerous stories are told of his physical prowess
in overcoming imruly characters whom he had
failed to convince by moral suasion. Inside the
church he was equally fearless and outspoken,
and his strong common sense did much to pro-
mote the success of the denomination in the
West. He died at his home near Pleasant Plains,
Sangamon Count}', Sept. 35, 1873. His principal
published works are "A Controvei'sy with the
Devil" (1853), "Autobiography of Peter Cart-
wright" (1856), "The Backwoods Preacher"
(London, 1869), and several works on Methodism.
CARY, Eug'ene, law3'er and insurance manager,
was born at Boston, Erie County, N. Y., Feb. 30,
1835 ; began teaching at sixteen, meanwhile
attending a select school or academy at intervals ;
studied law at Sheboygan, Wis., and Buffalo,
N. Y., 1855-56; served as City Attorney and
later as County Judge, and, in 1861, enlisted in
the First Regiment Wisconsin Volunteers, serv-
ing as a Captain in the Arm}' of the Cmuberland,
and the last two years as Judge-Advocate on the
staff of General Rous.seau. After the war he
settled at Nasliville, Tenn., where he held the
office of Judge of the First District, but in 1871
he was elected to the City Council, and, in 1883,
was the High-License candidate for Mayor in
opposition to JIayor Harrison, and believed by
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
83
many to have been honestly elected, but counted
out by the machine methods then in vogue.
CASAD, Anthony Wayne, clergyman and phy-
sician, was born in Wantage Township, Sussex
County, N. J., May 2, 1791 ; died at Summerfield,
111., Dec. 16, 1857. His father, Rev. Thomas
Casad, was a Baptist minister, who, with his
wife, Abigail Tingley, was among the early
settlers of Sussex Coimty. He was descended
from Dutch- Huguenot ancestry, the family name
being originally Cossart, the American branch
having been founded by Jacques Cossart, who
emigrated from Leyden to New York in 1663.
At the age of 19 Anthony removed to Greene
County, Ohio, settling at Fairfield, near the site
of the present city of Dayton, where some of his
relatives were then residing. On Feb. 6, 1811, he
married Anna, eldest daughter of Captain Samuel
Stites and Martha Martin Stites, her mother's
father and grandfather having been patriot sol-
diers in the War of the Revolution. Anthony
Wayne Casad served as a volunteer from Ohio in
the War of 1812, being a member of Captain
Wm. Stephenson's Company. In 1818 he re-
moved with his wife's father to Union Grove, St.
Clair County, 111. A few years later he entered
the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church,
and during 1821-23 was stationed at Kaskaskia
and Buffalo, removing, in 1823, to Lebanon,
where he taught school. Later he studied medi-
cine and attained considerable prominence as a
practitioner, being commissioned Surgeon of the
Forty-ninth Illinois Infantry in 183.5. He was
one of the founders of McKendree College and a
liberal contributor to its support; was also for
many years Deputy Superintendent of Schools at
Lebanon, served as County Surveyor of St.
Clair County, and acted as agent for Harper
Brothers in the sale of Southern Illinois lands.
He was a prominent Free Mason and an influ-
ential citizen. Hi.s youngest daughter, Amanda
Keziah, married Rev. CoUn D. James (which see).
CASEY, a village of Clark County, at the inter-
section of the Vandalia Line and the Chicago &
Ohio River Railroad, 85 miles southwest of Terre
Haute. Population (1890), 844; (1900), 1,500.
CASEY, Zadoc, pioneer and early Congressman,
was born in Georgia. March 17, 1796, the young-
est son of a soldier of the Revolutionary War who
removed to Tennessee about 1800. The subject
of this sketch came to Illinois in 1817, bringing
with him his widowed mother, and settling in
the vicinity of the present city of Mount Vernon,
in Jefferson County, where he acquired great
prominence as a politician and became the head
of an influential family. He began preaching at
an early age, and continued to do so occasionally
thiough his political career. In 1819, he took a
prominent part in the organization of Jefiierson
County, serving on the first Board of County
Commissioners; was an unsuccessful candidate
for the Legislature in 1820, but was elected
Representative in 1822 and re-elected two years
later ; in 1826 was advanced to the Senate, serv-
ing until 1830, when he was elected Lieutenant-
Governor, and during his incumbency took part
in the Black Hawk War. On March 1, 1833, he
resigned the Lieutenant-Governorship to accept
a seat as one of the three Congressmen from
Illinois, to which he had been elected a few
montlis previous, being subsequently re-elected
for four consecutive terms. In 1842 he was
again a candidate, but was defeated by John A.
McClernand. Other public positions held by him
included those of Delegate to the Constitutional
Conventions of 1847 and 18G2, Representative in
the Sixteenth and Seventeenth General Assem-
blies (1S48-.52), serving as Speaker in the former.
He was again elected to the Senate in 1860, but
died before the expiration of his term, Sept. 4,
1862. During the latter years of his life he was
active in securing the right of way for the Ohio
& Mississippi Railroad, the original of the Mis-
sissippi division of the Baltimore, Ohio & South-
western. He commenced life in poverty, but
acquired a considerable estate, and was the donor
of the ground upon which the Supreme Court
building for the Southern Division at Mount
Vernon was erected. — Dr. Newton R. (Casey),
son of the preceding, was born in Jefferson
County, 111., Jan. 27, 1826, received his pri-
mary education in the local schools and at Hills-
boro and Mount Vernon Academies; in 1842
entered the Ohio University at Athens in that
State, remaining until 1845, when he com-
menced the study of medicine, taking a course
of lectures the following year at the Louisville
Medical Institute; soon after began practice,
and, in lb47, removed to Benton, 111., returning
the following year to Mount Vernon. In
1856-57 he attended a second course of lectures at
the Missouri Medical College, St. Louis, the latter
year removing to Mound City, where he filled a
number of positions, including that of Mayor
from 1859 to 1864, when lie declined a re-election.
In 1860, Dr. Casey served as delegate from Illi-
nois to the Democratic National Convention at
Charleston, S. C, and, on the establishment of
the United States Government Hospital at Mound
Citv. in 1861, acted for some time as a volunteer
84
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
surgeon, later serving as Assistant Surgeon. In
1866, lie was elected Representative in the
Twenty-fifth General Assembly and re-elected in
1868, when he was an unsuccessful Democratic
candidate for Speaker in opposition to Hon. S. M.
CuUom; also again served as Representative in
the Twenty-eighth General Assembly (1872-74).
Since retiring from public life Dr. Casey has
given his attention to the practice of his profes-
sion.— Col. Thomas S. (Casey), another son, was
born in Jeflterson County, 111., April 6, 1832,
educated in the common schools and at McKend-
ree College, in due course receiving the degree of
A.M. from the latter: studied law for three
years, being admitted to the bar in 1854; in 1860,
was elected State's Attorney for the Twelfth
Judicial District; in September, 1862, was com-
missioned Colonel of the One Hundred and Tenth
Illinois Volunteer Infantrj', but was mustered out
Jlay 16, 1863, liaving in the meantime taken part
in tlie battle of Stone River and other important
engagements in Western Tennessee. By this
time his regiment, having been much reduced
in numbers, was consolidated with the Sixtieth
Illinois Volunteer Infantry. In 1864, he was
again elected State's Attorney, serving until
1868 ; in 1870, was chosen Representative, and, in
1872, Senator for the Mount Vernon District for
a term of four years. In 1879, he was elected Cir-
cuit Judge and was immediately assigned to
Appellate Court duty, soon after the expiration of
his term, in 1885, removing to Springfield, where
he died, March 1, 1891.
CASS COUNTY, situated a little west of the
center of the State, with an area of 360 square
miles and a population (1900) of 17,222— named
for Gen. Lewis Cass. French traders are believed
to have made the locality of Beardstown their
headquarters about the time of the discovery of
the Illinois country. The earliest permanent
white settlers came about 1820, and among them
were Thomas Beard, Martin L. Lindsley, John
Cetrough and Archibald Job. As early as 1821
there was a horse-mill on Indian Creek, and, in
1837, M. L, Lindsley conducted a school on the
bluffs. Peter Cartwright, the noted Methodist
missionary and evangelist, was one of the earliest
preachers, and among the pioneers may be named
Messrs. Robertson, Toplo, McDonald, Downing,
Davis, Shepherd, Penny, Bergen and Hopkins.
Beardstown was the original county-seat, and
during both the Black Hawk and Mormon
troubles was a depot of supplies and rendezvous
for troops. Here also Stephen A. Douglas made
Iiis first political speech. The site of the town.
as at present laid out, was at one time sold by
Mr. Downing for twenty-five dollars. The
county was set off from Morgan in 1837. The
principal towns are Beardstown, Virginia, Chand-
lerville, Ashland and Arenzville. The county-
seat, formerly at Beardstown, was later removed
to Virginia, where it now is. Beardstown was
incorporated in 1837, with about 700 inhabitants.
Virginia was platted in 1836, but not incorporated
until 1842.
CASTLE, Orlando Lane, educator, was born at
Jericho, Vt., July 26, 1822; graduated at Denison
University, Ohio, 1846; spent one year as tutor
there, and, for several years, had charge of the
public schools of Zanesville, Ohio. In 1858, he
accepted the chair of Rhetoric, Oratory and
BeUes-Lettres in Shurtleff College, at Upper
Alton, 111., remaining until his death, Jan. 81,
1892. Professor Castle received the degree of
LL.D. from Denison Universit}' in 1877.
CATHERWOOD, Mary Hartwell, author, was
born (Hartwell) in Luray, Ohio, Dec. 16, 1844,
educated at the Female College, Granville, Ohio,
where she graduated, in 1868, and, in 1887, was
married to James S. Catherwood, with whom she
resides at Hoopeston, 111. Mrs. Catherwood is the
author of a number of works of fiction, which
have been accorded a high rank. Among her
earlier productions are "Craque-o'-Doom" (1881),
"Rocky Fork" (1882), "Old Caravan Days"
(1884), "The Secrets at Roseladies" (1888), "The
Romance of Dollard" and "The Bells of St.
Anne" (1889). During the past few years she
has shown a predilection for subjects connected
with early Illinois history, and has published
popular romances mider the title of "The Story
of Tonty," "The White Islander," "The Lady of
Fort St. John," "Old Kaskaskia" and "The Chase
of Sant Castin and other Stories of the French
in the New World."
CATON, John Dean, early lawyer and jurist,
was born in Monroe County, N. Y. , March 19,
1812. Left to the care of a widowed mother at
an early age, his childhood was spent in poverty
and manual labor. At 15 he was set to learn a
trade, but an infirmity of sight compelled him to
abandon it. After a brief attendance at an
academy at Utica, where he studied law between
the ages of 19 and 21, in 1833 he removed to
Chicago, and shortly afterward, on a visit to
Pekin, was examined and licensed to practice by
Judtre Stephen T. Logan. In 1834, he was elected
Justice of the Peace, served as Alderman in
1837-38, and sat upon the bench of the Supreme
Court from 1842 to 1864, when he resigned, hav-
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
85
ing served nearly twenty-two years. During
•this period he more than once occupied the posi-
tion of Chief- Justice. Being embarrassed by the
financial stringency of 1837-38, in the latter year
he entered a tract of land near Plainfield, and,
taking his family with him, began farming.
Later in life, while a resident of Ottawa, he
became interested in the construction of telegraph
lines in the West, which for a time bore his name
and were ultimately incorporated in the "West-
ern Union," laying the foundation of a large
fortune. On retiring from the bench, he devoted
himself for the remainder of his life to his private
affairs, to travel, and to literary labors. Among
his published works are "The Antelope and Deer
of America," "A Summer in Norway," "Miscel-
lanies,"' and "Early Bench and Bar of Illinois."
Died in Chicago, July 30, 189.5.
CATARLT, Alfred W., early lawyer and legis-
lator, was born in Connecticut, Sept. 15, 1793;
served as a soldier in the War of 1812, and, in
1833, came to Illinois, first settling at Edwards-
ville, and soon afterwards at Carrollton, Greene
County. Here he was elected Representative in
the Fifth General Assembly (1826), and again to
the Twelfth (1840) ; also served as Senator in the
Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth Assemblies
(1842-48), acting, in 1845, as one of the CommLs-
sioners to revise the statutes. In 1844, he was
chosen a Presidential Elector, and, in 1846, was a
prominent candidate for the Democratic nomi-
nation for Governor, but was defeated in conven-
tion by Augustus C. French. Mr. Cavarly was
prominent both in his profession and in the
Legislature while a member of that body. In
1853, he removed to Ottawa, where he resided
until his death, Oct. 25, 1876.
CENTER VILLE (or Central City), a village in
the coal-mining district of Grundy County, near
Coal City. Population (1880), 678; (1900), 390.
CEMRAL HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE,
established under act of the Legislature passed
March 1, 1847, and located at Jacksonville, Mor-
gan County. Its founding was largely due to the
philanthropic efforts of Miss Dorothea L. Dix,
who addressed the people from the platform and
appeared before the General Assembly in behalf
of this class of unfortunates. Construction of
the building was begun in 1848. By 1851 two
wards were ready for occupancy, and the first
patient was received in November of that year.
The first Superintendent was Dr. J. M. Higgins,
who served less than two years, when he was suc-
ceeded by Dr. H. K. Jones, who had been Assist-
ant Superintendent. Dr. Jones remained as
Acting Superintendent for several months, when
the place was filled by the appointment of Dr.
Andrew McFarland of New Hampshire, his
administration continuing until 1870, when he
resigned on account of ill-health, being succeeded
by Dr. Henry F. Carriel of New Jersey. Dr.
Carriel tendered his resignation in 1893, and,
after one or two further changes, in 1897 Dr.
F. C. Winslow, who had been Assistant Superin-
tendent under Dr. Carriel, was placed in charge
of the institution. The original plan of construc-
tion provided for a center building, five and a
half stories high, and two wings with a rear
extension in which were to be the chapel, kitchen
and employes' quarters. Subsequently these
wings were greatly enlarged, permitting an
increase in the number of wards, and as the
exigencies of the institution demanded, appropri-
ations have been made for the erection of addi-
tional buildings. Numerous detached buildings
have been erected within the past few years, and
the capacity of the institution greatly increased
— "The Annex" admitting of the introduction of
many new and valuable features in the classifica-
tion and treatment of patients. The number of
inmates of late years has ranged from 1,300 to
1,400. The counties from which patients are
received in this institution embrace: Rock
Island, Mercer, Henry, Bureau, Putnam, Mar-
shall, Stark, Knox, Warren, Henderson, Hancock,
McDonough, Fulton, Peoria, Tazewell, Logan,
Mason, Menard, Cass, Schuyler, Adams, Pike,
Calhoun, Brown, Scott, Morgan, Sangamon,
Christian, Montgomery, Macoupin, Greene and
Jersey.
CENTRALIA, a city and railway junction in
Marion County, 250 miles south of Chicago. It
forms a trade-center for the famous "fruit belt"
of Southern Illinois. It has also coal mines
and various descriptions of manufactories, includ-
ing flour and rolling mills, nail factory, iron
foundries and railway repair shops. There are
three papers published here — two daily. The
city has several parks and an excellent system of
graded schools, inchiding a high school. Popula-
tion (1880), 3,621; (1890), 4,763; (1900), 6,721.
CENTR.\LIA & ALTAMONT RAILROAD.
(See Centralia <& Chester Railroad.)
CENTRALIA & CHESTER RAILROAD, a rail
way line wholly within the State, extending
from Salem, in Marion County, to Chester, on the
Mississippi River (91.0 miles), with a lateral
branch from Sparta to Roxborough (5 miles), and
trackage facilities over the Illinois Central from
the branch junction to Centralia (3.9 miles) —
86
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
total, 99.5 miles. The original line was chartered
as the Centralia & Chester Railroad, in December,
18b7, completed from Sparta to Coulterville in
1889, and consolidated the same year with the
Sparta & Evansville and the Centralia & Alta-
mont Railroads (projected); line completed
from Centralia to Evansville early in 1894. The
branch from Sparta to Rosborough %vas built in
1895, the section of the main line from Centralia
to Salem (14.9 miles) in 1896, and that from
Evansville to Chester (17.6 miles) in 1897-98.
The road was placed in the hands of a receiver,
June 7, 1897, and the expenditures for extension
and equipment made under authority granted by
the United States Court for the issue of Receiver's
certificates. The total capitalization is §2,374,-
841, of which $978,000 is in stocks and S948,000 in
bonds.
CENTRAL MILITARY TRACT RAILROAD.
(See Chicago. Burlington & Qiiincy Railroad.)
CERRO GORDO, a town in Piatt County, 13
miles by rail east-northeast of Decatur. The crop
of cereals in the surrounding country is sufficient
to support an elevator at Cerro Gordo, which has
also a flouring mill, brick and tile factories, plow
works, etc. There are four churches, graded
schools, a bank and two newspaper oflBces.
Population (1880), 565; (1890), 939; (1900), 1,008.
CHADDOC'K COLLEGE, an institution under
the patronage of the Methodist Episcopal Church
at Quincy, 111., incorporated in 1878; is co-educa-
tional, has a faculty of ten instructors, and
reports 127 students— 70 male and 57 female— in
the classes of 1895-96. Besides the usual depart-
ments in literature, science and the classics,
instruction is given to classes in theology, music,
the fine arts, oratory and preparatory studies. It
has property valued at §110,000, and reports an
endowment fund of §8,000.
CHAMBERLIN, Thomas Crowder, geologist
and educator, was born near Mattoon, III., Sept.
25, 1845; graduated at Beloit College, Wisconsin,
in 1866: took a course in Michigan University
(1868-69); taught in various Wisconsin institu-
tions, also discharged the duties of State
Geologist, later filling the chair of Geology at
Columbian University, Wasliington, D. C. In
1878, he was sent to Paris, in charge of the edu-
cational exhibits of AVisconsin, at the Interna-
tional Exposition of that year — during his visit
making a special study of the Alpine glaciers.
In 1887, he was elected President of the Univer-
sity of Wisconsin, serving until 1892, when he
became Head Professor of Geology at the Univer-
sity of Chicago, where he still remains. He is
also editor of the University "Journal of Geol-
ogy" and President of the Chicago Academy of
Sciences. Professor Chamberlin is author of a
number of volumes on educational and scientific
subjects, chiefly in the line of geology. He
received the degree of LL.D. from the Univer-
sity of Michigan, Beloit College and Columbian
University, all on the same date (1887).
CHAMPAIGN, a flourishing city in Champaign
County, 128 miles southwest of Chicago and 83
miles northeast of Springfield ; is the intersecting
point of three lines of railway and connected
with the adjacent city of Urbana, the county-
seat, by an electric railway. The University of
Illinois is located between the two cities, the
grounds of the institution being partly in each
corporation. Champaign has an admirable sys-
tem of water-works, well paved streets, and is
lighted by both gas and electricity. The sur-
rounding country is agricultural, but the city has
manufactories of bagging, twine, flour, carriages
and drain-tile. There are three papers published
here — two issuing daily editions — besides a college
weekly conducted by the students of the Univer-
sity. In the residence portion of the city there is
a liandsome park covering ten acres, and several
smaller parks in other sections. There are
several handsome churches, and excellent
schools, both public and private. Population
(1880), .5.103; (1890). 5.839; (1900), 9,098.
CHAMPAIGN COUXTY, situated in the eastern
half of the central belt of the State; area, 1,008
square miles; population (1900), 47,622. The
county was organized in 1838, and named for a
county in Ohio. The physical conformation is
flat, and the soil rich. The county lies in the
heart of what was once called the "Grand
Prairie." Workable seams of bituminous coal
underlie the surface, but overlying quicksands
interfere with their operation. The Sangamon
and Kaskaskia Rivers have their sources in this
region, and several railroads cross the county.
The soil is a black muck underlaid by a yellow
clay. Urbana (with a population of 3,540 in
1890) is the county-seat. Other important points
in the county are Champaign (6.000), Tolono
(1,000), and Rantoul (1,100). Champaign and
Urbana adjoin each other, and the grounds of the
Illinois State University extend into each corpo-
ration, being largely situated in Champaign.
Large drifted masses of Niagara limestone are
found, interspersed with coal measure limestone
and sandstone. Alternating beds of clay, gravel
and quicksand of the drift formation are found
beneath the subsoil to the depth of 150 to 300 feet.
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
87
CHAMPAIGN, HAVANA & WESTERN RAIL-
ROAD. (See Illinois Central Railroad.)
CHANDLER, Charles, physician, was born at
West Woodstock, Conn., July 2, 1806; graduated
with the degree of M.D. at Castleton, Vt., and,
in 1839, located in Soituate, R. I. ; in 1832, started
with the intention of settling at Fort Clark (now
Peoria), 111., but was stopped at Beardstown by
the "Black Hawk War," finally locating on the
Sangamon River, in Cass County, where, in 1848,
he laid out the town of Chandlerville — Abraham
Lincoln being one of the surveyors who platted
the town. Here he gained a large practice,
which he was compelled, in his later years, par-
tially to abandon in consequence of injuries
received while prosecuting his profession, after-
wards turning his attention to merchandising
and encouraging the development of the locality
in which he lived by promoting the construction
of railroads and the building of schoolhouses and
churches. Liberal and public-spirited, his influ-
ence for good extended over a large region.
Died, April 7, 1879.
CHANDLER, Henry B., newspaper manager,
was born at Frelighsburg, Quebec, July 12, 1836;
at 18 he began teaching, and later took charge of
the business department of "The Detroit Free
Press"; in 1861, came to Chicago with Wilbur F.
Storey and became business manager of "Tlie
Chicago Times"; in 1870, disagreed with Storey
and retired from newspaper business. Died, at
Yonkers, N. Y., Jan. 18, 1896.
CHANDLERVILLE, a village in Cass County,
on the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railroad, 7
miles north by east from Virginia, laid out in
1848 by Dr. Charles Chandler, an early settler,
and platted by Abraham Lincoln. It lias a bank,
four churches, a weekly newspaper, a flour and
a saw-mill. Population (1890), 910; (1900), 940.
CHAPIN, a village of I\Iorgan County, at the
intersection of the Wabash and the Chicago,
Burlington & Quincy Railroads. 10 miles west of
Jacksonville. Population (1890), 4.j0; (1900), 514.
CHAPPELL, Charles H., railway manager,
was born in Du Page County, 111., March 3, 1841.
With an ardent passion for the railroad business,
at the age of 16 be obtained a position as freight
brakemaa on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy
Railroad, being steadily promoted through the
ranks of conductor, train-master and dispatcher,
until, in 1865, at the age of 24, he was appointed
General Agent of the Eastern Division of the
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy. Other railroad
positions which Mr. Chappell has since held are :
Superintendent of a division of the Union Paciflc
(1869-70) ; Assistant or Division Superintendent
of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, or some of
its branches (1870-74) ; General Superintendent
of the Missouri, Kansas & Texas (1874-76) ;
Superintendent of the Western Division of the
Wabash (1877-79). In 1880, he accepted the
position of Assistant General Superintendent of
the Chicago & Alton Railroad, being advanced in
the next three years through the grades of
General Superintendent and Assistant General
Manager, to that of General Manager of the
entire system, which lie has continued to fill for
over twelve years. Quietly and without show or
display, Mr. Chappell continues in the discharge
of his duties, assisting to make the system with
which he is identified one of the most successful
and perfect in its operation in the whole countr}'.
CHARLESTON, the county-seat of Coles
County, an incorporated city and a railway'
junction, 46 miles west of Terre Haute, Ind. It
lies in the center of a farming region, yet has
several factories, including woolen and flouring
mills, broom, plow and carriage factories, a
foundry and a canning factory. Four news-
papers are published here, three of them daih'.
Population (1890), 4,135; (1900), 5,488. The East-
ern State Normal School was located here in 1895.
CHARLESTON, NEOCiA & ST. LOUIS RAIL-
ROAD. (See Toledo. St. Louis &■ Kansas City
Railroad.)
CHARLEVOIX, Pierre Francois Xavier de,
a celebrated French traveler and an early
explorer of Illinois, born at St. Quentin, France,
Oct. 29, 1682. He entered the Jesuit Society,
and while a student was sent to Quebec
(1695). where for four years he was instructor in
the college, and completed his divinity studies.
In 1709 he returned to France, but came again to
Quebec a few j'ears later. He ascended the St.
Lawrence, sailed through Lakes Ontario and Erie,
and finally reached the Mississippi by way of the
Illinois River. After visiting Cahokia and the
surrounding county (1720-21), he continued down
the Mississippi to New Orleans, and returned to
France by way of Santo Domingo. Besides some
works on religious subjects, he was the author of
■ histories of Japan, Paraguay and San Domingo.
His great work, however, was the "Historj' of
New France," which was not published until
twenty years after his death. His journal of his
American explorations appeared about the same
time. His history has long been cited by
scholars as authority, but no English translation
was made until 1865, when it was undertaken by
Shea. Died in France, Feb. 1, 1761.
88
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
CHASE, Philander, Protestant Episcopal
Bishop, was born in Cornish, Vt., Dec 14, 1775,
and graduated at Dartmouth in 1795. Although
reared as a Congregationalist, he adopted the
Episcopal faith, and was ordained a priest in
1799, for several years laboring as a missionary
in Nortliern and Western New York. In 180.5,
he went to New Orleans, but returning North in
1811, spent six years as a rector at New Haven,
Conn., then engaged in missionary work in Ohio,
organizing a nimiber of parishes and founding an
academy at Worthington ; was consecrated a
Bisliop in 1819, and after a visit to England to
raise funds, laid the foundation of Ken^-on
College and Gambier Theological Seminary,
named in honor of two English noblemen wlio
had contributed a large portion of the funds.
Differences arising with some of liis clergy in
reference to the proper use of the funds, he
resigned both the Bishopric and the Presidency
of the college in 1831. and after three years of
missionary labor in Michigan, in 1835 was chosen
Bishop of Illinois. Making a second visit to
England, he succeeded in raising additional
funds, and, in 1838, founded Jubilee College at
Robin's Nest, Peoria County, 111., for which a
charter was obtained in 1847. He was a man of
great religious zeal, of indomitable perseverance
and the most successful pioneer of the Episcopal
Church in the West. He was Presiding Bishop
from 1843 until his death, which occurred Sept.
20, 1853. Several volumes appeared from his pen,
the most important being "A Plea for the West"
(1826), and "Reminiscences: an Autobiography,
Comprising a History of the Principal Events in
the Author's Life" (1848).
CHATHAM, a village of Sangamon County, on
the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 9 miles south of
Springfield. Population (1890), 482; (1900), 629.
CHATSWORTH, a to\vn in Livingston County,
on the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw Railway, 79
miles east of Peoria and 44 miles east-northeast
of Bloomington. It is the center of a farming
and stock-raising district, but has brick works
and some other manufactories. It has a bank,
four churches, a graded school and two weekly
papers. Population (1890). 827; (lUOO), 1,U38.
CHEBANSE, a town in Iroquois and Kankakee
Counties, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 64
miles south-southwest from Chicago; the place
has a bank and two newspapers. Population
(1880), 728; (1890), 616; (1900), 555.
CHENEY, Charles Edward, Bishop of the Re-
formed Protestant Episcopal Church, was born in
Canandaigua, N. Y., Feb. 12. 1836; graduated at
Hobart in 1857, and began study for the ministry
of tlie Protestant Episcopal Church. Soon after
ordination he became rector of Christ Church,
Chicago, and was prominent among those who,
imder the leadersliip of Assistant Bishop Cum-
mins of Kentuckj', organized the Reformed Epis-
copal Church in 1873. He was elected Missionary
Bishop of the Northwest for the new organiza-
tion, and was consecrated in Christ Churcli,
Chicago, Dec. 14, 1873.
CHENET, John Vance, author and librarian,
was born at Groveland, N. Y., Dec. 29, 1848,
though the family home was at Dorset, Vt..
where he grew up and received his primary edu-
cation. He acquired his academic training at
Manchester, Vt., and Temple Hill Academy,
Genesee, N. Y., graduating from the latter in
1865, later becoming Assistant Principal of the
same institution. Having studied law, lie was
admitted to the bar successively in Massachusetts
and New York ; but meanwhile having written
considerably for the old "Scribner's Monthly"
(now "Century Magazine"), while under the
editorship of Dr. J. G. Holland, he gradually
adopted literature as a profession. Removing to
the Pacific Coast, he took charge, in 1887, of the
Free Public Library at San Francisco, remaining
until 1894, when he accepted the position of
Librarian of the Newberrj- Library in Chicago,
as successor to Dr. William F. Poole, deceased.
Besides two or three volumes of verse, Mr. Cheney
is the author of numerous essays on literary
subjects. His published works include "Thistle-
Drift," poems (1887); "Wood-Blooms," poems
(1888), "Golden Guess," essays (1892); "That
Dome in Air," essays (1895); "Queen Helen,"
poem (1895) and "Out of the Silence," poem
(1897). He is also editor of "Wood Notes Wild,"
by Simeon Pease Cheney (1892), and Caxton Club's
edition of Derby's Phoenixiana.
CHENOA, an incorporated city of McLean
County, at the intersecting point of the Toledo,
Peoria & Warsaw and the Chicago & Alton Rail-
roads, 48 miles east of Peoria, 23 miles northeast
of Bloomington, and 102 miles south of Chicago.
Agriculture, dairy farming, fruit-growing and
coal-mining are the chief industries of the sur-
rounding region, one mine being operated within
the corporate limits. The city also has a cream-
ery, canning works and tile works, besides two
banks, seven chtrrches, a graded school and two
weekly papers. Population (1880), 1,063; (1890),
1,236; (1900), 1,512.
CHESBROUGH, Ellis Sylvester, civil engineer,
was born in Baltimore, Md., July 6, 1813; at the
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
age of thirteen was chainman to an engineering
party on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, being
later employed on other roads. In 1837, he was
appointed senior assistant engineer in the con-
struction of the Louisville, Cincinnati & Charles-
ton Railroad, and, in 1846, Chief Engineer of the
Boston Waterworks, in 1850 becoming sole Com-
missioner of the Water Department of that city.
In 18.55, he became engineer of the Chicago Board
of Sewerage Commissioners, and in that capacity
designed the sewerage system of the city — also
planning the river tunnels. He resigned the
office of Commissioner of Public Works of
Chicago in 1879. He was regarded as an author-
ity on water-supply and sewerage, and was con-
sulted by the officials of New York, Boston,
Toronto, Milwaukee and other cities. Died,
August 19, 1886.
CHESNUT, John A., lawyer, was bom in Ken-
tucky, Jan. 19, 1816, his father being a native of
South Carolina, but of Irish descent. Jolm A.
was educated principally in his native State, but
came to Illinois in 1836, read law with P. H.
Winchester at Carlinville, was admitted to the
bar in 1837, and practiced at Carlinville until
1855, when he removed to Springfield and engaged
in real estate and banking business. Mr. Ches-
nut was associated with many local business
enterprises, was for several years one of the
Trustees of the Institution for the Deaf and
Dumb at Jacksonville, also a Trustee of the
Illinois Female College (Methodist) at the same
place, and was Supervisor of the United States
Census for the Sixth District of Illinois in 1880.
Died, Jan. 14, 1898.
CHESTER, the county-seat of Randolph
County, situated on the Mississippi River, 76
miles south of St. Louis. It is the seat of the
Southern Illinois Penitentiary and of the State
Asylum for Insane Convicts It stands in the
heart of a region abounding in bituminous coal,
and is a prominent shipping point for this com-
modity : also has quarries of building stone. It
has a grain elevator, flouring mills, rolling mills
and foundries. Population (1880), 2,580; (1890),
3,708; (1900), 2,833.
CHETLAIN, Augustus Lonis, soldier, was born
in St. Louis, Mo., Dec. 26, 1834, of French Hugue-
not stock — his parents having emigrated from
Switzerland in 1823, at first becoming members
of the Selkirk colony on Red River, in Manitoba.
Having received a common school education, he
became a merchant at Galena, and was the first
to volunteer there in response to the call for
troops after the bombardment of Fort Sumter, in
1861, being chosen to the captaincy of a company
in the Twelfth Regiment of Illinois Volunteers,
which General Grant had declined; participated
in tiie campaign on the Tennessee River which
resulted in the capture of Fort Donelson ami the
battle of Shiloh, meanwhile being commissioned
Lieutenant-Colonel; also distinguished himself at
Corinth, where he remained in command until
May, 1863, and organized the first colored regi-
ment raised in the West. In December, 1863, he
was promoted Brigadier-General and placed in
charge of the organization of colored troops in
Tennessee, serving later in Kentucky and being
brevetted Major-General in January, 1864. From
January to October, 1865, he commanded the
post at Memphis, and later the District of Talla-
dega, Ala., until January, 1866, when he was
mustered out of the service. General Chetlain
was Assessor of Internal Revenue for the District
of Utah (1867-69), then appointed United States
Consul at Brussels, serving until 1872, on his
return to the United States establishing himself
as a banker and broker in Chicago.
CHICAGO, the county-seat of Cook County,
chief city of IlUnois and (1890) second city in
population in the United States.
Situation.— The city is situated at the south-
west bend of Lake Michigan, 18 miles north of
the extreme southern point of the lake, at the
mouth of the Chicago River; 715 miles we.st of
New York, 590 miles north of west from Wash-
ington, and 260 miles northeast of St. Louis.
From the Pacific Coast it is distant 2,417 miles.
Latitude 41° 53' north; longitude 87° 35' west of
Greenwich. Area (1898), 186 square miles.
Topography.— Chicago stands on the dividing
ridge between the Mississippi and St. Lawreice
basins. It is 502 feet above sea-level, and its
highest point is some 18 feet above Lake Michi-
gan. The Chicago River is virtually a bayou,
dividing into north and south branches about a
half-mile west of the lake. The surrounding
country is a low, flat prairie, but engineering
science and skill have done much for it in the
way of drainage. The Illinois & Michigan Canal
terminates at a point on the south branch of
the Chicago River, within the city limits, and
unites the waters of Lake Michigan with those
of the Illinois River.
Commerce.— The Chicago River, with its
branches, affords a water frontage of nearly 60
miles, the greater part of which is utilized for
the shipment and unloading of grain, lumber,
.stone, coal, merchandise, etc. Another navigable
stream (the Calumet River) also lies within the
90
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS.
corporate limits. Dredging has made the Chi-
cago River, with its branches, navigable for
vessels of deep draft. The harbor has also been
widened and deepened. Well constructed break-
waters protect the vessels lying inside, and the
port is as safe as any on the great lakes. The
city is a port of entry, and the tonnage of vessels
arriving there exceeds that of any other port in
the United States. During 1897, 9,156 vessels
arrived, with an aggregate tonnage of 7,209,443,
while 9,201 cleared, rejiresenting a tonnage of
7,18.5,324. It is the largest grain market in the
world, its elevators (in 1897) having a capacity
of 33, 550, 000 bushels.
According to the reports of the Board of Trade,
the total receipts and shipments of grain for
the year 1898 — counting flour as its grain equiva-
lent in bushels — amounted to 323,097,453 bushels
of the former, to 389,930,028 bushels of the latter.
The receipts and shipments of various products
for the year (1898) were as follows:
Flour (bbls.) .
Wheat (bu.) . .
Corn "...
Oats "...
Rye "...
Barley " . . .
Cured Meats (lbs.)
Dressed Beef " .
Live-stock — Hogs
" Cattle
" Sheep
Receipts.
5.316,195
35,741,555
127,426,374
110,393,647
4.935,308
18,116,594
229,005,346
110,286.652
9,360,968
2,480.632
3,502,378
Shipments.
5,032,336
38,094,900
130,397,681
85.057,636
4,453,384
6,755,247
923,637,733
1,060,859,808
1,334768
864,408
545,001
Chicago is also an important lumber market,
the receipts in 1895, including shingles, being
1, .563, 537 M. feet. As a center for beef and pork-
packing, the city is without a rival in the amount
of its products, there having been 93,459 cattle
and 760,514 hogs packed in 1894-95. In bank
clearings and general mercantile busine.ss it
ranks second only to New York, while it is also
one of the chief manufacturing centers of the
country. The census of 1890 shows 9,959 manu-
facturing establishments, with a capital of §29',-
477,038; employing 203,108 hands, and turning
out products valued at §632,184.140. Of the out-
put by far the largest was that of the slaughter-
ing and meat-packing establishments, amounting
to §303,825,092; men's clothing came next (S33.-
517,336) ; iron and steel, 831,419,854; foundry and
machine shop products, §39,928,616; planed
lumber, §17,604,494. Chicago is also the most
important live-stock market in the United States.
The Union Stock Yards (in the southwest part of
the city) are connected with all railroad lines
entering the city, and cover many hundreds of
acres. In 1894, there were received 8,788,049
animals (of all descriptions), valued at §148,057,-
626. Chicago is also a primary market for hides
and leather, the production and sales being both
of large proportions, and the trade in manufac-
tured leather (notably in boots and shoes)
exceeds that of any other market in the country.
Ship-building is a leading industr}% as are also
brick-making, distilling and brewing.
Transportation, etc. — Besides being the chief
port on the great lakes, Chicago ranks second to
no other American city as a railway center. The
old "Galena & Chicago Union,"' its first railroad,
was operated in 1849, and within three years a
substantial advance had been scored in the way
of steam transportation. Since then the multi-
plication of railroad lines focusing in or passing
through Chicago has been rapid and steady. In
1895 not less than thirtj'-eight distinct lines enter
the city, although these are operated by only
twenty-two companies. Some 2,600 miles of
railroad track are laid within the city limits.
The number of trains daily arriving and depart-
ing (suburban and freight included) is about
3,000. Intramural transportation is afforded by
electric, steam, cable and horse-car lines. Four
tunnels under the Chicago River and its branches,
and numerous bridges connect the various divi-
sions of tlie city.
History. — Point du Sable (a native of San
Domingo) was admittedly the first resident of
Chicago other than the aborigines. The French
missionaries and explorers — Marquette, Joliet,
La Salle. Hennepin and others — came a century
earlier, their explorations beginning in 1673.
After the exisulsion of the French at the close of
the French and Indian W^ar, the territory passed
under British control, though French traders
remained in this vicinity after the War of the
Revolution. One of these named Le Mai followed
Point du Sable about 1796, and was himself suc-
ceeded by John Kinzie, the Indian trader, who
came in 1803. Fort Dearborn was built near the
mouth of the Chicago River in 1804 on land
acquired from the Indians V)y the treaty of
Greenville, concluded by Gen. Anthony Wayne
in 1795, but was evacuated in 1812, when most of
the garrison and the few inhabitants were massa-
cred by the savages. (See Fort Dearborn. ) The
fort was rebuilt in 1816, and another settlement
established around it. The first Government
survey was made, 1829-30. Early residents were
the Kinzies, the Wolcotts, the Beaubiens and the
Millers. The Black Hawk War (1832) rather
aided in developing the resources and increasing
4°
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
91
the population of the infant settlement by draw-
ing to it settlers from the interior for purposes of
mutual protection. Town organization was
effected on August 10, 1832, the total number of
votes polled being 28. The town grew rapidly
for a time, but received a set-back in the financial
crisis of 1837. During May of that year, how-
ever, a charter was obtained and Cliicago became
a city. The total number of votes cast at that
time was 703. The census of the city for the 1st
of July of that year showed a population of 4, 180.
The following table shows the names and term
of office of the chief city officers from 1837 to
1899:
City Clerk.
ATTORNEY.
1839
1S40
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
181)0
1861
1362
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
877-78
879-80
381-82
Wm. B. Ogden
Buckner S. Morris
Benj. W. Raymond
Alexander Lloyd
F. C. Sherman
Benj. W. Raymond
Augustus Garrett -
Aug, Garrett, Alson S.Sherinan(4)
Aug.Garrett. Alson S.Sherinan(4)
John P. Chapin
les Curtiss
James H. Woodworth
es H. Woodworth
les Curtias
Walters. Gurnee
Walters. Gurnee
Charles M. Gray
Ira L. Milliken
Levi D. Boone
Thomas Dyer —
John Wentworth
JohnC. Haines
JohnC. Haines
John Wentworth
Julian S. Rumsey .
C.Sherman
F.C Sherman
F.C.Sherman
John B. Rice
John B. Rice
John B. Rice
John B. Rice
John B. Rice (8)
R, B. Mason
R. B. Mason
JoiephMedill
Joseph Medill
Harvey D. Colvin
Harvey D. Colvin
Monroe Heath, |9) H. D. Colvin
Thomas Hoyne
Monroe Heath
Carter H. H;
Carter H. H
Carter H. H
Carter H. Harrison
John A. Roche
Dewitt C. Cregier
Hempstead Washburne
Carter H. Harrison, Geo.
.Swift.nl) John P. Hopkins.
Geo. B. Swift
Carter H. H;
Carter H. Hi
I. N. Arnold, Geo. Davis (1
Geo, Davis
H. Brackett
Thomas Hoyne
Thomas Hoyne
J. Curtis.
James M. Lowe
E. A. Rucker
E. A. Rucker, Wm,S.Brown(5
Henry B. Clarke
Henry B, Clarke
Sidney Abeil
Sidney Abell
Sidney Abell
Henry W. Zimmerman
ry W. Zimmerman
Henry W. Zimmerman
Henry W. Zimmerman
Henry W. Zimmerman
Henry W, Zimmerman
H. Kreiaman
H. Kr
H. Kn
Abraham Kohn
A. J. Marble
A, J. Marble
H. W, Zimmerman...
H. W. Zimmerman ...
Albert H. Bodman
Albert H. Bodman....
Albert H. Bodman,...
Albert H. Bodman
Albert H. Bodman
Charles T, Hotchkiss..
Charles T. Hotchkiss..
Charles T. Hotchkiss..
Charles T, Hotchkiss..
Jos, K. C. Forrest
Jos. K. C, Forrest
Caspar Butz
Caspar Butz
P. J. Howard
P. J, Howard
John G, Neumeister
C. Herman Plautz
D, W. Nickerson
Franz Amberg
James R, B. Van Cleave .
Chas. D, Gastfield
James R. B. Van Cleave.
William Loeffler
William Loe flier
N. B, Judd
N. B, Judd
Samuel L. Smith
Mark Skinner
Geo. Manierre
Henry Brown
G, Manierre. Henry Brown(3)
Henry W.Clarke
Henry W. Clarke
Charles H, Larrabee
Patrick Ballingall
Giles Spring
O, R. W.LuU
Henry H. Clark
Henry H. Clark
Arno Voss
Arno Voss
Patrick Ballingall
J. A. Thompson
J, L Marsh
John C. Miller
Elliott Anthony
Geo, F. Crocker
John Lyle King
Ira W. Buel
Geo. A. Meech
Francis Adams
Francis Adams
Daniel D. DriscoU
Daniel D, Driscoll
Hasbrouck Davis
Hasbrouck Davis
Hasbrouck Davis
Israel N. Stiles
Israel N. Stiles
Israel N, Stiles
Israel N. Stiles
Egbert Janiieson
Egbert Jamieson
am Pearsons.
am Pearsons.
Geo. W. Dole.
W.S. Gurnee, N. H. BoIIes(2)
N. H. Bolles,
F, C. Sherman.
Walters. Gurnee.
Walter S. Gurnee.
Wm. L. Church.
Wm. L, Church.
Andrew Getzler.
Wm. L. Church.
Wm, L. Church.
Edward Manierre.
Edward Manierre.
Edward Manierre.
Edward Manierre.
Uriah P. Harris.
Wm. F De Wolf.
O, J. Rose,
C, N, Holden.
Alonzo Harvey.
Alonzo Harvey.
Alonzo Harvey,C.W.Hunt(6)
W. H, Rice.
F. H. Cutting, W. H. Rice (7)
David A. Gage.
David A, Gage.
A.G. Throop,
A. G. Throop.
Wm, F. Wentworth.
Wm, F. Wentworth.
Wm, F, Wentworth.
David A. Gage.
David A. Gage.
David A, Gage.
David A, Gage.
Daniel O'Hara.
Daniel O'Hara.
R. S. Tuthill Clinton Briggs.
R. S. Tuthill Chas. B, Larrabee.
Julius S. Grinnell W, C, Seipp.
Julius S. Grinnell Rudolph Brand.
~ - - -- jg^ij jj Dunphy.
Wm, M. Devine.
C Herman Plautz.
Bernard Roesing.
Peter Kiolbassa.
S, Gi
Hempstead Washburne
Hempstead Washburne
Geo. F. Sugg
JacobJ. Kern, G.A.TrudeclO)
Michael J. Bransfield.
Adam Wolf,
Ernst Hummel,
Adam Ortseifen.
(1) I. N. Arnold resigned, and Geo. Davis appointed, October, 1837.
(2) Gurnee resigned, Bolles appointed his successor, April. 1840.
(3) Manierre resigned. Brown appointed his successor. July, 1843.
(4) Election of Garrett declared illegal, and Sherman elected at new election, held April, 1844.
(5) Brown appointed to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Rucker.
(6) Harvey resigned and Hunt appointed to fill vacancy.
(7) Cutting havinti failed to qualify. Rice, who was already in office, held over,
(8) Legislature changed date of election from April to November, the persons in oflice at beginning of 1869 remaining in office
to December of that year.
(9) City organized under general Incorporation Act in 1S75, and no city election held until April, 1876. The order for a new
election omitted the office of Mayor, yet a popular vote was taken which gave a majority to Thomas Hoyne. The Council
then in office refused to canvass this vote, but its successor, at its first meeting, did so, declaring Hoyne duly elected,
Colvin, the incumbent, refused to surrender the office, claiming the right to " hold over;" Hoyne then made a contest
for the office, which resulted In a decision by the Supreme Court denying the claims of both contestants, when a new
election was ordered by the City Council. July 12. 1876, at which Monroe Heath was elected, serving out the term.
(10) City Attorney Kern, having resigned November 21, 1892, Geo. A. Trude was appointed to serve out the remainder of the
term.
(11) Mayor Harrison, having been assassinated, October 28. 1893. the City Council at its next meeting (November 6, 1893)
elected Geo, B Swift (an Alderman from the Eleventh Ward) Mayor a'i interim. At a special election held December 19,
1893, John P, Hopkins was elected to fill out the unexpired term of Mayor Hi
1)2
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
The Fire of 1871. — The citj' steadily grew in
beauty, population and commercial importance
until 1871. On Oct. 9 of that year occurred the
"great fire" the story of whicli has passed into
history. Recuperation was speedy, and the 2, 100
acres burned over were rapidly being rebuilt,
when, in 1874, occurred a second conflagration,
altliough by no means so disastrous as that of
1871. The city's recuperative power was again
demonstrated, and its subsequent development
has been phenomenal. Tlie subjoined statement
shows its growth in population :
1837
1840
1850
1860
1870
1880
1890
1900
4,179
4,470
28,269
112,163
298,977
.503,18.5
1,099,8.50
1,698,575
Notwithstanding a large foreign population and
a constant army of imemployed men, Chicago
has witnessed only three disturbances of tlie
peace by mobs — the railroad riots of 1877, the
Anarchist disturbance of 1886, and a strike of
railroad employes in 1894.
Municipal Administration. — Chicago long
since outgrew its special charter, and is now
incorporated under the broader provisions of tlie
law applicable to "cities of tlie first class," under
which the city is virtualh- autonomous. The
personnel, drill and equipment of the police and
fire departments are second to none, if noi supe-
rior to any, to be found in other American cities.
The Cliicago River, with its branches, divides the
city into three principal divisions, known respec-
tively as North, South and West. Each division
has its statutory geograpliical boundaries, and
each retains its own distinct township organiza-
tion. This system is anomalous ; it has, liow-
ever, both assailants and defenders.
Public Improvements. — Chicago has a fine
system of parks and boulevards, well developed,
well improved and well managed. One of the
parks (Jackson in tlie South Division) was the
site of the World's Columbian Exposition. The
water supply is obtained from Lake Slichigan by
means of cribs and tunnels. In this direction
new and better facihties are being constantly
introduced, and the existing water system will
compare favorably with that of any other Ameri-
can city.
Architecture. — The public and oflice build-
ings, as well as the business blocks, are in some
instances classical, but generally severely plain.
Granite and other varieties of stone are used in
the City Hall, Coimty Court House, the Board of
Trade structure, and in a few commercial build-
ings, as well as in many private residences. In
the business part of the city, however, steel,
iron, brick and fire claj- are the materials most
largely employed in construction, the exterior
walls being of brick. The most approved
methods of fire-proof building are followed, and
the "Chicago construction" has been recognized
and adopted (with modifications) all over the
United States. Ofliice buildings range from ten
to sixteen, and even, as in tlie case of the Masonic
Temple, twenty stories in height. Most of them
are sumptuous as to the interior, and many of tlie
largest will each accoimiiodate 3,000 to 5,000
occupants, including tenants and their employes.
In the residence sections wide diversity may be
seen ; the chaste and the ornate styles being about
equally popular. Among tlie liandsome public,
or semi-iiublic buildings may be mentioned the
Public Librar3-, the Newberry Library, the Art
Institute, the Armour Institute, the Academy of
Sciences, the Auditorium, the Board of Trade
Building, the Masonic Temple, and several of the
railroad depots.
Education and Libraries. — Chicago has a
public school system unsurpas.sed for excellence
in any other city in the country. According to
the report of the Board of Education for 1898. the
city had a total of 231 primary and grammar
schools, besides fourteen liigh schools, employing
5,268 teachers and giving instruction to over
336,000 pupils in the course of the year. The
total expenditures dm-ing the j'ear amounted to
§6,785,601, of which nearly .$4,500,000 was on
account of teachers' salaries. The city has
nearly .§7, .500, 000 invested in school buildings.
Besides pupils attending public schools there are
about 100,000 in attendance on private and
parocliial schools, not reckoning students at
higher institutions of learning, such as medical,
law, theological, dental and pharmaceutical
schools, and the great University of Chicago.
Near the city are also tlie Northwestern and the
Lake Forest Universities, the former at Evanston
and the latter at Lake Forest. Besides an exten-
sive Free Public Library for circulating and refer-
ence purposes, maintained by public taxation,
and embracing (in 1898) a total of over 235,000
volumes and nearly 50,000 pamphlets, there
are the Library of the Chicago Historical Society
and the Newberry and Crerar Libraries — the last
two the outgrowth of posthumous donations by
public-spirited and liberal citizens — all open to
UAV AFTER THE FIRE.
CHICAGO THOROrGHFARES.
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
93
the public for purposes of reference under certain
conditions. This list does not include the exten-
sive library of the University of Chicago and those
connected vrith the Armour Institute and the
public schools, intended for the use of the pupils
of these various institutions.
CHICAGO BOARD OF TRADE, one of the
leading commercial exchanges of the world It
was originally organized in the spring of 1843 as
a voluntary association, with a membership of
eighty-two. Its primary object was the promo-
tion of the city's commercial interests by unity
of action. On Feb. 8, 1849, the Legislature
enacted a general law authorizing the establish-
ment of Boards of Trade, and under its provisions
an incorporation was effected — a second organi-
zation being effected in April, 1850. For several
years the association languished, and at times its
existence seemed precarious. It was, however,
largely instrumental in securing the introduction
of the system of measuring grain by weight,
which initial step opened the way for subsequent
great improvements in the methods of handling,
storing, inspecting and grading cereals and seeds.
By the close of 1856, the association had overcome
the difficulties incident to its earlier years, and
the feasibility of erecting a permanent Exchange
building began to be agitated, but the project lay
dormant for several years. In 1856 was adopted
the first system of classification and grading of
wheat, which, though crude, formed the founda-
tion of the elaborate modern system, which has
proved of such benefit to the grain-growing
States of the West, and has done so much to give
Chicago its commanding influence in the grain
markets of the world. In 1858, the privilege of
trading on the floor of the Exchange was limited
to members. The same year the Board began
to receive and send out daily telegraphic market
reports at a cost, for the first year, of §500,000,
which was defrayed by private subscriptions.
New York was the only city with which such
communication was then maintained. In Febru-
ary, 1859, a special charter was obtained, confer-
ring more extensive powers upon the organization,
and correspondingly increasing its efficiency. An
important era in the Board's history was the
Civil War of 1861-65. During this struggle its
attitude was one of undeviating loyalty and gener-
ous patriotism. Hundreds of thousands of dollars
were contributed, by individual members and
from the treasury of the organization, for the work
of recruiting and equipping regiments, in caring
for the wounded on Southern battlefields, and
providing for the families of enlisted men. In
1864, the Board waged to a successful issue a war
upon the irredeemable currency with which the
entire West was then flooded, and secured such
action by the banks and by the railroad and
express companies as compelled its replacement
by United States legal-tender notes and national
bank notes. In 1865, handsome, large (and, as
then supposed, permanent) quarters were occu-
pied in a new building erected by the Chicago
Chamber of Commerce under an agreement with
the Board of Trade. This structure was destroyed
in the fire of October, 1871, but at once rebuilt,
and made ready for re-occupancy in precisely
one year after the destruction of its predecessor.
Spacious and ample as these quarters were then
considered, the growing membership and increas-
ing business demonstrated their inadequacy
before the close of 1877. Steps looking to tlie
erection of a new building were taken in 1881,
and, on May 1, 1885, the new edifice— then the
largest and most ornate of its class in the world
— was opened for occupancy. The membership
of the Board for the year 1898 aggregated con-
siderably in excess of 1,800. The influence of the
association is felt in every quarter of the com-
mercial world.
CHICAGO, BURLIJfGTON & NORTHERN
RAILROAD. (See Chicago. Burlington & '
Quincy Railroad.)
CHICAGO, BURLINGTON & QUINCY RAIL-
ROAD (known as the "Burlington Route"") is
the parent organization of an extensive system
which operates railroads in eleven Western and
Northwestern States, furnishing connections
from Chicago with Omaha, Denver, St. Paul and
Minneapolis, St. Louis and Kansas City, Chey-
enne (Wyo. ), Billings (Mont.), Deadwood (So.
Dak,), and intermediate points, and having con-
nections by affiliated roads with the Pacific Coast.
The main line extends from Chicago to Denver
(Colo.), 1,035.41 miles. The mileage of the
various branches and leased proprietary lines
(1898) aggregates 4,637.06 miles. The Company
uses 307.33 miles in conjunction with other
roads, besides subsidiary standard-gauge lines
controlled through the ownership of securities
amounting to 1,440 miles more. In addition to
these the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy controls
179 miles of narrow-gauge road. The whole
number of miles of standard-gauge road operated
by the Burlington system, and known as the
Burlington Route, on J\me 30, 1899, is estimated
at 7,419, of which 1,509 is in Illinois, all but 47
miles being owned by the Company. The system
in Illinois connects many important commercial
94
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
points, including Chicago, Aurora, Galesburg,
Quincy, Peoria, Streator, Sterling, Mendota, Ful-
ton, Lewistown, Rushville, Geneva, Keithsburg,
Rock Island, Beardstown, Alton, etc. The entire
capitalization of the line (including stock, bonds
and floating debt) amounted, in 1898. to .5334,88-1,-
600, which was equivalent to about §33,000 per
mile. The total earnings of the road in Illinois,
during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1898,
amounted to §8,724,997, and the total disburse-
ments of the Company within the State, during
the same period, to §7,409,4.'56. Taxes paid in
1898, §377,968.— (History). The first section of
the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad was
constructed under a charter granted, in 1849, to
the Aurora Branch Railroad Company, the name
being changed in 1852 to the Chicago & Aurora
Raih-oad Company. The line was completed in
18.53, from the jvmction with the old Galena &
Chicago Union Railroad, 30 miles west of Chi-
cago, to Aui'ora, later being extended to Jlendota.
In 18.5.5 the name of the Company was changed
by act of the Legislatm-e to the Chicago, Burling-
ton & Quincy. The section between Mendota and
Galesburg (80 miles) was built under a charter
granted in 1851 to the Central Military Tract
Railroad Company, and completed in 18,54. July
9, 1856, the two companies were consolidated
under the name of the former. Previous to this
consolidation the Company had extended aid to
the Peoria & Oquawka Railroad (from Peoria to
the Mississippi River, nearly opposite Burlington,
Iowa), and to the Northern Cross Railroad from
Quincy to Galesburg, both of which were com-
pleted in 1855 and operated by the Chicago, Bur-
lington & Quincy. In 1857 the name of the
Northern Cross was changed to the Quincy &
Chicago Railroad. In 1860 the latter was sold
imder foreclosure to the Chicago, Biudington &
Quincy, and, in 1863, the Peoria & Oquawka was
acquired in the same way — the former constitut-
ing the Quincy branch of the main line and the
latter giving it its Burlington connection. Up
to 1863, the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy used
the track of the Galena & Chicago Union Rail-
road to enter the city of Chicago, but that year
began the construction of its line from Aurora to
Chicago, which was completed in 1864. In 1872
it acquired control, by perpetual lease, of the
Burlington & Missouri River Road in Iowa,
and, in 1880, extended this line into Nebraska,
now reaching Billings, Mont., with a lateral
branch to Deadwood, So. Dak. Other branches
in Illinois, built or acquired by this corporation,
include the Peoria & Hannibal ; Carthage & Bur-
lington ; Quincy & Warsaw ; Ottawa, Chicago &
Fox River Valley; Quincy, Alton & St. Louis,
and the St. Louis, Rock Island & Chicago. The
Chicago, Burlington & Northern — known as the
Northern Division of the Chicago, Burlington &
Quincy — is an important part of the system,
furnishing a connection between St. Louis on
the south and St. Paul and Minneapolis on the
north, of which more than half of the distance of
583 miles between terminal points, is in Illinois.
The latter division was originally chartered, Oct.
21, 1885, and constructed from Oregon, 111., to St.
Paul, Minn. (319 miles), and from Fulton to
Savanna, lU. (16.72 miles), and opened, Nov. 1,
1886. It was formally incorjwrated into the
Chicago, Biu'lington & Quincy line in 1899. In
June of the same year the Chicago, Burlington &
Quincy also acquired by purchase the Keokuk &
Western Railroad from Keokuk to Van Wert,
Iowa (143 miles), and the Des Moines & Kansas
City Raihva}-, from Des Moines, Iowa, to Gaines-
ville, Mo. (112 miles).
CHICAGO, DANVILLE & VIXCENNES RAIL-
ROAD. (See Chicago & Eastern Illinois Rail-
road. )
CHICAGO DRAINAGE CANAL, a channel or
waterway, in course of construction (1892-99)
from the Chicago River, within the limits of the
city of Chicago, to Joliet Lake, in the Des Plaines
River, about 12 miles above the junction of the
Des Plaines with the Illinois. The primary object
of the channel is the removal of the sewage of
the city of Chicago and the proper drainage of
the region comprised within what is called the
"Sanitary District of Chicago." The feasibility
of connecting the waters of Lake Michigan by
way of the Des Plaines River with those of the
Illinois, attracted the attention of the earliest
French explorers of this region, and was com-
mented upon, from time to time, by them and
their successors. As early as 1808 the subject of
a canal uniting Lake Michigan with the Illinois
was discussed in a report on roads and canals by
Albert Gallatin, then Secretary of the Treasury,
and the project was touched upon in a bill relat-
ing to the Erie Canal and other enterprises, intro-
duced in Congress in 1811. The measui'e continued
to receive attention in the press, in Western
Territorial Legislatures and in official reports,
one of the latter being a report by John C. Cal-
houn, as Secretarj- of War, in 1819, in which it is
spoken of as "valuable for military purposes."
In 1822 Congress passed an act granting the
right of way to the State through the public
lands for such an enterprise, which was followed.
SANITARY CANAL - CHICAGO
SO60 ----
w/MVMrWig,^^ : -^
MANCHESTER
NORTH SEA
- PALTIC-
NORTH SEA
- AMSTERDAM -
SUEZ
3:s
WELLAND
ILLINOIS* MISSISSIPPI
HENNEPIN -
ILLINOIStMICHIGAN
COMPARATIVE vSIZE OF NOTED CANALS.
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
95
five J'ears later, by a grant of lands for the pur-
pose of its construction. The work was begun in
1836, and so far completed in 1848 as to admit of
the passage of boats from the Chicago basin to La
Salle. (See Illinois & 2IicJtigan Canal.) Under
an act passed by the Legislature in 1865, the work
of deepening the canal was undertaken by the
city of Chicago with a view to furnishing means
to relieve the city of its sewage, the work being
completed some time before the fire of 1871. This
scheme having failed to accomplish the object
designed, other measures began to be considered.
Various remedies were proposed, but in all the
authorities were confronted with the difficulty
of providing a fund, under the provisions of the
Constitution of 1870, to meet the necessary cost
of construction. In the closing months of the
year 1885, Hon. H. B. Hurd, who had been a
member of a Board of "Drainage Commission-
ers," organized in 1855, was induced to give
attention to the subject. Having satisfied him-
self and others that the difficulties were not
insurmountable with proper action by the Legis-
lature, the City Council, on Jan. 27, 188G, passed
a resolution authorizing the Mayor to appoint a
Commission, to consi-stof "one expert engineer of
reputation and experience in engineering and
sanitary matters," and two consulting engineers,
to constitute a "drainage and water-supply com-
mission" for the purpose of investigating and
reporting upon the matter of water-supply and
disposition of the sewage of the city. As a
result of this action, Rudolph Hering, of Philadel-
phia, was appointed expert engineer b}' Mayor
Harrison, with Benezette Wilhams and S. G.
Artingstall, of Chicago, as consulting engineers.
At the succeeding session of the General Assem-
bly (1887), two bills — one known as the "Hurd
bill" and the other as the "Winston bill," but
both drawn by Jlr. Hurd, the first contemplating
doing the work bj' general taxation and the issue
of bonds, and the other by special assessment —
were introduced in that body. As it was found
that neither of these bills could be passed at that
session, a new and shorter one, which became
known as the "Roche- Winston bill," was intro-
duced and passed near the close of the session.
A resolution was also adopted creating a com-
mission, consisting of two Senators, two Repre-
sentatives and Mayor Roche of Chicago, to further
investigate the subject. Tlie later act, just
referred to, provided for the construction of a cut-
off from the Des Plaines River, which would
divert the flood-waters of that stream and the
North Branch into Lake Michigan north of the
city. Nothing was done under this act, however.
At the next session (1889) the commission made a
favorable report, and a new law was enacted
embracing the main features of the Hurd bill,
though changing the title of the organization to
be formed from the "Metropolitan Town," as
proposed by Jlr. Hurd, to the "Sanitary Dis-
trict." The act, as passed, provided for the
election of a Board of nine Trustees, their powers
being confined to "providing for the drainage of
the district," both as to surplus water and sew-
age. Much opposition to the measure had been
developed during the pendency of the legislation
on the subject, especially in the Illinois valley,
on sanitary grounds, as well as fear of midsum-
mer flooding of the bottom lands which are
cultivated to some extent ; but this was overcome
by the argument that the channel would, when
the Des Plaines and Illinois Rivers were improved
between Joliet and La Salle, furnish a new and
enlarged waterway for the passage of vessels
between the lake and the Mississippi River, and
the enterprise was indorsed by conventions held
at Peoria, Memphis and elsewhere, during the
eighteen months preceding the passage of the
act. The promise ultimately to furnish a flow of
not less than 600,000 cubic feet per minute also
excited alarm in cities situated upon the lakes,
lest the taking of so large a volume of water from
Lake Michigan should affect the lake-level
injuriously to navigation; but these apprehen-
sions were quieted by the assurance of expert
engineers that the greatest reduction of the lake-
level below the present minimum would not
exceed three inches, and more likely would not
produce a perceptible effect.
At the general election, held Nov. 5, 1889,
the "Sanitary District of Chicago" was organ-
ized by an almost unanimous popular vote
— the returns showing 70,958 votes for the
measure to 243 against. The District, as thus
formed, embraces all of the city of Chicago
north of Eighty-seventh Street, with forty-
three square miles outside of the city limits
but within the area to be benefited by the
improvement. Though the channel is located
partly in Will County, the district is wholly in
Cook and bears the entire expense of construc-
tion. The first election of Trustees was held at a
special election, Dec. 12, 1889, the Trustees then
elected to hold their offices for five years and
until the following November. The second
election occurred, Nov. 5, 1895, when the Board,
as now constituted (1899), was chosen, viz.:
William Boldenweck, Joseph C. Braden, Zina R.
96
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Carter, Bernard A. Eckhart, Alexander J. Jones,
Thomas Kelly, James P. Mallette, Thomas A.
Smyth and Frank Wenter. The Trustees have
power to sell bonds in order to procure funds to
prosecute the work and to levy taxes upon prop-
erty within the district, under certain limitations
as to length of time the taxes run and the rate
per cent imposed. Under an amendment of the
Drainage Act adopted by the Legislature in 1897,
the rate of assessment upon property within the
Drainage District is limited to one and one-half
per cent, up to and including the year 1899, but
after that date becomes one-half of one per cent.
The bed of the channel, as now in process of
construction, commences at Robey Street and the
South Branch of the Chicago River, 5.8 miles
from Lake Michigan, and extends in a south-
westerly direction to the vicinity of Summit,
where it intersects the Des Plaines River. From
this point it follows the bed of that stream to
Lockport, in Will County, where, in conseqxience
of the sudden depression in the ground, the bed of
the channel comes to the surface, and where the
great controlling works are situated. This has made
necessary the excavation of about thirteen miles
of new channel for the river — which runs parallel
with, and on the west side of, the drainage canal
— liesides the construction of about nineteen
miles of levee to separate the waters of the
canal from the river. The following statement
of the quality of the material excavated and the
dimensions of the work, is taken from a paper by
Hon. H. B. Hurd, under the title, "The Chicago
Drainage Cliannel and Waterway," published in
the sixth volume of "Industrial Chicago" (1896):
"Through that portion of the channel between
Chicago and Summit, which is being constructed
to produce a flow of 300,000 cubic feet per minute,
which is supposed to be sufficient to dilute sew-
age for about the present population (of Chicago),
the width of the channel is 110 feet on the bot-
tom, with side slopes of two to one. This portion
of the channel is ultimately to be enlarged to the
capacity of 600,000 cubic feet per minute. The
bottom of the channel, at Robey Street, is 24.448
feet below Chicago datum. The width of the
channel from Smnmit down to the neighborhood
of Willow Springs is 202 feet on the bottom, with
the same side slope. The cut through the rock,
which extends from the neighborhood of Willow
Springs to the point where the channel runs out
of ground near Lockport, is 160 feet wide at the
bottom. The entire depth of the channel is
substantially the same as at Robey Street, with
the addition of one foot in 40.000 feet. The rock
portion of the channel is constructed to the full
capacity of 600,(100 cubic feet per minute. From
the point where the channel runs out of ground
to Joliet Lake, t.here is a rapid fall; over this
slope works are to be constructed to let the water
down in such a manner as not to damage Joliet."
Ground was broken on the rock-cut near
Lemont, on Sept. 3, 1892, and work has been in
progress almost constantlv ever since. The prog-
ress of the work was greatly obstructed during
the year 1898, by difficulties encountered in secur-
ing the right of way for the discharge of the
waters of the canal through the city of Joliet,
but tliese were compromised near the close of the
year, and it was anticipated that the work would
be prosecuted to completion during the year
1899. From Feb. 1, 1890, to Dec. 31, 1898, the
net receipts of the Board for the prosecution of
the work aggregated §28,257,707, while the net
expenditures had amounted to §38,221,864.57. Of
the latter, 820,099,284.67 was charged to construc-
tion account, §3,156,903.12 to "land account"
(including right of way), and §1,222,092.82 to the
cost of maintaining the engineering department.
Wlien finished, the cost will reach not less than
§35,000,000. These figures indicate tlie stupen-
dous character of the work, which bids fair to
stand without a rival of its kind in modern
engineering and in the results it is expected to
achieve.
CHICAGO GREAT WESTERN RAILWAY.
The total mileage of this line, June 30, 1898, was
1,008 miles, of which 152.53 miles are operated
and owned in Illinois. The line in this State
extends west from Chicago to East Dubuque, the
extreme terminal points being Chicago and
Minneapolis in the Northwest, and Kansas City
in the Southwest. It has several brandies in lUi
nois, Iowa and Minnesota, and trackage arrange-
ments with several lines, the most important
being with the St. Paul & Northern Pacific (10.56
miles), completing the connection between St.
Paul and Minneapolis ; with the Illinois Central
from East Dubuque to Portage (12.23 miles), and
with the Chicago & Northern Pacific from Forest
Home to the Grand Central Station in Chicago.
The company's own track is single, of standard
gauge, laid with sixty and seventy-flve-pound
steel rails. Grades and curvature are light, and
the equipmeiit well maintained. The outstand-
ing capital stock (1898) was §52,019,054; total
capitalization, including stock, bonds and miscel-
laneous indebtedness, §57,144,245. (History). The
road was chartered, Jan. 5, 1892, under the laws
of Illinois, for the purpose of reorganization of
VIEWS OF DRAINAGK CANAL.
VIEWS OF DRAINAGE CANAL.
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
97
the Chicago, St. Paul & Kansas City Railway
Company on a stock basis. During 1895, the
De Kalb & Great Western Railroad (5.81 miles)
was built from De Kalb to Sycamore as a feeder
of this line.
CHICAGO, HARLEM & BATAVIA RAIL-
ROAD. (See Chicago & Northern Pacific Rail-
road. )
CHICAGO, HAVANA & WESTERN RAIL-
ROAD. (See niitiois Central Railroad.)
CHICAGO HISTORICAL SOCIETY, organized,
April 24, 1856, for the purposes of (1) establishing
a library and a cabinet of antiquities, relics, etc. ;
(2) the collection and preservation of historical
manuscripts, documents, papers and tracts; (3)
the encouragement of the discovery and investi-
gation of aboriginal remains, particularly in Illi-
nois; (4) the collection of material illustrating
the gro-\^-th and settlement of Chicago. By 1871
the Society liad accumulated much valuable
material, but the entire collection was destroyed
in the great Chicago fire of that year, among the
manuscripts consumed being the original draft
of the emancipation proclamation by Abraham
Lincoln. The nucleus of a second collection was
consumed by fire in 1874. Its loss in this second
conflagration included many valuable manu-
scripts. In 1877 a temporary building was
erected, which was torn down in 1893 to make
room for the erection, on the same lot, of a
thoroughly fire-proof structure of granite,
planned after the most approved modern systems.
The new building was erected and dedicated
under the direction of its late President, Ed-
ward G. Mason, Esq., Dec. 12, 1896. The Society's
third collection now embraces about twenty-five
thousand volumes and nearly fifty thousand
pamphlets; seventy-five portraits in oils, with
other works of art; a valuable collection of
manuscript documents, and a large niuseum of
local and miscellaneous antiquities. Mr. Charles
Evans is Secretary and Librarian.
CHICAGO HOMCEOPATHIC MEDICAL COL-
LEGE, organized in 1876, with a teaching faculty
of nineteen and forty-fire matriculates. Its first
terra opened October 4, of that year, in a leased
building. By 1881 the college had outgrown its
first quarters, and a commodious, well appointed
structure was erected by the trustees, in a more
desirable location. The institution was among
the first to introduce a graded cour.se of instruc-
tion, extending over a period of eighteen vears.
In 1897, the matriculating class numbered over 200.
CHICAGO HOSPITAL FOR WOMEN AND
CHILDREN, located at Chicago, and founded in
1865 by Dr. Mary Harris Thompson. Its declared
objects are: "To afford a home for women and
children among the respectable poor in need of
medical and surgical aid; to treat the same
classes at home by an assistant physician; to
afford a free dispensary for the same, and to
train competent nurses." At the outset the
hospital was fairly well sustained through pri-
vate benefactions, and, in 1870, largely through
Dr. Thompson's efforts, a college was organized
for the medical education of women exclusively.
(See Northwestern University Woman's Medical
School.) The hospital building was totally-
destroyed in the great fire of 1871, but temporary
accommodations were provided in another section
of the city. The following year, with the aid of
$25,000 appropriated by the Chicago Relief and
Aid Society, a permanent building was pur-
chased, and, in 1885, a new, commodious and well
planned building was erected on the same site, at
a cost of about §75,000.
CHICAGO, MADISON & NORTHERN RAIL-
ROAD, a line of railwa}' 231. .3 miles in length, 140
miles of which lie within Illinois. It is operated
by the Illinois Central Railroad Company, and is
known as its "Freeport Division." The par value
of the capital stock outstanding is §50,000 and of
bonds §2,500,000, while the floating debt is
§3,620,698, making a total capitalization of
§6,170,698, or §26,698 per mile. (See also Illinois
Central Railroad. ) This road was opened from
Chicago to Freeport in 1888.
CHICAGO MEDICAL COLLEGE. (See North-
western University Medical College.)
CHICAGO, MILWAUKEE & ST. PAUL RAIL-
WAT, one of the great trunk lines of the North-
west, having a total mileage (1898) of 6,153.83
miles, of which 317.94 are in Illinois. The main
line extends from Chicago to Minneapolis, 420
miles, altliough it has connections with Kansas
Citj% Omaha, Sioux City and various points in
Wisconsin, Iowa and the Dakotas. The Chicago,
Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad Company enjoys
the distinction of being the owner of all the lines
operated by it, though it operates 245 miles of
second tracks owned jointly with other lines.
The greater part of its track is laid with
60, 75 and 85-lb. steel rails. The total capital
invested (1898; is §220,005,901, distributed as
follows: capital stock, §77,845,000; bonded debt,
§135,285,500; other forms of indebtedness,
§5,572,401. Its total earnings in Illinois for
1898 were §5,205,344, and the total expendi-
tures, §3,320,248. The total number of em-
ployes in Illinois for 1898 was 2,293, receiving
98
IIISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OE ILLINOIS-
§1.746,827.70 in aggregate compensation. Taxes
paid for the same year amounted to §151,285. —
(History). The Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul
Railway was organized in 18C3 under the name
of the Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway. The Illi-
nois portion of the main line was built under a
charter granted to the Chicago, Milwaukee & St.
Paul Railway Company, and the "Wisconsin por-
tion under charter to the Wisconsin Union Rail-
road Company; the whole built and opened in
1872 and purchased by the Milwaukee & St. Paul
Railway Company. It subsequently acquired by
purcliase several lines in "Wisconsin, the whole
receiTing the present name of the line by act of
the Wisconsin Legislature, passed, Feb. 14, 1874.
The Chicago & Evanston Railroad was chartered,
Feb. 16, 1861, built from Chicago to Calvary (10.8
miles), and opened. May 1, 1885; was consolidated
with the Chicago & Lake Superior Railroad,
under the title of the Chicago, Evanston & Lake
Superior Railroad Company, Dec. 22, 1885, opened
to Evanston, August 1, 1886, and purchased, in
June, 1887, by the Chicago, Milwaukee & St.
Paul Railway Company. Tlie Road, as now
organized, is made up of twenty-two divisions
located in Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota,
North and South Dakota. Missouri and ^Michigan.
CHICAGO, PADUCAH & MEMPHIS RAIL-
ROAD (Projected), a road cliartered, Dec. 19,
1893. to run between Altamont and ^Metropolis,
111., 152 miles, with a branch from Johnston City
to Carbondale, 20 miles — total length, 172 miles.
The gauge is standard, and the track laid with
sixty-pound steel rails. By Feb. 1, 1895, the road
from Altamont to Marion (100 miles) was com-
pleted, and work on the remainder of the line has
been in progress. It is intended to connect with
the Wabash and the St. Louis Southern systems.
Capital stock authorized and subscribed. §2,500,-
000; bonds issued, §1,575,000. Funded debt,
authorized, §15.000 per mile in five per cent first
mortgage gold bonds. Cost of road up to Feb. 1.
1895, §20,000 per mile ; estimated cost of the entire
line, §2,000,000. In December, 1896, this road
passed into the hands of the Chicago & Eastern
Illinois Railroad Company, and is now operated to
Marion, in Williamson County. (See Clucago dt
Eastern Illinois Railruad.)
CHICAGO, PEKIN & SOUTHWESTERX RAIL-
ROAD, a division of the Chicago & Alton Rail-
road, chartered as the Chicago & Plainfield
Railroad, in 1859; opened from Pekin to Streator
in 1873, and to Mazon Bridge in 1876 ; sold under
foreclosure in 1879, and now constitutes a part of
the Chicago & Alton system.
CHICAGO, PEORIA & ST. LOUIS RAILROAD
COMPANY (of Illinois), a corporation operating
two lines of railroad, one extending from Peoria
to Jacksonville, and the other from Peoria to
Springfield, with a connection from the latter
place (in 1895), over a leased line, with St. Louis.
The total mileage, as officially reported in 1895,
was 208.66 miles, of which 16C were owned by
the corporation. (1) The original of the Jackson-
ville Division of this line was the Illinois River
Railroad, opened from Pekin to "^'irginia in 1859.
In October, 1863, it was sold under foreclosure,
and, early in 1864, was transferred by the pur-
chasers to a new corporation called the Peoria,
Pekin & Jacksonville Railroad Company, bj-
wliom it was extended the same year to Peoria,
and, in 1869, to Jacksonville. Another fore-
closure, in 1879, resulted in its sale to the
creditors, followed by consolidation, in 1881,
with the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway.
(2) The Springfield Division was incorporated in
1869 as the Springfield & Xorthwestern Railway ;
construction was begun in 1872, and road opened
from Springfield to Havana (45.20 miles) in
December, 1874, and from Havana to Pekin and
Peoria over the track of the Peoria, Pekin &
Jacksonville line. The same year the road was
leased to the Indianapolis, Bloomington & West-
ern Railroad Company, but the lease was for-
feited, in 1875, and the road placed in the hands
of a receiver. In 1881, together with the
Jacksonville Division, it was transferred to the
Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway, and by
that company operated as the Peoria & Spring-
field Railroad. The Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific
having defaulted and gone into the hands of a
receiver, both the Jacksonville and the Spring-
field Divisions were reorganized in February,
1887, under the name of the Chicago, Peoria &
St. Louis Railroad, and placed under control of
the Jacksonville Southeastern Railroad. A
reorganization of the latter took place, in 1890,
under the name of the Jacksonville, Louisville &
St. Louis Railway, and, in 1893, it passed into the
hands of receivers, and was severed from its
allied lines. The Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis
Railroad remained mider the management of a
separate receiver until January, 189G, when a
reorganization was effected under its present
name — "The Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Rail-
road of Illinois." The lease of the Springfield
& St. Louis Division having expired in Deceru-
ber, 1895, it has also been reorganized as an
independent corporation under the name of the
St. Louis, Peoria & Northern Railway (which see)-
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
99
CHICAGO RIVER, a sluggish stream, draining
a narrow strip of land between Lake Michigan
and the Des Plaines River, the entire watershed
drained amounting to some 470 square miles. It
is formed by the union of the "North" and
the "South Branch," which unite less than a mile
and a half from the mouth of the main stream.
At an early day the former was known as the
"Guarie" and.the latter as "Portage River." The
total length of the North Branch is about 20 miles,
only a small fraction of which is navigable. The
South Branch is shorter but offers greater facilities
for navigation, being lined along its lower por-
tions witli grain-elevators, lumber-yards and
manufactories. The Illinois Indians in early days
found an easy portage between it and the Des
Plaines River. The Chicago River, with its
branches, separates Chicago into three divisions,
known, respectively, as the "North" the "South"
and the "West Divisions." Drawbridges have
been erected at the principal street crossings
over the river and both branches, and four
tunnels, connecting the various divisions of the
citv, have been constructed under the river bed.
CHICAGO, ROCK ISLAND & PACIFIC RAIL-
WAY, formed by the consolidation of various
lines in 1880. The parent corporation (The
Chicago & Rock Island Railroad) was chartered
in Illinois in 1851, and the road opened from Chi-
cago to the Mississippi River at Rock Island (181
miles), July 10, 1854. In 1853 a company was
chartered under the name of the Mississippi &
Missouri Railroad for the extension of the road
from the Mississippi to the Missouri River. The
two roads were consolidated in 1866 as the Chi-
cago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, and the
extension to the Missouri River and a junction
with the Union Pacific completed in 1869. The
Peoria & Bureau Valley Railroad (an important
feeder from Peoria to Bureau Junction — 46.7
miles) was incorporated in 1853, and completed
and leased in perpetuity to the Chicago & Rock
Island Railroad, in 1854. The St. Joseph & Iowa
Railroad was purchased in 1889, and the Kansas
City & Topeka Railway in 1891. The Company
has financial and traffic agreements with the
Chicago, Rock Island & Texas Railway, extending
from Terral Station, Indian Territory, to Fort
Worth, Texas. The road also has connections
from Chicago with Peoria; St. Paul and Minne-
apolis ; Omaha and Lincoln (Neb. ) ; Denver, Colo-
rado Springs and Pueblo (Colo.), besides various
points in South Dakota, Iowa and Southwestern
Kansas. The extent of the lines owned and
operated by the Company ( ' 'Poor's Manual, ' ' 1898) ,
is 3,568.15 miles, of which 236.51 miles are in
Illinois, 189.52 miles being owned by the corpo-
ration. All of the Company's owned and
leased lines are laid with steel rails. The total
capitalization reported for the same year was
§116,748,211, of wliich $50,000,000 was in stock
and §58,830,000 in bonds. The total earnings and
income of the line in Illinois, for the year ending
June 30, 1898, was $5,851,875, and the total
expenses $3,401,165, of which $233,129 was in the
form of taxes. The Company has received under
Congressional grants 550,194 acres of land, exclu-
sive of State grants, of which there had been sold
up to March 31. 1894, 548,609 acres.
CHICAGO, ST. PAUL & FOND DU LAC RAIL
ROAD. (See Chicago d' Northwesterii Rail tray
CHICAGO, ST. PAUL & KANSAS CITY RAIL
WAY. (See Chicago Great Western Raihray.)
CHICAGO, ST. LOUIS & PADUCAH RAIL
WAY, a short road, of standard gauge, laid with
steel rails, extending from Marion to Brooklyn
111., 53.64 miles. It was chartered, Feb. 7, 1887,
and opened for traffic. Jan. 1, 1889. The St.
Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad Company is
the lessee, liaving guaranteed principal and inter-
est on its first mortgage bonds. Its capital stock
is $1,000,000, and its bonded debt §2,000,000,
making the total capitalization about $56,000 per
mile. The cost of the road was $2,950,000; total
incumbrance (1895), §3,016,715.
CHICAGO TERMINAL TRANSFER RAIL-
ROAD, the successor to the Chicago & Northern
Pacific Railroad. The latter was organized in
November, 1889, to acquire and lease facilities to
other roads and transact a local business. The
Road under its new name was chartered, June 4,
1897, to purchase at foreclosure sale the property
of the Chicago & Northern Pacific, soon after
acquiring the propertj' of the Chicago & Calumet
Terminal Railway also. The combination gives
it the control of 84.53 miles of road, of which
70.76 miles are in Illinois. The line is used for
both passenger and freight terminal purposes,
and also a belt line just outside the city limits.
Its principal tenants are the Chicago Great West-
ern, the Baltimore & Ohio, the Wisconsin Central
Lines, and the Cliicago, Hammond & Western
Railroad. The Company also has control of the
ground on which the Grand Central Depot is
located. Its total capitalization (1898) was §44,-
553,044, of which $30,000,000 was capital stock
and §13,394,000 in the form of bonds.
CHICAGO THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, organ-
ized, Sept. 26, 1854, by a convention of Congre-
gational ministers and laymen representing seven
100
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Western States, among which was Illinois. A
special and liberal charter was granted, Feb. 15,
1855. The Seminary has always been under
Congregational control and supervision, its
twenty-four trustees being elected at Triennial
Conventions, at which are represented all the
churches of that denomination west of the Ohio
and east of tlie Rocky Mountains. The institu-
tion was formally opened to students, Oct. 6,
1858, with two professors and twenty-nine
matriculates. Since then it has steadily grown
in both numbers and influence. Preparatory and
linguistic schools have been added and tlie
faculty (1896) includes eight professors and nine
minor instructors. The Seminary is liberally
endowed, its productive assets being nearly
$1,000,000, and the value of its groimds, build-
ings, library, etc., amounting to nearly §500,000
more. No charge is made for tuition or room
rent, and there are forty-two endowed scholar-
ships, the income of which is devoted to the aid
of needy students. The buildings, including the
librarv' and dormitories, are four in number, and
are well constructed and arranged.
CHICAGO & ALTON RAILROAD, an impor
tant railway running in a southwesterly direc-
tion from Cliicago to St. Louis, with numerous
branches, extending into Missouri, Kansas and
Colorado. The Chicago & Alton Railroad proper
was constructed under two charters — the first
granted to the Alton & Sangamon Railroad Com-
pany, in 1847, and the second to the Chicago &
Mississippi Railroad Company, in 1852. Con-
struction of the former was begun in 1832, and
the line opened from Alton to Springfield in
1853. Under the second corporation, the line was
opened from Springfield to Bloomington in 1854,
and to Joliet in 1856. In 1855 a line was con-
structed from Chicago to Joliet under the name
of the Joliet & Chicago Railroad, and leased in
perpetuity to the present Company, which was
reorganized in 1857 imder the name of the St.
Louis, Alton & Chicago Railroad Company. For
some time connection was had between Alton
and St. Louis by steam-packet boats running in
connection with the railroad ; but later over the
line of the Indianapolis & St. Louis Railroad—
the first railway line connecting the two cities—
and, finally, by the Company's own line, which
was constructed in 1864, and formally opened
Jan. 1, 1865. In 1861, a company with the
present name (Chicago & Alton Railroad Com-
pany) was organized, which, in 1862, purchased
the St. Louis, Alton & Chicago Road at fore-
closure sale. Several branch lines have since
been acquired by purchase or lease, the most
important in the State being the line from
Bloomington to St. Louis by way of Jacksonville.
This was chartered in 1851 under the name of the
St. Louis, Jacksonville & Chicago Railroad, was
opened for business in January, 1868, and having
been diverted from the route upon which it was
originally projected, was completed to Blooming-
ton and leased to the Chicago & Alton in 1868.
In 1884 this branch was absorbed by the main
line. Other important branches are the Kansas
City Branch from Roodhouse, crossing the Mis-
sissippi at Louisiana, Mo. ; the Washington
Branch from Dwight to Washington and Lacon,
and the Chicago & Peoria, by which entrance is
obtained into the city of Peoria over the tracks
of the Toledo, Peoria & Western. The whole
nxmiber of miles operated (1898; is 843..54, of
which 580.73 lie in Illinois. Including double
tracks and sidings, the Company has a total
trackage of 1,186 miles. The total capitalization,
in 1898, was $32,793,972, of which §22,230,600 was
in stock, and 86,694,850 in bonds. The total
earnings and income for the year, in Illinois, were
§5,022,315, and the operating and other expenses,
§4,272,207. This road, iinder its management as
it existed up to 1898, has been one of the most uni-
formly successful in the country. Dividends
have been paid semiannually from 1863 to 1884,
and quarterly from 1884 to 1896. For a number
of years previous to 1897, the dividends had
amounted to eight per cent per annum on both
preferred and common stock, but later had been
reduced to seven per cent on account of short
crops along the line. The taxes paid in 1898
were §341,040. The surplus, June 30, 1895,
exceeded two and three-quarter million dollars.
The Chicago & Alton was the first line in the
world to put into service sleeping and dining cars
of the Pullman model, which have since been so
widely adopted, as well as the first to run free
reclining chair-cars for the convenience and
comfort of its passengers. At the time the
matter embraced in this volume is undergoing
final revision (1899), negotiations are in progress
for the purchase of this historic line by a syndi-
cate representing the Baltimore & Ohio, the
Missouri Pacific, the Union Pacific, and the
Missouri, Kansas & Texas systems, in whose
interest it %vill hereafter be operated.
CHICAGO & AURORA RAILROAD. (See
Chicago. Burlington & Qtiincy Railroad.)
CHICAGO & EASTERX ILLINOIS RAIL-
ROAD. This company operates a line 516.3 miles
in length, of which 278 miles are within Illinois.
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
101
The main line in this State extends southerly
from Dolton Junction (17 miles south of Chicago)
to Danville. Entrance to the Polk Street Depot
in Chicago is secured over the tracks of the
Western Indiana Railroad. The company owns
several important branch lines, as follows : From
Momence Junction to the Indiana State Line;
from Cissna Junction to Cissna Park ; from Dan-
ville Junction to Shelbyville, and from Sidell to
Kossville. The system in Illinois is of standard
gauge, about 108 miles being double track. The
right of way is 100 feet wide and well fenced.
The grades are light, and the construction
(including rails, ties, ballast and bridges), is
generally excellent. The capital stock outstand-
ing (1895) is $13,594, 400; funded debt, $18,018,000;
floating debt, $916,381; total capital invested,
§32,570,781; total earnings in Illinois, $3,593,072;
expenditures in the State, $3,595,631. The com-
pany paid the same year a dividend of six per
cent on its common stock ($286,914), and reported
a surplus of $1,484,762. The Chicago & Eastern
Illinois was originally chartered in 1865 as the
Chicago, Danville & Vincennes Railroad, its main
line being completed in 1873. In 1873, it defaulted
on interest, was sold under foreclosure in 1877,
and reorganized as the Chicago & Nashville, but
later in same year took its present name. In
1894 it was consolidated with the Chicago &
Indiana Coal Railway. Two spurs (5.27 miles in
lengtli) were added to the line in 1895. Early in
1897 this line obtained control of the Chicago,
Paducah & Memphis Railroad, which is now
operated to Marion, in Williamson County. (See
Chicago, Paducah & Memphis Railroad.)
CHICAGO & GRAND TRUNK RAILWAY. Of
the 335.37 miles of the Chicago & Grand Trunk
Railroad, only 30.65 are in Illinois, and of the
latter 9.7 miles are operated under lease. That
portion of the line within the State extends from
Chicago easterly to the Indiana State line. The
Company is also lessee of the Grand Junction
Railroad, four miles in length. The Road is
capitalized at $6,600,000, has a bonded debt of
§13,000,000 and a floating debt (1895) of $3,371,425,
making the total capital invested, $20,871,435.
The total earnings in Illinois for 1895 amounted
to $660,393; disbursements within the State for
the same period, $345,233. The Chicago & Grand
Trunk Railway, as now constituted, is a consoli-
dation of various lines between Port Huron,
Mich., and Chicago, operated in the interest of
the Grand Trunk Railway of Canada. The Illi-
nois section was built under a charter granted in
1878 to the Chicago & State Line Railway Com-
pany, to form a connection with Valparaiso, Ind.
This corporation acquired the Chicago & South-
ern Railroad (from Chicago to Dolton), and the
Chicago & State Line Extension in Indiana, all
being consolidated under the name of the North-
western Grand Trunk Railroad. In 1880, a final
consolidation of these lines with the eastward
connections took place under the present name —
the Chicago & Grand Trunk Railway.
CHICAGO & GREAT EASTERN RAILWAY.
(See Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis
Railivay.)
CHICAGO & GREAT SOUTHERN RAILROAD.
(See Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railway.)
CHICAGO & ILLINOIS SOUTHERN RAIL-
WAY. (See Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Rail-
u-ay. )
CHICAGO & MISSISSIPPI RAILROAD. (See
Chicago & Alton Railroad.)
CHICAGO & NASHVILLE RAILROAD. (See
Chicago <& Eastern Illinois Railroad.)
CHICAGO & NORTHERN PACIFIC RAIL-
ROAD. (See Chicago Terminal Transfer Rail-
road. )
CHICAGO & NORTHWESTERN RAILWAY,
one of the great trunk lines of the country, pene-
trating the States of Illinois, Wisconsin, Michi-
gan, Iowa, Minnesota and North and South
Dakota. The total length of its main line,
branches, proprietary and operated lines, on May
1, 1899, was 5,076.89 miles, of which 594 miles are
operated in Illinois, all owned by the company.
Second and side tracks increase the mileage
to a total of 7,217.91 miles. The Chicago &
Northwestern Railway (proper) is operated in
nine separate divisions, as follows: The Wis-
consin, Galena, Iowa, Northern Iowa, Madison,
Peninsula, Winona and St. Peter, Dakota and
Ashland Divisions The principal or main lines
of the "Northwestern System," in its entirety,
are those which have Chicago, Omaha, St. Paul
and Minneapolis for their termini, though their
branches reach numerous important points
within the States already named, from the shore
of Lake Michigan on the east to Wyoming on the
west, and from Kansas on the south to Lake
Superior on the north. — (History.) The Chi-
cago & Northwestern Railway Company was
organized in 1859 under charters granted by the
Legislatures of Illinois and Wisconsin during
that year, under which the new company came
into possession of the rights and franchises of the
Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac Railroad Com-
pany. The latter road was the outgrowth of
various railway enterprises which had been pro-
102
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
jected, chartered and partly constructed in Wis-
consin and Illinois, between 1848 and 1855,
including the Madison & Beloit Railroad, the
Rock River Valley Union Railroad, and the Illi-
nois & Wisconsin Railroad — the last named com-
pany being chartered by the Illinois Legislature
in 1851, and authorized to build a railroad from
Chicago to the Wisconsin line. The Wisconsin
Legislature of 1855 authorized the consolidation
of the Rock River Valley Union Railroad with the
Illinois enterprise, and, in March, 1855, the con-
solidation of these lines was perfected under the
name of the Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac
Railroad. During the first four years of its exist-
ence this company built 176 miles of the road, of
which seventy miles were between Chicago and
the Wisconsin State line, with the sections con-
structed in Wisconsin completing the connection
between Chicago and Fond du Lac. As the result
of the financial revulsion of 1857, the corporation
became financially embarrassed, and the sale of its
property and franchises under the foreclosure of
1859, already alluded to, followed. This marked
the beginning of the present corporation, and, in
the next few years, by the construction of new
lines and the purchase of others in Wisconsin and
Northern Illinois, it added largely to the extent
of its lines, both constructed and projected. The
most important of these was the union effected
with the Galena & Chicago Union Railroad,
which was formally consolidated with the Chi-
cago & Northwestern in 1864. The history of
the Galena & Chicago Union is interesting in
view of the fact that it was one of the earliest
railroads incorporated in Illinois, having been
chartered by special act of the Legislature during
the "internal improvement" excitement of 1836.
Besides, its charter was the only one of that
period under which an organization was effected,
and although construction was not begun under
it until 1847 (eleven years afterward), it was the
second railroad constructed in the State and the
first leading from the city of Chicago. In the
forty years of its history the growth of the Chi-
cago & Northwestern has been steady, and its
success almost phenomenal. In that time it has
not only added largely to its mileage by the con-
struction of new lines, but has absorbed more
lines than almost any other road in the country,
until it now reaches almost ever}' important city
in the Northwest. Among the lines in Northern
Illinois now constituting a part of it, were several
which had become a part of the Galena «& Chicago
Union before the consolidation. These included
a line from Belvidere to Beloit, Wis. ; the Fox
River Valley Railroad, and the St. Charles &
Mississippi Air Line Railroad — all Illinois enter-
prises, and more or less closely connected with
the development of the State. The total capi-
talization of the line, on June 30, 1898, was
§200,968,108, of which $66,408,821 was capi-
tal stock and §101,603,000 in the form of
bonds. The earnings in the State of Illinois,
for the same period, aggregated §4,374,923,
and the expenditures §3,712,593. At the present
time (1899) the Chicago & Northwestern is build-
ing eight or ten branch lines in Wisconsin, Iowa,
Minnesota and South Dakota. The Northwestern
System, as such, comprises nearly 3,000 miles of
road not included in the preceding statements of
mileage and financial condition. Although owned
by the Chicago & Northwestern Company, they
are managed by different officers and under other
names. The mileage of the whole system covers
nearly 8,000 miles of main line.
CHICAGO & SPRINGFIELD RAILROAD.
(.See Illinois Central Bailroad.)
CHICAGO & TEXAS RAILROAD, a line
seventj'-three miles in length, extending from
Johnston City by way of Carbondale westerly to
the Mississippi, thence southerly to Cape Girar-
deau. The line was originally operated by two
companies, under the names of the Grand Tower
& Carbondale and the Grand Tower & Cape Girar-
deau Railroad Companies. The former was
chartered in 1882, and the road built in 1885; the
latter, chartered in 1889 and the line opened the
same year. They were consolidated in 1893, and
operated under the name of the Chicago & Texas
Railroad Company. In October, 1897, the last
named line was transferred, under a twenty-five
year lease, to the Illinois Central Railroad Com-
pany, by whom it is operated as its St. Louis &
Cape Girardeau division.
CHICAGO & WESTERN INDIANA KAIL-
ROAD. The main line of this road extends from
Chicago to Dolton, 111. (17 miles), and affords ter-
minal facilities for all lines entering the Folk St.
Depot at Chicago. It has branches to Hammond,
Ind. (10.28 miles) ; to Cragin (15.9 miles), and to
South Chicago (5.41 miles) ; making the direct
mileage of its branches 48.59 miles. In addition,
its second, third and fourth tracks and sidings
increase the mileage to 204.79 miles. The com-
pany was organized June 9. 1879 : the road opened
in 1880, and, on Jan. 26, 1882, consolidated with
the South Chicago & Western Indiana Railroad
Compan}-, and the Chicago & Western Indiana
Belt Railway. It also owns some 850 acres in fee
in Chicago, including wharf property on the
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
103
Chicago River, right of way, switch and transfer
yards, depots, the Indiana grain elevator, etc.
The elevator and the Belt Division are leased to
the Belt Railway Company of Chicago, and the
rest of the property is leased conjointly by the
Chicago & Eastern IlUnois, the Chicago & Grand
Trunk, the Chicago & Erie, the Louisville. New
Albany & Chicago, and the Wabash Railways
(each of which owns §1,000,000 of the capital
stock), and by the Atchison. Topeka & Santa Fe.
These companies pay the expense of operation
and maintenance on a mileage basis.
CHICAGO & WISCONSIIV RAILROAD. (See
Wisconsin Central Lines. )
CHILDS, Robert A., was born at Malone,
Franklin County, N. Y., March 22, 1845, the son
of an itinerant Methodist preacher, who settled
near Belvidere, Boone County. 111., in 18.52. His
home having been broken up by the death of his
mother, in 1854, he went to live upon a farm. In
April, 1861, at the age of 16 years, he enlisted in
the company of Captain (afterwards General)
Stephen A. Hurlbut, which was later attached to
the Fifteenth Illinois Volunteers. After being
mustered out at the close of the war, he entered
school, and graduated from the Illinois State
Normal University in 1870. For the following three
years he was Principal and Superintendent of
public schools at Amboy. Lee County, meanwhile
studying law, and being admitted to the bar. In
1873, he began the practice of his profession at
Chicago, making his home at Hinsdale. After
filling various local offices, in 1884 he was
chosen Presidential Elector on the Republican
ticket, and, in 1893, was elected by the narrow
majority of thirty-seven votes to represent the
Eighth Illinois District in the Fifty-third Con-
gress, as a Republican.
CHILLICOTHE, a city in Peoria County, situ-
ated on the Illinois River, at the head of Peoria
Lake; is 19 miles north-northeast of Peoria.on the
Peoria Branch of the Chicago, Rock Island &
Pacific Railroad. It is an important shipping
point for grain, which is extensi%'ely raised in the
surrounding region. Flour and carriages are the
principal manufactures. It has a bank, three
churches, a high school and two weekly news-
papers. Population (1890), 1,632; (1900), 1,699.
CHINIQUT, (Rev.) Charles, clergyman and
reformer, was born in Canada. July 30, 1809, of
mixed French and Spanish blood, and educated
for the Romish priesthood at the Seminary of St.
Nicholet, where he remained ten years, gaining a
reputation among his fellow students for extraor-
dinary zeal and piety. Having been ordained
to the priesthood in 1833, he labored in various
churches in Canada until 1851, when he accepted
an invitation to Illinois with a view to building
up the church in the Mississippi Valley. Locat-
ing at the junction of the Kankakee and Iroquois
Rivers, in Kankakee County, he was the means
of bringing to that vicinity a colony of some
5,000 French Canadians, followed by colonists
from France, Belgium and other European
countries. It has been estimated that over
50,000 of this class of emigrants were settled in
Illinois within a few years. The colony em-
braced a territory of some 40 square miles, with
the village of St. Ann's as the center. Here
Father Chiniquy began his labors by erecting
churches and schools for the colonists. He soon
became dissatisfied with what he believed to be
the exercise of arbitrary authority by the ruling
Bishop, then began to have doubts on the question
of papal infallibility, the final result being a
determination to separate himself from the
Mother Church. In this step he appears to have
been followed by a large proportion of the colo-
nists who had accompanied him from Canada, but
the result was a feeling of intense bitterness
between the opposing factions, leading to much
litigation and many criminal prosecutions, of
which Father Chiniquy was the subject, though
never convicted. In one of these suits, in which
the Father was accused of an infamous crime,
Abraham Lincoln was counsel for the defense,
the charge being proven to be the outgrowth of
a conspiracy. Having finally determined to
espouse the cause of Protestantism, Father
Chiniquy allied himself with the Canadian Pres-
bytery, and for many years of his active clerical
life, divided his time between Canada and the
United States, having supervision of churches in
Montreal and Ottawa, as well as in this country.
He also more than once visited Europe by special
invitation to address important religious bodies
in that country. He died at Montreal, Canada,
Jan. 16, 1899. in the 90th year of his age.
CHOUART, Medard, (known also as Sieur des
Groseilliers), an early French explorer, supposed
to have been born at Touraine, France, about
1621. Coming to New France in early youth, he
made a voyage of discovery with his brother-in-
law, Radisson, westward from Quebec, about
1654-56, these two being believed to have been
the first white men to reach Lake Superior.
After spending the winter of 1658-59 at La
Pointe, near where Ashland, Wis., now stands,
they are believed by some to have discovered the
Upper Mississippi and to have descended that
104
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
stream a long distance towards its mouth, as
they claimed to have reached a much milder
climate and heard of Spanish ships on the salt
water (Gulf of Mexico). Some antiquarians
credit them, about this tiine (1659), with having
visited the present site of the city of Chicago.
They were the first explorers of Northwestern
Wisconsin and Minnesota, and are also credited
with having been the first to discover an inland
route to Hudson's Bay, and with being the
founders of the original Hudson's Bay Companj'.
Groseillier's later history is unknown, but he
ranks among the most intrepid explorers of the
"New World" about the middle of the seventli
century.
CHRISMAN, a village of Edgar County, at the
intersection of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chi-
cago & St. Louis and the Indiana, Decatur &
Western Railways, 24 miles south of Danville.
It has flour and saw mills. Population (1880),
541; (1890), 820; (1900), 90.i.
CHRISTIAN COUXTY, a rich agricultural
county, lying in the "central belt," and organized
in 1839 from parts of ilacon, Jlontgomery,
Sangamon and Shelby Counties. The name first
given to it was Dane, in honor of Nathan Dane,
one of the framers of the Ordinance of 1787, but
a political prejudice led to a change. A pre-
ponderance of early settlers having come from
Christian County, Ky., this name was finally
adopted. The surface is level and the soil fertile,
the northern half of the covmty being best
adapted to corn and the southern to wheat. Its
area is about 710 square miles, and its pojjulation
(1900). was 32,790. The life of the early settlers
was exceedingly primitive. Game was abun-
dant; wild honey was used as a substitute for
sugar; wolves were troublesome; prairie fires
were frequent; the first mill (on Bear Creek)
could not grind more than ten bushels of grain
per day, by horse-power. The people hauled their
corn to St. Louis to exchange for groceries. The
first store was opened at Robertson's Point, but
tlie county-seat was established at Taylorville. A
great change was wrought in local conditions by
the advent of the IlUnois Central Railway, which
passes through the eastern part of the coimty.
Two other railroads now pass centrally through
the county — the "Wabash" and the Baltimore &
Ohio Southwestern. The principal towns are
Taylorville (a railroad center and thriving town
of 2,829 inhabitants), Pana, Morri.sonville, Edin-
burg, and Assumption.
CHURCH, Lawrence S., lawyer and legislator,
was born at Nunda, N. Y., in 1820; passed his
youth on a farm, but having a fondness for study,
at an early age began teaching in winter with a
view to earning means to prosecute his studies in
law. In 1843 he arrived at McHenry, then the
county-seat of McHenry County, 111., having
walked a part of the way from New York, paying
a portion of his expenses by the deliver}- of lec-
tures. He soon after visited Springfield, and
having been examined before Judge S. H. Treat,
was admitted to the bar. On the removal of the
county-seat from McHenrj- to Woodstock, he
removed to the latter place, where he continued
to reside to the end of his life. A member of the
Whig party up to 1856, he was that year elected
as a Republican Representative in the Twentieth
General Assembly, serving by re-election in the
Twenty-first and Twenty-second ; in 1860, was
supported for the nomination for Congress in the
Northwestern District, but was defeated by Hon.
E. B. Washburne; in 18G2, aided in the organiza-
tion of the Ninety-fifth Illinois Volunteers, and
was commissioned its Colonel, but was compelled
to resign before reaching the field on account of
failing health. In 1866 he was elected County
Judge of McHenry County, to fill a vacancy, and,
in 1869 to the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70.
Died, July 23, 1870. Judge Church was a man of
high principle and a speaker of decided ability.
CHURCH, Selden Marvin, capitalist, was born
at East Haddam, Conn., March 4, 1804; taken by
his father to Monroe County, N. Y., in bo3'hood,
and grew up on a farm there, but at the age of
21, went to Cincinnati, Ohio, where he engaged
in teaching, being one of the earliest teachers in
the public schools of that city. Then, having
spent some time in mercantile pursuits in Roches-
ter, N. Y., in 1835 he removed to Illinois, first
locating at Geneva, but the following year
removed to Rockford, where he continued to
reside for the remainder of his life. In 1841. he
was appointed Postmaster of the city of Rock-
ford by the first President Harrison, remaining
in office three years. Other offices held by him
were those of County Clerk (1843-47), Delegate to
the Second Constitutional Convention (1847),
Judge of Probate (1849-57), Representative in
the Twenty -third General Assembly (1863-65),
and member of the first Board of Public Charities
by appointment of Governor Palmer, in 1869,
being re-appointed by Governor Beveridge, in
1873, and, for a part of the time, serving as Presi-
dent of the Board. He also served, by appoint-
ment of the Secretary of War, as one of the
Commissioners to assess damages for the Govern-
ment improvements at Rock Island and to locate
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
105
the Government bridge between Rock Island and
Davenport. During the latter years of his life he
was President for some time of the Rockford
Insurance Company ; was also one of the origina-
tors, and, for many years. Managing Director of
the Rockford Water Power Company, which has
done so much to promote the prosperity of that
city, and, at the time of his death, was one of the
Directors of the Winnebago National Bank. Died
at Rockford, June 23, 1892.
CHURCHILL, (ieorgre, early printer and legis-
lator, was born at Hubbardtown, Rutland
County, Vt., Oct. 11, 1789; received a good edu-
cation in his youth, thus imbibing a taste for
literature which led to his learning the printer's
trade. In 1806 he became an apprentice in the
office of the Albany (N. Y.) "Sentinel," and,
after serving his time, worked as a journeyman
printer, thereby accumulating means to purchase
a half-interest in a small printing office. Selling
this out at a loss, a year or two later, he went to
New York, and, after %vorking at the case some
five months, started for the West, stopping en
route at Philadelphia, Pittsburg and Louisville.
In the latter place he worked for a time in the
office of "The Courier." and still later in that of
"The Correspondent," then owned by Col. Elijah
C. Berry, who subsequently came to Illinois and
served as Auditor of Public Accounts. In 1817
he arrived in St. Louis, but, attracted by the fer-
tile soil of Illinois, determined to engage in agri-
cultural pursuits, finally purchasing land some
six miles southeast of Edwardsville, in JIadisou
County, where he continued to reside the re-
mainder of his life. In order to raise means to
improve his farm, in the spring of 1819 he
worked as a compositor in the office of "The
Missouri Gazette" — the predecessor of "The St.
Louis Republic. ' ' While there he wrote a series
of articles over the signature of "A Farmer of St.
Charles County," advocating the admission of
the State of Missouri into the Union without
slavery, which caused considerable excitement
among the friends of that institution. During
the same year he aided Hooper Warren in
establishing his paper, "The Spectator," at
Edwardsville, and, still later, became a frequent
contributor to its columns, especially during the
campaign of 1822-24. which resulted, in the latter
year, in the defeat of the attempt to plant slavery
in Illinois. In 1822 he was elected Represent-
ative in the Third General Assembly, serving in
that body by successive re-elections until 1832.
His re-election for a second term, in 1824, demon-
strated that his vote at the preceding session, in
opposition to the scheme for a State Convention
to revise the State Constitution in the interest of
slavery, was approved by his constituents. In
1838, he was elected to the State Senate, serving
four years, and, in 1844, was again elected to the
House — in all serving a period in both Houses of
si.xteen years. Mr. Churchill was never married.
He was an industrious and systematic collector of
historical records, and. at the time of his death in
the summer of 1873, left a mass of documents and
other historical material of great value. (See
Slavery and Slave Laws; Warren, Hooper, and
Coles, Edward.)
CLARK ((Jen.) George Rogers, soldier, was
born near Monticello, Albemarle County, Va.,
Nov. 19, 1752. In his younger life he was a
farmer and surveyor on the upper Ohio. His
first experience in Indian fighting was under
Governor Dunmore, against the Shawnees (1774).
In 1775 he went as a surveyor to Kentucky, and
the British having incited the Indians against
the Americans in the following year, he was
commissioned a Major of militia. He soon rose
to a Colonelcy, and attained marked distinction.
Later he was commissioned Brigadier-General,
and planned an expedition against the British
fort at Detroit, which was not successful. In
the latter part of 1777, in consultation with Gov.
Patrick Henry, of Virginia, he planned an expe-
dition against Illinois, which was carried out
the following year. On July 4, 1778, he captured
Kaskaskia without firing a gun, and other
French villages surrendered at discretion. The
following February he set out from Kaskaskia to
cross the "Illinois Country" for the purpose of
recapturing Vincennes, which had been taken and
was garrisoned by the British under Hamilton.
After a forced march characterized by incredible
suffering, his ragged followers efliected the cap-
ture of the post. His last important military
service was against the savages on the Big
Miami, whose villages and fields he laid waste.
His last years were passed in sorrow and in com-
parative penury. He died at Louisville, Ky.,
Feb. 18, 1818, and his remains, after reposing in a
private cemetery near that city for half a cen-
tury, were exhumed and removed to Cave Hill
Cemetery in 1869. The fullest history of General
Clark's expedition and his life will be found in
the "Conquest of the Country Northwest of the
Ohio River, 1774-1783, and Life of Gen. George
Rogers Clark" (2 volumes, 1896), by the late
William H. English, of Indianapolis.
CLARK, Horace S., lawyer and politician, was
born at Huntsburg, Ohio. August 12, 1840. At
106
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
the age of 15, coming to Chicago, he found
employment in a livery stable ; later, worked on
a farm in Kane County, attending school in the
winter. After a year spent in Iowa City attend-
ing the Iowa State University, he returned to
Kane County and engaged in the dairy business,
later occupying himself with various occupations
in Illinois and Missouri, but finally returning to
Jiis Ohio home, where he began the study of law
at Circleville. In 1S61 he enlisted in an Ohio
regiment, rising from the ranks to a captaincy,
but was finally compelled to leave the service in
consequence of a wound received at Gettysburg.
In 1865 he settled at Mattoon, 111., where he was
admitted to the bar in 1868. In 1870 he was an
unsuccessful candidate for the Legislature on the
Eepublican ticket, but was elected State Senator
in 1880, serving four j-ears and proving himself
one of the ablest speakers on the floor. In 1888
he was chosen a delegate-at-large to the National
Republican Convention, and has long been a con-
spicuous figm'e in State politics. In 1896 he was
a prominent candidate for the Republican nomi-
nation for Governor.
CLARK, John M., civil engineer and merchant,
was born at White Pigeon, Mich., August 1, 1836;
came to Chicago with his widowed motlier in
1847, and, after five years in the Chicago schools,
served for a time (1852) as a rodman on the Illi-
nois Central Railroad. After a course in the
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute at Troy, X. Y.,
where he graduated in 1856, he returned to the
service of the Illinois Central. In 1859 he went to
Colorado, where he was one of the original
founders of the city of Denver, and chief engi-
neer of its first water supplj- company. In 1863
he started on a surveying expedition to Arizona,
but was in Santa Fe when that place was captured
bj- a rebel expedition from Texas; was also
present soon after at the battle of Apache Cafion,
when the Confederates, being defeated, were
driven out of the Territory-. Returning to Chi-
cago in 1864. he became a member of the whole-
sale leather firm of Gray, Clark & Co. The
official positions held by Mr. Clark include those
of Alderman (1879-81), Member of the Board of
Education, Collector of Customs, to which he
was appointed by President Harrison, in 1889,
and President of the Chicago Civil Service Board
by appointment of Mayor Swift, under an act
passed by the Legislature of 1895, retiring in 1897.
lu 1881 he was the Republican candidate for Mayor
of Chicago, but was defeated by Carter H. Harri-
son. Mr. Clark is one of the Directors of the Crerar
Library, named in the wiU of Mr. Crerar.
CLARK COUNTY, one of the eastern counties
of the State, south of the middle line and front-
ing upon the "Wabash River; area, 510 square
miles, and population (1900), 24,033; named for
Col. George Rogers Clark. Its organization was
effected in 1819. Among the earliest pioneers
were John Bartlett, Abraham AVashburn, James
Whitlock, James B. Anderson, Stephen Archer
and Uri Manly. The county -seat is Marshall, the
site of which was purchased from the Govern-
ment in 1833 by Gov. Joseph Duncan and CoL
William B. Archer, the latter becoming sole pro-
prietor in 1835, in which year the first log cabin
was built. The original county-seat was Darwin,
and the change to Marshall (in 1849) was made
only after a hard struggle. The soil of the
county is rich, and its agricultural products
varied, embracing corn (the chief staple), oats,
potatoes, winter wheat, butter, sorghum, honey,
maple sugar, wool and pork. Woolen, flouring
and lumber mills exist, but the manufacturing
interests are not extensive. Among the promi-
nent towns, besides Marshall and Darwin, are
Casey (population 844), Martinsville (779), West-
field (510), and York (294).
CLAT, Porter, clergyman and brother of the
celebrated Henry Clay, was born in Virginia,
March, 1779; in early life removed to Kentucky,
studied law, and was, for a time, Auditor of
Public Accounts in that State; in 1815, was con-
verted and gave himself to the Baptist ministry,
locating at Jacksonville, 111., where he spent
most of his life. Died, in 1850.
CLAT CITY, a village of Clay County, on the
Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, 13
miles west of Olney ; has two newspapers, a bank
and a plow factory; is in a grain and fruit-grow-
ing region. Population (1890), 613; (1900). 907.
CLAY COUNTY, situated in the southeastern
quarter of the State ; has an area of 470 square
miles and a population (1900) of 19.553. It was
named for Henrj- Claj-. The first claim in the
county was entered by a Jlr. Elliot, in 1818, and
soon after settlers began to locate liomes in the
county, although it was not organized until 1824.
During the same year the pioneer settlement of
Maysville was made the count3'-seat, but immi-
gi-ation continued inactive until 1837, when
many settlers arrived, headed by Judges Apper-
son and Hopkins and Messrs. Stanford and Lee,
who were soon followed by the families of Coch-
ran, McCullom and Tender. The Little Wabash
River and a number of small tributaries drain
the county. A light-colored sandy loam consti-
tutes the greater part of the soil, although "black
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
107
prairie loam" appears here and there. Railroad
facilities are limited, but sufficient to accommo-
date the county's requirements. Fruits,
especially apples, are successfully cultivated.
Educational advantages are fair, although largely
confined to district schools and academies in
larger towns. Louisville was made the county-
seat in 1842, and, in 1890, had a population of
637. Xenia and Flora are the most important
towns.
CLAYTON, a town in Adams County, on the
Wabash Railwaj', 28 miles east-northeast of
Quinoy. A branch of the Wabash Railway
extends from this point northwest to Carthage,
and Keokuk, Iowa. The mechanical industries
include slate works and establishments for the
manufacture of agricultural implements, grain
measures, etc. It has a bank, five churches, a
high school and a weekly newspaper. Population
(1880). 941; (1890), 1,038; (1900), 996.
CLEATER, William, pioneer, was born in Lon-
don, England, in 181.j; came to Canada with his
parents in 1831, and to Chicago in 183-t ; engaged
in business as a chandler, later going into the
grocery trade; in 1849, joined the gold-seekers in
California, and, six years afterwards, established
himself in the southern part of the present city
of Chicago, then called Cleaverville, where he
served as Postmaster and managed a general
store. He was the owner of considerable real
estate at one time in what is now a densely
populated part of the city of Chicago. Died in
Chicago, Nov. 13, 1896.
CLEMENTS, Isaac, ex-Congressman and Gov-
ernor of Soldiers' and Sailors' Home at Danville,
111., was born in Franklin County, Ind., in 183";
gi'aduated from Asbury University, at Green-
castle, in 1859, having supported himself during
his college course by teaching. After reading
law and being admitted to the bar at Greencastle,
he removed to Carbondale, 111., where he again
found it necessary to resort to teaching in order
to purchase law-books. In July, 1861, he enlisted
iu the Ninth Illinois Infantry, and was commis-
sioned Second Lieutenant of Company G. He
was in the service for three years, was three
times wounded and twice promoted "for meri-
torious service." In June, 1867, he was ap-
pointed Register in Bankruptcy, and from 1873
to 187.1 was a Republican Representative in the
Forty -third Congress from the (then) Eighteenth
District. He was also a member of the Repub-
lican State Convention of 1880. In 1889, he
became Pension Agent for the District of Illinois,
by appointment of President Harrison, serving
until 1893. In the latter part of 1898, he was
appointed Superintendent of the Soldiers'
Orphans' Home, at Normal, but served only a
few months, when he accepted the position of
Governor of the new Soldiers' and Sailors' Home,
at Danville.
CLEVELAND, CINCINNATI, CHICAGO & ST.
LOUIS RAILWAY. The total length of this sys-
tem (1898) is 1,807.34 miles, of which 478.89 miles
are operated in Illinois. That portion of the main
line lying within the State extends from East St.
Louis, northea.st to the Indiana State line, 181
miles. The Company is also the lessee of the
Peoria & Eastern Railroad (183 miles), and oper-
ates, in addition, other lines, as follows: The
Cairo Division, extending from Tilton, on the
line of the Wabash, 3 miles southwest of Dan-
ville, to Cairo (2.59 miles) • the Chicago Division,
extending from Kankakee southeast to the
Indiana State line (34 miles) ; the Alton Branch,
from Wann Junction, on the main line, to Alton
(4 miles). Besides these, it enjoys with the Chi-
cago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, joint owner-
ship of the Kankakee & Seneca Railroad, which
it operates. Tlie system is uniformlj- of standard
gauge, and about 280 miles are of double track.
It is laid with heavy steel rails (sixtj'-five, sixty-
seven and eighty pounds), laid on white oak ties,
and is amply ballasted with broken stone and
gravel. Extensive repair shops are located at
Mattoon. The total capital of the entire system
on June 80, 1898— including capital stock and
bonded and floating debt — was §97,149,361. The
total earnings in Illinois for the year were
§3,773,193, and the total expenditures in the State
§8,611,437. The taxes paid the same year were
§124,196. The history of this system, so far as
Illinois is concerned, begins with the consolida-
tion, in 1889, of the Cincinnati, Indianapolis, St.
Louis & Chicago, the Cleveland, Columbus, Cin-
cinnati & Indianapolis, and the Indianapolis &
St. Louis Railway Companies. In 1890, certain
leased lines in Illinois (elsewhere mentioned)
were merged into the system. (For history of
the several divisions of this system, see St. Louis,
Alton <£• Terre Haute, Peoria & Eastern, Cairo
& Vinccnnes, and Kankakee & Seneca Railroads.)
CLIMATOLOGY. Extending, as it does, through
six degrees of latitude, Illinois affords a great
diversit3' of climate, as regards not only the
range of temperature, but also the amount of
rainfall. In both particulars it exhibits several
points of contrast to States lying between the
same parallels of latitude, but nearer the Atlan-
tic. The same statement applies, as well, to all
108
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
the North Central and the Western States.
Warm winds from the Gulf of Mexico come up
the Mississippi Valley, and impart to vegetation
in the southern portion of the State, a stimulat-
ing influence which is not felt upon the seaboard.
On the other hand, there is no great barrier to
the descent of the Arctic winds, which, in
winter, sweep down toward the Gulf, depressing
the temperature to a point lower than is custom-
ary nearer the seaboard on the same latitude.
Lake Michigan exerts no little influence upon the
climate of Chicago and other adjacent districts,
mitigating both summer heat and winter cold.
If a comparison be instituted between Ottawa
and Boston — the latter being one degree farther
north, but oTO feet nearer the sea-level — the
springs and summers are found to be about five
degrees warmer, and the winters three degrees
colder, at the former point. In comparing the
East and W^est in respect of rainfall, it is seen
that, in the former section, the same is pretty
equally distributed over the four seasons, while
in the latter, spring and summer may be called
the wet season, and autumn and winter the dry.
In the extreme West nearly three-foui-ths of the
yearly precipitation occurs during the growing
season. Tliis is a climatic condition highly
favorable to the growth of grasses, etc, but
detrimental to the growth of trees. Hence we
find luxuriant forests near the seaboard, and, in
the interior, grassy plains. Illinois occupies a
geographical position where these great climatic
changes begin to manifest themselves, and where
the distinctive features of the prairie first become
fully apparent. The annual precipitation of
rain is greatest in the southern part of the State,
but, owing to the higher temperature of that
section, the evaporation is also more rapid. The
distribution of the rainfall in respect of seasons
is also more unequal toward the south, a fact
which may account, in part at least, for the
increased area of woodlands in that region.
While Illinois lies within the zone of southwest
winds, their flow is affected bj- conditions some-
what abnormal. The northeast trades, after
entering the Gulf, are deflected by the mountains
of Mexico, becoming inward breezes in Texas,
southerly winds in the Lower Jlississippi Valley,
and southwesterly as they enter the Upper
Valley. It is to this aerial current that the hot,
moist smnmers are attributable. The north and
northwest winds, which set in with the change
of the season, depress the temperature to a point
below that of the Atlantic slope, and are
attended with a diminished precipitation.
CLINTON, the county-seat of De Witt County,
situated 23 miles south of Bloomington; is a
station on the Illinois Central Railroad. It lies
in a productive agricultural region, but the city
has machine shops, flour and planing mills, brick
and tile-works, water-works and an electric
lighting plant. It also has banks, two news-
papers (one daily), six churches and two public
schools. Population (1880), 2,709; (1890), 2,598;
(1900), 4,452.
CLINTON COUXTT, organized in 1824, from
portions of Washington, Bond and Fayette Coun-
ties, and named in honor of De Witt Clinton. It
is situated directly east of St. Louis, has an area
of 494 square miles, and a population (1900) of
19,824. It is drained by the Kaskaskia River and
by Shoal, Crooked, Sugar and Beaver Creeks. Its
geological formation is similar to that of other
counties in the same section. Thick layers of
limestone lie near the surface, with coal seams
underlying the same at varying depths. The
soil is varied, being at some points black and
loamy and at others (xinder timber) decidedly
clayey. The timber has been mainly cut for fuel
because of the inherent difficulties attending
coal-mining. Two railroads cross the county
from east to west, but its trade is not important.
Agriculture is the chief occupation, corn, wheat
and oats being the staple products.
CLOUD, Newton, clergj-man and legislator,
was born in North Carolina, in 1805, and, in 1827,
settled in the vicinity of Waverly, Morgan
County, 111. , where he pursued the vocation of a
farmer, as well as a preacher of the Methodist
Church. He also became prominent as a Demo-
cratic politician, and served in no less than nine
sessions of the General Assembly, besides tlie
Constitutional Convention of 1847, of which he
was chosen President. He was fii'st elected
Representative in the Seventh Assembly (1830),
and afterwards served in the House during the
sessions of the Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh, Thir-
teenth, Fifteenth and Twenty -seventh, and as
Senator in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth. He
was also Clerk of the House in 1844-45, and,
having been elected Representative two years
later, was chosen Speaker at the succeeding ses-
sion. Although not noted for any specially
aggressive qualities, his consistency of character
won for him general respect, while his frequent
elections to the Legislature prove Irim to have
been a man of large influence.
CLOTVRT, Robert C, Telegraph Managsr, was
born in 1838 ; entered the service of the Illinois &
Mississippi Telegraph Company as a messenger
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
109
boy at Joliet in 1853, became manager of the
office at Lockport six months later, at Springfield
in 1853, and chief operator at St. Louis in 1854.
Between 1859 and '63, he held highly responsible
positions on various Western lines, but the latter
year was commissioned by President Lincoln
Captain and Assistant Quartermaster, and placed
in charge of United States military lines with
headquarters at Little Rock, Ark. ; was mustered
out in May, 1866, and immediately appointed
District Superintendent of Western Union lines
in the Southwest. From that time his promotion
was steady and rapid. In 18T5 he became
Assistant General Superintendent ; in 1878, Assist-
ant General Superintendent of the Central Divi-
sion at Chicago; in 1880, succeeded General
Stager as General Superintendent, and, in 1885,
was elected Director, member of the Execu-
tive Committee and Vice-President, his terri-
tory extending from the Atlantic to the
Pacific.
COAL AND COAL-MIMNG. lUinois contains
much the larger portion of what is known as the
central coal field, covering an area of about
37,000 square miles, and underlying sixty coun-
ties, in but forty-five of which, however, opera-
tions are conducted on a commercial scale. The
Illinois field contains fifteen distinct seams.
Those available for commercial mining generally
lie at considerable depth and are reached by
shafts. The coals are all bituminous, and furnish
an excellent steam-making fuel. Coke is manu-
factured to a limited extent in La Salle and some
of the southern counties, but elsewhere in the
State the coal does not yield a good marketable
coke. Neither is it in any degree a good gas
coal, although used in some localities for that
purpose, rather because of its abundance than on
accovmt of its adaptability. It is thought that,
with the increase of cheap transportation facili-
ties, Pittsburg coal will be brought into the State
in such quantities as eventually to exclude local
coal from the manufacture of gas. In the report
of the Eleventh United States Census, the total
product of the Illinois coal mines was given as
12,104,373 tons, as against 6,115,377 tons reported
by the Tenth Census. The value of the output
was estimated at §11,735,303, or §0.97 per ton at
the mines. The total number of mines was
stated to be 1,073, and the number of tons mined
was nearly equal to the combined yield of the
mines of Ohio and Indiana. The mines are
divided into two classes, technically known as
"regular" and "local." Of the former, there
were 358, and of the latter, 714. These 358 regular
mines employed 33,934 men and boys, of whom
31,350 worked below ground, besides an office
force of 389, and paid, in wages, $8,694,397. The
total capital invested in these 358 mines was
§17,630,331. According to the report of the State
Bureau of Labor Statistics for 1898, 881 mines
were operated during the year, employing 35,026
men and producing 18,599,399 tons of coal, which
was 1,473,459 tons less than the preceding year —
the reduction being due to the strike of 1897.
Five counties of the State produced more than
1,000,000 tons each, standing in the following
order: Sangamon, 1,763,863; St. Clair, 1,600,753;
Vermilion, 1,530,099; Macoupin, 1,364,936; La
Salle, 1,163,490.
COAL CITY, a town in Grundy County, on the
Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway, 39 miles
by rail south-southwest of Joliet. Large coal
mines are operated here, and the town is an
important shipping point for their product. It
has a bank, a weekly newspaper and five
churches. Population (1890), 1,673; (1900), 3,607.
COBB, Emery, capitalist, was born at Dryden,
Tompkins County, N. Y., August 20, 1831; at 16,
began the study of telegraphy at Ithaca, later
acted as operator on Western New York lines,
but, in 1853, became manager of the office at
Chicago, continuing until 1865, the various com-
panies having meanwhile been consolidated into
the Western Union. He then made an extensive
tour of the world, and, although he had intro-
duced the system of transmitting money by
telegraph, he declined all invitations to return to
the key-board. Having made large investments
in lands about Kankakee, where he now resides,
he has devoted much of his time to agriculture
and stock-raising; was also, for many years, a
member of the State Board of Agriculture, Presi-
dent of the Short-Horn Breeders' Association,
and, for twenty years (1873-93), a member of the
Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois.
He has done much to improve the city of his
adoption by the erection of buildings, the con-
struction of electric street-car lines and the
promotion of manufactures.
COBB, Silas B., pioneer and real-estate opera-
tor, was born at Montpelier, Vt., Jan. 33, 1812;
came to Chicago in 1833 on a schooner from Buf-
falo, the voyage occupying over a month. Being
without means, he engaged as a carpenter upon a
building which James Kinzie, the Indian trader,
was erecting; later he erected a building of his
own in which he started a harness-shop, which
he conducted successfully for a number of years.
He has since been connected with a number
110
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
of business enterprises of a public character,
including banks, street and steam railways, but
his largest successes have been achieved in the line
of improved real estate, of which he is an exten-
sive owner. He is also one of the liberal bene-
factors of the University of Chicago, "Cobb
Lecture Hall," on the campus of that institution,
being the result of a contribution of his amount-
ing to §150,000. Died iu Chicago, April 5, 1900.
COBDEN, a village in Union County, on the
Illinois Central Railroad, 42 miles north of Cairo
and 1.5 miles south of Carbondale. Fruits and
vegetables are extensively cultivated here and
shipped to northern markets. The surrounding
region is well timbered, and Cobden has two
lumber mills, as well as two flour mills. There
are five churches and two weekly newspapers.
Population (1880), 800; (1890), 994; (1900), 1,304.
COCHRAN, William Granville, legislator and
jurist, was born in Ross Count}-, Ohio, Nov. 13,
1844; brought to Moultrie County, 111., in 1849,
and, at the age of 17, enlisted in the One Hundred
and Twenty -sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers,
serving in the War of the Rebellion three years
as a private. Returning home from the war. he
resumed life as a farmer, but early in 1873 began
merchandising at Lovington, continuing this
business three years, when he began the study of
law; in 1879. was admitted to the bar, and has
since been in active practice. In 1888 he was
elected to the lower house of the General
Assembly, was an unsuccessful candidate for the
Senate in 1890, but was re-elected to the House
in 1894, and again in 1896. At the special session
of 1890, he was chosen Speaker, and was similarly
honored in 1895. He is an excellent parliamen-
tarian, clear-headed and just iu his rulings, and
an able debater. In June, 1897, he was elected
for a six years' term to the Circuit bench. He is
also one of the Trustees of the Soldiers' Orphans'
Home at Normal.
CODDI>'G, Ichabod, clergyman and anti-
slavery lecturer, was born at Bristol, N. Y., in
1811 ; at the age of 17 he was a popular temper-
ance lecturer; while a student at Middlebury,
Vt., began to lecture in opposition to slavery;
after leaving college served five years as agent
and lecturer of the Anti-Slavery Society; was
often exposed to mob violence, but always retain-
ing his self-control, succeeded in escaping
serious injury. In 1843 he entered the Congrega-
tional ministry and held pastorates at Princeton,
Lockport, JoUet and elsewhere; between 1854
and "58, lectured extensively through Illinois on
the Kansas-Nebraska issue, and was a power in
the organization of the Republican party. Died
at Baraboo, Wis., June 17, 1866.
CODY, Hiram Hitchcock, lawyer and Judge;
born in Oneida County, N. Y., June 11, 1824; was
partially educated at Hamilton College, and, in
1843, came with his father to Kendall County,
111. In 1847, he removed to Naperville, where
for six years he served as Clerk of the County
Commissioners' Court. In 1851 he was admitted
to the bar; in 1861, was elected County Judge
with practical unanimity , served as a member of
the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, and,
in 1874, was elected Judge of the Twelfth Judi-
cial Circuit. His residence (1896) was at Pasa-
dena, Cal.
COLCHESTER, a town in McDonough County,
on the line of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy
Railroad, 53 miles northeast of Quincy, and 7
miles west-soutliwest of Macomb. Coal abounds
in the surromiding region, more than 100,000 tons
being mined annually, much of which is shipped
from Colcliester. The town also has manufac-
tories of stoneware, brick (fire, paving and
building) and drain-tile. It lias a bank, three
churches and two weekly newspapers. Popula-
tion (1880), 1,067; (1890), 1,643; (1900), 1,035.
COLES, Edward, the second Governor of the
State of Illinois, born in Albemarle County, Va.,
Dec. 15, 1786, the son of a wealthy planter, who
had been a Colonel in the Revolutionary War;
was educated at Hampden-Sidney and William
and Mary Colleges, but compelled to leave before
graduation by an accident which interrupted his
studies; in 1809, became the private secretary of
President Madison, remaining six years, after
which he made a trip to Russia as a special mes-
senger by appointment of the President. He
early manifested an interest in the emancipation
of the slaves of Virginia. In 1815 he made his
first tour tlirough the Northwest Territory, going
as far west as St. Louis, returning tliree years
later and visiting Kaskaskia while the Constitu-
tional Convention of 1818 was in session. In
April of the following year he set out from his
Virginia home, accompanied by his slaves, for
Illinois, traveling by wagons to Brownsville, Pa.,
where, taking flat-boats, he descended the river
^vith his goods and servants to a point below
Louisville, where they disembarked, journeying
overland to Edwardsville. While descending
the Ohio, he informed his slaves that they were
free, and. after arriving at their destination,
gave to each head of a family 160 acres of land.
This generous act was, in after years, made the
ground for bitter persecution by his enemies. At
IIISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Ill
Edwardsville he entered upon the duties of
Register of the Land Office, to which he had
been appointed by President Monroe. In 1823
he became the candidate for Governor of those
opposed to removing the restriction in the State
Constitution against the introduction of slavery,
and, although a majority of the voters then
favored the measure, he was elected by a small
plurality over his highest competitor in conse-
quence of a division of the opposition vote
between three candidates. The Legislature
chosen at the same time submitted to the people
a proposition for a State Convention to revise the
Constitution, which was rejected at the election
of 1824 by a majority of 1,668 in a total vote of
11,613. While Governor Coles had the efficient
aid in opposition to the measure of such men as
Judge Samuel D. Lockwood, Congressman Daniel
P. Cook, Morris Birkbeck, George Forquer,
Hooper "Warren, George Churchill and others, he
was liimself a most influential factor in protecting
Illinois from the blight of slavery, contributing
his salary for his entire term ($4,000) to that end.
In 1825 it became his duty to welcome La Fay-
ette to Illinois. Retiring from office in 1826, he
continued to reside some years on his farm near
Edwardsville, and, in 1830, was a candidate for
Congress, but being a known opponent of Gen-
eral Jackson, was defeated by Joseph Duncan.
Previous to 1833, he removed to Philadelphia,
where he married during the following j'ear, and
continued to reside there until his death, July 7,
1868, having lived to see the total extinction of
slavery in the United States. (See Slavery and
Slave Laivs. )
COLES COUNTY, originally a part of Crawford
County, but organized in 1831, and named in
honor of Gov. Edward Coles.— lies central to the
eastern portion of the State, and embraces 520
square miles, with a population (1900) of 34,146.
The Kaskaskia River (sometimes called the
Okaw) rims tlirough the northwestern part of the
county, but the principal stream is the Embarras
(Embraw). The chief resource of the people is
agriculture, although the county lies within the
limits of the Illinois coal-belt. To the north and
west are prairies, while timber abounds in the
southeast. The largest crop is of corn, although
wheat, dairy products, potatoes, haj-, tobacco,
sorghum, wool, etc. , are also important products.
Broom-corn is extensively cultivated. Manufac-
turing is carried on to a fair extent, the output
embracing sawed lumber, carriages and wagons,
agricultural implements, tobacco and snuff, boots
and shoes, etc. Charleston, the county-seat, is
centrally located, and has a number of handsome
public buildings, private residences and business
blocks. It was laid out in 1831, and incorporated
in 1865; in 1890, its population was 4,135.
Mattoon is a railroad center, situated some 130
rniles east of St. Louis. It has a population of
6,833, and is an important shipping point for
grain and live-stock. Other principal towns are
Ashmore, Oakland and Lerna.
COLFAX, a village of McLean County, on the
Kankakee & Bloomington branch of the Illinois
Central Railroad, 23 miles northeast of Blooming-
ton. Farming and stock-growing are the leading
industries of the section. It has banks and two
newspapers. Population (1890), 825; (1900), 1,153.
COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS,
located at Chicago, and organized in 1881. Its
first term opened in September, 1882, in a build-
ing erected by the trustees at a cost of $60,000,
with a facultj' embracing twenty-five professoi'S,
with a sufficient corps of demonstrators, assist-
ants, etc. The number of matriculates was 152.
The institution ranks among the leading medical
colleges of the West. Its standard of qualifica-
tions, for both matriculates and graduates, is
equal to those of other flrst-class medical schools
throughout the country. The teaching faculty,
of late years, has consisted of some twenty-five
professors, who are aided by an adequate corps of
assistants, demonstrators, etc.
COLLEGES, EARLY. The early Legislatures of
Illinois manifested no little unfriendhness toward
colleges. The first charters for institutions of
this character were granted in 1833, and were for
the incorporation of the "Union College of Illi-
nois," in Randolph County, and the "Alton Col
lege of Illinois," at Upper Alton. The first
named was to be under the care of the Scotch
Covenanters, but was never founded. Tlie
second was in the interest of the Baptists, but
the charter was not accepted. Both these acts
contained jealous and unfriendly restrictions,
notably one to the effect that no theological
department should be established and no pro-
fessor of theology employed as an instructor, nor
should any religious test be applied in the selec-
tion of trustees or the admission of pupils. The
friends of higher education, however, made com-
mon cause, and, in 1835. secured the passage of
an "omnibus bill" incorporating four private
colleges — the Alton ; the Illinois, at Jacksonville ;
the McKendree, at Lebanon, and the Jonesboro.
Similar restrictive provisions as to theological
teaching were incorporated in these charters, and
a limitation was placed upon the amount of
112
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
propert}' to be owned bj' any institution, but in
many respects the law was more liberal than its
predecessors of two years jjrevious. Owing to
the absence of suitable preparatory schools, these
institutions were compelled to maintain prepara-
tory departments under the tuition of the college
professors. The college last named above ( Jones-
boro) was to have been founded by the Christian
denomination, but was never organized. The
three remaining ones stand, in the order of their
formation, McKendree, Illinois, Alton (afterward
Shurtleff ) ; in the order of graduating initial
classes — Illinois, McKendree, Shurtleff. Pre-
paratory instruction began to be given in Illinois
College in 1839, and a class was organized in the
collegiate department in 1831. The Legislature
of 1835 also incorporated the Jacksonville Female
Academy, the first school for girls chartered in
the State. From this time forward colleges and
academies were incorporated in rapid succession,
many of them at places whose names have long
since disappeared from the map of the State. It
was at this time that there developed a strong
party in favor of founding what were termed,
rather euphemistically, "Manual Labor Col-
leges." It was believed that the time which a
student might be able to "redeem" from study,
could be so profitablj' emplo3'ed at farm or shop-
work as to enable him to earn his own livelihood.
Acting upon this theory, tlie Legislature of 1835
granted charters to the "Franklin Manual Labor
College," to be located in either Cook or La Salle
County; to the "Burnt Prairie Manual Labor
Seminary," in White County, and the "Chatham
Manual Labor School," at Lick Prairie, Sanga-
mon County. University powers were conferred
upon the institution last named, and its charter
also contained the somewhat extraordinary pro-
vision that anj' sect might establish a professor-
ship of theolog)' therein. In 1837 six more
colleges were incorporated, only one of which
(Knox) was successfully organized. By 1840,
better and broader views of education had
developed, and tlie Legislature of 1841 repealed
all prohibition of the establishing of theological
departments, as well as the restrictions previously
imposed upon the amount and value of property
to be owned by private educational institutions.
The whole number of colleges and seminaries
incorporated under the State law (1896) is forty-
three. (See also Illinois College, Kiiox College,
Lake Forest University. McKendree College, Mon-
mouth College, Jacksonville Female Seminary,
Monticello Female Seminary, Northwestern Uni-
versity, Shinileff College.)
COLLIER, Robert Laird, clergj^man, was bom
in Salisbury, Md., August 7, 1837; graduated at
Boston University, 1858; soon after became an
itinerant Methodist minister, but, in 1866, united
with the Unitarian Church and officiated as
pastor of churches in Chicago, Boston and Kan-
sas Cit}', besides supplying pulpits in various
cities in England (1880-85). In 1885, he was
appointed United States Consul at Leipsic, but
later served as a special commissioner of the
Johns Hopkins University in the collection of
labor statistics in Europe, meanwliile gaining a
wide reputation as a lecturer and magazine
writer. His published works include; "Every-
Day Subjects in Sunday Sermons" (1869) and
"Meditations on the Essence of Christianity"
(1876). Died near his birthplace, July 37, 1890.
COLLINS, Frederick, manufacturer, was born
in Connecticut, Feb. 34, 1804. He was the young-
est of five brothers who came with their parents
from Litchfield, Conn , to Illinois, in 1823, and
settled in the town of Unionville — now CoUins-
ville — in the southwestern part of Madison
Comity. They were enterprising and public-
spirited business men, who engaged, quite
extensively for the time, in various branches of
manufacture, including flour and whisky. This
was an era of progress and development, and
becoming convinced of the injurious character
of the latter branch of their business, it was
promptly abandoned. The subject of this sketch
. was later associated with his brother Michael in
the pork-packing and grain business at Naples,
the early Illinois River terminus of the Sangamon
& Morgan (now Wabash) Railroad, but finally
located at Quincy in 1851, where he was engaged
in manufacturing business for many years. He
was a man of high business probity and religious
principle, as well as a determined opponent of the
institution of slaverj', as shown by the fact that
he was once subjected by his neighbors to the
intended indignity of being hung in effigy for the
crime of assisting a fugitive female slave on the
road to freedom. In a speech made in 1834, in
commemoration of the act of emancipation in the
West Indies, he gave utterance to the following
prediction : "Methinks the time is not far distant
when our own country will celebrate a day of
emancipation within her own borders, and con-
sistent songs of freedom shall indeed ring
throughout the length and breadth of the land."
He lived to see this prophecy fulfilled, dying at
Quincy, in 1878, Mr. Collins was the candidate of
the Liberty Men of Illinois for Lieutenant-Gov-
ernor in 1843.
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
113
COLLINS, James H., lawyer and jurist, was
born in Cambridge, Washington County, N. Y.,
but taken in early life to Vernon, Oneida County,
where he grew to manhood. After spending a
couple of years in an academy, at the age of 18
he began the study of law, was admitted to the
bar in 1834, and as a counsellor and solicitor in
1827, coming to Chicago in the fall of 1833, mak-
ing a part of the journey by the first stage-coach
from Detroit to the present Western metropolis.
After arriving in Illinois, he spent some time in
exploration of the surrounding country, but
returning to Chicago in 1834, he entered into
partnership with Judge John D. Caton, who had
been his preceptor in New York, still later being
a partner of Justin Butterfield under the firm
name of Butterfield & Collins. He was con-
sidered an eminent authority in law and gained
an extensive practice, being regarded as espe-
ciallj' strong in chancery cases as well as an able
pleader. Politically, he was an uncompromising
anti-slavery man, and often aided runaway
slaves in securing their liberty or defended others
who did so. He was also one of the original
promoters of the old Galena & Chicago Union
Railroad and one of its first Board of Directors.
Died, suddenly of cholera, while attending court
at Ottawa, in 18.54.
COLLINS, Loren C, jurist, was born at Wind-
sor, Conn., August 1, 1848; at the age of 18
accompanied his family to Illinois, and was
educated at the Northwestern Universit}-. He
read law, was admitted to the bar, and soon
built up a remunerative practice. He was
elected to the Legislature in 1878, and through
his ability as a debater and a parliamentarian,
soon became one of the leaders of his party on
the floor of the lower house. He was re-elected
in 1880 and 1883, and, in 1883, was chosen Speaker
of the Thirty-third General Assembly. In
December, 1884, he was appointed a Judge of the
Circuit Court of Cook County, to fill the vacancy
created by the resignation of Judge Barnum, was
elected to succeed himself in 1885, and re-elected
in 1891, but resigned in 1894, since that time
devoting his attention to regular practice in the
city of Chicago.
COLLINS, WilUam H., retired manufactvirer,
born at ColUnsville, III, March 30, 1831; was
educated in the common schools and at Illinois
College, later taking a course in literature,
philosophy and theology at Yale College ; served
as pastor of a Congregational church at La Salle
several years; in 1858, became editor and propri-
etor of "The Jacksonville Journal," which he
conducted some four years. The Civil War hav-
ing begun, he then accepted the chaplaincy of
the Tenth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, but
resigning in 1803, organized a company of the
One Hundred and Fourth Volunteers, of which
he was chosen Captain, participating in the
battles of Chiokamauga, Lookout Mountain and
Missionary Ridge. Later he served ou the staff
of Gen. John M. Palmer and at Fourteenth Army
Corps headquarters, imtil after the fall of
Atlanta. Then resigning, in November, 1864, he
was appointed by Secretary Stanton Provost-
Marshal for the Twelfth District of Illinois, con-
tinuing in this service until the close of 1865,
when he engaged in the manufacturing business
as head of the Collins Plow Company at Quincy.
This business he conducted successfully some
twenty-five years, when he retired. Mr. Collins
has served as Alderman and Mayor, ad interim,
of the city of Quincy; Representative in the
Thirty-fourth and Thirty-fifth General Assem-
blies— during the latter being chosen to deliver
the eulogy on Gen. John A. Logan ; was a promi-
nent candidate for the nomination for Lieutenant
Governor in 1888, and the same year Republican
candidate for Congress in the Quincy District;
in 1894, was the Republican nominee for State
Senator in Adams County, and, though a Repub-
lican, has been twice .elected Supervisor in a
strongly Democratic city.
COLLINSVILLE, a city on the southern border
of Madison County, 13 miles (by rail) east-north-
east of St. Louis, and about 11 miles south of
Edwardsville. The place was originally settled
in 1817 by four brothers named Collins from
Litchfield, Conn., who established a tan-yard
and erected an ox-mill for grinding corn and
wheat and sawing lumber, which was patronized
by early settlers from a long distance. The town
was platted by surviving members of this family
in 1836. Coal-mining is a principal industry in
the surrounding district, and one or two mines
are operated within the corporate limits. The
city has zinc works, as well as flour mills and
brick and tile factories. It contains seven
churches, two banks, a high school, and a news-
paper oflice. Population (1880), 3,887; (1890),
3,498; (1900), 4,031.
COLLYER, Robert, clergyman, was born at
Keighly, Yorkshire, England, Dec. 8, 1833; left
school at eight years of age to earn his living in
a factory ; at fourteen was apprenticed to a black-
smith and learned the trade of a hammer-maker.
His only opportunity of acquiring an education
during this period, apart from private study, was
114
IIISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
in a night-scliool, which he attended two winters.
In 1849 he became a local Methodist preacher,
came to the United States the next year, settling
in Pennsylvania, where he pursued his trade,
preaching on Sundays. His views on tlie atone-
ment liaving gradually been changed towards
Unitarianism, his license to preach was revoked
by the conference, and, in 18.]9, he united with
the Unitarian Church, having already won a
wide reputation as an eloquent public speaker.
Coming to Chicago, he began work as a mission-
ary, and, in 18G0, organized the Unity Chm-ch,
beginning with seven members, though it has
since become one of the strongest and most influ-
ential cliurches in the city. In 1879 he accepted
a call to a church in New York City, where he
still remains. Of strong anti-slavery views and
a zealous Unionist, he served during a part of the
Civil War as a camp inspector for the Sanitary
Commission. Since the war he lias repeatedly
visited England, and has exerted a wide influence
as a lecturer and pulpit orator on botli sides of
the Atlantic. He is the author of a number of
volumes, including "Nature and Life" (1866) ;
"A Man in Earnest: Life of A. H. Conant" (1868) ;
"A History of the Town and Parish of likely"
(1886), and "Lectures to Young Men and Women"
(1886).
COLTON, Chauncey Sill, pioneer, was born at
Springfield, Pa., Sept. 21, 1800; taken to Massachu-
setts in childhood and educated at Monson in that
State, afterwards residing for many years, dur-
ing his manhood, at Monson, Maine. He came to
Illinois in 1836, locating on the site of the present
city of Galesburg, where lie built the first store
and dwelling house; continued in general mer-
chandise some seventeen or eighteen years, mean-
while associating his sons with him in business
under the firm name of C. S. Colton & Sons. Mr.
Colton was associated with the construction of
the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad from
the beginning, becoming one of the Directors of
the Company; was also a Director of the First
National Bank of Galesburg, the first organizer
and first President of the Farmers' and Mechan-
ics' Bank of that city, and one of the Trustees of
Knox College. Died in Galesburg, July 27, 1885.
— Francis (Colton), son of the preceding; born
at Monson, Maine, May 24, 1834, came to Gales-
burg with his father's family in 1836, and was
educated at Knox College, graduating in 1855,
and receiving the degree of A.M. in 1858. After
graduation, he was in partnership with his father
some seven years, also served as Vice-President
of the First National Bank of Galesburg, and, in
1866, was appointed by President Johnson United
States Consul at Venice, remaining there until
1869. The latter year he became the General
Passenger Agent of the Union Pacific Railroad,
continuing in that position until 1871, meantime
visiting China, Japan and India, and establishing
agencies for the Union and Central Pacific Rail-
ways in various countries of Europe. In 1872 he
succeeded his father as President of the Farmers'
and Mechanics' Bank of Galesburg, but retired in
1884, and the same year removed to Washington,
D. C, where he has since resided. Mr. Colton is
a large land owner in some of the Western States,
especially Kansas and Nebraska.
COLUMBI.\, a town in Monroe County, 15
miles by rail south of St. Louis, Mo., and 9 miles
north of Waterloo. It has a machine shop, two
flouring mills and two cigar factories, besides five
chm-ches and a public school. Population (1880),
1,308; (1890), 1,267; (1900), 1,197.
COMPANY OF THE WEST, THE, a company
formed in France, in August, 1717, to develop
the resources of "New France," in which the
"Illinois Country" was at that time included.
At the head of the company was the celebrated
John Law, and to him and his associates the
French monarch granted extraordinary powers,
both governmental and commercial. They were
given the exclusive right to refine the precious
metals, as well as a monopol}' in the trade in
tobacco and slaves. Later, the company became
known as the Indies, or East Indies, Company,
owing to the king having granted them conces-
sions to trade with the East Indies and China.
On Sept. 27, 1717, the Royal Council of France
declared that the Illinois Countrj' should form a
part of the Province of Louisiana: and, under the
shrewd management of Law and his associates,
immigration soon increased, as many as 800
settlers arriving in a single year. The directors
of the company, in the exercise of their govern-
mental powers, appointed Pierre Duque de Bois-
briant Governor of the Illinois District. He
proceeded to Kaskaskia, and. within a few miles
of that settlement, erected Fort Chartres. (See
Fort Chartres. ) The policy of the Indies Company
was energetic, and. in the main, wise. Grants of
commons were made to various French villages,
and Cahokia and Kaskaskia steadily grew in size
and population. Permanent settlers were given
grants of land and agriculture was encouraged.
These grants (which were allodial in their char-
acter) covered nearly all the lands in that part of
the American Bottom, lying between the Missis-
sippi and the Kaskaskia Rivers. Man}- grantees
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
115
held their lands in one great common field, each
proprietor contributing, pro rata, to the mainte*
nance of a surrounding fence. In 1731 the Indies
Company divided the Province of Louisiana into
nine civil and military districts. That of Illinois
was numerically the Seventh, and included not
only the southern half of the existing State, but
also an immense tract west of the Mississippi,
extending to the Rocky Mountains, and embrac-
ing the present States of Missouri, Kansas, Iowa
and Nebraska, besides portions of Arkansas and
Colorado. The Commandant, with his secretary
and the Companj^'s Commissary, formed the
District Council, the civil law being in force. In
1733, the Indies Company surrendered its charter,
and thereafter, the Governors of Illinois were
appointed directlj- by the French crown.
CONCORDIA SEMINARY, an institution lo-
cated at Springfield, founded in 1879 ; the succes-
sor of an earlier institution under the name of
Illinois University. Theological, scientific and
preparatory departments are maintained, al-
though there is no classical course. The insti-
tution is under control of the German Lutherans.
The institution reports S13.'5,000 worth of real
property. The members of the Faculty (1898)
are five in number, and there were about 171
students in attendance.
CONDEE, Leander D., lawyer, was born in
Athens County, Ohio, Sept. 26, 1847; brought
by his parents to Coles County, 111. , at the age of
seven years, and received his education in the
common schools and at St. Paul's Academy, Kan-
kakee, taking a special course in Michigan State
University and graduating from the law depart-
ment of the latter in 1868. He then began prac-
tice at Butler, Bates County, Mo., where he
served three years as City Attorney, but, in 1873,
returned to Illinois, locating in Hyde Park (now
a part of Chicago), where he served as City
Attorney for four consecutive terms before its
annexation to Chicago. In 1880, he was elected
as a Republican to the State Senate for the
Second Senatorial District, serving in the Thirty-
second and the Thirty-third General Assemblies.
In 1892, he was the Republican nominee for Judge
of the Superior Court of Cook County, but was
defeated with the National and the State tickets
of that year, since when he has given his atten-
tion to regular practice, maintaining a high rank
in his profession.
CONGER, Edwin Hurd, lawyer and diploma-
tist, was born in Knox County, 111., March 7, 1843;
graduated at Lombard University, Galesburg, in
1862, and immediately thereafter enlisted as a
private in the One Hundred and Second Illinois
Volunteers, serving through the war and attain-
ing the rank of Captain, besides being brevetted
Major for gallant service. Later, he graduated
from the Albany Law School and practiced for a
time in Galesburg, but, in 1868, removed to Iowa,
where he engaged in farming, stock-raising and
banking ; was twice elected County Treasurer of
Dallas County, and, in 1880, State Treasurer,
being re-elected in 1883; in 1886, was elected to
Congress from the Des Moines District, and twice
re-elected (1888 and '90), but before the close of
his last term was appointed by President Harri-
son Minister to Brazil, serving until 1893. In
1896, he served as Presidential Elector for the
State-at-large, and, in 1897, was re-appointed
Minister to Brazil, but, in 1898, was transferred
to China, where (1899) he now is. He was suc-
ceeded at Rio Janeiro by Charles Page Bryan of
Illinois.
CONOREGATIONALISTS, THE. Two Congre-
gational ministers — Rev. S. J. Jlills and Rev.
Daniel Smith — visited Illinois in 1814, and spent
some time at Kaskaskia and Shawneetown, but
left for New Orleans without organizing any
churches. The first church was organized at
Mendon, Adams County, in 1833. followed by
others during the same year, at Naperville, Jack-
sonville and Quincy. By 1836, the number had
increased to ten. Among the pioneer ministers
were Jabez Porter, who was also a teacher at
Quincy, in 1838, and Rev. A.sa Turner, in 1830^
who became pastor of the first Quincy church,
followed later by Revs. Julian M. Sturtevant.
(afterwards President of Illinois College), Tru-
man M. Post, Edward Beecher and Horatio Foot.
Other Congregational ministers who came to t'"'e
State at an early day were Rev. Salmon Gridley,
who finally located at St. Louis; Rev. John M.
Ellis, who served as a missionary and was instru-
mental in founding Illinois College and tlie Jack-
sonville Female Seminary at Jacksonville; Revs.
Thomas Lippincott, Cyrus L. Watson, Theron
Baldwin, Elisha Jenney, William Kirby, the two
Lovejoys (Owen and Elijah P.), and many more
of whom, either temporarily or permanently,
became associated with Presbyterian churches.
Although Illinois College was under the imited
patronage of Presbyterians and Congregational-
ists, the leading spirits in its original establish-
ment were Congregationalists, and the same was
true of Knox College at Galesburg. In 1835, at
Big Grove, in an unoccupied log-cabin, was
convened the first Congregational Council, known
in the denominational history of the State as
110
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
that of Fox River. Since then some twelve to
fifteen separate Associations have been organized.
By 1890, the development of the denomination
had been such that it had 280 churches, support-
ing 312 ministers, with 33,126 members. During
that year the disbursements on account of chari-
ties and home extension, by the Illinois churches,
were nearly $1,000,000. The Chicago Theological
Seminary, at Chicago, is a Congregational school
of divinity, its property holdings being wortli
nearly $700,000. "The Advance" (published at
Chicago) is the chief denominational organ.
(See also Religious Denominations.)
CONGRESSIONAL APPORTIOXMENT. (See
Apportionment, Congressional; also Represent-
atives in Congress.)
COXKLIXG, James Cook, lawyer, wae born in
New York City. Oct. 13, 1816 ; graduated at Prince-
ton College in 1835, and, after studj'ing law and
being admitted to the bar at ilorristown, N. J., in
1838, removed to Springfield, III. Here his first
business partner was Cyrus Walker, an eminent
and widely known lawyer of his time, while at a
later period he was associated with Gen. James
Shields, afterwards a soldier of the Mexican War
and a United States Senator, at different times,
from three different States. As an original
Whig, Mr. Conkling early became associated
with Abraham Lincoln, whose intimate and
trusted friend he was through life. It was to
him that Mr. Lincoln addressed his celebrated
letter, which, by his special request, Mr. Conk-
ling read before the great Union mass-meeting at
Springfield, held, Sept. 3. 1863, now known as the
"Lincoln-Conkling Letter."' Mr. Conkling was
chosen Mayor of the city of Springfield in 1844,
and served in the lower branch of the Seven-
teenth and the Twenty-fifth General Assemblies
(18.51 and 1867). It was largely due to his tactful
management in the latter, that the first appropri-
ation was made for the new State House, which
established the capital permanently in that city.
At the Bloomington Convention of 18.56. where
the Republican part}- in Illinois may be said to
have been formally organized, with Mr. Lincoln
and three others, he represented Sangamon
County, served on the Committee on Resolutions,
and was appointed a member of the State Central
Committee which conducted tlie campaign of
that year. In 1860, and again in 1864, his name
was on the Republican State ticket for Presiden-
tial Elector, and, on both occasions, it became his
duty to cast the electoral vote of Mr. Lincoln's
own District for him for President. The intimacy
ot personal friendship existing between him and
Mr. Lincoln was fittingly illustrated by his posi
tion for over thirty years as an original member
of the Lincoln Monument Association. Other
public positions held by him included those of
State Agent during the Civil War by appointment
of Governor Yates, Trustee of the State University
at Champaign, and of Blackburn Universitj- at
Carlinville, as also that of Postmaster of the city
of Springfield, to which he was appointed in 1890,
continuing in office four years. High-minded
and honorable, of pure personal character and
strong religious convictions, public-spirited and
liberal, probably no man did more to promote
the gro'ivth and prosperity of the city of Spring-
field, during the sixty years of his residence there,
than he. His death, as a result of old age,
occurred in that city, March 1, 1899. —Clinton L.
(Conkling), son of the preceding, was born in
Springfield, Oct. 16. 1843; graduated at Yale
College in 1864. studied law with his father, and
was licensed to practice in the Illinois courts in
1866, and in the United States courts in 1867.
After practicing a few years, he turned his atten-
tion to manufacturing, but, in 1877, resumed
practice and has proved successful. He has
de%-oted much attention of late years to real
estate business, and has represented large land
interests in this and other States. For manj-
years he was Secretary of the Lincoln Monument
Association, and has served on the Board of
County Supervisors, which is the only political
office he has held. In 1897 he was the Repub
lican nominee for Judge of the Springfield Cir-
cuit, but, although confessedly a man of the
highest probitj- and abilitj', was defeated in a
district overwhelmingly Democratic.
CONNOLLY, James Austin, lawyer and Con-
gressman, was born in Newark, X. J., March 8.
1843; went with his parents to Ohio in 18.50.
where, in 1858-59, he served as Assistant Clerk of
the State Senate; studied law and was admitted
to the bar in that State in 1861, and soon after
removed to Illinois; the following year (1862) he
enlisted as a private soldier in the One Hundred
and Twenty-third Illinois Volunteers, but was
successively commissioned as Captain and Major,
retiring with the rank of brevet Lieutenant-
Colonel. In 1872 he was elected Representative
in the State Legislature from Coles County and
re-elected in 1874; was United States District
Attorney for the Southern District of Illinois
from 1876 to 1885, and again from 1889 to 1893 ;
in 1886 was appointed and confirmed Solicitor of
the Treasury, but declined the office; the same
year ran as the Republican candidate for Con-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
117
gress in the Springfield (then the Thirteenth)
District in opposition to Wm. M. Springer, and
was defeated by less than 1,000 votes in a district
usually Democratic by 3,000 majority. He
declined a second nomination in 1888, but, in 1894,
was nominated for a third time (this time for the
Seventeenth District), and was elected, as he was
for a second term in 1896. He declined a renomina-
tion in 1898, returning to the practice of liis pro-
fession at Springfield at the close of the Fifty-fifth
Congress.
CONSTABLE, Charles H., lawyer, was born at
Chestertown, Md.,July 6, 1817; educated at Belle
Air Academy and the University of Virginia,
graduating from tlie latter in 1838. Then, having
.studied law, he was admitted to the bar, came to
Illinois early in 1840, locating at Mount Carmel,
Wabash County, and, in 1844, was elected to the
State Senate for the district composed of Wabash,
Edwards and Wayne Counties, serving until 1848.
He also served as a Delegate in the Constitutional
Convention of 1847. Originally a Whig, on the
dissolution of that party in 1854, he became a
Democrat; in 1856, served as Presidential
Elector-at-large on the Buchanan ticket and,
during the Civil War, was a pronounced oppo-
nent of the policy of the Government in dealing
with secession. Having removed to Marshall,
Clark County, in 1852, he continued the practice
of his profession there, but was elected Judge of
the Circuit Court in 1861, serving until his death,
which occurred, Oct. 9, 1865. While holding
court at Charleston, in March, 1863, Judge Con-
stable was arrested because of his release of four
deserters from the army, and the holding to bail,
on the charge of kidnaping, of two Union officers
who had arrested them. He was subsequently
released by Judge Treat of the United States
District Court at Springfield, but the affair cul-
minated in a riot at Charleston, on March 22, in
which four soldiers and three citizens were killed
outright, and eight persons were wounded.
CONSTITUTIONAL CONTENTIONS. Illinois
has had fovu' State Conventions called for the
purpose of formulating State Constitutions. Of
these, three— those of 1818, 1847 and 1869-70—
adopted Constitutions which went into effect,
while the instrument framed by the Convention
of 1862 was rejected by the people. A synoptical
history of each will be found below:
Convention of 1818.— In January, 1818, the
Territorial Legislature adopted a resolution
instructing the Delegate in Congress (Hon.
Nathaniel Pope) to present a petition to Congress
requesting the passage of an act avithorizing the
people of Illinois Territory to organize a State
Government. A bill to this effect was intro-
duced, April 7, and became a law, April 18, follow-
ing. It authorized the people to frame a
Constitution and organize a State Government — •
apportioning the Delegates to be elected from
each of the fifteen counties into which the Ter-
ritory was then divided, naming the first Monday
of July, following, as the day of election, and the
first Mondaj' of August as the time for the meet-
ing of the Convention. The act was conditioned
upon a census of tlie people of the Territory (to
be ordered by the Legislature), showing a popu-
lation of not less than 40,000. The census, as
taken, showed the required population, but, as
finally corrected, this was reduced to 34,620 —
being the smallest with which any State was ever
admitted into the Union. The election took
place on July 6, 1818, and the Convention assem-
bled at Kaskaskia on August 3. It consisted of
thirty-three members. Of these, a majority were
farmers of limited education, but with a fair
portion of hard common-sense. Five of the
Delegates were lawyers, and these undoubtedly
wielded a controlling influence. Jesse B.
Thomas (after%vards one of the first United
States Senators) presided, and Elias Kent Kane,
also a later Senator, was among the dominating
spirits. It has been asserted that to the latter
should be ascribed whatever new matter was
incorporated in the instrument, it being copied
in most of its essential provisions from the Con-
stitutions of Ohio, Kentucky and Indiana. The
Convention completed its labors and adjourned,
August 26, the Constitution was submitted to
Congress by Delegate John McLean, without the
formality of ratification by the people, and Illi-
nois was admitted into the Union as a State by
resolution of Congress, adopted Dec. 3, 1818.
Convention of 1847.— An attempt was made in
1823 to obtain a revision of the Constitution of
1818, the object of the chief promoters of the
movement being to secure the incorporation of a
provision authorizing the admission of slavery
into Illinois. The passage of a resolution, by the
necessary two-thirds vote of both Houses of the
General Assembly, submitting the proposition to
a vote of the people, was secured by the most
questionable methods, at the session of 1822, but
after a heated campaign of nearly two years, it
was rejected at the election of 1824. (See
Slavery and Slave Laws; also Coles. Edward.)
At the session of 1840-41, another resolution on
tlie subject was submitted to the people, but it
was rejected by the narrow margin of 1,039
118
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
votes. Again, in 184,5, the question was submit-
ted, and, at the election of 184G, was approved.
The election of delegates occurred, April 19, 1847,
and the Convention met at Springfield, June 19,
following. It was composed of 162 members,
ninety-two of whom were Democrats. The list
of Delegates embraced the names of many who
afterwards attained high distinction in public
affairs, and the body, as a whole, was represent-
ative in character. The Bill of Rights attached
to the Constitution of 1818 was but little changed
in its successor, except by a few additions,
among which was a section disqualif}-ing any
person who had been concerned iu a duel from
holding otBce. The earlier Constitution, how-
ever, was carefully revised and several important
changes made. Among these may be mentioned
the following: Limiting the elective franchise
for foreign-born citizens to those who had
become naturalized; making the judiciary elect-
ive; requiring that all State officers be elected
by the people ; changing the time of the election
of the Executive, and making him ineligible for
immediate re-election; various curtailments of
the power of the Legislature; imposing a two-
mill tax for payment of the State debt, and pro-
viding for the establishment of a sinking fund.
The Constitution framed was adopted in conven-
tion, August 31, 1847; ratified by popular vote,
March 6, 1848, and went into effect, April 1, 1848.
Convention op 1862. — The proposition for
holding a third Constitutional Convention was
submitted to vote of the people by the Legislature
of 1859, endorsed at the election of 1860, and the
election of Delegates held in November, 1861. In
the excitement attendant upon the early events
of the war, people paid comparatively little
attention to the choice of its members. It was
composed of forty-five Democrats, twenty-one
Republicans, seven "fusionists" and two classed
as doubtful. The Convention assembled at
Springfield on Jan. 7, 1862, and remained in ses-
sion until March 24, following. It was in many
respects a remarkable body. The law providing
for its existence prescribed that the members,
before proceeding to business, should take an
oath to support the State Constitution. This the
majority refused to do. Their conception of
their powers was such that they seriously deliber-
ated upon electing a United States Senator,
assumed to make appropriations from the State
treasury, claimed the right to interfere with
military affairs, and called upon the Governor
for information concerning claims of the Illinois
Central Railroad, which the Executive refused to
lay before them. The instrument drafted pro-
posed numerous important changes in the organic
law, and was generally regarded as objectionable.
It was rejected at an election held, June 17, 1862,
by a majority of over 16,000 votes.
Convention of 1869-70. — The second attempt
to revise the Constitution of 1848 resulted in
submission to the people, by the Legislature of
1867, of a proposition for a Convention, which was
approved at the election of 1868 by a bare major-
ity of 704 votes. The election of Delegates was
provided for at the next session (1869), the elec-
tion held in November and the Convention
assembled at Springfield, Dec. 13. Charles
Hitchcock was chosen President, John Q. Har-
mon, Secretary, and Daniel Shepard and A. H.
Swain, First and Second Assistants. There were
eighty-five members, of whom forty-four were
Republicans and forty -one Democrats, although
fifteen had been elected nominally as "Independ-
ents." It was an assemblage of some of the
ablest men of the State, including representatives
of all the learned professions except the clerical,
besides merchants, farmers, bankers and journal-
ists. Its work was completed May 13, 1870, and
in the main good. Some of the principal changes
made in the fundamental law, as proposed by the
Convention, were the following: The prohibi-
tion of special legislation where a general law
may be made to cover the necessities of the case,
and the absolute prohibition of such legislation
in reference to divorces, lotteries and a score of
other matters ; prohibition of the passage of any
law releasing any civil division (district, county,
city, township or town) from the payment of its
just proportion of any State tax; recommenda-
tions to the Legislature to enact laws upon
certain specified subjects, such as liberal home-
stead and exemption rights, the construction of
drains, the regulation of charges on railways
(which were declared to be public highways),
etc., etc. ; declaring all elevators and storehouses
public warehouses, and providing for their legis-
lative inspection and supervision. The mainte-
nance of an "efficient system of pubUc schools"
was made obligatory upon the Legislature, and
the appropriation of any funds — State, municipal,
town or district — to the support of sectarian
schools was prohibited. The principle of cumu-
lative voting, or "minority representation," in
the choice of members of the House of Represent-
atives was provided for, and additional safe-
guards thrown around the passage of bills. The
ineligibility of the Governor to re-election for a
second consecutive term was set aside, and a
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
119
two-thirds vote of the Legislature made necessary
to override an executive veto. Tlie list of State
officers was increased by the creation of the
offices of Attorney-General and Superintendent
of Public Instruction, these having been previ-
ously provided for only by statute. The Supreme
Court bench was increased by the addition of
four members, making the whole number of
Supreme Court judges seven; Appellate Courts
authorized after 1874, and County Courts were
made courts of record. The compensation of all
State officers — executive, judicial and legislative
— was left discretionary with the Legislature,
and no limit was placed upon the length of the
sessions of the General Assembly. The instru-
ment drafted by the Convention was ratified at
an election held, July 6, 1870, and went into force,
August 8, following. Occasional amendments
have been submitted and ratified from time to
time. (See Coisfifufiaiis, Elections and Repre-
sentation: also Minariti/ Representation.)
CONSTITUTIONS. Illinois has had three con-
stitutions— that of 1870 being now (1898) in force.
The earliest instrument was that approved by
Congress in 1818, and the first revision was made
in 1847 — the Constitution having been ratified at
an election held, March .5, 1848, and going into
force, April 1, following. The term of State
officers has been uniformly fixed at four years,
except that of Treasurer, which is two years.
Biennial elections and sessions of the General
Assembly are provided for, Senators holding their
seats for four years, and Representatives two
years. The State is required to be apportioned
after each decennial census into fifty-one dis-
tricts, each of which elects one Senator and three
Representatives. The principle of minority rep-
resentation lias been incorporated into the
organic law, each elector being allowed to cast as
many votes for one legislative candidate as there
are Representatives to be cliosen in his district ;
or ho may divide his vote equally among all the
three candidates or between two of them, as he
may see fit. One of the provisions of the Consti-
tution of 1870 is the inhibition of the General
Assembly fi-om passing private laws. Munici-
palities are classified, and legislation is for all
cities of a class, not for an individual corpora-
tion. Individual citizens with a financial griev-
ance must secure paj-ment of their claims under
the terms of some general appropriation. The
sessions of the Legislature are not limited as to
time, nor is there any restriction upon the power
of the Executive to summon extra sessions.
(See also Constitutional Conventions; Elections;
Governors and other State Officers; Judicial
System; Suffrage, Etc. )
COOK, Burton C, lawyer and Congressman,
was born in Monroe County, N. Y., May 11, 1819;
completed his academic education at the Collegi-
ate Institute in Rochester, and after studying
law, removed to Illinois (183.')), locating first at
Hennepin and later at Ottawa. Here he began
the practice of liis profession, and, in 1846, was
elected by the Legislature State's Attorney for
the Ninth Judicial District, serving two years,
when, in 1848, he was re-elected by the people
under the Constitution of that year, for four
years. From 18.53 to 1860, he was State Senator,
taking part in the election which resulted in
making Lyman Trumbull United States Senator
in 1855. In 1861 he served as one of the Peace
Commissioners from Illinois in the Conference
which met at Washington. He may be called
one of the founders of the Republican party in
this State, having been a member of the State
Central Committee appointed at Bloomington in
1856, and Chairman of the State Central Com-
mittee in 1863. In 1864, he was elected to Con-
gress, and re-elected in 1866, '68 and '70, but
resigned in 1871 to accept the solicitorship of the
Northwestern Railroad, which he resigned in
1886. He was an intimate friend of Abraham
Lincoln, serving as a delegate to both the National
Conventions which nominated him for the Presi-
dency, and presenting liis name at Baltimore in
1864. His death occurred at Evanston, August
18, 1894.
COOK, Daniel Pope, early Congressman, was
born in Scott Covmty, Ky., in 1795, removed to
Illinois and began the practice of law at Kaskas-
kia in 1815. Early in 1816, he became joint owner
and editor of "The Illinois Intelligencer,'' and at
the same time served as Auditor of Public
Accounts by appointment of Governor Edwards ;
the next year (1817) was sent by President Mon-
roe as bearer of dispatches to John Quincy Adams,
then minister to London, and, on his return, was
appointed a Circuit Judge. On the admission of
the State he was elected the first Attorney-
General, but almost immediately resigned and,
in September, 1819, was elected to Congress, serv-
ing as Representative until 1837. Having married
a daughter of Governor Edwards, he became a
resident of Edwardsville. He was a conspicuous
opponent of the proposition to make Illinois a
slave State in 1833-34, and did much to prevent
the success of that scheme. He also bore a
prominent part while in Congress in securing tlie
donation of lands for the construction of the
120
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS.
Illinois & Michigan Canal. He was distinguished
for his eloquence, and it was during his first
Congressional campaign that stump-speaking was
introduced into the State. Suffering from
consumption, he visited Cuba, and, after return-
ing to his home at Edwardsville and failing to
improve, he went to Kentucky, where he died,
Oct. 16, 1837.— John (Cook), soldier, born at
Edwardsville, III, June 12, 1825, the son of
Daniel P. Cook, the second Congressman from
Illinois, and grandson of Gov. Ninian Edwards,
was educated by private tutors and at Illinois
College ; in 1855 was elected Mayor of Springfield
and the following year Sheriff of Sangamon
County, later serving as Quartermaster of the
State. Raising a company promptly after the
firing on Fort Siimter in 1861, he was commis-
sioned Colonel of the Seventh Illinois Volunteers
— tlie first regiment organized in Illinois under
the first call for troops by President Lincoln ; was
promoted Brigadier-General for gallantry at Fort
Donelson in March, 18G2 ; in 1864 commanded the
District of Illinois, with headquarters at Spring-
field, being mustered out, August, 186.5, with the
brevet rank of Major-General. General Cook was
elected to the lower house of the General Assem-
bly from Sangamon County, in 1868. During
recent years his home lias been in Michigan.
COOK COUNTY, situated in the northeastern
section of the State, bordering on Lake Michigan,
and being the most easterly of the second tier of
counties south of the Wisconsin State line. It
has an area of 890 square miles ; population (1890),
1,191,922; (1900), 1,838,735; county-seat, Chicago.
The county was organized in 1831, having origi-
nally embraced the counties of Du Page, Will,
Lake, McHenry and Iroquois, in addition to its
present territorial limits. It was named in
honor of Daniel P. Cook, a distinguished Repre-
sentative of Illinois in Congress. (See Cook.
Daniel P. ) The first County Commissioners were
Samuel Miller, Gholson Kercheval and James
Walker, who took the oath of office before Jvistice
John S. C. Hogan, on March 8, 1831. AVilliam
Lee was appointed Clerk and Archibald Cly bourne
Treasurer. Jedediah Wormley was first County
Surveyor, and three election districts (Chicago,
Du Page and Hickory Creek) were created. A
scow ferry was established across the South
Branch, with Mark Beaubien as ferryman. Only
non-residents were required to pay toll. Geolo-
gists are of the opinion that, previous to the
glacial epoch, a large portion of the county lay
under the waters of Lake Michigan, which was
connected with the Mississippi by the Des Plaines
River. This theory is borne out by the finding
of stratified beds of coal and gravel in the eastern
and southern portions of the county, either under-
lying the prairies or assuming the form of ridges.
The latter, geologists maintain, indicate the exist-
ence of an ancient key, and they conclude that,
at one time, the level of the lake was nearly forty
feet higher than at present. Glacial action is
believed to have been very effective in establisli-
ing surface conditions in this vicinity. Lime-
stone and building stone are quarried in tolerable
abundance. Athens marble (white when taken
out, but growing a rich yellow through exposure)
is found in the southwest. Isolated beds of peat
have also been found. The general surface is
level, although undulating in some portions. The
soil near the lake is .sandy, but in the interior
becomes a black mold from one to four feet in
depth. Drainage is afforded by the Des Plaines,
Chicago and Calumet Rivers, which is now being
improved by the construction of the Drainage
Canal. JIanufactures and agriculture are the
principal industries outside of the city of Chi-
cago. (See also Chicago.)
COOK COUNTY HOSPITAL, located in Chi-
cago and under control of the Commissioners of
Cook County. It was originally erected by the
City of Chicago, at a cost of §80,000, and was
intended to be used as a hospital for patients
suffering from infectious diseases. For several
years the building was unoccupied, but, in 1858,
it was leased by an association of physicians, who
opened a hospital, with the further purpose of
affording facilities for clinical instruction to the
students of Rush Medical College. In 1863 the
building was taken by the General Government
for military purposes, being used as an eye and
ear liospital for returning soldiers. In 1805 it
reverted to the City of Chicago, and, in 1866, was
purchased by Cook County. In 1874 the County
Commissioners purchased a new and more spa-
cious site at a cost of 8145,000, and began the erec-
tion of buildings thereon. The two principal
pavilions were completed and occupied before the
close of 1875; the clinical amphitheater and
connecting corridors were built in 1876-77, and an
administrative building and two additional
pavilions were added in 1882-84. Up to that date
the total cost of the buildings had been 8719,574,
and later additions and improvements have
swelled the outlay to more than §1,000.000. It
accommodates about 800 patients and constitutes
a part of the county machinery for the care of
the poor. A certain number of beds are placed
under the care of homeopathic physicians. The
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
121
present (1896) allopathic medical staff consists of
fifteen physicians, fifteen surgeons, one oculist
and aurist and one pathologist ; the homeopathic
staff comprises five physicians and five surgeons.
In addition, there is a large corps of internes, or
house physicians and surgeons, composed of
recent graduates from the several medical col-
leges, who gain their positions through comjieti-
tive examination and hold them for eighteen
months.
COOKE, Edward Dean, lawyer and Congress-
man, born in Dubuque County, Iowa, Oct. 17,
1849; was educated in the common schools and
the high school of Dubuque ; studied law in that
city and at Columbian University, Washington,
D.C., graduating from that institution with the
degree of Bachelor of Laws, and was admitted to
the bar in Washington in 1873. Coming to Chi-
cago the same year, he entered upon the practice
of his profession, which he pursued for the
remainder of his life. In 1883 he was elected a
Representative in the State Legislature from
Cook County, serving one term ; was elected as a
Republican to the Fifty-fourth Congress for the
Sixth District (Chicago), in 1894, and re-elected in
1896. His death occurred suddenly while in
attendance on the extra session of Congress in
Washington, June 24, 1897.
COOLBAUGH, William Findlay, financier, was
born in Pike County. Pa., July 1, 1821; at the
age of 15 became clerk in a dry-goods store in
Philadelphia, but, in 1842, opened a branch
establishment of a New York firm at Burlington,
Iowa, where he afterwards engaged in the bank-
ing business, also serving in the Iowa State
Constitutional Convention, and, as the candidate
of his party for United States Senator, being
defeated by Hon. James Harlan by one vote. In
1863 he came to Chicago and opened the banking
house of W. F. Coolbaugh & Co., which, in 186.5,
became the Union National Bank of Chicago.
Later he became the first President of the Clii-
cago Clearing House, as also of the Bankers'
Association of the West and South, a Director of
the Board of Trade, and an original incorporator
of the Chamber of Commerce, besides being a
member of the State Constitutional Convention
of 1869-70. His death by suicide, at the foot of
Douglas Monument, Nov. 14, 1877, was a shock to
the whole city of Chicago.
COOLEY, Horace S., Secretary of State, was
born in Hartford, Conn., in 1806, studied medi-
cine for two years in early life, then went to Ban-
gor, Maine, where he began the study of law ; in
1840 he came to Illinois, locating first at Rushville
and finally in the city of Quincy; in 1843 took a
prominent part in the campaign which resulted
in the election of Thomas Ford as Governor — also
received from Governor Carlin an appointment as
Quartermaster-General of the State. On the
accession of Governor French in December, 1846,
he was appointed Secretary of State and elected
to the same office under the Constitution of 1848,
dying before the expiration of his term, April 3,
1850.
CORBUS, (Dr.) J. C, physician, was born in
Holmes County, Ohio, in 183.3, received his pri
mary education in the public schools, followed
by an academic course, and began the study of
medicine at Millersburg, finally graduating from
the Western Reserve Medical College at Cleve-
land. In 1855 he began practice at Orville, Ohio,
but the same year located at Mendota, 111., soon
thereafter removing to Lee County, where he
remained until 1862. Tlie latter year he was
appointed Assistant Surgeon of the Seventy-fifth
Illinois Volunteer Infantry, but was soon pro-
moted to the position of Surgeon, though com-
pelled to resign the following year on account of
ill liealth. Returning from the army, he located
at Mendota. Dr. Corbus served continuously as a
member of the State Board of Public Charities
from 1873 until the accession of Governor Altgeld
to the Governorship in 1893. when he resigned.
He was also,- for fifteen years, one of the Medical
Examiners for his District under the Pension
Bureau, and has served as a member of the
Republican State Central Committee for the
Mendota District. In 1897 he was complimented
by Governor Tanner by reappointment to the
State Board of Charities, and was made President
of the Board. Early in 1899 he was appointed
Superintendent of the Eastern Hospital for the
Insane at Kankakee, as successor to Dr. William
G. Stearns.
CORNELL, Paul, real-estate operator and capi-
talist, was born of English Quaker ancestry in
Wasliington County, N. Y., August 5, 1833; at 9
years of age removed with his step-father, Dr.
Barry, to Ohio, and five years later to Adams
County, 111. Here young Cornell lived the life of
a farmer, working part of the year to earn money
to send himself to school the remainder; also
taught for a time, then entered the office of W. A.
Richardson, at Rushville, Schuyler County, as a
law student. In 1845 he came to Chicago, but
soon after became a student in the law office of
Wilson & Henderson at Joliet, and was admitted
to practice in that city. Removing to Chicago in
1847, he was associated, successively, with the late
122
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
L. C. P. Freer, Judge James H. Collins and
Messrs. Skinner & Hoyne; finally entered into a
contract with Judge Skinner to jierfect the title to
320 acres of land held under tax-title within the
present limits of Hyde Park, which he succeeded
in doing by visiting the original owners, thereby
securing one-half of the property in his own
name. He thus became the founder of the village
of Hyde Park, meanwhile adding to his posses-
sions other lands, which increased vastly in value.
He also established a watch factory at Cornell
(now a part of Chicago), which did a large busi-
ness until removed to California. Mr. Cornell
was a member of the first Park Board, and there-
fore has the credit of assisting to organize Chi-
cago's extensive park system.
COR WIN, Franklin, Congressman, was born at
Lebanon, Ohio, Jan. 12, 1818, and admitted to the
bar at the age of 21. While a resident of Ohio he
served in both Houses of the Legislature, and
settled in Illinois in 1857, making his home at
Peru. He was a member of the lower house of
the Twenty-fourth, Twenty-fifth and Twenty-
sixth General Assemblies, being Speaker in 1867,
and again in 1869. In 1872 he was elected to
Congress as a Republican, but, in 1874, was
defeated by Alexander Campbell, who made the
race as an Independent. Died, at Peru, 111., June
15, 1879.
COrCH, James, pioneer hotel-keeper, was born
at Fort Edward, N. Y., August 31, 1800; removed
to Chautauqua County, in the same State, where
he remained until his twentieth year, receiving a
fair English education. After engaging succes-
sively, but with indifferent success, as hotel-clerk,
stage-house keeper, lumber-dealer, and in the dis-
tilling business, in 1836, in company with his
younger brother, Ira, he visited Chicago. They
both decided to go into business there, first open-
ing a small store, and later entering upon their
hotel ventures which proved so eminently suc-
cessful, and gave the Tremont House of Chicago
so wide and enviable a reputation. Sir. Couch
superintended for his brother Ira the erection, at
various times, of many large business blocks in
the city. Upon the death of his brother, in 1857,
he was made one of the trustees of his estate, and,
with other trustees, rebuilt the Tremont House
after the Chicago fire of 1871. In April, 1892,
wliile boarding a street car in the central part of
the city of Chicago, he was rim over b}' a truck,
receiving injuries which resulted in his death
the same day at the Tremont House, in the 92d
year of his age. — Ira (Couch), younger brother of
the preceding, was born in Saratoga County,
N. Y., Nov. 22, 1806. At the age of sixteen he
was apprenticed to a tailor, and, in 1826, set up
in business on his own account. In 1836, while
visiting Chicago with his brother James, he
determined to go into business there. With a
stock of furnishing goods and tailors' supplies,
newly bought in New York, a small store was
opened. This business soon disposed of, Mr.
Couch, with his brother, obtained a lease of the
old Tremont House, then a low frame building
kept as a saloon boarding house. Changed and
refurnished, this was opened as a hotel. It was
destroyed by fire in 1839, as was also the larger
rebuilt structure in 1849. A second time rebuilt,
and on a much larger and grander scale at a cost
of §75,000, surpassing anything the West had ever
known before, the Tremont House this time stood
until the Chicago fire in 1871, when it was again
destroyed. Mr. Couch at all times enjoyed an
immense patronage, and was able to accumulate
(for that time) a large fortune. He pm'chased
and improved a large number of business blocks,
then within the business center of the city. In
1853 he retired from active business, and, in con-
sequence of impaired health, chose for the rest of
his life to seek recreation in travel. In the
winter of 1857, while with his family in
Havana, Cuba, he was taken with a fever which
soon ended his life. His remains now rest in a
mausoleum of masonry in Lincoln Park, Chi-
cago.
COULTERTILLE, a town of Randolph County,
at the Crossing of the Centralia & Chester and
the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railwaj-s, 49
miles southeast of St. Louis. Farming and coal-
mining are the leading industries. The town has
a bank and a newspaper. Population (1880), 590;
(1890), .598; (1900), 650.
COUNTIES, UNORGANIZED. (See Unorgan-
ized Counties.)
COWDEN, a village of Shelby County, at the
intersection of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwest-
ern and the Toledo, St. Louis & Kansas City
Railways, 60 miles southeast of Springfield.
Considerable coal is mined in the vicinity ; has a
bank and a weekly paper. Population (1880),
350; (1890), 703; (1900), 751.
COWLES, Alfred, newspaper manager, was
born in Portage County, Ohio, May 13, 1832, grew
up on a farm and, after spending some time at
Michigan University, entered the office of "The
Cleveland Leader" as a clerk; in 1855 accepted a
similar position on "The Chicago Tribune," which
had just been bought by Joseph Jledill and
others, finallv becoming a stockholder and busi-
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
123
ness manager of the paper, so remaining until his
death in Chicago, Dec. 20, 1889.
COX, Thomas, pioneer, Senator in the First
General Assembly of Illinois (1818-22) from Union
County, and a conspicuous figure in early State
history ; was a zealous advocate of the policy of
making Illinois a slave State ; became one of the
original proprietors and founders of the city of
Springfield, and was appointed the first Register
of the Land Office there, but was removed under
charges of misconduct ; after his retirement from
the Land Office, kept a hotel at Springfield. In
1836 he removed to Iowa (then a part of Wiscon-
sin Territory), became a member of the first
Territorial Legislature there, was twice re-elected
and once Speaker of the House, being prominent
in 1840 as commander of the "Regulators" who
drove out a gang of murderers and desperadoes
who had got ijossession at Bellevue, Iowa. Died,
at Maquoketa, Iowa, 1843.
COY, Irus, lawyer, was born in Chenango
County, N. Y., July 35, .1833; educated in the
common schools and at Central College, Cortland
Count}', N. Y., graduating in law at Albany in
1857. Then, having removed to Illinois, he
located in Kendall County and began practice ; in
1868 was elected to the lower house of the General
Assembly and, in 1872, served as Presidential
Elector on the Republican ticket; removed to
Chicago in 1871, later serving as attorney of the
Union Stock Yards and Transit Company. Died,
in Chicago, Sept. 30, 1897.
CEAFTS, Clayton E., legislator and politician,
born at Auburn, Geauga County, Ohio, July 8,
1848 ; was educated at Hiram College and gradu-
ated from the Cleveland Law School in 1868,
coming to Chicago in 1869. Mr. Crafts served in
seven consecutive sessions of the General Assem-
bly (1883-95, inclusive) as Representative from
Cook County, and was elected by the Democratic
majority as Sjieaker, in 1891, and again in '93.
CRAIG, Alfred M., jurist, was born in Edgar
Count}', 111., Jan. 15, 1831, graduated from Knox
College in 1853. and was admitted to the bar in
the following year, commencing practice at
Knoxville. He held the offices of State's
Attorney and County Judge, and represented
Knox County in the Constitutional Convention
of 1869-70. In 1873 he was elected to the bench
of the Supreme Court, as successor to Justice
C. B. Lawrence, and was re-elected in '82 and
'91 ; his present term expiring with the century.
He is a Democrat in politics, but has been
three times elected in a Republican judicial
district.
CRAWFORD, Charles H., lawyer and legisla-
tor, was born in Bennington, Vt. , but reared in
Bureau and La Salle Counties, 111. ; has practiced
law for twenty years in Chicago, and been three
times elected to the State Senate — 1884, "88 and
'94 — and is author of the Crawford Primary Elec-
tion Law, enacted in 1885.
CRAWFORD COUNTY, a southeastern county,
bordering on the Wabash, 190 miles nearly due
south of Chicago — named for William H. Craw-
ford, a Secretary of War. It has an area of 452
square miles; population (1900), 19,240. The
first settlers were the French, but later came
emigrants from New England. The soil is rich
and well adapted to the production of corn and
wheat, which are the principal crops. The
county was organized in 1817, Darwin being
the first county-seat. The present county-seat
is Robinson, with a population (1890) of 1,387;
centrally located and the point of intersection of
two railroads. Other towns of importance are
Palestine (population, 734) and Hutsonville (popu-
lation, 583). The latter, as well as Robinson, is
a grain-shipping point. The Embarras River
crosses the southwest portion of the county, and
receives the waters of Big and Honey Creeks and
Bushy Fork. The county has no mineral
resources, but contains some valuable woodland
and many well cultivated farms. Tobacco,
potatoes, sorghum and wool are among the lead-
ing products.
CREAL SPRINGS, a village of Williamson
Count}-, on the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute
Railroiid ; has a bank and a weekly paper. Popu-
lation (1890), 539; (1900), 940.
CREBS, John M., ex-Congressman, was born in
Middleburg, Loudoun County, Va., April 7, 1830.
When he was but 7 years old his parents removed
to Illinois, where he ever after resided. At the
age of 31 he began the study of law, and, in 1852,
was admitted to the bar, beginning practice in
White Coimty. In 1863 he enlisted in the
Eighty-seventh Illinois Volunteers, receiving a
commission as Lieutenant-Colonel, participating
in all the important movements in the Mississippi
■Valley, including the capture of Vicksburg, and
in the Arkansas campaign, a part of the time
commanding a brigade. Returning home, lie
resumed the practice of his profession. In 1866
he was an unsuccessful candidate for State
Superintendent of Public Instruction on the
Democratic ticket. He was elected to Congress
in 1868 and re-elected in 1870, and, in 1880. was a
delegate to the Democratic State Convention.
Died, June 26, 1890.
121
IIISTOKIUAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
CREIGHTON, James A., jurist, was born in
White County, 111, JIarch 7, 1840; in childhood
removed with his parents to Wayne County, and
was educated in the schools at Fairfield and at
the Southern Illinois College, Salem, graduating
from the latter in 1868. After teaching for a
time wliile studying law, he was admitted to the
bar in 1870, and opened an office at Fairfield, but,
in 1877, removed to Springfield. In 188.5 he was
elected a Circuit Judge for the Springfield Cir-
cuit, was re-elected in 1891 and again in 1897.
CRERAR, John, manufacturer and philanthro-
pist, was born of Scotch ancestry in New York
City, in 1827; at 18 years of age was an employe
of an iron-importing firm in that city, subse-
quently accepting a position with Morris K.
Jessup & Co., in the same line. Coming to
Chicago in 1862, in partnership with J. McGregor
Adams, he succeeded to the business of Jessup &
Co., in that cit}', also becoming a partner in the
Adams & Westlake Companj', iron manufactur-
ers. He also became interested and an official in
various other biisiness organizations, including
the Pullman Palace Car Company, the Chicago
& Alton Railroad, the Illinois Trust and Savings
Bank, and, for a time, was President of the Chi-
cago & Joliet Railroad, besides being identified
with various benevolent institutions and associ-
ations. After the fire of 1871, he was intrusted
by the New York Chamber of Commerce with
the custody of funds sent for the relief of suffer-
ers by that calamity. His integrity and business
sagacity were universally recognized. After his
death, which occurred in Chicago, Oct. 19,
1889, it was foimd that, after making munificent
bequests to some twenty religious and benevolent
associations and enterprises, aggregating nearly
a million dollars, besides liberal legacies to
relatives, he had left the residue of his estate,
amounting to some b2, 000, 000, for the purpose of
founding a public library in the city of Chicago,
naming thirteen of his most intimate friends as
the fii'st Board of Trustees. No more fitting and
lasting monument of so noble and public-spirited
a man could have been devised.
CRETE, a village of Will County, on the Chi-
cago & Eastern Illinois Railroad, 30 miles south
of Chicago. Population (1890), 642; (1900). 760.
CROOK, George, soldier, was born near Day-
ton, Ohio, Sept. 8, 1828; graduated at the United
States Military Academy, West Point, in 1852, and
was assigned as brevet Second. Lieutenant to the
Fourth Infantry, becoming full Second Lieuten-
ant in 1853. In 1861 he entered the volunteer
service as Colonel of the Thirty-sixth Ohio Infan-
try ; was promoted Brigadier-General in 1862 and
Major-General in 1864, being mustered out of the
service, January, 1866. During the war he
participated in some of the most important
battles in West Virginia and Tennessee, fought at
Cliickamauga and Antietam, and commanded
the cavalry in the advance on Richmond in the
spring of 1865. On being mustered out of the
volunteer service he returned to the regular
army, was appointed Lieutenant-Colonel of the
Twenty-third Infantry, and, for several years, was
engaged in campaigns against the hostile Indians
in the Northwest and in Arizona. In 1888 he
was appointed Major-General and, from that time
to his death, was in command of the ^Military
Division of the Missouri, with headquarters at
Chicago, where he died, ]March 19, 1890.
CROSIAR, Simon, pioneer, was born near
Pittsburg, Pa., in the latter part of the last
century; removed to Ohio in 1815 and to Illinois
in 1819, settling first at Cap au Gris, a French
village on the Mississippi just above the mouth
of the Illinois in what is now Calhoun County ;
later lived at Peoria (1824), at Ottawa (1826), at
Shippingport near the present city of La Salle
(1829), and at Old Utica (1834); in the mean-
while built one or two mills on Cedar Creek in
La Salle County, kept a storage and commission
house, and, for a time, acted as Captain of a
steamboat plying on the Illinois. Died, in 1846.
CRYSTAL LAKE, a village in McHenry
County, at the intersection of two divisions of
the Chicago & Northwestern Railway, 43 miles
northwest of Chicago. Population (1880), 546;
(1890), 781; (1900), 950.
Ct^BA, a town in Fulton County, distant 38
miles west-southwest of Peoria, and about 8 miles
north of Lewistown. The entire region (including
the town) is underlaid with a good quality of
bituminous coal, of which the late State Geologist
Worthen asserted that, in seven townships of
Fulton County, there are 9.000,000 tons to the
square mile, within 150 feet of the surface.
Brick and cigars are made here, and the town
has a bank, a newspaper, three churches and
good schools. Population (1880), 686; (1890),
1.114; (1900), 1,198.
CULLEN, William, editor and Congressman,
born in the north of Ireland, March 4, 1826 ; while
yet a child was brought by his parents to Pitts-
burg, Pa., where he was educated in the public
schools. At the age of 20 he removed to
La Salle County, 111, and began life as a farmer.
Later he took up his residence at Ottawa. He
has served as Sheriff of La Salle Countv. and held
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
125
other local offices, and was for many years a part
owner and senior editor of "The Ottawa Repub-
lican." From 1881 to 1885, as a Republican, he
represented the Eighth Illinois District in Con-
CULLOM, Richard Northcraft, farmer and
legislator, was born in the State of Maryland,
October 1, 1795, but early removed to Wayne
County, Ky., where he was married to Miss
Elizabeth Coffey, a native of North Carolina. In
1830 he removed to Illinois, settling near Wash-
ington, Tazewell County, where he continued to
reside during the remainder of his life. Although
a farmer by vocation, Mr. CuUom was a man of
prominence and a recognized leader in public
affairs. In 1836 he was elected as a Whig Repre-
sentative in the Tenth General Assembly, serving
in the same body with Abraham Lincoln, of
whom he was an intimate personal and political
friend. In 1840 he was chosen a member of the
State Senate, serving in the Twelfth and Thir-
teenth General Assemblies, and, in 1852, was
again elected to the House. Mr. CuUom's death
occurred in Tazewell County, Dec. 4, 1872, his
wife having died Dec. 5, 1868. Mr. and Mrs.
Cullom were the parents of Hon. Shelby M.
CuUom.
CULLOM, Shelby Moore, United States Sena-
tor, was born in Wayne Count}', Ky., Nov. 22,
1839. His parents removed to Tazewell County,
111., in 1830, where his father became a member
of the Legislature and attained prominence as a
public man. After two years spent in Rock
River Seminary at Mount Morris, varied by some
experience as a teacher, in 1853 the subject of
this sketch went to Springfield to enter upon the
study of law in the office of Stuart & Edwards.
Being admitted to the bar two years afterward,
he was almost immediately elected City Attor-
ney, and, in 1856, was a candidate on the Fill-
more ticket for Presidential Elector, at the same
time being elected to the Twentieth General
Assembly for Sangamon County, as he was again,
as a Republican, in 1860, being supported alike by
the Fillmore men and the Free-Soilers. At the
session following the latter election, he was
chosen Speaker of the House, which was his first
important political recognition. In 1862 he was
appointed by President Lincoln a member of the
War Claims Commission at Cairo, serving in this
capacity with Governor Boutwell of Massachu-
setts and Charles A. Dana of New York. He was
also a candidate for the State Senate the same
year, but then .sustained his only defeat. Two
years later (1864) he was a candidate for Con-
gress, defeating his former preceptor, Hon. John
T. Stuart, being re-elected in 1866, and again in
1868, the latter year over B. S. Edwards. He
was a delegate to the National Republican Con-
vention of 1873, and, as Chairman of the Illinois
delegation, placed General Grant in nomination
for the Presidency, holding the same position
again in 1884 and in 1893; was elected to the Illi-
nois House of Representatives in 1873 and in 1874,
being chosen Speaker a second time in 1873, as he
was the unanimous choice of his party for
Speaker again in 1875 ; in 1876 was elected Gov-
ernor, was re-elected in 1880, and, in 1883, elected
to the United States Senate as successor to Hon.
David Davis. Having had two re-elections since
(1889 and '95), he is now serving his third term,
which will expire in 1901. In 1898, by special
appointment of President McKinley, Senator
Cullom served upon a Commission to investigate
the condition of the Hawaiian Islands and
report a plan of government for this new division
of the American Republic. Other important
measures with which his name has been promi-
nently identified have been the laws for the sup-
pression of polygamy in Utah and for the creation
of the Inter-State Commerce Commission. At
present he is Chairman of the Senate Committee
on Inter-State Commerce and a member of those
on Appropriations and Foreign Affairs. His
career has been conspicuous for his long public
service, the large number of important offices
which he has held, the almost unbroken uniform-
ity of his success when a candidate, and his com-
plete exemption from scandals of every sort. No
man in the history of the State has been more
frequently elected to the United States Senate,
and only three — Senators Douglas, Trumbull and
Logan — for an equal number of terms; though
only one of these (Senator Trumbull) lived to
serve out the full period for which he was
elected.
CUMBERLAND COUNTY, situated in the
southeast quarter of the State, directly south of
Coles County, from which it was cut off in 1843.
Its area is 350 square miles, and population (1900),
16,124. The county-seat was at Greenup until
1855, when it was transferred to Prairie Cit}%
which was laid off in 18.54 and incorporated as a
town in 1866. The present county-seat is at
Toledo (population, 1890, 676). The Embarras
River crosses the county, as do also three lines of
railroad. Neoga, a mining town, has a popula-
tion of 839. The county received its name from
the Cumberland Road, which, as originally pro-
jected, passed through it.
126
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
CUMMINS, (Rev.) David, Bishop of the Re-
formed Protestant Episcopal Church, was
born near Smyrna, Del., Dec. 11, 1822; gradu-
ated at Dickinson College, Pa., in 1841, and
became a licentiate in the Methodist ministry,
but, in 1846, took orders in the Episcopal
Church; afterwards held rectorships in Balti-
more, Norfolk, Richmond and the Trinity
Episcopal Church of Chicago, in 1866 being con-
secrated Assistant Bishop of the Diocese of
Kentucky. As a recognized leader of the Low-
Church or Evangelical party, he early took issue
with the ritualistic tendencies of the High-Church
party, and, having withdrawn from the Episcopal
Church in 1873, became the first Bishop of the
Reformed Episcopal organization. He was zeal-
ous, eloquent and conscientious, but overtaxed his
strength in his new field of labor, dying at Luth-
erville, Md., June 26, 1876. A memoir of Bishop
Cummins, by his wife, was publishedin 1878.
CUMULATIVE VOTE. (See Minority Repre-
sentation.)
CURTIS, Harvey, clergyman and educator, was
born in Adams, Jefferson County, N. Y., Maj' 30,
1806; graduated at Middlebury College, Vt., in
1831, with the highest honors of his class; after
three years at Princeton Theological Seminary,
was ordained pastor of the Congregational
church at Brandon. Vt., in 1836. In 1841 he
accepted an appointment as agent of the Home
Missionary Society for Ohio and Indiana, between
1843 and 1858 holding pastorates at Madison,
Ind., and Chicago. In the latter year he was
chosen President of Knox College, at Galesbm-g,
dying there, Sept. 18, 1863.
CURTIS, William Elroy, journalist, was born
at Akron, Ohio, Nov. 5, 1850; graduated at
Western Reserve College in 1851, meanwhile
learning the art of typesetting ; later served as a
reporter on "The Cleveland Leader" and, in 1872,
took a subordinate position on "The Chicago
Inter Ocean," finally rising to that of managing-
editor. While on "The Inter Ocean" he accom-
panied General Custer in his campaign against
the Sioux, spent several months investigating
the "Ku-Klux" and "White League" organiza-
tions in the South, and, for some years, was "The
Inter Ocean" correspondent in Washington.
Having retired from "The Inter Ocean," he
became Secretary of the "Pan-American Con-
gress" in Washington, and afterwards made the
tour of the United States with the South and
Central American representatives in that Con-
gress. During the World's Columbian Exposition
in Chicago he had general supervision of the
Latin-American historical and archfeological
exhibits. Mr. Curtis has visited nearly every
Central and South American countrj^ and has
wTitten elaborately on these subjects for the
magazines and for publication in book form ; has
also published a "Life of Zachariah Chandler''
and a "Diplomatic History of the United States
and Foreign Powers." For some time he was
managing editor of "The Chicago News" and is
now (1898) the Washington Correspondent of
"The Chicago Record."
CUSHMAN, (Col.) William H. W., financier
and manufacturer, was born at Freetown, Mass.,
May 13. 1818 ; educated at the American Literary,
Scientific and Military Academy, Norwich, Vt. ;
at 18 began a mercantile career at Middlebury,
and, in 1824, removed to La Salle County, 111.,
where he opened a country store, also built a mill
at Vermilionville; later was identified with many
large financial enterprises which generally
proved successful, thereby accumulating a for-
tune at one time estimated at 83,000,000. He was
elected as a Democrat to the Thirteenth and
Fourteenth General Assemblies (1843 and '44)
and, for several years, held a commission as
Captain of the Ottawa Cavalry (militia). The
Civil War coming on, he assisted in organizing
the Fifty -third Illinois Volunteers, and was com-
missioned its Colonel, but resigned Sept. 3, 1863.
He organized and was principal owner of the
Bank of Ottawa, which, in 1865, became the First
National Bank of that city; was the leading
spirit in the Hydraulic Company and the Gas
Company at Ottawa, built and operated the
Ottawa IMachine Shops and Foundry, speculated
largely in lands in La Salle and Cook Counties —
his operations in the latter being especially large
about Riverside, as well as in Chicago, was a
principal stockholder in the bank of Cush-
nian & Hardin in Chicago, had large interests in
the Imnber trade in Michigan, and was one of
the builders of the Chicago, Paducah & South-
western Railroad. The Chicago fire of 1871,
however, brought financial disaster upon him,
which finally dissipated his fortune and de-
stroyed his mental and physical health. His
death occuiTed at Ottawa, Oct. 38, 1878.
DALE, Michael (i., lawyer, was born in Lan-
caster, Pa., spent his childhood and youth in the
public schools of his native city, except one year
in West Chester Academy, when he entered
Pennsylvania College at Gettysburg, graduating
there in 1835. He then began the study of law
and was admitted to the bar in 1837; coming to
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
137
Illinois the following year, he was retained in a
suit at Greenville, Bond County, which led to his
employment in others, and finally to opening an
office there. In 1839 he was elected Probate
Judge of Bond County, remaining in office four-
teen years, meanwhile being commissioned Major
of the State Militia in 1844, and serving as mem-
ber of a Military Court at Alton in 1847 ; was also
the Delegate from Bond County to the State Con-
stitutional Convention of 1847. In 1853 he re-
signed the office of County Judge in Bond County
to accept that of Register of the Land office at
Edwardsville, where he continued to reside, fill-
ing the office of County Judge in Madison County
five or si.x terms, besides occupying some subordi-
nate positions. Judge Dale married a daughter
of Hon. William L. D. Ewing. Died at Edwards-
ville, April 1, 1895.
DALLAS CITY, a town of Hancock County, at
the intersection of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa
Fe and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, Rail-
roads, 16 miles south of Burlington. It has
manufactories of lumber, woolen goods, carriages
and wagons and a weekly newspaper. Popula-
tion (1880), 829; (1890), 747; (1900), 970.
DANENHOWER, John Wilson, Arctic explorer,
was born in Chicago, Sept. 30, 1849 — the son of
W. W. Danenhower, a journalist. After passing
through the schools of Chicago and Washington,
he graduated from the United States Naval Acad-
emy at AnnapoUs in 1870, was successively com-
missioned as Ensign, Master and Lieutenant, and
served on expeditions in the North Pacific and in
the Mediterranean. In 1878 he joined the Arctic
steamer Jeannette at Havre, France, as second in
command under Lieut. George W. De Long ; pro-
ceeding to San Francisco in July, 1879, the
steamer entered the Arctic Ocean by way of
Behring Straits. Here, having been caught in an
ice-pack, the vessel was held twenty-two months,
Lieutenant Danenhower meanwhile being dis-
abled mostof the time by ophthalmia. The crew,
as last compelled to abandon the steamer, dragged
their boats over the ice for ninety-five days until
the}' were able to launch them in open water,
but were soon separated by a gale. The boat
commanded by Lieutenant Danenhower reached
the Lena Delta, on the north coast of Siberia,
where the crew were rescued by natives, landing
Sept. 17; 1881. After an ineffectual search on
the delta for the crews of the other two boats,
Lieutenant Danenhower, with his crew, made
the journey of 6,000 miles to Orenburg, finally
arriving in the United States in June, 1882. He
has told the story of the expedition in "The
Narrative of the Jeannette," published in 1883.
Died, at Annapolis, Md., April 20, 1887.
DANVERS, a village of McLean County, on the
Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis
Railway. The section is agricultural. The town
has a bank and a newspaper. Population (1880),
460; (1890), .506; (1900), 607.
DANVILLE, the county-seat and principal
town of Vermilion County, situated on the Ver-
milion River. Four important lines of railroad
intersect here. The town contains car-shops and
numerous factories and is in the heart of a coal
mining district. Danville is the seat of the new
Soldiers' and Sailors' Home established by the
General Government a few years ago. It has a
number of churches, five graded and one high
school, several banks and six newspapers, tliree
publishing daily editions. Population (1880),
7,753; (1890), 11,491; (1900), 16,354. -
DANVILLE, OLNEY, & OHIO RIVER RAIL-
ROAD. (See Chicago & Ohio River Railroad.)
DANVILLE, URBANA, BLOOMINGTON &
PEKIN RAILROAD. (See Peoria & Eastern
Railroad.)
D'ARTAIGUIETTE, Pierre, a French com-
mandant of Illinois from 1734 to 1736, having
been appointed by Bienville, then Governor of
Louisiana. He was distinguished for gallantry
and courage. He defeated the Natchez Indians,
but, in an unsuccessful expedition against the
Chickasaws, was wounded, captured and burned
at the stake.
DAVENPORT, Georgre, soldier, pioneer and
trader, born in Lincolnshire, England, in 1783,
came to this country in 1804, and soon after
enlisted in the United States army, with the rank
of sergeant. He served gallantly on various
expeditions in the West, where he obtained a
knowledge of the Indians which was afterward
of great value to him. During the War of 1812
his regiment was sent East, where he partici-
pated in the defense of Fort Erie and in other
enterprises. In 1815, his term of enlistment hav-
ing expired and the war ended, he entered the
service of the contract commissary. He selected
the site for Fort Armstrong and aided in planning
and supervising its construction. He cultivated
friendly relations with the surrounding tribes,
and, in 1818, built a double log house, married,
and engaged in business as a fur-trader, near the
site of the present city of Rook Island. He had
the confidence and respect of the savages, was
successful and his trading posts were soon scat-
tered through Illinois, Iowa and Wisconsin. In
1823 he piloted the first steamboat through the
138
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
upper Mississippi, and, in 1825, was appointed the
first postmaster at Rock Island, being the only
white civilian resident there. In 1826 he united
liis business with that of the American Fur Com-
pany, in whose service he remained. Although
he employed every effort to induce President
Jackson to make a payment to Black Hawk and
his followers to induce them to emigrate across
the Mississippi voluntarily, when that Chief
commenced hostilities, Mr. Davenport tendered
his services to Governor Reynolds, by whom he
was commissioned Quartermaster-General with
the rank of Colonel. Immigration increased
rapidly after the close of the Black Hawk War
In 1835 a company, of which he was a member,
founded the town of Davenport, opposite Rock
Island, which was named in his honor. In 1837
and '43 he was largely instrumental in negoti-
ating treaties by which the Indians ceded their
lands in Iowa to the United States. In the
latter year he gave up the business of fur-trading,
liaving accumulated a fortune through hard
labor and scrupulous integrity, in the face often
(if grave perils. He bad large business interests in
nearly every town in his vicinity, to all of which
he gave more or less personal attention. On the
night of July 4, 1843, he was assassinated at his
home by robbers. For a long time the crime was
shrouded in mystery, but its perpetrators were
ultimately detected and brought to punishment.
DAVIS, David, jurist and United States
Senator, was born in Cecil County, Md., March
9, 1815; pursued his academic studies at Kenyon
College, Ohio, and studied law at Yale. He settled
at Bloomington, III, in 1836, and, after practicing
law there until 1844, was elected to the lower house
of the Fourteenth General Assembly. After
serving in the Constitutional Convention of 1847,
he was elected Judge of the Eighth Judicial
Circuit under the new Constitution in 1848, being
re-elected in 1855 and "61. He was a warm, per-
sonal friend of Abraham Lincoln, who, in 1863,
placed him upon the bench of the United States
Supreme Court. He resigned his high judicial
honors to become United States Senator in 1877
as successor to Logan's first term. On Oct. 13,
1881, he was elected President pro tem. of the
Senate, serving in this capacity to the end of his
term in 1885. He died at his home in Blooming-
ton, June 26, 1886.
DAVIS, George R., lawyer and Congressman,
was born at Three Rivers, Mass., January 3, 1840;
received a common school education, and a
classical course at Williston Seminary, Easthamp-
ton, Mass. From 1862 to 1865 he served in the
Union army, first as Captain in the Eighth
Massachusetts Infantry, and later as Major in the
Third Rhode Island Cavalry. After the war he
removed to Chicago, where he still resides. By-
profession he is a la%vyer. He took a prominent
part in the organization of the Chicago militia,
was elected Colonel of the First Regiment.
I. N. G., and was for a time the senior Colonel in
the State service. In 1876 he was an unsuccessful
Republican candidate for Congress, but was
elected in 1878, and re-elected in 1880 and 1882.
From 1886 to 1890 he was Treasurer of Cook
County. He took an active and influential part
in securing the location of the World's Columbian
Exposition at Chicago, and was Director-General
of the Exposition from its inception to its close,
by liis executive ability demonstrating the wis-
dom of his selection. Died Nov. 25, 1899.
DAVIS, Hasbrouck, soldier and journalist, was
born at Worcester, Mass., April 23, 1837, being
the son of John Davis, United States Senator and
Governor of Massachusetts, known in his lifetime
as ''Honest John Davis." The son came to Chi-
cago in 1855 and commenced the practice of
law ; in 1861 joined Colonel Voss in the organiza-
tion of the Twelfth Illinois Cavalry, being elected
Lieutenant-Colonel and, on the retirement of
Colonel Voss in 1863, succeeding to the colonelcy.
In March, 1865, he was brevetted Brigadier-Gen-
eral, remaining in active service until August,
1865, when be resigned. After the war he was.
for a time, editor of "The Chicago Evening Post,"
was City Attorney of the City of Chicago from
1867 to '69, but later removed to Massachusetts
Colonel Davis was drowned at sea, Oct. 19, 1870.
by the loss of the steamship Cambria, while on a
voyage to Europe.
DAVIS, James M., early lawyer, was born in
Barren County, Ky., Oct. 9, 1793, came to Illinois
in 1817, located in Bond County and is said to
have taught the first school in that county. He
became a lawyer and a prominent leader of the
Whig party, was elected to the Thirteenth Gen-
eral Assembly (1842) from Bond County, and to
the Twenty-first from Montgomery in 1858, hav-
ing, in the meantime, become a citizen of
Hillsboro ; was also a member of the State Consti-
tutional Convention of 1847. Mr. Davis was a
man of striking personal appearance, being over
six feet in height, and of strong individuality.
After the dissolution of tlie Whig party he identi-
fied himself with the Democracy and was an
intensely bitter opponent of the war policy of
the Government. Died, at Hillsboro, Sept. 17.
1806.
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
129
DATIS, John A., soldier, was born in Craw-
ford County, Pa., Oct. 25, 1823; came to Stephen-
son County, 111., in boyhood and served as
Representative in tlie General Assembly of 1857
and '59; in September, 1861, enlisted as a private,
was elected Captain and, on the organization of
the Forty-sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, at
Camp Butler, was commissioned its Colonel. He
participated in the capture of Fort Donelson,
and in the battle of Shiloh was desperately
wounded by a shot through the lungs, but
recovered in time to join his regiment before the
battle of Corinth, where, on Oct. 4, 18G2, he fell
mortally wounded, dying a few days after. On
receiving a request from some of his fellow-citi-
zens, a few daj's before his death, to accept a
nomination for Congress in the Freeport District,
Colonel Davis patriotically replied: "I can serve
my country better in following the torn banner
of my regiment in the battlefield."
DAVIS, Levi, lawyer and State Auditor, was
born in Cecil County, Md., July 20, 1806; gradu-
ated at Jefferson College. Pa., in 1828, and was
admitted to the bar at Baltimore in 1830. Tlie
following year he removed to Illinois, settling at
Vandalia, then the capital. In 1835 Governor
Duncan appointed him Auditor of Public
Accoiints, to which ofHce he was elected by the
Legislature in 1837, and again in 1838, In
18-16 he took up his residence at Alton. He
attained prominence at the bar and was, for
several years, attorney for the Chicago & Alton
and St. Louis, Alton & Ten-e Haute Railroad
Companies, in which he was also a Director.
Died, at Alton, March 4, 1897.
DAVIS, Nathan Smith, M.D., LL.D., physi-
cian, educator and editor, was born in Chenango
County, N. Y. , Jan. 9, 1817 ; took a classical and
scientific course in Cazenovia Seminary ; in 1837
graduated from the College of Physicians and
Surgeons, winning several prizes during his
course; the same year began practice at Bing-
hamton; spent two j-ears (1847-49) in New York
City, when he removed to Chicago to accept the
chair of Physiology and General Pathology in
Rush Medical College. In 1859 he accepted a
similar position in the Chicago Medical College
(now the medical department of Northwestern
University), where he still remains. Dr. Davis
has not only been a busy practitioner, but a volu-
minous writer on general and special topics con-
nected with his profession, having been editor at
different times of several medical periodicals,
including "The Chicago Medical Journal," "The
Medical Journal and Examiner," and "The
Journal of tlie American Medical Association. '
He has also been prominent in State, National
and International Medical Congresses, and is one
of the founders of the Northwestern University,
the Cliicago Academy of Sciences, the Chicago
Historical Society, the Illinois State Microscopi-
cal Society and the Union College of Law, besides
other scientific and benevolent associations.
DAVIS, Oliver L., lawyer, was born in New
York City, Dec. 20, 1819; after being in the
employ of the American Fur Company some
seven years, came to Danville, 111, in 1841 and
commenced studying law the next year; was
elected to the lower brancli of the Seventeenth
and Twentieth General Assemblies, first as a
Democrat and next (1856) as a Republican;
served on the Circuit Bench in 1861-66, and again
in 1873-79, being assigned in 1877 to the Appellate
bench. Died, Jan. 12, 1892.
DAWSON, John, early legislator, was born in
Virginia, in 1791; came to Illinois in 1827, set-
tling in Sangamon County ; served five terms in
the lower house of the General Assembly (1880,
'34, '36, '38 and '46), during a part of the time
being the colleague of Abraham Lincoln. He
was one of the celebrated "Long Nine" who repre-
sented Sangamon County at tlie time of the
removal of the State capital to Springfield ; was
also a member of the Constitutional Convention
of 1847. Died, Nov. 12, 1850.
DEAF AND DUMB, ILLINOIS INSTITU-
TION FOR EDUCATION OF, located at Jack-
sonville, established by act of the Legislature,
Feb. 23, 1839, and the oldest of the State
charitable institutions. Work was not begun
until 1842, but one building was ready for
partial occupancy in 1846 and was completed
in 1849. (In 1871 this building, then known
as the south wing, was declared unsafe, and
was razed and rebuilt.) The center building
was completed in 1852 and the north wing in
1857. Other additions and new buildings have
been added from time to time, such as new dining
halls, workshops, barns, bakery, refrigerator
house, kitchens, a gymnasium, separate cot-
tages for the sexes, etc. At present (1895) the
institution is probably the largest, as it is un-
questionably one of the best conducted, of its class
in the world. The number of pupils in 1894 was
716. Among its employes are men and women of
rii^e culture and experience, who have been con-
nected with it for more than a quarter of a
century.
DEARBORN, Lnther, lawyer and legislator,
was born at Plymouth, N. H., March 24, 1820,
130
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
and educated in Plymouth schools and at New
Hampton Academy; in youth removed to Dear-
born County, Ind., where he taught school and
served as deputy Circuit Clerk; then came to
Mason County, 111., and, in 1844, to Elgin. Here
he was elected Sheriff and, at the expiration of
his term, Circuit Clerk, later engaging in the
banking business, whicli proving disastrous in
1857, he returned to Mason County and began the
practice of law. He then spent some years in
Minnesota, finally returning to Illinois a second
time, resumed practice at Havana, served one
term m the State Senate (1876-80); in 1884
became member of a law firm in Chicago, but
retired in 1887 to accept the attorneyship of the
Chicago & Alton Railway, retaining this position
until his death, which occurred suddenly at
Springfield, April 5, 1889. For the last two j'ears
of his life Mr. Dearborn's residence was at
Aurora.
DECATUR, the county-seat of Macon County;
39 miles east of Springfield and one mile north of
the Sangamon River — also an important railway
center. Two coal shafts are operated outside the
city. It is a center for the grain trade, having
three elevators. Extensive car and repair shops
are located there, and several important manu-
facturing industries flourish, among them flouring
mills. Decatur has paved streets, water-works,
electric street railways, and excellent public
schools, including one of the best and most noted
High Schools in the State. Four newspapers are
published there, each issuing a daily edition.
Population (1890), 16,841; (1900), 20,754.
DECATUR EDITORIAL CONVENTION. (See
Anti-N^ebraska Editorial Conimtioii.)
DECATUR & EASTERN RAILWAY. (See
Indiana, Decatur &■ Western Raihcai/.)
DECATUR, MATTOON & SOUTHERN RAIL-
ROAD. (See Peoria, Decatur & Ei-ansi-illg
Railiray.)
DECATUR, SULLIVAN & MATTOON RAIL-
ROAD. (See Peoria, Decatur & Eminsville
Bailway. )
DEEP SNOW, THE, an event occurring in the
winter of 1830-81 and referred to by old settlers
of Illinois as constituting an epoch in State his-
tory. The late Dr. Julian M. Sturtevant, Presi-
dent of Illinois College, in an address to the "Old
Settlers" of Morgan County, a few years before
his death, gave the following account of it: "In
the interval between Christmas, 1830, and Janu-
ary, 1831, snow fell all over Central Illinois to a
depth of fully three feet on a level. Then came
a rain with weather so cold that it froze as it
fell, forming a crust of ice over this three feet of
snow, nearly, if not quite, strong enough to bear
a man, and finally over this crust there were a
few inches of snow. The clouds passed away
and the wind came down upon us from the north-
west with extraordinary ferocity. For weeks —
certainly not less than two weeks — the mercury
in the thermometer tube was not, on any one
morning, higher than twelve degrees below zero.
This snow-fall produced constant sleighing for
nine weeks." Other contemporaneous accounts
say that this storm caused great suffering among
both men and beasts. The scattered settlers, un-
able to reach the mills or produce stores, were
driven, in some cases, to great extremity for
supplies; mills were stopped by the freezing up
of streams, while deer and other game, sinking
through the crust of snow, were easily captured
or perished for lack of food. Birds and domestic
fowls often s^iffered a like fate for want of sus-
tenance or from the severity of tlie cold.
DEERE, John, manufacturer, was born at
Middlebury, Vt., Feb. 7, 1804; learned the black-
smith trade, which he followed until 1838, when
he came west, settling at Grand Detour, in Ogle
County ; ten years later removed to Moline, and
there founded the plow-works which bear his
name and of which he was President from 1868
until his death in 1886.— Charles H. (Deere), son
of the preceding, was born in Hancock. Addison
County Vt., March 28, 1837; educated in the
common schools and at Iowa and Knox Acad-
emies, and Bell's Commercial College, Chicago;
became assistant and head book-keeper, travel-
ing and purchasing agent of the Deere Plow
Company, and, on its incorporation, Vice-Presi-
dent and General Manager, until his father's
death, when he succeeded to the Presidency. He
is also the founder of the Deere & Mansur Corn
Planter Works, President of tlie Moline Water
Power Company, besides being a Director in
various other concerns and in the branch houses
of Deere & Co., in Kansas City, Des Moines,
Council Bluffs and San Francisco. Notwith-
standing his immense business interests, Mr.
Deere has found time for the discharge of public
and patriotic duties, as shown by the fact that he
was for years a member and Chairman of the
State Bureau of Labor Statistics ; a Commissioner
from Illinois to the Vienna International Exposi-
tion of 1873; one of the State Commissioners of
the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893; a
Presidential Elector f or the State-at-large in 1888,
and a delegate from his District to the National
Republican Convention at St. Louis, in 1896.
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
131
DEERING, William, manufacturer, was born
at Paris, Oxford County, Maine, April 26, 1826,
completed his education at the Readfield high
school, in 1843, engaged actively in manufactur-
ing, and during his time has assisted in establish-
ing several large, successful business enterprises,
including wholesale and commission dry-goods
houses in Portland, Maine, Boston and New York.
His greatest work has been the building up of the
Deering Manufacturing Company, a main feature
of which, for thirty years, has been the manu-
facture of Marsh harvesters and other agricultural
implements and appliances. This concern began
operation in Chicago about 1870, at the present
time (1899) occupying eighty acres in the north
part of the city and employing some 4,000 hands.
It is said to turn out a larger amount and greater
variety of articles for the use of the agriculturist
than any other establishment in the country,
receiving its raw material from many foreign
countries, including the Philippines, and distrib-
uting its products all over the globe. Mr. Deer-
ing continues to be President of the Company
and a principal factor in the management of its
immense business. He is liberal, public-spirited
and benevolent, and his business career has been
notable for tlie absence of controversies with his
employes. He has been, for a number of years,
one of the Trustees of the Northwestern Univer-
sity at Evanston, and, at the present time, is
President of the Board.
DE EAL6, a city in De Kalb County, 58 miles
west of Chicago. Of late years it has grown
rapidly, largely because of the introduction of
new industrial enterprises. It contains a large
wire drawing plant, barbed wire factories,
foundry, agricultural implement works, machine
shop, shoe factory and several minor manufac-
turing establishments. It has banks, a newspaper
ofEce issuing daily and weekly editions, a trade-
paper, nine churches and three graded schools.
It is the site of the Northern State Normal School,
located in 1895. Population (1880), 1,598; (1890),
2,579; (1900), 5,9(34.
DE KALB COUNTY, originally a portion of
La Salle County, and later of Kane ; was organized
in 1837, and named for Baron De Kalb, the
Revolutionary patriot. Its area is 650 square
miles and population (in 1900), 31,756. The land
is elevated and well drained, lying between Fox
and Rock Rivers. Prior to 1835 the land belonged
to the Pottawatomie Indians, who maintained
several villages and their own tribal government.
No sooner had the aborigines been removed than
white settlers appeared in large numbers, and,
in September, 1835, a convocation was held on
the banks of the Kishwaukee, to adopt a tempo-
rary form of government. The public lands in the
county were sold at auction in Chicago in 1843.
Sycamore (originally called Orange) is the
county-seat, and, in 1890, had a population of
2,987. Brick buildings were first erected at
Sycamore by J. S. Waterman and the brothers
Mayo. In 1854, H. A. Hough established the
first newspaper, "The Republican Sentinel."
Other prosperous towns are De Kalb (population,
2,579), Cortland, Malta and Somonauk. The sur-
face is generally rolling, upland prairie, with
numerous groves and wooded tracts along the
principal streams. Various lines of railroad trav-
erse the county, which embraces one of the
wealthiest rural districts in the State.
DE KALB & GREAT WESTERN RAILROAD.
(See Chicago Great Western Railway.)
DELAVAJf, a thriving city in Tazewell County,
on the line of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, at the
point of its intersection with the Pekin Division
of the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railway, 34
miles west-southwest of Bloomington and 24 miles
south of Peoria. Grain is extensively grown in
the adjacent territory, and much shipped from
Delavan. The business of the place supports two
banks, and two weekly papers are published. It
also has five churches and a graded school.
Population (1880), 1,340; (1890), 1,176; (1900), 1,304.
DEMENT, Henry Dodge, ex-Secretary of State,
was born at Galena, 111., in 1840 — the son of
Colonel John Dement, an early and prominent
citizen of the State, who held the office of State
Treasurer and was a member of the Constitu-
tional Conventions of 1847 and 1870. Colonel
Dement having removed to Dixon about 1845. the
subject of this sketch was educated there and at
Mount Morris. Having enlisted in the Thirteenth
Illinois Volunteer Infantry in 1861, he was elected
a Second Lieutenant and soon promoted to First
Lieutenant — also received from Governor Yates a
complimentary commission as Captain for gal-
lantry at Arkansas Post and at Chickasaw
Bayou, where the commander of his regiment,
Col. J. B. Wyman, was killed. Later he served
with General Curtis in Mississippi and in the
Fifteenth Army Corps in the siege of Vicksburg.
After leaving the army he engaged in the manu-
facturing business for some years at Dixon. Cap-
tain Dement entered the State Legislature by
election as Representative from Lee County in
1872, was re-elected in 1874 and, in 1876, was pro-
moted to the Senate, serving in the Thirtietli and
Thirty-first General Assemblies. In 1880 he was
132
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
chosen Secretary of State, and re-elected in 1884,
serving eight years. The last public position held
by Captain Dement was that of Warden of the
State Penitentiary at Joliet. to which he was
appointed in 1891. .serving two years. His
present home is at Oak Park, Cook County.
DEMENT, Johu, was born in Sumner County,
Tenn., in April, 1804. When 13 years old he
accompanied his parents to Illinois, settling in
Franklin Count}', of which he was elected Sheriff
in 1826, and which he represented in the General
Assemblies of 1828 and '30. He served with
distinction during the Black Hawk War, having
previously had experience in two Indian cam-
paigns. In 1831 he was elected State Treasurer
by the Legislature, but, in 1836, resigned this
ofiBce to represent Fa3-ette Count}' in the General
Assembly and aid in the fight against the removal
of the capital to Springfield. His efforts failing
of success, he removed to the northern part of the
State, finally locating at Dixon, where he became
extensively engaged in manufacturing. In 1837
President Van Buren appointed him Receiver of
Public Moneys, but he was removed by President
Harrison in 1841 ; was reappointed by Polk in
1845, only to be again removed by Taylor in 1849
and reappointed by Pierce in 1853. He held the
office from that date until it was abolished. He
was a Democratic Presidential Elector in 1844;
served in three Constitutional Conventions (1847,
'62, and "70), being Temporary President of the
two bodies last named. He was the father of
Hon. Denry D. Dement, Secretary of State of Illi-
nois from 1884 to 1888. He died at his home at
Dixon, Jan. 16, 1883.
DEXT, Thomas, lawyer, was bom in Putnam
County, 111. , Nov. 14, 1831 ; in his youth was
employed in the Clerk's office of Putnam County,
meanwhile studying law ; was admitted to the
bar in 1854, and, in 1856, opened an office in Chi-
cago; is still in practice and has served as
President, both of the Chicago Law Institute and
the State Bar Association.
DES PLAINES, a village of Cook County, at the
intersection of the Chicago & Northwestern and
the Wisconsin Central Railroads, 17 miles north-
west from Chicago ; is a dairying region. Popu-
lation (1880), 818; (1890), 986; (1900), 1,666.
DES PLAINES RIVER, a branch of the Illinois
River, which rises in Racine County, Wis., and,
after passing through Kenosha County, in that
State, and Lake County, 111., running nearly
parallel to the west shore of Lake Michigan
through Cook County, finally unites with the
Kankakee, about 13 miles southwest of JoUet, by
its confluence with the latter forming the Illinois
River. Its length is about 150 miles. The
Chicago Drainage Canal is constructed in the
valley of the Des Plaines for a considerable por-
tion of the distance between Chicago and Joliet.
DEWEY, (Dr.) Richard S., physician, alienist,
was born at Forestville, N. Y. , Dec. 6, 1845 ; after
receiving his primary education took a two years'
course in the literary and a three years" course in
the medical department of the Michigan Univer-
sity at Ann Arbor, graduating from the latter in
1869. He then began practice as House Physician
and Surgeon in the City Hospital at Brooklyn,
N. Y., remaining for a year, after which he
visited Europe inspecting hospitals and sanitary
methods, meanwhile spending six months in the
Prussian military service as Surgeon during the
Franco-Prussian War. After the close of the
war he took a brief course in the University of
Berlin, when, returning to the United States, he
was employed for seven years as Assistant Physi-
cian in the Northern Hospital for the Insane at
Elgin. In 1879 he was appointed Medical Super-
intendent of the Eastern Hospital for the Insane
at Kankakee, remaining until the accession of
John P. Altgeld to the Governorship in 1893.
Dr. Dewey's reputation as a specialist in the
treatment of the insane has stood among the
highest of his class.
DE WITT COUNTY, situated in the central
portion of the State ; has an area of 405 square
miles and a population (1900) of 18,972. The land
was originally owned by the Kickapoos and Potta-
watomies, and not until 1820 did the first perma-
nent white settlers occupy this region. The first
to come were Felix Jones, Prettyman Marvel,
William Cottrell, Samuel Glenn, and the families
of Scott, Lundy and Coaps. Previously, how-
ever, the first cabin had been built on the site of
the present Farmer City by Nathan Clearwater.
Zion Shugest erected the earliest grist-mill and
Burrell Post the first saw-mill in the county.
Kentuckians and Tennesseeans were the first im-
migrants, but not until the advent of settlers from
Ohio did permanent improvements begin to be
made. In 1835 a school house and Presbyterian
church were built at Waynesville. The county
was organized in 1839. and — with its capital
(Clinton) — was named after one of New York's
most distinguished Governors. It lies within the
great "corn belt," and is well watered by Salt
Creek and its branches. Most of the surface is
rolling prairie, interspersed with woodland.
Several lines of railway (among them the Illinois
Central) cross the county. Clinton had a popu-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
133
lation of 3,598 in 1890, and Farmer Cit}-, 1,367.
Both are railroad centers and have considerable
trade.
DE WOLF, Calvin, pioneer and philanthropist,
was born in Luzerne County, Pa., Feb. 18, 1815;
taken early in life to Vermont, and, at 19 years of
age, commenced teaching at Orwell, in that
State; spent one year at a manual labor school
in Ashtabula County, Ohio, and, in 1837, came to
Chicago, and soon after began teaching in Will
County, still later engaging in the same vocation
in Chicago. In 1839 he commenced the study of
law with Messrs. Spring & Goodrich and, in 1843,
was admitted to practice. In 1854 he was
elected a Justice of the Peace, retaining the
position for a quarter of a century, winning for
himself the reputation of a sagacious and incor-
ruptible public officer. Mr. De Wolf was an
original abolitionist and his home is said to have
been one of the stations on the "underground
railroad" in the days of slavery. Died Nov. 28, '99.
DEXTER, Wirt, la\vyer, born at Dexter, Mich.,
Oct. 25, 1831 ; was educated in the schools of his
native State and at Cazenovia Seminary, N. Y.
He was descended from a family of lawyers, his
grandfather, Samuel Dexter, having been Secre-
tary of War, and afterwards Secretary of the
Treasury, in the cabinet of the elder Adams.
Coming to Chicago at the beginning of his profes-
sional career, Mr. Dexter gave considerable
attention at first to his father's extensive lumber
trade. He was a zealous and eloquent supporter
of the Government during the Civil War, and
was an active member of the Relief and Aid
Society after the fire of 1871. His entire profes-
sional life was spent in Chicago, for several years
before his death being in the service of the Chi-
cago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Company as
its general solicitor and member of the executive
committee of tlie Board of Directors. Died in
Chicago, May 20, 1890.
DICKEY, Hugh Thompson, jurist, was born in
New York City, May 30, 1811 ; graduated from
Columbia College, read law and was admitted to
the bar. He visited Chicago in 1836, and four
years later settled there, becoming one of its
most influential citizens. Upon the organization
of the County Court of Cook County in 1845,
Mr. Dickey was appointed its Judge. In Septem-
ber, 1848, he was elected Judge of the Seventh
Judicial Circuit, practically without partisan
opposition, serving until the expiration of his
term in 1853. He was prominently identified
with several important commercial enterprises,
was one of the founders of the Chicago Library
Association, and one of the first Trustees of the
Illinois General Hospital of the Lakes, now Mercy
Hospital. In 1885 he left Chicago to take up his
residence in his native city. New York, where he
died, June 3, 1893.
DICKEY, Theophilns Lyie, lawyer and jurist,
was born in Bourbon County, Ky., Nov. 12, 1812,
the grandson of a Revolutionary soldier, gradu-
ated at the Miami (Ohio) University, and re-
moved to Illinois in 1834, settling at Macomb,
McDonough County, where he was admitted to
the bar in 1835. In 1836 he moved to Rushville,
where he resided three years, a part of the time
editing a Whig newspaper. Later he became a
resident of Ottawa, and, at the opening of the
Mexican War, organized a company of volun-
teers, of which he was chosen Captain. In 1861
he raised a regiment of cavalry which was
mustered into service as the Fourth Illinois
Cavalry, and of which he was commissioned
Colonel, taking an active part in Grant's cam-
paigns in the West. In 1865 he resigned his
commission and resumed the practice of his
profession at Ottawa. In 1866 he was an
unsuccessful candidate for Congressman for the
State-at-large in opposition to John A. Logan,
and, in 1868, was tendered and accepted the posi-
tion of Assistant Attorney-General of the United
States, resigning after eigliteen months' service.
In 1873 he removed to Chicago, and, in 1874, was
made Corporation Counsel. In December. 1875,
he was elected to the Supreme Court, vice W. K.
McAllister, deceased ; was re-elected in 1879, and
died at Atlantic City, July 33, 1885.
DISCIPLES OF CHRIST, THE, known also as
the Christian Church and as "Campbellites, "
having been founded by Alexander Campbell.
Many members settled in Illinois in the early
30's, and, in the central portion of the State, the
denomination soon began to flourish greatly.
Any one was admitted to membership who made
what is termed a scriptural confession of faith
and was baptized by immersion. Alexander
Campbell was an eloquent preacher and a man of
much native ability, as well as a born conver-
sationalist. The sect has steadily grown in
numbers and influence in the State. The United
States Census of 1890 showed 641 churches in tlie
State, with 368 ministers and an aggregate mem-
bership of 61,587, having 550 Sunday schools, with
50,000 pupils in attendance. The value of the
real property, which included 553 church edifices
(with a seating capacity of 155,000) and 30 parson-
ages, was $1,167,675. The denomination supports
Eureka CoUege, with an attendance of between
134
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
400 and 500 students, while its assets are valued
at §150,000. Total membership in the United
States, estimated at 750,000.
DIXON, an incorporated city, the county-seat
of Lee County. It lies on both sides of Rock
River and is the point of intersection of the
Illinois Central and the Chicago & Northwestern
Railroads; is 08 miles west of Chicago, and 25
miles south of Freeport. Rock River furnishes
abundant water power, and the manufacturing
interests of the city are considerable, including
two foundries, a plow factory, box and stove
works, two flouring mills, two shoe factories, a
planing mill, and a condensed-milk factory.
There are two national banks, eight churches and
three newspaper oflices — two issuing daily edi-
tions. In schools the city particularly excels,
having several graded (grammar) schools, two
high schools, a Collegiate Institute and a Normal
School. Population (1890), 5,161; (1900), 7,917.
DIXOX, John, pioneer — the first white settler
in Lee County, 111., was born at Rye, West-
chester County, N. Y., Oct. 9, 1784; at 31 removed
to New York City, where he was in business some
fifteen years. In 1820 he set out with his family
for the West, traveling by land to Pittsburg,
and thence by flat-boat to Shawneetown. Having
disembarked his horses and goods here, he pushed
out towards the northwest, passing the vicinity
of Springfield, and finally locating on Fancy
Creek, some nine miles north of the present site
of that city. Here he remained some five years,
in that time serving as foreman of the first Sanga-
mon County Grand Jury. The new county of
Peoria having been established in 1825, he was
offered and accepted the appointment of Circuit
Clerk, removing to Fort Clark, as Peoria was
then called. Later he became contractor for
carrying the mail on the newly established route
between Peoria and Galena. Compelled to pro-
vide means of crossing Rock River, he induced a
French and Indian half-breed, named Ogee, to
take charge of a ferry at a point afterwards
known as Ogee's Ferry. The tide of travel to the
lead-mine region caused both the mail-route and
the ferry to prove profitable, and, as the half-
breed ferryman could not endure prosperity, Mr.
Dixon was forced to buy him out. removing his
family to this point in April. 1830. Here he
established friendly relations with the Indians,
and, during the Black Hawk War ,two years later,
was enabled to render valuable service to the
State. His station was for many years one of
the most important points in Northern Illinois,
and among the men of national reputation who
were entertained at different times at his home,
may be named Gen. Zachary Taylor, Albert Sid-
ney Johnston, Gen. Winfield Scott, Jefferson
Davis, Col. Robert Anderson, Abraham Lincoln,
Col. E. D. Baker and many n^ore. He bought the
land where Dixon now stands in 1835 and laid off
the town ; in 1838 was elected by the Legislature
a member of the Board of Public Works, and, in
1840, secured the removal of the land office from
Galena to Dixon. Colonel Dixon was a delegate
from Lee County to the Republican State Con-
vention at Bloomington, in Hay, 1856, and,
although then considerably over 70 years of age,
spoke from the same stand with Abraham Lin-
coln, his presence producing much enthusiasm.
His death occurred, July 6, 1876.
DOANE, John Wesley, merchant and banker,
was born at Thompson, Windham County, Conn.,
March 23, 1833; was educated in the common
schools, and, at 22 years of age, came to Chicago
and opened a small grocerj- store which, by 1870,
had become one of the most extensive concerns
of its kind in the Northwest. It was swept out
of existence by the fire of 1871, but was re-estab-
lished and, in 1872, transferred to other parties,
although Mr. Doane continued to conduct an
importing business in many lines of goods used in
the grocery trade. Having become interested in
the Merchants' Loan & Trust Company, he was
elected its President and has continued to act in
that capacity. He is also a stockholder and a
Director of the Pullman Palace Car Company,
the Allen Paper Car Wheel Company and the
Illinois Central Railroad, and was a leading
promoter of the World's Columbian Exposition of
1893 — being one of those wlio guaranteed the
$5,000,000 to be raised by the citizens of Chicago
to assure the success of the enterprise.
DOLTON STATION, a village of Cook County,
on the Chicago & Eastern Illinois, the Chicago &
Western Indiana, and the Pittsburg, Cincinnati,
Chicago & St. Louis Railroads, 16 miles south of
Chicago ; has a carriage factory, a weekly paper,
churches and a graded school. Population ( 1880 )
448; (1890). 1,110; (1900), 1,239.
DONCJOLA, a village in Union County, on the
Illinois Central Railroad, 27 miles north of Cairo.
Population (1880), 599; (1890), 733; (1900), 681.
DOOLITTLE, James Rood, United States
Senator, was born in Hampton, Washington
County, N. Y., Jan 3, 1815; educated at Middle-
bury and Geneva (now Hobart) Colleges, admitted
to the bar in 1837 and practiced at Rochester and
Warsaw, N. Y. ; was elected District Attorney of
Wyoming Count}', N. Y.. in 1845, and, in 1851.
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
135
removed to Wisconsin ; two years later was
elected Circuit Judge, but resigned in 1856, and
the following year was elected as a Democratic-
Republican to the United States Senate, being
re-elected as a Republican in 1863. Retiring
from public life in 1869, he afterwards resided
chiefly at Racine, Wis., though practicing in the
courts of Chicago. He was President of the
National Union Convention at Philadelphia in
1866, and of the National Democratic Convention
of 1873 in Baltimore, which endorsed Horace
Greeley for President. Died, at Edgewood, R. I.,
July 27, 1897.
DORE, John Clark, first Superintendent of
Chicago City Schools, was born at Ossipee, N. H.,
March 22, 1822; began teaching at 17 years of age
and graduated at Dartmouth College in 1847;
then taught several years and, in 1854, was
offered and accepted the position of Superintend-
ent of City Schools of Chicago, but resigned two
years later. Afterwards engaging in business,
he served as Vice-President and President of
the Board of Trade, President of the Com-
mercial Insurance Company and of the State
Savings Institution ; was a member of the State
Senate, 1868-72, and has been identified with
various benevolent organizations of the city of
Chicago. Died in Boston, Mass., Dec, 14, 1900.
DOUGHERTY, John, lawyer and Lieutenant-
Governor, was born at Marietta, Ohio, May 6,
1806; brought by his parents, in 1808, to Cape
Girardeau, Mo., where they remained until after
the disastrous earthquakes in that region in
1811-12, when, his father having died, his mother
removed to Jonesboro, 111. Here he finally read
law with Col. A. P. Field, afterwards Secretary
of State, being admitted to the bar in 1831 and
early attaining prominence as a successful
criminal lawyer. He soon became a recognized
political leader, was elected as a member of the
House to the Eighth General Assembly (1832)
and re-elected in 1834, '36 and "40, and again in
1856. and to the Senate in 1842, serving in the
latter body until the adoption of the Constitution
of 1848. Originally a Democrat, he was, in 1858,
the Administration (Buchanan) candidate for
State Treasurer, as opposed to the Douglas wing
of the party, but, in 1861, became a strong sup-
porter of Abraham Lincoln. He served as Presi-
dential Elector on the Republican ticket in 1864
and in 1872 (the foiiner year for the State- at-
large), in 1868 was elected Lieutenant-Governor
and, in 1877, to a seat on the criminal bench,
serving until June, 1879. Died, at Jonesboro,
Sept. 7, 1879.
DOUGLAS, John M., lawyer and Railway
President, was born at Plattsburg, Clinton
County, N. Y., August 22, 1819; read law three
years in his native city, then came west and
settled at Galena, 111., where he was admitted to
the bar in 1841 and began practice. In 1856 he
removed to Chicago, and, the following year,
became one of the solicitors of the Illinois Central
Railroad, with which he had been associated as
an attorney at Galena. Between 1861 and 1876
he was a Director of the Company over twelve
years; from 1865 to 1871 its President, and again
for eighteen months in 1875-76, when he retired
permanently. Mr. Douglas' contemporaries speak
of him as a lawyer of great ability, as well
as a capable executive officer. Died, in Chicago,
March 25, 1891.
DOUGLAS, Stephen Arnold, statesman, was
born at Brandon, Vt., April 23, 1813. In conse-
quence of the death of his father in infancy,
his early educational advantages were limited.
When fifteen he applied himself to the cabinet-
maker's trade, and, in 1830, accompanied his
mother and step-father to Ontario County, N. Y.
In 1832 he began the study of law, but started for
the West in 1833. He taught school at Win-
chester, 111., reading law at night and practicing
before a Justice of the Peace on Saturdays. He
was soon admitted to the bar and took a deep
interest in politics. In 1835 he was elected Prose-
cuting Attorney for Morgan County, but a few
months later resigned this office to enter the
lower house of the Legislature, to which he was
elected in 1836. In 1838 he was a candidate for
Congress, but was defeated by John T. Stuart, his
Whig opponent; was appointed Secretary of
State in December, 1840, and, in February, 1841,
elected Judge of the Supreme Covirt. He was
elected to Congress in 1842, '44 and '46, and, in
the latter year, was chosen United States Sena-
tor, taking his seat March 4, 1847, and being
re-elected in 1853 and '59. His last canvass was
rendered memorable through his joint debate, in
1858, before the people of the State with Abraham
Lincoln, whom he defeated before the Legisla-
ture. He was a candidate for the presidential
nomination before the Democratic National
Conventions of 1853 and '56. In 1860, after having
failed of a nomination for the Presidency at
Charleston, S. C, through the operation of the
"two thirds rule," he received the nomination
from the adjourned convention held at Baltimore
six weeks later — though not until the delegates
from nearly all the Southern States had with-
drawn, the seceding delegates afterwards nomi-
136
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
nating John C. Breckenridge. Although defeated
for the Presidency by Lincohi, his old-time
antagonist, Douglas yielded a cordial support to
the incoming administration in its attitude
toward the seceded States, occupying a place of
honor beside Mr. Lincoln on the portico of the
capitol during the inauguration ceremonies. As
politician, orator and statesman, Douglas had
few superiors. Quick in perception, facile in
expedients, ready in resources, earnest and
fearless in utterance, he was a born "leader of
men." His shortness of stature, considered in
relation to his extraordinary mental acumen,
gained for him the sobriquet of the "Little
Giant." He died in Chicago, June 3, 1861.
DOUCiLAS COUNTY, lying a little east of the
center of the State, embracing an area of 410
square miles and having a population (1900) of
10,097. The earliest land entry was made by
Harrison Gill, of Kentucky, whose patent was
signed by Andrew Jackson. Another early
settler was John A. Richman, a West Virginian,
who erected one of the first frame houses in
the county in 1829. The Embarras and Kas-
kaskia Rivers flow through the county, which is
also crossed by the Wabash and Illinois Central
Railways. Douglas County was organized in
1857 (being set off from Coles) and named in
honor of Stephen A. Douglas, then United States
Senator from Illinois. After a sharp struggle Tus-
cola was made the county-seat. It has been
visited by several disastrous conflagrations, but
is a thriving town, credited, in 1890, with a
population of 1,897. Other important towns are
Areola (population, 1,733), and Camargo, which
was originally known as New Salem.
DOWNER'S GROVE, a village of Du Page
County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy
Railroad, 21 miles west-southwest from Chicago,
It has a bank and a newspaper. Population
(1880), 586; (1890), 900; (1900), 3,103.
DOWKINti, Finis Ewin^, ex-Congressman and
lawyer, was born at Virginia, III., August 24,
1846 ; reared on a farm and educated in the public
and private schools of his native town; from 1865
was engaged in mercantile pursuits until 1880,
when he was elected Clerk of the Circuit Court
of Cass County, serving three successive terms ;
read law and was admitted to the bar in Decem-
ber, 1887. In August, 1891, he became interested
in "The Virginia Enquirer" (a Democratic
paper), which he has since conducted; was
elected Secretary of the State Senate in 1893,
and, in 1894, was returned as elected to the Fifty-
fourth Congress from the Sixteenth District by a
plurality of forty votes over Gen. John I. Rinaker,
the Republican nominee. A contest and recount
of the ballots resulted, however, in awarding the
seat to General Rinaker. In 1896 Mr. Downing
was the nominee of his party for Secretary of
State, but was defeated with the rest of his ticket.
DRAKE, Francis Marion, soldier and Governor,
was born at Rushville, Schuyler County, 111.,
Dec. 30, 1830; early taken to Drakesville, Iowa,
which his father founded ; entered mercantile
life at 10 years of age ; crossed the plains to Cali-
fornia in 1852, had experience in Indian warfare
and, in 1859, established himself in business at
Unionville, Iowa; served through the Civil War,
becoming Lieutenant-Colonel and retiring in
1865 with the rank of Brigadier-General by
brevet. He re-entered mercantile life after the
war, was admitted to the bar in 1866, subsequently
engaged in railroad building and, in 1881, contrib-
buted the bulk of the fimds for founding Drake
University; was elected Governor of Iowa in
1895, serving until January, 1898.
DRAPER, Andrew Sloan, LL.D., lawyer and
educator, was born in Otsego County, N. Y.,
June 21, 1848 — being a descendant, in the eighth
generation, from the "Puritan," James Draper,
who settled in Boston in 1647. In 1855 Mr.
Draper's parents settled in Albany, N. Y., where
he attended school, winning a scholarship in the
Albany Academy in 1863, and graduating from
that institution in 1866. During the next four
years he was employed in teaching, part of the
time as an instructor at his alma mater ; but, in
1871, graduated from the Union College Law
Department, when he began practice. The rank
he attained in the profession was indicated by
his appointment by President Arthur, in 1884,
one of the Judges of the Alabama Claims Com-
mission, upon which he served until the conclu-
sion of its labors in 1886. He had previously
served in the New York State Senate (1880) and,
in 1884, was a delegate to the Republican National
Convention, also serving as Chairman of the
Republican State Central Committee the same
year. After his return from Em-ope in 1886, he
.served as State Superintendent of Public Instruc-
tion of New York until 1892, and, in 1889. and
again in 1890, was President of the National
Association of School Superintendents. Soon
after retiring from the State Superintendency in
New York, he was chosen Superintendent of
Public Schools for the city of Cleveland, Ohio,
remaining in that position until 1894, when he
was elected President of the University of Illinois
at Champaign, where he now is. His adminis-
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS.
137
tration has been characterized by enterprise and
sagacity, and has tended to promote the popular-
ity and prosperity of the institution.
DRESSER, Charles, clergyman, was born at
Pomfret, Conn., Feb. 34, 1800; graduated from
Brown University in 1833, went to Virginia,
where he studied theology and was ordained a
minister of the Protestant Episcopal Church. In
1838 he removed to Springfield, and became rector
of St. Paul's Episcopal Church there, retiring in
1858. On Nov. 4, 1843, Mr. Dresser performed the
ceremony uniting Abraham Lincoln and Mary
Todd in marriage. He died, March 25, 1865.
DRUMMOND, Thomas, jurist, was born at
Bristol Mills, Lincoln County, Maine, Oct. 16,
1809. After graduating from Bowdoin College, in
1830, he studied law at Philadelphia, where he was
admitted to the bar in 1833. He settled at
Galena, 111., in 1835, and was a member of the
General Assembly in 1840-41. In 1850 he was
appointed United States District Judge for the
District of Illinois as successor to Judge Nathaniel
Pope, and four years later removed to Chicago.
Upon the division of the State into two judicial
districts, in 1855, he was assigned to the North-
ern. In 1869 he was elevated to the bench of the
United States Circuit Court, and presided over
the Seventh Circuit, which at that time included
the States of Indiana, Illinois and Wisconsin. In
1884 — at the age of 75 — he resigned, living in
retirement until his death, which occurred at
Wheaton. Ill, May 15, 1890.
DUBOIS, Jesse Kilg'ore, State Auditor, was
born, Jan. 14, 1811, in Lawrence County, 111.,
near Vincennes, Ind., where his father, Capt.
Toussaint Dubois, had settled about 1780. The
latter was a native of Canada, of French descent,
and, after settling in the Northwest Territory,
had been a personal friend of General Harrison,
under whom he served in the Indian wars,
including the battle of Tippecanoe. The son
received a partial collegiate education at Bloom-
ington, Ind., but, at 24 years of age (1834), was
elected to the General Assembly, serving in the
same House with Abraham Lincoln, and being
re-elected in 1836, '38, and '43. In 1841 he was
appointed by President Harrison Register of the
Land Office at Palestine, 111., but soon resigned,
giving his attention to mercantile pursuits until
1849, when he was appointed Receiver of Public
Moneys at Palestine, but was removed by Pierce
in 1853. He was a Delegate to the first Repub-
lican State Convention, at Bloomington, in 1856,
and, on the recommendation of Mr. Lincoln, was
nominated for Auditor of Public Accounts,
renominated in 1860, and elected both times. In
1864 he was a candidate for the nomination of
his party for Governor, but was defeated by
General Oglesby, serving, however, on the
National Executive Committee of that year, and
as a delegate to the National Convention of 1868.
Died, at his home near Springfield, Nov. 33, 1876.
— Fred T. (Dubois), son of the preceding, was
born in Crawford County, 111., May 29, 1851;
received a common-school and classical educa-
tion, graduating from Yale College in 1873 ; was
Secretary of the Illinois Railway and Warehouse
Commission in 1875-76; went to Idaho Territory
and engaged in business in 1880, was appointed
United States Marshal there in 1883, serving until
1886; elected as a RepubUcan Delegate to the
Fiftieth and Fifty-first Congresses, and, on the
admission of Idaho as a State (1890), became
one of the first United States Senators, his term
extending to 1897. He was Chairman of the
Idaho delegation in the National Republican
Convention at Minneapolis in 1893, and was a
member of the National Republican Convention
at St. Louis in 1896, but seceded from that body
with Senator Teller of Colorado, and has since
cooperated with the Populists and Free Silver
Democrats.
DUCAT, Arthur Charles, soldier and civil
engineer, was born in Dublin, Ireland, Feb. 34,
1830, received a liberal education and became a
civil engineer. He settled in Chicago in 1851,
and six years later was made Secretary and Chief
Siirveyor of the Board of Under\vriters of that
city. While acting in this capacity, he virtually
revised the schedule system of rating fire-risks.
In 1861 he raised a company of 300 engineers,
sappers and miners, but neither the State nor
Federal authorities would accept it. Thereupon
he enlisted as a private in the Twelfth Illinois
Volunteers, but liis ability earned him rapid
promotion. He rose through the grades of Cap-
tain, Major and Lieutenant-Colonel, to that of
Colonel, and was brevetted Brigadier-General in
February, 1864. Compelled by sickness to leave the
army. General Ducat returned to Chicago,
re-entering the insurance field and finally, after
holding various responsible positions, engaging
in general business in that line. In 1875 he was
entrusted with the task of reorganizing the State
militia, which he performed with signal success.
Died, at Downer's Grove, III. Jan. 39, 1896.
DUELS AND ANTI-DUELING LAWS. Al-
though a majority of the population of Illinois,
in Territorial days, came from Southern States
where the duel was widely regarded as the jjroper
138
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
mode for settling "difficulties" of a personal
character, it is a curious fact that so few "affairs
of honor" (so-called) should have occurred on
Illinois soil. The first "affair" of this sort of
which either history or tradition has handed
down any account, is said to have occurred
between an English and a French officer at the
time of the surrender of Fort Chartres to the
British in 1765. and in coimection with that
event. The officers are said to have fought with
small swords one Sunday morning near the Fort,
when one of them was killed, but the name of
neither the victor nor the vanquished has come
down to the present time. Gov. John Reynolds.
who is the authority for the story in his "Pioneer
History of Illinois," claimed to have received it
in his boyhood from an aged Frenchman who
represented that he had seen the combat.
An affair of less doubtful authenticity has come
down to us in tlie history of the Territorial
period, and, although it was at first bloodless, it
finally ended in a tragedy. This was the Jones-
Bond affair, which originated at Kaskaskia in
1808. Rice Jones was the son of John Rice Jones,
the first English-speaking lawyer in the "Illinois
Country." The younger Jones is described as an
exceptionally brilliant young man who, having
studied law, located at Kaskaskia in 1806. Two
years later he became a candidate for Represent-
ative from Randolph County in the Legislature
of Indiana Territory, of which Illinois was a part.
In the course of the canvass which resulted in
Jones' election, he became involved in a quarrel
with Shadrach Bond, who was then a member of
the Territorial Council from the same county,
and afterwards became Delegate in Congress
from Illinois and the first Governor of the State.
Bond challenged Jones and the meeting took
place on an island in the Mississippi between
Kaskaskia and St. Genevieve. Bond's second
was a Dr. James Dunlap of Kaskaskia. who
appears also to have been a bitter enemy of Jones.
The discharge of a pistol in the hand of Jones
after the combatants had taken their places
preliminary to the order to "fire," raised the
question whether it was accidental or to be
regarded as Jones' fire. Dunlap maintained the
latter, but Bond accepted the explanation of his
adversary that the discharge was accidental, and
the generosity which he displayed led to expla-
nations that averted a final exchange of shots.
The feud thus started between Jones and Dunlap
grew until it involved a large part of the com-
munity. On Dec. 7, 1808, Dunlap shot down
Jones in cold blood and without warning in
the streets of Kaskaskia, killing him instantly.
The murderer fled to Texas and was never heard
of about Kaskaskia afterwards. Tliis incident
furnishes the basis of the most graphic chapter
in Mrs. Catherwood's story of "Old Kaskaskia."
Prompted by this tragical affair, no doubt, the
Governor and Territorial Judges, in 1810, framed a
stringent law for the suppression of dueling, in
which, in case of a fatal result, all parties con-
nected with the affair, as principals or .seconds,
were held to be guilty of murder.
Governor Reynolds furnishes the record of a
duel between Thomas Rector, the member of a
noted family of that name at Kaskaskia, and one
Joshua Barton, supposed to have occurred some-
time diu-ing the War of 181'.3, tliough no exact
dates are given. This affair took place on the
favorite dueling ground known as "Bloody
Island," opposite St. Louis, so often resorted to
at a later day, by devotees of "the code" in Mis-
souri. Rej'nolds says that "Barton fell in the
conflict."
The next affair of which history makes men-
tion grew out of a drunken carousel at Belleville,
in February, 1819, which ended in a duel between
two men named Alonzo Stuart and William
Bennett, and the killing of Stuart by Bennett.
The managers of the affair for the principals are
said to have agreed that the guns should be loaded
with blank cartridges, and Stuart was let into the
secret but Bennett was not. When the order to
fire came. Bennett's gun jjroved to have been
loaded with ball. Stuart fell mortally wounded,
expiring almost immediately. One report says
that the duel was intended as a sham, and was so
understood by Bennett, who was horrified by the
result. He and his two seconds were arrested for
murder, but Bennett broke jail and fled to
Arkansas. The seconds were tried, Daniel P.
Cook conducting the prosecution and Thomas H.
Benton defending, the trial resulting in their
acquittal. Two years later, Bennett was appre-
hended by some sort of artifice, put on his trial,
convicted and executed — Judge John Reynolds
(afterwards Governor) presiding and pronouncing
sentence.
In a footnote to "The Edwards Papers,"
edited by the late E. B. Washburne, and printed
under the auspices of the Chicago Historical
Society, a few years ago, Mr. Washburne relates
an incident occurring in Galena about 1838, while
"The Northwestern Gazette and Galena Adver-
tiser" was under the charge of Sylvester M.
Bartlett, who was afterwards one of the founders
of "The Quincy Whig." The story, as told by
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
139
Mr. Washburne, is as follows; "David G. Bates
(a Galena business man and captain of a packet
plying between St. Louis and Galena) wrote a
short communication for the paper reflecting on
the character of John Turney, a prominent law-
yer who had been a member of the House of
Representatives in 1838-30, from the District
composed of Pike, Adams, Fulton, Schuyler,
Peoria and Jo Daviess Counties. Turney de-
manded the name of the author and Bartlett gave
up the name of Bates. Turney refused to take
any notice of Bates and then challenged Bartlett
to a duel, wliich was promptly accepted by Bart-
lett. The second of Turney was the Hon. Joseph
P. Hoge, afterward a member of Congress from
the Galena District. Bartlett's second was
William A. Warren, now of Bellevue, Iowa."
(Warren was a prominent Union officer during
the Civil War.) "The parties went out to the
ground selected for the duel, in what was then
Wisconsin Territory, seven miles north of Galena,
and, after one ineffectual fixe, the matter was
compromised. Subsequently, Bartlett removed
to Quincy, and was for a long time connected
with the publication of 'The Quincy Whig.'"
During the session of the Twelfth General
Assembly (1841), A. R. Dodge, a Democratic
Representative from Peoria County, feeling him-
self aggx-ieved by some reflections indulged by Gen.
John J. Hardin (then a Whig Representative
from Morgan County ) upon the Democratic party
in connection with the partisan reorganization
of the Supreme Court, threatened to "call out"
Hardin. The affair was referred to W. L. D.
Ewing and W. A. Richardson for Dodge, and
J. J. Brown and E. B. Webb for Hardin, with
the result that it was amicably adjusted "honor-
ably to both parties."
It was diu-iug the same session that John A.
McClernand, then a young and fiery member
from Gallatin County — who had, two years
before, been appointed Secretary of State by
Governor Carlin, but had been debarred from
taking the office by an adverse decision of the
Supreme Court — indulged in a violent attack
upon the Whig members of the Court based upon
allegations afterwards shown to have been fur-
nished by Theophilus W. Smith, a Democratic
member of the same court. Smith having joined
his associates in a card denying the truth of the
charges, McClernand responded with the publi-
cation of the cards of persons tracing the allega-
tions directly to Smith himself. This brought a
note from Smith which McClernand construed into
a challenge and answered with a prompt accept-
ance. Attorney-General Lamborn, having got
wind of the affair, lodged a complaint with a
Springfield Justice of the Peace, wliich resulted
in placing the pugnacious jurist under bonds to
keep the peace, when he took his departure for
Chicago, and the "affair" ended.
An incident of greater historical interest than
all the others yet mentioned, was the affair in
which James Shields and Abraham Lincoln — the
former the State Auditor and the latter at that
time a young attorney at Springfield — were con-
cerned. A communication in doggerel verse had
appeared in "The Springfield Journal" ridiculing
the Auditor. Shields made demand upon the
editor (Mr. Simeon Francis) for the name of the
author, and, in accordance with previous under-
standing, the name of Lincoln was given. (Evi-
dence, later coming to light, showed that the real
authors were Miss Mary Todd — who. a few months
later, became Mrs. Lincoln — and Miss Julia Jayne,
afterwards the wife of Senator Trumbull.)
Shields, through John D. Whiteside, a former
State Treasurer, demanded a retraction of the
offensive matter — the demand being presented to
Lincoln at Tremont, in Tazewell County, where
Lincoln was attending court. Without attempt-
ing to follow the affair through all its complicated
details — Shields having assumed that Lincoln was
the author without further investigation, and
Lincoln refusing to make any explanation unless
the first demand was withdrawn — Lincoln named
Dr. E. H. Merriman as his second and accepted
Shield's challenge, naming cavalry broadswords
as the weapons and the Missouri shore, within
three miles of the city of Alton, as the place.
The principals, with their "friends," met at the
appointed time and place (Sept. 23, 1843, opposite
the city of Alton); but, in the meantime, mutual
friends, having been apprised of what was going
on, also appeared on the ground and brought
about* explanations which averted an actual con-
flict. Those especially instrumental in bringing
about tliis result were Gen. John J. Hardin of
Jacksonville, and Dr. R. W. English of Greene
County, while John D. Whiteside, W. L. D.
Ewing and Dr. T. M. Hope acted as represent-
atives of Shields, and Dr. E. H. Merriman,
Dr. A. T. Bledsoe and William Butler for Lincoln.
Out of this affair, within the next few days,
followed challenges from Shields to Butler and
Whiteside to Merriman ; but, although these were
accepted, yet owing to some objection on the part
of the challenging party to the conditions named
by the party challenged, thereby resulting in de-
lay, no meeting actually took place.
140
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Another affair which bore important results
without ending in a tragedy, occurred during the
session of the Constitutional Convention in 1847.
The parties to it were O. C. Pratt and Thompson
Campbell — both Delegates from Jo Daviess
Coimty, and both Democrats. Some sparring
between them over the question of suffrage for
naturalized foreigners resulted in an invitation
from Pratt to Campbell to meet him at the
Planters' House in St. Louis, with an intimation
that this was for the purpose of arranging the
preliminaries of a duel. Both parties were on
hand before the appointed time, but their arrest
by the St. Louis authorities and putting them
under heavy bonds to keep the peace, gave them
an excuse for returning to their convention
duties without coming to actual hostilities — if
they had such intention. This was promptly
followed by the adoption in Convention of the
provision of the Constitution of 1848. disqualify-
ing any person engaged in a dueling affair, either
as principal or second, from holding any office of
honor or profit in the State.
The last and principal affair of this kind of
historic significance, in which a citizen of Illinois
was engaged, though not on Illinois soil, was that
in which Congressman William H. Bissell, after-
wards Governor of Illinois, and Jefferson Davis
were concerned in February, 1S.")0. During the
debate on the "Compromise Measures" of that
year. Congressman Seddon of Virginia went out
of his way to indulge in implied reflections upon
the courage of Northern soldiers as displayed on
the battle-field of Buena Vista, and to claim for
the Mississippi regiment commanded by Davis
the credit of saving the day. Replying to these
claims Colonel Bissell took occasion to correct the
Virginia Congressman's statements, and especi-
ally to vindicate the good name of the Illinois and
Kentucky troops. In doing so he declared that,
at the critical moment alluded to by Se'ddon,
when the Indiana regiment gave way, Davis's
regiment was not within a mile and a half of the
scene of action. This was construed by Davis as
a reflection upon his troops, and led to a challenge
which was promptly accepted by Bissell, who
named the soldier's weapon (the common army
musket), loaded with ball and buckshot, with
forty paces as the distance, with liberty to
advance up to ten — otherwise leaving the pre-
liminaries to be settled by Iiis friends. The evi-
dence manifested by Bissell that he was not to be
intimidated, but was prepared to face death
itself to vindicate his own honor and that of his
comrades in the field, was a surprise to the South-
ern leaders, and tliey soon found a way for Davis
to withdraw his challenge on condition that
Bissell should add to his letter of acceptance a
clause awarding credit to the Mississippi regi-
ment for what they actually did, but without dis-
avowing or retracting a single word he had
uttered in his speech. In the meantime, it is said
that President Taylor, who was the father-in-law
of Davis, having been apprised of what was on
foot, had taken precautions to prevent a meeting
by instituting legal proceedings the night before
it was to take place, though this was rendered
unnecessary by the act of Davis himself. Thus,
Colonel Bissell's position was virtually (though
indirectly) justified by his enemies. It is true,
he was violently assailed by his political opponents
for alleged violation of the inliibition in the State
Constitution against dueling, especially when he
came to take the oath of office as Governor of
Illinois, seven years later ; but his course in "turn-
ing the tables" against his fire-eating opponents
aroused the enthusiasm of the North, while his
friends maintained that the act having been
performed beyond the jurisdiction of the State,
he was technically not guilty of any violation of
the laws.
While the provision in the Constitution of 1848,
against dueling, was not re-incorporated in that
of 1870, the laws on the subject are very strin-
gent. Besides imposing a penalty of not less than
one nor more tlian five years' imprisonment, or a
fine not exceeding §3,000, upon any one who, as
principal or second, participates in a duel with a
deadly weapon, whether such duel proves fatal
or not, or who sends, carries or accepts a chal-
lenge: the law also provides that any one con-
victed of such offense shall be disqualified for
holding "any office of profit, trust or emolument,
either civil or military, under the Constitution or
laws of this State." Any person leaving the
State to send or receive a challenge is subject to
the same penalties as if the offense had been
committed within the State : and any person who
may inflict upon his antagonist a fatal wound, as
the result of an engagement made in this State to
fight a duel beyond its jurisdiction — when the
person so wounded dies within this State — is held
to be guilty of murder and subject to punishment
for the same. The publishing of any person as a
coward, or the applj-ing to him of opprobrious or
abusive language, for refusing to accept a chal-
lenge, is declared to be a crime punishable by
fine or imprisonment.
DCFF, Andrew D., lawyer and Judge, was
born of a family of pioneer settlers in Bond
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
141
County, 111., Jan. 34, 1820; was educated in the
country schools, and, from 1842 to 1847, spent his
time in teaching and as a farmer. The latter
year he removed to Benton, Franklin County,
where he began reading law, but suspended his
studies to enlist in the Mexican War, serving as a
private; in 1849 was elected County Judge of
Franklin County, and, in the following year, was
admitted to the bar. In 1861 he was elected
Judge for the Twenty-sixth Circuit and re-
elected in 1867, serving until 1873. He also
served as a Delegate in the State Constitutional
Convention of 18G2 from the district composed of
Franklin and Jackson Counties, and, being a
zealous Democrat, was one of the leaders in
calling the mass meeting held at Peoria, in
August, 1864, to protest against the policy of the
Government in the prosecution of the war.
About the close of his last term upon the bench
(1873), he removed to Carbondale, where he con-
tinued to reside. In his later years he be-
came an Independent in politics, acting for
a time in cooperation with the friends of
temperance. In 1885 he was appointed by joint
resolution of the Legislature on a commission to
revise the revenue code of the State. Died, at
Tucson, Ariz., June 25, 1889.
DUNCAN, Joseph, Congressman and Gov-
ernor, was born at Paris, Ky., Feb. 22, 1794;
emigrated to Illinois in 1818, having previously
ser\-ed with distinction in the War of 1812, and
been presented with a sword, by vote of Congress,
for gallant conduct in the defense of Fort Stephen-
son. He was commissioned Major-General of
Illinois militia in 1823 and elected State Senator
from Jackson County in 1824. He served in the
lower house of Congress from 1837 to 1834, when
he resigned his seat to occupy the gubernatorial
chair, to which he was elected the latter year. He
was the author of the first free-school law,
adopted in 1825. His executive policy was con-
servative and consistent, and his administration
successful. He erected the first frame building
at Jacksonville, in 1834, and was a liberal friend
of Illinois College at that place. In his personal
character he was kindly, genial and unassuming,
although fearless in the expression of his convic-
tions. He was the Whig candidate for Governor
in 1843, when he met with his first political
defeat. Died, at Jacksonville, Jan. 15, 1844,
mourned by men of all parties.
DUNCAN, Thomas, soldier, was born in Kas-
kaskia, 111., April 14, 1809; served as a private in
the Illinois mounted voltinteers during the Black
Hawk War of 1833 ; also as First Lieutenant of
cavalry in the regular army in the Mexican War
(1846), and as Major and Lieutenant-Colonel
during the War of the Rebellion, still later doing
duty upon the frontier keeping the Indians in
check. He was retired from active service in
1878, and died in Washington, Jan. 7, 1887.
DUNDEE, a town on Fox River, in Kane
County, 5 miles (by rail) north of Elgin and 47
miles west- northwest of Chicago. It has two
distinct corporations — East and West Dundee —
but is progressive and united in action. Dairy
farming is one of the principal industries of the
adjacent region, and the town has a large cream-
ery and a cheese factory. It has good water-
power and there are flour and saw-miUs, besides
extensive brick and tile works; it also has a
bank, six churclies, a handsome high school
building, a pubUo library and two weekly news-
papers. Population (1890), 3.023; (1900), 2,765.
DUNHAM, John High, banker and Board of
Trade operator, was born in Seneca County,
N. Y., 1817; came to Chicago in 1844, engaged in
the wholesale grocery trade, and, a few years
later, took a prominent part in solving the ques-
tion of a water supply for the city ; was elected to
the Twentieth General Assembly (Is.JG) and the
next year assisted in organizing the Merchants'
Loan & Trust Company, of which he became the
first President, retiring five years later and re-
engaging in the mercantile business. While
Hon. Hugh McCullough was Secretary of the
Treasury, he was appointed National Bank
Examiner for Illinois, serving until 1866. He
was a member of the Chicago Historical Society,
the Academy of Sciences, and an early member
of the Board of Trade. Died, April 38, 1893,
leaving a large estate.
DUNHAM, Kansom TV., merchant and Con-
gressman, was born at Savoy, Mass., March 31,
1838 ; after graduating from the High School at
Springfield, Mass., in 1855, was connected with
the Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Com-
pany until August, 1860. In 1857 he removed
from Springfield to Chicago, and at the termina-
tion of his connection with the Insurance Com-
pany, embarked in the grain and provision
commission business in that city, and, in 1882,
was President of the Chicago Board of Trade.
From 1883 to 1889 he represented the First Illinois
District in Congress, after the expiration of his
last term devoting his attention to his large
private business. His death took place suddenly
at Springfield, Mass.. August 19, 1896.
DUNLAP, (Jeorge Lincoln, civil engineer and
Railway Superintendent, was born at Brunswick.
142
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Maine, in 1828 ; studied mathematics and engineer-
ing at Gorham Academy, and, after several
years' experience on the Boston & Maine and the
New York & Erie Railways, came west in 1855
and accepted a position as assistant engineer on
wliat is now the Chicago & Northwestern Rail-
road, finally becoming its General Superintend-
ent, and, in fourteen years of his connection with
that road, vastly extending its lines. Between
1872 and '79 he was connected with the Montreal
& Quebec Railway, but the latter j-ear returned
to Illinois and was actively connected with the
extension of the Wabash system until his retire-
ment a few years ago.
DUNLAP, Henry M., horticulturist and legis-
lator, was born in Cook County, 111., Nov. 14,
1853 — the son of M. L. Dunlap (the well-known
"Rural"), who became a prominent horticulturist
In Champaign County and was one of the found-
ers of the State Agricultural Society. The family
having located at Savoy, Champaign County,
about 1857, the younger Dunlap was educated in
the University of Illinois, graduating in the
scientific department in 1875. Following in the
footsteps of his father, he engaged extensively
in fruit-growing, and has served in the office of
both President and Secretary of tlie State Horti-
cultural Society, besides local offices. In 1892 he
was elected as a Republican to the State Senate
for the Thirtieth District, was re-elected in 1896,
and has been prominent in State legislation.
DUNLAP, MathiaB Lane, horticulturist, was
born at Cherry Valley, N. Y., Sept. 14, 1814:
coming to La Salle County, 111., in 1835, he
taught school the following %vinter; then secured
a clerkship in Chicago, and later became book-
keeper for a firm of contractors on the Illinois &
Michigan Canal, remaining two years. Having
entered a body of Government land in the western
part of Cook County, he turned his attention to
farming, giving a portion of his time to survej'-
ing. In 1845 he became interested in horticulture
and. in a few years, built up one of the most
extensive nurseries in the West. In 1854 he was
chosen a Representative in the Nineteenth Gen-
eral Assembly from Cook County, and, at the
following session, presided over the caucus which
resulted in the nomination and final election of
Lyman Trumbull to the United States Senate for
the first time. Politically an anti-slavery Demo-
crat, he espoused the cause of freedom in the
Territories, while his house was one of the depots
of the "underground railroad." In 1855 he pur-
chased a half-section of land near Champaign,
whither he removed, two years later, for the
prosecution of his nursery business. He was an
active member, for many years, of the State Agri-
cultural Society and an earnest supporter of the
scheme for the establishment of an "Industrial
University," wliich finally took form in the Uni-
versity of Illinois at Champaign. From 1853 to
his death he was the agricultural correspondent,
first of "The Chicago Democratic Press," and
later of "The Tribune," writing over the nom de
plume of "Rural." Died, Feb. 14, 1875.
DU PAGE COUNTY, organized in 1839, named
for a river which flows through it. It adjoins
Cook County on the west and contains 340 square
miles. In 1900 its population was 28,196. The
county-seat was originally at Naperville, which
was platted in 1842 and named in honor of Capt.
Joseph Naper, who settled upon the site in 1831.
In 1869 the county government was removed to
Wheaton, the location of Wheaton College,
where it yet remains. Besides Captain Naper,
early settlers of prominence were Bailey Hobson
(the pioneer in the township of Lisle), and Pierce
Downer (in Downer's Grove). The chief towns
are Wheaton (population, 1,622), Naperville
(2,216), Hinsdale (1,584), Downer's Grove (960),
and Roselle (450). Hinsdale and Roselle are
largely populated by persons doing business in
Chicago.
DU QUOIN, a city and railway junction in
Perry County, 76 miles north of Cairo. It has a
public library, a public park, a graded school, a
foundry, machine shops, salt-works, flour mills
and numerous coal mines. Four newspapers are
published here, one daily. Population (1880),
2,807; (1890), 4,052; (1900), 4,353.
DURBOROW, Allan Catlicart, ex-Congress-
man, was born in Pliiladelphia, Nov. 20, 1857.
When five years old he accompanied his parents
to WilHamsport, Ind., where he received his
early education. He entered the preparatory
department of Wabash College in 1872, and
graduated from the University of Indiana, at
Bloomington, in 1877. After two years' residence
in Indianapolis, he removed to Chicago, where he
engaged in business. Always active in local
politics, he was elected by the Democrats in 1890,
and again in 1892, Representative in Congress
from the Second District, retiring with the close
of the Fifty -third Congress. Mr. Durborow is
Treasurer of the Chicago Air-Line Express Com-
pany.
DUSTIN, ((.en.) Daniel, soldier, was born in
Topsham, Orange County, Vt., Oct. 5, 1820;
received a common-school and academic educa-
tion, graduating in medicine at Dartmouth Col-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
143
lege in 1846. After practicing three years at
Corinth, Vt. , he went to California in 1850 and
engaged in mining, but three years later resumed
the practice of his profession while conductinga
mercantile business. He was subsequently chosen
to the California Legislature from Nevada
County, but coming to Illinois in 1858, he
engaged in the drug business at Sycamore, De
Kalb County, in connection with J. E. Elwood.
On the breaking out of the war in 1861, he sold
out his drug business and assisted in raising the
Eighth Regiment Illinois Cavalry, and was com-
missioned Captain of Company L. The regiment
was assigned to the Army of the Potomac, and,
in January, 1862, he was promoted to the position
of Major, afterwards taking part in the battle of
Manassas, and the great "seven days' fight"
before Richmond. In September, 1863, the One
Hundred and Fifth Regiment Illinois Volunteer
Infantry was mustered in at Dixon, and Major
Dustin was commissioned its Colonel, soon after
joining the Army of the Cumberland. After the
Atlanta campaign he was assigned to the com-
mand of a brigade in tlie Third Division of the
Twelfth Army Corps, remaining in this position
to the close of the war, meanwhile having been
brevetted Brigadier-General for bravery displayed
on the battle-field at Averysboro, N. C. He was
mustered out at Washington, June 7, 1865, and
took part in the gi'and review of the armies in
that city which marked the close of the war.
Returning to his home in De Kalb County, he
was elected Covmty Clerk in the following
November, remaining in office four years. Sub-
sequently he was chosen Circuit Clerk and ex-
ofificio Recorder, and was twice thereafter
re-elected — in 1884 and 1888. On the organization
of the Soldiers' and Sailors' Home at Quincy, in
1885, he was appointed by Governor Oglesby one
of the Trustees, retaining the position until his
death. In May, 1890, he was appointed by
President Harrison Assistant United States
Treasurer at Chicago, but died in office while on
a visit with his daughter at Carthage, Mo. , March
30, 1893. General Dustin was a Mason of high
degree, and, in 1872, was chosen Right Eminent
Commander of the Grand Commandery of the
State.
DWIGHT, a city in Livingston County, 74
miles, by rail, south-southwest of Chicago, 52
miles northeast of Bloomington, and 22 miles east
of Streator. It has two banks, a weekly news-
paper, six churches, five large warehouses and
two hotels. The city is the center of a rich
farming and stock-raising district. Dwight has
attained wide celebrity as the location of the
fir.st of a large number of "Keeley Institutes,"
founded for the cure of the drink and morphine
habits. Population (1890), 1,354; (1900), 3,015.
These figures do not include the floating popula-
tion, which is largely augmented by patients who
come to receive treatment at the "Keeley Insti-
tute."
DYER, Charles Volney, M.D., pioneer physi-
cian, was born at Clarendon, Vt., June 13, 1808;
graduated in medicine at Middlebury College, in
1830; began practice at Newark, N. J., in 1831,
and in Chicago in 1835. He was an uncomprom-
ising opponent of slavery and an avowed sup-
porter of the "underground railroad," and, in
1848, received the support of the Free-Soil party
of Illinois for Governor. Dr. Dyer was also one
of the original incorporators of the North Chicago
Street Railway Company, and his- name was
prominently identified with many local benevo-
lent enterprises. Died, in Lake View (then a
suburb of Chicago), April 24, 1878.
EARLVILLE, a city and railway junction in
La Salle County, 52 miles northeast of Princeton,
at the intersecting point of the Chicago, Burling-
ton & Quincy and the Chicago & Northwestern
Railroads. It is in the center of an agricultural
and stock-raising district, and is an important
shipping point. It has seven churches, a graded
school, two banks, two weekly newspapers and
manufactories of plows, wagons and carriages.
Population (1880), 963; (1890), 1,058; (1900), 1,123.
EARLY, John, legislator and Lieutenant-Gov-
ernor, was born of American parentage and Irish
ancestry in Essex County, Canada West, March
17, 1828, and accompanied his parents to Cale-
donia, Boone Comity, 111., in 1846. His boyhood
was passed upon his father's farm, and in youth
he learned the trade (his father's) of carpenter
and joiner. In 1852 he removed to Rockford,
Winnebago Comity, and, in 1865, became State
Agent of the New England Mutual Life Insur-
ance Company. Between 1863 and 1866 he held
sundry local offices, and, in 1869, was appointed
by Governor Palmer a Trustee of the State
Reform School. In 1870 he was elected State
Senator and re-elected in 1874, serving in the
Twenty-seventh, Twenty-eighth, Twenty-ninth
and Thirtieth General Assemblies. In 1873 he
was elected President pro tern, of the Senate, and,
Lieut-Gov. Beveridge succeeding to the executive
chair, he became ex-offlcio Lieutenant-Governor.
In 1875 he was again the Republican nominee for
the Presidency of the Senate, but >vas defeated
144
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
by a coalition of Democrats and Independents.
He died while a member of the Senate, Sept. 3,
1877.
EARTHQUAKE OF 1811. A series of the
most remarkable earthquakes in the history of
the Mississippi Valley began on the night of
November 16, 1811, continuing for several months
and finall}' ending with the destruction of Carao-
cas, Venezuela, in March following. While the
center of the earlier disturbance appears to have
been in the vicinity of New Madrid, in Southeast-
ern Missouri, its minor effects were felt through
a wide extent of country, especially in the
settled portions of Illinois. Contemporaneous
history states that, in the American Bottom, then
the most densely settled portion of Illinois, the
results were very perceptible. The walLs of a
brick house belonging to Mr. Samuel Judy, a
pioneer settler in the eastern edge of the bottom,
near Edwardsville, Madison Count)', were cracked
by the convulsion, the effects being seen for more
than two generations. Gov. John Reynolds, then
a young man of 23, living with his father's
family in what was called the "Goshen Settle-
ment," near Edwardsville, in his history of "My
Own Times," says of it: "Our family were all
sleeping in a log-cabin, and mj' father leaped out
of bed, crying out, "The Indians are on the house.
The battle of Tippecanoe had been recently
fought, and it was supposed the Indians would
attack the settlements. Not one in the family
knew at that time it was an earthquake. The
next morning another shock made us acquainted
with it. . . . The cattle came running home
bellowing with fear, and all animals were terribly
alarmed. Our house cracked and quivered so we
were fearful it would fall to the ground. In the
American Bottom many chimneys were thrown
down, and the church beU at Cahokia was
sounded by the agitation of the building. It is
said a shock of an earthquake was felt in Kaskas-
kia in 1804, but I did not perceive it." Owing to
the sparseness of the population in Illinois at that
time, but little is known of the effect of the con-
vulsion of 1811 elsewhere, but there are numerous
"sink-holes" in Union and adjacent counties,
between the forks of the Ohio and Mississippi
Rivers, which probably owe their origin to this or
some similar disturbance. "On the Kaskaskia
River below Athens," says Governor Reynolds in
his "Pioneer History," "the water and white sand
were thrown up through a fissure of the earth."
EAST DUBUQUE, an incorporated city of Jo
Daviess County, on the east bank of the Missis-
sippi, 17 miles (by rail) northeast of Galena. It
is connected with Dubuque, Iowa, by a railroad
and a wagon bridge two miles in length. It lias
a grain elevator, a box factorj-, a planing mill
and manufactories of cultivators and sand drills.
It has also a bank, two churches, good public
schools and a weekly newspaper. Population
(1880). 1,037; (1890), 1,069; (1900). 1,146.
EASTON, (Col.) Rufus, pioneer, founder of the
city of Alton; was born at Litchfield. Conn.,
May 4, 1774; studied law and practiced two
years in Oneida County. N. Y. ; emigrated to St.
Louis in 1804. and was commissioned by President
Jefferson Judge of the Territory of Louisiana,
and also became the first Postmaster of St. Louis,
in 1808. From 1814 to 1818 he served as Delegate
in Congress from Missouri Territory, and, on the
organization of the State of Missouri (1831), %vas
appointed Attorney-General for the State, serving
until 1836. His death occurred at St. Charles,
Mo.. July 5, 1834. Colonel Easton's connection
with Illinois history is based chiefly upon the
fact that he was the founder of the present city
of Alton, which he laid out, in 1817, on a tract of
land of which he had obtained possession at the
mouth of the Little Piasa Creek, naming the
town for his sou. Rev. Thomas Lippincott,
prominently identified with the early history of
that portion of the State, kept a store for Easton
at Milton, on Wood River, about two miles from
Alton, in the early " '20's."
EAST ST. LOUIS, a large city in St. Clair
County, on the east bank of the Mississippi directly
opposite St. Louis. Its industries are varied,
including rolling mills; steel, brass, malleable
iron and glass works; grain elevators and flour
mills, breweries, stock-yards and packing houses.
It is the terminus of a large number of important
railroad lines and the leading commercial and
manufacturing point in .Southern Illinois. There
are six public schools, besides a flourishing
Roman Catholic College. The city is well supplied
with banks and has one daily and four weekly
papers. Population (1880), 9,18.5; (1890), 15,169;
(1900). 29.Gr,-x
EASTERN HOSPITAL FOR THE INSAJiE.
The act for the establishment of this institution
passed the General Assembly in 1877. Many
cities offered inducements, by way of donations,
for the location of the new hospital, but the site
finally selected was a farm of 250 acres near Kan-
kakee, and this was subsequently enlarged by the
purchase of 327 additional acres in 1881. Work
was begun in 1878 and the first patients received
in December. 1879. The plan of the institution
is, in many respects, unique. It comprises a
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
145
general building, three stories high, capable of
accommodating 300 to 400 patients, and a number
of detached buildings, technically termed cot-
tages, where various classes of insane patients may
be grouped and receive the particular treatment
best adapted to ensure their recovery. The plans
were mainly' worked out from suggestions by
Frederick Howard Wines, LL.D., then Secretary
of the Board of Public Charities, and have
attracted generally favorable comment both in
this country and abroad. The seventy-five build-
ings occupied for the various purposes of the
institution, cover a quarter-section of land laid off
in regular streets, beautified with trees, plants
and flowers, and presenting all the appearance of
a flourishing village with numerous small parks
adorned with walks and drives. The counties
from which patients are received include Cook,
Champaign, Coles, Cumberland, De Witt, Doug-
las. Edgar, Ford, Grundy, Iroquois, Kankakee,
La Salle, Livingston, Macon, McLean, Moultrie
Piatt, Shelby, Vermilion and Will. The whole
number of patients in 1898 was 2,200, while the
employes of all classes numbered 500.
EASTERN ILLINOIS NORMAL SCHOOL, an
institution designed to qualify teachers for giving
instruction in the public schools, located at
Charleston, Coles County, under an act of the
Legislature passed at the session of 1895. The
act appropriated §50,000 for the erection of build-
ings, to which additional appropriations were
added in 1897 and 1898, of §25,000 and §50,000,
respectively, with §56,216.72 contributed by the
city of Charleston, making a total of §181,216.72.
The building was begun in 1896, the corner-stone
being laid on May 27 of that year. There was
delay in the progress of the work in consequence
of the failure of the contractors in December,
1896, but the work was resumed in 1897 and
practically completed early in 1899, with the
expectation that the institution would be opened
for the reception of students in September fol-
lowing.
EASTMAN, Zebina, anti-slavery journalist,
was born at North Amherst, Mass., Sept. 8, 1815;
became a printer's apprentice at 14, but later
spent a short time in an academy at Hadley.
Then, after a brief experience as an employe in
the oflSce of "The Hartford Pearl," at the age of
18 he invested his patrimony of some §2,000 in
the establishment of "The Free Press" at Fayette-
ville, Vt. This venture proving unsuccessful, in
1837 he came west, stopping a year or two at
Ann Arbor, Mich. In 1839 he visited Peoria by
way of Chicago, working for a time on "The
Peoria Register, " but soon after joined Benjamin
Lundy, wiio was preparing to revive his pajjer,
"Tlie Genius of Universal Emancipation," at
Lowell, La Salle County. This scheme was
partially defeated by Lundy's early death, but,
after a few months' delay, Eastman, in conjunc-
tion with Hooper Warren, began the publication
of "The Genius of Liberty" as the successor of
Lundy's paper, using the printing press which
Warren had used in the office of "The Commer-
cial Advertiser, " in Chicago, a year or so before. In
1842, at the invitation of prominent Abolitionists,
the paper was removed to Chicago, where it was
issued under the name of "The Western Citizen,"
in 1853 becoming "The Free West," and finally,
in 1856, being merged in "The Chicago Tribune."
After the suspension of "The Free West,'' Mr.
Eastman began the publication of "The Chicago
Magazine," a literary and historical monthly,
but it reached only its fifth number, when it was
discontinued for want of financial support. In
1861 he was appointed by President Lincoln
United States Consul at Bristol, England, where
he remained eight years. On his return from
Europe, he took up his residence at Elgin, later
removing to Maywood, a suburb of Chicago,
where he died, June 14, 1883. During the latter
years of his life Mr. Eastman contributed many
articles of great historical interest to the Chi-
cago press. (See Lundy, Benjamin, and Warren,
Hooper. )
EBERHART, John Frederick, educator and
real-estate operator, was born in Mercer County,
Pa., Jan. 21, 1829; commenced teaching at 16
years of age, and, in 1853, graduated from Alle-
gheny College, at Meadville, soon after becoming
Principal of Albright Seminary at Berlin, in the
same State ; in 1855 came west by way of Chicago,
locating at Dixon and engaging in editorial work ;
a year later established "The Northwestern
Home and School Journal," which he published
three years, in the meantime establishing and
conducting teachers' institutes in Illinois, Iowa
and Wisconsin. In 1859 he was elected School
Commissioner of Cook County — a position which
was afterwards changed to County Superintend-
ent of Schools, and which he held ten years. Mr.
Eberhart was largely instrumental in the estab-
lishment of the Cook County Normal School.
Since retiring from office he has been engaged in
the real-estate business in Chicago.
ECKHART, Bernard A., manufacturer and
President of the Chicago Drainage Board, was
born in" Alsace, France (now Germany), brought
to America in infancy and reared on a farm in
146
HLSTOEICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Vernon County, Wis. ; was educated at Milwau-
kee, and, in 1868, became clerk in the office of the
Eagle Milling Company of that city, afterwards
.serving as its Eastern agent in various seaboard
cities. He finally established an extensive mill-
ing business in Chicago, in which he is now
engaged. In 1884 he served as a delegate to the
National Waterway Convention at St. Paul and.
in 1886, was elected to the State Senate, serving
four years and taking a prominent part in draft-
ing the Sanitary Drainage Bill passed bj- the
Thirty-sixth General Assembly. He has also been
prominent in connection with various financial
institutions, and, in 1891, was elected one of the
Trustees of the Sanitary District of Chicago, was
re-elected in 189.5 and chosen President of tlie
Board for the following year, and re-elected Pres-
ident in December, 1898.
EDBROOKE, Willougliby J., Supervising
Architect, was born at Deerfield, Lake County,
111.. Sept. 3, 18-13; brought up to the architectural
profession by his father and under the instruc-
tion of Chicago architects. During Mayor
Roche's administration he held the position of
Commissioner of Public Works, and, in April,
1891, was appointed Supervising Architect of the
Treasury Department at AVashington, in that
capacity supervising the construction of Govern-
ment buildings at the World's Columbian Exposi-
tion. Died, in Chicago, March 26, 1896.
EDDY, Henry, pioneer lawj'er and editor,
was born in Vermont, in 1798, reared in New
York, learned the printer's trade at Pittsburg,
served in the War of 1812, and was wounded in
the battle of Black Rock, near Buffalo ; came to
Shawneetown, 111., in 1818, where he edited "The
Illinois Emigrant," the earliest paper in that
part of the State ; was a Presidential Elector in
1824, a Representative in the Second and Fif-
teenth General Assemblies, and elected a Circuit
Judge in 188.5, but resigned a few weeks later.
He was a Whig in politics. Usher F. Linder, in
his "Reminiscences of the Early Bench and Bar
of Illinois," says of Mr. Eddy: "When lie
addressed the court, he eUcited the most profound
attention. He was a sort of walking law library.
He never forgot anything that he ever knew,
whether law, poetry or belles lettres. " Died,
June 29, 1849.
EDDY, Thomas Mears, clergyman and author,
was born in Hamilton County, Ohio, Sept. 7,
1823; educated at Greensborough, Ind., and, from
1842 to 1853, was a Methodist circuit preacher
in that State, becoming Agent of the American
Bible Society the latter year, and Presiding
Elder of the Indianapolis district \intil 18.56, when
he was appointed editor of "The Northwestern
Christian Advocate," in Chicago, retiring from
that position in 1868. Later, he held pastorates
in Baltimore and Washington, and was chosen
one of the Corresponding Secretaries of the Mis-
sionary Society by the General Conference of
1872. Dr. Eddy was a copious writer for the
press, and, besides occasional sermons, published
two volumes of reminiscences and personal
sketches of prominent Illinoisans in the War of
the Rebellion under the title of "Patriotism of
Illinois" (1865). Died, in New York City, Oct.
7, 1874.
EDGAR, John, early settler at Kaskaskia, was
born in Ireland and, during the American Revo-
lution, served as an officer in the British navy,
but married an American woman of great force
of character who sympathized strongly with the
patriot cause. Having become involved in the
desertion of three British soldiers whom his wife
had promised to assist in reaching the American
camp, he was compelled to flee. After remaining
for a while in the American army, during which
he became the friend of General La Fayette, he
sought safetj" by coming west, arriving at Kas-
kaskia in 1784. His property was confiscated, but
his wife succeeded in saving some §12,000. from
the wreck, with which she joined him two years
later. He engaged in business and became an
extensive land-owner, being credited, during
Territorial days, with the ownership of nearly
50,000 acres situated in Randolph. Monroe, St.
Clair, Madison, Clinton, Washington, Perry and
Jackson Counties, and long known as the "Edgar
lands." He also purchased and rebuilt a mill
near Kaskaskia which had belonged to a French-
man named Paget, and became a large shipper of
flour at an early day to the Southern markets.
When St. Clair County was organized, in 1790, he
was appointed one of the Judges of the Common
Pleas Court, and so appears to have continued
for more than a quarter of a century. On the
establishment of a Territorial Legislature for the
Northwest Territorj-, he was chosen, in 1799, one
of the members for St. Clair County — the Legis-
lature holding its session at Chillicothe, in the
present State of Ohio, imder the administration
of Governor St. Clair. He was also appointed a
Major-General of militia, retaining the office for
many years. General and Mrs. Edgar were
leaders of society at the old Territorial capital,
and. on the visit of La Fayette to Kaskaskia in
1825, a reception was given at their house to the
distinguished Frenchman, whose acquaintance
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
147
they had made more than forty years before. He
died at Kaskaskia, in 1833. Edgar County, in the
eastern part of the State, was named in honor of
General Edgar. He was Worshipful Master of
the first Lodge of Ancient Free and Accepted
Masons in Illinois, constituted at Kaskaskia in
1806.
EDGAR COUNTY, one of the middle tier of
counties from north to south, lying on the east-
ern border of the State; was organized in 1823,
and named for General Edgar, an early citizen of
Kaskaskia. It contains 630 square miles, with
a population (1900) of 38,273. The county is
nearly square, well watered and wooded. Most
of the acreage is under cultivation, grain-growing
and stock-raising being the principal industries.
Generally, the soil is black to a considerable
depth, though at some points — especially adjoin-
ing the timber lands in the east — the soft, brown
clay of the subsoil comes to the surface. Beds of
the drift period, one hundred feet deep, are found
in the northern portion, and some twenty-five
years ago a nearly perfect skeleton of a mastodon
was exhumed. A bed of limestone, twenty-five
feet thick, crops out near Baldwinsville and runs
along Brouillet's creek to the State line. Paris, the
county-seat, is a railroad center, and has a popu-
lation of some 5,000. Vermilion and Dudley are
prominent shipping points, while Chrisman,
which was an unbroken prairie in 1872, was
credited with a population of 830 in 1890.
EDINBURG, a village of Christian County,
on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway,
18 miles southeast of Springfield ; has one or two
banks and one newspaper. The region is agri-
cultural, though some coal is mined here. Popu-
lation (1880), 5.51; (1890), 806; (1900), 1,071.
EDSALL, James Eirtland, former Attorney
General, was born at Windham, Greene County,
N. Y., May 10, 1831. After passing through the
common-schools, he attended an academy at
Prattsville, N.Y., supporting himself , meanwhile,
by working upon a farm. He read law at Pratts-
ville and Catskill, and was admitted to the bar at
Albany in 1853. The next two years he spent in
Wisconsin and Minnesota, and, in 1854, removed
to Leavenworth, Kan. He was elected to the
Legislature of that State in 1855, being a member
of the Topeka (free-soil) body when it was broken
up by United States troops in 1856. In August,
1856, he settled at Dixon, 111., and at once
engaged in practice. In 1863 he was elected
Mayor of that city, and, in 1870, was chosen State
Senator, serving on the Committees on Munic-
ipalities and Judiciary in the Twenty-seventh
General Assembly. In 1873 he was elected
Attorney-General on the Republican ticket and
re-elected in 1876. At the expiration of his
second term he took up his residence in Chicago,
where he afterwards devoted himself to the prac-
tice of his profession, until his, death, which
occurred, June 20, 1893.
EDUCATION.
The first step in the direction of the establish-
ment of a sj'stem of free schools for the region
now comprised within the State of Illinois was
taken in the enactment by Congress, on May 20,
1785, of "An Ordinance for Ascertaining the
mode of disposing of lands in the Western Terri-
tory." This applied specifically to the region
northwest of the Ohio River, which had been
acquired through the conquest of the "Illinois
Country" by Col. George Rogers Clark, acting
under the auspices of the State of Virginia and
by authority received from its Governor, the
patriotic Patrick Henry. This act for the first
time established the present system of township
(or as it was then called, "rectangular") surveys,
devised by Capt. Thomas Hutchins, who became
the first Surveyor-General (or "Geographer," as
the office was styled) of the United States under
the same act. Its important feature, in this con-
nection, was the provision "that there sliall be
reserved the lot No. 16 of every township, for the
maintenance of public schools within the town-
ship." The same reservation (the term "section"
being substituted for "lot" in the act of May 18,
1796) was made in all subsequent acts for the sale
of public lands — the acts of July 23, 1787, and
June 20, 1788, declaring that "the lot No. 16 in
each township, or fractional part of a township,"
shall be "given perpetually for the purpose con-
tained in said ordinance" (i. e., the act of 1785).
The next step was taken in the Ordinance of 1787
(Art. III.), in the declaration that, "religion,
morality and knowledge being necessary for the
happiness of mankind, schools and the means of
education shall forever be encouraged." The
reservation referred to in the act of 1785 (and
subsequent acts) was reiterated in the "enabling
act" passed by Congress, April 18, 1818, authoriz-
ing the people of Illinois Territory to organize a
State Government, and was formally accepted by
the Convention which formed the first State
Constitution. The enabling act also set apart one
entire township (in addition to one previously
donated for the .same pm^pose by act of Congress
in 1804) for the use of a seminary of learning,
148
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
together with three per cent of the net proceeds
of the sales of public lands within the State, "to
be appropriated by the Legislature of the State
for the encouragement of learning, of which one-
sixth part" (or one-half of one per cent) "shall
be exclusively bestowed on a college or univer-
sity." Thus, the plan for the establishment of a
system of free public education in Illinois had its
inception in the first steps for the organization of
the Northwest Territory, was recognized in the
Ordinance of 1T87 which reserved that Territory
forever to freedom, and was again reiterated in
the preliminary steps for the organization of the
State Government. These several acts became
tlie basis of that permanent provision for the
encouragement of education known as the "town-
ship," "seminary" and "college or uni\'ersity"
funds.
Early Schools. — Previous to this, however, a
beginning had been made in the attempt to estab-
lish schools for the benefit of the children of the
pioneers. One John Seeley is said to have taught
the first American school within the territory of
Illinois, in a log-cabin in Monroe Coimty, in 1783,
followed by others in the next twenty years in
Monroe, Randolph, St. Clair and Madison Coun-
ties. Seeley "s earliest successor was Francis
Clark, who, in turn, was followed by a man
named Halfpenny, who afterwards built a mill
near the present town of Waterloo in Monroe
County. Among the teachers of a still later period
were John Boyle, a soldier in Col. George Rogers
Clark's army, who taught in Randolph County
between 1790 and 1800; John Atwater, near
Edwardsville, in 1807, and John Messinger, a sur-
veyor, who was a member of the Constitutional
Convention of 1818 and Speaker of the first House
of Representatives. The latter taught in the
vicinity of Shiloh in St. Clair County, afterwards
the site of Rev. John M. Peck's Rock Spring
Seminary. The schools which existed during
this period, and for many years after the organi-
zation of the State Government, were necessarily
few, widely scattered and of a very primitive
character, receiving their support' entirely by
subscription from their patrons.
First Free School L.\w and Sales of
School Lands. — It has been stated that the first
free school in the State was established at Upper
Alton, in 1821, but there is good reason for believ-
ing this claim was based upon the power granted
by the Legislature, in an act passed that year, to
establish such schools there, which power was
never carried into effect. The first attempt to
establish a free-school system for the whole State
was made in January, 1825, in the passage of a
bill introduced by Joseph Duncan, afterwards a
Congressman and Governor of the State. It
nominally appropriated two dollars out of each one
himdred dollars received in the State Treasury,
to be distributed to those who had paid taxes or
subscriptions for the support of schools. So
small was the aggregate revenue of the State at
that time (only a little over 860,000), that the
sum realized from this law would have been but
little more than §1,000 per year. It remained
practically a dead letter and was repealed in 1829,
when the State inaugurated the policy of selling
tlie seminary lands and borrowing the proceeds
for the payment of current expenses. In this
way 43,200 acres (or all but four and a half sec-
tions) of the seminary lands were disposed of,
realizing less than 860,000. The first sale of
township school lands took place in Greene
County in 1831, and, two years later, the greater
part of the school section in the heart of the
present city of Chicago was sold, producing
about 839,000. The average rate at which these
sales were made, up to 1883, was 83.78 per acre,
and the minimum, 70 cents per acre. That
these lands have, in very few instances, produced
the results expected of them, was not so much
the fault of the system as of those selected to
administer it — whose bad judgment in premature
sales, or whose complicity with the schemes of
speculators, were the means, in many cases, of
squandering what might otherwise have furnished
a liberal provision for the support of public
schools in many sections of the State. Mr. W. L.
Pillsbury, at present Secretary of the University
of Illinois, in a paper printed in the report of the
State Superintendent of PubUc Instruction for
1885-86 — to which the writer is indebted for many
of the facts presented in this article — gives to
Chicago the credit of establishing the first free
schools in the State in 1834, while Alton followed
in 1837, and Springfield and Jacksonville in 1840.
Early Higher Institutions.— A movement
looking to the establishment of a higher institu-
tion of learning in Indiana Territory (of which
Illinois then formed a part), was inaugurated by
the passage, through the Territorial Legislature at
Vincennes, in November, 1806, of an act incorpo-
rating the University of Indiana Territory to be
located at V'incennes. One provision of the act
authorized the raising of 820,000 for the institu-
tion by means of a lottery. A Board of Trustees
was promptly organized, with Gen. William
Henry Harrison, then the Territorial Governor,
at its head ; but, beyond the erection of a building.
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
149
little progress was made. Twenty-one years
later (1827) the first successful attempt to found
an advanced school was made by the indomitable
Rev. John M. Peck, resulting in the establish-
ment of his Theological Seminary and High
School at Rock Springs, St. Clair Count}', which,
in 1831, became the nucleus of Shurtleff College at
Upper Alton. In like manner, Lebanon Semi-
nary, established in 1828, two years later
expanded into McKendree College, while instruc-
tion began to be given at Illinois College, Jack-
sonville, in December, 1829, as the outcome of a
movement started bj' a band of young men at
Yale College in 1827 — these several institutions
being formally incorporated by the same act of
the Legislature, passed in 1835. (See sketches of
the.se Institutions.)
Educational Conventions. — In 1833 there
was held at Vandalia (then the State capital) the
first of a series of educational conventions, which
were continued somewhat irregularly for twenty
years, and whose history is remarkable for the
number of those participating in them who after-
wards gained distinction in State and National
history. At first these conventions were held at
the State capital during the sessions of the Gen-
eral Assembly, when the chief actors in them
were members of that body and State oflicers,
with a few other friends of education from the
ranks of professional or business men. At the
convention of 1833, we find, among those partici-
pating, the names of Sidney Breese, afterwards a
United States Senator and Justice of the Supreme
Court; Judge S. D. Lockwood, then of the Supreme
Court; W. L. D. Ewing, afterwards acting Gov-
ernor and United States Senator; O. H. Browning,
afterwards United States Senator and Secretary
of the Interior; James Hall and John Russell,
the most notable writers in the State in their daj',
besides Dr. J. M. Peck, Archibald Williams,
Benjamin Mills, Jesse B. Thomas, Henry Eddy
and others, all prominent in their several depart-
ments. In a second convention at the same
place, nearly two years later, Abraham Lincoln,
Stephen A. Douglas and Col. John J. Hardin ■
were participants. At Springfield, in 1840, pro-
fessional and literary men began to take a more
prominent part, although the members of the
Legislature were present iri considerable force.
A convention held at Peoria, in 1844, was made
up largely of professional teachers and school
oflBcers, with a few citizens of local prominence ;
and the same may be said of those held at Jack-
sonville in 1845, and later at Chicago and other
points. Various attempts were made to form
permanent educational societies, finally result-
ing, in December, 1854, in the organization of the
"State Teachers" Institute," which, three years
later, took the name of the "State Teachers'
Association" — though an association of the same
name was organized in 1836 and continued in
existence several years.
State Superintendent and School Jour-
nals.— The appointment of a State Superintend-
ent of Public Instruction began to be agitated as
early as 1837, and was urged from time to time in
memorials and resolutions by educational conven-
tions, by the educational press, and in the State
Legislature ; but it was not until Februar}-, 1854,
that an act was passed creating the office, when
the Hon. Ninian W. Edwards was appointed by
Gov. Joel A. Matteson, continuing in office until
his successor was elected in 1856. "The Common
School Advocate" was published for a year at
Jacksonville, beginning with January, 1837; in
1841 "The Illinois Common School Advocate"
began publication at Springfield, but was discon-
tinued after the issue of a few numbers. In 1855
was established "The Illinois Teacher." This
was merged, in 1873. in "The Illinois School-
master," which became the organ of the State
Teachers' Association, so remaining several years.
The State Teachers' Association has no official
organ now, but the "Public School Journal" is
the chief educational publication of the State.
Industrial Education. — In 1851 was insti-
tuted a movement which, although obstructed for
some time by partisan opposition, has been
followed by more far-reaching results, for the
country at large, tlian any single measure in the
history of education since the act of 1785 setting
apart one section in each township for the support
of public schools. This was the scheme formu-
lated by the late Prof. Jonathan B. Turner, of
Jacksonville, for a system of practical scientific
education for the agricultural, mechanical and
other industrial classes, at a Farmers' Convention
held under the auspices of the Buel Institute (an
Agricultural Society), at Granville, Putnam
County, Nov. 18, 1851. While proposing a plan
for a "State University" for Illinois, it also advo-
cated, from the outset, a "University for the
industrial classes in each of the States," by way
of supplementing the work which a "National
Institute of Science," such as the Smithsonian
Institute at Washington, was expected to accom-
plish. The proposition attracted the attention
of persons interested in the cause of industrial
education in other States, especially in New
York and some of the New England States, and
150
HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS.
received their hearty endorsement and cooper-
ation. The Granville meeting was followed by a
series of similar conventions held at Springfield,
June 8, 1852; Chicago, Nov. 24, LS-Vi; Springfield,
Jan. 4, 18.53, and Springfield, Jan. 1, 1855, at
which the scheme was still further elaborated.
At the Springfield meeting of January, 1852, an
organization was formed under the title of the
"Industrial League of the State of Illinois,"' with
a view to disseminating information, securing
more thorough organization on the part of friends
of the measure, and the employment of lecturers
to address the people of the State on the subject.
At the same time, it was resolved that "this Con-
vention memorialize Congress for the purpose of
obtaining a grant of public lands to establish and
endow industrial institutions in each and every
State in the Union." It is worthy of note that
this resolution contains the central idea of the
act passed by Congress nearly ten years after-
ward, making appropriations of public lands for
the establishment and support of industrial
colleges in the several States, which act received
the approval of President Lincoln, July 2, 1862 —
a similar measure having been vetoed by Presi-
dent Buchanan in February, 1859. The State
was extensively canvassed by Professor Turner,
Mr. Bronson Murray (now of New York), the late
Dr. R. C. Rutherford and others, in behalf of the
objects of the League, and the Legislature, at its
session of 1853, by unanimous vote in both houses,
adopted the resolutions commending the measure
and instructing the United States Senators from
Illinois, and requesting its Representatives, to
give it their support. Though not specifically
contemplated at the outset of the movement, the
Convention at Springfield, in January, 1855, pro-
posed, as a part of the scheme, the establishment
of a "Teachers" Seminary or Normal School
Department,'" which took form in the act passed
at the session of 1857, for the establishment of
the State Normal School at Normal. Although
delayed, as already stated, the advocates of indus-
trial education in Illinois, aided by those of other
States, finally triumphed in 1862. The lands
received by the State as the result of this act
amounted to 480,000 acres, besides subsequent do-
nations. (See University of Illinois; also Turner,
Jonathan Baldivin.) On the foundation thus
furnished was established, by act of the Legisla-
ture in 1867, the "Illinois Industrial University"'
— now the University of Illinois — at Champaign,
to say nothing of more than forty similar insti-
tutions in as man}' States and Territories, based
upon the same general act of Congress.
Free-School System. — While there may be
said to have been a sort of free-school system in
existence in Illinois previous to 1855, it was
limited to a few fortunate districts possessing
funds derived from the sale of school-lands situ-
ated within their respective limits. The system
of free schools, as it now exists, based upon
general taxation for the creation of a permanent
school fund, had its origin in the act of that
year. As already shown, the oflSce of State
Superintendent of Public Instruction had been
created by act of the Legislature in February,
1854, and the act of 1855 was but a natural corol-
lary of the previous measure, giving to the people
a uniform system, as the earlier one had provided
an official for its administration. Since then
there have been many amendments of tlie school
law, but tliese liave been generallj' in the direc-
tion of securing greater efficienc}', but with-
out departure from the principle of securing
to all the children of the State the equal
privileges of a common-school education. The
development of the system began practically
about 1857, and, in the next quarter of a
century, the laws on the subject had grown
into a considerable volume, while the number-
less decisions, emanating from the office of the
State Superintendent in construction of these
laws, made up a volume of still larger proportions.
The following comparative table of school
statistics, for 1860 and 1896, compiled from the
Reports of the State Superintendent of Public
Instruction, will illustrate the growth of the
system in some of its more important features :
ISfiO. 1896.
Population 1,711,951 test.) 4,250,000
No. of Persons of School Age i be-
tween 6 and 211 •549.604 1.384,367
No. of Pupils enrolled •472,i)7 898,619
School Districts 8,956 11,615
Public Schools 9.162 12,623
Graded " 294 1,887
Public High Schools 272
•' School Houses built during
theyear 557 267
Whole No. of School Houses 8,221 12.632
No. of Male Teachers 8,223 7,057
Female Teachers 6,485 18,359
Whole No. of Teachers in Public
Schools 14,708 26,416
Highest Monthly Wages paid Male
. Teachers «180.00 S3O0.0O
Highest Monthly Wages paid
Female Teachers 75.00 280.00
Lowest Monthly Wages paid Male
Teachers 8.00 14.00
Lowest Mouthly Wages paid
Female Teachers... 4.00 10,00
Average Monthly Wages paid Male
Teachers 28.12 67.76
Average Monthly Wages paid
Female Teachers 18.80 60,63
No. of Private Schools 500 2,619
No. of Pupils in Private Schools.... 29,264 139,969
Interest on State and County Funds
received 173,450.38 865,583.63
Amount of Income from Township
Funds 322,852.00 889,614.20
♦Only white children were included lu these statistics for
1860.
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS.
151
I860. 1896.
Amount received from State Tax.. $ 690,000.00 J 1,000,000.00
" " " Special Dis-
trict Taies 1,265,137.00 13,133,809.61
Amount received from Bonds dur-
ing tbe year 617,960.93
Total Amount received during the
year by School Districts 2,193,455.00 15.607,172.50
Amount paid Male Teachers 2,772,829.32
" Female " 7,186.105.67
■Whole amount paid Teachers .... 1,542,211.00 9,958,934,99
Amount paid for new School
Houses 348,728.00 1,873,757.25
Amount paid for repairs and im-
provements 1,070,755.09
Amount paid for School Furniture. 24,837.00 154,836.64
Apparatus 8,563.00 164,298.92
" " " Books for Dis-
trict Libraries 30,12400 13,664.97
Total Expenditures 2.259,868.00 14,614,627.31
Estimated value of School Property 13,304,892.00 42,780,267.00
" Libraries.. 377,819.00
" " " Apparatus 607,389.00
The sums annually disbursed for incidental
expenses on account of superintendence and the
cost of maintaining the higher institutions estab-
lished, and partially or wholly supported by the
State, increase the total expenditures by some
§600,000 per annum. These higher institutions
include the Illinois State Normal University at
Normal, the Southern Illinois Normal at Carbon-
dale and the University of Illinois at Urbana ; to
which were added by the Legislature, at its ses-
sion of 1895, the Eastern Illinois Normal School,
afterwards established at Charleston, and the
Northern Illinois Normal at De Kalb. These
institutions, although under supervision of the
State, are partly supported by tuition fees. (See
description of these institutions under their
several titles. ) The normal schools — as their
names indicate — are primarily designed for the
training of teachers, although other classes of
pupils are admitted under certain conditions,
including the payment of tuition. At the Uni-
versity of Illinois instruction is given in the clas-
sics, the sciences, agriculture and the mechanic
arts. In addition to these the State supports four
other institutions of an educational rather than a
custodial character — viz. : the Institution for the
Education of the Deaf and Dumb and the Insti-
tution for the Blind, at Jacksonville ; the Asj'lum
for the Feeble-Minded at Lincoln, and the Sol-
diers' Orphans" Home at Normal. The estimated
value of the property connected with these
several institutions, in addition to the value of
school propert}' given in the preceding table, will
increase the total (exclusive of permanent funds)
to §47,1.55,374.95, of which §4,375,107.95 repre-
sents property belonging to the institutions above
mentioned.
Powers and Duties of Superintendents
AND Other School Officers. — Each county
elects a County Superintendent of Schools, whose
duty it is to visit schools, conduct teachers' insti-
tutes, advise vrith teachers and school officers and
instruct them in their respective duties, conduct
examinations of persons desiring to become
teachers, and exercise general supervision over
school affairs within his county. The subordi-
nate officers are Tovs^nship Trustees, a Township
Treasurer, and a Board of District Directors or — •
in place of the latter in cities and villages — Boards
of Education. The two last named Boards have
power to employ teachers and, generally, to super-
vise the management of schools in districts. The
State Superintendent is entrusted with general
supervision of the common-school system of the
State, and it is his duty to advise and assist
County Superintendents, to visit State Charitable
institutions, to i.ssue official circulars to teachers,
school officers and others in regard to their rights
and duties under the general school code; to
decide controverted questions of school law, com-
ing to him by appeal from County Superintend-
ents and others, and to make full and detailed
reports of the operations of his office to the
Governor, biennially. He is also made ex-officio
a member of the Board of Trustees of the Univer-
sity of Illinois and of the several Normal Schools,
and is empowered to grant certificates of two
different grades to teachers — the higher grade to
be valid during the lifetime of tlie holder, and
the lower for two years. Certificates granted by
County Superintendents are also of two grades
and have a tenure of one and two years, respec-
tively, in the county where given. The conditions
for securing a certificate of the first (or two-
years') grade, require that the candidate shall be
of good moral character and qualified to teach
orthograph}-. reading in English, penmanship,
arithmetic, modern geography, English grammar,
the elements of the natural sciences, the history
of the United States, physiology and the laws of
health. The second grade (or one-year) certifi-
cate calls for examination in the branches just
enumerated, except the natural sciences, physi-
ology and laws of health ; but teachers employed
exclusiveh' in giving instruction in music, draw-
ing, penmanship or other special branches, may
take examinations in these branches alone, but
are restricted, in teaching, to those in which they
have been examined. — County Boards are
empowered to establish County Normal Schools
for the education of teachers for the common
schools, and the management of such normal
schools is placed in the hands of a County Board
of Education, to consist of not less than five nor
more than eight persons, of whom the Chairman
of the County Board and the County Superin-
tendent of Schools shall be ex-officio members.
152
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Boards of Education and Directors may establish
kindergartens (when authorized to do so by vote
of a majority of tlie voters of their districts) , for
children between the ages of four and six years,
but the cost of supporting the same must be
defrayed by a special tax. — A compulsory pro-
vision of the School Law requires that each child,
between the ages of seven and fourteen j'ears,
shall be sent to school at least sixteen weeks of
each year, imless otherwise instructed in the
elementarj' branches, or disqualified by physical
or mental disability. — Under the provisions of an
act, passed in 1891, women are made eligible to
any office created by the general or special school
laws of the State, when twenty-one years of age
or upwards, and otherwise possessing the same
qualifications for the office as are prescribed for
men. (For list of incumbents in the office of
State Superintendent, see Superintendents of
Public Instruction. }
EDWARDS, Arthur, D.D., clergyman, soldier
and editor, was born at Norwalk, Ohio, Nov. 33,
1834; educated at Albion, Mich., and the Wes-
leyan University of Ohio, graduating from the
latter in 1858 ; entered the Detroit Conference of
the Methodist Episcopal Church the same year,
was ordained in 1860 and, from 1861 until after
the battle of Gettysburg, served as Chaplain of
the First Michigan Cavalry, when he resigned to
accept the colonelcy of a cavalry regiment. In
1864, he was elected assistant editor of "The
Northwestern Christian Advocate" at Chicago,
and, on the retirement of Dr. Eddy in 1872,
became Editor-in-chief, being re-elected every
four years thereafter to the present time. He
has also been a member of each General Confer-
ence since 1873, was a member of the Ecumenical
Conference at London in 1881, and has held other
positions of prominence within the church.
EDWARDS, Cyrus, pioneer lawyer, was born
in Montgomery County, Md., Jan. 17. 1793; at the
age of seven accompanied his parents to Ken-
tucky, where he received his primary education,
and studied law ; was admitted to the bar at Kas-
kaskia. 111., in 1815, Niniau Edwards (of whom he
was the youngest brother) being then Territorial
Governor. During the next fourteen years he
resided alternately in Missouri and Kentucky,
, and, in 1839, took up his residence at Edwards-
ville. Owing to impaired health he decided to
abandon his profession and engage in general
business, later becoming a resident of Upper
Alton. In 1832 he was elected to the lower house
of the Legislature as a Whig, and again, in 1840
and '60, the last time as a Republican ; was State
Senator from 1835 to '39, and was also the Whig
candidate for Governor, in 1838, in opposition to
Thomas C'arlin (Democrat), who was elected. He
served in the Black Hawk War, was a member of
the Constitutional Convention of 1847, and espe-
cially interested in education and in public chari-
ties, being, for thirty-five years, a Trustee of
Shurtleff College, to which he was a most
munificent benefactor, and which conferred on
him the degree of LL.D. in 1852. Died at Upper
Alton, September, 1877.
EDWARDS, Ninlan, Territorial Governor and
United States Senator, was born in Montgomery
County, Md. , March 17, 1775 ; for a time had the
celebrated William Wirt as a tutor, completing
his course at Dickinson College. At the age of 19
he emigrated to Kentucky, where, after squander-
ing considerable money, he studied law and, step
by step, rose to be Chief Jvistice of the Court of
Appeals. In 1809 President Madison appointed
him the first Territorial Governor of IlUnois.
This office he held until the admission of Illinois
as a State in 1818, when he was elected United
Sates Senator and re-elected on the completion of
his first (the short) term. In 1826 he was elected
Governor of the State, his successful administra-
tion terminating in 1830. In 1833 he became a
candidate for Congress, but was defeated by
Charles Slade. He was able, magnanimous and
incorruptible, although charged with aristocratic
tendencies which were largely hereditary. Died,
at his home at Belleville, on July 20, 1883, of
cholera, the disease having been contracted
through self-sacrificing efforts to assist sufferers
from the epidemic. His demise cast a gloom
over the entire State. Two valuable volumes
bearing upon State history, comprising his cor-
respondence with many public men of his time,
have been published ; the first under the title of
"History of Illinois and Life of Ninian Edwards,"
by his son, the late Ninian Wirt Edwards, and
the other "The Edwards Papers," edited by the
late Elihu B. Washburne, and printed under the
auspices of the Chicago Historical Society. —
Ninian Wirt (Edwards), son of Gov. Ninian
Edwards, was born at Frankfort, Ky., April 15,
1809, the year his father became Territorial
Governor of Illinois ; spent his boyhood at Kas-
kaskia, Edwardsville and Belleville, and was
educated at Transylvania University, graduating
in 1833. He married Elizabeth P. Todd, a sister
of Mrs. Abraham Lincoln, was appointed Attor-
ney-General in 1834, but resigned in 1835, when
he removed to Springfield. In 1836 he was
elected to the Legislature from Sangamon
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
153
County, as the colleague of Abraham Lincoln,
being one of the celebrated "Long Nine," and
was influential in securing the removal of the
State capital to Springfield. He was re-elected
to the House in 1838, to the State Senate in 1844,
and again to the House in 1848 ; was also a mem-
ber of the Constitutional Convention of 1847.
Again, in 18.50, he was elected to the House, but
resigned on account of his change of politics
from Whig to Democratic, and, in the election to
fill the vacancy, was defeated by James C. Conk-
ling. He served as Superintendent of Public
Instruction by appointment of Governor Matte-
son, 18.54-57, and, in 1861, was appointed by
President Lincoln, Captain Commissary of Sub-
sistence, which position he filled until June, 1865,
since which time he remained in private life. He
is the author of the "Life and Times of Ninian
Edwards" (1870), which was prepared at the
request of the State Historical Society. Died, at
Springfield, Sept. 2, 1889.— Benjamin Stevenson
(Edwards), lawyer and jurist, another son of Gov.
Ninian Edwards, was born at Edwardsville, III. ,
June 3, 1818, graduated from Yale College in
1838, and was admitted to the bar the following
year. Originally a Whig, he subsequently
became a Democrat, was a Delegate to tlie Con-
stitutional Convention of 1863, and, in 1868, was
an unsuccessful candidate for Congress in opposi-
tion to Shelby M. Cullom. In 1869 he was elected
Circuit Judge of the Springfield Circuit, but
within eighteen months resigned the position,
preferring the excitement and emoluments of
private practice to the dignity and scanty salary
attacliing to the bench. As a lawyer and as a
citizen he was universally respected. Died, at
his home in Springfield, Feb. 4, 1886, at the time
of his decease being President of the Illinois
State Bar Association.
EDWARDS, Eiohard, educator, ex-Superin-
tendent of Public Instruction, was born in Cardi-
ganshire, Wales, Dec. 23, 1822; emigrated with
his parents to Portage County, Ohio, and began
life on a farm ; later graduated at the State
Normal School, Bridgewater, Mass., and from
the Polytechnic Institute at Troy, N. Y., receiv-
ing the degrees of Bachelor of Science and Civil
Engineer ; served for a time as a civil engineer
on the Boston water works, then beginning a
career as a teacher which continued almost unin-
terruptedly for thirty-five years. During this
period he was connected with the Normal School
at Bridgewater; a Boys' High School at Salem,
and the State Normal at the same place, coming
west in 1857 to establish the Normal School at St.
Louis, Mo., still later becoming Principal of tlie
St. Louis High School, and, in 1862, accepting the
Presidency of the State Normal University, at
Normal, 111. It was here where Dr. Edwards,
remaining fourteen years, accomplished his
greatest work and left his deepest impress upon
the educational system of the State by personal
contact with its teachers. The next nine years
were spent as pastor of the First Congregational
church at Princeton, when, after eighteen
months in the service of Knox College as Finan-
cial Agent, lie was again called, in 1886, to a
closer connection with the educational field by
his election to the office of State Superintendent
of Public Instruction, serving until 1891, when,
having failed of a re-election, he soon after
assumed the Presidency of Blackburn University
at Carlinville. Failing liealth, however, com-
pelled his retirement a year later, wlien he
removed to Bloomington, which is now (1898)
his place of residence.
EDWARDS COUXTT, situated in the south-
eastern part of the State, between Richland and
White on the north and south, and Wabash and
Wayne on the east and west, and touching the
Ohio River on its southeastern border. It was
separated from Gallatin County in 1814, during
the Territorial period. Its territory was dimin-
ished in 1824 by the carving out of Wabash
County. The surface is diversified by prairie
and timber, the soil fertile and well adapted to
the raising of both wlieat and corn. Tlie princi-
pal streams, besides the Ohio, are Bonpas Creek,
on the east, and the Little Wabash River on the
west. Palmyra (a place no longer on the map)
was the seat for holding the first county court,
in 181.5, John Mcintosh, Seth Gard and William
Barney being the Judges. Albion, the present
county-seat (population, 937), was laid out by
Morris Birkbeck and George Flower (emigrants
from England), in 1819, and settled largely by
their countrymen, but not incorporated until
1860. The area of the county is 320 square
miles, and population, in 1900, 10,345. Grayville,
with a population of 3,000 in 1890, is partly in
this county, though mostly in White. Edwards
County was named in honor of Ninian Edwards
the Territorial Governor of Illinois.
EDWARDSVILLE, the county -seat of Madison
County, 111. ; settled in 1813 and named in honor
of Ninian Edwards, then the Territorial Gov-
ernor. It is situated on three lines of railway, 18
miles northeast of St. Louis, Mo. In early times
Edwardsville was the home of a number of the
most prominent men in the history of the State.
154
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
including Governor Edwards, Governor Coles
and others. It has brick yards, coal mines, flour
mills, and machine shops. In a suburb of the
city (Leclaire) is a co6perati.ve manufactory of
sanitarj' supplies, using large shops and doing a
prosperous business. Edwardsville has three
newspapers, one issued semiweekl}-. Population
(1880), 2,887; (1890), 3,561-, (1900), 4,1.57; with
with suburb (estimated), 5,000.
EFFINGHAM, an incorporated city, the county-
seat of Effingliam County, 98 miles northeast
from St. Louis and 199 miles southwest of Chicago.
It has three weekly papers and various manu-
factures. Population (1890), 3,260; (1900), 3,774.
EFFINGHAM COUNTY, cut oflE from Fayette
(and separately organized) in 1831 — named for
Gen. Edward Effingham. It is situated in the
central portion of the State, 62 miles northeast of
St. Louis ; has an area of 490 square miles and a
population (1900) of 20,465. T. M. Short, I. Fanchon
and WilUam I. Hawkins were the first County
Commissioners. Effingham, the county -seat, was
platted by Messrs. Alexander and Little in 1854.
Messrs. Gillenwater, Hawkins and Brown were
among the earliest settlers. Several lines of rail-
way cross the county. Agriculture and sheep-
raising are leading industries, wool being one of
the principal products.
EGAN, Wniiani Bradshaw, M.D., pioneer phy-
sican, was born in Ireland, Sept. 28, 1808; spent
some time during his youth in the study of sxir-
gery in England, later attending lectures at Dub-
lin. About 1828 he went to Canada, taught for
a time in the schools of Quebec and Montreal
and. in 1830, was licensed by the Medical Board
of New Jersey and began practice at Newark in
that State, later practicing in New York. In
1833 he removed to Chicago and was early recog-
nized as a prominent physician ; on July 4, 1836,
delivered the address at the breaking of ground
for the Illinois & Michigan Canal. During the
early years of his residence in Chicago, Dr. Egan
was owner of the block on which the Tremont
House stands, and erected a number of houses
there. He was a zealous Democrat and a delegate
to the first Convention of that party, held at
Joliet in 1843; was elected County Recorder in
1844 and Representative in the Eighteenth Gen-
eral Assembly (18.53-54), Died, Oct. 27, 1860.
ELBURN, a village of Kane County, on the
Chicago & Northwestern Railway, 8 miles west
of Geneva. It has banks and a weekly news-
paper Population (1890), .584; (1900). 606.
ELDORADO, a town in Saline County, on the
Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis, the
Louisville & Nashville, and the St. Louis, Alton
& Terre Haute Railroads; has a bank and one
newspaper; district argicultural. Population,
(1900), 1,445.
ELDRIDGE, Hamilton N., lawyer and soldier,
was born at South Williamstown, Mass., August,
1837 ; graduated at Williams College in the class
with President Garfield, in 18.56, and at Albany
Law School, in 1857; soon afterward came to
Chicago and began practice ; in 1862 assisted in
organizing the One Hundred and Twenty-seventh
Illinois Volunteers, of which he was elected
Lieutenant-Colonel, before the end of the year
being promoted to the position of Colonel; dis-
tinguished himself at Arkansas Post, Chicka-
mauga and in the battles before Vicksburg,
winning the rank of Brevet Brigadier-General,
but, after two years' service, was compeUed to
retire on account of disability, being carried east
on a stretcher. Subsequently he recovered suffi-
ciently to resume his profession, but died in
Chicago, Dec. 1, 1882, much regretted by a large
circle of friends, with whom he was exceedingly
popular.
ELECTIONS. The elections of public officers
in Illinois are of two general classes: (I) those
conducted in accordance with United States
laws, and (II) those conducted exclusively under
State laws.
I. . To the first class belong: (1) the election of
United States Senators; (2) Presidential Elect-
ors, and (3 ) Representatives in Congress. 1.
(United States Senators). The election of
United States Senators, while an act of the State
Legislature, is conducted solely under forms pre-
scribed by the laws of the United States. These
make it the duty of the Legislature, on tlie second
Tuesday after convening at the session next pre-
ceding the expiration of the term for wliich any
Senator may have been chosen, to proceed to
elect his successor in the following manner:
Each House is required, on the day designated, in
open session and by the viva voce vote of each
member present, to name some person for United
States Senator, the result of the balloting to be
entered on the journals of the respective Houses.
At tweh'e o'clock (M.) on the day following the
day of election, the members of the two Houses
meet in joint assembly, when the journals of both
Houses are read. If it appears that the same
person has received a majority of all the votes in
eacli House, he is declared elected Senator. If,
however, no one has received such majority, or
if either House has failed to take proceedings as
required on the preceding day, then the members
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
155
of the two Hovises, in joint assembly, proceed to
ballot for Senator by viva voce vote of members
present. The person receiving a majority of all
the votes cast — a majority of the members of
both.Houses being present and voting — is declared
elected ; otherwise the joint assembly is renewed
at noon each legislative day of the session, and at
least one ballot taken until a Senator is chosen.
When a vacancy exists in the Senate at the time
of the assembling of the Legislature, the same
rule prevails as to the time of holding an election
to fill it; and, if a vacancy occurs during the
session, the Legislature is required to proceed to
an election on the second Tuesday after having
received official notice of such vacancy. The
tenure of a United States Senator for a full term
is six years — the regular term beginning with a
new Congress — the two Senators from each State
belonging to different "classes," so that their
terms expire alternately at periods of two and
four years from each other. — 2. (Presidential
Electors). The choice of Electors of President
and Vice-President is made by popular vote
taken quadrennially on the Tuesday after the
first Monday in November. The date of such
election is fixed by act of Congress, being the
same as that for Congressman, although the State
Legislature prescribes the manner of conducting
it and making returns of the same. The number
of Electors chosen equals the number of Senators
and Representatives taken together (in 1899 it
was twenty-four), and they are elected on a gen-
eral ticket, a plurality of votes being sufficient to
elect. Electors meet at the State capital on the
second Monday of January after their election
(Act of Congress, 1887), to cast the vote of the
State. — 3. (Members of Congress). The elec-
tion of Representatives in Congress is also held
under United States law, occurring biennially
(on the even years) simultaneously with the gen-
eral State election in November. Should Congress
select a different date for such election, it would
be the duty of the Legislature to recognize it by
a corresponding change in the State law relating
to the election of Congressmen. The tenure of a
Congressman is two years, the election being by
Districts instead of a general ticket, as in the
case of Presidential Electors — the term of each
Representative for a full term beginning with a
new Congress, on the 4th of March of the odd
years following a general election. (See Con-
gressional Apportionment. )
II. All officers under the State Government —
except Boards of Trustees of charitable and penal
institutions or the heads of certain departments,
which are made appointive by the Governor — are
elected by popular vote. Apart from county
officers they consist of three classes: (1) Legisla-
tive; (2) Executive; (3) Judicial — which are
chosen at different times and for different periods.
1. (Legislature). Legislative officers consist of
Senators and Representatives, chosen at elections
held on the Tuesday after the first Monday of
November, biennially. The regular term of a
Senator (of whom there are fifty -one under the
present Constitution) is four years; twenty-five
(those in Districts bearing even numbers) being
chosen on the years in which a President and
Governor are elected, and the other twenty -six at
the intermediate period two years later. Thus,
one-half of each State Senate is composed of what
are called "hold-over" Senators. Representatives
are elected biennially at the November election,
and hold office two years. The qualifications as
to eligibility for a seat in the State Senate require
that the incumbent shall be 2.5 years of age,
while 21 years renders one eligible to a seat in
the House — the Constitution requiring that each
shall have been a resident of the State for five
years, and of the District for which he is chosen,
two years next preceding his ele6tion. (See
Legislative Apportionment and Minority Repre-
sentation.) — 3. (Executive Officers). The
officers constituting the Executive Department
include the Governor, Lieutenant-Governor,
Secretary of State, Auditor of Public Accounts,
Treasurer, Superintendent of Public Instruction,
and Attorney-General. Each of these, except the
State Treasurer, holds office four years and — with
the exception of the Treasurer and Superintend-
ent of Public Instruction — are elected at the
general election at which Presidential Electors
are chosen. The election of State Superintendent
occurs on the intermediate (even) years, and that
of State Treasurer every two years coincidently
with the election of Governor and Superintendent
of Public Instruction, respectively. (See Execu-
tive Officers.) In addition to the State officers
already named, three Trustees of the University
of Illinois are elected biennially at the general
election in November, each holding office for
six years. These trustees (nine in number),
with the Governor, President of the State Board
of Agriculture and the Superintendent of Public
Instruction, constitute the Board of Trustees of
the University of Illinois. — 3. (Judiciary). The
Judicial Department embraces Judges of the
Supreme, Circuit and County Courts, and such
other subordinate officials as may be connected
with the administration of justice. For the
156
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
election of members of tlie Supreme Court the
State is divided into seven Districts, eacli of
which elects a Justice of the Supreme Court for
a term of nine years. The elections in five of
these — the First, Second, Third, Sixth and
Seventh — occur on the first Mondaj' in June every
ninth year from 1879, the last election having
occurred in June, 1897. The elections in the
other two Districts occur at similar periods of nine
years from 1876 and 1873, respectively — the last
election in the Fourth District having occurred
in Jime, 1893, and that in the Fifth in 1891.—
Circuit Judges are chosen on the first Monday in
June every six years, counting from 1873. Judges
of the Superior Court of Cook County are elected
every six years at the November election. — Clerks
of the Supreme and Appellate Courts are elected
at the November election for six years, the last
election having occurred in 1896. Under the act
of April 2, 1897, consolidating the Supreme
Court into one Grand Division, the number of
Supreme Court Clerks is reduced to one, although
the Clerks elected in 1896 remain in office and have
oliarge of the records of their several Divisions
until the expiration of their terms in 1902. The
Supreme Court holds five terms annually at Spring-
field, beginning, respectively, on the first Tuesday
of October, December, February, April and June.
(Other Officers), (a) Members of the State
Board of Eqvialization (one for every Congres-
sional District) are elective every four years at
the same time as Congressmen, (b) County
ofScers (except County Cominissioners not under
township organization) hold office for four years
and are chosen at the November election as
follows: (1) At the general election at which
the Governor is chosen — Clerk of the Circuit
Court, State's Attorne}-, Recorder of Deeds (in
counties having a population of 60,000 or over).
Coroner and County Surveyor. (2) On inter-
mediate years — Sheriff, County Judge, Probate
Judge (in counties having a population of 70,000
and over). County Clerk, Treasurer, Superintend-
ent of Schools, and Clerk of Criminal Court of
Cook County, (c) In counties not under town-
ship organization a Board of County Commission-
ers is elected, one being chosen in November of
each year, and each holding office three years,
(d) Under the general law the polls open at 8
a. m., and close at 7 p. m. In cities accepting an
Act of the Legislature passed in 1885, the hour of
opening the polls is 6 a. m. , and of closing 4 p. m.
(See al.so Australian Ballot.)
ELECTORS, QUALIFICATIONS OF. (See
Suffrage.)
ELttIN, an important city of Northern Illinois,
situated in Kane County, on Fox River and
the Cliicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul and the
Chicago & Northwestern Railroads, 36 miles
northwest of Chicago. It has valuable water-
power, and over forty manufacturing establish-
ments of different varieties, chief among them
being the National Watch Factory, one of the
largest in the world. The city is also a great
dairy center, containing extensive creameries
and milk-condensing works, and liaving a butter
and cheese excliange whose quotations are tele-
graphed to all the principal commercial centers
of the country. It is the location of the Northern
(Illinois) Hospital for the Insane. The Fifty-
fifth Congress made an appropriation for the
ei-ection of a Government (post-office) building
here. The census reports show that Elgin has had
a rapid growth in the past twenty years. Popula-
tion (1880), 8,787; (1890), 17,823; (1900), 22,433.
ELGIN, JOLIET & EASTERN RAILWAY. The
main line of this road extends west from Dyer on
the Indiana State line to Joliet, thence northeast
to Waukegan. The total length of the line (1898)
is 192.72 miles, of which 159.93 miles are in Illi-
nois. The entire capital of the company, includ-
ing stock and indebtedness, amounted (1898), to
§13,799,630— more than .$71,000 per mile. Its total
earnings in Illinois for the same year were 81,212,-
026, and its entire expenditure in the State,
§1,1.56,146. The company paid in taxes, the same
year, §48,876, Branch lines extend southerly
from Walker Junction to Coster, where connec-
tion is made with the Cleveland, Cincinnati,
Chicago & St. Louis Railroad, and northwesterly
from Normantown, on the main line, to Aurora.
— (History). The Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Rail-
way was chartered in 1887 and absorbed the
Joliet, Aurora & Northern Railway, from Joliet to
Aurora (21 miles), which had been commenced in
1886 and was completed in 1888, with extensions
from Joliet to Spaulding, 111. , and from Joliet to
McCool. Ind. In January, 1891, the Company
purchased all the properties and franchises of the
Gardner, Coal City & Normantown and the
Waukegan & Southwestern Railway Companies
(formerly operated under lease). The former of
these two roads was chartered in 1889 and opened
in 1890. The system forms a belt line around
Chicago, intersecting all railroads entering that
city from every direction. Its traffic is chiefly
in the transportation of freight.
ELIZABETHTOWN, the county-seat of Hardin
County. It stands on the north bank of the Ohio
River, 44 miles above Paducah, Ky., and about
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
157
125 miles southeast of Belleville. It has two
churches, two flouring mills, a bank and two
weekly newspapers. Population (1880), 484;
(1890), 652; (1900), 668.
ELKHART, a town of Logan County, on the
Chicago & Alton Railroad, 18 miles northeast of
Springfield ; is a rich farming section ; has a coal
shaft. Population (1890), 414; (1900), 553.
ELKIN, William F., pioneer and early legisla-
tor, was born in Clark County, Ky., April 13,
1792; after spending several years in Oliio and
Indiana, came to Sangamon County, 111. , in 1835 ;
was elected to the Sixth, Tenth and Eleventh
General Assemblies, being one of the "Long
Nine" from Sangamon County and, in 1861, was
appointed by his former colleague (Abraham
Lincoln) Register of the Land Office at Spring-
field, resigning in 18T3. Died, in 1878.
ELLIS, Edward F. W., soldier, was born at
Wilton, Maine, April 15, 1819; studied law and
was admitted to the bar in Ohio ; spent three years
(1849-52) in California, serving in the Legislature
of that State in 1851, and proving liimself an
earnest opponent of slavery ; returned to Ohio the
next year, and, in 1854, removed to Rockford, 111.,
where he embarked in the banking business.
Soon after tlie firing on Fort Sumter, he organ-
ized the Ellis Rifles, which having been attached
to the Fifteenth Illinois, he was elected Lieuten-
ant-Colonel of the regiment ; was in command at
the battle of Sliiloh, April 6, 1862, and was killed
while bravely leading on his men.
ELLIS, (Rev.) John Millot, early home mis-
sionary, was born in Keene, N. H., July 14, 1793;
came to Illinois as a home missionary of the
Presbyterian Church at an early day, and served
for a time as pastor of churches at Kaskaskia and
Jacksonville, and was one of the influential
factors in securing the location of Illinois Col-
lege at the latter place. His wife also conducted,
for some years, a private school for young ladies
at Jacksonville, which developed into the Jack-
sonville Female Academy in 1833, and is still
maintained after a history of over sixty years.
Mr. Ellis was later associated with the establish-
ment of Wabash College, at Crawfordsville, Ind.,
finally returning to New Hampshire, where, in
1840, he was pastor of a church at East Hanover.
In 1844 he again entered the service of the Soci-
ety for Promoting Collegiate and Theological
Education in the West. Died, August 6, 1855.
ELLSWORTH, Ephraim Elmer, soldier, first
victim of the Civil War, was born at Mechanics
ville, Saratoga County, N. Y., April 23, 1837. He
came to Chicago at an early age, studied law.
and became a patent solicitor. In 1860 he raised
a regiment of Zouaves in Chicago, which became
famous for the perfection of its discipline and
drill, and of which he was commissioned Colonel.
In 1861 he accompanied President Lincoln to
Washington, going from there to New York,
where he recruited and organized a Zouave
regiment composed of firemen. He became its
Colonel and the regiment was ordered to Alexan-
dria, Va. While stationed there Colonel Ells-
worth observed that a Confederate flag was
flying above a hotel owned by one Jackson.
Rushing to the roof, he tore it down, but before
he reached the street was shot and killed by
Jackson, who was in turn shot by Frank H.
Brownell, one of Ellsworth's men. He was the
first Union soldier killed in the war. Died, May
24, 1861.
ELMHURST (formerly Cottage Hill), a village
of Du Page County, and residence suburb of
Chicago, on the Chicago & Nortliwestern Rail-
road, 15 miles west of Chicago; is the seat of
the Lutheran Evangelical Seminary, has two
weekly papers, good common schools and several
churches. Population (1890), 1,050; (1900), 1,728.
ELMWOOD, a town of Peoria County, on the
Rock Island & Peoria branch of tlie Chicago,
Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 26 miles west-,
northwest of Peoria ; the principal industries are
coal-mining and paper manufacture; has banks
and two newspapers. Population (1880), 1,.504;
(1890), 1,548; (1900), 1,582.
EL PASO, a city in Woodford County, 17 miles
north of Bloomington. It has several grain ele-
vators, large mills, a carriage factory and agri-
cultural implement works. Bituminous coal is
found in the surrounding region, and a coal shaft
has been sunk. A weeklj- paper is published here.
Population' (1880), (1890), 1,353; (1900), 1,441.
EMBARRAS RIVER, rises in Champaign
County and runs southward through the counties
of Douglas. Coles and Cumberland, to Newton, in
Jasper County, where it turns to the southeast,
passing through Lawrence County, and entering
the Wabash River about seven miles below Vin-
cennes. It is nearly 1.50 miles long.
EMMERSON, Charles, jurist, was born at North
Haverliill, Grafton County, N. H., April 15, 1811;
came to Illinois in 1833, first settling at Jackson-
ville, where he spent one term in Illinois College,
then studied law at Springfield, and, having been
admitted to the bar, began practice at Decatur,
where he spent the remainder of his life except
three years (1847-.50) during which he resided at
Paris, Edgar County. In 18.50 he was elected to
158
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
the Legislature, and, in 1853, to the Circuit bench,
serving on the latter by reelection till 1867. The
latter year lie was a candidate for Justice of the
Supreme Court, but was defeated by the late
Judge Pinkney H. Walker. In 1869 he was
elected to the State Constitutional Convention,
but died in April, 1870, while the Convention was
still in session.
ENFIELD, a town of White County, at the
intersection of the Louisville & Nashville with
the Cleveland. Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis
Railway, 10 miles west of Carmi; is the seat of
Southern lUinois College. The town also has a
bank and two newspapers. Population (1880),
717; (1890), 870; (1900), 971.
ENGLISH, Joseph G., banker, was born at
Rising Sun, Ind., Dec. 17, 1820; lived for a time
at Perrysville and La Fayette in that State, finally
engaging in merchandising in the former; in
1853 removed to Danville, 111., where he formed
a partnership with John L. Tincher in mercantile
business ; later conducted a private banking busi-
ness and, in 1863, established the First National
Bank, of which he has been President over twenty
years. He served two terms as Mayor of Dan-
ville, in 1873 was elected a member of the State
Board of Equalization, and, for more than twenty
years, has been one of the Directors of the Chicago
' & Eastern Railroad. At tlie present time Mr.
Englisli, having practically retired from busi-
ness, is spending most of his time in the West.
ENOS, Pascal PaoU, pioneer, was born at
Windsor, Conn. , in 1770 ; graduated at Dartmouth
College In 1794, studied law, and, after spending
some years in Vermont, where he served as High
Sheriff of Windsor County, in September, 181.5,
removed West, stopping first at Cincinnati. A
year later he descended the Ohio by flat-boat to
Shawneetown, 111., crossed the State by land,
finally locating at St. Charles, Mo., and later at
St. Louis. Then, having purchased a tract of land
in Madison County, 111., he remained there about
two years, when, in 1823, having received from
President Monroe the appointment of Receiver of
the newly established Land Office at Springfield,
he removed thither, making it his permanent
home. He was one of the original purchasers of
the land on which the city of Springfield now
stands, and joined witli Maj. Elijah lies, John
Taylor and Thomas Cox, the other patentees, in
laying out the town, to which they first gave the
name of Calhoun. Mr. Enos remained in office
through the administration of President John
Quincy Adams, but was removed by President
Jackson for political reasons, in 1829. Died, at
Springfield, April, 1832.— Pascal P. (Enos), Jr.,
eldest son of Mr. Enos, was born in St. Charles,
Mo., Nov. 28, 1816; was elected Representative in
the General Assembly from Sangamon County in
1853, and served by appointment of Justice
McLean of the Supreme Court as Clerk of the
United States Circuit Court, being reappointed
by Judge David Davis, dying in office, Feb. 17,
1867. — Zimri A. (Enos), another son, was born
Sept. 29, 1831, is a citizen of Springfield — has
served as County Surveyor and Alderman of the
city. — Julia R., a daughter, was born in Spring-
field, Dec. 20, 1832, is the widow of the late O. M.
Hatch, Secretary of State (1857-65).
EPLER, Cyrus, lawyer and jurist, was born
at Charleston, Clark Count}-. Ind., Nov. 13,
1835; graduated at Illinois College, Jackson-
ville, studied law, and was admitted to the
bar in 1853, being elected State's Attorney
the same year; also served as a member
of the General Assembly two terms (1857-61)
and as Master in Chancery for Morgan County,
1867-73. In 1873 he was elected Circuit Judge
for the Seventh Circuit and was re-elected
successivelj' in 1879, '85 and "91, serving four
terms, and retiring in 1897. During his entire
professional and official career his home has been
in Jacksonville.
EQUALITY, a village of Gallatin County, on
the Shawneetown Division of the Louisville &
Nashville Railroad, 11 miles west-northwest of
Shawneetown. It was for a time, in early days, the
county-seat of Gallatin County and market for
the salt manufactured in that vicinity. Some
coal is mined in the neighborhood. One weekly
paper is published here. Population (1880), 500;
(1890), 633; (1900), 898.
ERIE, a village of Whiteside County, on the
Rock Island and Sterling Division of the Chicago,
Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 30 miles north-
east of Rock Island. Population (1880), 537;
(1890), .535; (1900), 768.
EUREKA, the county-seat of Woodford County,
incorporated in 1856, situated 19 miles east of
Peoria; is in the heart of a ricli stock-raising and
agricultural district. The principal mechanical
industry is the manufacture of drain-tile and
pressed brick. Besides having good grammar
and high schools, it is also the seat of Eureka
College, under the control of the Christian de-
nomination, in connection with which are a nor-
mal school-and a Biblical Institute. The town has
four weekly papers. Population (1880), 1,185;
(1.990), 1.481; (189.5, estimated), 1,900. Eureka
became the county-seat of Woodford County
HISTORICAL EKCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
159
early in 1899, tlie change from Metamora being
due to the central location and more convenient
eocessibility of the former from all parts of the
county. Population (1900), 1,661.
EUREKA COLLEGE, located at Eureka, Wood-
ford County, and chartered in 185.5, distinctively
under the care and supervision of the "Christian"
or "Campbellite" denomination. The primary
aim of its founders was to prepare young men for
the ministry, while at the same time affording
facilities for liberal culture. It was chartered in
1855, and its growth, while gradual, has been
steady. Besides a preparatory department and a
business school, the college maintains a collegiate
department (with classical and scientific courses)
and a theological school, the latter being designed
to lit young men for the ministry of the denomi-
nation. Both male and female matriculates are
received. In 1896 there was a faculty of eighteen
professors and assistants, and an attendance of
some 325 students, nearly one-third of whom
were females. The total value of the institution's
property is §144,000, which includes an endow-
ment of 845,000 and real estate valued at 885,000.
EUSTACE, John V., lawyer and judge, was
born in Philadelphia, Sept. 9, 1821; graduated
from the University of Pennsylvania in 1839, and,
in 1843, at the age of 21, was admitted to the bar,
removing the same year to Dixon, 111. , where he
resided until his death. In 1856 he was elected
to the General Assembly and, in 1857, became
Circuit Judge, serving one term; was chosen
Presidential Elector in 1864, and, in March, 1878,
was again elevated to the Circuit Bench, vice
Judge Heaton, deceased. He was elected to the
same position in 1879, and re-elected in 1885, but
died in 1888, three years before the expiration of
his term.
EVANGELICAL SEMINARY, an institution
under the direction of the Lutheran denomina-
tion, incorporated in 1865 and located at Elm-
hurst, Du Page County. Instruction is given in
the classics, theology, oratory and preparatory
studies, by a faculty of eight teachers. The
number of pupils during the school year (1895-96)
was 133 — all young men. It has property valued
at 859,305.
EVANS, Henry H., legislator, was born in
Toronto, Can., March 9, 1836; brought by his
father (who was a native of Pennsylvania) to
Aurora, 111. , where the latter finally became fore-
man of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy ma-
chine shops at that place. In 1862 young Evans
enlisted in the One Hundred and Twentj-fourth
Illinois Volunteers, serving until the close of the
war. Since the war he has become most widely
known as a member of the General Assembly, hav-
ing been elected first to the House, in 1876, and
subsequently to the Senate every four years from
1880 to the year 1898, giving him over twenty
years of almost continuous service. He is a large
owner of real estate and has been prominently
connected with financial and other business
enterprises at Aurora, including the Aurora Gas
and Street Railway Companies ; also served with
the rank of Colonel on the staffs of Governors
CuUom, Hamilton, Fifer and Oglesby.
EVANS, (Rev.) Jervice G., educator and re-
former, was born in Marshall County, 111., Dec.
19, 1833; entered the ministry of the Methodist
Episcopal Church in 1854, and, in 1872, accepted
the presidency of Hedding College at Abingdon,
which he filled for six years. He then became
President of Chaddock College at Quincy, but the
following year returned to pastoral work. In
1889 he again became President of Hedding Col-
lege, where (1898) he still remains. Dr. Evans is
a member of the Central Illinois (M. E.) Confer-
ence and a leader in the prohibition movement;
has also produced a number of volumes on reli-
gious and moral questions.
EVANS, John, M.D., physician and Governor,
was born at Waynesville, Ohio, of Quaker ances-
try, March 9, 1814; graduated in medicine at
Cincinnati and began practice at Ottawa, 111.,
but soon returned to Ohio, finall)' locating at
Attica, Ind. Here he became prominent in the
establishment of the first insane hospital in In-
diana, at Indianapolis, about 1841-42, becoming a
resident of that city in 1845. Three j'ears later,
having accepted a chair in Rush Medical College,
in Chicago, he removed thither, also serving for
a time as editor of "The Northwestern Medical
and Siu-gical Journal." He served as a member
of the Chicago City Council, became a successful
operator in real estate and in the promotion of
various railroad enterprises, and was one of the
founders of the Northwestern University, at
Evanston, serving as President of the Board of
Trustees over forty years. Dr. Evans was one of
the founders of the Republican party in Illinois,
and a strong personal friend of President Lincoln,
from whom, in 1802, he received the appointment
of Governor of the Territory of Colorado, con-
tinuing in office until displaced by Andrew John-
son in 1865. In Colorado he became a leading
factor in the construction of some of the most
important railroad lines in that section, including
the Denver, Texas & Gulf Road, of which he was
for many years the President. He was also
160
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
prominent in connection with educational and
church enterprises at Denver, which was his home
after leaving Illinois. Died, in Denver, July 3, 1897.
EYA>'STON, a city of Cook County, situated 12
miles north of Chicago, on the Chicago, Milwau-
kee & St. Paul and the Chicago & Northwe.stern
Railroads. The original town was incorporated
Dec. 29, 1863, and, in March, 1869, a special act
was passed by the Legislature incorporating it as
a city, but rejected by vote of the people. On
Oct. 19, 1872, the voters of the corporate town
adopted village organizations under the General
Village and City Incorporation Act of the same
year. Since then annexations of adjacent terri-
tory to the village of Evanston have taken place
as follows : In January, 1878, two small districts
by petition ; in April, 1874, the village of North
Evanston was annexed by a majority vote of the
electors of both corporations; in April, 1886,
there was another annexation of a small out-lying
district by petition; in February, 1892, the ques-
tion of the annexation of South Evanston was
submitted to the voters of both corporations and
adopted. On March 29, 1892, the question of
organization under a city government was sub-
mitted to popular vote of the consolidated corpo-
ration and decided in the affirmative, the first
city election taking place April 19, following.
The population of the original corporation of
Evanston, according to the census of 1890, was
12,072, and of South Evanston, 3,205, making the
total population of the new city 1.5,967. Judged
by the census returns of 1900, the consolidated
city has had a healthy growth in the past
ten years, giving it, at the end of the
century, a population of 19.259. Evanston is
one of the most attractive residence cities in
Northern Illinois and famed for its educational
advantages. Besides having an admirable system
of graded and high schools, it is the seat of the
academic and theological departments of the
Northwestern University, the latter being known
as the Garrett Biblical Institute. The city has
well paved streets, is lighted by both gas and
electricity, and maintains its own system of
water works. Prohibition is strictly enforced
within the corporate limits under stringent
municipal ordinances, and the charter of the
Northwestern University forbidding the sale of
intoxicants within four miles of that institution.
As a consequence, it is certain to attract the
most desirable class of people, whether consisting
of those seeking permanent homes or simply
contemplating temporary residence for the sake
of educational advantages.
EWIXG, William Lee Davidson, early lawyer
and politician, was born in Kentucky in 1795, and
came to Illinois at an early day, first settling at
Shawneetown. As early as 1820 he appears from
a letter of Governor Edwards to President Mon-
roe, to have been holding some Federal appoint-
ment, presumably that of Receiver of Public
Moneys in the Land Office at Vandalia, as con-
temporarj' history shows that, in 1823, he lost a
deposit of 81,000 b^- the robljery of the bank there.
He was also Brigadier-General of the State militia
at an early day, Colonel of the "Spy Battalion"
during the Black Hawk War, and, as Indian
Agent, superintended the removal of the Sacs
and Foxes west of the Mississippi. Other posi-
tions held by him included Clerk of the House of
Representatives two sessions (1820-27 and 1828-29);
Representative from the counties composing the
Vandalia District in the Seventh General Assem-
bly (1830-31), when he also became Speaker of the
House; Senator from the same District in the
Eighth and Ninth General Assemblies, of which
he was chosen President pro tempore. While
serving in this capacity he became ex-officio
Lieutenant-Governor in consequence of the resig-
nation of Lieut. -Gov. Zadoc Casey to accept a
seat in Congress, in March, 1833, and, in Novem-
ber, 183-4, assumed the Governorship as successor
to Governor Reynolds, who had been elected to
Congress to fill a vacancy. He served only fifteen
days as Governor, when he gave place to Gov.
Joseph Duncan, who had been elected in due
course at the previous election. A 3'ear later
(December, 1835) he was chosen United States
Senator to succeed Elias Kent Kane, who had
died in office. Failing of a re-election to the
Senatorship in 1837, he was returned to the House
of Representatives from his old district in 1838,
as he was again in 1840, at each session being
chosen Speaker over Abraham Lincoln, who was
the Whig candidate. Dropping out of the Legis-
lature at the close of his term, we find him at the
beginning of the next session (December, 1842) in
his old place as Clerk of the House, but, before
the close of the session (in March, 1843), appointed
Auditor of Public Accounts as successor to James
Shields, who had resigned. While occupying the
office of Auditor, Mr. Ewing died. March 25, 1846.
His public career was as unique as it was remark-
able, in the number and character of the official
positions held by him within a period of twenty-
five years.
EXECUTIVE OFFICERS. (See State officers
under heads of "Governor," "Lieutenant-Gov-
ernor," etc.)
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
161
EYE AND EAR INFIRMARY, ILLINOIS
CHARITABLE. This institution is an outgrowth
of a private charity founded at Chicago, in 1858,
by Dr. Edward L. Hohnes, a distinguished Chi-
cago oculist. In 1871 the property of the institu-
tion was transferred to and accepted by the State,
the title was changed by the substitution of the
word "Illinois" for "Chicago," and the Infirmary
became a State institution. The fire of 1871
destroyed the building, and, in 1873-74, the State
erected another of brick, four stories in height,
at the corner of West Adams and Peoria Streets,
Chicago. The institution recei%'es patients from
all the counties of the State, the same receiving
board, lodging, and medical aid, and (when neces-
sary) surgical treatment, free of charge. The
number of patients on Dec. 1, 1897, was 160. In
1877 a free eye and ear dispensary was opened
under legislative authority, which is under charge
of some eminent Chicago specialists.
FAIRBURY, an important town of Livingston
County, situated ten miles southeast of Pontiac,
in a fertile and thickly settled region. Coal,
sandstone, limestone, fire-clay and a micaceous
quartz are found in the neighborhood. The town
has banks, grain elevators, flouring mills and two
weekly newspapers. Population (1880), 2,140;
(1890), 2,324; (1900), 2,187.
FAIRFIELD, an incorporated town, the
county-seat of Wayne County and a railway
junction, 108 miles southeast of St. Louis. It is
the seat of Hay ward Collegiate Institute; has an
extensive woolen factory and large flouring and
saw mills. It has three weekly papers and is an
important fruit and grain-shipping point. Popu-
lation (1880), 1,391; (1890), 1,881; (1900). 2,338.
FAIRMOUNT, a town of Vermilion County, on
the Wabash Railway, 18 miles west-southwest
from Danville. The town has a brick and tile
factory, although the industrial interests are
chiefly agricultural. One weekly paper is pub-
lished here. Population (1890), 649; (1900), 928.
FALLOWS, (Rt. Rev.) Samuel, Bishop of Re-
formed Protestant Episcopal Church, was born at
Pendleton, near Manchester, England, Dec. 13,
183.5 ; removed with his parents to Wisconsin in
1848, and graduated from the State University
there in 1859, during a part of his university
course serving as pastor of a Methodist Episcopal
church at Madison ; was next Vice-President of
Gainesville University till 1861, when he was
ordained to the Methodist ministry and became
pastor of a church at Oshkosh. The following
year he was appointed Chaplain of the Thirty-
second Wisconsin Volunteers, but later assisted
in organizing the Fortietli Wisconsin, of which
he became Colonel, in 1865 being brevetted Briga-
dier-General. On his return to civil life he
became a pastor in Milwaukee; was appointed
State Superintendent of Public Instruction for
Wisconsin to fill a vacancy, in 1871, and was twice
re-elected. In 1874 he was elected President of
the Illinois Wesleyan University at Bloomington,
111., remaining two years; in 1875 united with the
Reformed Episcopal Church, soon after became
Rector of St. Paul's Church in Chicago, and was
elected a Bishop in 1876, also assuming the
editorship of "The Appeal," the organ of the
church. He served as Regent of the University
of Wisconsin (1864-74), and for several years has
been one of the Trustees of the Illinois State
Reform School at Pontiac. He is the author of
two or three volumes, one of them being a "Sup-
plementary Dictionary," published in 1884.
Bishop Fallows has had supervision of Reformed
Episcopal Churcli work in the West and North-
west for several years ; has also served as Chaplaia
of the Grand Army of the Republic for the
Department of Illinois and of the Loyal Legion,
and was Chairman of the General Committee of
the Educational Congress during the World's
Columbian Exposition of 1893.
FARINA, a town of Fayette County, on the
Chicago Division of the Illinois Central Railroad,
19 miles northeast of Centralia. Agriculture and
fruit-growing constitute the chief business of the
section ; the town has two newspapers. Popula-
tion (1880), 318; (1890), 618; (1900), 693.
FARMER CITY, a city of De Witt County, 25
miles southeast of Bloomington, at the junction
of the Springfield division of the Illinois Central
and the Peoria division of the Cleveland, Cincin-
nati, Chicago & St. Louis Railways. It is a
trading center for a rich agricultural and stock-
raising district, especially noted for rearing finely
bred horses. The city has banks, two news-
papers, churches of four denominations and good
schools, including a high school. Population
(1880), 1,289; (1890), 1,367; (1900), 1,664-
FARMERS' INSTITUTE, an organization
created by an act, approved June 24, 1895, de-
signed to encourage practical education among
farmers, and to assist in developing the agricul-
tural resources of the State. Its membersliip
consists of three delegates from each county in
the State, elected annually by the Farmers'
Institute in such county. Its affairs are managed
by a Board of Directors constituted as follows:
Tlie Superintendent of Public Instruction, the
162
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Professor of Agriculture in tlie University of Illi-
nois, and the Presidents of the State Board of
Agriculture, Dairymen's Association and Horti-
cultural Society, ex-officio, with one member from
each Congressional District, chosen by the dele-
gates from the district at the annual meeting of
the organization. Annual meetings (between
Oct. 1 and March 1) are required to be held,
which shall continue in session for not less than
three days. The topics for discussion are the
cultivation of crops, the care and breeding of
domestic animals, dairy husbandry, horticulture,
farm drainage, imjirovement of highways and
general farm management. The reports of the
annual meetings are printed by the State to the
number of 10,000, one-half of the edition being
placed at the disposal of the Institute. Suitable
quarters for the officers of the organization are
provided in the State capitol.
FARMIXGTOX, a town and railroad center in
Fulton County, 13 miles north of Canton and 33
miles west of Peoria. Coal is extensively mined
here; there are also brick and tile factories, a
foundry, two steam flour-mills and a cigar
manufactory. It is a large shipping point for
grain and live-stock. The town has two banks
and two newspapers, five churches and a graded
school. Population (1890). 1,375; (1900), 1,739.
FARNSWORTH, Elon John, soldier, was born
at Green Oak, Livingston Coimtj', Mich., in 1837.
After completing a course in the public schools,
he entered the University of Michigan, but left
college at the end of his freshman year (1858) to
serve in the Quartermaster's department of the
army in the Utah expedition. At the expiration
of his term of service he became a buffalo hunter
and a carrier of mails between the haunts of
civilization and the then newly -discovered mines
at Pike's Peak. Returning to Illinois, he was
commissioned (18G1) Assistant Quartermaster of
the Eighth Illinois Cavalry, of which his uncle
was Colonel. (See Farnsworth, John Franklin. )
He soon rose to a captaincy, distinguishing him-
self in the battles of the Peninsula. In May,
1863, he was appointed aid-de-camp to General
Pleasanton, and, on June 39, 1863, was made a
Brigadier-General. Four days later he was killed,
while gallantly leading a charge at Gettysburg.
FARNSWORTH, John Franklin, soldier and
former Congressman, was born at Eaton, Canada
East, March 37, 1830; removed to Michigan in
1834, and later to Illinois, settling in Kane
County, where he practiced law for many years,
making his home at St. Charles. He was elected
to Congress in 1856, and re-elected in 1858. In
September of 1861, he was commissioned Colonel
of the Eighth Illinois Cavalry Volunteers, and
was brevetted Brigadier-General in November,
1863, but resigned, March 4, 1863, to take his seat
in Congress to which he had been elected the
November previous, by successive re-elections
serving from 1863 to 1873. The latter years of
his life were spent in Washington, where he died,
July 14, 1897.
FARWELL, Charles Benjamin, merchant and
United States Senator, was born at Painted Post,
N. Y., July 1, 1833; removed to IlUnois in 1838,
and, for six years, was employed in sui'veying
and farming. In 1844 he engaged in the real
estate business and in banking, at Chicago. He
was elected County Clerk in 1853, and re-elected
in 1857. Later he entered into commerce, becom-
ing a partner with his brother, John Villiers, in
the firm of J. V. Farwell & Co. He was a mem-
ber of the State Board of Equalization in 1867;
Chairman of the Board of Supervisors of Cook
County in 1868 ; and National Bank Examiner in
1869. In 1870 he was elected to Congress as a
Republican, was re-elected in 1873, but was
defeated in 1874, after a contest for the seat which
was carried into the House at Wasliington.
Again, in 1880, he was returned to Congress,
making three full terms in that body. He also
served for several years as Chairman of the
Republican State Central Committee. After the
death of Gen. John A. Logan he was (1887)
elected United States Senator, his term expiring
March 3, 1891. Mr. Farwell has since devoted
liis attention to the immense mercantile busi-
ness of J. V. Farwell & Co.
FARWELL, John Villiers, merchant, was born
at Campbelltown, Steuben County, N. Y., July
39, 1835, the son of a farmer; received acommon-
scliool education and, in 1838, removed with his
father's family to Ogle County, III. Here he
attended Mount Morris Seminary for a time, but,
in 1845, came to Chicago without capital and
secured employment in the City Clerk's office,
then became a book-keeper in the dry- goods
establishment of Hamilton & White, and, still
later, with Hamilton & Day. Having thus
received liis bent towards a mercantile career, he
soon after entered the concern of Wadsworth &
Phelps as a clerk, at a salary of S600 a year, but
was admitted to a partnership in 1850, the title of
the firm becoming Cooley, Farwell & Co. , in 1860.
About this time Marshall Field and Levi Z. Leiter
became associated with the concern and received
their mercantile training under the supervision
of Mr. Farwell. In 1865 the title of the firm
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
163
became J. V. Farwell & Co., but, in 1891, the firm
was incorporated under the name of The J. V.
Farwell Company, his brother, Charles B. Far-
well, being a member. The subject of this sketch
has long been a prominent factor in religious
circles, a leading spirit of the Young Men's
Christian Association, and served as President of
the Chicago Branch of the United States
Christian Commission during the Civil War.
Politically he is a Republican and served as Presi-
dential Elector at the time of President Lincoln's
second election in 1864 ; also served by appoint-
ment of President Grant, in 1869, on the Board of
Indian Commissioners. He was a member of the
syndicate which erected the Texas State Capitol,
at Austin, in that State ; has been, for a number
of years, Vice-President and Treasurer of the
J. V. Farwell Company, and President of the
Colorado Consolidated Land and Water Company.
He was also prominent in the organization of the
Chicago Public Library, and a member of the
Union League, the Chicago Historical Society
and the Art Institute.
FARWELL, William Washington, jurist, was
born at Morrisville, Madison County, N. Y., Jan.
5, 1817, of old Puritan ancestry ; graduated from
Hamilton College in 1837, and was admitted to
the bar at Rochester, N. Y., in 1841. In 1848 he
removed to Chicago, but the following year went
to California, returning to his birthplace in 1850.
In 1854 he again settled at Chicago and soon
secured a prominent position at the bar. In 1871
he was elected Circuit Court Judge for Cook
County, and, in 1873, re-elected for a term of six
years. During this period he sat chiefly upon
the chancery side of the court, and, for a time,
presided as Chief Justice. At the close of his
second term he was a candidate for re-election as
a Republican, but was defeated with the re-
mainder of the ticket. In 1880 he was chosen
Professor of Equity Jurisprudence in the Union
College of Law (now the Northwestern Univer-
sity Law School), serving until June, 1893, when
he resigned. Died, in Chicago, April 30, 1894.
FAYETTE COUNTY, situated about 60 miles
south of the geographical center of the State;
was organized in 1821, and named for the French
General La Fayette. It has an area of 720 square
miles; population (1900), 28,065. The soil is fer-
tile and a rich vein of bituminous coal underlies
the county. Agricult\u-e, fruit-growing and
mining are the chief industries. The old, historic
"Cimiberland Road," the trail for all west-bound
emigrants, crossed the county at an early date.
Perryville was the first county-seat, but this town
is now extinct. Vandalia, the present seat of
county government (population, 3,144), stands
upon a succession of hills upon the west bank of
the Kaskaskia. From 1820 to 1839 it was the
State Capital. Besides Vandalia the chief towns
are Ramse}', noted for its railroad ties and tim-
ber, and St. Elmo.
FEEBLE-MINDED CHILDREN, ASYLUM
FOR. This institution, originally established as
a sort of appendage to the Illinois Institution for
the Deaf and Dumb, was started at Jacksonville,
in 1865, as an "experimental scliool, for the
instruction of idiots and feeble-minded children."
Its success having been assured, the school was
placed upon an independent basis in 1871, and,
in 1875, a site at Lincoln, Logan County, covering
forty acres, was donated, and the erection of
buildings begun. The original plan provided for
a center building, with wings and a rear exten-
sion, to cost §124,775. Besides a main or adminis-
tration building, the institution embraces a
school building and custodial hall, a hospital and
industrial workshop, and, during the past year, a
chapel has been added. It has control of 890
acres, of which 400 are leased for farming pm--
poses, the rental going to the benefit of the insti-
tution. The remainder is used for the purposes
of the institution as farm land, gardens or pas-
ture, about ninety acres being occupied by the
institution buildings. The capacity of the insti-
tution is about 700 inmates, with many applica-
tions constantly on file for the admission of
others for whom there is no room.
FEEHAN, Patrick A., D.D., Archbishop of
the Roman Catholic archdiocese of Chicago, and
Metropolitan of Illinois, was born at Tipperary,
Ireland, in 1829, and educated at Maynooth
College. He emigrated to the United States in
1852, settling at St. Louis, and was at once
appointed President of the Seminary of Caronde-
let. Later he was made pastor of the Church of
the Immaculate Conception at St. Louis, where
he achieved marked distinction. In 1865 he was
consecrated Bishop of Nashville, managing the
afl'airs of the diocese with gi-eat ability. In 1880
Chicago was raised to an archiepiscopal see, with
Suffragan Bishops at Alton and Peoria, and
Bishop Feelian was consecrated its first Arch-
bishop. His administration has been conserva-
tive, yet efiicient, and the archdiocese has greatly
prospered under his rule.
FELL, Jesse W., lawyer and real-estate opera-
tor, was born in Chester County, Pa., about 1808;
started west on foot in 1828, and, after spending
some years at Steubenville, Ohio, came to Dela-
164
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
van, 111., in 1832, and the next year located at
Bloomington, being the first lawyer in that new
town. Later he became agent for school lands
and the State Bank, but failed financially in
1837, and returned to practice; resided several
years at Payson, Adams County, but returning
to Bloomington in 1855, was instrumental in
securing the location of the Chicago & Alton
Railroad through that town, and was one of the
founders of the towns of Clinton, Pontiac, Lex-
ington and El Paso. He was an intimate personal
and political friend of Abraham Lincoln, and it
was to him Mr. Lincoln addressed his celebrated
personal biographj-; in the campaign of 1860 he
served as Secretary of the RepubUcan State Cen-
tral Committee, and, in 1862, was appointed by
Mr. Lincoln a Paymaster in the regular army,
serving some two years. Mr. Fell was also a zeal-
ous friend of the cause of industrial education,
and bore an important part in securing the
location of the State Normal University at Nor-
mal, of wliich city he was the founder. Died, at
Bloomington, Jan. 35, 1887.
FERGUS, Robert, early printer, was born in
Glasgow, Scotland, August 4, 1815; learned the
printer's trade in his native city, assisting in his
youth in putting in type some of Walter Scott's
productions and other works which now rank
among English classics. In 1834 he came to
America, finally locating in Chicago, where,
with various partners, he pursued the business of
a job printer continuously some fifty years —
being the veteran printer of Chicago. He was
killed by being run over by a railroad train at
Evanston, July 23, 1897. The establishment of
which he was so long the head is continued by
his sons.
FERJJWOOD, a suburban station on the Chi-
cago & Eastern Illinois Railroad, 12 south of ter-
minal station ; annexed to City of Chicago, 1891.
FERRY, Elisha Peyre, politician, born in
Monroe, Mich.. August 9, 1825; was educated in
his native town and admitted to the bar at Fort
Wayne, Ind., in 1845; removed to Waukegan.
111., the following year, served as Postmaster and,
in 1856, was candidate on the Republican ticket
for Presidential Elector; was elected Mayor of
Waukegan in 1859. a member of the State Con-
stitutional Convention of 1862, State Bank Com-
missioner in 1861-63, Assistant Adjutant-General
on the stafif of Governor Yates during the war,
and a delegate to the Republican National Con-
vention of 1864. After the war he served as
direct-tax Commissioner for Tennessee; in 1869
was appointed Surveyor-General of Washington
Territory and, in 1873 and '76, Territorial Gor-
ernor. On the admission of Washington as a
State, in 1889, he was elected the first Governor.
Died, at Seattle, Wash., Oct. 14, 1895.
FEVRE RIVER, a small stream which rises in
Southern Wisconsin and enters the Mississippi in
Jo Daviess County, six miles below Galena, which
stands upon its banks. It is navigable for steam-
boats between Galena and its mouth. The name
originally given to it by early French explorers
was "Feve" (the French name for "Bean"),
which has since been corrupted into its present
form.
FICKLIX, Orlando B., lawyer and politician,
was born in Kentucky, Deo. 16, 1808, and
admitted to the bar at Mount Carmel, Wabash
County, III, in March, 1830. In 1834 he was
elected to the lower house of the Ninth General
Assembly. After serving a term as State's
Attorney for Wabash County, in 1837 he removed
to Charleston, Coles County, where, in 1838, and
again in '43, he was elected to the Legislature, as
he was for the last time in 1878. He was foiu-
times elected to Congress, serving from 1843 to
'49, and from 1851 to '53 ; was Presidential Elector
in 1856, and candidate for the same position on
the Democratic ticket for the State-at- large in
1884; was also a delegate to the Democratic
National Conventions of 1856 and '60. He was
a member of the Constitutional Convention of
1862. Died, at Charleston, May 5, 1886.
FIELD, Alexander Pope, early legislator and
Secretary of State, came to IlUnois about the
time of its admission into the Union, locating in
Union County, which he represented in the Third,
Fifth and Sixth General Assemblies. In the
first of these he was a prominent factor in the
ejection of Representative Hansen of Pike County
and the seating of Shaw in his place, which
enabled the advocates of slavery to secure the
passage of a resolution submitting to the people
the question of calling a State Constitutional
Convention. In 1828 he was appointed Secretary
of State by Governor Edwards, remaining in
office under Governors Reynolds and Dun-
can and through half the term of Governor
Carlin, though the latter attempted to secure
his removal in 1838 by the appointment of
John A. McClernand — the courts, however,
declaring against the latter. In November, 1840,
the Governor's act was made effective by the
confirmation, by the Senate, of Stephen A. Doug-
las as Secretary in place of Field. Douglas
held the office only to the following February,
when he resigned to take a place on the Supreme
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
165
bench and Lyman Trumbull was appointed to
succeed him. Field (who had become a Whig)
was appointed by President Harrison, in 1841,
Secretary of Wisconsin Territory, later removed
to St. Louis and finally to New Orleans, where he
was at the beginning of the late war. In Decem-
ber, 1863, he presented himself as a member of
the Thirty-eighth Congress for Louisiana, but
was refused his seat, though claiming in an elo-
quent speech to have been a loyal man. Died, in
New Orleans, in 1877. Mr. Field was a nephew
of Judge Nathaniel Pope, for over thirty years on
the bench of the United States District Court.
FIELD, Eugene, journalist, humorist and poet,
was born in St. Louis, Mo., Sept. 2, 18.50. Left an
orphan at an early age, he was reared by a rela-
tive at Amherst, Mass. , and received a portion of
his literary training at Monson and Williamstown
in that State, completing his course at the State
University of Missouri. After an extended tour
through Europe in 1872-73, he began his journal-
istic career at St. Louis, Mo., as a reporter on
"The Evening Journal," later becoming its city
editor. During the next ten years he was succes-
sively connected with newspapers at St. Joseph,
Mo., St. Louis, Kansas City, and at Denver, Colo.,
at the last named city being managing editor of
"The Tribune." In 1883 he removed to Chicago,
becoming a special writer for "The Chicago
News," his particular department for several
years being a pungent, witty column with the
caption, "Sharps and Flats." He wrote con-
siderable prose fiction and much poetry, among
the latter being successful translations of several
of Horace's Odes. As a poet, however, he was
best known through his short poems relating to
childhood and home, which strongly appealed to
the popular heart. Died, in Chicago, deeply
mourned by a large circle of admirers, Nov. 4,
1895.
FIELD, Marshall, merchant and capitalist, was
born in Conway, Mass., in 1835, and grew up on
a farm, receiving a common school and academic
education. At the age of 17 he entered upon a
mercantile career as clerk in a dry -goods store at
Pittsfield, Mass., but, in 1856, came to Chicago
and secured employment with Messrs. Cooley,
Wadsworth & Co. ; in 1860 was admitted into
partnership, the firm becoming Cooley, Farwell
& Co., and still later, Farwell, Field & Co. The
last named firm was dissolved and that of Field,
Palmer & Leiter organized in 1865. Mr. Palmer
having retired in 1867, the firm was continued
under the name of Field, Leiter & Co., until 1881,
when Mr. Leiter retired, the concern being since
known as Marshall Field & Co. The growth of
the business of this great establishment is shown
by the fact that, whereas its sales amounted
before the fire to some 812,000,000 annually, in
1895 they aggregated $40,000,000. Mr. Field's
business career has been remarkable for its suc-
cess in a city famous for its successful business
men and the vastness of their commercial oper-
ations. He has been a generous and discrimi-
nating patron of important public enterprises,
some of his more conspicuous donations being the
gift of a tract of land valued at 8300,000 and
.$100,000 in cash, to the Chicago University, and
$1,000,000 to the endowment of the Field Colum-
bian Museum, as a sequel to the World's Colum-
bian Exposition. The latter, chiefly through the
munificence of Mr. Field, promises to become one
of the leading institutions of its kind in the
United States. Besides his mercantile interests,
Mr. Field has extensive interests in various finan-
cial and manufacturing enterprises, including
the Pullman Palace Car Company and the Rock
Island & Pacific Railroad, in each of which he is
a Director.
FIFER, Joseph W., born at Stanton, Va., Oct.
28, 1840; in 1857 he accompanied his father (who
was a stone-mason) to McLean County, 111., and
worked at the manufacture and laying of brick.
At the outbreak of the Civil War he enlisted as a
private in the Thirty-third Illinois Infantry, and
was dangerously wounded at the assault on Jack-
son, Miss., in 1863. On the healing of his wound,
disregarding the advice of family and friends, he
rejoined his regiment. At the close of the war,
when about 25 years of age, he entered the Wes-
leyan University at Bloomington, where, by dint
of hard work and frugality, while supporting
himself in part by manual labor, he secured a
diploma in 1868. He at once began the study of
law, and, soon after his admission, entered upon a
practice which subsequently proved both success-
ful and lucrative. He was elected Corporation
Counsel of Bloomington in 1871 and State's Attor-
ney for McLean County in 1872, holding the latter
office, through re-election, until 1880, when he
was chosen State Senator, serving in the Thirty-
second and Thirty-third General Assemblies. In
1888 he was nominated and elected Governor on
the Republican ticket, but, in 1892, was defeated
by John P. Altgeld, the Democratic nominee,
though running in advance of the national and
the rest of the State ticket.
FINERTT, John F., ex-Congressman and
journalist, was born in Galway, Ireland, Sept.
10, 1846. His studies were mainly prosecuted
166
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
under private tutors. At the age of 16 lie entered
the profession of journalism, and, in 1864, coming
to America, soon after enlisted, serving for 100
days during the Civil War, in the Ninety -ninth
New York Volunteers. Subsequently, having
removed to Chicago, he was connected with "The
Chicago Times" as a special correspondent from
1876 to 1881, and, in 1882, established "The Citi-
zen," a weekly newspaper devoted to the Irish-
American interest, which he continues to pub-
lish. In 1883 he was elected, as an Independ-
ent Democrat, to represent the Second Illinois
District in the Forty-eighth Congress, but, run-
ning as an Independent Republican f<5r re-election
in 1884, was defeated by Frank Lawler, Democrat.
In 1887 he was appointed Oil Inspector of Chi-
cago, and, since 1889, has held no public office,
giving his attention to editorial work on his
paper.
FISHER, (Dr.) George, pioneer physician and
legislator, was probably a native of Virginia,
from which State he appears to have come to
Kaskaskia previous to 1800. He became very
prominent during the Territorial period; was
appointed by William Henry Harrison, then
Governor of Indiana Territory, the first Sheriff of
Randolph County after its organization in 1801 ;
was elected from that county to the Indiana
Territorial House of Representatives in 1805, and
afterwards promoted to the Territorial Council ;
was also Representative in the First and Third
Legislatures of Illinois Territory (1812 and "16),
serving as Speaker of each. He was a Dele-
gate to the Constitutional Convention of 1818, but
died on his farm near Kaskaskia in 1820. Dr.
Fisher participated in the organization of the
first Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons in Illi-
nois at Kaskaskia, in 1806, and was elected one
of its officers.
FISHERIES. The fisheries of Illinois center
chiefly at Chicago, the catch being taken from
Lake Michigan, and including salmon trout,
white fish (the latter species including a lake
herring), wall-eyed pike, three kinds of bass,
three varieties of sucker, carp and sturgeon. The
"fishing fleet" of Lake Michigan, properly so
called, (according to the census of 1890) con-
sisted of forty-seven steamers and one schooner,
of which only one — a steamer of twenty-six tons
burthen — was credited to Illinois. The same
report showed a capital of $36,105 invested in
land, buildings, wharves, vessels, boats and
apparatus. In addition to the "fishing fleet"
mentioned, nearly 1,100 sail-boats and other vari-
eties of craft are employed in the industry.
sailing from ports between Chicago and Macki
nac, of which, in 1890, Illinois furnished 94, or
about nine per cent. All sorts of apparatus aie
used, but the principal are gill, fyke and pound
nets, and seines. The total value of these minor
Illinois craft, with their equipment, for 1890, was
nearly §18,000, the catch aggregating 722.830
pounds, valued at between §24,000 and 825,000.
Of this draught, the entire quantity was either
sold fresh in Chicago and adjacent markets, or
.shipped, either in ice or frozen. The Mississippi
and its tributaries yield walleyed pike, pike
perch, buffalo fish, sturgeon, paddle fish, and
other species available for food.
FITHIAN, George W., ex-Congressman, was
born on a farm near Willow Hill, 111., July 4, 1854.
His early education was obtained in the common
schools, and he learned the trade of a printer at
Mount Carmel. While employed at the case he
found time to study law, and was admitted to the
bar in 1875. In 1876 he was elected State's
Attorney for Jasper Coimty, and re-elected in
1880. He was prominent in Democratic politics,
and, in 1888, was elected on the ticket of that
party to represent the Sixteenth Illinois District
in Congress. He was re-elected in 1890 and
again in 1892, but, in 1894, was defeated by his
Republican opponent.
FITHIAN, (Dr.) William, pioneer physician,
was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1800; built the
first houses in Springfield and Urbana in that
State; in 1822 began the study of medicine at
Urbana; later practiced two }'ears at Mechanics-
burgh, and four years at Urbana, as partner of
his preceptor; in 1830 came west, locating at
Danville, Vermilion County, where he became a
large land-owner; in 1832 served with the Ver-
milion County militia in the Black Hawk War,
and, in 1834, was elected Representative in the
Ninth General Assembly, the first of which
Abraham Lincoln was a member; afterwards
served two terms in the State Senate from the
Danville District (1838-46). Dr. Fithian was
active in promoting the railroad interests of
Danville, giving the right of way for railroad
purposes through a large body of land belonging
to him, in Vermilion County. He was also a
member of various medical associations, and,
during his later years, was the oldest practicing
physician in the State. Died, in Danville, 111.,
April 5, 1890.
FLAGG, Gershom, pioneer, was born in Rich-
mond, Vt., in 1793, came west in 1816, settling in
Madison County, 111., in 1818, where he was
known as an enterprising farmer and a prominent
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
167
and influential citizen. Originally a Whig, he
became a zealous Republican on the organization
of that party, dying in 1857.— WiUard Cutting
(Flagg), son of the preceding, was born in Madi-
son County, 111., Sept 16, 1829, spent his early life
on his father's farm and in the common schools;
from 1844 to '50 was a pupil in the celebrated
high school of Edward Wyman in St. Louis,
finally graduating with honors at Yale College,
in 1854. During his college course he took a
number of literary prizes, and, in his senior year,
served as one of the editors of "The Yale Literary
Magazine." Returning to Illinois after gradu-
ation, he took charge of his father's farm, engaged
extensively in fruit-culture and stock-raising,
being the first to introduce the Devon breed of
cattle in Madison County in 1859. He was a
member of tlie Republican State Central Com-
mittee in 1860 ; in 1862, by appointment of Gov.
Yates, became Enrolling Officer for Madison
County ; served as Collector of Internal Revenue
for the Twelfth District, 1864-69, and, in 1868,
was elected to the State Senate for a term of four
years, and, during the last session of his term
(1872), took a prominent part in the revision of
the school law ; was appointed a member of the
first Board of Trustees of the Industrial Univer-
sity (now the University of Illinois) at Cham-
paign, and reappointed in 1875. Mr. Flagg was
also prominent in agricultural and horticultural
organizations, serving as Secretary of the State
Horticultural Society from 1861 to '69, when he
became its President. He was one of the origi-
nators of the "farmers' movement," served for
some time as President of "The State Farmers'
Association," wrote voluminously, and delivered
addresses in various States on agricultural and
horticultural topics, and, in 1875, was elected
President of the National Agricultural Congress.
In his later years he was a recognized leader in
the Granger movement. Died, at Mora, Madison
County, III, April 5, 1878.
FLEMINfcr, Robert K., pioneer printer, was
born in Erie County, Pa., learned the printers'
trade in Pittsburg, and, coming west while quite
young, worked at his trade in St. Louis, finally
removing to Kaskaskia, where he was placed in
control of the office of "The Republican Advo-
cate," which had been established in 1823, by
Elias Kent Kane. The publication of "The
Advocate" having been suspended, he revived it
in May, 1825, under the name of "The Kaskaskia
Recorder," but soon removed it to Vandalia (then
the State capital), and, in 1827, began the publi-
cation of "The Illinois Corrector," at Edwards-
ville. Two years later he returned to Kaskaskia
and resumed the publication of "The Recorder,"
but, in 1833, was induced to remove his office to
Belleville, where he commenced the publication
of "The St. Clair Gazette," followed by "The St.
Clair Mercury," both of which had a brief exist-
ence. About 1843 he returned to the newspaper
business as publisher of "The Belleville Advo-
cate," which he continued for a number of years.
He died, at Belleville, in 1874, leaving two sons
who have been prominently identified with the
history of journalism in Southern Illinois, at
Belleville and elsewhere.
FLETCHER, Job, pioneer and early legislator,
was born in Virginia, in 1793, removed to Sanga-
mon County, 111., in 1819; was elected Represent-
ative in 1826, and, in 1834, to the State Senate,
serving in the latter body six years. He was one
of the famous "Long Nine" which represented
Sangamon County in the Tenth General Assem-
bly. Mr. Fletcher was again a member of the
House in 1844-45. Died, in Sangamon County,
in 1872.
FLORA, a city in Harter Township, Clay
County, on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern
Railroad, 95 miles east of St. Loms, and 108 miles
south-southeast of Springfield. It has a barrel
factory, flouring mills, chair factories, a National
bank, a savings bank, six churches and a weekly
newspaper. Population (1880), 1,494; (1890),
1,695; (1900), 2,311.
FLOWER, George, early English colonist, was
born in Hertfordshire, England, about 1780;
came to the United States in 1817, and was associ-
ated with Morris Birkbeck in founding the
"English Settlement" at Albion, Edwards
County, 111. Being in affluent circumstances, he
built an elegant mansion and stocked an exten-
sive farm with blooded animals from England
and other parts of Europe, but met with reverses
which dissipated his wealth. In common with
Mr. Birkbeck, he was one of the determined
opponents of the attempt to establish slavery in
Illinois in 1824, and did much to defeat that
measure. He and his wife died on the same day
(Jan. 15, 1862), while on a visit to a daughter at
Grayville, 111. A book written by him — "History
of the English Settlement in Edwards County,
111."— and published in 1882, is a valuable contri-
bution to the early history of that portion of the
State.— Edward Fordhams (Flower), son of the
preceding, was born in England, Jan. 31, 1805,
but came with his father to Illinois in early life ;
later he returned to England and spent nearly
half a century at Stratford-on-Avon, wliere ho
168
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
was four times chosen Mayor of that borough
and entertained many visitors from the United
States to Shakespeare's birthplace. Died, March
26, 1883.
FOBES, Philena, educator, born in Onondaga
County, N. Y., Sept. 10, 1811; was educated at
Albany and at Cortland Seminary, Rochester,
N. Y. ; in 1838 became a teacher in Monticello
Female Seminary, then newly established at
Godfrey, 111., under Rev. Theron Baldwin, Prin-
cipal. On the retirement of Mr. Baldwin in 1843,
Miss Fobes succeeded to the principalship,
remaining until 1866, when she retired. For
some years she resided at Rochester, N. Y., and
New Haven, Conn., but, in 1886, she removed to
Philadelphia, where she afterwards made her
home, notwithstanding her advanced age, main-
taining a lively interest in educational and
benevolent enterprises. Miss Fobes died at Phila-
delphia, Nov. 8, 1898, and was buried at New
Haven, Conn.
FOLEY, Thomas, Roman Catholic Bishop, born
in Baltimore, Md. , in 1823 ; was ordained a priest
in 1846, and, two years later, was appointed Chan-
cellor of the Diocese, being made Vicar-General
in 1867. He was nominated Coadjutor Bishop of
the Chicago Diocese in 1869 (Bishop Duggan hav-
ing become insane), and, in 1870, was consecrated
Bishop. His administration of diocesan work was
prudent and eminently successful. As a man
and citizen he won the respect of all creeds and
classes alike, the State Legislature adopting
resolutions of respect and regret upon learning
of his death, which occurred at Baltimore, in
1879.
FORBES, Stephen Tan Rensselaer, pioneer
teacher, was born at Windham, Vt., July 26, 1797;
in his youth acquired a knowledge of surveying,
and, having removed to Newburg (now South
Cleveland), Ohio, began teaching. In 1829 he
came west to Chicago, and having joined a sur-
veying party, went to Louisiana, returning in
the following year to Chicago, which then con-
tained only three white families outside of Fort
Dearborn. Having been joined by his wife, he
took up his abode in what was called the "sut-
ler's house" connected with Fort Dearborn; was
appointed one of the first Justices of the Peace,
and opened the first school ever taught in Chi-
cago, all but three of his pupils being either
half-breeds or Indians. In 1832 he was elected, as
a Whig, the first Sheriff of Cook County; later
preempted 160 acres of land where Riverside
now stands, subsequently becoming owner of
some 1,800 acres, much of which he sold, about
18.53, to Dr. W. B. Egan at §20 per acre. In
1849, having been seized with the "gold fever,"
Mr. Forbes joined in the overland migration to
California, but, not being successful, returned
two years later by way of the Isthmus, and, hav-
ing sold his possessions in Cook County, took up
his abode at Newburg, Ohio, and resumed his
occupation as a surveyor. About 1878 he again
returned to Chicago, but survived only a short
time, dying Feb. 17, 1879.
FORD, Thomas, early lawyer, jurist and Gov-
ernor, was born in Uniontown, Pa., and, in boy-
hood, accompanied his mother (then a widow) to
Missouri, in 1804. The family soon after located
in Monroe County, 111. Largely through the
efforts and aid of his half-brother, George
Forquer, he obtained a professional education,
became a successful lawyer, and, early in life,
entered the field of politics. He served as a
Judge of the Circuit Court for the northern part
of the State from 183.5 to 1837, and was again
commissioned a Circuit Judge for the Galena
circuit in 1839; in 1841 was elevated to the bench
of the State Supreme Court, but resigned the
following year to accept the nomination of his
party (the Democratic) for Governor. He was
regarded as upright in his general policy, but he
had a number of embarrassing questions to deal
with during his administration, one of these
being the Mormon troubles, in which he failed to
receive the support of his own party. He was
author of a valuable "History of Illinois," (pub-
lished posthumously). He died, at Peoria, in
greatly reduced circumstances, Nov. 3, 1850. The
State Legislature of 1895 took steps to erect a
monument over his grave.
FORD COUNTY, lies northeast of Springfield,
was organized in 18.59, being cut off from Vermil-
ion. It is shaped like an inverted "T," and has
an area of 490 square miles; population (1900),
18,359. The first Coimty Judge was David Pat-
ton, and David Davis (afterwards of the United
States Supreme Court) presided over the first
Circuit Court. The surface of the county is level
and the soil fertile, consisting of a loam from one
to five feet in depth. There is little timber, nor
is there any out-cropping of stone. The county
is named in honor of Governor Ford. The county-
seat is Paxton, which had a population, in 1890, of
2,187. Gibson City is a railroad center, and has a
population of 1,800.
FORMAN, (Col.) Ferris, lawyer and soldier,
was born in Tioga County, N. Y., August 25,
1811 ; graduated at Union College in 1832, studied
law and was admitted to the bar in New York ia
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
169
1835, and in the United States Supreme Court in
1836; the latter year came west and settled at
Vandalia, 111., where he began practice; in 1844
was elected to the State Senate for the district
composed of Fayette, EfSngham, Clay and Rich-
land Counties, serving two years; before the
expiration of his term (1846) enlisted for tlie
Mexican War, and was commissioned Colonel of
the Third Regiment Illinois Volunteers, and,
after participating in a number of the most
important engagements of the campaign, was
mustered out at New Orleans, in May, 1847. Re-
turning from the Mexican War, he brought with
him and presented to the State of Illinois a
six-pound cannon, which had been captured by
Illinois troops on the battlefield of Cerro Gordo,
and is now in the State Arsenal at Springfield.
In 1848 Colonel Forman was chosen Presidential
Elector for the State-at-large on the Democratic
ticket ; in 1849 went to California, where he prac-
ticed his profession until 1853, meanwhile serving
as Postmaster of Sacramento City by appointment
of President Pierce, and later as Secretary of
State during the administration of Gov. John B.
Weller (1858-60); in 1861 officiated, by appoint-
ment of the California Legislature, as Commis-
sioner on the part of the State in fixing the
boundary between California and the Territory
of Utah. After the discharge of this duty, he
was offered the colonelcy of the Fourth California
Volunteer Infantry, which he accepted, serving
about twenty months, when he resigned. In
1866 he resumed his residence at Vandalia, and
served as a Delegate for Fayette and Effingham
Counties in the Constitutional Convention of
1869-70, also for several years thereafter held the
office of State's Attorney for Fayette County.
Later he returned to California, and, at the
latest date, was a resident of Stockton, in that
State.
FORMAJf, William S., ex-Congressman, was
born at Natchez, Miss. , Jan. 20, 1847. When he
was four years old, his father's family removed to
Illinois, settling in Washington County, where
he has lived ever since. By profession he is a
lawyer, and he takes a deep interest in politics,
local. State and National. He represented his
Senatorial District in the State Senate in the
Thirty-fourth and Thirty-fifth General Assem-
blies, and, in 1888, was elected, as a Democrat, to
represent the Eighteenth Illinois District in the
Fifty-first Congress, being re-elected in 1890, and
again in '92, but was defeated in 1894 for renomi-
nation by John J. Higgins, who was defeated at
the election of the same year by Everett J. Mur-
phy. In 1896 Mr. Forman was candidate of the
"Gold Democracy" for Governor of Illinois,
receiving 8,100 votes.
FORQUER, (Jeorge, early State officer, was
born near Brownsville, Pa. , in 1794 — was the son
of a Revolutionary soldier, and older half-brother
of Gov. Thomas Ford. He settled, with his
mother (then a widow), at New Design, 111., in
1804. After learning, and, for several years,
following the carpenter's trade at St. Louis, he
returned to Illinois and purchased the tract
whereon Waterloo now stands. Subsequently he
projected the town of Bridge water, on the Mis-
sissippi. For a time he was a partner in trade of
Daniel P. Cook. Being unsuccessful in business,
he took up the study of law, in which he attained
marked success. In 1824 he was elected to repre-
sent Monroe County in the House of Represent-
atives, but resigned in January of the following
year to accept the position of Secretary of State,
to which he was appointed by Governor Coles,
as successor to Morris Birkbeck, whom the
Senate had refused to confirm. One ground for
the friendship between him and Coles, no doubt,
was the fact that they had been united in their
opposition to the scheme to make Illinois a slave
State. In 1828 he was a candidate for Congress,
but was defeated by Joseph Duncan, afterwards
Governor. At the close of the year he resigned
the office of Secretary of State, but, a few weeks
later (January, 1829), he was elected by the
Legislature Attorney-General. This position he
held until January, 1833, when he resigned, hav-
ing, as it appears, at the previous election, been
chosen State Senator from Sangamon County,
serving in the Eighth and Ninth General Assem-
blies. Before the close of his term as Senator
(1835), he received the appointment of Register
of the Land Office at Springfield, which appears
to have been the last office held by him, as he
died, at Cincinnati, in 1837. Mr. Forquer was a
man of recognized ability and influence, an elo-
quent orator and capable writer, but, in common
with some of the ablest lawyers of that time,
seems to have been much embarrassed by the
smallness of his income, in spite of his ability
and the fact that he was almost continually in
office.
FORREST, a village in Livingston County, at
the intersection of the Toledo, Peoria & Western
and the Wabash Railways, 75 miles east of Peoria
and 16 miles southeast of Pontiac. Considerable
grain is shipped from this point to the Cliicago
market. The village has several churches and a
graded school. Population (1880), 375; (1900), 952.
170
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
FORREST, Joseph K. C, journalist, was born
in Cork, Ireland, Nov. 26, 1820 ; came to Chicago
in 1840, soon after securing employment as a
writer on "The Evening Journal," and, later on,
"The Gem of the Prairies," the predecessor of
"The Tribune," being associated with the latter
at the date of its establishment, in Jvme, 1847.
During the early years of his residence in Chi-
cago, Mr. Forrest spent some time as a teacher.
On retiring from "The Tribune," he became the
associate of John Wentworth in the management
of "The Chicago Democrat," a relation which
was broken up by the consolidation of the latter
with "The Tribune," in 1861. He then became
the Springfield correspondent of "The Tribune,"
also holding a position on the staff of Governor
Yates, and still later represented "The St. Louis
Democrat" and "Chicago Times." as Washington
correspondent; assisted in founding "The Chicago
Republican" (now "Inter Ocean"), in 1865, and,
some years later, became a leading writer upon
the same. He served one term as Clerk of the
city of Chicago, but, in his later years, and up to
the period of his death, was a leading contributor
to the columns of "The Chicago Evening News"
over the signatures of "An Old Timer" and "Now
or Never." Died, in Chicago. June 23, 1896.
FORRESTON, a village in Ogle County, the
terminus of the Chicago and Iowa branch of the
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, and
point of intersection of the Illinois Central and
the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railways ; 120
miles west by north from Chicago, and 13 miles
south of Freeport. It was founded in 1854, incor-
porated by special charter in 1868, and, under the
general law, in 1888. Farming and stock-raising
are the principal industries in the vicinity, and a
creamery is located here. The village has a bank,
seven churches, a graded school, and a weekly
newspaper. Population (1890), 1,118; (1900)1,047.
FORSYTHE, Albert P., ex Congressman, was
born at New Richmond, Ohio, May 24, 1830;
received his early education in the common
schools, and at Asbury University. He was
reared upon a farm and followed farming as his
life-work. During the War of the Rebellion he
served in the Union army as Lieutenant. In
politics he early became an ardent Nationalist,
and was chosen President of the Illinois State
Grange of the Patrons of Industry, in December,
1875, and again in January, 1878. In 1878 he was
elected to Congress as a Nationalist, but, in 1880,
though receiving the nominations of the com-
bined Republican and Greenback parties, was
defeated by Samuel W. Moulton, Democrat.
FORT, Greenbury L., soldier and Congress-
man, was born in Ohio, Oct. 17, 1825, and, in 1834,
removed with his parents to Illinois. In 1850 he
was elected Sheriff of Putnam County ; in 1852,
Clerk of the Circuit Court, and, having mean-
while been admitted to the bar at Lacon, became
County Judge in 1857, serving until 1861. In
April of the latter year he enlisted under the first
call for troops, by re-enlistments serving till
March 24, 1866. Beginning as Quartermaster of
his regiment, he served as Chief Quartermaster of
the Fifteenth Army Corps on the "March to the
Sea," and was mustered out with the rank of
Colonel and Brevet Brigadier-General. On his
return from the field, he was elected to the State
Senate, serving in the Twenty-fifth and Twenty-
sixth General Assemblies, and, from 1873 to 1881,
as Representative in Congress. He died, at
Lacon, June 13, 1883.
FORT CHARTRES, a strong fortification
erected by the French in 1718, on the American
Bottom, 16 miles northwest from Kaskaskia.
The soil on which it stood was alluvial, and the
limestone of which its walls were built was
quarried from an adjacent bluff. In form it was
an irregular quadrangle, surrounded on three
sides by a wall two feet two inches thick, and on
the fourth by a ravine, which, during the spring-
time, was full of water. During the period of
French ascendency in Illinois, Fort Chartres was
the seat of government. About four miles east
soon sprang up the village of Prairie du Rocher
(or Rock Prairie). {See Prairie du Rocher.) At
the outbreak of the French and Indian War
(1756), the original fortification was repaired and
virtually rebuilt. Its cost at that time is esti-
mated to have amounted to 1,000,000 French
crowns. After the occupation of Illinois by the
British, Fort Chartres still remained the seat of
government until 1772, when one side of the
fortification was washed away by a freshet, and
headquarters were transferred to Kaskaskia.
The first common law court ever held in the Mis-
sissippi Valley was established here, in 1768, by
the order of Colonel Wilkins of the English
army. The ruins of the old fort, situated in the
northwest corner of Randolph County, once con-
stituted an object of no little interest to anti-
quarians, but the site has disappeared during the
past generation by the encroachments of the
Mississippi.
FORT DEARBORN, the name of a United
States military post, established at the mouth of
the Chicago River in 1803 or 1804, on a tract of
land six miles square conveyed by the Indians in
EARLY HISTORIC SCENES, CHICAGO.
EARLY JIISTUKIC SCENES, CHICAGO.
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
171
the treaty of Greenville, concluded by General
Wayne in 1795. It originally consisted of two
block houses located at opposite angles (north-
west and southeast) of a strong wooden stockade,
with the Commandant's quarters on the east side
of the quadrangle, soldiers' barracks on the south,
officers' barracks on the west, and magazine,
contractor's (sutler's) store and general store-
house on the north — all the buildings being con-
structed of logs, and all, except the block-houses,
being entirely within the enclosure. Its arma-
ment consisted of three light pieces of artillery.
Its builder and first commander was Capt. John
Whistler, a native of Ireland who had surrendered
with Burgoyne, at Saratoga,, N. Y., and who
subsequently became an American citizen, and
served with distinction throughout the War of
1812. He was succeeded, in 1810, by Capt.
Nathan Heald. As early as 180G the Indians
around the fort manifested signs of disquietude,
Tecumseh, a few years later, heading an open
armed revolt. In 1810 a council of Pottawato-
mies, Ottawas and Chippewas was held at St.
Joseph, Mich., at which it was decided not to
join the confederacy proposed by Chief Tecumseh.
In 1811 hostilities were precipitated by an attack
upon the United States troops under Gen.
William Henry Harrison at Tippecanoe. In
April, 1813, hostile bands of Winnebagos appeared
in the vicinity of Fort Dearborn, terrifying the
settlers by their atrocities. Many of the whites
sought refuge within the stockade. Within two
months after the declaration of war against
England, in 1812, orders were issued for the
evacuation of Fort Dearborn and the transfer of
the garrison to Detroit. The garrison at that
time numbered about 70, including officers, a
large number of the troops being ill. Almost
simultaneously with the order for evacuation
appeared bands of Indians clamoring for a dis-
tribution of the goods, to which they claimed
they were entitled under treaty stipulations.
Knowing that he had but about forty men able
to fight and , that his march would be sadly
hindered by the care of about a dozen women and
twenty children, the commandant hesitated.
The Pottawatomies, through whose country he
would have to pass, had always been friendly, and
he waited. Within six days a force of .500 or 600
savage warriors had assembled around the fort.
Among the leaders were the Pottawatomie chiefs.
Black Partridge, Winnemeg and Topenebe. Of
these, Winnemeg was friendly. It was he who
had brought General Hull's orders to evacuate,
and, as the crisis grew more and more dangerous,
he offered sound advice. He urged instantaneous
departure before the Indians had time to agree
upon a line of action. But Captain Heald
decided to distribute the stores among the sav-
ages, and thereby secure from them a friendly
escort to Fort Wayne. To this the aborigines
readily assented, believing that thereby all the
whisky and ammunition which they knew to be
within the enclosure, would fall into their hands.
Meanwhile Capt. William Wells, Indian Agent at
Fort Wayne, had arrived at Fort Dearborn with
a friendly force of Miamis to act as an escort.
He convinced Captain Heald that it would be the
height of folly to give the Indians liquor and gun-
powder. Accordingly the commandant emptied
the former into the lake and destroyed the latter.
This was the signal for war. Black Partridge
claimed he could no longer restrain his young
braves, and at a council of the aborigines it was
resolved to massacre the garrison and settlers.
On the fifteenth of August the gates of the fort
were opened and the evacuation began. A band
of Pottawatomies accompanied the whites under
the guise of a friendly escort. They soon deserted
and, within a mile and a half from the fort,
began the sickening scene of carnage known as
the "Fort Dearborn Massacre." Nearly 500
Indians participated, their loss being less than
twenty. The Miami escort fled at the first
exchange of shots. With but four exceptions
the wounded white prisoners were dispatched
with savage ferocity and promptitude. Those
not wounded were scattered among various tribes.
The next day the fort with its stockade was
burned. In 1816 (after the treaty of St. Louis)
the fort was rebuilt upon a more elaborate scale.
The second Fort Dearborn contained, besides bar-
racks and officers' quarters, a magazine and
provision-store, was enclosed by a square stock-
ade, and protected by bastions at two of its
angles. It was again evacuated in 1833 and
re-garrisoned in 1828. The troops were once
more withdrawn in 1831, to return the following
year during the Black Hawk War. The final
evacuation occurred in 1836.
FORT (xA(JE, situated on the eastern bluffs of
the Kaskaskia River, opposite the village of Kas-
kaskia. It was erected and occupied by the
British in 1773. It was built of heavy, square
timbers and oblong in shape, its dimensions being
290x351 feet. On the night of July 4, 1778, it was
captured by a detachment of American troops
commanded by Col. George Rogers Clark, who
held a commission from Virginia. The soldiers,
with Simon Kenton at their head, were secretly
172
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
admitted to the fort by a Pennsylvanian who
happened to be within, and the commandant,
Rocheblave, was surprised in bed, while sleeping
with his wife by his side.
FORT JEFFERSON. I. A fort erected by Col.
George Rogers Clark, under instructions from
the Governor of Virginia, at the Iron Banks on
the east bank of the Mississippi, below the mouth
of the Ohio River. He promised lands to all
adult, able-bodied white males who would emi-
grate thither and settle, either with or without
their families. Many accepted the offer, and
a considerable colony was established there.
Toward the close of the Revolutionary War, Vir-
ginia being unable longer to sustain the garrison,
the colony was scattered, many families going to
Kaskaskia. II. A fort in the Miami valley,
erected by Governor St. Clair and General Butler,
in October, 1791. Within thirty miles of the
post St. Clair's army, which had been badly
weakened through desertions, was cut to pieces
by the enemy, and the fortification was aban-
doned.
FORT MASSAC, an early French fortification,
erected about 1711 on the Ohio River, 40 miles
from its mouth, in what is now Massac County.
It was the first fortification (except Fort St.
Louis) in the "Illinois Country," antedating
Fort Chartres by several years. The origin of
the name is uncertain. The best authorities are
of the opinion that it was so called in honor of
the engineer who superintended its construction ;
by others it has been traced to the name of the
French Minister of Marine ; others assert that it
is a corruption of the word "Massacre,'" a name
given to the locality because of the massacre
there of a large number of French soldiers by the
Indians. The Virginians sometimes spoke of it
as the "Cherokee fort." It was garrisoned by
the French until after the evacuation of the
country under the terms of the Treaty of Paris.
It later became a sort of depot for American
settlers, a few families constantly residing within
and around the fortification. At a very early
day a military road was laid out from the fort to
Kaskaskia, the trees alongside being utilized as
milestones, the number of miles being cut with
irons and painted red. After the close of the
Revolutionary War, the United States Govern-
ment strengthened and garrisoned the fort by
way of defense against inroads by the Spaniards.
With the cession of Louisiana to the United
States, in 1803, the fort was evacuated and never
re-garrisoned. According to the "American
State Papers," during the period of the French
occupation, it was both a Jesuit missionary
station and a trading post.
FORT SACKYILLE, a British fortification,
erected in 1769, on the Wabash River a short
distance below Vincennes. It was a stockade,
with bastions and a few pieces of cannon. In.
1778 it fell into the hands of the Americans, and
was for a time commanded by Captain Helm,
with a garrison of a few Americans and Illinois
French. In December, 1778, Helm and one
pri%-ate alone occupied the fort and surrendered
to Hamilton, British Governor of Detroit, who
led a force into the country around Vincennes.
FORT SHERIDAN (formerly Highwood), a
village and United States Military Post, in Lake
County, on the Milwaukee Division of the Chi-
cago & Northwestern Railway, 34 miles north of
Chicago. Population (1890), 451; (1900), 1,575.
FORT ST. LOUIS, a French fortification on a
rock (widely known as "Starved Rock"), which
consists of an isolated cliff on the south side of
the Illinois River nearly opposite Utica, in La
Salle County. Its height is between 130 and 140
feet, and its nearly round summit contains an
area of about three-fourths of an acre. The side
facing the river is nearly perpendicular and, in
natural advantages, it is well-nigh impregnable.
Here, in the fall of 1682, La Salle and Tonty
began the erection of a fort, consisting of earth-
works, palisades, store-houses and a block house,
which also served as a dwelling and trading post.
A windlass drew water from the river, and two
small brass cannon, mounted on a parapet, com-
prised the armament. It was solemnly dedicated
by Father Membre, and soon became a gathering
place for the surrounding tribes, especially the
Illinois. But Frontenac having been succeeded
as Governor of New France by De la Barre, who
was unfriendly to La Salle, the latter was dis-
placed as Commandant at Fort St. Louis, %vliile
plots were laid to secure his downfall by cutting
off his supplies and inciting the Iroquois to attack
him. La Salle left the fort in 1683, to return to
France, and, in 1702, it was abandoned as a
military post, though it continued to be a trad-
ing post until 1718, when it was raided by the
Indians and burned. (See La Salle.)
FORT WAYNE & CHICAGO RAILROAD.
(See Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railway.)
FORT WATIVE & ILLINOIS RAILROAD. (See
New York, Chicago & St. Louis Railway.)
FORTIFICATIONS, PREHISTORIC. Closely
related in interest to the works of the mound-
builders in Illinois — though, probably, owing their
origin to another era and an entirely different
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
173
race — are those works which bear evidence of
having been constructed for purposes of defense
at some period anterior to the arrival of white
men in the country. While there are no works
in Illinois so elaborate in construction as those to
which have been given the names of "Fort
Ancient" on the Maumee in Ohio, "Fort Azatlan"
on the Wabash in Indiana, and "Fort Aztalan"
on Rock River in Southern Wisconsin, there are
a number whose form of construction shows that
they must have been intended for warlike pur-
poses, and that they were formidable of their
kind and for the period in which they were con-
structed. It is a somewhat curious fact that,
while La Salle Coimty is the seat of the first
fortification constructed by the French in Illinois
that can be said to have had a sort of permanent
character ( see Fort St. Louis and Stan^ed Rock),
it is also the site of a larger number of prehistoric
fortifications, whose remains are in such a state
of preservation as to be clearly discernible, than
any other section of the State of equal area. One
of the most formidable of these fortifications is
on the east side of Fox River, opposite the mouth
of Indian Creek and some six miles northeast of
Ottawa. This occupies a position of decided
natural strength, and is surrounded by three lines
of circumvallation, showing evidence of consider-
able engineering skill. From the size of the trees
within this work and other evidences, its age has
been estimated at not less than 1,200 years. On
the present site of the town of Marseilles, at the
rapids of the IlUuois, seven miles east of Ottawa,
another work of considerable strength existed.
It is also said that the American Fur Company
had an earthwork here for the protection of its
trading station, erected about 1816 or '18, and
consequently belonging to the present century.
Besides Fort St. Louis on Starved Rock, the out-
line of another fort, or outwork, whose era has
not been positively determined, about half a mile
south of the former, has been traced in recent
times. De Baugis, sent by Governor La Barre, of
Canada, to succeed Tonty at Fort St. Louis, is said
to have erected a fort on Buffalo Rock, on the
opposite side of the river from Fort St. Louis,
which belonged practically to the same era as the
latter. — There are two points in Southern Illinois
where the aborigines had constructed fortifica-
tions to which the name "Stone Fort" has been
given. One of these is a hill overlooking the
Saline River in the southern part of Saline
County, where there is a wall or breastwork five
feet in height enclosing an area of less than an
acre in extent. The other is on the west side of
Lusk's Creek, in Pope County, where a breast-
work has been constructed by loosely piling up
the stones across a ridge, or tongue of land, with
vertical sides and surrounded by a bend of the
creek. Water is easily obtainable from the creek
below the fortified ridge. — The remains of an old
Indian fortification were found by early settlers
of McLean County, at a point called "Old Town
Timber," about 1833 to 1825. It was believed
then that it had been occupied by the Indians
during the War of 1812. The story of the Indians
was, that it was burned by General Harrison in
1813; though this is improbable in view of the
absence of any historical mention of the fact.
Judge H. W. Beckwith, who examined its site in
1880, is of the opinion that its history goes back
as far as 1752, and that it was erected by the
Indians as a defense against the French at Kas-
kaskia. There was also a tradition that there
had been a French mission at this point. — One of
the most interesting stories of early fortifications
in the State, is that of Dr. V. A. Boyer, an old
citizen of Chicago, in a paper contributed to the
Chicago Historical Society. Although the work
alluded to by him was evidently constructed after
the arrival of the French in the country, the
exact period to which it belongs is in doubt.
According to Dr. Boyer, it was on an elevated
ridge of timber land in Palos Township, in the
western part of Cook County. He says: "I first
saw it in 1833, and since then have visited it in
company with other persons, some of whom are
still living. I feel sure that it was not built dur-
ing the Sac War from its appearance. ... It
seems probable that it was the work of French
traders or explorers, as there were trees a century
old growing in its environs. It was evidently
the work of an enlightened people, skilled in the
science of warfare. ... As a strategic point it
most completely commanded the surrounding
country and the crossing of the swamp or 'Sag'. "
Is it improbable that this was the fort occupied
by Colonel Durantye in 1695? The remains of a
small fort, supposed to have been a French trad-
ing post, were found by the pioneer settlers of
Lake County, where the present city of Waukegan
stands, giving to that place its first name of
"Little Fort." This structure was seen in 1825
by Col. William S. Hamilton (a son of Alexander
Hamilton, first Secretary of the Treasury), who
had served in the session of the General Assembly
of that year as a Representative from Sangamon
County, and was then on his way to Green Bay,
and the remains of the pickets or palisades were
visible as late as 1835. While the date of its
174
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
erection is unknown, it probably belonged to the
latter part of the eighteenth century. There is
also a tradition that a fort or trading post, erected
by a Frenchman named Garay (or Guarie) stood
on the North Branch of the Chicago River prior
to the erection of the first Fort Dearborn in 1803.
FOSS, tJeorpre Edmund, lawyer and Congress-
man, was born in Franklin County, Vt., July 2,
1863; graduated from Harvard University, in
1885; attended the Columbia Law School and
School of Political Science in New York City,
finally graduating from the Union College of Law
in Chicago, in 1889, when he was admitted to the
bar and began practice. He never held any
political office until elected as a Republican to
the Fifty- fourth Congress (1894), from the
Seventh Illinois District, receiving a majority of
more than 8,000 votes over his Democratic and
Populist competitors. In 1896 he was again the
candidate of his party, and was re-elected by a
majority of over 20,000, as he was a third time,
in 1898, by more than 12,000 majority. In the
Fifty-fifth Congress Mr. Foss was a member of the
Committees on Naval Affairs and Expenditures in
the Department of Agriculture.
FOSTER, (Dr.) John Herbert, physician and
educator, was born of Quaker ancestry at Hills-
borough, N. H., March 8, 1796. His early years
were spent on his father's farm, but at the age
of 16 he entered an academy at Meriden, N. H. ,
and, three years later, began teaching with an
older brother at Schoharie, N. Y. Having spent
some sixteen years teaching and practicing
medicine at various places in his native State, in
1832 he came west, first locating in Morgan
County. 111. While there he took part in the
Black Hawk War, serving as a Surgeon. Before
the close of the year he was compelled to come to
Chicago to look after the estate of a brother who
was an officer in the army and had been killed by
an insubordinate soldier at Green Bay. Having
thus fallen heir to a considerable amount of real
estate, which, in subsequent years, largely
appreciated in value, he became identified with
early Chicago and ultimately one of the largest
real-estate owners of his time in the city. He
was an active promoter of education during this
period, serving on both City and State Boards.
His death occurred. May 18, 1874, in consequence
of injuries sustained by being thrown from a
vehicle in which he was riding nine da.ys previous.
FOSTER, John Wells, author and scientist,
was born at Brimfield, Mass., in 1815, and edu-
cated at Wesleyan University, Conn ; later studied
law and was admitted to the bar in Ohio, but
soon turned his attention to scientific pursuits,
being emplo}-ed for several years in the geological
survey of Ohio, during which he investigated the
coal-beds of the State. Having incidentally
devoted considerable attention to the study of
metallurgy, he was employed about 1844 by
mining capitalists to make the first systematic
survey of the Lake Superior copper region, upon
which, in conjunction with J. D. Whitney, he
made a report which was published in two vol-
umes in 1850-51. Returning to Massachusetts, he
participated in the organization of the "American
Party" there, though we find him soon after
breaking with it on the slavery question. In
1855 he was a candidate for Congress in the
Springfield (Mass.) District, but was beaten by a
small majority. In 1858 he removed to Chicago
and, for some time, was Land Commissioner of
the Illinois Central Railroad. The latter years of
his life were devoted chiefly to archceological
researches and writings, also serving for some
years as Professor of Natural History in the (old)
University of Chicago. His works include "The
Mississippi Valley ; its Phj-sical Geography, Min-
eral Resources," etc. (Chicago, 1869); "Mineral
Wealth and Railroad Development," (New York,
1872) ; "Prehistoric Races of the United States,"
(Chicago, 1878), besides contributions to numer-
ous scientific periodicals. He was a member of
several scientific associations and. in 1869, Presi-
dent of the American Association for the Ad-
vancement of Science. He died in Hyde Park,
now a part of Chicago, June 29, 1873.
FOUKE, Philip B., lawyer and Congressman,
was born at Kaskaskia, 111., Jan. 23, 1818; was
chiefly self-educated and began his career as a
clerk, afterwards acting as a civil engineer ; about
1841-42 was associated with the publication of
"The Belleville Advocate," later studied law,
and, after being admitted to the bar, served as
Prosecuting Attorney, being re-elected to that
office in 1856. Previous to this, however, he had
been elected to the lower branch of the Seven-
teenth General Assembly (1850), and, in 1858,
was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-sixth
Congress and re-elected two years later. While
still in Congress he assisted in organizing the
Thirtieth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, of which
he was commissioned Colonel, but resigned on
account of ill-health soon after the battle of Shiloh.
After leaving the army he removed to New
Orleans, where he was appointed Public Adminis-
trator and practiced law for some time. He then
took up the prosecution of the cotton-claims
against the Mexican Government, in which he
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS.
175
was engaged some seven years, finally removing
to Washington City and making several trips to
Europe in the interest of these suits. He won
his cases, but died soon after a decision in his
favor, largely in consequence of overtaxing his
brain in their prosecution. His death occurred
in Washington, Oct. 3, 1876, when he was buried
in the Congressional Cemetery, President Grant
and a number of Senators and Congressmen acting
as pall-bearers at his funeral.
FOWLER, Charles Heury, Methodist Episcopal
Bishop, born in Burford, Conn., August 11, 1837;
was partially educated at Rock River Seminary,
Mount Morris, finally gi'aduating at Genesee
College, N. Y., in 1859. He then began the study
of law in Chicago, but, changing his purpose,
entered Garrett Biblical Institute, at Evanston,
graduating in 1861. Having been admitted to
the Rock River Methodist Episcopal Conference
he was appointed successively to Chicago churches
till 1872; then became President of the North-
western University, holding this office four years,
when he was elected to the editorship of "The
Christian Advocate" of New York. In 1884 he
was elected and ordained Bishop. His residence
is in San Francisco, his labors as Bishop being
devoted largely to the Pacific States.
FOX RIVER (of Illinois)— called Pishtaka by
the Indians — rises in Waukesha County, Wis.,
and, after running southward through Kenosha
and Racine Counties in that State, passes into
Illinois. It intersects McHenry and Kane Coun-
ties and runs southward to the city of Aurora,
below which point it flows southwestward, until
it empties into the IlUnois River at Ottawa. Its
length is estimated at 220 miles. The chief
towns on its banks are Elgin, Aurora and Ottawa.
It affords abundant water power.
FOXES, an Indian tribe. (See Sacs and
Fo.ves. )
FRANCIS, Simeon, pioneer journalist, was
born at Wethersfield, Conn., May 14, 1796,
learned the printer's trade at New Haven, and, in
connection with a partner, published a paper at
Buff'alo, N. Y. In consequence of the excitement
growing out of the abduction of Morgan in 1828,
(being a Mason) he was compelled to suspend,
and, coming to Illinois in the fall of 1831, com-
menced the publication of "The Sangamo" (now
"The Illinois State") "Journal" at Springfield,
continuing his connection therewith until 1855,
when he sold out to Messrs. Bailhache & Baker.
Abraham Lincoln was his close friend and often
wrote editorials for his paper. Mr. Francis was
active in the organization of the State Agricul-
tural Society (1853), serving as its Recording
Secretary for several years. In 1859 he moved to
Portland, Ore., where he published "The Oregon
Farmer," and served as President of the Oregon
State Agi-icultural Society; in 1861 was ap-
pointed b)' President Lincoln, Paymaster in the
regular army, serving until 1870, when he retired
on half-pay. Died, at Portland, Ore., Oct. 25,
1873. — Allen (Francis), brother of the preceding,
was born at Wethersfield, Conn., April 14, 1815;
in 1834, joined his brother at Springfield, 111. , and
became a partner in the publication of "The
Journal" until its sale, in 1855. In 1861 he was
appointed United States Consul at Victoria, B. C. ,
serving until 1871, when he engaged in the fur
trade. Later he was United States Consul at
Port Stanley, Can., dying there, about 1887. —
Josiah (Francis), cousin of the preceding, born
at Wethersfield, Conn., Jan. 17, 1804; was early
connected with "The Springfield' Journal"; in
1836 engaged in merchandising at Athens, Menard
County ; returning to Springfield, was elected to
the Legislature in 1840, and served one term as
Mayor of Springfield. Died in 1867.
FRAXKLIN, a village of Morgan County, on
the Jacksonville & St. Louis Railroad, 13 miles
southeast of Jacksonville. The place has a news-
paper and one or more banks; the surrounding
country is agricultural. Population flSSO), 316;
(1890), 578; (1900), 687.
FRANKLIN COUNTY, located in the south-
central part of the State ; was organized in 1818,
and has an area of 430 square miles. Population
(1900), 19,675. The county is well timbered and
is drained by the Big Muddy River. Tlie soil is
fertile and the products include cereals, potatoes,
sorghum, wool, pork and fruit. The county-seat
is Benton, with a population (1890) of 939. The
county contains no large towns, although large,
well-cultivated farms are numerous. The earli-
est white settlers came from Kentucky and Ten-
nessee, and the hereditary traditions of generous,
southwestern hospitality are preserved among
the residents of to-day.
FRANKLIN GROVE, a town of Lee County,
on the Council Bluffs Division of the Chicago &
Northwestern Railway, 88 miles west of Chicago.
Grain and livestock are shipped from here in
considerable quantities. It has banks and a
weekly paper. Population (1880), 730; (1890),
736; (1900), 681.
FRAZIER, Robert, a native of Kentucky, who
came to Southern Illinois at an early day and
served as State Senator from Edwards County, in
the Second and Third General Assemblies, in the
176
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
latter being an opponent of the scheme to make
Illinois a slave State. He was a farmer by occu-
pation and, at the time he was a member of tlie
Legislature, resided in what afterwards became
Wabash County. Subsequently he removed to
Edwards County, near Albion, where he died.
"Frazier's Prairie,"' in Edwards County, was
named for him.
FREEBURG, a village of St. Clair County, on
the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad, 8
miles southeast of Belleville. Population (1880),
1,038; (IW'JO), 848; (1900), 1,214.
FREEMAX, Norman L., lawyer and Supreme
Coui't Reporter, was born in Caledonia, Living-
ston County, N. Y., May 9, 1833; in 1831 accom-
panied liis widowed mother to Ann Arbor, Mich.,
removing six years afterward to Detroit ; was edu-
cated at Cleveland and Ohio University, taught
school at Lexington, Ky., while studying law,
and was admitted to the bar in 1846 ; removed to
Shawneetown, lU. ,in 1851, was admitted to the
Illinois bar and practiced some eight j'ears. He
then began farming in Marion County, Mo. , but,
in 1862, returned to Shawneetown and, in 1863,
was appointed Reporter of Decisions by the
Supreme Court of Illinois, serving until his
death, which occurred at Springfield near the
beginning of his sixth term in ofBce, August 23,
1894.
FREE MASONS, the oldest secret fraternity in
the State — known as the "Ancient Order of Free
and Accepted Masons" — the first Lodge being
instituted at Kaskaskia, June, 3, 1806, with Gen.
John Edgar, Worshipful Master; Michael Jones,
Senior Warden; James Galbraith, Junior War-
den ; William Arundel, Secretary ; Robert Robin-
son, Senior Deacon. These are names of persons
who were, without exception, prominent in the
early history of Illinois. A Grand Lodge was
organized at Vandalia in 1822, with Gov. Shad-
rach Bond as first Grand Master, but the organi-
zation of the Grand Lodge, as it now exists, took
place at Jacksonville in 1840. The number of
Lodges constituting the Grand Lodge of Illinois
in 1840 was six, with 157 members; tlie number
of Lodges within the same jurisdiction in 1895
was 713, with a membership of 50,727, of which
47,335 resided in Illinois. The dues for 1895
were §37,834.50; the contributions to members,
their widows and orphans, §25,038.41 ; to non-
members. §6,306.38, and to the Illinois Masonic
Orphans" Home, §1,315.80. — Apollo Commandery
No. 1 of Kniglits Templar — the pioneer organi-
zation of its kind in this or any neighboring
State — was organized in Chicago, May 20, 1845,
and the Grand Commandery of the order in Illi-
nois in 1857, with James V. Z. Blaney, Grand
Commander. In 1895 it was made up of sixty-
five subordinate commanderies, with a total
membership of 9,3.55, and dues amounting to
§7,754.75. The principal ofiicers in 1895-96 were
Henry Hunter Montgomerj-, Grand Commander ;
John Henry Witbeck, Grand Treasurer, and Gil-
bert W. Barnard, Grand Recorder. — The Spring-
field Chapter of Royal Arch-Masons was organized
in Springfield, Sept. 17, 1841, and the Royal Arch
Chapter of the State at Jacksonville, April 9,
1850, tlie nine existing Chapters being formaUy
chartered Oct. 14, of the same year. The number
of subordinate Chapters, in 1895, was 186, with a
total membership of 16,414. — The Grand Council
of Royal and Select Masters, in 1894, embraced 32
subordinate Councils, with a membership of
2,318.
FREEPORT, a city and railway center, the
county-seat of Stephenson County, 121 miles
west of Chicago. It has good water power from
the Rock River and several manufacturing estab-
lishments, among the manufactured output being
carriages, wagon wheels, windmills, coffee mills,
flour, leather, foundry products and vinegar.
The Illinois Central Railroad has shops here.
Population (1890), 10,189; (1900), 13,258. The
Fifty-fiftli Congress made an appropriation for a
Government building at Freeport.
FREEPORT COLLEGE, an institution at Free-
port, 111., incorporated in 1895 ; is co-educational ;
had a faculty of six instructors in 1896, witli 116
pupils.
FREER, Lemuel Covell Paine, early lawyer,
was born in Dutchess County, N. Y., Sept. 18,
1815; came to Chicago in 1836, studied law and
was admitted to the bar in 1840 ; was a zealous
anti-slavery man and an active supporter of the
Government during the War of the Rebellion;
for many years was President of the Board of
Trustees of Rush Medical College. Died, in
Chicago, April 14, 1892.
FRENCH, Augustus C, ninth Governor of
Illinois (1846-52), was born in New Hampshire,
August 2, 1808. After coming to Illinois, he
became a resident of Crawford County, and a
lawyer by profession. He was a member of the
Tenth and Eleventh General Assemblies, and
Receiver, for a time, of the Land OflSce at Pales-
tine. He served as Presidential Elector in 1844,
was elected to the office of Governor as a Demo-
crat in 1846 by a majority of nearly 17,000 over
two competitors, and was the unanimous clioice of
his party for a second term in 1848. His adminis-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
177
tration was free from scandals. He was appointed
Bank Commissioner by Governor Matteson, and
later accepted the chair of Law in McKendree
College at Lebanon. In 1858 he was the nominee
of the Douglas wing of the Democratic party for
State Superintendent of Public Instruction,
ex-Gov. John Eeynolds being the candidate of
the Buchanan branch of the party. Both were
defeated. His last public service was as a mem-
ber from St. Clair County of the Constitutional
Convention of 1863. Died, at Lebanon, Sept. 4,
1864.
FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. The first
premonition of this struggle in the West was
given in 1698, when two English vessels entered
the mouth of the Mississippi, to take possession
of the French Territory of Louisiana, which then
included what afterward became the State of
Illinois. This expedition, however, returned
without result. Great Britain was anxious to
have a colorable pretext for attempting to evict
the French, and began negotiation of treaties
with the Indian tribes as early as 1734, expecting
thereby to fortify her original claim, which was
based on the right of prior discover}'. The
numerous shiftings of the political kaleidoscope in
Europe prevented any further steps in this direc-
tion on the part of England until 1748-49, when
the Ohio Land Company received a royal grant
of 500,000 acres along the Ohio River, with exclu-
sive trading privileges. The Company proceeded
to explore and survey and, about 1752, established
a trading post on Loramie Creek, 47 miles north
of Dayton. The French foresaw that hostilities
were probable, and advanced their posts as far
east as the Allegheny River. Complaints by the
Ohio Company induced an ineffectual remon-
strance on the part of Virginia. Among the
ambassadors sent to the French by the Governor
of Virginia was George Washington, who thus,
in early manhood, became identified with Illinois
history. His report was of such a nature as to
induce the erection of counter fortifications by
the British, one of which (at the junction of the
Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers) was seized
and occupied by the French before its completion.
Then ensued a series of engagements which,
while not involving large forces of men, were
fraught with grave consequences, and in which
the French were generally successful. In 1755
occurred "Braddock's defeat" in an expedition to
recover Fort Duquesne (where Pittsburg now
stands), which had been captured by the French
the previous year, and the Government of Great
Britain determined to redouble its efforts. The
final result was the termination of French domi-
nation in the Ohio Valley. Later came the down-
fall of French ascendency in Canada as the result
of the battle of Quebec ; but the vanquished yet
hoped to be able to retain Louisiana and Illinois.
But France was forced to indemnify Spain for the
loss of Florida, which it did by the cession of all
of Louisiana lying west of the Mississippi (includ-
ing the city of New Orleans), and this virtually
ended French hopes in Illinois. The last military
post in North America to be garrisoned by French
troops was Fort Chartres, in Illinois Territory,
where St. Ange remained in command until its
evacuation was demanded by the English.
FRENCH GOVERNORS OF ILLINOIS. French
Governors began to be appointed by the Company
of the Indies (which see) in 1723, the "Illinois
Country" having previously been treated as a
dependency of Canada. The first Governor ( or
"commandant") was Pierre Duque'de Boisbriant,
who was commandant for only three years, when
he was summoned to New Orleans (1725) to suc-
ceed de Bienville as Governor of Louisiana. Capt.
du Tisne was in command for a short time after
his departure, but was succeeded by another
Captain in the royal army, whose name is vari-
ously spelled de Liette, de Lielte, De Siette and
Delietto. He was followed in turn by St. Ange
(the father of St. Ange de Bellerive), who died in
1743. In 1733 the Company of the Indies surren-
dered its charter to the crown, and tlie Governors
of the Illinois Country were thereafter appointed
directly by ro}-al authority. Under the earlier
Governors justice had been administered under
the civil law ; with the change in the method of
appointment the code known as the "Common
Law of Paris" came into effect, although not
rigidly enforced because found in many particu-
lars to be ill-suited to the needs of a-new country.
The first of the Ro3-al Governors was Pierre
d' Artaguiette. who was appointed in 1734, but was
captured while engaged in an expedition against
the Chickasaws, in 1736, and burned at the stake.
(See D' Artaguiette.) He was followed by
Alphonse de la Buissoniere, who was succeeded,
in 1740, by Capt. Benoist de St. Claire. In 1748
he gave way to the Chevalier Bertel or Berthet,
but was reinstated about 1748. The last of the
French Governors of the "Illinois Country" was
Louis St. Ange de Bellerive, who retired to St.
Louis, after turning over the command to Cap-
tain Stirling, the English officer sent to supersede
him, in 1765. (St. Ange de Bellerive died, Dec.
27, 1774.) The administration of the French
commandants, while firm, was usually conserva-
178
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
tive and benevolent. Local self-government was
encouraged as far as practicable, and, wliile the
Governors' power over commerce was virtually
unrestricted, they interfered but little with the
ordinary life of the people.
FREW, Calvin Hamill, lawyer and State Sena-
tor, was born in Cleveland, Ohio, educated at
Finley (Ohio) High School, Beaver (Pa.) Academy
and Vermilion Institute at Hayesville, Ohio. ; in
1863 was Principal of the High School at Kalida,
Ohio, where he began the study of law, which he
continued the next two years with Messrs. Strain
& Kidder, at Monmouth, 111., meanwhile acting
as Principal of a high school at Young America ;
in I860 removed to Paxton. Ford Count}', which
has since been his home, and the same year was
admitted to the bar by the Supreme Court of Illi-
nois. Mr. Frew served as Assistant Superintend-
ent of Schools for Ford County (186.5-68) ; in 1868
was elected Representative in the Twenty-sixth
General Assembly, re-elected in 1870, and again
in "78. While practicing law he has been con-
nected with some of the most important cases
before the courts in that section of the State, and
his fidelity and skill in their management are
testified by members of the bar, as well as
Judges upon the bench. Of late years he has
devoted his attention to breeding trotting horses,
with a view to the improvement of his health
but not with the intention of permanently
abandoning his profession.
FRY, Jacob, pioneer and soldier, was born in
Fayette County, Ky.. Sept. 20, 1799; learned the
trade of a carpenter and came to Illinois in 1819,
working first at Alton, but, iu 1820, took up his
residence near tlie present town of Carrollton, in
which he built the first house. Greene County
was not organized until two years later, and this
border settlement was, at that time, the extreme
northern white settlement in Illinois. He served
as Constable and Deput}' Sheriflf (simultaneously)
for six years, and was then elected Sheriff, being
five times re-elected. He served tlirough the
Black Hawk War (first as Lieutenant-Colonel and
afterwards as Colonel), having in his regiment
Abraham Lincoln, O. H. Browning, John Wood
(afterwards Governor) and Robert Anderson, of
Fort Sumter fame. In 1837 he was appointed
Commissioner of the Illinois & Michigan Canal,
and re-appointed in 1839 and "41, later becoming
Acting Commissioner, with authority to settle up
the business of the former commission, which
was that year legislated out of ofl5ce. He was
afterwards appointed Canal Trustee by Governor
Ford, and, in 1847, retired from connection with
canal management. In 18.J0 he went to Cali-
fornia, where he engaged in mining and trade
for three years, meanwhile serving one term in
the State Senate. In 1857 he was appointed Col-
lector of the Port at Chicago by President Buch-
anan, but was removed in 1859 because of his
friendship for Senator Douglas. In 1860 he
returned to Greene County ; in 1861, in spite of his
advanced age. was commissioned Colonel of the
Sixty-first Illinois Volunteers, and later partici-
pated in numerous engagements (among them the
battle of Shiloh). was captured by Forrest, and
ultimately compelled to resign because of im-
paired health and failing eyesight, finally becom-
ing totally blind. He died, June 27, 1881, and
was buried in Oak Ridge Cemetery, near Spring-
field. Two of Colonel Fry's sons achieved dis-
tinction during the Civil War. — James Barnet
(Fry), son of the preceding, was born at Car-
rollton, 111., Feb. 23, 1827; graduated at West
Point Military Academy, in 1847, and was
assigned to artiller}- service ; after a short experi-
ence as Assistant Instructor, joined his regiment,
the Third United States Artillery, in Mexico,
remaining there through 1847-48. Later, he was
employed on frontier and garrison duty, and
again as Instructor in 1853-54, and as Adjutant of
the Academy during 1854-59; became Assistant
Adjutant-General, March 16. 1861, then served as
Chief of Staff to General McDowell and General
Buell (1861-62), taking part in the battles of Bull
Run, Shiloh and Corinth, and in the campaign in
Kentuckj-; was made Provost-Marshal-General
of the United States, in March, 1863, and con-
ducted the drafts of that year, receiving the rank
of Brigadier-General, April 21, 1864. He con-
tinued in this office until August 30, 1866, during
which time he put in the army 1,120,621 men,
arrested 76,563 deserters, collected .$26,366,316.78
and made an exact enrollment of the National
forces. After the war he served as Adjutant-
General with the rank of Colonel, till June 1,
1881, when he was retired at his own request.
Besides his various official reports, he published a
"Sketch of the Adjutant-General's Department,
United States Army, from 1775 to 1875," and "His-
tory and Legal Effects of Brevets in the Armies of
Great Britain and the United States, from their
origin in 1692 to the Present Time, " (1877). Died,
in Newport, R. I., July 11, 1894.— WiUiam M.
(Fry), another son, was Provost Marshal of the
North Illinois District during the Civil War, and
rendered valuable service to the Government.
FULLER, Allen Curtis, lawyer, jurist and
Adjutant-General, was born in Farmington,
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
179
Conn., Sept. 24, 1822; studied law at "Warsaw,
N. Y. , was admitted to practice, in 1846 came to
Belvidere, Boone County, III. , and, after practic-
ing there some years, was elected Circuit Judge
in 1861. A few months afterward he was induced
to accept the office of Adjutant-General by
appointment of Governor Yates, entering upon
the duties of the office in November, 1861. At
first it was understood that his acceptance was
only temporary, so that he did not formally
resign his place upon the bench until July, 1862.
He continued to discharge the duties of Adjutant-
General until January, 1865, when, having been
elected Representative in the General Assembly,
he was succeeded in the Adjutant-General's office
by General Isham N. Haynie. He served as
Speaker of the House during the following ses-
sion, and as State Senator from 1867 to 1873 —
in the Twenty-fifth, Twenty -sixth and Twenty-
seventh General Assemblies. He was also elected
a Republican Presidential Elector in 1860, and
again in 1876. Since retiring from office. General
Fuller has devoted his attention to the practice of
his profession and looking after a large private
business at Belvidere.
FULLER, Charles E., lawyer and legislator,
was born at Flora, Boone County, 111., March 31.
1849 ; attended the district school until 12 years
of age, and, between 1861 and '67, served as clerk
in stores at Belvidere and Cherry Valley. He
then spent a couple of years in the book business
in Iowa, when (1869) he began the studj' of law
with Hon. Jesse S. Hildrup, at Belvidere, and
was admitted to the bar in 1870. Since then
Mr. Fuller has practiced liis profession at Belvi-
dere, was Corporation Attorney for that city in
1875-76, the latter year being elected State's
Attorney for Boone County. From 1879 to 1891
he served continuously in the Legislature, first
as State Senator in the Thirty-first and Thirty-
second General Assemblies, then as a member of
the House for three sessions, in 1888 being
returned to the Senate, where he served the
next two sessions. Mr. Fuller established a high
reputation in the Legislature as a debater, and
was the candidate of his party (the Republican)
for Speaker of the House in 1885. He was also a
delegate to the Republican National Convention
of 1884. Mr. Fuller was elected Judge of the
Circuit Court for the Seventeenth Circuit at the
judicial election of June, 1897.
FULLER, Melville Weston, eighth Chief Jus-
tice of the United States Supreme Court, was
born at Augusta. Maine, Feb. 11, 1833, graduated
from Bowdoin College in 1853, was admitted to
the bar in 1855, and became City Attorney of his
native city, but resigned and removed to Chicago
the following year. Through his mother's
family he traces his descent back to the Pilgrims
of the Mayflower. His literary and legal attain-
ments are of a high order. In politics he has
always been a strong Democrat. He served as a
Delegate to the Constitutional Convention of
1862 and as a member of the Legislature in 1863,
after that time devoting his attention to the
practice of his profession in Chicago. In 1888
President Cleveland appointed him Chief Justice
of the Supreme Court, since which time he has
resided at Washington, although still claiming a
residence in Chicago, where he has considerable
property interests.
FULLERTON, Alexander Jf., pioneer settler
and lawyer, born in Chester, Vt., in 1804, was
educated at Middlebury College and Litchfield
Law School, and, coming to Chicago in 1838,
finally engaged in real -estate and mercantile
business, in which he was very successful. His
name has been given to one of the avenues of
Chicago, as well as associated with one of the
prominent business blocks. He was one of the
original members of the Second Presbyterian
Church of that city. Died, Sept. 29, 1880.
FULTON, a city and railway center in White-
side County, 135 miles west of Chicago, located
on the Mississippi River and the Chicago &
Northwestern, the Chicago, BurUngton & Quinoy
and the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railways.
It is the southern terminus of a line of steamers
which annually brings millions of bushels of grain
down the Mississippi from Minnesota, Wisconsin
and Northern Illinois, carrying, on their return,
large quantities of merchandise, agricultural
implements, etc. Fulton has a capacious eleva-
tor and factories for the making of drain-pipe,
stoneware and carriages, besides important
lumber industries. The Northern Illinois Col-
lege is situated here. Population (1880), 1,733;
(1890), 2,099; (1900), 2,685.
FULTON COUNTY, situated west of and bor-
dering on the Illinois River ; was originally a part
of Pike County, but separately organized in 1823
— named for Robert Fulton. It has an area of 870
square miles with a population (1900) of 46,201.
The soil is rich, well watered and wooded. Drain-
age is effected by the Illinois and Spoon Rivers
(the former constituting its eastern boundary)
and by Copperas Creek. Lewistown became the
county-seat immediately after county organi-
zation, and so remains to the present time (1899).
The surface of the county at a distance from the
180
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
river is generally flat, although along the Illinois
tliere are bluffs rising to the height of 125 feet.
The soil is rich, and underlying it are rich, work-
able seams of coal. A thin seam of cannel coal
lias been mined near Avon, with a contiguous
vein of fire-clay. Some of the earliest settlers were
Messrs. Craig and Savage, who, in 1818, built a
saw mill on Otter Creek; Ossian M. Ross and
Stephen Dewey, who laid off Lewistown on his
own land in isi'3. The first hotel in the entire
military tract was opened at Lewistown by Tru-
man Phelps, in 1837. A flat-boat ferry across the
Illinois was established at Havana, in 1823. The
principal towns are Lewistown (population, 2, 166),
Farmiugton (1,375), and Vermont (1,158).
FULTON COUNTY NARROW-GAUGE RAIL-
WAT, a line extending from the west bank of the
Illinois River, opposite Havana, to Galesburg,
61 miles. It is a single-track, narrow-gauge
(3-foot) road, although the excavations and
embankments are being widened to accommodate
a track of standard gauge. The grades are few,
and, as a rule, are light, althougli, in one instance,
the gradient is eighty-four feet to the mile.
There are more than 19 miles of curves, the maxi-
mum being sixteen degrees. The rails are of
iron, thirty-flve pounds to the yard, road not
ballasted. Capital stock outstanding (1895),
$636,794; bonded debt, §484,000; miscellaneous
obligations, §462,362; total capitalization, §1,583,-
156. The line from Havana to Fairview (31 miles)
was chartered in 1 878 and opened in 1880 and the
extension from Fairvievr to Galesburg chartered
in 1881 and opened in 1882.
FUNK, Isaac, pioneer, was born in Clark
County, Ky., Nov. 17, 1797; grew up with meager
educational advantages and, in 1823, came to Illi-
nois, finally settling at what afterwards became
known as Funk's Grove in McLean County.
Here, with no other capital than industry, per-
severance, and integrity, Mr. Funk began laying
the foundation of one of the most ample fortunes
ever acquired in Illinois outside the domain of
trade or speculation. By agriculture and dealing
in live-stock, he became the possessor of a large
area of the finest farming lands in the State,
which he brought to a high state of cultivation,
leaving an estate valued at his death at not less
than §2,000,000. Mr. Funk served three sessions
in the General Assembly, first as Representative
in the Twelfth (1840-43), and as Senator in the
Twenty-third and Twenty-fourth (1862-66), dying
before the close of his last term, Jan. 89, 1865.
Originally a Whig in politics, he became a Repub-
lican on the organization of that party, and gave
a liberal and patriotic support to the Government
during the war for the preservation of the Union.
During the session of the Twenty-third General
Assembly, in February, 1863, lie delivered a
speech in the Senate in indignant condemnation
of the policy of the anti-war factionists, which,
although couched in homely language, aroused
the enthusiasm of the friends of the Government
throughout the State and won for its author a
prominent place in State history. — Benjamin F.
(Funk), son of the preceding, was born in Funk's
Grove Township, McLean County, 111., Oct. 17,
1838. After leaving the district schools, he
entered the Wesleyan University at Blooming-
ton, but suspended his studies to enter the army
in 1863, enlisting as a private in the Sixty-eighth
Illinois Volunteers. After five months' service
he was honorably discharged, and re-entered the
University, completing a three-years' course.
For three years after graduation he followed
farming as an avocation, and, in 1869, took up
his residence at Bloomington. In 1871 he was
chosen Mayor, and served seven consecutive
terms. He was a delegate to the National
Republican Convention of 1888, and was the suc-
cessful candidate of that party, in 1892, for Repre-
sentative in Congress from the Fourteenth Illinois
District. — Lafayette (Funk), another son of Isaac
Funk, was a Representative from McLean County
in the Thirty-third General Assembly and Sena-
tor in the Thirty-fourth and Thirty-fifth. Other
sons who have occupied seats in the same body
include George W., Representative in the Twenty-
seventh, and Duncan M. , Representative in the
Fortieth and Forty-first Assemblies The Funk
family have been conspicuous in the affairs of
McLean County for a generation, and its mem-
bers have occupied many other positions of im-
portance and influence, besides those named, under
the State, County and municipal governments.
GAGE, Lyman J., Secretary of the Treasury,
was born in De Ruyter, Madison County, N. Y.,
June 28, 1836; received a common school educa-
tion in his native countj', and, on the removal of
his parents, in 1848, to Rome, N. Y.. enjoyed the
advantages of instruction in an academy. At
the age of 17 he entered the employment of the
Oneida Central Bank as office-boy and general
utility clerk, but, two years afterwards, came to
Chicago, first securing emploj'ment in a planing
mill, and, in 1858, obtaining a position as book-
keeper of the Merchants' Loan and Trust Com-
pany, at a salary of §500 a year. By 1861 he had
been advanced to the position of cashier of the
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
181
concern, but, in 1868, he accepted the cashiership
of the First National Bank of Chicago, of which
he became the Vice-President in 1881 and, in
1891, the President. Mr. Gage was also one of the
prominent factors in securing the location of the
World's Fair at Chicago, becoming one of the
guarantors of the §10,000,000 promised to be raised
by the city of Chicago, and being finally chosen
the first President of the Exposition Company.
He also presided over the bankers' section of the
World's Congress Auxiliary in 1893, and, for a
number of years, was President of the Civic Feder-
ation of Chicago. On the assumption of the
Presidency by President McKinley, in March,
1897, Mr. Gage was selected for the position of
Secretary of the Treasury, which he has con-
tinued to occupy up to the present time (1899).
GALATIA, a village of Saline County, on the
St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad, 40 miles
southeast of Duquoin. It has a bank and a news-
paper. Population (1890), 519; (1900), 643.
GALE, George Washington, D.D., LL.D.,
clergyman and educator, was born in Dutchess
County, N. Y., Dec. 3, 1789. Left an orphan at
eight years of age, he fell to the care of older
sisters who inherited the vigorous character of
their father, which they instilled into the son.
He graduated at Union College in 1814, and, hav-
ing taken a course in the Theological Seminary
at Princeton, in 1816 was licensed by the Hudson
Presbytery and assumed the charge of building
up new churches in Jefferson County, N. Y.,
serving also for six years as pastor of the Presby-
terian church at Adams. Here his labors were
attended by a revival in which Charles G. Fin-
ney, the eloquent evangeUst, and other eminent
men were converts. Having resigned his charge
at Adams on account of illness, he spent the
winter of 1833-24 in Virginia, where his views
were enlarged by contact with a new class of
people. Later, removing to Oneida County,
N. Y., by his marriage with Harriet Selden he
acquired a considerable property, insuring an
income which enabled him to extend the field of
his labors. The result was the establishment of
the Oneida Institute, a manual labor school, at
Whitesboro, with which he remained from 1837
to 1884, and out of which grew Lane Seminary
and Oberlin and Knox Colleges. In 1835 he con-
ceived the idea of establishing a colony and an
institution of learning in the West, and a com-
mittee representing a party of proposed colonists
was appointed to make a selection of a site, which
resulted, in the following year, in the choice of
a location in Knox County, 111., including the
site of the present city of Galesburg, which was
named in honor of Mr. Gale, as the head of the
enterprise. Here, in 1837, were taken the first
practical steps in carrying out plans which had
been previously matured in New York, for the
establishment of an institution which first
received the name of Knox Manual Labor Col-
lege. The manual labor feature having been
finally discarded, the institution took the name
of Knox College in 1857. Mr. Gale was the lead-
ing promoter of the enterprise, by a liberal dona-
tion of lands contributing to its first endowment,
and, for nearly a quarter of a century, being
intimately identified with its history. From
1840 to '43 he served in the capacity of acting
Professor of Ancient Languages, and, for fifteen
years thereafter, as Professor of Moral Philosophy
and Rhetoric. Died, at Galesburg, Sept. 31, 1861.
— William Selden (Gale), oldest son of the preced-
ing, was born in Jefferson County, "N. Y., Feb.
15, 1833, came with his father to Galesburg, 111.,
in 1836, and was educated there. Having read
law with the Hon. James Knox, he was admitted
to the bar in 1845, but practiced only a few years,
as he began to turn his attention to measures for
the development of the country. One of these
was the Central Military Tract Railroad (now the
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy), of which he was
the most active promoter and a Director. He
was also a member of the Board of Supervisors of
Knox County, from the adoption of township
organization in 1853 to 1895, with the exception
of four years, and, during the long controversy
which resulted in the location of the county -seat
at Galesburg, was the leader of the Galesburg
party, and subsequently took a prominent part
in the erection of public buildings there. Other
positions held by him include the office of Post-
master of the city of Galesburg, 1849-53; member
of the State Constitutional Convention of 1863,
and Representative in the Twenty-sixth General
Assembly (1870-73); Presidential Elector in 1872;
Delegate to the National Republican Convention
of 1880; City Alderman, 1873-83 and 1891-95;
member of the Commission appointed by Gov-
ernor Oglesby in 1885 to revise the State Revenue
Laws; by appointment of President Harrison,
Superintendent of the Galesburg Government
Building, and a long term Trustee of the Illinois
Hospital for the Insane at Rock Island, by
appointment of Governor Altgeld. He has also
been a frequent representative of his party
(the Republican) in State and District Conven-
tions, and, since 1861. has been an active and
leading member of the Board of Trustees of
182
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Knox College. Mr. Gale was married, Oct. 6,
1845, to Miss Caroline Ferris, granddaughter of
the financial representative of the Galesburg
Colony of 1836, and has had eight children, of
whom four are living. Died Sep. 1, 1900.
GALENA, tlie county-seat of Jo Daviess County,
a city and port of entry, 180 miles west-north-
west of Chicago, on the Galena (or Fever) River,
five miles above its junction with the Mississippi,
and an intersecting point for three railroads. It
is built on bluffs overlooking the river, which,
through a system of lockage, is rendered navi-
gable for vessels of deep draft. Rich mines of
sulphide of lead (galena) abound in the vicinity,
from which the city takes it name. The high
and broken character of the site renders Galena
picturesque, and the city is adorned by handsome
public and private buildings and a beautiful park,
in which stands a fine bronze statue of General
Grant, who was a resident here at the beginning
of the Civil War. The river supplies an abun-
dance of water power, and various descriptions of
manufacturing are carried on, notably of lumber,
furniture and carriages, hot water heaters
woolen goods, flour, pottery and castings. There
are also extensive lead and zinc smelting works
and a considerable pork-packing interest Besides
commerce over the trunk lines. Galena enjoys a
large trade by water in zinc ore, pig lead, grain,
flour, pork, provisions and manufactured goods.
Galena was one of the earliest towns to be settled
in Northern Illinois, Thomas H. January having
located there and engaged in trading with the
Indians in 1821. Many men of distinction in
State and national affairs came from that city,
including Col. Henry Gratiot, a pioneer of French
family; Elihu B Washburne, Minister to Paris
during the Franco Prussian War; Gen. John A.
Rawlins, General Grant's Chief of Staff, and
later Secretary of War ; Gen. E. D. Baker and
Thompson Campbell, afterwards statesmen on
the Pacific coast, and many more The citj' is
the seat of a German-English College. Popula-
tion (1880), 6,451; (1890), 5,635; (1900), 5,005.
GALENA & CHICAGO UNION RAILROAD.
(See Chicago & Northirestern Railimy.)
GALESBURG, the county-seat of Knox County
and an important educational center. The first
settlers were emigrants from the East, a large pro-
portion of them being members of a colony organ-
ized by Rev. George W. Gale, of Whitesboro,
N. Y., in whose honor the original village was
named. It is situated in the heart of a rich
agricultural district 53 miles northwest of Peoria,
99 miles northeast of Quincy and 163 miles south-
west of Chicago. It is one of the most important
railway centers in the State, the Chicago, Bur-
lington & Quincy. with various branch lines, and
the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe lines intersect-
ing here, while the city is also tapped by the Ful-
ton County Narrow-Gauge Railroad. Galesburg
was originally granted a special charter, but is
now incorporated under the general law. The
governmental power is vested in a Mayor and a
Board of fourteen Aldermen, chosen by seven
wards. There are beautiful parks and the resi-
dence streets are well shaded, while there are
twenty miles of street paved with vitrified brick.
Both gas and electric lighting systems are in use.
The city has an efficient and well-equipped paid
fire-department, an excellent water supply, and
an extensive and well managed street-car sj'stem,
electricity being the traction power. While
Galesburg cannot be called a manufacturing cen-
ter, it boasts several flourishing mechanical in-
dustries. The manufacture of vitrified paving
brick, of excellent quality, is extensively carried
on at plants not far from the city limits, the city
itself being the shipping point, as well as the
point of administrative control. There are two
foundries, agricultural implement works, floui--
ing mills, carriage and wagon works, and a broom
factory, besides other industrial enterprises of
minor importance. The Chicago, Biirlington Sz
Quincy Company has shops and stockyards
here. Coal is mined in the vicinity. There are
handsome business blocks, a fine opera house and
numerous smaller public halls, five banks, nine-
teen churches, and ten public schools, including
a high school, with a well appointed manual
training department. Knox College (non-secta-
rian), Lombard University (Universalist), and
Corpus Christi Lyceum and University, and St.
Joseph's Academy (both Roman Catholic) are
situated here. Population (1880), 11,437; (1890),
15,264; (1900), 18.607.
GALLATIN COUNTY, one of three counties
organized in Illinois Territory in 1813 — the others
being Madison and Johnson. Previous to that
date the Territory had consisted of only two coun-
ties, St. Clair and Randolph. The new county
was named in honor of Albert Gallatin, then
Secretary of the Treasury. It is situated on the
Ohio and Wabash Rivers, in the extreme south-
eastern part of the State, and has an area of 349
square miles; population (1900), 15,836. The first
cabin erected by an American settler was the
home of Michael Sprinkle, who settled at Shaw-
neetown in 1800. The place early became an
important trading post and distributing point.
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
183
A ferry across the Wabash was established in
1803, by Alexander Wilson, whose descendants
conducted it for more than seventy-five years.
Although Stephen Rector made a Government
survey as early as 1807, the public lands were not
placed on the market until 1818. Shawneetown,
the county-seat, is the most important town,
having a population of some 3,300. Bituminous
coal is found in large quantities, and mining is
an important industry. The prosperity of the
county has been much retarded by floods, particu-
larly at Shawneetown and Equality. At the
former point the difference between high and
low water mark in the Ohio River has been as
much as fifty-two feet.
GALLOWAY, Andrew Jackson, civil engineer,
was born of Scotch ancestry in Butler County,
Pa., Dec. 31, 1814-, came with his father to Cory-
don, Ind. , in 1830, took a course in Hanover Col-
lege, graduating as a civil engineer in 1837 ; then
came to Mount Carmel, White County, 111., with
a view to employment on projected Illinois rail-
roads, but engaged in teaching for a year, having
among his pupils a number who have since been
prominent in State affairs. Later, he obtained
employment as an assistant engineer, serving for
a time under William Gooding, Chief Engineer of
the Illinois & Michigan Canal ; was also Assistant
Enrolling and Engrossing Clerk of the State
Senate in 1840-41, and held the same position in
the House in 1846-47, and again in 1848-49, in the
meantime having located a farm in La Salle
County, where the present city of Streator stands.
In 1849 he was appointed Secretary of the Canal
Trustees, and, in 1851, became assistant engineer
on the Illinois Central Railroad, later superin-
tending its construction, and finally being trans-
ferred to the land department, but retiring in
1855 to engage in real-estate business in Chicago,
dealing largely in railroad lands. Mr. Galloway
was elected a County Commissioner for Cook
County, and has since been connected with many
measures of local importance.
GALVA, a town in Henry County, 45 miles
southeast of Rock Island and 48 miles north-
northwest of Peoria ; the point of intersection of
the Rock Island & Peoria and the Chicago, Bur-
lington & Quincy Railways. It stands at the
summit of the dividing ridge between the Mis-
sissippi and the Illinois Rivers, and is a manufac-
turing and coal-mining town. It has two banks,
excellent schools, and two weekly newspapers.
The surrounding country is agricultural and
wealthy, and is rich in coal. Population (1880),
2,148; (1890), 3,409; (1900), 2,683.
GARDNER, a town in Greenfield Township,
Grundy County, on the Chicago & Alton Rail-
road, 65 miles south-southwest of Chicago and 36
miles north-northeast of Pontiac. It is connected
with Coal City by a branch railroad. Coal-min-
ing and the manufacture of soap are principal
industries. It has a bank, five churches and a
weekly newspaper. Population (1880), 786;
(1890), 1,094; (1900), 1,036.
GARDNER, COAL CITY & NORMANTOWN
RAILWAY. (See Elgin, Joliet cfc Eastern Rail-
ivay. )
GARY, Joseph Easton, lawyer and jurist, was
born of Puritan ancestry, at Potsdam, St. Law-
rence County, N. Y., July 9, 1831. His early
educational advantages were such as were fur-
nished by district schools and a village academy,
and, until he was 33 years old, he worked at the
carpenter's bench. In 1843 he removed to St.
Louis, Mo. , where he studied law. " After admis-
sion to the bar, he practiced for five years in
Southwest Missouri, thence going to Las Vegas,
N. M., in 1849, and to San Francisco, Cal., in
1853. In 1856 he settled in Chicago, where he
has since resided. After seven years of active
practice he was elected to the bench of the
Superior Court of Cook County, where he has sat
for thirty years, being four times nominated by
both political parties, and his last re-election — for
a term of six years, occurring in 1893. He pre-
sided at the trial of the Cliicago anarchists in
1886 — one of the causes celebres of Illinois. Some
of his rulings therein were sharply criticised, but
he was upheld by the courts of appellate jurisdic-
tion, and his connection with the case has given
him world-wide fame. In November, 1888, the
Supreme Court of Illinois transferred him to the
bench of the Appellate Court, of which tribunal
he has been three times Chief Justice.
GASSETTE, Norman Theodore, real estate
operator, wasbornatTownsend,Vt., April31, 1839,
came to Chicago at ten years of age, and, after
spending a year at Shurtleff College, took a prepar-
atory collegiate course at the Atwater Institute,
Rochester, N. Y. In June, 1861, he enlisted as
a private in the Nineteenth Regiment Illinois
Volunteers, rising in the second year to the rank
of First Lieutenant, and, at the battle of Chicka-
mauga, by gallantry displayed while serving as
an Aid-de-Camp, winning a recommendation
for a brevet Lieutenant-Colonelcy. The war
over, he served one term as Clerk of the Circuit
Court and Recorder, but later engaged in tlie real-
estate and loan business as the head of the exten-
sive firm of Norman T. Gassette & Co. He was t
184
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Republican in politics, active in Grand Army
circles and prominent as a Mason, holding the
position of Eminent Grand Commander of
Knights Templar of Illinois on occasion of the
Triennial Conclave in "Washington in 1889. He
also had charge, as President of the Masonic
Fraternity Temple Association of Chicago, for
some time prior to his decease, of the erection of
the Masonic Temple of Chicago. Died, in Chi-
cago, March 26, 1891.
GATEWOOD, William Jefferson, early lawyer,
was born in "Warren County, Ky., came to
Franklin County, 111., in boyhood, removed to
Shawneetown in 1823, where he taught school
two or three years while studying law; was
admitted to the bar in 1828, and served in five
General Assemblies — as Representative in 1830-33,
and as Senator, 1834-42. He is described as a man
of fine education and brilliant talents. Died,
Jan. 8, 1842.
(JAULT, John C, railway manager, was born
at Hooksett, X. H., May 1, 1829; in 1850 entered
the local freight office of the Manchester & Law-
rence Railroad, later becoming General Freight
Agent of the Vermont Central. Coming to Chi-
cago in 1859, he successively filled the positions
of Superintendent of Transportation on the
Galena & Chicago Union, and (after the consoli-
dation of the latter with the Chicago & North-
western), that of Division Superintendent,
General Freight Agent and Assistant General
Manager; Assistant General Manager of the
Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul; General Mana-
ger of the Wabash (18T9-83) ; Arbitrator for the
trunk lines (1883-85), and General Manager of
the Cincinnati, New Orleans & Texas Pacific
(1885-90), when he retired. Died, in Chicago,
August 29, 1891.
GENERAL ASSEMBLIES. The following is a
list of tlie General Assemblies which have met
since the admission of Illinois as a State up to
1898 — from the First to the Fortieth inclusive —
with the more important acts passed by each and
the duration of their respective sessions:
First General Assembly held two sessions,
the fir.st convening at Kaskaskia, the State Capi-
tal, Oct. 5, and adjourning Oct. 13, 1818. The
second met, Jan. 4, 1819, continuing to March 31.
Lieut-Gov. Pierre Menard presided over the Sen-
ate, consisting of thirteen members, while John
Messinger was chosen Speaker of the House,
containing twenty-seven members. The most
important business transacted at the first session
was the election of two United States Senators —
Ninian Edwards and Jesse B. Thomas, Sr.— and
the filling of minor State and judicial oflSces. At
the second session a code of laws was enacted,
copied chiefly from the "Virginia and Kentucky
statutes, including the law concerning "negroes
and mulattoes,"' which long remained on the
statute book. An act was also passed appointing
Commissioners to select a site for a new State
Capital, which resulted in its location at Van-
dalia. The sessions were held in a stone building
with gambrel-roof pierced by dormer-windows,
the Senate occupjdng the lower floor and the
House the upper. The length of the first session
was nine daj's, and of the second eighty-seven —
total, ninety -six days.
Second General Assembly convened at Van-
dalia, Dec. 4, 1820. It consisted of fourteen
Senators and twenty-nine Representatives. John
McLean, of Gallatin County, was chosen Speaker
of the House. A leading topic of discussion was
the incorporation of a State Bank. Money was
scarce and there was a strong popular demand
for an increase of circulating medium. To
appease this clamor, no less than to relieve traders
and agriculturists, this General Assembly estab-
lished a State Bank (see State Bank), despite
the earnest protest of McLean and the executive
veto. A stay-law was also enacted at this session
for the benefit of the debtor class. The number
of members of the next Legislature was fixed at
eighteen Senators and thirty-six Representatives
— this provision remaining in force until 1831.
The session ended Feb. 15, having lasted seventy-
four days.
Third General Assembly convened, Deo. 2,
1822. Lieutenant-Governor Hubbard presided in
the Senate, while in the organization of the
lower house, "William M. Alexander was chosen
Speaker. Governor Coles, in his inaugural,
called attention to the existence of slavery in
Illinois despite the Ordinance of 1787, and urged
the adoption of repressive measures. Both
branches of the Legislature being pro-slavery in
sympathy, the Governor's address provoked
bitter and determined opposition. On Jan. 9,
1823, Jesse B. Thomas was re-elected United
States Senator, defeating John Reynolds, Leonard
White and Samuel D. Lockwood. After electing
Mr. Thomas and choosing State officers, the
General Assembly proceeded to discuss the major-
ity and minority reports of the committee to
which had been referred the Governor's address.
The minority report recommended the abolition
of slavery, while that of the majority favored
the adoption of a resolution calling a convention
to amend the Constitution, the avowed object
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS.
185
being to make Illinois a slave State. The latter
report was adopted, but the pro-slavery party in
the House lacked one vote of the number neces-
sary to carry the resolution by the constitutional
two-thirds majority. What followed has always
been regarded as a blot upon the record of the
Third General Assembly. Nicholas Hansen, who
had been awarded the seat from Pike County
at the beginning of the session after a contest
brought by his opponent, John Shaw, was un-
seated after the adoption of a resolution to
reconsider the vote by which he had been several
weeks before declared elected. Shaw having
thus been seated, the resolution was carried by
the necessary twenty-four votes. Mr. Hansen,
although previously regarded as a pro-slavery
man, had voted with the minority when the
resolution was first put upon its passage. Hence
followed his deprivation of his seat. The triumph
of the friends of the convention was celebrated
by what Gov. John Reynolds (himself a conven-
tionist) characterized as "a wild and indecorous
procession by torchlight and liquor." (See
Slavery and Slave Laws.) The session adjourned
Feb. 18, having continued seventy-nine days.
Fourth General Assembly. Tliis body held
two sessions, the first being convened, Nov. 15,
1824, b}' proclamation of the Executive, some
three weeks before the date for the regular
session, in order to correct a defect in the law
relative to counting the returns for Presidential
Electors. Thomas Mather was elected Speaker
of the House, while Lieutenant-Governor Hub-
bard presided in the Senate. Having amended
the law concerning the election returns for Presi-
dential Electors, the Assembly proceeded to the
election of two United States Senators — one to
fill the unexpired term of ex-Senator Edwards
(resigned) and the other for the full term begin-
ning March 4, 1825. John McLean was chosen
for the first and Elias Kent Kane for the second.
Five circuit judgeships were created, and it was
provided that the bench of the Supreme Court
should consist of four Judges, and that semi-
annual sessions of that tribunal should be held at
the State capital. (See Judicial Dejiartment.)
The regular session came to an end, Jan. 18, 1825,
but at its own request, the Lieutenant-Governor
and acting Governor Hubbard re-convened the
body in special session on Jan. 2, 1826, to enact a
new apportionment law under the census of 1825.
A sine die adjournment was taken, Jan. 28, 1826.
One of the important acts of the regular session
of 1825 was the adoption of the first free-school
law in Illinois, the measure liaving been intro-
duced by Joseph Duncan, afterwards Governor of
the State. This Legislature was in session a total
of ninety-two days, of which sixty-five were
during the first session and twenty-seven during
the second.
Fifth General Assembly convened, Dec. 4,
1826, Lieutenant-Governor Kinney presiding in
the Senate and John McLean in the House. At
the request of the Governor an investigation into
the management of the bank at Edwardsville was
had, resulting, however, in the exoneration of its
officers. The circuit judgeships created by the
preceding Legislature were abrogated and their
incumbents legislated out of office. The State
was divided into four circuits, one Justice of the
Supreme Court being assigned to each. (See
Judicial Dejiartment.) This General Assembly
also elected a State Treasurer to succeed Abner
Field, James Hall being chosen on the ninth
ballot. The Supreme Court Judges, as directed
by the preceding Legislature, presented a well
digested report on the revision of the laws, which
was adopted without material alteration. One of
the important measures enacted at this session
was an act establishing a State penitentiary, the
funds for its erection being obtained by the
sale of saline lands in Gallatin County. (See
Alton Penitentiary; also Salt Manufacture.)
The session ended Feb. 19 — having continued
seventy-eight days.
Sixth General Assembly convened, Dec. 1,
1828. The Jackson Democrats had a large major-
ity in both houses. John McLean was, for the
third time, elected Speaker of the House, and,
later in the session, was elected United States
Senator by a iinanimous vote. A Secretary of
State, Treasurer and Attorney-General were also
appointed or elected. The most important legis-
lation of the session was as follows: Authorizing
the sale of school lands and the borrowing of the
proceeds from the school fund for the ordinary
governmental expenses; providing for a return
to the viva voce method of voting; creating a
fifth judicial circuit and appointing a Judge
therefor ; providing for the appointment of Com-
missioners to determine upon the route of the
Illinois & Michigan Canal, to sell lands and com-
mence its construction. The Assembly adjourned,
Jan. 23, 1829, having been in session fifty-four days.
Seventh General Assembly met, Dec. 6, 1830.
The newly-elected Lieutenant-Governor, Zadoc
Casey, and William L. D. Ewing presided
over the two houses, respectively. John Rey-
nolds was Governor, and, the majority of the
Senate being made up of his political adversaries,
186
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
experienced no little difficulty in securing the
confirmation of his nominees. Two United
States Senators were elected: Elias K. Kane
being chosen to succeed himself and John M.
Robinson to serve the unexpired term of John
McLean, deceased. The United States census of
1830 gave Illinois three Representatives in Con-
gress instead of one, and this General Assembly
passed a re-apportionment law accordingly. The
number of State Senators was increased to
twenty-six, and of members of the lower house
to fifty-five. The criminal code was amended by
the substitution of imprisonment in the peni-
tentiary as a penalty in lieu of the stocks and
pubUc flogging. This Legislatm'e also authorized
the borrowing of §100,000 to redeem the notes of
tlie State Bank which were to mature the follow-
ing year. The Assembly adjourned, Feb. 16, 1831,
tlie session having lasted seventy-three days.
Eighth General Assembly. The session
began Dec. 3, 1833, and ended March 2, 1833.
William L. D. Ewing was chosen President pro
tempore of the Senate, and succeeded Zadoc
Casey as Lieutenant-Governor, the latter having
been elected a Representative in Congress.
Alexander M. Jenkins presided over the House as
Speaker. This Legislature enacted the first gen-
eral incorporation laws of Illinois, their provisions
being applicable to towns and public libraries.
It also incorporated several railroad companies,
— one line from Lake Micliigan to the Illinois
River (projected as a substitute for the canal),
one from Peru to Cairo, and another to cross the
State, running through Springfield. Other char-
ters were granted for shorter lines, but the incor-
porators generally failed to organize under them.
A notable inci dent in connection with this session
was the attempt to impeach Theophilus W. Smith,
a Justice of the Supreme Court. Tliis was the first
and last trial of this character in the State's his-
tory, between 1818 and 1899. Failing to secure a
conviction in the Senate (where the vote stood
twelve for conviction and ten for acquittal, with
four Senators excused from voting), the House
attempted to remove him by address, but in this
the Senate refused to concur. The first mechan-
ics" lien law was enacted by this Legislature,
as also a law relating to the "right of way" for
"public roads, canals, or other pubUc works."
The length of the session was ninety days.
Ninth General Assembly. This Legislature
held two sessions. The first began Dec. 1, 1834,
and lasted to Feb. 13, 1835. Lieutenant-Governor
Jenkins presided in the Senate and James Semple
was elected Speaker of the House without oppo-
sition. On Dec. 20, John M. Robinson was re-
elected United States Senator Abraham Lincoln
was among the new members, but took no con-
spicuous part in the discussions of the body. The
principal public laws passed at this session were:
Providing for the borrowing of §500,000 to be
used in the construction of the Illinois & Michi-
gan Canal and the appointment of a Board of
Commissioners to supervise its expenditure;
incorporating the Bank of the State of Illinois;
and authorizing a loan of §12,000 by Cook County,
at 10 per cent interest per annum from the
county school fund, for the erection of a court
house in that county. The second session of this
Assembly convened, Dec. 7, 1835, adjourning, Jan.
18, 1836. A new canal act was passed, enlarging
the Commissioners' powers and pledging the faith
of the State for the repayment of money bor-
rowed to aid in its construction. A new appor-
tionment law was also passed providing for the
election of forty-one Senators and ninety-one
Representatives, and W. L. D. Ewing was elected
United States Senator, to succeed Elias K. Kane,
deceased. The length of the first session was
seventy-five days, and of the second forty-three
days — total, 118.
Tenth General Assembly, like its predeces-
sor, held two sessions. The first convened Dec. 5,
1836, and adjourned March 6, 1837. The Whigs
controlled the Senate by a large majority, and
elected William H. Davidson, of White County,
President, to succeed Alexander M. Jenkins, who
had resigned the Lieutenant-Governorship. (See
Jenkins, Alexander it/.) James Semple was
re-elected Speaker of the House, which was
fully two-thirds Democratic. This Legislature
was remarkable for the number of its members
who afterwards attained National prominence.
Lincoln and Douglas sat in the lower house, both
voting for the same candidate for Speaker — New-
ton Cloud, an independent Democrat. Besides
these, the rolls of this Assembly included the
names of a future Governor, six future United
States Senators, eight Congressmen, three Illinois
Supreme Court Judges, seven State officers, and
a Cabinet officer. The two absorbing topics for
legislative discussion and action were the system
of internal improvements and the removal of the
State capital. (See Internal Improvement Policy
and State Capitals. ) The friends of Springfield
finally effected such a combination that that city
was selected as the seat of the State government,
while the Internal Improvement Act was passed
over the veto of Governor Duncan. A second
session of tliis Legislature met on the call of the
IIISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
187
Governor, July 10, 1837, and adjourned July 33.
An act legalizing the suspension of State banks
was adopted, but the recommendation of the Gov-
ernor for the repeal of the internal improvement
legislation was ignored. The length of the first
session was ninety-two days and of the second
thirteen — total 105.
Eleventh General Assembly. This body
held both a regular and a special session. The
former met Dec. 3, 1838, and adjourned March 4,
1839. The Wliigs were in a majority in both
houses, and controlled the organization of the
Senate. In the House, however, their candidate
for Speaker — Abraham Lincoln — failing to secure
his full party vote, was defeated by W. L. D.
Ewing. At this session §800,000 more was appro-
priated for the "improvement of water-ways and
the construction of railroads, " all efforts to put an
end to, or even curtail, further expenditures on
account of internal improvements meeting with
defeat. An appropriation (the first) was made
for a library for the Supreme Court ; the Illinois
Institution for the Education of the Deaf and
Dumb was established, and the further issuance
of bank notes of a smaller denomination than $5
was prohibited. By this time the State debt had
increased to over §13,000,000, and both the people
and the Governor were becoming apprehensive as
to ultimate results of this prodigal outlay. A
crisis appeared imminent, and the Governor, on
Dec. 9, 1839, convened the Legislature in special
session to consider the situation. (This was the
first session ever held at Springfield ; and, the new
State House not being completed, the Senate, the
House and the Supreme Court found accommo-
dation in three of the principal church edifices.)
The struggle for a change of State policy at this
session was long and hard fought, no heed being
given to party lines. The outcome was the vir-
tual abrogation of the entire internal improve-
ment system. Provision was made for the calling
in and destruction of all unsold bonds and the
speedy adjustment of all unsettled accounts of
the old Board of Public Works, which was legis-
lated out of office. The special session adjourned
Feb. 3, 1840. Length of regular session ninety-
two days, of the special, fifty -seven — total, 149.
Twelfth General Assembly. This Legisla-
ture was strongly Democratic in both branches.
It first convened, by executive proclamation,
Nov. 33, 1840, the object being to provide for pay-
ment of interest on the public debt. In reference
to this matter the following enactments were
made: Authorizing the hypothecation of §300,000
internal improvement bonds, to meet the interest
due Jan. 1, 1841 ; directing the issue of bonds to
be sold in the open market and the proceeds
applied toward discharging all amounts due on
interest account for which no other provision was
made ; levying a special tax of ten cents on the
§100 to meet the interest on the last mentioned
class of bonds, as it matured. For the comple-
tion of the Northern Cross Railroad (from Spring-
field to Jacksonville) another appropriation of
§100,000 was made. The called session adjourned,
sine die, on Dec. 5, and the regular session began
two days later. The Senate was presided over by
the Lieutenant-Governor (Stinson H. Anderson),
and William L. D. Ewing was chosen Speaker of
the House. The most vital issue was the propri-
ety of demanding the surrender of the charter of
the State Bank, with its branches, and here
party lines were drawn. The Whigs finally
succeeded in averting the closing of the institu-
tions which had suspended specie payments, and
in securing for those institutions the privilege of
issuing small bills. A law reorganizing the judi-
ciary was passed by the majority over the execu-
tive veto, and in face of the defection of some of
its members. On a partisan issue all the Circuit
Judges were legislated out of office and five Jus-
tices added to the bench of the Supreme Court.
The session was stormy, and the Assembly ad-
journed March 1, 1841. This Legislature was in
session ninety-eight days — thirteen during the
special session and eighty-five during the regular.
Thirteenth General Assembly consisted of
forty-one Senators and 131 Representatives; con-
vened, Dec. 5, 1842. The Senate and House were
Democratic by two-thirds majority in each.
Lieut.-Gov. John Moore was presiding officer of
the Senate and Samuel Hackelton Speaker of the
House, with W. L. D. Ewing, who had been
acting Governor and United States Senator, as
Clerk of the latter. Richard Yates, Isaac N.
Arnold, Stephen T. Logan and Gustavus Koerner,
were among the new members. The existing
situation seemed fraught with peril. The State
debt was nearly §14,000,000; immigration had
been checked ; the State and Shawneetown banks
had gone down and their currency was not worth
fifty cents on the dollar ; Auditor's warrants were
worth no more, and Illinois State bonds were
quoted at fourteen cents. On Dec. 18, Judge
Sidney Breese was elected United States Senator,
having defeated Stephen A. Douglas for the
Democratic caucus nomination, on the nineteenth
ballot, by a majority of one vote. The State
Bank (in which the State had been a large share-
holder) was permitted to go into liquidation upon
188
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
the surrender of State bonds in exchange for a
like amount of bank stock owned by the State.
The same conditional release was granted to the
bank at Shawneetown. The net result was a
reduction of the State debt by about 83,000,000.
The Governor was authorized to negotiate a
loan of §1,600,000 on the credit of the State, for
the purpose of prosecuting the work on the canal
and meeting the indebtedness already incurred.
The Executive was also made sole "Fund Com-
missioner" and, in that capacity, was empovs-ered
(in connection with the Auditor) to sell the
railroads, etc., belonging to the State at public
auction. Provision was also made for the redemp-
tion of the bonds hypothecated with Macalister
and Stebbins. (See Macalister and Stcbbins
Bonds.) The Congressional distribution of the
moneys arising from the sale of public lands was
acquiesced in, and the revenues and resources of
the State were pledged to the redemption "of
every debt contracted by an authorized agent for a
good and valuable consideration." To establish
a sinking fund to meet such obligation, a tax of
twenty cents on every §100, payable in coin, was
le-^ied. This Legislature also made a re-appor-
tionment of the State into Seven Congressional
Districts. The Legislature adjourned, March 6,
1843, after a session of ninety-two days.
FocRTEENTH GENERAL ASSEMBLY Convened
Dec. 2, 1844, and adjourned March 3. 1845, the ses-
sion lasting ninety-two days. The Senate was
composed of twenty-six Democrats and fifteen
Whigs; the House of eighty Democrats and
tliirty-nine Whigs. David Davis was among the
new members. William A. Richardson defeated
Stephen T. Logan for the Speakership, and James
Semple was elected United States Senator to suc-
ceed Samuel McRoberts, deceased. The canal
law was amended by the passage of a supple-
mental act, transferring the property to Trustees
and empowering the Governor to complete the
negotiations for the borrowing of §1,600,000 for
its construction. The State revenue being in-
sufficient to meet the ordinary expenses of the
government, to say nothing of the arrears of
interest on the State debt, a tax of three mills on
each dollar's worth of propert)- was imposed for
1845 and of three and one-half mills thereafter.
Of the revenue thus raised in 1845, one mill was
set apart to pay the interest on the State debt
and one and one-half mills for the same purpose
from the taxes collected in 1846 "and forever
thereafter."
Fifteenth Gener.^l Assembly convened Dec.
7, 1846. The farewell message of Governor Ford
and the inaugural of Governor French were lead-
ing incidents. The Democrats had a two-thirds
majority in each house. Lieut. -Gov. Joseph B.
Wells presided in the Senate, and Newton Cloud
was elected Speaker of the House, the compli-
mentary vote of the Whigs being given to Stephen
T. Logan. Stephen A. Douglas was elected
United States Senator, the whigs voting for Cyrus
Edwards. State officers were elected as follows :
Auditor, Thomas H. Campbell; State Treasurer,
Milton Carpenter— both by acclamation; and
Horace S Cooley was nominated and confirmed
Secretary of State. A new school law was
enacted ; the sale of the Gallatin County salines
was authorized ; the University of Chicago was
incorporated, and the Hospital for the Insane at
Jacksonville established; the sale of the North-
ern Cross Railroad was authorized; District
Courts were established ; and provision was made
for refunding the State debt. The Assembly
adjourned, March 1, 1847, after a session of
eighty-five days.
Sixteenth General Assembly'. This was the
first Legislature to convene under the Constitu-
tion of 1847. There were twenty-five members
in the Senate and seventy-five in the House.
The body assembled on Jan. 1, 1849, continu-
ing in session until Feb. 12 — the session being
limited by the Constitution to six weeks. Zadoc
Casey was chosen Speaker, defeating Richard
Yates by a vote of forty-six to nineteen. After
endorsing the policy of the administration in
reference to tlie Mexican War and thanking the
soldiers, the Assembly proceeded to the election
of United States Senator to succeed Sidney
Breese. The choice fell upon Gen. James Shields,
the other caucus candidates being Breese and
McClernand, while Gen. WilUam F. Thornton led
the forlorn hope for the Whigs. The principle of
the Wilmot proviso was endorsed. The Governor
convened the Legislature in special session on
Oct. 22. A question as to the eligibility of Gen.
Shields having arisen (growing out of his nativity
and naturalization), and the legal obstacles hav-
ing been removed by the lapse of time, he was
re-elected Senator at the special session. Outside
of the passage of a general law authorizing the
incorporation of railroads, little general legisla-
tion was enacted. The special session adjourned
Nov, 7. Length of regular session forty-three
days; special, seventeen — total sixty.
Seventeenth General Assembly convened
Jan. 6, 1851, adjourned Feb. 17 — length of
session forty-three days. Sidney Breese (ex-
Senator) was chosen Speaker. The session was
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
189
characterized by a vast amount of legislation, not
all of which was well considered. By joint reso-
lution of both houses the endorsement of the
Wihnot proviso at tlie previous session was
rescinded. The first homestead exemption act
was passed, and a stringent liquor law adopted,
the sale of liquor in quantities less than one quart
being prohibited. Township organization was
authorized and what was virtually free-banking
was sanctioned. The latter law was ratified by
popular vote in November, 1851. An act incorpo-
rating the Illinois Central Railroad was also
passed at this session, the measure being drafted
by James L. D. Morrison. A special session of
this Assembly was held in 1852 under a call by
the Governor, lasting from June 7 to the 23d —
seventeen days. The most important general
legislation of the special session was the reappor-
tionment of the State into nine Congressional
Districts. This Legislature was in session a total
of sixty days.
Eighteenth General Assembly. The first
(or regular) session convened Jan. 3, 1853, and
adjourned Feb. 1-1. The Senate was composed of
twenty Democrats and five Whigs ; the House, of
fifty-nine Democrats, sixteen Whigs and one
"Free-Soiler. " Lieutenant-Governor Koerner
presided in the upper, and ex-Gov. John Rej^nolds
in the lower house. Governor Matteson was
inaugurated on the 16th ; Stephen A. Douglas was
re-elected United States Senator, Jan. 5, the
Whigs casting a complimentary vote for Joseph
Gillespie. More than 450 laws were enacted, the
majority being "private acts." The prohibitory
temperance legislation of the preceding General
Assembly was repealed and the license system
re-enacted. This body also passed the famous
"black laws" designed to prevent the immigration
of free negroes into the State. The sum of
§18,000 was appropriated for the erection and
furnishing of an executive mansion; the State
Agricultural Society was incorporated; the re-
mainder of the State lands was ordered sold, and
any surplus funds in the treasury appropriated
toward reducing the State debt. A special session
was convened on Feb. 9, 1854, and adjourned
March 4. The most important measures adopted
were : a legislative re-apportionment, an act pro-
viding for the election of a Superintendent of
Public Instruction, and a charter for the Missis-
sippi & Atlantic Railroad. The regular session
lasted forty-three days, the special twenty-four
— total, sixty-seven.
Nineteenth General Assembly met Jan. 1,
1855, and adjourned Feb. 15 — the session lasting
forty-six days. Thomas J. Turner was elected
Speaker of the House. The political complexion
of the Legislature was much mixed, among the
members being old-line Whigs, Abolitionists,
Free-Soilers, Know-Nothings, Pro-slavery Demo-
crats and Anti-Nebraska Democrats. The
Nebraska question was the leading issue, and in
reference thereto the Senate stood fourteen
Nebraska members and eleven anti-Nebraska ; the
House, thirty-four straight-out Democrats, while
the entire strength of the opposition was forty-
one. A United States Senator was to be chosen
to succeed Gen. James Shields, and the friends of
free-soil had a clear majority of four on joint
ballot. Abraham Lincoln was the caucus nomi-
nee of the Whigs, and General Shields of the Demo-
crats. The two houses met in joint session Feb. 8.
The result of the first ballot was, Lincoln, forty-
five; Shields, forty -one; scattering, thirteen;
present, but not voting, one. Mr. Lincoln's
strength steadily waned, then rallied slightly on
the sixth and seventh ballots, but again declined.
Shields" forty-one votes rising on the fifth ballot
to forty-two, but having dropped on the next
ballot to forty-one, his name was withdrawn and
that of Gov. Joel A. Matteson substituted. Mat-
teson gained until he received forty-seven votes,
which was the limit of his strength. On the
ninth ballot, Loncoln"s vote having dropped to
fifteen, his name was withdrawn at his own
request, his support going, on the next ballot, to
Lyman Trumbull, an anti-Nebraska Democrat,
who received fifty-one votes to forty-seven for
Matteson and one for Archibald Williams — one
member not voting. Trumbull, having received
a majority, was elected. Five members had
voted for him from the start. These were Sena-
tors John M. Palmer, Norman B. Judd and Burton
C. Cook, and Representatives Henry S. Baker and
George T. Allen. It had been hoped that they
would, in time, come to the support of Mr. Lin-
coln, but they explained that they had been
instructed by their constituents to vote only for
an anti-Nebraska Democrat. They were all sub-
sequently prominent leaders in the Republican
party. Having inaugurated its work by accom-
plishing a political revolution, this Legislature
proceeded to adopt several measures more or less
radical in their tendency. One of these was the
Maine liquor law, with the condition that it be
submitted to popular vote. It failed of ratifica-
tion by vote of the people at an election held in
the following June. A new common school law
was enacted, and railroads were required to fence
their tracks. The Assembly also adopted a reso-
190
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
lution calling for a Convention to amend the Con-
stitution, but tliis was defeated at the polls.
Twentieth General Assembly convened Jan.
5, 1857, and adjourned, sine die, Feb. 19. A
Republican State administration, with Governor
Bissell at its head, liad just been elected, but the
Legislature was Democratic in both branches.
Lieut. -Gov. John Wood presided over the Senate,
and Samuel Holmes, of Adams County, defeated
Isaac N. Arnold, of Cook, for the Speakership of
the House. Among the prominent members were
Norman B. Judd, of Cook; A. J. Kuj-kendall, of
Johnson ; Shelby M. Cullom, of Sangamon ; John
A. Logan, of Jackson; William R. Morrison, of
Monroe ; Isaac N. Arnold, of Cook ; Joseph Gilles-
pie, of Madison, and S. W. Moultou, of Shelby.
Among the important measures enacted by this
General Assembly were the following: Acts
establishing and maintaining free schools; estab-
lishing a Normal University at Normal ; amending
the banking law ; providing for the general incor-
poration of railroads ; providing for the building
of a new penitentiary ; and funding the accrued
arrears of interest on the public debt. Length of
session, forty-six days.
Twenty-first General Assembly convened
Jan. 3, 1859, and was in session for fifty-three
days, adjourning Feb. 24. The Senate consisted
of twenty-five, and the House of seventy-five
members. The presiding officers were: — of the
Senate, Lieut. -Gov. Wood; of the House, W. R.
Morrison, of Monroe Coimty, who defeated his
Republican opponent. Vital Jarrot, of St. Clair,
on a viva voce vote. The Governor's message
showed a reduction of §1,106,877 in the State debt
during two years preceding, leaving a balance of
principal and arrears of interest amounting to
§11,138,454. On Jan. 6, 1859, the Assembly, in
joint session, elected Stephen A. Douglas to suc-
ceed liimself as United States Senator, by a vote
of fifty-four to forty-six for Abraham Lincoln.
The Legislature was thrown into great disorder
in consequence of an attempt to prevent the
receipt from the Governor of a veto of a legisla-
tive apportionment bill which had been passed by
the Democratic majority in the face of bitter
opposition on the part of the Republicans, who
denounced it as partisan and unjust.
Twenty-second General Assembly convened
in regular session on Jan. 7, 1861, consisting of
twenty-five Senators and seventy-five Represent-
atives. For the first time in the State's history,
the Democrats failed to control the organization
of either house. Lieut. -Gov. Francis A. Hoffman
presided over the Senate, and S. M. Cullom, of
Sangamon, was chosen Speaker of the House, the
Democratic candidate being James W. Singleton.
Thomas A. Marshall, of Coles County, was elected
President pro tem. of the Senate over A. J. Kuy-
kendall, of Johnson. The message of the retiring
Governor (John Wood) reported a reduction of
the State debt, during four years of Republican
administration, of §3,860,403, and showed the
number of banks to be 110, whose aggregate cir-
culation was §13,330,964. Lyman Trumbull was
re-elected United States Senator on January 10,
receiving fifty-four votes, to forty-six cast for
Samuel S. Marshall. Governor Yates was inau-
gurated, Jan. 14. The most important legislation
of this session related to the following subjects:
the separate property rights of married women ;
the encouragement of mining and the support of
public schools ; the payment of certain evidences
of State indebtedness ; protection of the purity of
the ballot-box, and a resolution submitting to the
people the question of the calling of a Convention
to amend the Constitution. Joint resolutions were
passed relative to the death of Governor Bissell ;
to the appointment of Commissioners to attend a
Peace Conference in Washington, and referring
to federal relations. The latter deprecated
amendments to tlie United States Constitution, but
expressed a willingness to unite with any States
which might consider themselves aggrieved,
in petitioning Congress to call a convention
for the consideration of such amendments, at the
same time pledging the entire resources of Illi-
nois to the National Government for the preser-
vation of the Union and the enforcement of the
laws. The regular session ended Feb. 33, having
lasted forty-seven days. — Immediately following
President Lincoln's first call for volunteers to
supi^ress the rebellion. Governor Yates recon-
vened the General Assembly in special session to
consider and adopt methods to aid and support
the Federal authority in preserving the Union and
protecting the rights and property of the people.
The two houses assembled on April 33. On April
25 Senator Douglas addressed the members on the
issues of the day, in response to an invitation con-
veyed in a joint resolution. The special session
closed May 3, 1861, and not a few of the legislators
promptly volunteered in the Union army.
Length of the regular session, forty-seven days;
of the special, eleven — total fifty-eight.
Twenty-third General Assembly was com-
posed of twenty-five Senators and eighty-eight
Representatives. It convened Jan. 5, 1863, and
was Democratic in both branches. The presiding
officer of the Senate was Lieutenant-Governor
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
191
Hoffman; Samuel A. Buckmaster was elected
Speaker of the House by a vote of fifty -three to
twenty-five. On Jan. 12, William A. Richardson
was elected United States Senator to succeed
S. A. Douglas, deceased, the Republican nominee
being Governor Yates, who received thirty-eight
votes out of a total of 103 cast. Much of the time
of the session was devoted to angry discussion of
the policy of the National Government in the
prosecution of the war. The views of the oppos-
ing parties were expressed in majority and minor-
ity reports from the Committee on Federal
Relations — the former condemning and the latter
upholding the Federal administration. The
majority report was adopted in the House on
Feb. 13, by a vote of fifty-two to twenty-eight,
and the resolutions which it embodied were at
once sent to the Senate for concurrence. Before
they could be acted upon in that body a Demo-
cratic Senator — J. M. Rodgers, of Clinton County
— died. This left the Senate politically tied, a
Republican presiding officer having the deciding
vote. Consequently no action was taken at the
time, and, on Feb. 14, the Legislature adjourned
till June 2. Immediately upon re-assembling,
joint resolutions relating to a sine die adjourn-
ment were introduced in both houses. A disagree-
ment regarding the date of such adjournment
ensued, when Governor Yates, exercising the
power conferred upon him by the Constitution in
such cases, sent in a message (June 10, 1863)
proroguing the General Assembly until "the
Saturday next preceding the first Monday in
January, 1865." The members of the Republican
minority at once left the hall. The members of
the majority convened and adjourned from day
to day until June 24. when, having adopted an
address to the people setting forth their grievance
and denouncing the State executive, they took a
recess until the Tuesday after the first Monday of
January, 1864. The action of the Governor, hav-
ing been submitted to the Supreme Court, was
sustained, and no further session of this General
Assembly was held. Owing to the prominence
of political issues, no important legislation was
effected at this session, even the ordinary appro-
priations for the State institutions failing. This
caused much embarrassment to the State Govern-
ment in meeting current expenses, but banks and
capitalists came to its aid, and no important
interest was permitted to suffer. The total
length of the session was fifty days — forty-one
days before the recess and nine days after.
Twenty-fourth General Assembly convened
Jan. 2, 1865, and remained in session forty-six
days. It consisted of twenty-five Senators and
eighty-five Representatives. The Republicans
had a majority in both houses. Lieutenant-Gov-
ernor Bross presided over the Senate, and Allen
C. Fuller, of Boone County, was chosen Speaker
of the House, over Ambrose M. Miller, Democrat,
the vote standing 48 to 23. Governor Yates, in
his valedictory message, reported that, notwith-
standing the heavy expenditure attendant upon
the enlistment and maintenance of troops, etc.,
the State debt had been reduced 8987,786 in four
years. On Jan. 4, 1865, Governor Yates was
elected to the United States Senate, receiving
sixty-four votes to forty three cast for James C.
Robinson. Governor Oglesby was inaugurated Jan.
16. The Thirteenth Amendment to the United
States Constitution was ratified by this Legisla-
ture, and sundry special appropriations made.
Among the latter was one of §3,000 toward the
State's proportion for the establishment of a
National Cemetery at Gettysburg; 825,000 for
the purchase of the land on which is the tomb
of the deceased Senator Douglas; besides sums
for establishing a home for Soldiers' Orplians and
an experimental school for the training of idiots
and feeble-minded children. The first act for
the registry of legal voters was passed at this
session.
Twenty-fifth General Assembly. This
body held one regular and two special sessions.
It first convened and organized on Jan. 7, 1867.
Lieutenant-Governor Bross presided over the
upper, and Franklin Corwin, of La Salle County,
over the lower house. Tlie Governor (Oglesby),
in his message, reported a reduction of 83,607,958
in the State debt during the two years preceding,
and recommended various appropriations for pub-
lic purposes. He also urged the calling of a Con-
vention to amend the Constitution. On Jan. 15,
Lyman Trumbull was chosen United States Sena-
tor, the complimentary Democratic vote being
given to T. Lyle Dickey, who received thirty-
three votes out of 109. The regular session lasted
fifty three days, adjourning Feb. 28. The Four-
teenth Amendment to the United States Constitu-
tion was ratified and important legislation enacted
relative to State taxation and the regulation of
public warehouses; a State Board of Equalization
of Assessments was established, and the office of
Attorney-General created. (Under this law
Robert G. IngersoU was the first appointee.)
Provision was made for the erection of a new
State House, to establish a Reform School for
Juvenile Offenders, and for the support of other
State institutions. The first special session con-
192
HISTORICxVL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
vened on June 11, 1867, having been summoned
to consider questions relating to internal revenue.
The lessee of the penitentiary having surrendered
his lease without notice, the Governor found it
necessary to make immediate provision for the
management of that institution. Not having
included this matter in his original call, no ne-
cessity then existing, he at once simimoned a
second special session, before the adjournment
of the first. This convened on June 14, remained
in session until June 28, and adopted what is
substantially the present penitentiary law of the
State. This General Assembly was in session
seventy-one days — fifty-three at the regular,
three at the first special session and fifteen at the
second.
TwENTT-SLXTH GENERAL ASSEMBLY Convened
Jan. 4, 18C9. The Republicans had a majority in
each house. The newly elected Lieutenant-Gov-
ernor, John Dougherty, presided in the Senate,
and Franklin Corwin, of Peru, was again cliosen
Speaker of the House. Governor Oglesby sub-
mitted his final message at the opening of the
session, showing a total reduction in the State
debt during his term of §4,743,821. Governor
John M. Palmer was inaugurated Jan. 11. The
most important acts passed by this Legislature
were the following: Calling the Constitutional
Convention of 1869; ratifying the Fifteenth
Amendment to the United States Constitution ;
granting well behaved convicts a reduction in
their terms of imprisonment ; for the prevention
of cruelty to animals; providing for the regula-
tion of freights and fares on railroads; estab-
lishing the Southern Normal University; pro-
viding for the erection of the Northern Insane
Hospital; and establishing a Board of Com-
missioners of Public Charities. The celebrated
"Lake Front Bill,'' especially affecting the
interests of the city of Chicago, occupied a
great deal of time during this session, and
though finally passed over tlie Governor's veto,
was repealed in 1873. This session was inter-
rupted by a recess which extended from March
12 to April 13. The Legislature re-assem-
bled April 14, and adjourned, sine die, April 20,
having been in actual session seventy-four days.
Twenty-seventh General Assembly had
four sessions, one regular, two special and one
adjourned. The fir.st convened Jan. 4, 1871, and
adjourned on April 17, having lasted 104 days,
when a recess was taken to Nov. 15 following.
The body was made up of fifty Senators and 177
Representatives. The Republicans again con-
trolled both houses, electing William M. Smith,
Speaker (over William R. Morrison, Democrat),
while Lieutenant-Governor Dougherty presided in
the Senate. The latter occupied the Hall of Rep-
resentatives in the old State Capitol, while the
House held its sessions in a new church edifice
erected by tlie Second Presbyterian Church.
John A. Logan was elected United States Sena-
tor, defeating Thomas J. Turner (Democrat) by a
vote, on joint ballot, of 131 to 89. This was the
first Illinois Legislature to meet after the adoption
of the Constitution of 1870, and its time was
mainly devoted to framing, discussing and pass-
ing laws required by the changes in the organic
law of the State. The first special session opened
on May 24 and closed on June 22, 1871, continu-
ing thirty days. It was convened by Governor
Palmer to make additional appropriations for the
necessary expenses of tlie State Government and
for the continuance of work on the new State
House. The purpose of the Governor in sum-
moning the second special session was to provide
financial relief for the city of Chicago after the
great fire of Oct. 9-11, 1871. Members were sum-
moned by special telegrams and were in their
seats Oct. 13, continuing in session to Oct. 24
— twelve days. Governor Pahner had ah'eady
suggested a plan by which the State might
aid the stricken city without doing violence
to either the spirit or letter of the new Con-
stitution, which expressly prohibited special
legislation. Chicago had advanced 82,500,000
toward the completion of the Illinois & Michigan
Canal, under the pledge of the State that this
outlay should be made good. The Legislature
voted an appropriation sufficient to pay both
principal and interest of this loan, amounting, in
round numbers, to about 33,000,000. The ad-
journed session opened on Nov. 15. 1871. and came
to an end on April 9, 1872 — having continued 147
days. It was entirely devoted to considering and
adopting legislation germane to the new Consti-
tution. The total length of all sessions of this
General Assembly was 293 days.
Twenty-eighth General Assembly convened
Jan. 8, 1873. It was composed of fifty-one Sena-
tors and 153 Representatives; the upper house
standing thirtj'-three Republicans to eighteen
Democrats, and the lower, eighty-six Republicans
to sixty-seven Democrats. The Senate chose
Jolin Early, of Winnebago, President pro tempore,
and Shelby JI. CuUom was elected Speaker of the
House. Governor Oglesby was inaugurated Jan.
13, but, eight days later, was elected to the United
States Senate, being succeeded in the Governor-
ship by Lieut. -Gov. John L. Beveridge. An
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
193
appropriation of $1,000,000 was made for carrying
on the work on the new capitol and various other
acts of a public character passed, the most impor-
tant being an amendment of the railroad law of
the previous session. On May 6, the Legislature
adjourned until Jan. 8, 1874. The purpose of the
recess was to enable a Commission on the Revision
of the Laws to complete a report. The work was
duly completed and nearly all the titles reported
by the Commissioners were adopted at the
adjourned session. An adjournment, sine die,
was taken March 31, 1874 — the two sessions
having lasted, respectively, 119 and 83 days —
total 202,
Twenty-ninth General Assembly convened
Jan 6, 1875. While the Republicans had a plu-
rality in both houses, they were defeated in an
effort to secure their organization tlirough a
fusion of Democrats and Independents. A. A.
Glenn (Democrat) was elected President pro tem-
pore of the Senate (becoming acting Lieutenant-
Governor), and Elijah M. Haines was chosen
presiding officer of the lower house. The leaders
on both sides of the Cliamber were aggressive,
and the session, as a whole, was one of the most
turbulent and disorderly in the history of the
State. Little legislation of vital importance
(outside of regular appropriation bills) was
enacted. This Legislature adjourned, April 1.5,
having been in session 100 days.
Thirtieth General Assembly convened Jan.
3 ; 1877, and adjourned, sine die, on May 24. The
Democrats and Independents in tlie Senate united
in securing control of that body, although the
House was Republican. Fawcett Plumb, of La
.Salle County, was chosen President pro tempore
of the upper, and James Shaw Speaker of the
lower, house. The inauguration of State officers
took place Jan. 8, Shelby M. Cullom becoming
Governor and Andrew Shuman, Lieutenant-Gov-
ernor. This was one of the most exciting years
in American political historj' Both of the domi-
nant parties claimed to have elected the President,
and the respective votes in the Electoral College
were so close as to excite grave apprehension in
many minds. It was also the year for the choice
of a Senator by the Illinois Legislature, and the
attention of the entire countiy was directed
toward this State. Gen. John M. Palmer was
the nominee of the Democratic caucus and John
A. Logan of the Republicans. On the twenty-
fourth ballot the name of General Logan was
withdrawn, most of the Republican vote going
to Charles B. Lawrence, and the Democrats going
over to David Davis, who, although an original
Republican and friend of Lincoln, and Justice of
the Supreme Court by appointment of Mr. Lin-
coln, had become an Independent Democrat. On
the fortieth ballot (taken Jan. 25), Judge Davis
received 101 votes, to 94 for Judge Lawrence
(Republican) and five scattering, thus securing
Davis" election. Not many acts of vital impor-
tance were passed by this Legislature. Appellate
Courts were established and new judicial districts
created; the original jurisdiction of count}-
courts was enlarged; better safeguards were
thrown about miners ; measures looking at once
to the supervision and protection of railroads were
passed, as well as various laws relating chiefly to
the police administration of the State and of
municipalities. The length of the session was
142 days.
Thirty-first General Assembly convened
Jan. 8, 1879, with a Republican majority in each
house. Andrew Shuman, the newly elected Lieu-
tenant-Governor, presided in the Senate, and
William A. James of Lake County was chosen
Speaker of the House. John M. Hamilton of
McLean County (afterwards Governor), was
chosen President pro tempore of the Senate.
John A. Logan was elected United States Senator
on Jan. 21, the complimentary Democratic vote
being given to Gen. Jolm C. Black. Various
laws of public importance were enacted by this
Legislature, among them being one creating the
Bureau of Labor Statistics ; the first oleomargar-
ine law; a drainage and levee act; a law for the
reorganization of the militia; an act for the
regulation of pawnbrokers; a law limiting the
pardoning power, and various laws looking
toward the supervision and control of railways.
The session lasted 144 days, and the Assembly
adjourned, sine die. May 31, 1879.
Thirty second General Assembly convened
Jan. 5, 1881, the Republicans having a majority
in both branches. Lieutenant-Governor Hamil-
ton presided in the Senate, William J. Campbell
of Cook County being elected President pro tem-
pore. Horace H. Thomas, also of Cook, was
chosen Speaker of the House. Besides the rou-
tine legislation, the most important measures
enacted by this Assembly were laws to prevent
the spread of pleuro-pneumonia among cattle:
regulating the sale of firearms; providing more
stringent penalties for the adulteration of food,
drink or medicine; regulating the practice of
pharmacy and dentistry ; amending the revenue
and school laws : and requiring annual statements
from official custodians of public moneys. The
Legislature adjourned May 30, after having been
194
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
in session 1-16 days, but was called together again
in special session by the Governor on March 23,
1883, to pass new Legislative and Congressional
Apportionment Laws, and for the consideration
of other subjects. Tlie special session lasted
forty-four days, adjourning May 5— both sessions
occupying a total of 190 days.
Thirty-thikd General Assembly convened
Jan. 2, 1883, with the Republicans again in the
majority in both houses. William J. Campbell
was re-elected President pro tempore of the
Senate, but not until the sixty-first ballot, six
Republicans refusing to be bound by the nomina-
tion of a caucus held prior to their arrival at
Springfield. Loren C. Collins, also of Cook, %vas
elected Speaker of the House. The compliment-
ary Democratic vote was given to Thomas M. Shaw
in the Senate, and to Austin O. Sexton in the
House. Governor CuUom, the Republican caucus
nominee, was elected United States Senator, Jan.
16, receiving a majority in each branch of the
General Assembly. The celebrated "Harper
High-License Bill," and the first "Compulsory
School Law" were passed at this session, the
other acts being of ordinary character. Tlie
Legislature adjourned June 18, having been in
session 168 days.
Thirty-fourth General Assembly convened
Jan. 7, 1885. The Senate was Republican by a
majority of one, there being twenty -six members
of that party, twenty-four Democrats and one
greenback Democrat. William J. Campbell, of
Cook County, was for the third time chosen
President pro tempore. The House stood seventy-
six Republicans and seventy-six Democrats, with
one member — Elijah M. Haines of Lake County —
calUng himself an "Independent." The contest
for the Speakership continued until Jan. 29,
when, neither party being able to elect its nomi-
nee, the Democrats took up Haines as a candidate
and placed him in the chair, with Haines" assist-
ance, filUug the minor offices with their own
men. After the inauguration of Governor
Oglesby, Jan. 30, the first business was the elec-
tion of a United States Senator. The balloting
proceeded until May 18, when John A. Logan re-
ceived 103 votes to ninety-six for Lambert Tree and
five scattering. Three members — one Republican
and two Democrats — had died since the opening
of the session ; and it was through the election of
a Republican in place of one of the deceased
Democrats, that the Republicans succeeded in
electing their candidate. Tlie session was a
stormy one throughout, the Speaker being, nauch
of the time, at odds with the House, and an
unsuccessful effort was made to depose him.
Charges of bribery against certain members were
preferred and investigated, but no definite result
was reached. Among the important measures
passed by this Legislature were the following: A
joint resolution providing for submission of an
amendment to the Constitution prohibiting con-
tract labor in penal institutions; providing bj"
resolution for the appointment of a non-partisan
Commission of twelve to draft a new revenue
code ; the Crawford primary election law ; an act
amending the code of criminal procedure ; estab-
lishing a Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, subse-
quently located at Quincy ; creating a Live-Stock
Commission and appropriating $531,712 for the
completion of the State House. The Assembly
adjourned, sine die, June 26, 1885, after a session
of 171 days.
Thirty-fifth General Assembly convened
Jan. 5, 1887. The Republicans had a majority of
twelve in the Senate and three in the House.
For President pro tempore of the Senate, August
W. Berggren was chosen; for Speaker of the
House, Dr. William F. Calhoun, of De Witt
County. The death of General Logan, which
had occurred Dec. 26, 1886, was officially an-
nounced by Governor Oglesby and, on Jan. 18,
Charles B. Farwell was elected to succeed him as
United States Senator. William R. Morrison and
Benjamin W. Goodhue were the candidates of
the Democratic and Labor parties, respectively.
Some of the most important laws passed by this
General Assembly were the following: Amend
ing the law relating to the spread of contagious
diseases among cattle, etc. ; the Chase bill to
prohibit book-making and pool-selling; regulat-
ing trust companies; making the Trustees of
the University of Illinois elective; inhibiting
aliens from holding real estate, and forbidding
the marriage of first cousins. An act virtually
creating a new State banking system was also
passed, subject to ratification by popular vote.
Other acts, having more particular reference to
Chicago and Cook County, were: a law making
cities and counties responsible for three-fourths
of the damage resulting from mobs and riots ; the
Merritt conspiracy law ; the Gibbs Jury Commis-
sion law, and an act for the suppression of
bucket-shop gambling. The session ended Jvme
15, 1887. having continued 162 days.
Thirty-sixth General Assembly convened
Jan. 7, 1889, in its first (or regular) session, the
Republicans being largely in the majority. The
Senate elected Theodore S. Chapman of Jersey
County, President pro tempore, and the House
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS.
195
Asa C. Matthews of Pike County, Speaker. Mr.
Matthews was appointed First Comptroller of the
Treasury by President Harrison, on May 9 (see
Matthews, Asa C. ), and resigned the Speakership
on the following day. He was succeeded by
James H. Miller of Stark County. Shelby M.
Cullom was re-elected to the United States Senate
on January 23, the Democrats again voting for
ex-Gov. John M. Palmer. The "Sanitary Drain-
age District Law," designed for the benefit of the
city of Chicago, was enacted at this session ; an
asylum for insane criminals was establislied at
Chester ; the annexation of cities, towns, villages,
etc., under certain conditions, was authorized;
more stringent legislation was enacted relative to
the circulation of obscene literature ; a new com-
pulsory education law was passed, and the em-
ployment on public works of aliens who had not
declared their intention of becoming citizens was
prohibited. This session ended, May 28. A
special session was convened by Governor Fifer
on July 24, 1890, to frame and adopt legislation
rendered necessary by the Act of Congress locat-
ing the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago.
Mr. Miller having died in the interim, William G.
Cochran, of Moultrie County, was chosen Speaker
of the House. The special session concluded
Aug. 1, 1890, having enacted the following meas-
ures ; An Act granting the use of all State lands,
(submerged or other) in or adjacent to Chicago, to
the World's Columbian Exposition for a period to
extend one year after the closing of the Exposi-
tion; authorizing the Chicago Boards of Park
Commissioners to grant the use of the public
parks, or any part thereof, to promote the objects
of such Exposition ; a joint resolution providing
for the submission to the people of a Constitu-
tional Amendment granting to the city of Chicago
the power (provided a majority of the qualified
voters desired it) to issue bonds to an amount not
exceeding §5,000,000, the same to bear interest
and the proceeds of their sale to be turned over
to the Exposition Managers to be devoted to the
use and for the benefit of the Exposition. (See
also World's Columbian Exposition.) The total
length of the two sessions was 150 days.
Thirty-seventh General Assembly convened
Jan. 7, 1891, and adjourned June 12 following.
Lieut. -Gov. Ray presided in the Senate, Milton
W. Matthews (Republican), of Urbana, being
elected President pro tern. The Democrats had
control in the House and elected Clayton E.
Crafts, of Cook County, Speaker. The most
exciting feature of the session was the election of
a United States Senator to succeed Charles B.
Farwell. Neither of the two leading parties had
a majority on joint ballot, the balance of power
being held by three "Independent" members of
the House, who had been elected as represent-
atives of the Farmers' Mutual Benevolent Alli-
ance. Richard J. Oglesby was the caucus
nominee of the Republicans and John M. Palmer
of the Democrats. For a time the Independents
stood as a unit for A. J. Streeter, but later two of
the three voted for ex-Governor Palmer, finally,
on March 11, securing his election on the 154th
ballot in joint session. Meanwhile, the Repub-
licans had cast tentative ballots for Alson J.
Streeter and Cicero J. Lindley, in hope of draw-
ing the Indei^endents to their support, but without
effective result. The final ballot stood — Pahner,
103 ; Lindley, 101, Streeter 1. Of 1,296 bills intro-
duced in both Houses at this session, only 151
became laws, the most important being: The
Australian ballot law, and acts regulating build-
ing and loan associations ; prohibiting the employ-
ment of children under thirteen at manual labor ;
fixing the legal rate of interest at seven per cent ;
prohibiting the "truck system" of paj'ing em-
ployes, and granting the right of suffrage to
women in the election of school officers. An
amendment of the State Constitution permitting
the submission of two Constitutional Amend-
ments to the people at the same time, was sub-
mitted by this Legislature and ratified at the
election of 1893. The session covered a period of
157 days.
Thirty-eighth General Assembly. This
body convened Jan. 4, 1893. The Democrats were
in the ascendency in both houses, having a
majority of seven in the Senate and of three in
the lower house. Joseph R. Gill, the Lieutenant-
Governor, was ex-ofKcio President of the Senate,
and John W. Coppinger, of Alton, was chosen
President pro tena. Claj-ton E. Crafts of Cook
County was again chosen Speaker of the House.
The inauguration of the new State officers took
place on the afternoon of Tuesday, Jan. 10. This
Legislatiu-e was in session 164 days, adjourning
June 16, 1893. Not very much legislation of a
general character was enacted. New Congres-
sional and Legislative apportionments were
passed, the former dividing the State into twenty-
two districts; an Insurance Department was
created; a naval miUtia was established; the
scope of the juvenile reformatory was enlarged
and the compulsory education law was amended.
Thirty-ninth General Assembly. This
Legislature held two sessions — a regular and a
special. The former opened Jan. 9, 1895, and
19G
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
closed June 14, following. The political com-
plexion of the Senate was — Republicans, thirty-
three; Democrats, eighteen; of the House,
ninety-two Republicans and sixty-one Democrats.
John Meyer, of Cook County, was elected Speaker
of the House, and Charles Bogardus of Piatt
County, President pro tem. of the Senate. Acts
were passed making appropriations for improve-
ment of the State Fair Grounds at Springfield ;
authorizing the establishment of a Western Hos-
pital for the Insane (8100,000); appropriating
15100,000 for a Western Hospital for the Insane;
■SOS, 000 for an Asylum for Incurable Insane; §50,-
000, each, for two additional Normal Schools — one
in Northern and the other in Eastern Illinois;
§25,000 for a Soldiers" Widows' Home — all being
new institutions — besides §15,000 for a State
exhibition at the Atlanta Exposition; §65,000 to
mark, by monuments, the position of Illinois
troops on the battlefields of Chiokamauga, Look-
out Mountain and Missionary Ridge. Other acts
passed fixed the salaries of members of the Gen-
eral Assembly at §1,000 each for each regular
session; accepted the custody of the Lincoln
monument at Springfield, authorized provision
for the retirement and pensioning of teachers in
public schools, and authorized the adoption of
civil service rules for cities. The special session
convened, pursuant to a call by the Governor, on
June 25, 1895, took a recess, June 28 to July 9,
re-assembled on the latter date, and adjourned,
sine die, August 2. Outside of routine legisla-
tion, no laws were passed except one providing
additional necessary revenue for State pui-poses
and one creating a State Board of Arbitration.
The regular session continued 157 days and the
special twenty-nine — total 186.
Fortieth General Assembly met in regular
session at Springfield, Jan. 6, 1897, and adjourned,
sine die, June 4. The Republicans had a major-
ity in both branches, the House standing eighty-
eight Republicans to sixty -three Democrats and
two Populists, and the Senate, thirty-nine Repub-
licans to eleven Democrats and one Populist,
giving the Republicans a majority on joint ballot
of fifty votes. Both houses were promptly organ-
ized by the election of Republican olBcers, Edward
C. Curtis of Kankakee County being chosen
Speaker of the House, and Hendrick V. Fisher,
of Henry County, President pro tem. of the Sen-
ate. Governor Tanner and the other Republican
State officers were formally inaugurated on
Jan. 11, and, on Jan. 20, William E. Mason
(Republican) was chosen United States Senator
to succeed John M. Palmer, receiving in joint
session 125 votes to seventy -seven for John P.
Altgeld (Democrat). Among the principal laws
enacted at this session were the following: An
act concerning aliens and to regulate the right to
hold real estate, and prescribing the terms and
conditions for the conveyance of the same;
empowering the Commissioners who were ap-
pointed at the previous session to ascertain and
mark the positions occupied by Illinois Volunteers
in the battles of Chickamauga, Lookout Moun-
tain and Missionary Ridge, to expend the remain-
ing appropriations in their hands for the erection
of monuments on the battle-grounds; authorizing
the appointment of a similar Commission to
ascertain and mark the positions held by IlUnois
troops in the battle of Shiloh ; to reimburse the
University of Illinois for the loss of funds result-
ing from the Spaulding defalcation and affirming
the liability of the State for "the endowment
fund of the University, amounting to §456,712.91.
and for so much in addition as may be received
in future from the sale of lands"; authorizing
the adoption of the "Torrens land-title system" in
the conveyance and registration of land titles by
vote of the people in any county ; the consolida-
tion of the three Sujireme Court Districts of the
State into one and locating the Court at Spring-
field; creating a State Board of Pardons, and
prescribing the manner of applying for pardons
and commutations. An act of this session, which
produced much agitation and led to a great deal
of discussion in the press and elsewhere, was the
street railroad law empowering the City Council,
or other corporate authority of any city, to grant
franchises to street railway companies extending
to fifty years. This act was repealed by the
General Assembly of 1899 before any street rail-
way corporation had secured a f rancliise under it.
A special session was called by Governor Tanner
to meet Dec. 7, 1897, the proclamation naming
five topics for legislative action. The session
continued to Feb. 24, 1898, only two of the meas-
ures named by the Governor in his call being
affirmatively acted upon. These included: (1) an
elaborate act prescribing the manner of conduct-
ing primary elections of delegates to nominating
conventions, and (2) a new revenue law regulat-
ing the manner of assessing and collecting taxes.
One provision of the latter law limits the valuation
of property for assessment purposes to one-fifth
its cash value. The length of the regular session
was 150 days, and that of the special session
eighty days — total, 230 days.
GENESEO, a city in Henry County, about two
miles south of the Green River. It is on the Chi-
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
197
cago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway, 23 miles
east of Rook Island and 75 miles west of Ottawa.
It is in the heart of a grain-growing region, and
has three large grain elevators. Manufacturing
is also carried on to a considerable extent, stoves,
furniture, wagons and farming implements con-
stituting the chief output. Genesee has eleven
churches, a graded and high school, a collegiate
institute, two banks and three newspapers, one
being a daily, beside two monthly publications.
Population (1890), 3,182; (1900), 3,356.
GENEVA, a city and railway junction on Fox
River, and the county-seat of Kane County; 35
miles west of Chicago. It has a fine court house,
completed in 1892 at a cost of §250,000, and numer-
ous handsome churches and school buildings. A
State Reformatory for juvenile female offenders
has been located here. There is an excellent
water-power, operating six manufactories, includ-
ing extensive glucose works. The town has a
bank and two weekly newspapers. The sur-
rounding country is devoted to agriculture and
dairy farming. A large creamery is located at
Geneva. Population (1880), 1,239; (1890), 1,692;
(1900), 2,446.
(JEXOA, a village of De Kalb County, on the
Omaha Division of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St.
Paul Railway, 59 miles west of Chicago. Dairy-
ing is a leading industry ; the place has a bank
and a newspaper. Population (1880). 449; (1890),
634; (1900), 1,140.
GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS. The geological
structure of Illinois embraces a representation,
more or less complete, of the whole paleonic
series of formations, from the caloiferous group
of the Lower Silurian to the top of the coal meas-
ures. In addition to these older rocks there is a
limited area in the extreme southern end of the
State covered with Tertiary deposits. Over-
spreading these formations are beds of more
recent age, comprising sands, clays and gravel,
varying in thickness from ten to more than two
hundred feet. These superficial deposits may be
divided into Alluvium, Loess and Drift, and con-
stitute the Quaternary system of modern geolo-
gists.
Lower Silurian System.— Under this heading
may be noted three distinct groups ; the Caloifer-
ous, the Trenton and the Cincinnati. The first
mentioned group comprises the St. Peter's Sand-
stone and the Lower Magnesian Limestone. The
former outcrops only at a single locality, in La
Salle County, extending about two miles along
the valley of the Illinois River in the vicinity of
Utioa. The thickness of the strata appearing
above the surface is about 80 feet, thin bands of
Magnesian limestone alternating with layers of
Calciferous sandstone. Many of the layers con-
tain good hydraulic rock, which is utilized in the
manufacture of cement. The entire thickness of
the rock below the surface has not been ascer-
tained, but is estimated at about 400 feet. The
St. Peter's Sandstone outcrops in the valley of
the Illinois, constituting the main portion of the
bluffs from Utica to a point beyond Ottawa, and
forms the "bed rock" in most of the northern
townships of La Salle County. It also outcrops
on the Rock River in the vicinity of Oregon City,
and forms a conspicuous bluff on the Mississippi
in Calhoun County. Its maximum thickness in
the State may be estimated at about 200 feet. It
is too incoherent in its texture to be valuable as
a building stone, thougli some of the upper strata
in Lee County have been utilized for caps and
sills. It affords, however, a fine quality of sand
for the manufacture of glass. The Trenton
group, which immediately overlies the St. Peter's
Sandstone, consists of three divisions. The low-
est is a brown Magnesian Limestone, or Dolomite,
usually found in regular beds, or strata, varying
from four inches to two feet in thickness. The
aggregate thickness varies from twenty feet, in
the nortliern portion of the State, to sixty or
seventy feet at the bluff in Calhoun County. At
the quarries in La Salle County, it abounds in
fossils, including a large Lituites and several
specimens of Orthoceras, Maclurea, etc. The
middle division of the Trenton group consists of
light gray, compact limestones in the southern
and western parts of the State, and of light blue,
thin-bedded, shaly limestone in the northern por-
tions. The upper division is the well-known
Galena limestone, the lead-bearing rook of the
Northwest. It is a buff colored, porous Dolomite,
sometimes arenaceous and unevenly textured,
giving origin to a ferruginous, sandy clay when
decomposed. The lead ores occur in crevices,
caverns and horizontal seams. These crevices were
probably formed by shrinkage of the strata from
crystallization or by some disturbing force from
beneath, and have been enlarged by decomposi-
tion of the exposed surface. Fossils belonging to
a lower order of marine animal than the coral are
found in this rock, as are also marine shells,
corals and crustaceans. Although this limestone
crops out over a considerable portion of the terri-
tory between the Mississippi and the Rock River,
the productive lead mines are chiefly confined to
Jo Daviess and Stephenson Counties. All the
divisions of the Trenton group afford good build-
198
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
ing material, some of the rook being susceptible
of a high polish and making a handsome, durable
marble. About seventy feet are exposed near
Thebes, in Alexander County. All through the
Southwest this stone is known as Cape Girardeau
marble, from its being extensively quarried at
Cape Girardeau, Mo. The Cincinnati group
immediately succeeds the Trenton in the ascend-
ing scale, and forms the uppermost member of
the Lower Silurian system. It usually consists of
argillaceous and sandy shales, although, in the
northwest portion of the State, Magnesian lime-
stone is found with the shales. The prevailing
colors of the beds are light blue and drab,
weathering to a light ashen gray. This group is
found well exposed in the vicinity of Thebes,
Alexander County, furnishing a durable building
stone extensively used for foundation walls.
Fossils are found in profusion in all the beds,
many fine specimens, in a perfect state of preser-
vation, having been exhumed.
Upper Silurian System. — The Niagara group
in Northern Illinois consists of brown, gray and
buff magnesian limestones, sometimes evenly
bedded, as at Joliet and Athens, and sometimes
concretionary and brecciated, as at Bridgeport and
Port Byron. Near Chicago the cells and pockets
of this rock are filled with petroleum, but it has
been ascertained that only the thirty upper feet
of the rock contain bituminous matter. The
quarries in Will and Jersey Counties furnish fine
building and flagging stone. The rock is of a
light gray color, changing to buff on exposure.
In Pike and Callioun Counties, also, there are out-
croppings of this rock and quarries are numerous.
It is usually evenly bedded, the strata varying in
thickness from two inches to two feet, and break-
ing evenly. Its aggregate thickness in Western
and Northern Illinois ranges from fifty to 150
feet. In Union and Alexander Counties, in the
southern part of the State, the Upper Silurian
series consists chiefly of thin bedded gray or
buff-colored limestone, silicious and cherty, flinty
material largely preponderating over the lime-
stone. Fossils are not abundant in this formation,
although the quarries at Bridgeport, in Cook
County, have afforded casts of nearly 100 species
of marine organisms, the calcareous portion hav-
ing been washed away.
DEYO^^A^• System. — This system is represented
in Illinois by three well marked divisions, cor-
responding to the Oriskany sandstone, the Onon-
daga limestone and the Hamilton and Corniferous
beds of New York. To these the late Professor
Worthen, for many years State Geologist, added.
although with some hesitancy, the black shale
formation of Illinois. Although these comprise
an aggregate thickness of over 500 feet, their
exposure is limited to a few isolated outcroppings
along the bluffs of the Illinois, Mississippi and
Rock Rivers. The lower division, called "Clear
Creek Limestone," is about 250 feet thick, and is
only found in the extreme southern end of the
State. It consists of chert, or impure flint, and
thin-bedded silico-magnesian limestones, rather
compact in texture, and of buff or light gray
to nearly white colors. When decomposed by
atmospheric influences, it forms a fine white clay,
resembling common chalk in appearance. Some
of the cherty beds resemble burr stones in poros-
ity, and good mill-stones are made therefrom in
Union County. Some of the stone is bluish-gray,
or mottled and crystalline, capable of receiving
a high polish, and making an elegant and durable
building stone. The Onondaga group comprises
some sixty feet of quartzose sandstone and
striped silicious shales. The structure of the
rock is almost identical with that of St. Peter's
Sandstone. In the vicinity of its outcrop in
Union County are found fine beds of potter's clay,
also variegated in color. The rock strata are
about twenty feet thick, evenlj- bedded and of a
coarse, granular structure, which renders the
stone valuable for heavy masonry. The group
has not been found north of Jackson County.
Large quantities of characteristic fossils abound.
The rocks composing the Hamilton group are the
most valuable of all the divisions of the Devonian
system, and the outcrops can be identified only by
their fossils. In Union and Jackson Counties it is
found from eighty to 100 feet in thickness, two
beds of bluish gray, fetid limestone being sepa-
rated by about twenty feet of calcareous shales.
The limestones are highly bituminous. In Jersey
and Calhoun Counties the group is only six to
ten feet thick, and consists of a hard, silicious
limestone, passing at some points into a quartzose
sandstone, and at others becoming argillaceous,
as at Grafton. The most northern outcrop is in
Rock Island County, where the rock is concretion-
ary in structure and is utilized for building pur-
poses and in the manufacture of quicklime.
Fossils are numerous, among them being a few
fragments of fishes, which are the oldest remains
of vertebrate animals yet found in the State.
The black shale probably attains its maximum
development in Union County, where it ranges
from fifty to seventy-five feet in thickness. Its
lower portion is a fine, black, laminated slate,
sometimes closely resembling the bituminous
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
199
shales associated with the coal seams, which cir-
cumstance has led to the fruitless expenditure of
much time and money. The bituminous portion
of the mass, on distillation, yields an oil closely
resembling petroleum. Crystals of iron pyrites
are abundant in the argillaceous portion of the
group, which does noi extend north of the coun-
ties of Calhoun, Jersey and Pike.
Lower Carboniferous System. — This is di-
visible into five groups, as follows ; The Kinder-
hook group, the Burlington limestone, and the
Keokuk, St. Louis and Chester groups. Its
greatest development is in the southern portion
of the State, where it has a thickness of 1,400 or
1 , 500 feet. It thins out to the northward so rapidly
that, in the vicinity of the Lower Rapids on the
Mississippi, it is only 300 feet thick, while it
wholly disappears below Rock Island. The Kinder-
hook group is variable in its lithological charac-
ter, consisting of argillaceous and sandy shales,
with thin beds of compact and oolitic limestone,
passing locally into calcareous shales or impure
limestone. The entire formation is mainly a
mechanical sediment, with but a very small por-
tion of organic matter. The Burlington lime-
stone, on the other hand, is composed almost
entirely of the fossilized remains of organic
beings, with barely enough sedimentary material
to act as a cement. Its maximum thickness
scarcely exceeds 200 feet, and its principal out-
crops are in the counties of Jersey, Greene, Scott,
Calhoun, Pike, Adams, Warren and Henderson.
The rock is usually a light gray, buff or brown
limestone, either coarsely granular or crystalline
in structure. The Keokuk group immediately
succeeds the Burlington in the ascending order,
with no well defined line of demarcation, the
chief points of difference between the two being
in color and in the character of fossils found. At
the upper part of this group is found a bed of
calcareo-argillaceous shale, containing a great
variety of geodes, which furnish beautiful cabinet
specimens of crystallized quartz, chalcedony,
dolomite and iron pyrites. In Jersey and Monroe
Counties a bed of hydraulic limestone, adapted to
the manufacture of cement, is found at the top of
this formation. The St. Louis group is partly
a fine-grained or semi-crystallized bluish-gray
limestone, and partly concretionary, as around
Alton. In the extreme southern part of the State
the rock is highly bituminous and susceptible of
receiving a high polish, being used as a black
marble. Beds of magnesian limestone are found
here and there, which furnish a good stone for
foundation walls. In Hardin County, the rock
is traversed by veins of fluor spar, carrying
galena and zinc blonde. The Chester group is
only found in the southern part of the State,
thinning out from a thickness of eight hundred
feet in Jackson and Randolph Counties, to about
twenty feet at Alton. It consists of hard, gray,
crystalline, argillaceous limestones, alternating
with sandy and argillaceous shales and sandstones,
which locally replace each other. A few species
of true carboniferous flora are found in the are-
naceous shales and sandstones of this group, the
earliest traces of pre-historic land plants found in
the State. Outcrops extend in a narrow belt
from the southern part of Hardin County to the
southern hue of St. Clair County, passing around
the southwest border of the coal field.
Upper Carboniferous System.— This includes
the Conglomerate, or "Mill Stone Grit" of Euro-
pean authors, and the true coal measures. In the
southern portion of the State its greatest thick-
ness is about 1,200 feet. It becomes thinner
toward the north, scarcely exceeding 400 or 500
feet in the vicinity of La Salle. The word "con-
glomerate" designates a thick bed of sandstone
that lies at the base of the coal measures, and
appears to have resulted from the cubnination of
the arenaceous sedimentary accumulations. It
consists of massive quartzose sandstone, some-
times nearly white, but more frequently stained
red or brown by the ferruginous matter which
it contains, and is frequently composed in
part of rounded quartz pebbles, from the size
of a pea to several inches in diameter. When
highly ferruginous, the oxide of iron cements
the .sand into a hard crust on the surface
of the rock, which successfully resists the de-
nuding influence of the atmosphere, so that the
rock forms towering cliffs on the banks of the
stream along which are its outcrops. Its thickness
varies from 200 feet in the southern part of the
State to twenty-five feet in the northern. It has
afforded a few species of fossil plants, but no
animal remains. The coal measures of Illinois
are at least 1,000 feet thick and cover nearly
three-fourths of its entire area. The strata are
horizontal, the dip rarely exceeding six to ten
feet to the mile. The formation is made up of
sandstone, shales, thin beds of lime.stone, coal,
and its associated fire clays. The thickness of
the workable beds is from six to twenty-four
inches in the upper measures, and from two to
five feet in the lower measures. The fire clays,
on which the coal seams usually rest, probably
represent the ancient soil on which grew the
trees and plants from which the coal is formed.
200
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
When pure, these clays are valuable for the
manufacture of fire brick, tile and common
pottery, Illinois coal is wholly of the bitumi-
nous variety, the metamorphic conditions which
resulted in the production of anthracite coal in
Pennsylvania not having extended to this State.
Fossils, both vegetable and animal, abound in
the coal measures.
Terti.^ry System. — This system is represented
only in the southern end of the State, where cer-
tain deposits of stratified sands, shales and con-
glomerate are found, which appear to mark the
northern boundarj' of the great Tertiary forma-
tion of the Gulf States. Potter's clay, lignite and
silicious woods are found in the formation.
Qu.\TER.\.vRY System. — This system embraces
all the superficial material, including sands, clay,
gravel and soil which over.spreads the older for-
mations in all portions of the State. It gives
origin to the sod from which the agricultural
wealth of Illinois is derived. It may be properly
separated into four divisions: Post-tertiary
sands. Drift, Loess and Alluvium. The first-
named occupies the lowest position in the series,
and consists of stratified beds of yellow sand and
blue clay, of variable thickness, overlaid by a
black or deep brown, loamy soil, in which are
found leaves, branches and trunks of trees in a
good state of preservation. Next above lie the
drift deposits, consisting of blue, yellow and
brown clays, containing gravel and boulders of
various sizes, the latter the water-worn frag-
ments of rocks, many of which have been washed
down from the northern shores of the great
lakes. This drift formation varies in thickness
from twenty to 120 feet, and its accumulations
are probably due to the combined influence of
water currents and moving ice. The subsoil
over a large part of the northern and central
portions of the State is composed of fine brown
clay. Prof. Desquereux (Illinois Geological Sur-
vey, Vol. I. ) accounts for the origin of this clay
and of the black prairie soil above it, by attribut-
ing it to the growth and decomposition of a
peculiar vegetation. The Loess is a fine mechan-
ical sediment that appears to have accumulated in
some body of fresh water. It consists of marly
sands and clan's, of a thickness varying from five to
sixty feet. Its greatest development is along the
bluffs of the principal rivers. The fossils found
in this formation consist chiefly of the bones and
teeth of extinct mammalia, such as the mam-
moth, mastodon, etc. Stone implements of
primeval man are also discovered. The term
alluvium is usually restricted to the deposits
forming the bottom lands of the rivers and
smaller streams. They consist of irregularly
stratified sand, clay and loam, which are fre-
quently found in alternate layers, and contain
more or less organic matter from decomposed
animal and vegetable substances. When suffi-
ciently elevated, they constitute the richest and
most productive farming lands in the State.
(iEORGETOWN, a village of Vermilion County,
on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis
Railway, 10 miles .south of Danville. It has a
bank, telegraph and express office and a news-
paper. Population (1890), 003; (1900), 988.
(iERM.\X EVAMiELICAL SCHOOL, located at
Addison, Du Page County ; incorporated in 1853 ;
has a faculty of three instructors and reports 187
pupils for 1897-98, with a property valuation of
§9,600.
OERMAMOWN, a village of Vermilion County,
and suburb of Danville ; is the center of a coal-
mining district. Population (1880), 540; (1890),
1,178; (1900), 1,782.
(tEST, WilHani H., lawyer and ex-Congress-
man, was born at Jacksonville, 111., Jan. 7, 1838.
When but four years old his parents removed to
Rock Island, where he has since resided. He
graduated from Williams College in 1860, was
admitted to the bar in 1862, and has always been
actively engaged in practice. In 1886 he was
elected to Congress by the Republicans of the
Eleventh Illinois District, and was re-elected in
1888, but in 1890 was defeated by Benjamin T.
Cable, Democrat.
GIBAl'LT, Pierre, a French priest, supposed to
have been born at Xew Madrid in what is now
Southeastern Missouri, early in the eighteenth
century ; was Vicar-General at Kaskaskia, with
ecclesiastical jurisdiction over the churches at
Cahokia, St. Genevieve and adjacent points, at
the time of the capture of Kaskaskia by Col.
George Rogers Clark in 1778, and rendered Clark
important aid in conciliating the French citizens
of Illinois. He also made a visit to Vincennes and
induced the people there to take the oath of allegi-
ance to the new government. He even advanced
means to aid Clark's destitute troops, but beyond
a formal vote of thanks by the Virginia Legisla-
ture, he does not appear to have received any
recompense. Governor St. Clair, in a report to
Thomas Jefferson, then Secretary of State, dwelt
impressively upon the value of Father Gibaulfs
services and sacrifices, and Judge Law said of
him, "Next to Clark and (Francis) Vigo, the
United States are indebted more to Father
Gibault for the accession of the States comprised
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
201
in what was the original Northwest Territory
than to any other man." The date and place of
his death are unknown.
GIBSOJf CITY, a town in Ford County, situ-
ated on the Lake Erie & Western Railroad,
34 miles east of Bloomington, and at the
intersection of the Wabash Railroad and the
Springfield Division of the Illinois Central. The
principal mechanical industries are iron works,
canning works and a tile factory. It has two
banks, two newspapers (one publishing a daily
edition), nine churches and an academy. Popu-
lation (1880), 1,260; (1890), 1,803; (1900), 3,054.
GILL, Joseph B., Lieutenant-Governor (1893-
97), was born on a farm near Marion, Williamson
County, 111., Feb. 17, 1863. In 1868 his father
settled at Murphysboro, where Mr. Gill still
makes his home. His academic education was
received at the school of the Christian Brothers,
in St. Louis, and at the Southern Illinois Normal
University, Carbondale. In 1886 he graduated
from the Law Department of the Michigan State
University, at Ann Arbor. Returning home he
purchased an interest in "The Murphysboro Inde-
pendent," which paper he conducted and edited
up to January, 1893. In 1888 he was elected to
the lower house of the Legislature and re-elected
in 1890. As a legislator he was prominent as a
champion of the labor interest. In 1893 he was
nominated and elected Lieutenant-Governor on
the Democratic ticket, serving from January,
1893, to '97.
GILLESPIE, a village of Macoupin County, on
the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis
Railway, 10 miles southwest of Litchfield. This
is an agricultural and stock-growing region ; the
town has a bank and a newspaper. Population
(1880), 433; (1890), 948; (1900). 873.
GILLESPIE, Joseph, lawyer and Judge, was
born in New York City, August 33, 1809, of Irish
parents, who removed to Illinois in 1819, settling
on a farm near Edwardsville. After coming to
Illinois, at 10 years, he did not attend school over
two months. In 1827 he went to the lead mines
at Galena, remaining until 1839. In 1831, at the
invitation of Cyrus Edwards, he began the study
of law, and was admitted to the bar in 1837,
having been elected Probate Judge in 1836. He
also served during two campaigns (1831 and '33)
in the Black Hawk War. He was a Whig in
politics and a warm personal friend of Abraham
Lincoln. In 1840 he was elected to the lower
house of the Legislature, serving one term, and
was a member of the State Senate from 1847 to
1859. In 1853 he received the few votes of the
Whig members of the Legislature for United States
Senator, in opposition to Stephen A. Douglas,
and, in 1860, presided over the second Republican
State Convention at Decatur, at which elements
were set in motion which resulted in the nomi-
nation of Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency
for the first time, a week later. In 1861 he was
elected Judge of the Twenty-fourth Judicial
Circuit, and re-elected in 1867 for a second term,
serving until 1873. Died, at his home at Edwards-
ville, Jan. 7, 1885.
GILLETT, John Dean, agriculturist and stock-
man, was born in Connecticut, April 28, 1819;
spent several years of his youth in Georgia, but,
in 1838, came to Illinois by way of St. Louis,
finally reaching "Bald Knob," in Logan County,
where an uncle of the same name resided. Here
he went to work, and, by frugality and judicious
investments, finally acquired a large body of
choice lands, adding to his agricultural operations
the rearing and feeding of stock for the Chicago
and foreign markets. In this he was remarkably
successful. In his later j-ears he was President
of a National Bank at Lincoln. At the time of
his death, August 37, 1888, he was the owner of
16,500 acres of improved lands in the vicinity of
Elkhart, Logan County, besides large herds of
fine stock, both cattle and horses. He left a large
family, one of his daughters being the wife of
the late Senator Richard J. Oglesbj .
GILLETT, PhlUp Goode, specialist and edu-
cator, born in Madison, Ind., March 24, 1833; was
educated at Asbury University, Greencastle, Ind. ,
graduating in 1852, and the same year became an
instructor in the Institution for the Education of
the Deaf and Dumb in that State. In 1856 he
became Principal of the Illinois Institution for
the Education of the Deaf and Dumb at Jackson-
ville, remaining there until 1893, when he
resigned. Thereafter, for some years, he was
President of the Association for the Promotion of
Speech by the Deaf, with headquarters in Wash-
ington, D. C, but later returned to Jacksonville,
where he has since been living in retirement.
GILLHAM, Daniel B., agriculturist and legis-
lator, was born at a place now called Wanda, in
Madison County, 111., April 29, 1836— his father
being a farmer and itinerant Methodist preacher,
who belonged to one of the pioneer families in
the American Bottom at an early day. The sub-
ject of this sketch was educated in the common
schools and at McKendree College, but did not
graduate from the latter. In his early life he
followed the vocation of a farmer and stock-
grower in one of the most prosperous and liighlj-
202
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
cultivated portions of the American Bottom, a
few miles below Alton, but, in 1872, removed to
Alton, where he spent the remainder of his life.
He became a member of the State Board of Agri-
culture in 1866, serving eight years as Superin-
tendent and later as its President; was also a
Trustee of Shurtleff College some twenty-flve
years, and for a time President of the Board. In
1870 he was elected to the lower branch of the
Twenty -seventh General Assembly, and to the
State Senate in 1883, serving a term of four years
in the latter. On the night of March 17, 1890, he
was assaulted by a burglar in his house, receiving
a wound from a pistol-shot in consequence of
which he died, April 6, following. The identity
of his as.sailant was never discovered, and the
crime consequently went unpunished.
GILMAN, a city in Iroquois County, at the
intersection of the Illinois Central and the
Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw Railways, 81 miles
south by west from Chicago and 208 miles north-
east of St. Louis. It is in the heart of one of tlie
richest corn districts of the State and has large
stock-raising and fruit-growing interests. It has
an opera house, a public library, an extensive
nursery, brick and tile works, a creamery, a lin-
seed oil mill, a bank and two weekly newspapers.
Artesian well water is obtained by boring from 90
to 200 feet. Population (1890), 1,113; (1000), 1.441.
OILMAN, Arthur, was born at Alton, 111., June
22, 1837, the son of Winthrop S. Gilman, of the
firm of Gilman & Godfrey, in whose warehouse
the printing press of Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy was
stored at the time of its destruction by a mob in
1837 ; was educated in St. Louis and New York,
began business as a banker in 1857, but, in 1870,
removed to Cambridge, Mass., and connected
himself with "The Riverside Press." Mr. Gilman
was one of the prime movers in what is known as
"The Harvard Annex" in the interest of equal
collegiate advantages for women, and has written
much for the periodical press, besides publishing
a number of volumes in the line of historj^ and
English literature.
OILMAN, CLINTON & SPRINOFIELD RAIL-
ROAD. (See niinois Central Railroad.)
GIRARD, a city in Macoupin County, on the
Chicago & Alton Railroad, 25 miles south by west
from Springfield and 13 miles north-northeast of
Carlinville. Coal-mining is carried on extensively
here. The city also has a bank, five churches
and a weekly newspaper. Population (1880),
1,024; (1890), 1,524; (I'.iOO), 1,661.
GLENCOE, a village of Cook County, on the
Milwaukee Division of the Chicago & Northwest-
ern Railway, 19 miles north of Chicago. Popu-
lation (1880), 387; (1890), 569; (1900), 1,020.
OLENN, Archibald A., ex-Lieutenant-Governor,
was born in Nicholas County, Ky., Jan. 30, 1819.
In 1828 his father's family removed to Illinois,
settling first in Vermilion, and later in Schuyler
County. At the age of 13, being forced to
abandon school, for six years he worked upon the
farm of his widowed mother, and, at 19, entered
a printing oflice at Rushville, where he learned
the trade of compositor. In 1844 he published a
Whig campaign paper, which was discontinued
after the defeat of Henry Clay. For eleven
years he was Circuit Clerk of Brown County,
during which period he was admitted to the bar ;
was a member of the Constitutional Convention
of 1863, and of the State Board of Equalization
from 1868 to 1872. The latter year he was elected
to the State Senate for four years, and, in 1875,
chosen its President, thus becoming ex-officio
Lieutenant-Governor. He early abandoned legal
practice to engage in banking and in mercan-
tile investment. After the expiration of his term
in the Senate, he removed to Kansas, where, at
latest advices, he still resided.
OLENN, John J., lawyer and jurist, was born
in Ashland County, Ohio, March 3, 1831 ; gradu-
ated from Miami University in 1856 and, in 1858,
was admitted to the bar at Terre Haute, Ind.
Removing to Illinois in 1860, he settled in Mercer
County, a year later removing to Monmouth in
Warren County, where he still resides. In 1877
he was elected Judge of the Tenth Judicial Cir-
cuit and re-elected in 1879, '85, '91, and '97.
After his last election he served for some time,
by appointment of the Supreme Court, as a mem-
ber of the Appellate Court for the Springfield
District, but ultimately resigned and returned to
Circuit Court duty. His reputation as a cool-
headed, impartial Judge stands very high, and his
name has been favorably regarded for a place on
the Supreme Bench.
GLOVER, Joseph Otis, lawyer, was born in
Cayuga County, N. Y., April 13, 1810, and edu-
cated in the high-school at Aurora in that State.
In 1835 he came west to attend to a land case at
Galena for his father, and, although not then a
lawyer, he managed the case so successfully that
he was asked to take charge of two others. This
determined the bent of his mind towards the law,
to the study of which he turned his attention
under the preceptorship of the late Judge The-
ophilus L. Dickey, then of Ottawa. Soon after
being admitted to the bar in 1840, he formed a
partnership with the late Burton C. Cook, which
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
203
lasted over thirty years. In 1846 he was elected
as a Democrat to the lower branch of the Fif-
teenth General Assembly, but, on the repeal of
the Missouri Compromise, he became one of the
founders of the Republican party and a close
friend of Abraham Lincoln, whom he entertained,
at the time of his (Lincoln's) debate with Senator
Douglas, at Ottawa, in 1858. In 1868 he served
as Presidential Elector at the time of General
Grant's first election to the Presidency, and the
following year was appointed United States Dis-
trict Attorney for the Northern District, serving
until 1875. In 1877 he was appointed by Gov-
ernor Cullom a member of the Board of Railway
and Canal Commissioners, of which he afterwards
became President, serving six years. Died, in
Chicago, Dec. 10, 1893.
(jrODFRET, a village of Madison County, on the
Chicago & Alton Railway, 5 miles north of Alton.
It is the seat of Monticello Female Seminary, and
named for Capt. Benjamin Godfrey, an early
settler who was chiefly instrumental in founding
that institution. Population (1890), 228.
GODFREY, (Capt.) Benjamin, sea captain and
philantliropist, was born at Chatham, Mass., Dec.
4, 1794 : at nine years of age he ran away from
home and went to sea, his first voyage being to
Ireland, where he spent nine years. The War of
1812 coming on, he returned home, spending a
part of the next three years in the naval service
also gaining a knowledge of the science of navi
gation. Later, he became master of a merchant
vessel making voyages to Italy, Spain, the West
Indies and other countries, finally, by shipwreck
in Cuban waters, losing the bulk of his fortune
In 1824 he engaged in mercantile business at
Matamoras, Mex. , where he accumulated a hand
some fortune ; but, in transferring it (amounting
to some §200,000 in silver) across the country on
pack-animals, he was attacked and robbed by
brigands, with which that country was then
infested. Resuming business at New Orleans, he
was again successful, and, in 1832, came north,
locating near Alton, 111., the next year engaging
in the warehouse and commission business as the
partner of Winthrop S. Gilman, under the name
of Godfrey & Gilman. It was in the warehouse
of this firm at Alton that the printing-press of
Elijah P. Lovejoy was stored when it was seized
and destroyed by a mob, and Lovejoy was killed,
in October, 1837. (See Lovejoy. Elijah P.) Soon
after establishing himself at Alton, Captain God-
frey made a donation of land and money for the
erection of a young ladies' seminary at the village
of Godfrey, four miles from Alton. (See Monti-
cello Female Seminary. ) The first cost of the
erection of buildings, borne by him, was $53,000.
The institution was opened, April 11, 1838, and
Captain Godfrey continued to be one of its Trustees
as long as he lived. He was also one of the lead-
ing spirits in the construction of the Alton &
Springfield Railroad (now a part of the Chicago
& Alton), in which he invested heavily and un-
profitably. Died, at Godfrey, April 13, 1862.
GOLCONDA, a village on the Ohio River,
eighty miles northeast of Cairo; is the county-
seat of Pope County. The surrounding country
is an agricultural and mining district. Lead and
kaolin are found in the vicinity. It has a court
house, several churches and schools, two banks
and a weekly newspaper, besides flour, woolen
and saw mills. It is a shipping point for a large
region. Population (1890), 1,174; (1900), 1,140.
GOLDZIER, Julius, ex- Congressman, was
born at Vienna, Austria, Jan. -20, 1854, and
emigrated to New York in 1866. In 1872 he
settled in Chicago, where he was admitted
to the bar in 1877, and where he has practiced
law ever since. From 1890 to 1892 he was a
member of the Chicago City Council, and, in
1892, was the successful Democratic candidate
in the Fourth District, for Congress, but was
defeated in 1894 by Edward D. Cooke. At the
Chicago city election of 1899 he was again re-
turned to the Council as Alderman for the Thirty-
second Ward.
GOODING, James, pioneer, was born about
1767, and, in 1832, was residing at Bristol, Ontario
County, N. Y., when he removed to Cook County,
111., settling in what was later called "Gooding's
Grove," now a part of Will County. The Grove
was also called the "Yankee Settlement," from
the Eastern origin of the principal settlers. Mr.
Gooding was accompanied, or soon after joined, by
three sons — James, Jr., William and Jasper — and
a nephew, Charles Gooding, all of whom became
prominent citizens. The senior Gooding died in
1849, at the age of 83 years. — William (Gooding),
civil engineer, son of the preceding, was born at
Bristol, Ontario County, N. Y., April 1, 1803;
educated in the common schools and by private
tuition, after which he divided his time chiefly
between teaching and working on the farm of
his father, James Gooding. Having devoted
considerable attention to surveying and civil
engineering, he obtained employment in 1826 on
the Welland Canal, where he remained three years.
He then engaged in mercantile pursuits at Lock-
port, N. Y.. but sold out at the end of the first
year and went to Ohio to engage in his profession.
204
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Being unsuccessful in this, he accepted employ-
ment for a time as a rodman, but later secured a
position as Assistant Engineer on the Ohio Canal.
After a brief visit to his father's in 1833, he
returned to Ohio and engaged in business there
for a short time, but the following year joined
his father, who had previously settled in a portion
of what is now Will County, but then Cook, mak-
ing the trip by the first mail steamer around the
lakes. He at first settled at "Gooding's Grove"
and engaged in farming. In 1836 he was ap-
pointed Assistant Engineer on the Illinois &
Michigan Canal, but, in 1843, became Chief Engi-
neer, continuing in that position until the com-
pletion of the canal in 1848, when he became
Secretary of the Canal Board. Died, at Lockport,
Will County, in May, 1878.
GOODRICH, Grant, lawyer and jurist, was
born in Milton, Saratoga, County, N. Y., August
7, 1811; grew up in Western New York, studied
law and came to Cliicago in 1834, becoming one
of the most prominent and reputable members of
his profession, as well as a leader in many of the
movements for the educational, moral and reli-
gious advancement of the communit}'. He was
one of the founders of the First Methodist Epis-
copal Church of Chicago, an active member of
the Union Defense Committee during the war, an
incorporator and life-long Trustee of the North-
western University, and President of the Board
of Trustees of Garrett Biblical Institute, besides
being identified with many organizations of a
strictly benevolent character. In 18.')9 Judge
Goodrich was elected a Judge of the newly organ-
ized Superior Court, but, at the end of his term,
resumed the practice of his profession. Died,
March 1.5, 1889.
GORE, David, ex-State Auditor, was born in
Trigg County, Ky., Aprils, 1827; came with his
parents to Madison County, 111. , in 1834, and served
in the Mexican War as a Quartermaster, afterwards
locating in Macoupin County, where he has been
extensively engaged in farming. In 1874 he was
an unsuccessful Greenback-Labor candidate for
State Treasurer, in 1884 was elected to the State
Senate from the Macoupin-Morgan District, and,
in 1893, nominated and elected, as a Democrat,
Auditor of Public Accounts, serving imtil 1897.
For some sixteen years he was a member of the
State Board of Agriculture, the last two years of
tliat period being its President. His home is at
Carlinville.
GOUDY, Calvin, early printer and physician,
was born in Ohio, June 3, 1814; removed with
his parents, in childhood, to Indianapolis, and
in 1833 to Vandalia, III., where he worked in the
State printing office and bindery. In the fall of
1833 the family removed to Jacksonville, and the
following year he entered Illinois College, being
for a time a college- mate of Richard Yates, after-
wards Governor. Here lie continued his vocation
as a printer, working for a time on "Peck's
Gazetteer of Illinois" and "Goudy's Almanac,"
of which his father was publisher. In association
with a brother wliile in Jacksonville, he began
the publication of "The Common School Advo-
cate," the pioneer publication of its kind in the
Northwest, which ■was continued for about a
year. Later he studied medicine with Drs. Henry
and Merriman in Springfield, finally graduating
at the St. Louis Medical College and, in 1844
began practice at Taylorville ; in 1847 was elected
Probate Judge of Christian County for a term of
four years: in 1851 engaged in mercantile busi-
ness, which he continued nineteen years. In 1856
he was elected to tlie lower house of the General
Assemblj- and, in the session of the following
year, was a leading supporter of the act estab-
lishing the State Normal School at Normal, still
later serving for some sixteen years on the State
Board of Education. Died, at Taylorville, in
1877. Dr. Goudy was an older brother of the late
William C. Goudy of Chicago.
GOUDY, William C, lawyer, was born in
Indiana, May 15, 1824; came to Illinois, with his
father, first to "V^andalia and afterwards to Jack-
sonville, previous to 1833, where the latter began
the publication of "The Farmer's Almanac" — a
well-known publication of that time. At Jack-
sonville young Goudy entered Illinois College,
graduating in 1845, when he began the study of
law with Judge Stephen T. Logan, of Springfield ;
was admitted to the bar in 1847, and the next year
began practice at Lewistown, Fulton County;
served as State's Attorney (1853-55) and as State
Senator (1856-60); at the close of his term re-
moved to Chicago, where he became prominent
as a corporation and railroad lawyer, in 1886 be-
coming General Solicitor of the Chicago & North-
western Raih-oad. During President Cleveland's
first term, Mr. Goudy was believed to exert a
large influence with the administration, and was
credited with having been largely instrumentii.1
in securing the appointment of his partner, Mel-
ville W. Fuller, Chief Justice of the Supreme
Court. Died, April 37, 1893.
GRAFF, Joseph V., lawyer and Congressman,
was born at Terre Haute, Ind., July 1, 1854; after
graduating from the Terre Haute high-school,
spent one year in Wabash College at Crawfords-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS.
205
ville, but did not graduate ; studied law and was
admitted to the bar at Delavan, 111., in 1879; in
1893 was a delegate to the Republican National
Convention at Minneapolis, but, with the excep-
tion of President of the Board of Education,
never held any public office until elected to Con-
gress from the Fourteenth Illinois District, as a
Republican, in November, 1894. Mr. Graflf was a
successful candidate for re-election in 1896, and
again in '98.
GKAFTOJf, a town in Jersey County, situated
on the Mississippi one and a half miles below the
mouth of the Illinois River. The bluffs are high
and fine river views are obtainable. A fine qual-
ity of fossiliferous limestone is quarried here and
exported by the river. The town has a bank,
two churches and a graded school. Population
(1880), 807; (1890), 927; (1900), 988.
GRAIN INSPECTION, a mode of regulating
the grain-trade in accordance with State law, and
under the general supervision of the Railroad and
Warehouse Commission. The principal exec-
utive olficer of the department is the Chief
Inspector of Grain, the expenses of whose adminis-
tration are borne by fees. The chief business of
the inspection department is transacted in Chi-
cago, where the principal offices are located. (See
Railroad and Warehouse Commission.)
GRAMMAR, John, pioneer and early legislator,
came to Southern Illinois at a very early date and
served as a member of the Third Territorial
Council for Johnson County (1816-18); was a
citizen of Union County when it was organized
in 1818, and served as State Senator from that
county in the Third and Fourth General Assem-
blies (1833-26), and again in the Seventh and
Eighth General Assemblies (1830-34), for the Dis-
trict composed of Union, Johnson and Alexander
Counties. He is described as having been very
illiterate, but a man of much shrewdness and
considerable influence.
GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC, a fra-
ternal, charitable and patriotic association,
limited to men who served in the Union army or
navy during the Civil War, and received hon-
orable discharge. Its founder was Dr. B. F.
Stephenson, who served as Surgeon of the Four-
teenth Illinois Infantry. In this task he had
the cooperation of Rev. William J. Rutledge,
Chaplain of the same regiment. Col. John M.
Snyder, Dr. James Hamilton, Maj. Robert M.
Woods, Maj. Robert Allen, Col. Martin Flood,
Col. Daniel Grass, Col. Edward Prince, Capt.
John S. Phelps, Capt. John A. Lightfoot, Col.
B. F. Smith, Maj. A. A. North, Capt. Henry E.
Howe, and Col. B. F. Hawkes, all Illinois veter-
ans. Numerous conferences were held at Spring-
field, in this State, a ritual was prepared, and the
first post was chartered at Decatur, 111., April 6,
1866. The charter members were Col. I. C. Pugh,
George R. Steele, J. W. Routh, Joseph Prior,
J. H. Nale, J. T. Bishop, G. H. Dunning, B. F.
Sibley, M. F. Kanan, C. Reibsame, I. N. Coltrin,
and Aquila Toland. All but one of these had
served in Illinois regiments. At first, the work
of organization proceeded slowly, the ex-soldiers
generally being somewhat doubtful of the result
of the project ; but, before July 12, 1866, the date
fixed for the assembling of a State Convention to
form the Department of Illinois, thirty-nine posts
had been chartered, and, by 1869, there were 330
reported in Illinois. By October, 1866, Depart-
ments had been formed in Illinois, Indiana, Iowa,
Wisconsin and Minnesota, and posts established
in Ohio, Missouri, Kentucky, Arkansas, Massa-
chussetts. New York, Pennsylvania, and the
District of Columbia, and the first National
Encampment was held at Indianapolis, November
20 of that year. In 1894 there were 7,500 posts,
located in every State and Territory of the Union,
with a membership of 450,000. The scheme of
organization provides for precinct. State and
National bodies. The first are known as posts,
each having a number, to whicli the name of
some battle or locality, or of some deceased soldier
may be prefixed; the second (State organizations)
are known as Departments; and the supreme
power of the Order is vested in the National En-
campment, which meets annually. As has been
said, the G. A. R. had its inception in Illinois.
The aim and dream of Dr. Stephenson and his
associates was to create a grand organization of
veterans which, through its cohesion, no less than
its incisiveness, should constitute a potential fac-
tor in the inculcation and development of patriot-
ism as well as mutual support. While he died
sorrowing that he had not seen the fruition of
his hopes, the present has witnessed the fullest
realization of his dream. (See Stephenson, B. F. )
The constitution of the order expressly prohibits
any attempt to use the organization for partisan
purposes, or even the discussion, at any meeting,
of partisan questions. Its aims are to foster and
strengthen fraternal feelings among members ; to
assist comrades needing help or protection and
aid comrades' widows and orphans, and to incul-
cate unswerving loyalty. The "Woman's Relief
Corps" is an auxiliary organization, originating
at Portland, Maine, in 1869. The following is a list
of Illinois Department Commanders, chronolog-
20G
UISTOIIICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
ically arranged: B. F. Stephenson (Provisional,
1866), John M. Palmer (1866-68), Thomas O.
Osborne (1869-70), Charles E. Lippincott (1871),
Hubert Dilger (1873), Guy T. Gould (1873), Hiram
Hilliard (187-1-76), Joseph S. Reynolds (1877),
T. B. Coulter (1878), Edgar D. Swain (1879-80),
J. W. Burst (1881), Thomas G. Lawler (1882),
S. A. Harper (1883), L. T. Dickason (1884),
William W. Berry (1885), Philip Sidney Post
(1886), A. C. Sweetser (1887), James A. Sexton
(1888), James S. Martin (1889), William L. Distin
(1890), Horace S. Clark (1891), Edwin Harlan
(1892), Edward A. Blodgett (1893), H. H.
McDowell (1894), W. H. Powell (1895), William
G. Cochran (1896), A. L. Schimpff (1897), John
C. Black (1898), John B. Inman (1899). The fol-
lowing lUinoisans have held the position of Com-
mander-in-Chief: S. A. Hurlbut, (two terms)
1866-67; John A. Logan, (three terms) 1868-70;
Thomas G. Lawler, 1894; James A. Sexton, 1898.
GRAND PRAIRIE SEMINARY, a co-educa-
tional institution at Onarga, Iroquois County, in-
corporated in 1863 ; had a faculty of eleven teach-
ers in 1897-98, with 285 pupils — 145 male and 140
female. It reports an endowment of §10,000 and
property valued at §55,000. Besides the usual
classical and scientific departments, instruction
is given in music, oratory, fine arts and prepara-
tory studies.
GRAND TOWER, a town in Jackson County,
situated on the Mississippi River, 27 miles south-
west of Carbondale ; the western terminus of the
Grand Tower & Carbondale Railroad. It received
its name from a high, rocky island, lying in the
river opposite the village. It has four clmrches,
a weekly newspaper, and two blast furnaces for
iron. Population (1890), 624; (1900), 881.
GRAND TOWER & CAPE GIRARDEAU
RAILROAD. (See Chicago & Texas Railroad.)
GRAND TOWER & CARBONDALE RAIL-
ROAD. (See Chicago <& Texas Railroad.)
GR.^N(iER, Flavel K., lawyer, farmer and
legislator, was born in Wayne County, N. Y.,
May 16, 1832, educated in public schools at Sodus
in the same State, and settled at Waukegan, 111.,
in 1853. Here, having studied law, he was
admitted to the bar in 1855, removing to McHenry
County the same year, and soon after engaging in
the live-stock and wool business. In 1872 he was
elected as a Republican Repre.sentative in the
Twenty-eighth General Assembly, being succes-
sively re-elected to the Twenty-ninth, Thirtieth
and Thirty-first, and being chosen Temporary
Speaker of the Twenty -ninth and Thirtieth, He
is now a member of the State Senate for the
Eighth District, having been elected in 1896. His
home is at West McHenry.
GRANT, Alexander Fraeser, early lawyer and
jurist, was born at Inverness, Scotland, in 1804;
came to Illinois at an early day and located at
Shawneetown, where he studied law with Henry
Eddy, the pioneer lawyer and editor of that place.
Mr. Grant is described as a man of marked ability,
as were many of the early settlers of that region.
In February, 1835, he was elected by the General
Assembly Judge for the Third Circuit, as succes-
sor to his preceptor, Mr. Eddy, but served only a
few months, dying at Vandalia the same year.
GRANT, Ulysses Simpson, (originally Hiram
Ulysses), Lieutenant - General and President,
was born at Point Pleasant, Clermont County,
Ohio, April 27, 1822 ; graduated from West
Point Military Academy, in 1843, and served
through the Mexican War. After a short resi-
dence at St. Louis, he became a resident of Galena
in 1860. His war-record is a glorious part of the
Nation's history. Entering the service of the
State as a clerk in the office of the Quartermaster-
General at Springfield, soon after the breaking out
of the war in 1861, and still later serving as a
drill-master at Camp Yates, in June following he
was commissioned by Governor Yates Colonel of
the Twenty-first Illinois Volunteers, which he
immediately led into the field in the State of
Missouri ; was soon after promoted to a Brigadier-
Generalship and became a full Major-General of
Volunteers on the fall of Forts Donelson and
Henry, in February following. His successes at
Fort Gibson, Ra3'mond, Champion Hill, and Big
Black River, ending with the capture of Vicks-
burg, were the leading victories of the Union
armies in 1863. His successful defense of Chat-
tanooga was also one of his victories in the West
in tlie same year. Commissioned a Major-General
of the Regular Army after the fall of Vicksburg,
he became Lieutenant-General in 1864, and, in
March of that year, assumed command of all the
Northern armies. Taking personal command of
the Army of the Potomac, he directed tlie cam-
paign against Richmond, which resulted in the
final evacuation and downfall of the Confederate
capital and the surrender of General Lee at
Appomattox on April 8, 1865. In July, 1866, he
was made General — the office being created for
him. He also served as Secretary of War, ad
interim, under President Johnson, from Au-
gust, 1867, to January, 1868. In 1868 he was
elected President of the United States and re-
elected in 1872. His administration may not
have been free from mistakes, but it was charao-
S" s
S-| o
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
307
terized by patriotism and integrity of purpose.
During 1877-79 he made a tour of the world, being
received everywhere with the highest honors. In
1880 his friends made an unsuccessful effort to
secure his renomination as a Presidential candi-
date on the Republican ticket. Died, at Mount
McGregor, N. Y., July 23, 1885. His chief literary
work was his "Memoirs" (two volumes, 1885-86),
which was very extensively sold.
GRAPE CREEE, a surburban mining village in
Vermilion County, on the Big Vermilion River
and the Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroad, six
miles south of Danville. The chief industry is
coal mining, which is extensively carried on.
Population (1890). 778; (1900), 610
GRATIOT, Charles, of Huguenot parentage,
born at Lausanne, Switzerland, in 1753. After
receiving a mercantile training in the counting
house of an uncle in London, he emigrated to
Canada, entering the employ of another uncle at
Montreal. He first came to the "Illinois Coun-
try" in 1775, as an Indian trader, remaining one
year. In 1777 he returned and formed a partner-
ship with David McRae and Jolm Kay, two young
Scotchmen from Montreal. He established depots
at Cahokia and Kaskaskia. Upon the arrival of
Col. George Rogers Clark, in 1778, he rendered
that commander material financial assistance,
becoming personally responsible for the supplies
needed by the penniless American army. When
the transfer of sovereignty took place at St.
Louis, on March 10, 1804, and Louisiana Territory
became a part of the United States, it was from
the balcony of his house that the first American
flag was unfurled in Upper Louisiana. In recom-
pense for his liberal expenditure, he was promised
30,000 acres of land near the present site of
Louisville, but this he never received. Died, at
St. Louis, April 31, 1817.
GRAVIER, Father Jacques, a Jesuit mission-
ary, born in France, but at what date cannot be
stated with certainty. After some years spent in
Canada he was sent by his ecclesiastical superiors
to the IlUnois Mission (1688), succeeding Allouez
as Superior two years later, and being made
Vicar-General in 1691. He labored among the
Miamis, Peorias and Kaskaskias — his most numer-
ous conversions being among the latter tribe — as
also among the Caliokias, Osages, Tamaroas and
Missouris. It is said to have been largely through
his influence that the Illinois were induced to
settle at Kaskaskia instead of going south. In
1705 he received a severe wound during an attack
by the Illinois Indians, incited, if not actually
led, by one of their medicine men. It is said
that he visited Paris for treatment, but failed
to find a cure. Accounts of his death vary as
to time and place, but aU agree that it resulted
from the wound above mentioned. Some of his
biographers assert that he died at sea; others
that he returned from France, yet suffering from
the Indian poison, to Louisiana in February,
1708, and died near Mobile, Ala., the same year.
GRAY, Elisha, electrician and inventor, was
born at Barnesville, Ohio, August 2, 1835; after
serving as an apprentice at various ti-ades, took a
course at Oberlin College, devoting especial
attention to the physical sciences, meanwhile
supporting himself by manual labor. In 1865 he
began his career as an electrician and, in 1867,
received his first patent; devised a method of
transmitting telephone signals, and, in 1875, suc-
ceeded in transmitting four messages simultane-
ously on one wire to New York and Boston, a
year later accomplishing the same with eight
messages to New York and Philadelphia. Pro-
fessor Gray has invented a telegraph switch, a
repeater, enunciator and type-writing telegraph.
From 1869 to '73 he was employed in the manu-
facture of telegraph apparatus at Cleveland and
Chicago, but has since been electrician of the
Western Electric Company of Chicago. His latest
invention, the "telautograph" — for reproducing
by telegraph the handwriting of the sender
of a telegram — attracted great interest at the
World's Columbian Exposition of 1893. He is
author of "Telegraphy and Telephony" and
"Experimental Researches in Electro-Harmonic
Telegraph)' and Telephon}'. ' '
GRAY, William C, Ph.D., editor, was born in
Butler County, Ohio, in 1830; graduated from
the Farmers' (now Belmont) College in 1850,
read law and began secular editorial work in
1853, being connected, in the next fourteen years,
with "The Tiffin Tribune," "Cleveland Herald"
and "Newark American." Then, after several
years spent in general publishing business in
Cincinnati, after the great fire of 1871 he came to
Chicago, to take charge of "The Interior," the
organ of the Presbyterian Church, which he has
since conducted. The success of the paper under
his management affords the best evidence of his
practical good sense. He holds the degree of
Ph.D., received from Wooster University in 1881.
GRAYVILLE, a city situated on the border of
White and Edwards Counties, lying chiefly in
the former, on the Wabash River, 35 miles north-
west of Evansville, Ind., 16 miles northeast of
Carmi. and forty miles southwest of Vincennes.
It is located in the heart of a heavily timbered
208
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
region and is an important liard-wood market.
Valuable coal deposits also exist. The manufac-
turing establishments include flour, saw and
planing mills, and stave factories. The city has
two banks, six churches, and three weekly news-
papers. Population (1890), 1,999; (1900), 1,948.
GRATYILLE & MATTOO> RAILROAD. (See
Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railway. )
GREATHOUSE, Lucien, soldier, was born at
Carlinville, 111., in 1843; graduated at Illinois
Wesleyan University, Bloomington, and studied
law ; enlisted as a private at the beginning of the
War of the Rebellion and rose to the rank of
Colonel of the Forty-eighth Illinois Volunteers;
bore a conspicuous part in the movements of the
Army of the Tennessee ; ■i\-as killed in battle near
Atlanta, Ga., June 21, 1864.
GREAT WESTERN RAILROAD (of 1843 and
•49). (See niinois Central Bailroad.)
GREAT WESTERN RAILROAD (2). (See
^Vabash Raihvaij.)
GREEX RIVER, rises in Lee County, and,
after draining part of Bureau County, flows west-
ward through Henry County, and enters Rock
River about 10 miles east by south from Rock
Island. It is nearly 120 miles long.
GREEX, William H., State Senator and Judge,
was born at Danville, Ky., Dec. 8, 1830. In 1847
he accompanied his father's family to Illinois,
and, for three years following, taught school, at
the same time reading law. He was admitted to
the bar in 1852 and began practice at Mount
Vernon, removing to Metropolis the next year,
and to Cairo in 1863. In 1858 he was elected to
the lower house of the General Assembly, was
re-elected in 1860 and, two years later, was
elected to the State Senate for four years. In
December, 1865, he was elected Judge of the
Third Judicial Circuit, to All the imexpired term
of Judge Mulkey, retiring with the expiration of
his term in 1867. He was a delegate to the
National Democratic Conventions of 1860, 'C4,
'68, '80, '84 and "88, besides being for many j-ears
a member of the State Central Committee of that
party, and p-lso, for four terms, a member of the
State Board of Education, of which he has been
for several years the President. He is at present
(1899) engaged in the practice of his profession at
Cairo.
GREENE, Henry Sacheveral, attorney, was
born in the North of Ireland, July, 1833, brought
to Canada at five years of age, and from nine com-
pelled to support himself, sometimes as a clerk
and at others setting type in a printing office.
After spending some time in Western New York,
in 1853 he commenced the study of law at Dan-
ville, Ind. . with Hugh Crea, now of Decatur, 111. ;
four years later settled at Clinton, DeWitt
County, where he taught and studied law with
Lawrence Weldon, now of the Com't of Claims,
Washington. In 1859 he was admitted to the bar
at Springfield, on the motion of Abraham Lin-
coln, and was associated in practice, for a time,
with Hon. Clifton H. Moore of Clinton ; later
served as Prosecuting Attorney and one term
(1867-69) as Representative in the General Assem-
blj-. At the close of his term in the Legislature
he removed to Springfield, forming a law partner-
ship with Milton Hay and David T. Littler, under
the firm name of Hay, Greene & Littler, still later
becoming the head of the firm of Greene &
Humphrey. From the date of his removal to
Springfield, for some thirty years his chief employ-
ment was as a corporation law3-er, for the most
part in the service of the Chicago & Alton and
the Wabash Railways. His death occurred at his
home in Springfield, after a protracted iUness,
Feb. 25, 1899. Of recognized ability, thoroughly
devoted to his profession, high minded and honor-
able in all his dealings, he commanded respect
wherever he was known.
GREENE, William G., pioneer, was born in
Tennessee in 1812; came to Illinois in 1822 with
his father (Bowling Greene), who settled in the
vicinity of New Salem, now in Menard County.
The younger Greene was an intimate friend and
fellow-student, at Illinois College, of Richard
Yates (afterwards Governor), and also an early
friend and admirer of Abraham Lincoln, under
whom he held an appointment in Utah for some
years. He died at Tallula, Menard County, in
1894.
GREENFIELD, a city in the eastern part of
Greene County, on the Chicago, Burlington &
Quincy and the Litchfield, CarroUton & Western
Railways, twelve miles east of CarroUton and
fifty-five miles north of St. Louis. It is in an
agricultural and stock-raising region. The city
contains several churches, a seminary, a steam
flouring mill and two weekly newspapers. It is
an important shipping point for cattle, horses,
swine, corn, grain and produce. Population
(1880), 985; (1890), 1,131; (1900), 1,085.
GREENE COUNTY, cut off from Madison and
separately organized in 1821; has an area of 544
square miles; population (1900), 23,402; named
for Gen. Nathaniel Greene, a Revolutionary sol-
dier. The soil and climate are varied and adapted
to a diversity of products, wheat and fruit being
among the principal. Building stone and clay
HISTOmCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
209
are abundant. Probably the first English-speak-
ing settlers were David Stockton and James
Whiteside, who located south of Macoupin Creek
in June, 1817. Samuel Thomas and others
(among them Gen. Jacob Fry) followed soon
afterward. The Indians were numerous and
aggressive, and had destroyed not a few of the
monuments of the Government surveys, erected
some years before. Immigration of the whites,
however, was rapid, and it was not long before
the nucleus of a village was established at Car-
roUton, where General Fry erected the first house
and made the first cofiin needed in the settle-
ment. This town, the county-seat and most
important place in the count3', was laid off by
Thomas Carlin in 1821. Other flourishing towns
are Whitehall (population, 1,961), and Roodhouse
(an important railroad center) with a population
of 2,360.
GREENUP, a village of Cumberland County, at
the intersection of the Indianapolis & Terre
Haute (Yandalia Line) and the Peoria, Decatur
& Evansville Railroads, 22 miles northeast of
Effingham. It is a lumbering and fruit-growing
region. Population (1890), 8.j8; (1900), 1,085.
GREENVIEW, a town in Menard County, on
the Jacksonville branch of the Chicago & Alton
Railroad, 22 miles north-northwest of Springfield
and 36 miles northeast of Jacksonville. It has a
bank, two weekly newspapers, seven churches
and a graded and high school. Population (1880),
450, (1890), 1,106; (1900), 1,019.
GREENVILLE, an incorporated city, the
county seat of Bond County, on the East Fork of
Big Shoal Creek, at the junction of the Jackson-
ville, Louisville & St. Louis and the St. Louis,
Vandalia & Terre Haute Railroads. 50 miles east-
northeast of St. Louis. Corn and wheat are ex-
tensively raised in the surrounding country, and
extensive coal mines are in and adjacent to the
city. The manufactures include flour and saw-
mills, and plow and wagon factories. It is the
seat of Greenville College for ladies, and has
several banks and three weekly newspapers.
Population (1890), 1,868; (1900), 2,504.
GREENVILLE, TREATY OF, a treaty negoti-
ated by Gen. Anthony Wayne with a number of
Indian tribes (see Indian Treaties), at Green-
ville, after his victory over the savages at the
battle of Maumee Rapids, in August, 1795. This
was the first treaty relating to Illinois lands in
which a number of tribes united The lands con-
veyed within the present limits of the State
of Illinois were as follows: A tract six miles
square at the mouth of the Chicago River;
another, twelve miles square, near the mouth of
the Illinois Eiver; another, six miles square,
around the old fort at Peoria; the post of Fort
Massac; the 150,000 acres set apart as bounty
lands for the array of Gen. George Rogers Clark,
and "the lands at all other places in the posses-
sion of the French people and other white set-
tlers among them, the Indian title to which has
been thus extinguished. " On the other hand, the
United States relinquished all claim to all other
Indian lands north of the Ohio, east of the Mis-
sissippi and south of the great lakes. The cash
consideration paid by the Government was
§210,000.
GREGG, David L., lawyer and Secretary of
State, emigrated from Albany, N. Y., and began
the practice of law at Joliet, 111., where, in 1839,
he also edited "The Juliet Courier," the first
paper established in Will County. From 1842 to
1846, he represented Will, Du Page -and Iroquois
Counties in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Gen-
eral Assemblies; later removed to Chicago, after
which he served for a time as United States Dis-
trict Attorney; in 1847 was chosen one of the
Delegates from Cook County to the State Consti-
tutional Convention of that year, and served as
Secretary of State from 1850 to 1853, as successor
to Horace S. Cooley, who died in office the former
year. In the Democratic State Convention of
1852, Mr. Gregg was a leading candidate for the
nomination for Governor, though finally defeated
by Joel A. Matteson; served as Presidential
Elector for that year, and, in 1853, was appointed
by President Pierce Commissioner to the Sandwich
Islands, still later for a time acting as the minis-
ter or adviser of King Kamehamaha IV, who died
in 1868. Returning to California he was ap-
pointed by President Lincoln Receiver of Public
Moneys at Carson City, Nev. , where he died, Dec.
23, 1868.
GREGORY, John Milton, clergyman and edu-
cator, was born at Sand Lake, Rensselaer Co.,
N. Y., July 6, 1822; graduated from Union Col-
lege in 1846 and, after devoting two years to the
study of law, studied theology and entered the
Baptist ministry. After a brief pastorate in the
East he came West, becoming Principal of a
classical school at Detroit. His ability as an
educator was soon recognized, and, in 1858, he
was elected State Superintendent of Public
Instruction in Michigan, but declined a re-elec-
tion in 1863. In 1854, he assisted in founding
"The Michigan Journal of Education," of which
he was editor-in-chief. In 1863 he accepted the
Presidency of Kalamazoo College, and four years
210
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
later was called to that of the newly founded
University of Illinois, at Champaign, where he
remained until 1880. He was United States
Commissioner to the Vienna Exposition in 1873,
Illinois State Commissioner to the Paris Exposi-
tion of 1878, also serving as one of the judges in
the educational department of the Philadelphia
Centennial of 1876. From 1883 to "85 he was a
member of the United States Civil Service Com-
mission. The degree of LL.D. was conferred
upon him by Madison University (Hamilton.
N. Y.) in 1866. While State Superintendent he
published a "Compend of School Laws" of Michi-
gan, besides numerous addresses on educational
subjects. Other works of his are "Handbook of
History" and "Map of Time" (Chicago. 1866) ; "A
New Political Economy" (Cincinnati, 1882); and
"Seven Laws of Teaching" (Chicago, 1883).
While holding a chair as Professor Emeritus of
Political Economy in the University of Illinois
during the latter years of his life, he resided in
Washington, D. C, where he died, Oct. 20, 1898.
By his special request he was buried on the
grounds of the University at Champaign.
GRESHAM, Walter Quinton, soldier, jurist
and statesman, was born near Lanesville, Harri-
son Comity, Ind., March 17, 1832. Two years at
a seminary at Corydon, followed by one year at
Bloomington University, completed his early
education, which was commenced at the common
schools. He read law at Corydon, and was
admitted to the bar in 18.53. In 1860 he was
elected to the Indiana Legislatm-e, but resigned
to become Lieutenant-Colonel of the Thirty-
eighth Indiana Volunteers, and was almost
immediately commissioned Colonel of the Fifty-
third Regiment. After the fall of Vicksburg he
was promoted to a Brigadier-Generalship, and was
brevetted Major-General on March 13, 1865. At
Atlanta he was severely wounded, and disabled
from service for a year. After the war he re-
sumed practice at New Albany, Ind. His polit-
ical career began in 1856, when he stumped liis
county for Fremont. From that time until 181)2
he was always prominently identified with tlie
Republican party. In 1866 he was an unsuccess-
ful Republican candidate for Congress, and, in
1867-68, was the financial agent of his State
(Indiana) in New York. In 1869 President Grant
appointed him Judge of the United States Dis-
trict Court for Indiana. In 1883 he resigned this
position to accept the portfolio of Postmaster-Gen-
eral in the Cabinet of President Arthur. In July,
1884, upon the death of Secretary Folger, he was
made Secretary of the Treasury. In Oct. 1884,
he was appointed United States Judge of the
Seventh Judicial Circuit, and thereafter made
his home in Chicago. He was an earnest advo-
cate of the renomination of Grant in that year,
but subsequently took no active personal part in
politics. In 1888 he was the substantially imani-
mous choice of Illinois Republicans for the Presi-
denc}', but was defeated in convention. In 1892
he was tendered the Populist nomination for
President, but declined. In 1893 President Cleve-
land offered him the portfolio of Secretary of
State, which he accepted, dying in office at
Washington, D. C, May 28, 1895.
GREUSEL, Nicholas, soldier, was born in Ger-
many, July 4, 1817, the son of a soldier of Murat;
came to New York in 1833 and to Detroit, Mich. ,
in 1835 ; served as a Captain of the First Michigan
Volunteers in the Mexican War; in 1857, came to
Chicago and was employed on the Chicago, Bur-
lington & Quincy Railroad, until the firing on
Fort Sumter, when he promptly enrolled himself
as a private in a company organized at Aurora,
of which he was elected Captain and attached to
the Seventh Illinois (three-months" men), later
being advanced to the rank of ilajor. Re-enlisting
for three years, he was commissioned Lieutenant-
Colonel, but, in August following, was commis-
sioned Colonel of the Thirty-sixth Illinois; took
part in the battles of Pea Ridge and Perryville
and the campaign against Corinth ; compelled to
resign on account of failing health, in February,
1863, he removed to Slount Pleasant, Iowa,
whence he returned to Aurora in 1893. Died at
Aurora, April 25, 1896.
GRIDLEY, Asahel, lawyer and banker, was
born at Cazenovia, N. Y., April 21, 1810; was
educated at Pompey Academy and, at the age of
21, came to Illinois, locating at Bloomington and
engaging in the mercantile business, which he
carried on quite extensively some eight years.
He served as First Lieutenant of a cavalry com-
pany during the Black Hawk War of 1832, and
soon after was elected a Brigadier-General of
militia, thereby acquiring the title of "General."
In 1840 he was elected to the lower branch of the
Twelfth General Assembly, and soon after began
to turn his attention to the study of law, subse-
quentlj' forming a partnership with Col. J. H.
Wickizer, which continued for a number of years.
Having been elected to the State Senate in 1850,
he took a conspicuous part in the two succeeding
sessions of the General Assembly in securing the
location of the Chicago & Alton and the Illinois
Central Railroads by way of Bloomington; was
also, at a later period, a leading promoter of the
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
211
Indiana, Bloomington & Western and other lines.
In 1858 he joined J. Y. Scammon and J. H. Burch
of Chicago, in the establishment of the- McLean
County Bank at Bloomington, of which he became
President and ultimately sole proprietor ; also be-
came proprietor, in 1857, of the Bloomington Gas-
Light & Coke Company, which he managed some
twenty-five years. Originally a Whig, he identi-
fied himself with the Republican cause in 1856,
serving upon the State Central Committee during
the campaign of that year, but, in 1872, took
part in the Liberal Republican movement, serv-
ing as a delegate to the Cincinnati Convention,
where he was a zealous supporter of David Davis
for the Presidency. Died, at Bloomington, Jan.
20, 1881.
GRIER, (Col.) David Perkins, soldier and mer-
chant, was born near Wilkesbarre, Pa., in 1837;
received a common school education and, in
1852, came to Peoria, 111., where he engaged in
the grain business, subsequently, in partnership
with his brother, erecting the first grain-elevator
in Peoria, with three or four at other points.
Early in the war he recruited a company of which
he was elected Captain, but, as the State quota
was already full, it was not accepted in Illinois,
but was mustered in, in June, as a part of the
Eighth Missouri Volimteers. With this organi-
zation he took part in the capture of Forts Henry
and Donelson, the battle of Shiloh and the siege
and capture of Corinth. In August, 1862, he was
ordered to report to Governor Yates at Spring-
field, and, on his arrival, was pre.sented with a
commission as Colonel of the Seventy-seventh
Illinois Volunteer Infantry, of which he retained
command up to the siege of Vicksburg. During
that siege he commanded a brigade and, in sub-
sequent operations in Louisiana, was in command
of the Second Brigade, Fourth Division of the
Thirteenth Army Corps. Later he had command
of all the troops on Dauphin Island, and took a
conspicuous part in the capture of Fort Morgan
and Mobile, as well as other operations in Ala-
bama. He subsequently had command of a
division until his muster-out, July 10, 1865, with
the rank of brevet Brigadier-General. After the
war. General Grier resumed his business as a
grain merchant at Peoria, but, in 1879, removed to
East St. Louis, where he had charge of the erection
and management of the Union Elevator there —
was also Vice-President and Director of the St.
Louis Merchants' Exchange. Died, April 23,
1891.
GRIERSON, Benjamin H., soldier, was born in
Pittsburg, Pa., July 8, 1826; removed in boyhood
to Trumbull County, Ohio, and, about 1850, to
Jacksonville, 111., where he was engaged for a
time in teaching music, later embarking in the
grain and produce business at Meredosia. He
enlisted promptly at the beginning of the Civil
War, becoming Aid-de-camp to General Prentiss
at Cairo during the three-months' service, later
being commissioned Major of the Sixth Illinois
Cavalry. From this time his promotion was
rapid. He was commissioned Colonel of the same
regiment in March, 1862, and was commander of a
brigade in December following. He was promi-
nent in nearly all the cavalry skirmishes between
Memphis and the Tennessee river, and, in April
and May, 1863, led the famous raid from La
Grange, Tenn. , through the States of Mississippi
and Louisiana to Baton Rouge in the latter —for
the first time penetrating the heart of the Con-
federacy and causing consternation among the
rebel leaders, while materially aiding General
Grant's movement against Vicksburg. This dem-
onstration was generally regarded as one of the
most brilliant events of the war, and attracted
the attention of the whole country. In recog
nition of this service he was, on June 3, 1863,
made a Brigadier-General, and May 27, 1865, a
full Major-General of Volunteers. Soon after the
close of the war he entered the regular army as
Colonel of the Tenth United States Cavalry and
was successively brevetted Brigadier- and Major
General for bravery shown in a raid in Arkansas
during December, 1864. His subsequent service
was in the West and Southwest conducting cam
paigns against the Indians, in the meanwliile
being in command at Santa Fe, San Antonio and
elsewhere. On the promotion of General Miles
to a Major-Generalship following the death of
Maj.-Gen. George Crook in Chicago, March 19,
1890, General Grierson, who had been the senior
Colonel for some years, was promoted Brigadier-
General and retired with that rank in July fol-
lowing. His home is at Jacksonville.
GRIGGS, Samuel Chapman, publisher, was
born in ToUand, Conn., July 20, 1819; began
business as a bookseller at Hamilton, N. Y. , but
removed to Chicago, where he established the
largest bookselling trade in the Northwest. Mr.
Griggs was a heavy loser by the fire of 1871, and
the following year, having sold out to his part-
ners, established himself in the publishing busi-
ness, which he conducted until 1S96, when he
retired. The class of books published by him
include many educational and classical, with
others of a high order of merit. Died in Chi-
cago, April 5, 1897.
212
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
GKIGGSVILLE, a city in Pike County, on the
Wabash Railroad, four miles west of the Illinois
River, and fifty miles east of Quincy. Flour,
agricultural implements, carriages and wagons
are manufactured here. The city has fine
churches, good graded schools, a public library
and a weekly newspaper. Population (1880),
1,515; (1890), 1,400; (1900). 1,404.
GRIMSHATV, Jackson, lawyer and politician,
was born in Philadelphia, Nov. 22, 1820, of Anglo-
Irish and Revolutionary ancestry. He was par-
tially educated at Bristol College, Pa., and began
the study of law with his father, who was a lawyer
and an author of repute. His professional studies
were interrupted for a few years, during which he
was employed at surveying and civil engineering,
but he was admitted to the bar at Harrisburg, in
1843. The same year he settled at Pittsfield, 111.,
where he formed a partnership with his brother,
William A. Grimshaw. In 1857 he removed to
Quincy, where he resided for the remainder of his
life. He was a member of the fir.st Republican
Convention, at Bloomington, in 1830, and was
twice an unsuccessful candidate for Congress
(1856 and '58) in a strongly Democratic District.
He was a warm personal friend and trusted coun-
sellor of Governor Yates, on whose staff he served
as Colonel. During 18G1 the latter sent Mr.
Grimshaw to Washington with dispatches an-
nouncing the capture of Jefferson Barracks, Mo.
On arriving at Annapolis, learning that the rail-
roads had been torn up by rebel sympathizers, he
walked from that city to the capital, and was
summoned into the jiresence of the President and
General Scott with his feet protruding from his
boots. In 1865 Mr. Lincoln appointed him Col-
lector of Internal Revenue for the Quincy Dis-
trict, which office he held until 1869. Died, at
Quincy, Deo. 13, 1875.
GRIMSHAW, William A., early lawyer, was
born in Philadelphia and admitted to the bar
in his native city at the age of 19; in 1833 came
to Pike County, 111., where he continued to prac-
tice until his death. He served in the State Con-
stitutional Convention of 1847, and had the credit
of preparing the article in the second Constitution
prohibiting dueling. In 1864 he was a delegate
to the Republican National Convention which
nominated Mr. Lincoln for President a second
time; also served as Presidential Elector in 1880.
He was, for a time, one of the Trustees of the
Institution for the Deaf and Dumb at Jackson-
ville, and, from 1877 to 1882, a member of the State
Board of Public Charities, being for a time Presi-
dent of the Board. Died, at Pittsfield, Jan. 7, 1895.
GRIJfNELL, Jnlins S., lawyer and ei-Judge,
was bom in St. Lawrence County, N. Y., in 1842,
of New England parents, who were of French
descent. He graduated from Middlebury College
in 1866, and, two years later, was admitted to the
bar at Ogdensburg, N. Y. In 1870 he removed to
Chicago, where he soon attained a prominent
position at the bar; was elected City Attorney in
1879, and re-elected in 1881 and 1883. In 1884 he
was elected State's Attorney for Cook County, in
which capacity he successfully conducted some
of the most celebrated criminal prosecutions in
the history of Illinois. Among these may be
mentioned the cases against Joseph T. Mackin
and William J. Gallagher, growing out of an
election conspiracy in Chicago in 1884; the
conviction of a number of Cook County Commis-
sioners for accepting bribes in 1885, and the con-
viction of seven anarchistic leaders charged with
complicity in the Haymarket riot and massacre
in Chicago, in May, 1886 — the latter trial being
held in 1887. The same year (1887) he was
elected to the Circuit bench of Cook County, but
resigned his seat in 1890 to become counsel for
the Chicago City Railway. Died, in Chicago,
Jtme 8, 1898.
GROSS, Jacob, ex-State Treasurer and banker,
was born in Germany, Feb. 11, 1840; having lost
his father by death at 13, came to the United
States two years later, spent a year in Chicago
schools, learned the trade of a tinsmith and
clerked in a store until August, 1862, when he
enlisted in the Eighty-Second Illinois Volunteers
(the second "Hecker Regiment"); afterwards par-
ticipated in some of the most important battles
of the war, including Chancellorsville, Gettys-
burg, Lookout Mountain, Resaca and others. At
Dallas, Ga. , he had his right leg badly shattered
by a bullet-wound above the knee, four successive
amputations being found necessary in order to
save his life. Having been discharged from the
service in February, 1865, he took a course in a
commercial college, became deputy clerk of the
Police Court, served three terms as Collector of
the West Town of Chicago, and an equal number
of terms (12 j-ears) as Clerk of the Circuit Court
of Cook County, and, in 1884, was elected State
Treasurer. Since retiring from the latter office,
Mr. Gross has been engaged in the banking busi-
ness, being President, for several years, of the
Commercial Bank of Chicago.
GROSS, William L., lawyer, was born in Her-
kimer County, N. Y., Feb. 21, 1839, came with
his father to Illinois in 1844, was admitted to the
bar at Springfield in 1862, but almost immediately
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
213
entered the service of the Government, and, a
year later, was appointed by President Lincoln
Captain and Assistant Quartermaster, and, under
command of General Stager, assigned to the
Department of the Ohio as Military Superintend-
ent of Telegraphs. At the close of the war he
was transferred to the Department of the Gulf,
taking control of military telegraphs in that
Department with headquarters at New Orleans,
remaining until August, 1866, meanwhile being
brevetted Major and Lieutenant-Colonel. For
the next two years he occupied various positions
in the civil telegraph service, but, in 1868, resumed
the practice of law at Springfield, in conjunction
with his brother (Eugene L. ) issuing the first
volume of "Gross' Statutes of Illinois," followed
in subsequent years by two additional volumes,
besides an Index to all the Laws of the State. In
1878 he was elected as a Republican to the General
Assembly from Sangamon County, and, in 1884,
was appointed by Governor Hamilton Circuit
Judge to succeed Judge C. S. Zane, who had been
appointed Chief Justice of Utah. Upon the organi-
zation of the Illinois State Bar Association, Judge
Gross became its first Secretary, serving until
1883, when he was elected President, again serv-
ing as Secretary and Treasurer in 189.3-94.
GROSSCrP, Peter Stenger, jurist, born in
Ashland, Ohio, Feb. 15, 1852; was educated in the
local schools and Wittenberg College, graduating
from the latter in 1872; read law in Boston, Mass.,
and settled down to practice in his native town,
in 1874. He was a candidate for Congress in a
Democratic District before he was 25 years old,
but, being a Republican, was defeated. Two
years later, being thrown by a reapportionment
into the same district with William McKinley,
he put that gentleman in nomination for the seat
in Congress to which he was elected. He re-
moved to Chicago in 1883, and, for several years,
was the partner of the late Leonard Swett; in
December, 1892, was appointed by President
Harrison Judge of the United States District
Court for the Northern District of Illinois as suc-
cessor to Judge Henry W. Blodgett. On the
death of Judge Showalter, in December, 1898,
Judge Grosscup was appointed his successor as
Judge of the L^nited States Circuit Court for the
Seventh Judicial District. Although one of the
youngest incumbents upon the bench of the
United States Court, Judge Grosscup has given
ample evidence of his ability as a jurist, besides
proving himself in harmony with the progressive
spirit of the time on questions of national and
international interest.
GRUNDY COUNTY, situated in the northeast-
ern quarter of the State, having an area of 440
square miles and a population (1900) of 24, 136.
The surface is mainly rolling prairie, beneath
which is a continuous coal seam, three feet thick.
Building stone is abundant (particularly near
Morris), and there are considerable beds of pot-
ter's clay. The county is crossed by the Illinois
River and the Illinois & Michigan Canal, also by the
Rock Island and the Chicago & Alton Railways.
The chief occupation of the people is agriculture,
although there are several manufacturing estab-
lishments. The first white settler of whom any
record has been preserved, was William Marquis,
who arrived at the mouth of the Mazon in a
"prairie schooner" in 1828. Other pioneers
were Colonel Sayers, W. A. Hollowaj', Alex-
ander K. Owen, John Taylor, James McCartney
and Joab Chappell. The first public land sale
was made in 1835, and, in 1841, the county was
organized out of a part of La Salle, and named
after Felix Grundy, the eminent Tennesseean.
The first pollbook showed 148 voters. Morris
was chosen the county-seat and has so re-
mained. Its present population is 3,653. Another
prosperous town is Gardner, with 1,100 inhab-
itants.
GULLIVER, John Putnam, D.D., LL.D.,
clergj'man and educator, was born in Boston,
Mass., May 12, 1819; graduated at Yale College,
in 1840, and at Andover Theological Seminary in
1845, meanwhile serving two years as Principal
of Randolph Academy. From 1845 to 1865 he
was pastor of a church at Norwich, Conn,, in
1865-68, of the New England Church, of Chicago,
and, 1868-72, President of Knox College at Gales-
burg, 111. The latter year he became pastor of
the First Presbyterian Church in Binghamton,
N. Y. , remaining until 1878, when he was elected
Professor of the "Relations of Christianity and
Secular Science" at Andover, holding this posi-
tion actively until 1891, and then, as Professor
Emeritus, until his death, Jan. 25, 1894. He was
a member of the Corporation of Yale College
and had been honored with the degrees of D.D.
and LL.D.
GURLET, ■WilUam F. E., State Geologist, was
born at Oswego, N. Y., June 5, 1854; brought by
his parents to Danville, 111., in 1864, and educated
in the public schools of that city and Cornell
University, N. Y. ; served as city engineer of
Danville in 1885-87, and again in 1891-93. In
July of the latter year he was appointed by Gov-
ernor Altgeld State Geologist as successor to Prof.
Joshua Lindahl.
214
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
HACKER, John S., pioneer and soldier of the
Mexican War, was born at Owensburg, Ky.,
November, 1797; in early life removed to Mis-
souri, where he was employed in the stock and
produce trade with New Orleans. Having married
in 1817, he settled at Jonesboro, Union County,
111., where he kept a tavern for a number of
years, and was also engaged some thirty years in
mercantile business. It is said that he was
unable to read until taught after marriage by his
wife, who appears to have been a woman of
intelligence and many graces. In 1824 he was
elected Representative in the Fourth General
Assembly and. in 1834, to the State Senate, serv-
ing by re-election in 1838 until 1843, and being a
supporter of the internal improvement scheme.
In 1837 he voted for the removal of the State
capital from Vandalia to Springfield, and, though
differing from Abraham Lincoln politically, was
one of his warm personal friends. He served in
the War of 1812 as a private in the Missouri
militia, and, in the Mexican War, as Captain of a
company in the Second Regiment, Illinois Volun-
teers—Col. W. II. Bissell's. By service on the
staff of Governor Duncan, he had already obtained
the title of Colonel. He received the nomination
for Lieutenant-Governor from the first formal
State Convention of the Democratic party in
December, 1837, but the head of the ticket (Col.
J. W. Stephenson) having withdrawn on account
of charges connected with his administration of
the Land Office at Dixon, Colonel Hacker also
declined, and a new ticket was put in the field
headed by Col. Thomas L. Carlin, which was
elected in 1838. In 1849 Colonel Hacker made
the overland journey to California, but returning
with impaired health in 1852, located in Cairo,
where he held the position of Surveyor of the
Port for three years, when he was removed by
President Buchanan on account of his friendship
for Senator Douglas. He also served, from 1854
to '56, as Secretary of the Senate Committee on
Territories under the Chairmanship of Senator
Douglas, and, in 1856, as Assistant Doorkeeper of
the House of Representatives in Washington. In
1857 he returned to Jonesboro and spent the
remainder of his life in practical retirement,
dying at the home of his daughter, in Anna, May
18, 1878.
HADLET, William F. L., lawyer and Con-
gressman, was born near CoUinsville, III., June
15, 1847; grew up on a farm, receiving his educa-
tion in the common schools and at McKendree
College, where he graduated in 1867. In 1871 he
graduated from the Law Department of the
University of Michigan, and established him-
self in the practice of his profession at
Edwardsville. He was elected to the State Sen-
ate from Madison County in 1886, serving four
years, and was nominated for a second term, but
declined ; was a delegate-at-large to the Repub-
lican National Convention of 1888, and, in 1895,
was nominated and elected, in the Eighteenth
District, as a Republican, to the Fifty-fourth Con-
gress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of
Hon. Frederick Remann, who had been elected
in 1894, but died before taking his seat. Mr.
Hadley was a candidate for re-election in 1896,
but was prevented by protracted illness from
making a canvass, and suffered a defeat. He
is a son-in-law of the late Edward M. West,
long a prominent business man of Edwards-
ville, and since his retirement from Congress, has
devoted his attention to his profession and the
banking business.
HAHNEMANN HOSPITAL, a homeopathic hos-
pital located in Chicago. It was first opened with
twenty beds, in November, 1870, in a block of
wooden buildings, the use of which was given
rent free by Mr. J. Young Scammon, and was
known as the Scammon Hospital. After the fire
of October, 1871, Mr. Scammon deeded the prop-
erty to the Trustees of the Hahnemann Medical
College, and the hospital was placed on the list
of public charities. It also received a donation
of $10,000 from the Relief and Aid Society,
besides numerous private benefactions. In
April, 1873, at the suggestion of Mr. Scammon,
the name of the institution was changed to the
Hahnemann Hospital, by which designation it
has since been known. In 1893 the corner-stone
of a new hospital was laid and the building com-
pleted in 1894. It is seven stories in height, with
a capacity for 225 beds, and is equipped with all
the improved appliances and facilities for the
care and protection of the sick. It has also about
sixty private rooms for paying patients.
HAHNEMANN MEDICAL COLLEGE, located
in Chicago, chartered in 1834-35, but not organ-
ized until 1860, when temporary quarters were
secured over a drug-store, and the first college
term opened, with a teaching faculty numbering
nine professors, besides clinical lecturers, demon-
strators, etc. In 1866-67 the institution moved
into larger quarters and, in 1870, the corner-stone
of a new college building was laid. The six suc-
ceeding years were marked by internal dissen-
sion, ten of the professors withdrawing to
establish a rival school. The faculty was cur-
tailed in numbers and re-organized. In August,
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
215
1893, the corner-stone of a second building was
laid with appropriate Masonic ceremonies, the
new structure occupying the site of the old, but
being larger, better arranged and better equipped.
Women were admitted as students in 18T0-71 and
co-education of the sexes has ever since continued
an established feature of the institution. For
more than thirty-five years a free dispensary has
been in operation in connection with the college.
HAINES, John Charles, Mayor of Chicago and
legislator, was born in Oneida County, N. Y.,
May 36, 1818 ; came to Chicago in 1835, and, for
the next eleven years, was employed in various
pursuits; served three terms (1848-54) in the City
Council; was twice elected Water Commissioner
(1853 and '56), and, in 1858, was chosen Mayor,
serving two terms. He also served as Delegate
from Cook County in the Constitutional Conven-
tion of 1869-70, and, in 1874, was elected to the
State Senate from the First District, serving in
the Twenty-ninth and Thirtieth General Assem-
blies. At the session of 1877 he received sixty-
nine votes for the seat in the United States
Senate to which Judge David Davis was after-
wards elected. Mr. Haines was a member of the
Chicago Historical Society, was interested in the
old Chicago West Division Railwaj- and President
of the Savings Institute. During liis later years
he was a resident of Waukegan, dying there,
July 4, 1896. — Elijah Middlebrook (Haines),
brother of the preceding, lawyer, politician
and legislator, was born in Oneida County, N. Y..
April 31, 1832; came to Illinois in boyhood, locat-
ing first at Chicago, but, a year later, went to
Lake County, where he resided until his death.
His education, rudimentarj-, classical and profes-
sional, was self-acquired. He began to occupy
and cultivate a farm for himself before attaining
his majority; studied law, and, in 1851, was
admitted to the bar, beginning practice at Wau-
kegan; in 1860 opened an ofiice in Chicago, still,
however, making his home at Waukegan. In
1855 he published a compilation of the Illinois
township laws, followed by a "Treatise on the
Powers and Duties of Justices of the Peace. " He
made similar compilations of the township laws
of Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin and Missouri.
By nature Mr. Haines was an agitator, and his
career as a politician both checkered and unique.
Originally a Democrat, he abandoned that or-
ganization upon the formation of the Republican
party, and was elected by the latter to the Legis-
lature from Lake County in 1858, '60 and '62. In
1867 he came into prominence as an anti-monopo-
list, and on this issue was elected to ths Consti-
tutional Convention of 1869-70'. In 1870 he was
again chosen to the Legislature as an "independ-
ent," and, as such, re-elected in '74, '82, '84, '86 and
'88, receiving the support, however, of the Demo-
crats in a District normally Republican. He
served as Speaker during the sessions of 1875 and
"85, the party strength in each of these Assemblies
being so equally divided that he either held, or
was able to control, the balance of power. He
was an adroit parliamentarian, but his decisions
were the cause of much severe criticism, being
regarded by both Democrats and Republicans as
often arbitrary and unjust. The two sessions
over which he presided were among tlie stormiest
in the State's history. Died, at Waukegan, April
25, 1889.
HALE, Albert, pioneer clergyman, was born
at Glastonburj-, Conn., Nov. 29, 1799; after some
years spent as a clerk in a country store at
Wethersfield, completed a course in the theolog-
ical department of Yale College, later serving as a
home missionary, in Georgia ; came to Illinois in
1831, doing home missionary work in Bond
County, and. in 1838, was sent to Chicago, where
his open candor, benignity and blameless conduct
enabled him to exert a powerful influence over
the drunken aborigines who constituted a large
and menacing class of the population of what
was then a frontier town. In 1839 he assumed
the pastorate of the Second Presbyterian Church
in Springfield, continuing that connection until
1865. From that time until his death, his life
was largely devoted to missionary work among
the extremely poor and the pariahs of society.
Among these he wielded a large influence and
always commanded genuine respect from all
denominations. His forte was love rather than
argument, and in this lay the secret of his suc-
cess. Died, in Springfield, Jan. 30, 1891.
HALE, (Dr.) Edwin M., physician, was born
in Newport, N. H., in 1829, commenced the study
of medicine in 1848 and, in 1850, entered the
Cleveland Homeopathic College, at the end of the
session locating at Jonesville, Mich. From 1855
he labored in the interest of a representation of
homeopathy in the University of Michigan.
When this was finally accomplished, he was
offered the chair of Materia Medica and Thera-
peutics, but was compelled to decline in conse-
quence of having been elected to the same position
in the Hahnemann Medical College of Chicago.
In 1876 he made a visit to Europe, and, on his
return, severed his connection with the Hahne-
mann and accepted a similar position in the Chi-
cago Homeopathic College, where he remained
216
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
five years, when he retired with the rank of Pro-
fessor Emeritus. Dr. Hale was the author of
several volumes held in high esteem by members
of the profession, and maintained a high reputa-
tion for professional skill and benevolence of
character. He was a member of the Chicago
Academy of Sciences and an honorary member of
various home and foreign associations. Died, in
Chicago, Jan. 18, 1899.
HALL, (CoL) Cyrus, soldier, was born in Fay-
ette Coimty, 111., August 29, 1S2'3— the son of a
pioneer who came to Illinois about the time of
its admission as a State. He served as Second
Lieutenant in the Third Illinois Volimteers (Col.
Foreman's regiment), during the Mexican War,
and, in 1860, removed to Shelbyville to engage in
hotel-keeping. The Civil War coming on, he
raised the first company for the war in Shelby
County, which was attached to the Fourteenth
Illinois (Col. John il. Palmer's regiment) ; was
promptly promoted from Captain to Jlajor and
finally to Lieutenant-Colonel, on the promotion
of Palmer to Brigadier-General, succeeding to
command of the regiment. Tlie Fourteenth
Regiment having been finally consolidated with
the Fifteenth, Lieutenant-Colonel Hall was
transferred, with the rank of Colonel, to the
command of the One Hundred and Forty-fourth
Illinois, which he resigned in March, 1864, was
brevetted Brigadier-General for gallant and
meritorious service in the field, in March, 1805,
and mustered out Sept. 16, 1865. Returning to
Shelbyville, he engaged in the furniture trade,
later was appointed Postmaster, serving some ten
years and until his death, Sept. 6, 1878.
HALL, James, legislator, jm-ist. State Treasm-er
and author, was born in Philadelphia, August
19, 1793; after serving in the War of 1813 and
spending some time with Com. Stephen Decatur
in the Mediterranean, in 1815, lie studied law,
beginning practice at Shawneetown, in 1820.
He at once assumed prominence as a citizen, was
appointed State's Attorney in 1831, and elevated
to the bench of the Circuit Court in 1825. He
was legislated out of office two years later and
resumed private practice, making his home at
Vandalia, where he was associated with Robert
Blackwell in the publication of "The Illinois
Intelligencer." The same year (1837) he was
elected by the Legislature State Treasurer, con-
tinuing in office four years. Later he removed to
Cincinnati, where he died, July 5, 1868. He con-
ducted "The Western Monthly Magazine," the
first periodical (>ublished in Illinois. Among his
published volumes may be mentioned "Tales of
the Border," "Notes on the Western States,"
"Sketches of the West," "Romance of Western
History," and "History of the Indian Tribes."
HAMER, Thomas, soldier and legislator, was
born in Union County, Pa., June 1, 1818; came
to Illinois in 1846 and began business as a mer-
chant at Vermont, Fulton County; in 1863
assisted in recruiting the Eighty-fourth Illinois
Volunteers and was elected Lieutenant-Colonel;
was wounded in the battle of Stone River, re-
turned to duty after partial recovery, but was
finally compelled to retire on account of disabil-
ity. Returning home he resumed business, but
retired in 1878 ; was elected Representative in the
General Assembly in 1886 and to the Senate in
1888, and re-elected to the latter in 1893, making
ten years of continuous service.
HAMILTON, a city in Hancock County, on the
Mississippi River, opposite Keokuk, Iowa. It is
on the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw Railroad, and
the Keokuk branch of the Wabash Railway. Its
position at the foot of the lower rapids insures
abundant water power, which is extensively
utilized for manufacturing purposes. An iron
railroad bridge connects the Illinois city with
Keokuk. It has a bank, two newspapers, several
cliurches and a high school. The surrounding
countr}- is a prolific fruit-growing district. It
has mineral springs, and a sanitarium is located
here. Population (1890), 1.301; (1900), 1,344.
HAMILTON, John B., M.D, LL.D., surgeon,
was born of a pioneer family in Jersey County,
111., Dec. 1, 1847, his grandfather. Thomas M.
Hamilton, having removed from Ohio in 1818 to
Jlonroe County, 111., where the father of the sub-
ject of this sketch was born. The latter (Elder
Benjamin B. Hamilton) was for fifty years a
Baptist preacher, chiefly in Greene County, and,
from 1863 to '65, Chaplain of the Sixty-first Illi-
nois Volunteers. Young Hamilton, having re-
ceived his literary education at home and with a
classical teacher at Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1863
began the study of medicine, and the following
year attempted to enlist as a soldier, but was
rejected on account of being a minor. In 1869 he
graduated from Rush Medical College in Chicago,
and. for the next five years, was engaged in gen-
eral practice. Then, having passed an examina-
tion before an Army Examining Board, he was
appointed Assistant Surgeon in the regular army
with the rank of First Lieutenant, serving suc-
cessively at Jefferson Barracks, St. Louis; Fort
Colville. Washington, and in the Marine Hospital
at Boston ; in 1879 became Supervising Surgeon-
General as successor to Gen. John M. Woodworth
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
■il7
and, during the yellow-fever epidemic in the
South, a few years later, rendered efficient service
in checking the spread of the disease by taking
charge of the camp of refugees from Jacksonville
and other stricken points. Resigning the position
of Surgeon-General in 1891, he took charge of the
Marine Hospital at Chicago and became Pro-
fessor of Surgery in Rush Medical College, besides
holding other allied positions ; was also editor of
"The Journal of the American Medical Associ-
ation." In 1896 he resigned his position in the
Medical Department of the United States Army,
in 1897 was appointed Superintendent for the
Northern Hospital for the Insane at Elgin, but
died, Dec. 24, 1898.
HAMILTON, John L., farmer and legislator,
was born at Newry, Ireland, Nov. 9, 1829 ; emi-
grated to Jersey County, 111., in 1851, where he
began life working on a farm. Later, he followed
the occupation of a farmer in Mason and Macou-
pin Counties, finally locating, in 1864, in Iroquois
County, which has since been his home. After
filling various local offices, in 1875 he was elected
Count}' Treasurer of Iroquois County as a Repub-
lican, and twice re-elected (1877 and '79), also, in
1880, being Chairman of the Republican County
Central Committee. In 1884 he was elected to
the House of Representatives, being one of the
"103" who stood by General Logan in the mem-
orable Senatorial contest of 1885 ; was re-elected
in 1886, and again returned to the same body in
1890 and '98.
HAMILTON, John Marshall, lawyer and ex-
Governor, was born in Union County, Ohio, May
28, 1847; when 7 years of age, was brought to
Illinois by his father, who settled on a farm in
Marshall County. In 1864 (at the age of 17; he
enlisted in the One Hundred and Forty-first Illi-
nois Volunteers — a 100-day regiment. After
being mustered out, he matriculated at the Wes-
leyan (Ohio) University, from which he gradu-
ated in 1868. For a year he taught school at
Henry, and later became Professor of Languages
at the Wesleyan (111.) University at Blooming-
ton. He was admitted to the bar in 1870, and has
been a successful practitioner at the bar. In
1876 he was elected State Senator from McLean
County, and, in 1880, Lieutenant-Governor on the
ticket with Gov. Shelby M. CuUom. On Feb. 6,
1883, he was inaugurated Governor, to succeed
Governor Cullom, who had been chosen United
States Senator. In 1884 he was a candidate for
the gubernatorial nomination before the Repub-
lican State Convention at Peoria, but that body
selected ex-Gov. and ex-Senator Richard J.
Oglesby to head the State ticket. Since then
Governor Hamilton has been a prominent practi-
tioner at the Chicago bar.
HAMILTON, Richard Jones, pioneer lawyer,
was born near Danville, Ky. , August 21, 1799;
studied law and, about 1820, came to Jonesboro,
Union County, 111. , in company with Abner Field,
afterwards State Treasurer ; in 1821 was appointed
cashier of the newly established Branch State
Bank at Brownsville, Jackson County, but, in
1831, removed to Chicago, Governor Reynolds
having appointed him the first Probate Judge of
Cook County. At the same time he also held the
offices of Circuit and County Clerk, Recorder and
Commissioner of School lands — the sale of the
Chicago school section being made under his
administration. He was a Colonel of State militia
and, in 1832, took an active part in raising volun-
ters for defense during the Black Hawk War;
also was a candidate for the colonelcy of the
Fifth Regiment for the Mexican War (1847),
but was defeated by Colonel Newby. In 1856
he was an unsuccessful candidate for Lieu-
tenant-Governor on the Democratic ticket. Died,
Dec. 26, 1860.
HAMILTON, William Stephen, pioneer — son
of Alexander Hamilton, first United States Secre-
tary of tlie Treasury — was born in New York
City. August 4, 1797; spent three years (1814-17),
at West Point ; came west and located at an early
day at Springfield, 111. ; was a deputy surveyor of
public lands, elected Representative from Sanga-
mon County, in the Fourth General Assembly
(1824-26); in 1827 removed to the Lead Mine
region and engaged in mining at "Hamilton's
Diggings" (now Wiota) in southwest Wisconsin,
and occasionally practiced law at Galena ; was a
member of the Wisconsin Territorial Legislature
of 1842-43. emigrated to California in 1849, and
died in Sacramento, Oct. 9, 1850, where, some
twenty years later, a monument was erected to
his memory. Colonel Hamilton was an aid-de-
camp of Governor Coles, who sent him forward
to meet General La Fayette on his way from New
Orleans, on occasion of La Fayette's visit to Illi-
nois in 1825.
HAMILTON COUNTY, situated in the south-
eastern part of the State; has an area of 440
square miles, and population (1900) of 20,197 —
named for Alexander Hamilton. It was organ-
ized in 1821, with McLeansboro as the county-
seat. The surface of the county is rolling and
the fertile soil well watered and drained by
numerous creeks, flowing east and south into the
Wabash, which constitutes its southeastern
218
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
boundary. Coal crops out at various points in
the southwestern portion. Originally Hamilton
County was a dense forest, and timber is still
abundant and saw-mills numerous. Among the
hard woods found are black and white oak, black
walnut, ash and hickory. The softer woods are
in unusual variety. Corn and tobacco are the
principal crops, although considerable fruit is
cultivated, besides oats, winter wheat and pota-
toes. Sorghum is also extensively produced.
Among the pioneer settlers was a Mr. Auxier (for
whom a water course was named), in ISl."); Adam
Crouch, the Biggerstaffs and T. Stelle, in 1818,
and W. T. Golson and Louis Baxter, in 1821.
The most important town is McLeansboro, whose
population in 1890 was l.S'yU.
H.4MM0XI), Charles Goodrich, Railway Mana-
ger, was born at Bolton, Conn., June 4, 1804,
spent his youth in Chenango County, N. Y. ,
where he became Principal of the Whitesboro
Seminary (in whicli he was partially educated),
and entered mercantile life at Canandaigua;
in 1834 removed to Michigan, where he held
various offices, including member of the Legisla-
tvire and Auditor; in 1852 completed the con-
struction of tlie Michigan Central Railroad (the
first line from the East) to Chicago, and took up
his residence in that city. In 185.5 he became
Superintendent of the Chicago, Burlington &
Quincy Railroad, but soon resigned to take a
trip to Europe for the benefit of his health.
Returning from Europe in 1869, he accepted the
Superintendency of the Union Pacific Railroad,
but was compelled to resign by failing health, later
becoming Vice-President of the Pullman Palace
Car Company. He was Treasurer of the Chicago
ReUef & Aid Society after the fire of 1871, and
one of the founders of the Chicago Theological
Seminary (Congregational) : also President, for
several years, of the Chicago Home for the Friend-
less. Died, April 15, 1884.
HAMPSHIRE, a town of Kane County, on the
Omaha Division of the Chicago. Milwaukee & St.
Paul Railway, 51 miles west-northwest from Chi-
cago. There are brick and tile works, a machine
shop and a lock factory here ; the dairy and stock
interests are also large. The place has a bank
and a weeklj- paper. Population (1880), 483;
(1900), 760.
HANCOCK COUNTY, on the western border of
the State, bounded on the west by the Mississippi
River ; was organized in 1825 and named for John
Hancock ; has an area of 769 square miles ; popu-
lation (1900), 32.215. Its early settlers were
chiefly from the Middle and Southern States,
among them being I. J. Waggen, for nearly sixty
years a resident of Montebello Township. Black
Hawk, the famous Indian Chief, is reputed to
have been born within the limits of Camp Creek
Township, in this county. Fort Edwards was
erected on the present site of Warsaw, soon after
the "War of 1812, but was shortly afterwards evac-
uated. Abraham Lincoln, a cousin of the Presi-
dent of that name, was one of the early settlers.
Among the earliest were John Day, Abraham
Brewer, Jacob Compton, D. F. Parker, the Dixons,
Mendenhalls, Logans, and Luther Whitney.
James White, George Y. Cutler and Henry Nich-
ols were the first Commissioners. In 1839 the
Mormons crossed the Mississippi, after being
expelled from Missouri, and founded the city of
Nauvoo in this county. (See Mormons, Nauvoo. )
Carthage and Appanoose were surveyed and laid
out in 1835 and 1836. A ferry across the Missis-
sippi was established at Slontebello (near the
present site of Hamilton) in 1829, and another,
two years later, near the site of old Fort Edwards.
The county is crossed by six lines of railway, has
a fine public school system, numerous thriving
towns, and is among the wealthy counties of the
State.
HANDY, Moses Pnrnell, journalist, was born
at Warsaw, Mo., April 14, 1847; before he was
one year old was taken back to Maryland, his
parents' native State. He was educated at Ports-
mouth, Va. , and was a student at the Virginia
Collegiate Institute at the breaking out of the
Civil War, when he joined the Confederate army
at the age of seventeen. When the war ended
Handy found himself penniless. He was school-
teacher and book-canvasser by turns, meantime
writing some for a New York paper. Later he
became a clerk in the office of "The Christian
Observer" in Richmond. In 1867, by some clever
reporting for "The Richmond Dispatch," he was
able to secure a regular position on the local staff
of that paper, quickly gaining a reputation as a
successful reporter, and, in 1869, becoming city
editor. From this time until 1887 his promotion
was rapid, being employed at different times upon
many of the most prominent and influential
papers in the East, including "The New York
Tribune," "Richmond Enquirer," and, in Phila-
delphia, upon "The Times," "The Press" and
"Daily News." In 1893, at the request of Director-
General Davis of the World's Columbian Exposi-
tion, Mr. Handy accepted the position of Chief of
the Department of Publicity and Promotion, pre-
ferring this to the Consul-Generalship to Egypt,
tendered him about the same time by President
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
219
Harrison. Later, as a member of the National
Commission to Europe, he did much to arouse the
interest of foreign countries in the Exposition.
For some time after the World's Fair, he was
associate editor of "The Chicago Times-Herald."
In 1897, having been appointed by President
McKinley United States Commissioner to the
Paris Exposition of 1900, he visited Paris. Upon
his return to this country he found himself in
very poor health, and went South in a vain
attempt to regain his lost strength and vigor, but
died, at Augusta, Ga., Jan. 8, 1898.
HANKS, Dennis, pioneer, born in Hardin
County, Ky. , May 15, 1799; was a cousin of the
mother of Abraham Lincoln and, although ten
years the senior of the latter, was his intimate
friend in boyhood. Being of a sportive disposi-
tion, he often led tlie future President in boyish
pranks. About 1818, he joined the Lincoln house-
hold in Spencer County, Ind. , and finally married
Sarah Johnston, the step-sister of Mr. Lincoln,
the families removing to Macon County, 111.,
together, in 1830. A year or so later, Mr. Hanks
removed to Coles County, where he remained
until some three years before his death, when he
went to reside with a daughter at Paris, Edgar
County. It has been claimed that he first taught
the youthful Abraham to read and write, and
this has secured for him the title of Mr. Lincoln's
teacher. He has also been credited with having
once saved Lincoln from death by drowning while
crossing a swollen stream. Austin GoUaher, a
school- and play-mate of Lincoln's, has also made
the same claim for himself — the two stories pre-
sumably referring to the same event After the
riot at Charleston, 111. , in March, 1863, in which
several persons were killed, Hanks made a visit
to President Lincoln in Washington in the inter-
est of some of the arrested rioters, and, although
they were not immediately released, the fact that
they were ordered returned to Charleston for
trial and finally escaped punishment, has been
attributed to Hanks' influence with the President.
He died at Paris, Edgar County, Oct. 31. 1892, in
the 94th year of his age, as the result of injuries
received from being run over by a buggy while
returning from an Emancipation-Day celebra-
tion, near that city, on the 22d day of September
previous.
HANKS, John, pioneer, a cousin of the mother
of Abraham Lincoln, was born near Bardstown,
Ky., Feb. 9, 1802; joined the Lincolns in Spencer
County, Ind., in 1822, and made his home with
them two years; engaged in flat- boating, making
numerous trips to New Orleans, in one of them
being accompanied by 'Abraham Lincoln, then
about 19 years of age, who then had his feelings
aroused against slavery by his first sight of a
slave-mart. In 1828 Mr. Hanks removed to
Macon County, 111., locating about four miles
west of Decatur, and it was partly through his
influence that the Lincolns were induced to emi-
grate to the same locality in 1830. Hanks had
cut enough logs to build the Lincolns a house
when they arrived, and these were hauled by
Abraham Lincoln to the site of the house, which
was erected on the north bank of the Sangamon
River, near the present site of Harristown. Dur-
ing the following summer he and Abraham Lin-
coln worked together splitting rails to fence a
portion of the land taken up by the elder Lincoln
— some of these rails being the ones displayed
during the campaign of 1860. In 1831 Hanks and
Lincoln worked together in the construction of a
flat-boat on the Sangamon River, near Spring-
field, for a man named Offutt, which Lincoln took
to New Orleans — Hanks only going as far as
St. Louis, when he returned home. In 1832,
Hanks served as a soldier of the Mexican War in
the company commanded by Capt. I. C. Pugh,
afterwards Colonel of the Forty-first Illinois
Volunteer Infantry during the Civil War. He
followed the occupation of a farmer until 1850,
when he went to California, where he spent three
years, returning in 1853. In 1861 he enlisted as
a soldier in the Twenty-first Illinois Volunteer
Infantry (afterwards commanded by General
Grant), but being already 59 years of age, was
placed by Grant in charge of the baggage- train,
in which capacity he remained two years, serving
in Missouri, Tennessee, Arkansas, Kentucky.
Alabama and Mississippi. While Grant was with
the regiment. Hanks had charge of the staff team.
Being disabled by rheumatism, he was finally
discharged at Winchester, Tenn. He made
three trips to California after the war. Died,
July 1, 1891.
HANNIBAL & NAPLES RAILROAD. (See
Wabash Railroad.)
HANON, Martin, pioneer, was born near Nash-
ville, Tenn., April, 1799; came with his father to
Gallatin County, Illinois Territory, in 1812, and,
in 1818, to what is now a portion of Christian
County, being the first white settler in that
region. Died, near Sharpsburg, Christian County,
April 5, 1879.
HANOTER, a village in Jo Daviess County, on
Apple River, 14 miles south-southeast of Galena.
It has a flouring mill and a woolen factory, be-
sides four churches and a graded school. The
2;20
HISTOmCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Township (also called Hanover) extends to the
Mississippi, and has a population of about 1,700.
Population of the village (1890), 743; (1900), 785.
HARDIN, the county-seat of Calhoun County,
situated in Hardin Township, on the west bank
of the Illinois River, some 30 miles northwest of
Alton. It has two churches, a graded school and
two newspaper offices. Population (1880), 500;
(1890), 311; (1900), 494.
HARDIN, John J., lawyer. Congressman and
soldier, was born at Frankfort, Ky. , Jan. 6, 1810.
After graduating from Transylvania University
and being admitted to the bar, he began practice
at Jacksonville, 111., in 1830; for several years he
was Prosecuting Attorney of Morgan County,
later being elected to the lower house of the
Legislature, where he served from 1836 to "42.
The latter year he was elected to Congress, his
term expiring in 1845. During the later period
of his professional career at Jacksonville he was
the partner of David A. Smith, a prominent law-
yer of that city, and had Richard Yates for a
pupil. At the outbreak of the Mexican War he
was commissioned Colonel of the First Illinois
Volunteers (June 30, 1846) and was killed on the
second day of the battle of Buena Vista (Feb. 27.
1847) while leading the final charge. His remains
were brought to Jacksonville and buried with
distinguished honors in the cemetery there, his
former pupil, Richard Yates, delivering the fu-
neral oration. — Gen. Martin D. (Hardin), soldier,
son of the preceding, was born in Jacksonville, 111. ,
June 20, 1837 ; graduated at West Point Military
Academ}', in 1859, and entered the service as
brevet Second Lieutenant of the Third Artillery,
a few months later becoming full Second Lieu-
tenant, and, in May, 1861, First Lieutenant.
Being assigned to the command of volunteer
troops, he passed througli various grades until
May, 1864, when he was brevetted Colonel of
Volunteers for meritorious conduct at North
River, Va., became Brigadier-General of Volun-
teers, July 2, 1864, was brevetted Brigadier-
General of the regular army in March, 1865,
for service during the war, and was finally mus
tered out of the volunteer service in January,
1866. He continued in the regular service, how-
ever, until December 15, 1870. when he was
retired with the rank of Brigadier-General.
General Hardin lost an arm and suffered other
wounds during the war. His home is in Chicago.
— Ellen Hardin (Walworth), author, daughter of
Col. John J. Hardin, was born in Jacksonville,
III, Oct. 20, 1832, and educated at the Female
Seminary in that place; was married about 1854
to Mansfield Tracy Walworth (son of Chancellor
R. H. Walworth of New York). Her husband
became an author of considerable repute, chiefly in
the line of fiction, but was assassinated in 1873 by
a son who was acquitted of the charge of murder
on the ground of insanity. Mrs. Walworth is a
leader of the Daughters of the Revolution, and
has given much attention, of late years, to literary
pursuits. Among her works are accounts of the
Burgoyne Campaign and of the battle of Buena
Vista — the latter contributed to "The Magazine
of American History"; a "Life of Col. John J.
Hardin and History of the Hardin Family,"
besides a number of patriotic and miscellaneous
poems and essays. She served for several years
as a member of the Board of Education, and was
for six years principal of a young ladies' school
at Saratoga Springs, N, Y.
HARDIN COUNTY, situated on the southeast
border of tlie State, and bounded on the east and
south by the Ohio River. It has an area of 194
square miles, and was named for a county in
Kentuckj-. The surface is broken by ridges and
deep gorges, or ravines, and well timbered with
oak, hickory, elm, maple, locust and cotton-
wood. Corn, wheat and oats are the staple
agricultural products. The minerals found are
iron, coal and lead, besides carboniferous lime-
stone of the Keokuk group. Elizabethtown is
the county-seat. Population (1880), 6,024; (1890),
7,234; (1900), 7,448.
HARDING, Abner Clark, soldier and Member
of Congress, born in East Hampton, Middlesex
Countj', Conn., Feb. 10, 1807; was educated chiefly
at Hamilton Academy, N. Y., and, after practic-
ing law for a time, in Oneida County, removed to
Illinois, resuming practice and managing several
farms for twenty-five years. He was also a mem-
ber of the State Constitutional Convention of
1847 from Warren County, and of the lower
branch of the Sixteenth General Assembly
(1848-50). Between 1850 and 1860 he was engaged
in railroad enterprises. In 1863 he enlisted as a
private in tlie Eightj'-third Illinois Volunteer
Infantry, was commissioned Colonel and, in less
than a year, was promoted to Brigadier-General.
In 1864 he was elected to Congress and re-elected
in 1866. He did much for the development of the
western part of the State in the construction of
railroads, the Peoria & Oquawka (now a part of
the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy ) being one of
the lines constructed by him. He left a fortune
of about $2,000,000, and, before his death, en-
dowed a professorship in Monmouth College.
Died, July 19, 1874.
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
2-Zl
HAKGRAVE, Willis, pioneer, came from Ken-
tucky to Illinois in 1816. settling near Carmi in
Wliite County; served in the Third Territorial
Legislature (1817-18; and in the First General
Assembly of the State (1818-20). His business-
life in Illinois was devoted to farming and salt-
manufacture.
HARLAN, James, statesman, was born in Clark
County, 111., August 25, 1820; graduated at Asbury
University, Ind. ; was State Superintendent of
Public Instruction in Iowa (1847), President of
Iowa Wesleyan University (1853), United States
Senator (1855-65), Secretary of the Interior
(1865-66), but re-elected to the Senate the latter
year, and, in 1869, chosen President of Iowa Uni-
versity. He was also a member of the Peace
Conference of 1861, and a delegate to the Phila-
delphia Loyalists' Convention of 1866; in 1873,
after leaving the Senate, was editor of "The
Washington Chronicle," and, from 1882 to 1885,
presiding Judge of the Court of Commissioners of
the Alabama Claims. A daughter of ex-Senator
Harlan married Hon. Robert. T. Lincoln, son of
President Lincoln, and (1889-93) United States
Minister to England. Mr. Harlan's home is at
Mount Pleasant, Iowa. Died, Oct. 5, 1899.
HARLAN, Justin, jurist, was born in Ohio
about 1801 and, at the age of 25, settled in Clark
County, 111. ; served in the Black Hawk War of
1832 and, in 1835, was appointed a Justice of the
Circuit Court; was a Delegate to the Constitu-
tional Convention of 1847 and the following year
was elected to the Circuit bench under the new
Constitution, being re-elected in 1855. In 1862
he was appointed by President Lincoln Indian
Agent, continuing in office until 1865; in 1872
was elected County Judge of Clark County.
Died, while on a visit in Kentucky, in March,
1879.
HARLOW, George H., ex-Secretary of State,
born at Sackett's Harbor, N. Y., in 1830, removed
to Tazewell County, 111., in 1854, and engaged in
business as a commission merchant ; also served
a term as Mayor of Pekin. For many years he
took a prominent part in the history of the State.
Early in the '60's he was one of seven to organize,
at Pekin, the "Union League of America," a
patriotic secret organization sworn to preserve
the Union, working in harmony with the war
party and against the "Sons of Liberty." In
1862 he enlisted, and was about to go to the front,
when Governor Yates requested him to remain at
home and continue his effective work in the
Union League, saying that he could accomplish
more for the cause in this way than in the field.
Accordingly Mr. Harlow continued to labor as an
organizer, and the League became a powerful
factor in State politics. In 1865 he was made
First Assistant Secretary of the State Senate,
but soon after became Governor Oglesby's private
secretary. For a time he also served as Inspector-
General on the Governor's staff, and had charge
of the troops as they were mustered out. During
a portion of Mr. Rummel's term (1869-73) as Secre-
tary of State, he served as Assistant Secretary,
and, in 1873, was elected as successor to Secretary
Rummel and re-elected in 1876. While in Spring-
field he acted as correspondent for several news-
papers, and, for a year, was city editor of "The
Illinois State Journal." In 1881 he took up his
residence in Chicago, where he was engaged at
different periods in the commission and real
estate business, but has been retired of late years
on account of ill health. Died May 16, 1900.
HARPER, William H., legislator and commis-
sion merchant, born in Tippecanoe County, Ind.,
May 4, 1845; was brought by his parents in boy-
hood to Woodford County, 111., and served in the
One Hundred and Forty-fifth Illinois Volunteers ;
took a course in a commercial college and engaged
in the stock and grain-shipping business in Wood-
ford County until 1868, when he entered upon the
commission business in Chicago. From 1872 to
'75 he served, bj' appointment of the Governor,
as Chief of the Grain Inspection Department of
the city of Chicago; in 1882 was elected to the
Thirty -third General Assembly and re-elected in
1884. During his first term in the Legislature,
Mr, Harper introduced and secured the passage
of the "High License Law," which has received
his name. Of late years he has been engaged in
the grain commission business in Chicago.
HARPER, William Rainey, clergyman and
educator, was born at New Concord, Ohio, July
36, 1856 ; graduated at Muskingum College at the
age of 14, delivering the Hebrew oration, this
being one of the principal commencement honors
in that institution. After three years' private
study he took a post-graduate course in philology
at Yale, receiving the degree of Ph.D., at the age
of 19. For several years he was engaged in
teaching, at Macon, Tenn., and Denison Uni-
versity, Ohio, meanwhile continuing his philo-
logical studies and devoting special attention to
Hebrew. In 1879 he accepted the chair of
Hebrew in the Baptist Union Theological Semi-
nary at Morgan Park, a suburb of Chicago. Here
he laid the foundation of the "inductive method"
of Hebraic study, which rapidly grew in favor.
The school by correspondence was known as the
222
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
"American Institute of Hebrew." and increased
so rapidly that, by 1885, it had enrolled 800 stu-
dents, from all parts of the world, many leading
professors co-operating. In 1886 he accepted the
professorship of Semitic Language and Literature
at Yale University, having in the previous year
become Principal of the Chautauqua College of
Liberal Arts, and, in 1891, Principal of the
entire Cliautauqua system. Diuring the winters
of 1889-91, Dr. Harper delivered courses of lec-
tures on tlie Bible in various cities and before
several universities and colleges, having been,
in 1889, made Woolsey Professor of Biblical
Literature at Yale, although still filling his
former chair. In 1891 he accepted an invitation
to the Presidency of the then incipient new Chi-
cago University, which has rapidly increased in
wealth, extent and influence. (See University
of Chicago.) He is also at present (1899) a mem-
ber of the Chicago Board of Education. Dr.
Harper is the autlior of nmuerous philological
text-books, relating chiefly to Hebrew, but ap-
plying the "inductive method" to the study of
Latin and Greek, and has also sought to improve
the study of English along these same lines. In
addition, he has edited two scientific periodicals,
and published numerovis monographs.
HARRIS, Thomas L., lawyer, soldier and Mem-
ber of Congress, was born at Norwich, Conn.,
Oct. 29, 1816; graduated at Trinity College, Hart-
ford, in 1841, studied law with Gov. Isaac Toucey,
and was admitted to the bar in Virginia in 1843,
the same year removing to Petersburg, Menard
County, 111. Here, in 1845, he was elected School
Commissioner, in 1846 raised a company for the
Mexican War, joined the Fourth Regiment (Col.
E. D. Baker's) and was elected Major. He was
present at the capture of Vera Cruz and the
battle of Cerro Gordo, after the wounding of
General Shields at the latter, taking command of
the regiment in place of Colonel Baker, who had
assumed command of the brigade. During his
absence in the army (1846) he was chosen
to the State Senate; in 1848 was elected to
the Thirty-first Congress, but was defeated by
Bichard Yates in 1850; was re-elected in 1854,
'56, and "58, but died Nov. 24, 1858, a few days after
his fourth election and before completing his
preceding term.
HARRIS, William Logran, Methodist Episcopal
Bishop, born near Mansfield, Ohio, Nov. 14. 1817;
was educated at Norwalk Seminar}-, licensed to
preach in 1836 and soon after admitted to the
Michigan Conference, being transferred to the
Ohio Conference in 1840. In 1845-46 he was a
tutor in the Ohio Wesleyan University; then,
after two years' pastoral work and some three
years as Principal of Baldwin Seminary, in 1851
returned to the Wesleyan, filling the position
first of Principal of the Academic Department
and then a professorship; was Secretary of the
General Conferences (1856-72) and, during 1860-72,
Secretary of tlie Church Missionary Society ; in
1872 was elected Bishop, and visited the Methodist
Mission stations in China, Japan and Europe;
joined the Illinois Conference in 1874. remaining
until his death, which occurred in New York,
Sept. 2, 1887. Bishop Harris was a recognized au-
thority on Methodist Church law, and published
a small work entitled "Powers of the General
Conference" (1859), and, in connection with
Judge William J. Henry, of this State, a treatise
on "Ecclesiastical Law," having special refer-
ence to the Methodist Church.
HARRISBURG, county-seat of Saline County,
on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St.
Louis Railway, 70 miles northeast of Cairo. The
surrounding country is devoted to agriculture
and fruit-growing, and valuable deposits of salt,
coal and iron are found in the vicinity. The
town has flour and saw-mills, brick and tile
works, carriage and other wood working estab-
lishments, two banks and three weekly news-
papers. Population (1890), 1.723; (1900). 2.202.
HARRISON, Carter Henry, politician. Con-
gressman and Mayor of Chicago, was born in
Fayette County, Ky., Feb. 15, 1825; at the age of
20 years graduated from Yale College and began
reading law, but later engaged in farming. After
spending two years in foreign travel, he entered
the Law Department of Transylvania University,
at Lexington, Ky., and, after graduation, settled
at Chicago, where he soon became an operator in
real estate. In 1871 he was elected a Commis-
sioner of Cook County, serving three years. In
1874 he again visited Europe, and, on his return,
was elected to Congress as a Democrat, being
re-elected in 1876. In 1879 he was chosen Mayor
of Chicago, filling that office for four successive
biennial terms, but was defeated for re-election
in 1887 by his Republican competitor. John A.
Roche. He was the Democratic candidate for
Governor in 1888, but failed of election. He
thereafter made a trip around the world, and. on
his return, published an entertaining account of
his journey under the title, "A Race with the
Sun." In 1891 he was an Independent Demo-
cratic candidate for the Chicago mayoralty, but
was defeated by Hempstead Washburne. Repub-
lican. In 1893 he received the regular nomina-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
223
tion of his party for the ofBce, and was elected.
In 1892, in connection with a few associates, he
purchased the plant of "The Chicago Times, ' ' plac-
ing his sons in charge. He was a man of strong
character and intense personality, making warm
friends and bitter enemies ; genial, generous and
kindly, and accessible to any one at all times, at
either his office or his home. Taking advantage
of this latter trait, one Prendergast. on the night
of Oct. 28, 1893 — immediately following the clos-
ing exercises of the World's Columbian Exposition
— gained admission to his residence, and, without
the slightest provocation, shot him down in his
library. He lived but a few hours. The assassin
was subsequently tried, convicted and hung.
Harrison, carter Henry, Jr., son of the
preceding, was born in Chicago, April 23, 1860,
being a lineal descendant of Benjamin Harrison,
an early Colonial Governor of Virginia, and lat-
erally related to the signer of the Declaration
of Independence of that name, and to President
William Henry Harrison. Mr. Harrison was
educated in tlie public schools of Chicago, at the
Gymnasium, Altenburg, Germany, and St. Igna-
tius College, Chicago, graduating from the latter
in 1881. Having taken a course in Yale Law
School, he began practice in Chicago in 1883,
remaining until 1889, when he turned his atten-
tion to real estate. His father having purchased
the "Chicago Times" about 1892, he became
associated with the editorship of that paper and,
for a time, had charge of its publication until its
consolidation with "The Herald" in 1895. In
1897, he received the Democratic nomination for
Mayor of Chicago, his popularity being shown by
receiving a majority of the total vote. Again
in 1899, he was re-elected to the same office,
receiving a plurality over his Republican com-
petitor of over 40,000. Mayor Harrison is one of
the youngest men who ever held the office.
HARRISON, William Henry, first Governor of
Indiana Territory (including the present State of
Illinois), was born at Berkeley, Va., Feb 9, 1773,
being the son of Benjamin Harrison, a signer of
the Declaration of Independence; was educated
at Hampden Sidney College, and began the study
of medicine, but never finished it. In 1791 he
was commissioned an Ensign in the First U. S.
Infantry at Fort Washington (the present site of
Cincinnati), was promoted a Lieutenant a year
later, and, in 1797, assigned to command of the
Fort with the rank of Captain. He had pre-
viously served as Aid-de-Camp to Gen. Wayne,
by whom he was complimented for gallantry at
the battle of Miami. In 1798 he was appointed by
President Adams Secretary of the Northwest
Territory, but resigned in 1799 to become Dele-
gate in Congress ; in 1800 he was appointed Gov-
ernor of the newly created Territory of Indiana,
serving by reappointment some 12 years. During
his incumbency and as Commissioner, a few years
later, he negotiated many important treaties
with the Indians. In 1811 he won the decisive
victory over Chief Tecumseh and his followers
at Tippecanoe. Having been made a Brigadier-
General in the War of 1812, he was promoted to
Major-General in 1813 and, as Commander of the
Army of the Northwest, he won the important
battle of the Thames. Resigning his commission
in 1814, he afterwards served as Representative
in Congress from Ohio (1816-1819) ; Presidential
Elector in 1820 and 1824; United States Senator
(1824-1828), and Minister to the United States of
Colombia (1828-29). Returning to the United
States, he was elected Clerk of the-Court of Com-
mon Pleas of Hamilton County, serving twelve
years. In 1836 he was an unsuccessful Whig
candidate for President, but was elected in 1840,
dying in Washington City, April 4, 1841, just one
month after his inauguration.
H.4.RTZELL, William, Congressman, was born
in Stark County, Ohio, Feb. 20, 1837. When he
was tliree years old his parents removed to Illi-
nois, and, four years later (1844) to Texas. In
1853 he returned to Illinois, settling in Randolph
County, which became his permanent home. He
was brought up on a farm, but graduated at Mc-
Kendree College, Lebanon, in June, 1859. Five
years later he was admitted to the bar, and began
practice. He was Representative in Congress for
two terms, being elected as a Democrat, in 1874,
and again in 1876.
HARVARD, an incorporated city in McHenry
County, 63 miles northwest of Chicago on tlie
Chicago & Northwestern Railway. It was incor-
porated in 1891, and has electric lights, an artesian
water system, two weekly newspapers and vari-
ous manufacturing establishments, among them
a flouring mill, a carriage-wheel factory and sew-
ing machine works. The surrounding region is
agricultural. Population(1890), 1.967; (1900). 2,602.
HASKELL, Harriet Newell, educator and third
Principal of Monticello Female Seminary, was
born at Waldboro, Lincoln County, Maine, Jan. 14,
1835; educated at Castleton Seminary, Vt. , and
Mount Holyoke Seminary, Mass., graduating
from the latter in 1855. Later, she served as
Principal of high schools in Maine and Boston
until 1862, when she was called to the principal-
ship of Castleton Seminary. She resigned this
■2U
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
position in 1867 to assume a similar one at Monti-
cello Female Seminary, at Godfrey, 111., where
she has since remained. The main building of
this institution having been burned in Novem-
ber, 1889, it was rebuilt on an enlarged and
improved plan, largely through the earnest efforts
of Miss Haskell. (See Monticello Female Semi-
nary.)
HATCH, Ozias Mather, Secretary of the State
of Illinois (1857-'6.5), was born at Hillsborough
Center, N. H., April 11, 1814, and removed to
Griggsville, 111., in 1836. In 1829 he began life as
a clerk for a wholesale and retail grocer in Bos-
ton. From 1836 to 1841 he was engaged in store-
keeping at Griggsville. In the latter year he was
appointed Circuit Court Clerk of Pike County,
holding the office seven years. In 1858 he again
embarked in business at Meredosia, 111. In 1850
he was elected to the Legislature, serving one
term. An earnest anti -slavery man, he was, in
18.56. nominated by the newly organized Repub-
lican party for Secretary of State and elected,
being re-elected in 1860, on the same ticket with
Mr. Lincoln, of whom he was a warm personal
friend and admirer. During the war he gave a
zealous and effective support to Governor Yates'
administration. In 1864 he declined a renomi-
nation and retired from political life. He was an
original and active member of the Lincoln Monu-
ment Association from its organization in 1865 to
his death, and, in company with Gov. R. J.
Oglesby, made a canvass of Eastern cities to col-
lect funds for statuary to be placed on the monu-
ment. After retiring from office he was interested
to some extent in the banking business at Griggs-
ville, and was influential in securing the con-
struction of the branch of the Wabash Railway
from Naples to Hannibal, Mo. He was, for over
thirty -five years, a resident of Springfield, dying
there, March 12, 1893.
HATFIELD, (Rev.) Robert Miller, clergy
man, was born at Mount Pleasant, Westchester
County, N. Y., Feb. 19, 1819; in early life enjoyed
only such educational advantages as could be
obtained while living on a farm ; later, was em
ployed as a clerk at White Plains and in New
York City, but, in 1841, was admitted to the
Providence Methodist Episcopal Conference, dur-
ing the next eleven years supplying churches in
Rhode Island and Massachusetts. In 1852 he
went to Brooklyn and occupied pulpits in that
vicinity until 1865, when he assumed the pastor-
ship of the Wabash Avenue Methodist Episcopal
Church in Chicago, two years later going to the
Centenary Church in the same city. He subse-
quently had charge of churches in Cincinnati and
Philadelphia, but, returning to Illinois in 1877.
he occupied pulpits for the next nine j-ears in
Evanston and Chicago. In 1886 he went to Sum-
merfield Methodist Episcopal Church, Brooklyn,
which was his last regular charge, as, in 1889, ht
became Financial Agent of the Northwestern
University at Evanston, of which he had been a
Trustee from 1878. As a temporary supply for
pulpits or as a speaker in popular assemblies, his
services were in constant demand during this
period. Dr. Hatfield served as a Delegate to the
General Conferences of 1860, "64, '76, "80 and "84,
and was a leader in some of the most important
debates in those bodies. Died, at Evanston,
March 31, 1891.
HATTOX, Frank, journalist and Postmaster-
General, was born at Cambridge, Ohio, April 28,
1846; entered his father's newspaper office at
Cadiz, as an apprentice, at 11 years of age, be-
coming foreman and local editor ; in 1863, at the
age of 16, he enlisted in the Ninety -eighth Ohio
Infantry, but, in 1864, was transferred to the One
Hundred and Eighty-fourth Ohio and commis-
sioned Second Lieutenant — his service being
chiefly in the Army of the Cumberland, but par-
ticipating in Sherman's March to the Sea. After
the war he went to Iowa, whither his father had
preceded him, and where he edited "The Mount
Pleasant Journal" (1869-74) ; then removed to Bur-
lington, where he .secured a controlling interest
in "The Hawkeye, " which he brought to a point
of great prosperity ; was Postmaster of that city
under President Grant, and, in 1881, became
First Assistant Postmaster-General. On the
retirement of Postmaster-General Gresham in
1884, he was appointed successor to the latter,
serving to the end of President Arthur's adminis-
tration, being the youngest man who ever held
a cabinet position, except Alexander Hamilton.
From 1882 to 1884, Mr. Hatton managed "The
National Republican" in Washington; in 1885
removed to Chicago, where he became one of the
proprietors and editor-in-chief of "The Evening
Mail"; retired from the latter in 1887, and, pur-
chasing the plant of "The National Republican"
in Washington, commenced the publication of
"The Washington Post, "with which he was con-
nected until his death, April 30. 1894.
HAVANA, the county-seat of Mason County, an
incorporated city founded in 1827 on the Illinois
River, opposite the mouth of Spoon River, and a
point of junction for three railways. It is a ship-
ping point for corn and osage orange hedge
plants. An agricultural implement factory is
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
225
located here. The city has several churches,
three public schools and three newspapers.
Population (1890), 3.525; (1900), 3,268.
HAVANA, RANTOUL & EASTERN RAIL-
ROAD. (See Illinois Central Railroad.)
HAVEN, Erastus Otis, Methodist Episcopal
Bishop, was born in Boston, Mass., Nov. 1, 1820;
graduated at the Wesleyan University in 1842,
and taught in various institutions in Massachu-
setts and New York, meanwhile studying theol-
ogy. In 1848 he entered the Methodist ministry
as a member of the New York Conference ; five
years later accepted a professorship in Michigan
University, but resigned in 1856 to become editor
of "Zion's Herald," Boston, for seven years — in
that time serving two terms in the State Senate
and a part of the time being an Overseer of Har-
vard University. In 1863 he accepted the Presi-
dency of Northwestern University at Evanston,
111. ; in 1872 became Secretary of the Methodist
Board of Education, but resigned in 1874 to
become Chancellor of Syracuse University, N.Y.
In 1880 he was elected a Bishop of the Methodist
Episcopal Church. Died, in Salem, Oregon, in
August, 1881. Bishop Haven was a man of great
versatility and power as an orator, wrote much
for the periodical press and published several
volumes on religious topics, besides a treatise on
rhetoric.
HAVEN, Lnther, educator, was born near
Framingham, Mass., August 6, 1806. With a
meager country-school education, at the age of
17 he began teaching, continuing in this occupa-
tion six or seven years, after which he spent
three years in a more liberal course of study in a
private academy at Ellington, Conn. He was
next employed at Leicester Academy, first as a
teacher, and, for eleven years, as Principal. He
then engaged in mercantile pursuits until 1849,
when he removed to Chicago. After several
years spent in manufacturing and real-estate
business, in 1854 he became proprietor of "The
Prairie Farmer," of which he remained in con-
trol until 1858. Mr. Haven took an active interest
in public affairs, and was an untiring worker for
the promotion of popular education. For ten
years following 1853, he was officially connected
with the Chicago Board of Education, being for
four years its President. The comptrollership of
the city was offered him in 1860, but declined.
During the war he was a zealous supporter of the
Union cause. In October, 1861, he was appointed
by President Lincoln Collector for the Port of
Chicago, and Sub-Treasurer of the United States
for the Department of the Northwest, serving in
this capacity during a part of President Johnson's
administration. In 1866 he was attacked with
congestion of the lungs, dying on March 6, of
that year.
HAWK, Robert M. A., Congressman, was born
in Hancock County, Ind. , April 23. 1839 ; came to
Carroll County, 111., in boyhood, where he attended
the common schools and later graduated from Eu-
reka College. In 1862 he enlisted in the Union
army, was commissioned First Lieutenant, next
promoted to a Captaincy and, finally, brevetted
Major for soldierly conduct in the field. In 1865
he was elected County Clerk of Carroll County,
and three times re-elected, serving from 1865 to
1879. The latter year he resigned, having been
elected to Congress on the Republican ticket in
1878. In 1880 he was re-elected, but died before
the expiration of his term, his successor being
Robert R. Hitt, of Mount Morris, who was chosen
at a special election to fill the vacancy.
HAWLEY, John B., Congressman and First
Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, was born in
Fairfield County, Conn., Feb. 9, 1831; accompa-
nied his parents to Illinois in childhood, residing
in his early manhood at Carthage, Hancock
County. At the age of 23 ( 1854) he was admitted
to the bar and began practice at Rock Island.
From 1856 to 1860 he was State's Attorney of
Rock Island County. In 1861 he entered the
Union army as Captain, but was so severely
wounded at Fort Donelson (1862) that he was
obliged to quit the service. In 1865 President
Lincoln appointed him Postmaster at Rock Island,
but one year afterward he was removed by Presi-
dent Johnson. In 1868 he was elected to Congress
as a Republican, being twice re-elected, and, in
1876, was Presidential Elector on the Hayes-
Wheeler ticket. In the following year he was
appointed by President Hayes First Assistant
Secretary of the Treasury, serving until 1880,
when he resigned. During the last six years of
his life he was Solicitor for the Chicago & North ■
western Railroad, with headquarters at Omaha,
Neb. Died, at Hot Springs. South Dakota. May
24, 1895.
HAT, John, author, diplomatist and Secretary
of State, was born in Salem, Ind., Oct. 8, 1838, of
Scottish ancestry; graduated at Brown Univer-
sity, 1858, and studied law at Springfield, 111., his
father, in the meantime, having become a resi-
dent of Warsaw, III. ; was admitted to practice
in 1861, but immediately went to Washington as
assistant private secretary of President Lincoln,
acting part of the time as the President's aid-de-
camp, also serving for some time under General
226
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Hunter and Gilmore, witli the rank of Major and
Adjutant-General. After President Lincoln's
assassination he served as Secretary of Legation
at Paris and Madrid, and as Charge d' Affaires at
Vienna ; was also editor for a time of ' 'The Illi-
nois State Journal" at Springfield, and a leading
editorial writer on "The New York Tribune."
Colonel Hay's more important literary works
include "Castilian Daj's. " "Pike County Ballads, "
and the ten-rolume "History of the Life and
Times of Abraham Lincoln," written in collabo-
ration with John G. Nicolay. In 1875 he settled
at Cleveland, Ohio, but, after retiring from "The
New York Tribune." made Washington his home.
In 1897 President JIcKinley appointed him Am-
bassador to England, where, by his tact, good
judgment and sound discretion manifested as a
diplomatist and speaker on public occasions, he
won a reputation as one of the most able and ac-
complished foreign representatives America has
produced. His promotion to the position of
Secretary of State on the retirement of Secretary
William R. Day, at the close of the Spanish -
American War, in September, 1898, followed
naturally as a just tribute to the rank which he
had won as a diplomatist, and was universallj'
approved throughout the nation.
HAY, John B., ex-Congressman, was born at
Belleville, lU., Jan. 8, 1834; attended the com-
mon schools and worked on a farm until lie was
16 years of age, when he learned the printer's
trade. Subsequently he studied law, and won
considerable local prominence in his profession,
being for eight years State's Attorney for the
Twenty-fourth Judicial Circuit. He served in
the Union army during the War of the Rebellion,
and, in 1868, was elected a Representative in the
Forty-first Congress, being re-elected in 1870.
HAT, Milton, lawyer and legislator, was born
in Fayette County, Ky., July 3, 1817; removed
with his father's family to Springfield, 111., in
1832 ; in 1838 became a student in the law office
of Stuart & Lincoln ; was admitted to the
bar in 1840, and began practice at Pittsfield,
Pike County. In 1858 he returned to Springfield
and formed a partnership with Judge Stephen
T. Logan (afterwards his father-in-law), which
ended by the retirement of the latter from prac-
tice in 1861. Others who were associated with
him as partners, at a later date, were Hon. Shelby
M. Cullom, Gen. John M. Palmer, Henry S.
Greene and D. T. Littler. In 1869 he was elected
a Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention
and, as Chairman of the Committee on Revenue
and member of the Judiciarj- Committee, was
prominent in shaping the Constitution of 1870.
Again, as a member of the lower branch of the
Twenty-eighth General Assembly (1873-74), he
assisted in revising and adapting the laws to the
new order of things under the new Constitution.
The estimate in which he was held by his associ-
ates is shown in the fact that he was a member
of the Joint Committee of five appointed by the
Legislature to revise the revenue laws of the
State, which was especially complimented for
the manner in wliich it performed its work by
concurrent resolution of the two houses. A con-
servative Republican in politics, gentle and unob-
trusive in manner, and of calm, dispassionate
judgment and unimpeachable integrity, no man
was more frequently consulted by State execu-
tives on questions of great delicacy and public
importance, during the last thirty years of his
life, than Mr. Hay. In 1881 he retired from the
active prosecution of his profession, devoting his
time to the care of a handsome estate. Died,
Sept. 15, 1893.
HAYES, Philip C, ex-Congressman, was born
at Granby. Conn., Feb. 3, 1838. Before he was a
year old his parents removed to La Salle County,
111. , where the first twenty j'ears of his life were
spent upon a farm. In 1860 he graduated from
Oberlin College, Ohio, and, in April, 1861, en-
listed in the Union army, being commissioned
successively. Captain, Lieutenant-Colonel and
Colonel, and finally brevetted Brigadier-General.
After the war he engaged in journalism, becom-
ing the pubUsher and senior editor of "The Morris
Herald," a weekly periodical issued at Morris,
Grundy County. In 1872 he was a delegate to the
National Republican Convention at Philadelphia
which renominated Grant, and represented his
district in Congress from 1877 to 1881. Later he
became editor and part proprietor of "The Repub-
lican" at Joliet, 111., but retired some }'ears since.
HAYES, Samuel Snowden, lawyer and politi-
cian, was born at Nashville, Tenn., Dec. 25, 1820;
settled at Shawneetown in 1838, and engaged in
the drug business for two years ; then began the
study of law and was admitted to practice in
1842, settling first at Mount Vernon and later at
Carmi. He early took an interest in politics,
stumping the southern counties for the Demo-
cratic party in 1843 and '44. In 1845 he was a
delegate to the Memphis Commercial Convention
and. in 1846, was elected to the lower House of
the State Legislature, being re-elected in "48. In
1847 he raised a company for service in the
Mexican War, but, owing to its distance from
the seat of government, its muster rolls were not
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
227
received until the quota of the State had been
filled. The same j'ear he was chosen a Delegate
to the State Constitvitional Convention for White
County, and, in 1848, was a Democratic Presi-
dential Elector. About 1852 he removed to Chi-
cago, where he was afterwards City Solicitor and
(1862-65) City Comptroller. He was a delegate
to the National Democratic Conventions at
Charleston and Baltimore in 1860, and an earnest
worker for Douglas in the campaign which fol-
lowed. While in favor of the Union, he was
stronglj- opposed to the policy of the administra-
tion, particularly in its attitude on the question
of slavery. His last public service was as a Dele-
gate from Cook County to the State Constitu-
tional Convention of 1869-70. His talents as an
orator, displayed both at the bar and before popu-
lar assemblies, were of a very high order.
HATMARKET RIOT, THE, an anarchistic
outbreak which occurred in Chicago on the
evening of May 4, 1886. For several days prior,
meetings of dissatisfied workingmen had been
addressed by orators who sought to inflame the
worst passions of their hearers. The excitement
(previouslj' more or less under restraint) cuhni-
nated on the date mentioned. Haymarket
Square, in Chicago, is a broad, open space formed
by the widening of West Randolph Street for an
open-air produce-market. An immense concourse
assembled there on the evening named ; inflam-
matory speeches were made from a cart, which
was used as a sort of improvised platform. Dur-
ing the earlier part of the meeting the Mayor
(Carter H. Harrison) was present, but upon his
withdrawal, the oratory became more impassioned
and incendiary. Towards midnight, some one
whose identity has never been thoroughly proved,
threw a dynamite bomb into the ranks of the
police, who, under command of Inspector John
Bonfield, had ordered the dispersal of the crowd
and were endeavoring to enforce the command.
Simultaneously a score of men lay dead or bleed-
ing in the street. The majority of the crowd
fied, pursued by the officers. Numerous arrests
followed during the night and the succeeding
morning, and search was made in the oSice of
the principal Anarchistic organ, which resulted
in the discovery of considerable evidence of an
incriminating character. A Grand Jury of Cook
County found indictments for murder against
eight of the suspected leaders, all of whom were
convicted after a trial extending over several
months, both the State and the defense being
represented by some of the ablest counsel at the
Chicago bar. Seven of the accused were con-
demned to death, and one (Oscar Neebe) was
given twenty years' imprisonment. The death
sentence of two— Samuel Fielden and Justus
Schwab — was subsequently commuted by Gov-
ernor Oglesby to life-imprisonment, but executive
clemency was extended in 1893 by Governor
Altgeld to all three of those serving terms in the
penitentiary. Of those condemned to execution,
one (Louis Linng) committed suicide in the
county-jail by exploding, between his teeth, a
small dynamite bomb which he had surrepti-
tiously obtained; the remaining four (August
Spies, Albert D. Parsons, Louis Engel and Adolph
Fischer) were hanged in the county-jail at
Chicago, on November 14, 1887. The affair
attracted wide attention, not only throughout the
United States but in other countries also.
HAYJflE, Isham Nicolas, soldier and Adju-
tant-General, was born at Dover, Tenn, , Nov. 18,
1824; came to Illinois in boyhood, and received
but little education at school, but worked on a
farm to obtain means to study law, and was
licensed to practice in 1846. Throughout the
Mexican War he served as a Lieutenant in the
Sixth Illinois Volunteers, but, on his return,
resumed practice in 1849, and, in 1850, was
elected to the Legislature from Marion County.
He graduated from the Kentucky Law School in
1852 and, in 1856, was appointed Judge of the
Court of Common Pleas at Cairo. In 1860 he was a
candidate for Presidential Elector on the Doug-
las ticket. In 1861 he entered the army as
Colonel of the Forty-eighth Illinois Infantry,
which he had assisted in organizing. He partici-
pated in the battles of Fort Donelson and Shiloh,
and was severely wounded at the latter. In 1862
he was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress as
a War Democrat, being defeated by W. J. Allen,
and the same j'ear was commissioned Brigadier-
General of Volunteers. He resumed practice at
Cairo in 1864, and, in 1865. was appointed by
Governor Oglesby Adjutant-General as successor
to Adjutant-General Fuller, but died in oflSce, at
Springfield. November, 1868.
HATWARD COLLEGE AND COMMERCIAL
SCHOOL, at Fairfield, Wayne County ; incorpo-
rated in 1886; is co-educational; had 160 pupils in
1898, with a faculty of nine instructors.
HEACOCK, Russell E., pioneer lawyer, was
born in Litchfield, Conn., in 1770; having lost his
father at 7 years of age, learned the carpenter's
trade and came west early in life ; in 1806 was
studying law in Missouri, and, two years later,
was licensed to practice in Indiana Territory, of
wliich Illinois then formed a part, locating first
228
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
at Kaskaskia and afterwards at Jonesboro, in
Union County; in 1823 went to Buffalo, N. Y..
but returned west in 1827, arriving where Chi-
cago now stands on Julj- 4; in 1828 was living
inside Fort Dearborn, but subsequently located
several miles up the South Branch of the Chicago
River, where he opened a small farm at a place
which went by the name of "Heacock's Point."
In 1831 he obtained a license to keep a tavern, in
1833 became a Justice of the Peace, and, in 1885,
had a law office in the village of Chicago. He
took a prominent part in the organization of Cook
County, invested liberally in real estate, but lost
it in the crash of 1837. He was disabled by par-
alysis in 1843 and died of cholera, June 28, 1849.
— Reuben E. (Heacock), a son of Mr. Heacock,
was member of the State Constitutional Conven-
tion of 1847, from Cook County.
HEALTH, BOARD OF, a bureau of the State
Government, created by act of May 2.5, 1877. It
consists of seven member^, named bj' the Gov-
ernor, who hold office for seven years. It is
charged with "general supervision of the inter-
ests connected with the health and life of the
citizens of the State. " All matters pertaining to
quarantine fall within its purview, and in this
respect it is invested with a power which, while
discretionary, is well-nigh autocratic. The same
standard holds good, although to a far less ex-
tent, as to its supervisory power over conta-
gious diseases, of man or beast. The Board also
has a modified control over medical practitioners,
under the terms of the statute popularl}- known
as the "Medical Practice Act." Through its
powers thereunder, it has kept out or exjielled
from the State an army of irregular practition-
ers, and has done much toward raising the stand-
ard of professional qualification.
HEALT, George P. A., artist, was born in
Boston, July 15, 1808, and early manifested a
predilection for art, in which he was encouraged
by the painter Scully. He struggled in the face
of difficulties until 1836, when, having earned
some money by his art, he went to Europe to
stud}-, spending two years in Paris and a like
period in London. In 1855 he came to Chicago,
contemplating a stay of three weeks, but re-
mained until 1867. During this time he is said
to have painted 575 portraits, many of them
being likenesses of prominent citizens of Chicago
and of the State. Many of his pictures, deposited
in the rooms of the Chicago Historical Society
for safe-keeping, were destroyed by the fire of
1871. From 1869 to "91 his time was spent chiefly
in Rome. During his several visits to Europe he
painted the portraits of a large number of royal
personages, including Louis PhilUppe of France,
as also, in this country, the portraits of Presidents
and other distinguished persons. One of his his-
torical pictures was "Webster Replying to
Hayne," in which 150 figures are introduced. A
few years before his death, Mr. Healy donated a
large number of his pictures to the Newberry
Library of Chicago. He died in Chicago, June
24, 1894.
HEATOX, William Weed, lawyer and jurist,
was born at Western, Oneida County, N. Y.,
April 18, 1814. After completing his academic
studies he engaged, for a short time, in teaching,
but soon began the study of law, and, in 1838,
was admitted to the bar at Terre Haute, Ind. In
1840 he removed to Dixon, 111. , where he resided
until his death. In 18G1 he was elected Judge of
the Circuit Court for the Twenty-second Circuit,
and occupied a seat upon the bench, through
repeated re-elections, until his death, which
occurred Dec. 26, 1877, while serving as a mem-
ber of the Appellate Court for the First District.
HECKER, Friedrich Karl Franz, German pa-
triot and soldier, was born at Baden, Germany,
Sept. 28, 1811. He attained eminence in his
native country as a lawyer and politician ; was a
member of the Baden Assembl)' of 1843 and a
leader in the Diet of 1846-47, but, in 1848, was
forced, with many of his compatriots, to find a
refuge in the United States. In 1849 he settled
as a farmer at Summerfield, in St. Clair County,
111. He took a deep interest in politics and, being
earnestly opposed to slavery, ultimately joined
the Republican part}', and took an active part in
the campaigns of 1856 and "60. In 1861 he was
commissioned Colonel of the Twenty-fourth Illi-
nois Volunteers, and was later transferred to the
command of the Eightj'-second. He was a brave
soldier, and actively participated in the battles
of Missionary Ridge and Chancellorsville. In
1864 he resigned his commission and returned to
his farm in St. Clair County. Died, at St. Louis,
Mo., March 24, 1881.
REDDING COLLEGE, an institution incorpo-
rated in 1875 and conducted under the auspices of
the Methodist Episcopal Church, at Abingdon,
Knox County, 111. ; has a faculty of seventeen
instructors, and reports (1895-96), 403 students,
of whom 212 were male and 181 female. The
branches taught include the sciences, the classics,
music, fine arts, oratory and preparatory courses.
The institution has fimds and endowment
amounting to $55,000, and property valued at
$158,000.
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
229
HEMPSTEAD, Charles S., pioneer lawyer and
first Mayor of Galena, was born at Hebron, Tol-
land County, Conn., Sept. 10, 1794 — the son of
Stephen Hempstead, a patriot of the Revolution.
In 1809 he came west in company with a brother,
descending the Ohio River in a canoe from Mari-
etta to Shawneetown, and making his way across
the "Illinois Country" on foot to Kaskaskia and
finally to St. Louis, where he joined another
brother (Edward), with whom he soon began the
study of law. Having been admitted to the bar
in both Missouri Territory and Illinois, he re-
moved to St. Genevieve, where he held the ofiice
of Prosecuting Attorney by appointment of the
Governor, but returned to St. Louis in 1818-19
and later became a member of the Missouri Legis-
lature. In 1829 Mr. Hempstead located at Galena,
111., which continued to be his home for the re-
mainder of his life, and where he was one of the
earliest and best known lawyers. The late Minis
ter E. B. Washburne became a clerk in Mr
Hempstead's law office in 1840, and, in 1845, a
partner. Mr. Hempstead was one of the pro
moters of the old Chicago & Galena Union Rail
road (now a part of the Chicago & Northwestern)
serving upon the first Board of Directors; was
elected the first Mayor of Galena in 1841, and, in
tlie early days of the Civil War, was appointed
by President Lincoln a Paymaster in the Army.
Died, in Galena, Dec. 10, 1874. — Edward (Hemp-
stead) , an older brother of the preceding, already
mentioned, came west in 1804, and, after holding
various positions at Vincennes, Indiana Territory,
under Gov. William Henry Harrison, located at
St Louis and became the first Territorial
Delegate in Congress from Missouri Territory
(1811-14). His death occurred as the result of an
accident, August 10, 1817. — Stephen (Hemp-
stead), another member of this historic family,
was Governor of Iowa from 1850 to '54. Died,
Feb. 16, 1883.
HEXDERSON, Thomas J,, ex-Congressman,
was born at Brownsville, Tenn., Nov. 19, 1824;
came to Illinois in 1837, and was reared upon a
farm, but received an academic education. In
1847 he was elected Clerk of the County Com-
missioners' Court of Stark Count}', and, in 1849,
Clerk of the County Court of the same county,
serving in that capacity for four years. Mean-
while he had studied law and had been admitted
to the bar in 1852. In 1855 and '56 he was a
member of the lower house of the Legislature,
and State Senator from 1857 to '60. He entered
the Union army, in 1862, as Colonel of the One
Hundred and Twelfth Illinois Volunteers, and
served until the close of the war, being brevetted
Brigadier-General in January, 1865. He was a
Republican Presidential Elector for the State- at-
large in 1868, and, in 1874, was elected to Congress
from the Seventh Illinois District, serving con-
tinuously until March, 1895. His home is at
Princeton.
HENDERSON, WlUiam H., politician and legis-
lator, was born in Garrard County, Ky., Nov. 16,
1793. After serving in the War of 1812, he settled
in Tennessee, where he held many positions of
public trust, including that of State Senator. In
1836 he removed to Illinois, and, two years later,
was elected to the General Assembly as Repre-
sentative from Bureau and Putnam Counties,
being re-elected in 1840. In 1843 he was the
unsuccessful Whig candidate for Lieutenant-
Governor, being defeated by John Moore. In
1845 he migrated to Iowa, where he died in 1864.
HENDERSON COUNTY, a county comprising
380 square miles of territory, located in the west-
ern section of the State and bordering on the Mis-
sissippi River. Tiie first settlements were made
about 1827-28 at Yellow Banks, now Oquawka.
Immigration was checked by the Black Hawk
War, but revived after the removal of the Indians
across the Mississippi. The county was set oflf
from Warren in 1841, with Oquawka as the
county-seat. Population (1880), 10,722; (1890),
9,876. The soil is fertile, and underlaid by lime-
stone. The surface is undulating, and well tim-
bered. Population (1900). 10.836.
HENNEPIN, the county-seat of Putnam
County, situated on the left bank of the Illinois
River, about twenty-eight miles below Ottawa,
100 miles southwest of Chicago, and three miles
southeast of Bureau Junction. It has a court
house, a bank, three churches, a graded school
and a weekly newspaper office. It is a prominent
shipping point for produce by the river. The
Hennepin Canal, now in process of construction
from the Illinois River to the Mississippi at the
mouth of Rock River, leaves the Illinois about
two miles above Hennepin. Population (1880),
623; (1890), 574; (1900), 523.
HENNEPIN, Louis, a Franciscan (Recollect)
friar and explorer, born at Ath, Belgium, about
1640. After several years of clerical service in
Belgium and Holland, he was ordered (1675) by
his ecclesiastical superiors to proceed to Canada.
In 1679 he accompanied La Salle on his explo-
rations of the great lakes and the upper Missis-
sippi. Having reached the Illinois by way of
Lake Michigan, early in the following year (1680),
La Salle proceeded to construct a fort on the east
230
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
side of the Illinois River, a little below the
present site of Peoria, which afterwards received
the name of Fort Creve-Coeur. In February,
1680, Father Hennepin was dispatched by La
Salle, with two companions, by way of the
mouth of the Illinois, to explore the upper Mis-
sissippi. Ascending the latter stream, his party
was captured by the Sioux and carried to the
villages of that tribe among the Minnesota lakes,
but finally rescued. During his captivity he
discovered the Falls of St. Anthony, which he
named. After his rescue Hennepin returned to
Quebec, and thence sailed to France. There he
published a work describing La Salle's first
expedition and his own explorations. Although
egotistical and necessarily incorrect, this work
was a valuable contribution to history. Because
of ecclesiastical insubordination he left France
for Holland. In 1697 he published an extraordi-
nary volume, in which he set forth claims as a
discoverer which have been wholly discredited.
His third and last work, published at Utrecht, in
1698, was entitled a "New Voyage in a Country
Larger than Europe." It was a compilation
describing La Salle's voyage to the mouth of the
Mississippi. His three works have been trans-
lated into twenty-four different languages. He
died, at Utrecht, between 1702 and 1705.
HE>'NEPI\ CANAL. (See Illinois & Missis-
sij]})! Canal.)
HEXR¥, a city in Marshall County, situated on
the west bank of the Illinois River and on the
Peoria branch of the Chicago, Rock Island &
Pacific Railway, 33 miles north-northeast of
Peoria. There is a combination bridge, lock
and dam across the river at this point. It has
grain elevators, flour mills, a wind-mill fac-
tory, a national bank, eight churches and two
newspapers, besides one monthly publica-
tion. It is also the seat of Marshall College,
founded in 18,55. Population (1880), 1,728;
(1890), 1,512; (1900), 1,637.
HENRY, James D., pioneer and soldier, was born
in Pennsylvania, came to Illinois in 1822, locating
at Edwardsville, where, being of limited educa-
tion, he labored as a mechanic during the day
and attended school at night; engaged in mer-
chandising, removed to Springfield in 1826, and
was soon after elected Sheriff ; served in the Win-
nebago War (1827) as Adjutant, and, in the
Black Hawk War (1831-32) as Lieutenant-Colonel
and Colonel, finally being placed in command of
a brigade at the battle of Wisconsin and the Bad
Axe, his success in both winning for him great
popularity. His exposures brought on disease of
the lungs, and, going South, he died at New
Orleans, March 4, 1834.
HENRY COUNTY, one of the middle tier of
counties of Northern Illinois, near the western
border of the State, having an area of 830 square
miles, — named for Patrick Henrj-. The Ameri-
can pioneer of the region was Dr. Baker, who
located in 1835 on what afterwards became the
town of Colona. During the two years following
several colonies from tlie eastern States settled at
different points (Geneseo, Wethersfleld, etc.;.
The act creating it was passed in 1825, though
organization was not completed until 1837. The
first county court was held at Da3'ton. Subse-
quent county-seats have been Richmond (1837) ;
Geneseo (1840); Morristown (1842); and Cam-
bridge (1843). Population (1870), 36,597; (1890),
33,338; (1900), 40.049.
HERNDON, Archer G., one of the celebrated
"Long Nine" members of the General Assembly
of 1836-37, was born in Culpepper County, Va.,
Feb. 13, 1795; spent his youth in Green County,
Ky., came to Madison Countj', 111., 1820, and to
Sangamon in 1821, becoming a citizen of Spring-
field in 1825, where he engaged in mercantile
business ; served eight years in the State Senate
(1834-42), and as Receiver of the Land Office
1842-49. Died, Jan. 3, 1867. Mr. Herndon was
the father of William H. Herndon, the law part-
ner of Abraham Lincoln.
HERNDON, William H., lawyer, was born at
Greensburg, Ky., Dec. 25, 1818; brought to Illi-
nois by his father. Archer G. Herndon, in 1820,
and to Sangamon County in 1821 ; entered Illinois
College in 1836, but remained only one year on
account of his father's hostility to the supposed
abolition influences prevailing at that institution ;
spent several years as clerk in a store at Spring-
field, studied law two years with the firm of Lin-
coln & Logan (1842-44), was admitted to the bar
and became the partner of Mr. Lincoln, so con-
tinuing until the election of the latter to the
Presidency. Mr. Herndon was a radical oppo-
nent of slaverj' and labored zealously to promote
the advancement of his distinguished partner.
The oflSces lie held were those of City Attorney,
Mayor and Bank Commissioner under three Gov-
ernors. Some years before his death he wrote,
and, in conjunction with Jesse W. Weik, published
a Life of Abraliam Lincoln in three volumes —
aftervpards revised and issued in a two-volume
edition by the Messrs. Appleton, New York.
Died, near Springfield, March 18, 1891.
HERRINGTON, Anpustus M., lawj-er and poli-
tician, was born at or near Meadville, Pa., in 1823;
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
231
when ten years of age was brought by his father
to Chicago, the family removing two years later
(1835) to Geneva, Kane County, where the elder
Herrington opened the first store. Augustus was
admitted to the bar in 1844 ; obtained great promi-
nence as a Democratic politician, serving as
Presidential Elector for the State-at-large in
1856, and as a delegate to Democratic National
Conventions in 1860, '64, '68, '76 and '80, and was
almost invariably a member of the State Conven-
tions of his party during the same period. He
also served for many years as Solicitor of the
Chicago & Northwestern Railroad. Died, at Ge-
neva, Kane County, August 14, 1883. — James
(Herrington), brother of the preceding, was born
in Mercer County, Pa., June 6, 1834; came to
Chicago in 1833, but, two years later, was taken
by his parents to Geneva, Kane County. In 1843
he was apprenticed to the printing business on
the old "Chicago Democrat" (John Wentworth,
publisher) , remaining until 1848, when he returned
to Geneva, where he engaged in farming, being
also connected for a year or two with a local
paper. In 1849 he was elected County Clerk, re-
maining in office eight years; also served three
terms on the Board of Supervisors, later serving
continuously in the lower branch of the General
Assembly from 1872 to 1886. He was also a mem-
ber of the State Board of Agriculture and a fre-
quent delegate to Democratic State Conventions.
Died, July 7, 1890.— James Herrington, Sr.,
father of the two preceding, was a Representative
in the Fifteenth General Assembly (1846-48) for
the District embracing the counties of Kane,
McHenry, Boone and De Kalb.
HERTZ, Henry L., ex-State Treasurer, was
born at Copenhagen, Denmark, in 1847; gradu-
ated from the University of Copenhagen in 1866,
and after pursuing the study of medicine for two
years, emigrated to this country in 1869. After
various experiences in selling sewing-machines,
as bank-clerk, and as a farm-hand, in 1876 Mr.
Hertz was employed in the Recorder's office of
Cook County; in 1878 was record- writer in the
Criminal Court Clerk's office ; in 1884 was elected
Coroner of Cook County, and re-elected in 1888.
In 1892, as Republican candidate for State Treas-
urer, he was defeated, but, in 1896, again a
candidate for the same office, was elected by a
majority of 115,000, serving until 1899. He is
now a resident of Chicago.
HESING, Antone Caspar, journalist and politi-
cian, was born in Prussia in 1823 ; left an orphan at
the age of 15, he soon after emigrated to America,
landing at Baltimore and going thence to Cin-
cinnati. From 1840 to 1843 he worked in a gro-
cery store in Cincinnati, and later opened a small
hotel. In 1854 he removed to Chicago, where he
was for a time engaged in the manufacture of
brick. In 1860 he was elected Sheriff of Cook
County, as a Republican. In 1862 he purchased
an interest in "The Chicago Staats Zeitung,"
and in 1867 became sole proprietor. In 1871 he
admitted his son, Washington Hesing, to a part-
nership, installing him as general manager.
Died, in Chicago, March 31, 1895.— Washington
(Hesing), son of the preceding, was born in Cin-
cinnati, Ohio, May 14, 1849, educated at Chicago
and Yale College, graduating from the latter in
1870. After a year spent in study abroad, he
returned to Chicago and began work upon "The
Staats Zeitung, " later becoming managing editor,
and finally editor-in-chief. While yet a young
man he was made a member of the Chicago
Board of Education, but declined" to serve a
second term. In 1872 he entered actively into
politics, making speeches in both English and
German in support of General Grant's Presi-
dential candidacy. Later ho affiliated with the
Democratic party, as did his father, and, in 1893,
was an unsuccessful candidate for the Democratic
nomination for the Chicago mayoralty, being
defeated by Carter H. Harrison. In December,
1893, he was appointed by President Cleveland
Postmaster of the city of Cliicago, serving four
years. His administration was characterized by
a high degree of efficiency and many improve-
ments in the service were adopted, one of the
most important being the introduction of postal
cars on the street-railroads for the collection of
mail matter. In April, 1897, he became an Inde-
pendent candidate for Mayor, but was defeated
by Carter H. Harrison, the regular Democratic
nominee. Died, Dec. 18, 1897.
HETWORTH, a village of McLean County, on
the Illinois Central Railway, 10 miles south of
Bloomington. The place has a bank and a news-
paper. Population (1890), 566; (1900), 683.
HIBBARD, Homer Nash, lawyer, was born at
Bethel, Windsor County, Vt., Nov. 7, 1824, his
early life being spent upon a farm and in attend-
ance upon the common schools. After a short
term in an academy at Randolph, Vt. , at the age
of 18 he began the study of law at Rutland — also
fitting himself for college with a private tutor.
Later, having obtained means by teaching, he
took a course in Castleton Academy and Ver-
mont University, graduating from the latter in
1850. Then, having spent some years in teach-
ing, he entered the Dane Law School at Harvard,
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
later continuing his studies at Burlington and
finally, in the fall of 1853, removing to Chicago.
Here he opened a law office in connection with
his old classmate, the late Judge John A. Jame-
son, but earl}- in the following year removed to
Freeport, where he subsequently served as City
Attorney, Master in Chancery and President of
the City School Board. Returning to Chicago in
1860, he became a member of the law firm of
Cornell. Jameson & Hibbard. and still later the
head of the firm of Hibbard, Rich & Noble. In
1870 he was appointed by Judge Drummond
Register in Bankruptcy for the Chicago District,
serving during the life of the law. He was also,
for some time, a Director of the National Bank
of Illinois, and Vice-President of the American
Insurance Company. Died, Nov. 14. 1897.
HICKS, Stephen (i., lawyer and soldier of
three wars, was born in Jackson County, Ga.,
Feb. 22, 1807— the son of John Hicks, one of the
seven soldiers killed at the battle of New Orleans,
Jan. 8, 181.5. Leaving the roof of a step-father
at an earlj' age, he found his way to Illinois,
working for a time in the lead mines near Galena,
and later at the carpenter's trade with an uncle ;
served as a Sergeant in the Black Hawk War,
finally locating in Jefferson County, where he
studied law and was admitted to the bar. Here
he was elected to the lower branch of the Twelfth
General Assembly (1840) and re-elected succes-
sively to the Thirteenth and Fourteenth. Early
in the Mexican War (1846) he recruited a com-
pany for the Third Regiment, of which he was
chosen Captain, a year later becoming Lieuten-
ant-Colonel of the Sixth. At the beginning of
the Civil War Colonel Hicks was practicing his
profession at Salem, Marion County. He
promptly raised a company which became a part
of the Fortieth Regiment Volunteer Infantrj-. of
which he was commissioned Colonel. The regi-
ment saw active service in the campaign in West-
ern Tennessee, including the battle of Shiloh,
where Colonel Hicks was dangerously wounded
through the lungs, only recovering after some
months in hospital and at his home. He rejoined
his regiment in July following, but found him-
self compelled to accept an honorable discharge,
a few months later, on account of disability.
Having finally recovered, he was restored to his
old command, and served to the close of the war.
In October, 1863, he w.as placed in command at
Paducali, Ky., where he remained eighteen
months, after which he was transferred to Colum-
bus, Ky. While in command at Paducah, the
place was desperately assaulted by the rebel
Colonel Forrest, but successfully defended, the
rebel assailants sustaining a loss of some 1,200
killed and wounded. After the war Colonel
Hicks returned to Salem, where he died, Dec. 14,
1869, and was buried, in accordance with his
request, in the folds of the American flag. Bom
on Washington's birthday, it is a somewhat
curious coincidence that the death of this brave
soldier should have occurred on the anniversary
of that of the "Father of His Country."
HIGBEE, Chauncey L., lawyer and Judge, was
born in Clermont County, Ohio, Sept. 7, 1821,
and settled in Pike County, lU., in 1844. He
early took an interest in politics, being elected to
the lower house of the Legislature in 18.54, and
two years later to the State Senate. In 1861 he
was elected Judge of the Fifth Circuit Court, and
was re-elected in 1867, '73, and '79. In 1877, and
again in '79, he was assigned to the bench of the
Appellate Court. Died, at Pittsfield, Dec. 7, 1884.
HIGtJIXS, Van HoUis, lawyer, was born in
Genessee County, N. Y.. and received his early
education at Auburn and Seneca Falls ; came to
Chicago in 1837 and, after spending some time as
clerk in his brother's store, taught some months
in Vermilion County ; then went to St. Louis,
where he spent a year or two as reporter on "The
Missouri Argus," later engaging in commercial
pursuits; in 1843 removed to Iroquois County,
111., where he read law and was admitted to the
bar; in 1845, established himself in practice in
Galena, served two j-ears as City Attorney there,
but returned to Chicago in 1852, where he contin-
ued to reside for the remainder of his life. In 1858
he was elected as a Republican Representative in
the Twenty-first General Assembly ; served sev-
eral years as Judge of the Chicago City Court,
and was a zealous supporter of the Government
during the War of the Rebellion. Judge Higgins
was successful as a lawyer and business man, and
was connected with a number of important busi-
ness enterprises, especially in connection with
real-estate operations ; was also a member of sev-
eral local societies of a professional, social and
patriotic character. Died, at Darien, Wis. , April
17, 1893.
HIGGINSOX, Charles M., civil engineer and
Assistant Railway President, was born in Chica-
go, July 11, 1846 — the son of George M. Higginson,
who located in Chicago about 1843 and engaged
in the real-estate business ; was educated at the
Lawrence Scientific School, Cambridge, Mass.,
and entered the engineering department of the
Burlington & Missouri River Railroad in 1867,
remaining until 1875. He then became the pur-
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
233
chasing agent of the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw
Railroad, but, a year later, returned to Chicago,
and soon after assumed the same position in con-
nection with the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy,
being transferred to the Auditorship of the
latter road in 1879. Later, he became assistant
to President Ripley of the Atchison, Topeka &
Santa Fe Line, where he remained until his
death, which occurred at Riverside, 111., May 6,
1899. Mr. Higginson was, for several years.
President of the Chicago Academy of Sciences,
and a member of the Board of Managers of the
Young Men's Christian Association of Chicago.
HIGH, James L., lawyer and author, was born
at Belleville. Ohio, Oct. 6, 1844; in boj'hood came
to Wisconsin, and graduated at Wisconsin State
University, at Madison, in 1804. also serving for
a time as Adjutant of the Forty-ninth Regiment
Wisconsin Volunteers ; studied law at the Michi-
gan University Law School and, in 1867, came to
Chicago, where he began practice. He spent the
winter of 1871-72 in Salt Lake City and, in the
absence of the United States District Attorney,
conducted the trial of certain Blormon leaders for
connection with the celebrated Mountain Meadow
Massacre, also acting as correspondent of "The
New York Times," his letters being widely
copied. Returning to Chicago he took a high
rank in his profession. He was the author of
several volumes, including treatises on "The Law
of Injunctions as administered in the Courts of
Englandand America, " and "Extraordinary Legal
Remedies, Mandamus, Quo Warranto and Prohibi-
tions," which are accepted as high authority with
the profession. In 1870 he published a revised
edition of Lord Erskine's Works, including all
his legal arguments, together with a memoir of
his hfe. Died, Oct. 3, 1898.
HIGHLAND, a city in the southeastern part of
Madison County, founded in 1836 and located on
the Vandalia line, 32 miles east of St. Louis. Its
manufacturing industries include a milk-con-
densing creamery, flour and planing mills, brew-
eries, etc. It contains several churches and
schools (among the latter being a Roman Catho-
lic Seminary), a hospital, and has two newspapers
— one German. The early settlers were Germans
of the most thrifty and enterprising classes. The
surrounding country is agricultural. Population
(1880), 1,960; (1890), 1,857; (1900, decennial
census), 1,970.
HIGHLAND PARK, an incorporated city of
Lake County, on the Chicago & Northwestern
Railroad, 23 miles north-northwest of Chicago.
It has a salubrious site on a bluff 100 feet above
Lake Michigan, and is a favorite residence and
health resort. It has a large hotel, several
churches, an academy, a ladies' seminary, and
editions of two Waukegan papers are issued
there. Population (1890), 2,163; (1900), 2,806.
HILDRUP, Jesse S., lawyer and legislator,
was bom in Middletown, Conn., March 14, 1833 ; at
15 removed to the State of New York and after-
wards to Harrisburg, Pa. ; in 1860 came to Belvi-
dere. 111., where he began the practice of law,
also serving as Corporation Trustee and Township
Supervisor, and, during the latter years of the
war, as Deputy Provost Marshal. His first im-
portant elective office was that of Delegate to the
State Constitutional Convention of 1870, but he
was elected Representative in the General Assem-
bly the same year, and again in 1872. While in
the House he took a prominent part in the legis-
lation which resulted in the organization of the
Railroad and Warehouse Board. . Mr. Hildrup
was also a Republican Presidential Elector in
1868, and United States Marshal for the Northern
District of Illinois from 1877 to 1881. During
the last few years much of his time has been
spent in California for the benefit of the health
of some members of his family.
HILL, Charles Augustus, ex-Congressman,
was born at Truxton, Cortland County, N. Y.,
August 23, 1833. He acquired his early education
by dint of hard labor, and much privation. In
1854 he removed to Illinois, settling in Will
County, where, for several years, he taught
school, as he had done while in New York.
Meanwhile he read law, his last instructor being
Hon. H. C. Newcomb, of Indianapolis, where he
was admitted to the bar. He returned to Will
County in 1860, and, in 1862, enhsted in the
Eighth Illinois Cavalry, participating in the
battle of Antietam. Later lie was commissioned
First Lieutenant in the First United States Regi-
ment of Colored Troops, with which he remained
until the close of the war, rising to the rank of
Captain. In 1865 he returned to JoUet and to the
practice of his profession. In 1868 he was elected
State's Attorney for the district comprising Will
and Grundy Counties, but dechned a renomina-
tion. In 1888 he was the successful Repubhcan
candidate for Congress from the Eighth Illinois
District, but was defeated for re-election in 1890
by Lewis Steward, Democrat.
HILLSBORO, an incorporated city, the county-
seat of Montgomery County, on the Cleveland,
Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, 67
miles nortlieast of St. Louis. Its manufactures
are Hour, brick and tile, carriages and harness.
334
IIISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
furniture and woolen goods. It has a high
school, banks and two weekly newspapers. The
surrounding region is agricultural, though con-
siderable coal is mined in the vicinity. Popula-
tion (ISHO), 2,858; (1890), 3,500; (1900), 1,937.
HINCKLEY, a vilUige of De Kalb County, on
the Rockford Division of the Chicago, Burlington
& Quincy Railroad, 18 miles west of Aurora. It
is a rich agricultural and dairying region ; also
has grain elevators and brick and tile works.
Population (1890), 496; (1900), i>S~.
HINRICHSEN, William H., ex Secretary of
State and ex-Congressman, was born at PYanklin,
Morgan County, 111., May 27, 1850; educated .at
the University of Illinois, spent four years in the
office of his father, who was stock-agent of the
Wabash Railroad, and six years (1874-80) as
Deputy Sheriff of Slorgan County; then went
into the newspaper business, editing the Jackson-
ville "Evening Courier," until 1886, after which
he was connected with "The Quincy Herald," to
1S90. when he returned to Jacksonville and re-
sumed his place on "The Courier." He was Clerk
of the House of Representatives in 1891, and
elected Secretary of State in 1892, serving until
January, 1897. Mr. Hinrichseu has been a mem-
ber of the Democratic State Central Committee
since 1890, and was Chairman of that body dur-
ing 1894-96. In 1896 Mr. Hinrichsen was the
nominee of his party for Congress in the Six-
teenth District and was elected by over 6,000
majority, but failed to secure a renomination in
1898.
HINSDALE, a village in Du Page County, on
the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 17
miles west-southwest of Chicago. It has four
churches, a graded school, an academy and three
weekly newspapers. It is a popular suburban
residence for Chicago business men. Population
(1880), 819; (1890), 1,584; (1900), 2,578.
HITCHCOCK, Charles, lawyer, was born at
Hanson, Plymouth Count}', Mass., April 4, 1827;
studied at Dartmouth College and at Harvard
Law School, and was admitted to the bar in 1854,
soon afterward establishing himself for the prac-
tice of his profession in Chicago. In 1869 Mr.
Hitchcock was elected to the State Constitutional
Convention, which was the only important pub-
lic office that he held, though his capacity was
recognized by his election to the Presidency of
that body. Died, May 6, 1881.
HITCHCOCK, Luke, clergyman, was born
April 13, 1813, at Lebanon, N. Y., entered the
ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church in
1834, and, after supplying various charges in
that State during the next five years, in 1839
came to Chicago, becoming one of the most
influential factors in the Methodist denomination
in Northern Illinois. Between that date and
1860 he was identified, as regular pastor or Pre-
siding Elder, with churches at Dixon, Ottawa,
Belvidere, Rockford, Mount Morris, St. Charles
and Chicago (the old Clark Street church), with
two years' service (1841-48) as agent of Rock
River Seminary at Mount Morris — his itinerant
labors being interrupted at two or three periods
by ill-health, compelling him to assume a super-
annuated relation. From 1852 to '80, inclusive,
he was a delegate every four years to the General
Conference. In 1860 he was appointed Agent of
the Western Book Concern, and, as the junior
representative, was placed in charge of the
depository at Chicago — in 1868 becoming the
Senior Agent, and so remaining until 1880. His
subsequent service included two terms as Presid-
ing Elder for the Dixon and Chicago Districts;
the position of Superintendent of the Chicago
Home Missionary and Church Extension Society ;
Superintendent of the Wesley Hospital (which he
assisted to organize), his last position being that
of Corresponding Secretary of the Superannu-
ates' Relief Association. He was also influential
in securing the establishment of a church paper
in Chicago and the founding of the Northwestern
University and Garrett Biblical Institute. Died,
while on a visit to a daughter at East Orange,
N. J., Nov. 12, 1898.
HITT, Daniel F., civil engineer and soldier,
was born in Bourbon County, Ky., June 13, 1810
— the son of a Methodist preacher who freed his
slaves and removed to Urbana, Ohio, in 1814. In
1829 the son began the study of engineering and,
removing to Illinois the following year, was ap-
pointed Assistant Engineer on the Illinois &
Michigan Canal, later being employed in survej--
ing some sixteen years. Being stationed at
Prairie du Chien at the time of the Black Hawk
War (1832), he was attached to the Stephenson
Rangers for a year, but at the end of that period
resumed surveying and, having settled in .La
Salle County, became the first Surveyor of that
county. In 1861 he joined Colonel Cushman, of
Ottawa, in the organization of the Fifty-third
Illinois Volunteers, was mustered into the service
in March, 1862, and commissioned its Lieutenant-
Colonel. The regiment took part in various
battles, including those of Shiloh, Corinth and
La Grange, Tenn. In the latter Colonel Hitt
received an injury by being thrown from his
horse which compelled his resignation and from
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
335
which he never fully recovered. Returning to
Ottawa, he continued to reside there until his
death, May 11, 1899. Colonel Hitt was father of
Andrew J. Hitt, General Superintendent of the
Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, and
uncle of Congressman Robert R. Hitt of Mount
Morris. Originally a Democrat, he allied himself
with the Republican party on the breaking out
of the Civil War. He was a thirtj'-second degree
Mason and prominent in Grand Army circles.
HITT, Isaac R., real-estate operator, was born
at Boonsboro, Md. , June 2, 1828 ; in 1845 entered
the freshman class at Asbury University, Ind.,
graduating in 1849. Then, removing to Ottawa,
111., he was engaged for a time in farming, but,
in 1852, entered into the forwarding and com-
mission business at La Salle. Having meanwhile
devoted some attention to real-estate law, in 1853
he began buying and selling real estate while
continuing his farming operations, adding thereto
coal-mining. In May, 1856, he was a delegate
from La Salle County to the State Convention at
Bloomington which resulted in the organization
of the Republican party in Illinois. Removing
to Chicago in 1860, he engaged in the real-estate
business there ; in 1863 was appointed on a com-
mittee of citizens to look after the interests of
wounded Illinois soldiers after the battle of Fort
Donelson, in that capacit}^ visiting hospitals at
Cairo, Evansville, Paducah and Xashville. Dur-
ing the war he engaged to some extent in the
business of prosecuting soldiers' claims. Mr.
Hitt has been a member of both the Chicago and
the National Academy of Sciences, and, in 1869,
was appointed by Governor Palmer on the Com-
mission to lay out the park system of Chicago.
Since 1871 he has resided at Evanston, where he
aided in the erection of the Woman's College in
connection with the Northwestern University.
In 18T6 he was appointed by the Governor agent
to prosecute the claims of the State for swamp
lands within its limits, and has given much of
his attention to that business since.
HITT, Robert Roberts, Congressman, was born
at Urbana, Ohio, Jan. 16, 1834. When he was
three years old his parents removed to Illinois,
settling in Ogle County. His education was
acquired at Rock River Seminary (now Mount
Morris College), and at De Pauw University, Ind.
In 1858 Mr. Hitt was one of the reporters who
reported the celebrated debate of that year
between Lincoln and Douglas. From December,
1874, until March, '81, he was connected with the
United States embassy at Paris, serving as First
Secretary of Legation and Charge d'Affaires ad
interim. He was Assistant Secretary of State in
1881, but resigned the post in 1882, having been
elected to Congress from the Sixth Illinois Dis-
trict to fill the vacancy occasioned by the death
of R. M. A. Hawk. By eight successive re-elec-
tions he has represented the District continuously
since, his career being conspicuous for long serv-
ice. In that time he has taken an important
part in the deliberations of the House, serving as
Chairman of many important committees, not-
ably that on Foreign Affairs, of which he has
been Chairman for several terms, and for which
his diplomatic experience well qualifies him. In
1898 he was appointed by President McKinley a
member of the Committee to visit Hawaii and
report upon a form of government for that por-
tion of the newly acquired national domain. Mr.
Hitt was strongly supported as a candidate for
the United States Senate in 1895, and favorably
considered for the position of Minister to Eng-
land after the retirement of Secretary Day in
1898.
HOBART, Horace R., was born in Wisconsin
in 1839 ; graduated at Beloit College and, after a
brief experience in newspaper work, enlisted, in
1861, in the First Wisconsin Cavalry and was
assigned to duty as Battalion Quartermaster.
Being wounded at Helena, Ark., he was com-
pelled to resign, but afterwards served as Deputy
Provost Marshal of the Second Wisconsin Dis-
trict. In 1866 he re-entered newspaper work as
reporter on "The Chicago Tribune," and later
was associated, as city editor, with "The Chicago
Evening Post" and "Evening Mail"; later was
editor of "The Jacksonville Daily Journal" and
"The Chicago Morning Courier, " also being, for
some years from 1869, Western Manager of the
American Press Association. In 1876, Mr. Hobart
became one of the editors of "The Railway Age"
(Chicago), with which he remained until the
close of the year 1898, when he retired to give his
attention to real-estate matters.
HOFFMAN, Francis A., Lieutenant-Governor
(1861-65), was born at Herford, Prussia, in 1822,
and emigrated to America in 1839, reaching Chica-
go the same year. There he became a boot-black in
a leading hotel, but within a month was teaching
a small German school at Dunkley's Grove (now
Addison), Du Page County, and later officiating
as a Lutheran minister. In 1847 he represented
that county in the River and Harbor Convention
at Chicago. In 1852 he removed to Chicago, and,
the following year, entered the City Council.
Later, he embarked in the real-estate business,
and, in 1854, opened a banking house, but was
'Z'.itj
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
forced to assign in 1861. He early became a
recognized anti-slavery leader and a contributor
to the German press, and, in IS.'Je, was nominated
for Lieutenant-Governor on the first Republican
State ticket with AVilliam H. Bissell, but was
found ineligible by reason of his short residence
in the United States, and withdrew, giving place
to Jolm Wood of Quincy. In 1860 he was again
nominated, and having in the meantime become
eligible, was elected. In 1864 he was a Repub-
lican candidate for Presidential Elector, and
assisted in Mr. Lincoln's second election. He
was at one time Foreign Land Commissioner for
the Illinois Central Railroad, and acted as Consul
at Chicago for several German States. For a
number of years past Mr. Hoffman has been
editor of an agricultural paper in Southern
Wisconsin.
HOGAX, John, clergyman and early politician,
was born in the city of Mallow, County of Cork,
Ireland, Jan. 3, 1805; brought in childhood to
Baltimore, Md., and having been left an orphan at
eight j'ears of age, learned the trade of a shoe-
maker. In 1826 he became an itinerant Metho-
dist preacher, and, coming west the same year,
preached at various points in Indiana, Illinois
and Missouri. In 1830 he was married to Miss
Mary Mitchell West, of Belleville, 111., and soon
after, having retired from the itinerancy, engaged
in mercantile business at Edwardsville and Alton.
In 1836 he was elected Representative in the
Tenth General Assembly from Madison County,
two years later was appointed a Commissioner of
Public Works and, being re-elected in 1840, was
made President of the Board ; in 1841 was ap-
pointed by President Harrison Register of the
Land Office at Dixon, where he remained until
184!). During the anti-slavery excitement which
attended the assassination of Elijah P. Lovejoy
in 1837, he was a resident of Alton and was re-
garded by the friends of Lovejoy as favoring the
pro-slavery faction. After retiring from the
Land Office at Dixon, he removed to St. Louis,
where he engaged in the wholesale grocery busi-
ness. In his early political life he was a Whig,
but later co-operated with the Democratic party ;
in 1857 he was appointed by President Buchanan
Postmaster of the city of St. Louis, serving until
the accession of Lincoln in 1861 ; in 1864 was
elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-ninth Con-
gress, serving two years. He was also a delegate
to the National Union (Democratic) Convention
at Philadelphia in 1866. After his retirement
from the Methodist itinerancy he continued to
officiate as a "local" preacher and was esteemed
a speaker of Unusual eloquence and ability. His
death occurred, Feb. 5, 1892. He is author of sev-
eral volumes, including "The Resources of Mis-
souri," "Commerce and Manufactures of St.
Louis," and a "Histor}' of Methodism."
HOGE, Joseph P., Congressman, was born in
Ohio early in the century and came to Galena,
111., in 1836, where he attained prominence as a
lawj'er. In 1843 he was elected Representative
in Congress, as claimed at the time by the aid of
the Mormon vote at Nauvoo, serving one term.
In 1853 he went to San Francisco, Cal., and be-
came a Judge in that State, dying a few years
since at the age of over 80 years. He is repre-
sented to have been a man of much ability and a
graceful and eloquent orator. Mr. Hoge was a
son-in-law of Thomas C. Browne, one of the Jus-
tices of the first Supreme Court of Illinois wlio
held office until 1848.
HOLLISTEB, (Dr.) John Hamilton, physi-
cian, was born at Riga, N. Y., in 1824; was
brought to Romeo, Mich., by his parents in in-
fancy, but his father having died, at the age of 17
went to Rochester, N. Y., to be educated, finally
graduating in medicine at Berkshire College,
Mass., in 1847, and beginning practice at Otiseo,
Mich. Two years later he removed to Grand
Rapids and, in 1855, to Chicago, where he held,
for a time, the position of demonstrator of anat-
omy in Rush Medical College, and, in 1856, be-
came one of the founders of the Cliicago Medical
College, in which he has held various chairs. He
also served as Surgeon of Mercy Hospital and
was, for twenty years. Clinical Professor in the
same institution; was President of the State
Medical Society, and, for twenty years, its Treas-
urer. Other positions held by him have been
those of Trustee of the American Medical Associ-
ation and editor of its journal, President of the
Young Men's Christian Association and of the
Chicago Congregational Club. He has also been
prominent in Sunday School and church work in
connection with the Armour Mission, with which
he has been associated for many years.
HOME FOR JUVEMLE OFFENDERS, (FE-
MALE). The establishment of this institution
was authorized by act of June 23, 1893, which
appropriated 575,000 towards its erection and
maintenance, not more than $15,000 to be ex-
pended for a site. (See also State Guardians for
Girls. ) It is designed to receive girls between the
ages of 10 and 16 committed thereto by any court
of record upon conviction of a misdemeanor, the
term of commitment not to be less than one
year, or to exceed minority. Justices of the
.2 X.
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
337
Peace, however, may send girls for a term not
less than three months. The act of incorporation
provides for a commutation of sentence to be
earned by good conduct and a prolongation of
the sentence by bad behavior. The Trustees are
empowered, in their discretion, either to appren-
tice the girls or to adopt them out during their
minority. Temporary quarters were furnished
for the Home during the first two years of its
existence in Chicago, but permanent buildings
for the institution have been erected on the
banks of Fox River, near Geneva, in Kane County.
HOMER, a town in Champaign County, on the
Wabash Railway, 20 miles west-southwest from
Danville and about 18 miles east-southeast from
Champaign. It supports a flouring mill and a
carriage factory; also has a bank, several
churches, a seminary and two weekly papers.
The region is chiefly agricultural. Population
(1880), 924: (1890), 917; (1900), 1,080.
HOMESTEAD LAWS. In general such laws
have been deflned to be "legislation enacted to
secure, to some extent, the enjoyment of a home
and shelter for a family or individual by exempt-
ing, under certain conditions, the residence occu-
pied by the family or individual, from liability to
be sold for the payment of the debts of its owner,
and by restricting his rights of free alienation."
In Illinois, this exemption extends to the farm
and dwelling thereon of every householder hav-
ing a family, and occupied as a residence,
whether owned or possessed under a lease, to the
value of 51,000. The exemption continues after
death, for the benefit of decedent's wife or hus-
band occupying the homestead, and also of the
children, if any, until the youngest attain the
age of 21 years. Husband and wife must join in
releasing the exemption, but the property is
always liable for improvements thereon. — In 1862
Congress passed an act known as the "Homestead
Law" for the protection of the rights of settlers
on public lands under certain restrictions as to
active occupancy, under which most of that
class of lands since taken for settlement have
been purchased.
HOMEWOOD, a village of Cook County, on the
Illinois Central Railway, 23 miles south of Chi-
cago. Population, (1900), 352.
HOOLET, Richard M., theatrical manager,
was born in Ireland, April 13, 1822 ; at the age of
18 entered the theater as a musician and, four
years later, came to America, soon after forming
an association with E. P. Christy, the originator
of negro minstrelsy entertainments which went
under his name. In 1848 Mr. Hooley conducted
a company of minstrels through the principal
towns of England, Scotland and Ireland, and to
some of the chief cities on the continent; re-
turned to America five years later, and subse-
quently managed houses in San Francisco,
Philadelphia, Brooklyn and New York, finally
locating in Chicago in 1869, where he remained
the rest of his life, — his theater becoming one of
the most widely known and popular in the city.
Died, Sept. 8, 1893.
HOOPESTON, a prosperous city in Vermilion
County, at the intersection of the Chicago, Dan-
ville & Vincennes Railroad, and the Bloomington
Division of the Wabash Railway, 104 miles south
of Chicago. It has grain elevators, brick and tile
works, carriage and machine shops, and a can-
ning factory, besides banks and one daily and two
weekly newspapers. There are also a number of
churches, a high school and a business college.
Population (1880), 1,272;(1890), 1,911; (1900). 3,823.
HOPKINS, Albert J., Congressman, was born
in De Kalb County, 111. , August 15, 1846. After
graduating from Hillsdale College, Mich.' in 1870,
he studied law and began practice at Aurora.
He rapidly attained prominence at the bar, and,
in 1872, was elected State's Attorney for Kane
County, serving in that capacity for four years.
He is an ardent Republican and high in the
party's councils, having been Chairman of the
State Central Committee from 1878 to 1880, and a
Presidential Elector on the Blaine & Logan
ticket in 1884. The same year he was elected to
the Forty-ninth Congress from the Fifth District
(now the Eighth) and has been continuously re
elected ever since, receiving a clear majority in
1898 of more than 18.000 votes over two competi-
tors. At present (1898) he is Chairman of the
Select House Committee on Census and a member
of the Committees on Ways and Means, and Mer-
chant Marine and Fisheries. In 1896 he was
strongly supported for the Republican nomina-
tion for Governor.
HOUGHTON, Horace Hocking, pioneer printer
and journalist, was born at Springfield, Vt., Oct.
26, 1806, spent his youth on a farm, and at eight-
een began learning the printer's trade in the office
of "The Woodstock Overseer" ; on arriving at his
majority became a journeyman printer and, in
1828. went to New York, spending some time in
the employment of the Harper Brothers. After
a brief season spent in Boston, he took charge of
"The Statesman" at Castleton, Vt., but, in 1834,
again went to New York, taking with him a
device for throvring the printed sheet off the
press, which was afterwards adopted on the
238
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Adams and Hoe printing presses. His next
move was to Marietta, Ohio, in 1834, thence by
way of Cincinnati and Louisville to St. Louis,
working for a time in the ofBce of the old "St.
Louis Republican." He soon after went to
Galena and engaged in lead-mining, but later
became associated with Sylvester M. Bartlett in
the management of "The Northwestern Gazette
and Galena Advertiser," finally becoming sole
proprietor. In 1842 he sold out the paper, but
resumed his connection with it the following
year, remaining until 1863, when he finally sold
out. He afterwards spent some time on tlie
Pacific slope, was for a time American Consul to
the Sandwich Islands, but finally returned to
Galena and, during the later years of his life,
was Postmaster there, dying April 30, 1879.
HOVEY, Charles Edward, educator, soldier
and lawyer, was born in Orange County, Vt.,
April 26, 1827 ; graduated at Dartmouth College in
1852, and became successively Principal of high
schools at Farmington, Mass., and Peoria, 111.
Later, he assisted in organizing the Illinois State
Normal School at Normal, of which he was
President from 1857 to 1861 — being also President
of the State Teachers' Association (1856), mem-
ber of the State Board of Education, and, for some
years, editor of "The Illinois Teacher." In Au-
gust, 1861, he assisted in organizing, and was com-
missioned Colonel of, the Thirty -third Illinois
Volunteers, known as the "Normal" or "School-
Masters' Regiment," from the fact that it was
composed largely of teachers and young men
from the State colleges. In 1862 he was promoted
to the rank of Brigadier-General and, a few
months later, to brevet Major-General for gallant
and meritorious conduct. Leaving the military
service in May, 1863, he engaged in the practice
of lavr in Washington, D. C. Died, in Washing-
ton, Nov. 17, 1897.
HOWLAND, George, educator and author, was
born (of Pilgrim ancestry) at Conway, Mass.,
July 30, 1824. After graduating from Amherst
College in 1850, he devoted two years to teaching
in the public schools, and three years to a tutor-
ship in his Alma Mater, giving instruction in
Latin, Greek and French. He began the study
of law, but, after a year's reading, he abandoned
it, removing to Chicago, where he became Assist-
ant Principal of the city's one high school, in
1858. He became its Principal in 1860, and, in
1880, was elected Superintendent of Chicago City
Schools. This position he filled until August,
1891, when he resigned. He also served as Trus-
tee of Amherst College for several years, and as a
member of the Illinois State Board of Education,
being President of that body in 1883. As an
author he was of some note; his work being
chiefly on educational lines. He published a
translation of the .rSneid adapted to the use of
schools, besides translations of some of Horace's
Odes and portions of the Iliad and Odyssey. He
was also the author of an EngUsh grammar.
Died, in Chicago, Oct. 21, 1892.
HOYXE, Philip A., lawyer and United States
Commissioner, was born in New York City, Nov.
20, 1824; came to Chicago in 1841, and, after
spending eleven years alternately in Galena and
Cliicago, finally located permanently in Chicago,
in 1852 ; in 1853 was elected Clerk of the Record-
er's Court of Chicago, retaining the position five
j'ears; was admitted to the bar in March, 1856,
and appointed United States Commissioner the
same j'ear, remaining in office until his death,
Nov. 3, 1894. Mr. Hoyne was an officer of the
Chicago Pioneers and one of the founders of the
L'nion League Club.
HUBBARD, Gurdon Saltonstall, pioneer and
Indian trader, was born at Windsor, Vt., August
22, 1802. His earlj- youth was passed in Canada,
chiefly in the employ of the American Fur Com-
pany. In 1818 he first visited Fort Dearborn, and
for nine years traveled back and forth in the
interest of his emploj-ers. In 1827, having em-
barked in business on his own account, he estab-
lished several trading posts in Illinois, becoming
a resident of Chicago in 1832. From this time
forward he became identified with the history
and development of the State. He served with
distinction during the Black Hawk and Winne-
bago Wars, was enterprising and public-spirited,
and did much to promote the early development
of Chicago. He was elected to the Legislature
from Vermilion County in 1833, and, in 1835,
was appointed by Governor Duncan one of the
Commissioners of the Illinois & Michigan Canal.
Died, at Chicago, Sept. 14, 1886. From the time
he became a citizen of Chicago, for fifty years,
no man was more active or public-spirited
in promoting its commercial development and
general prosperity. He was identified with
almost every branch of business upon which its
growth as a commercial city depended, from that
of an early Indian trader to that of a real-estate
operator, being manager of one of the largest pack-
ing houses of his time, as well as promoter of
earl}- railroad enterprises. A zealous Republican,
he was one of the most earnest supporters of
Abraham Lincoln in the campaign of 18G0, was
prominently identified with every local measure
illSTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
239
for the maintenance of the Union cause, and, for
a year, helJ a commission as Captain in the
Eighty-eighth Regiment Illinois Volunteers,
known as the "Second Board of Trade Regiment. "
HUGHITT, MarTin, Railway President, was
born, August, 1837, and, in 1856, began his rail-
road experience on the Chicago & Alton Railway
as Superintendent of Telegraph and Train-de-
spatcher. In 1863 he entered the service of the
Illinois Central Company in a similar capacity,
still later occupying the positions of Assistant
Superintendent and General Superintendent, re-
maining in the latter from 1865 to 1870, when he
resigned to become Assistant General Manager
of the Chicago. Milwaukee & St. Paul. In 1872
he became associated with the Chicago &, North-
western Railroad, in connection with which he
has held the positions of Superintendent, General
Manager, Second Vice-President and President —
the last of which (1899) he still occupies.
HTJLETT, Alta M., lawyer, was bom near
Rockford, 111. , June 4, 1854 ; early learned teleg-
raphy and became a successful operator, but sub-
sequently engaged in teaching and the study of
law. In 1873, having passed the required exami-
nation, she applied for admission to the bar, but
was rejected on account of sex. She then, in
conjunction with Mrs. Bradwell and others,
interested herself in securing the passage of an
act by the Legislature giving women the right
that had been denied her, which having been
accomplished, she went to Chicago, was admitted
to the bar and began practice. Died, in Cali-
fornia, March 87, 1877.
HUNT, Daniel D., legislator, was born in
Wyoming County, N. Y., Sept. 19, 1835, came to
De Kalb County, 111., in 1857, and has since been
engaged in hotel, mercantile and farming busi-
ness. He was elected as a Republican Represent-
ative in the Thirty-fifth General Assembly in
1886, and re elected in 1888. Two years later he
was elected to the State Senate, re-elected in
1894, and again in 1898 — giving him a continuous
service in one or the other branch of the General
Assembly of sixteen years. During the session
of 1895, Senator Hunt was especially active in
the legislation which resulted in the location of
the Northern Illinois Normal Institute at De
Kalb.
HUNT, George, lawyer and ex-Attorney -Gen-
eral, was born in Knox Countj', Ohio, in 1841 ;
having lost both parents in childhood, came,
with an uncle, to Edgar County, 111., in 1855. In
July, 1861, at the age of 30, he enlisted in the
Twelfth Illinois Infantry, re-enUsting as a veteran
in 1864, and rising from the ranks to a captaincy.
After the close of the war, he studied law, was
admitted to the bar, and, locating at Paris, Edgar
County, soon acquired a large practice. He was
elected State Senator on the Republican ticket in
1874, and re-elected in 1878 and "83. In 1884 he
received his first nomination for Attorney-Gen-
eral, was renominated in 1888, and elected both
times, serving eight years. Among the im-
portant questions with which General Hunt had
to deal during his two terms were the celebrated
"anarchist cases" of 1887 and of 1890-93. In the
former the condemned Chicago anarchists applied
through their counsel to the Supreme Court of
the United States, for a writ of error to the Su-
preme Court of Illinois to compel the latter to
grant them a new trial, which was refused. The
case, on the part of the State, was conducted b}-
General Hunt, while Gen. B. F. Butler of Massa-
chusetts, John Randolph Tucker of Virginia,
Roger A. Pr}-or of New York, and Messrs. W. P.
Black and Solomon of Chicago appeared for the
plaintiffs. Again, in 1890, Fielden and Schwab,
who had been condemned to life imprisonment,
attempted to secure their release — the former by
an application similar to that of 1887, and the
latter by appeal from a decision of Judge Gresham
of the United States Circuit Court refusing a
writ of habeas corpus. The final hearing of
these cases was had before the Supreme Court of
the United States in January, 1892, General
Butler again appearing as leading counsel for the
plaintiffs — but with the same result as in 1887.
General Hunt's management of these cases won
for him much deserved commendation both at
home and abroad.
HUNTER, Andrew J., was born in Greencastle,
Ind., Dec. 17, 1831, and removed in infancy by
his parents, to Edgar County, this State. His
early education was received in the common
schools and at Edgar Academy. He commenced
his business life as a civil engineer, but, after
three j'ears spent in that profession, began the
study of law and was admitted to the bar. He
has since been actively engaged in practice at
Paris, Edgar County. From 1864 to 1868 he repre-
sented that coimty in the State Senate, and, in
1870, led the Democratic forlorn hope in the Fif-
teenth Congressional District against General
Jesse H. Moore, and rendered a like service to his
party in 1883, when Joseph G. Cannon was his
Republican antagonist. In 1886 he was elected
Judge of the Edgar County Court, and. in 1890,
was re-elected, but resigned this office in 1893,
having been elected Congressman for the State-
240
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
atlarge on the Democratic ticket. He was a can-
didate for Congress from the Nineteenth District
again in 1896, and was again elected, receiving a
majority of 1,200 over Hon. Benson Wood, his
Republican opponent and immediate predecessor.
HUNTER, (Gen.) DaTid, soldier, was born in
Washington, D. C, July 21, 1802; graduated at
the United States Military Academy in 1822,
and assigned to the Fifth Infantry with the rank
of Second Lieutenant, becoming First Lieutenant
in 1828 and Captain of Dragoons in 1833. During
this period he twice crossed the plains to the
Rocky Mountains, but, in 1836, resigned his com-
mission and engaged in business in Chicago,
Re-entering the service as Paymaster in 1842, he
was Chief Paymaster of General Wool's command
in the Mexican War, and was afterwards stationed
at New Orleans, Washington, Detroit, St. Louis
and on the frontier. He was a personal friend of
President Lincoln, ivhom he accompanied when
the latter set out for Washington in February,
18G1, but was disabled at Buffalo, having his
collar-bone dislocated by the crowd. He was
appointed Colonel of the Sixth United States
Cavalry, May 14, 1861, three days later commis-
sioned. Brigadier-General and, in August, made
Major-General. In the Manassas campaign he
commanded the main column of McDowell's
army and was severely wounded at Bull Run ;
served under Fremont in Missouri and succeeded
him in command in November, 1861, remaining
until March, 1862. Being transferred to the
Department of the South in May following, lie
issued an order declaring the persons held as
slaves in Georgia, Florida and South Carolina
free, which order was revoked by President Lin-
coln ten days later. On account of the steps
taken by him for the organization of colored
troops, Jefferson Davis issued an order declaring
him, in case of capture, subject to execution as
a felon. In May, 1864, he was placed in com-
mand of the Department of the West, and, in
1865, served on various courts-martial, being
President of the commission that tried Mr. Lin-
coln's assassins ; was brevetted Major-General in
March, 1865, retired from active service July,
1866, and died in Washington, Feb. 2, 1886. Gen-
eral Hunter married a daughter of John Kinzie,
the first permanent citizen of Chicago.
HURD, Harvey B., lawyer, was born in Fair-
field County, Conn., Feb. 24, 1827. At the age of
15 he walked to Bridgeport, where he began life
as office-boy in "The Bridgeport Standard," a
journal of pronounced Whig proclivities. In
1844 he came to Illinois, entering Jubilee College,
but, after a brief attendance, came to Chicago in
1846. There he found temporary employment
as a compositor, later commencing the study of
law, and being admitted to the bar in 1848. A
portion of the present city of Evanston is built
upon a 248-acre tract owned and subdivided by Mr.
Hurd and his partner. Alwaj's in sympathy
with the old school and most radical type of
Abolitionists, he took a deep interest in the Kan-
sas-Missouri troubles of 1856, and became a mem-
ber of the "National Kansas Committee"
appointed by the Buffalo (N. Y. ) Convention, of
which body he was a member. He was chosen
Secretary of the executive committee, and it is
not too much to say that, largely through his
earnest and poorly requited labors, Kansas was
finally admitted into the Union as a free State.
It was mainly through his efforts that seed for
planting was gratuitously distributed among the
free-soil settlers. In 1869 he was appointed a
member of the Commission to revise the statutes
of Illinois, a large part of the work devolving
upon him in consequence of the withdrawal of
his colleagues. The revision was completed in
1874, in conjunction with a Joint Committee of
Revision of both Houses appointed by the Legis-
lature of 1873. While no statutory revision has
been ordered by subsequent Legislatures, Mr.
Hurd has carried on the same character of work
on independent lines, issuing new editions of the
statutes from time to time, which are regarded as
standard works by the bar. In 1875 he was
nominated by the Republican party for a seat on
the Supreme bench, but was defeated by the late
Judge T. Lyle Dickey. For several years he
filled a chair in the faculty of the Union College
of Law. His home is in Evanston.
HURLBUT, Stephen A., soldier. Congressman
and Foreign Minister, was born at Charleston,
S. C, Nov. 29, 1815, received a thorough liberal
education, and was admitted to the bar in 1837.
Soon afterwards he removed to Illinois, making
his home at Belvidere. He was a member of the
Constitutional Convention of 1847, in 1848 was an
unsuccessful candidate for Presidential Elector
on the Whig ticket, but, on the organization of
the Republican party in 1856, promptly identified
himself with that party and w:(s elected to the
lower branch of the General Assembly as a
Republican in 1858 and again in 1860. During
the War of the Rebellion he served with distinc-
tion from May, 1861, to July, 1865. He entered
the service as Brigadier-General, commanding
the Fourth Division of Grant's army at Pittsburg
Landing ; was made a Major-General in Septem-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
241
ber, 1862, and later assigned to the command of
the Sixteenth Army Corps, at Memphis, and sub-
sequently to the command of the Department of
the Gulf (1864-65). After the close of the war he
served another term in the General Assembly
(1867), was chosen Presidential Elector for the
State-at-large in 1868, and. in 1869, was appointed
by President Grant Minister Resident to the
United States of Colombia, serving until 1872.
The latter year he was elected Representative to
Congress, and re-elected two years later. In
1876 he was a candidate for re-election as an
independent Republican, but was defeated by
William Lathrop, the regular nominee. In 1881
he was appointed Minister Resident to Peru, and
died at Lima, March 37, 1882.
HUTCHINS, Thomas, was born in Monmouth,
N. J., in 1730, died in Pittsburg, Pa., April 28,
1789. He was the first Government Surveyor, fre-
quently called the "Geographer"; was also an
ofiicer of the Sixtieth Royal (British) regiment,
and assistant engineer under Bouquet. At the
outbreak of the Revolution, while stationed at
Fort Chartres, he resigned his commission be-
cause of his sympathy with the patriots. Three
years later he was charged with being in treason-
able correspondence with Franklin, and im-
prisoned in the Tower of London. He is said to
have devised the present system of Government
surveys in this country, and his services in carry-
ing it into effect were certainly of great value.
He was the author of several valuable works, the
best known being a "Topographical Description
of Virginia."
HUTSONVILLE, a village of Crawford County,
on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St.
Louis Railway, and the Wabash River, 34 miles
south of Paris. The district is agricultural. The
town has a bank and a weekly paper. Population
(1890), 583; (1900), 743.
ILLINOIS.
(gekeeal history.)
Illinois is the twenty-first State of the Federal
Union in the order of its admission, the twentieth
in present area and the third in point of popula-
tion. A concise history of the region, of which it
constituted the central portion at an early period,
will be found in the following pages :
The greater part of the territory now comprised
within the State of Illinois was known and at-
tracted eager attention from the nations of the
old world — especially in France, Germany and
England — before the close of the third quarter of
the seventeenth century. More than one hun-
dred years before the struggle for American Inde-
pendence began, or the geographical division
known as the "Territory of the Northwest" had
an existence; before the names of Kentucky,
Tennessee, Vermont or Ohio had been heard of,
and while the early settlers of New England and
Virginia were still struggling for a foothold
among the Indian tribes on the Atlantic coast,
the "Illinois Country" occupied a place on the
maps of North America as distinct and definite
as New York or Pennsylvania. And from that
time forward, until it assumed its position in the
Union with the rank of a State, no other section
has been the theater of more momentous and
stirring events or has contributed more material,
affording interest and instruction to the archaeol-
ogist, the ethnologist and the historian, than
that portion of the American Continent now
known as the "State of Illinois."
The "Illinois Country." — What was known
to the early French explorers and their followers
and descendants, for the ninety years which
intervened between the discoveries of Joliet and
La Salle, down to the suirender of this region to
the English, as the "Illinois Country," is de-
scribed with great clearness and definiteness by
Capt. Philip Pittman, an English engineer who
made the first survey of the Mississippi River
soon after the transfer of the French possessions
east of the Mississippi to the British, and who
published the result of his observations in London
in 1770. In this report, which is evidently a
work of the highest authenticity, and is the more
valuable because written at a transition period
when it was of the first importance to preserve
and hand down the facts of early French history
to the new occupants of the soil, the boundaries
of the "Illinois Country" are defined as follows:
"The Country of the Illinois is bounded by the
Mississippi on the west, by the river Illinois on
the north, by the Ouabache and Miamis on the
east and the Ohio on the south."
From this it would appear that the country lying
between the Illinois and the Mississippi Rivers to
the west and northwest of the former, was not
considered a part of the "Illinois Country," and
243
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
this agrees generally with the records of the
early French explorers, except that they regarded
the region which comprehends the site of the
present city of Chicago — the importance of which
appears to have been appreciated from the first
as a connecting link between the Lakes and the
upper tributaries of the rivers falling into the
Gulf of Jlexico — as belonging thereto
Origin of the Name. — The "Country" appears
to have derived its name from Inini. a word of
Algonquin origin, signifying "the men,"' eu-
phemized by the French into Illini with the
suffix ois, signifying "tribe." The root of the
term, applied both to the country and the Indians
occupying it, has been still further defined as "a
perfect man" (Haines on "Indian Names"), and
the derivative has been used by the French
chroniclers in various forms though always with
the same signification — a signification of which
the earliest claimants of the appellation, as well
as their successors of a different race, have not
failed to be duly proud.
Boundaries and Area. — It is this region
which gave the name to the State of which it
constituted so large and important a part. Its
boundaries, so far as the Wabash and the Ohio
Rivers (as well as the Mississippi from the mouth
of the Ohio to the mouth of the Illinois) are con-
cerned, are identical with those given to the
"Illinois Country" by Pittman. The State is
bounded on the north by Wisconsin ; on the east
by Lake Michigan, the State of Indiana and the
Wabash River; southeast by the Ohio, flowing
between it and the State of Kentucky ; and west
and southwest by the Mississippi, which sepa-
rates it from the States of Iowa and Missouri. A
peculiarity of the Act of Congress defining the
boundaries of the State, is the fact that, while
the jurisdiction of Illinois extends to the middle
of Lake Michigan and also of the channels of the
Wabash and the Mississippi, it stops at the north
bank of the Ohio River ; this seems to have been
a sort of concession on the part of the framers of
the Act to our proud neighbors of the "Dark and
Bloody Ground." Geographically, the State lies
between the parallels of 36° 59' and 43° 30' north
latitude, and the meridian of 10° 30' and 14° of
longitude west from the city of Washington.
From its extreme southern limit at the mouth of
the Ohio to the Wisconsin boundary on the north,
its estimated length is 385 miles, with an extreme
breadth, from tlie Indiana State line to the Mis-
sissippi River at a point between Quincy and
Warsaw, of 318 miles. Owing to the tortuous
course of its river and lake boundaries, which
comprise about three-fourths of the whole, its
physical outline is extremely irregular. Between
the limits described, it has an estimated area of
56,650 square miles, of which 650 square miles is
water — the latter being chiefly in Lake Michigan.
This area is more than one and one-half times
that of all New England (Maine being excepted),
and is greater than that of any other State east
of the Mississippi, except Michigan, Georgia and
Florida — Wisconsin lacking only a few hundred
square miles of the same.
When these figures are taken into account
some idea may be formed of the magnificence of
the domain comprised within the limits of the
State of Illinois — a domain larger in extent than
that of England, more than one-fourth of that of
all France and nearly half that of the British
Islands, including Scotland and Ireland. The
possibilities of such a country, possessing a soil
unequaled in fertility, in proportion to its area,
by any other State of the Union and with re-
sources in agriculture, manufactures and com-
merce unsurpassed in any country on the face of
the globe, transcend all human conception.
Streams and Navigation. — Lying between
the Mississippi and its chief eastern tributary, the
Ohio, with the Wabash on the east, and inter-
sected from northeast to southwest by the Illinois
and its numerous aflluents, and with no moun-
tainous region within its limits, Illinois is at once
one of the best watered, as well as one of the most
level States in the Union. Besides the Sanga-
mon, Kankakee, Fox and Des Plaines Rivers,
chief tributaries of the Illinois, and the Kaskaskia
draining the region between the Illinois and the
Wabash, Rock River, in the northwestern portion
of the State, is most important on account of its
valuable water-power. All of these streams were
regarded as navigable for some sort of craft, dur-
ing at least a portion of the year, in the early
history of the country, and with the magnificent
Mississippi along the whole western border, gave
to Illinois a larger extent of navigable waters
than that of any other single State. Although
practical navigation, apart from the lake and by
natural water courses, is now limited to the Mis-
sissippi, Illinois and Ohio — making an aggregate
of about 1,000 miles — the importance of the
smaller streams, when the people were dependent
almost wholly upon some means of water com-
munication for the transportation of heavy com-
modities as well as for travel, could not be
over-estimated, and it is not without its effect
upon the productiveness of the soil, now that
water transportation has given place to railroads.
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
343
The whole number of streams shown upon the
best maps exceeds 280.
Topography. — In physical conformation the
surface of the State presents the aspect of an
inclined plane with a moderate descent in the
general direction of the streams toward the south
and southwest. Cairo, at the extreme southern
end of the State and the point of lowest depres-
sion, has an elevation above sea-level of about
300 feet, while the altitude of Lake Michigan at
Chicago is 583 feet. The greatest elevation is
reached near Scale's Mound in the northwestern
part of the State — 1,257 feet — while a spur from
tlie Ozark Mountains of Missoui'i, projected across
the southern part of the State, rises in Jackson
and Union Counties to a height of over 900 feet.
The eastern end of this spur, in the northeast
corner of Pope County, reaches an elevation of
1,046 feet. South of this ridge, the surface of
the country between the Ohio and Mississippi
Rivers was originally covered with dense forests.
These included some of the most valuable species
of timber for lumber manufacture, such as the
different varieties of oak, walnut, poplar, ash,
sugar-maple and cypress, besides elm. linden,
hickory, honey-locust, pecan, hack-berry, cotton-
wood, sycamore, sassafras, black-gum and beech.
The native fruits included the persimmon, wild
plum, grape and paw-paw, with various kinds of
berries, such as blackberries, raspberries, straw-
berries (in the prairie districts) and some others.
Most of the native growths of woods common to
the south were found along the streams farther
north, except the cypress beech, pecan and a few
others.
Prairies. — A peculiar feature of the country,
in the middle and northern portion of the State,
which excited the amazement of early explorers,
was the vast extent of the prairies or natural
meadows. The origin of these has been attrib-
uted to various causes, such as some peculiarity of
the soil, absence or excess of moisture, recent
upheaval of the surface from lakes or some other
bodies of water, the action of fires, etc. In many
sections there appears little to distinguish the
soil of the prairies from that of the adjacent
woodlands, that may not be accounted for by the
character of their vegetation and other causes,
for the luxuriant growth of native grasses and
other productions has demonstrated that they do
not lack in fertility, and the readiness with
which trees take root when artificially propa-
gated and protected, has shown that there is
nothing in the soil itself unfavorable to their
growth. Whatever may have been the original
cause of the prairies, however, there is no doubt
that annually recurring fires have had much to
do in perpetuating their existence, and even
extending their limits, as the absence of the same
agent has tended to favor the encroachments of
the forests. While originally regarded as an
obstacle to the occupation of the country by a
dense population, there is no doubt that their
existence has contributed to its rapid develop-
ment when it was discovered with what ease
these apparent wastes could be subdued, and how
productive they were capable of becoming when
once brought under cultivation.
In spite of the uniformity in altitude of the
State as a whole, many sections present a variety
of surface and a mingling of plain and woodland
of the most pleasing character. This is espe-
cially the case in some of the prairie districts
where the undulating landscape covered with
rich herbage and brilliant flowers must have
presented to the first explorers a scene of ravish-
ing beauty, which has been enhanced rather than
diminished in recent times by the hand of culti-
vation. Along some of the streams also, espe-
cially on the upper Mississippi and Illinois, and
at some points on the Ohio, is found scenery of
a most picturesque variety.
Animals, etc. — From this description of the
country it will be easy to infer what must have
been the varieties of the animal kingdom which
here found a home. These included the buffalo,
various kinds of deer, the bear, panther, fox,
wolf, and wild-cat, while swans, geese and ducks
covered the lakes and streams. It was a veritable
paradise for game, both large and small, as well
as for their native hunters. "One can scarcely
travel," wrote one of the earliest priestly explor-
ers, "without finding a prodigious multitude of
turkeys, that keep together in flocks often to the
number of ten hundred." Beaver, otter, and
mink were found along the streams. Most of
these, especially the larger species of game, have
disappeared before the tide of civilization, but the
smaller, such as quail, prairie chicken, duck and
the different varieties of fish in the streams, pro-
tected by law during certain seasons of the year,
continue to exist in considerable numbers.
Soil and Climate.— The capabilities of the
soil in a region thus situated can be readily under-
stood. In proportion to the extent of its surface,
Illinois has a larger area of cultivable land than
any other State in the Union, with a soil of supe-
rior quality, much of it unsurpassed in natural
f ertihty . This is especially true of the "American
Bottom," a region extending a distance of ninety
244
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
miles along the east bank of the Mississippi, from
a few miles below Alton nearly to Chester, and
of an average width of five to eight miles. This
was the seat of the first permanent white settle-
ment in the Mississippi Valley, and portions of it
have been under cultivation from one hundred to
one hundred and fifty years without exhaustion.
Other smaller areas of scarcely less fertility are
found both upon the bottom-lands and in the
prairies in the central portions of the State.
Extending through five and one-half degrees of
latitude, Illinois has a great variety of climate.
Though subject at times to sudden alternations
of temperature, these occasions have been rare
since tlie country has been thoroughly settled.
Its mean average for a series of years has been 48°
in the northern part of the State and 56' in the
southern, differing little from other States upon
tlie same latitude. The mean winter temper-
ature has ranged from 25° in the north to 34° in
the south, and the summer mean from 67' in the
north to 78° in the south. The extreme winter
temperature has seldom fallen below 20 ' below
zero in the northern portion, while the highest
summer temperature ranges from 95° to 103°.
The average difference in temperature between
the northern and soutliern portions of the State
is about 10°, and the difference in the progress of
the seasons for the same sections, from four to six
weeks. Such a wide variety of climate is favor-
able to the production of nearly all the grains
and fruits peculiar to the temperate zone.
Contest for Occupation. — Three powers
early became contestants for the supremacy on
the North American Continent. The first of
these was Spain, claiming possession on the
ground of the discovery by Columbus; England,
basing her claim upon the discoveries of the
Cabots, and France, maintaining her right to a
considerable part of the continent by virtue of
the discovery and exploration by Jacques Cartier
of the Gulf and River St. Lawrence, in 1534-35,
and the settlement of Quebec by Champlain
seventy -four years later. The claim of Spain
was general, extending to both North and South
America; and, while she early established her
colonies in Mexico, the West Indies and Peru,
the country was too vast and her agents too busy
seeking for gold to interfere materially with her
competitors. The Dutch, Swedes and Germans
established small, though flourishing colonies, but
they were not colonizers nor were they numeric-
ally as strong as their neighbors, and their settle-
ments were ultimately absorbed by the latter.
Both the Spaniards and the French were zealous
in proselyting the aborigines, but while the
former did not hesitate to torture their victims
in order to extort their gold while claiming to
save their souls, the latter were more gentle and
beneficent in their policy, and, by their kindness,
succeeded in winning and retaining the friend-
ship of the Indians in a remarkable degree. They
were traders as well as missionaries, and this fact
and the readiness with which they adapted them-
selves to the habits of those whom they found in
possession of the soil, enabled them to make the
most extensive explorations in small numbers
and at little cost, and even to remain for un-
limited periods among their aboriginal friends.
On the other hand, the English were artisans and
tillers of the soil with a due proportion engaged
in commerce or upon the sea; and, while they
were later in planting their colonies in Virginia
and New England, and less aggressive in the
work of exploration, they maintained a surer
foothold on the soil when they had once estab-
lished themselves. To this fact is due the per-
manence and steady growth of the English
colonies in the New World, and the virtual domi-
nance of the Anglo-Saxon race over more than
five-sevenths of the North American Continent —
a result which has been illustrated in the history
of every people that has made agriculture, manu-
factures and legitimate commerce the basis of
their prosperity.
Early Explorations. — The French explorers
were the first Europeans to visit the "Country of
the Illinois," and, for nearly a century, they and
their successors and descendants held undisputed
possession of the country, as well as the greater
part of the Mississippi Valley. It is true that
Spain put in a feeble and indefinite claim to this
whole region, but she was kept too busy else-
where to make her claim good, and, in 1763, she
relinquished it entirely as to the Mississippi
Valley and west to the Pacific Ocean, in order to
strengthen herself elsewhere.
There is a peculiar coincidence in the fact that,
while the English colonists who settled about
IMassacliusetts Bay named that region "New
England," the French gave to their possessions,
from the St. Lawrence to the mouth of the Mis-
sissippi, the name of "New France," and the
Spaniards called all the region claimed by them,
extending from Panama to Puget Sound, "New
Spain. " The boundaries of each were very indefi-
nite and often conflicting, but were settled by the
treaty of 1763.
As early as 1634, Jean Nicolet, coming by way
of Canada, discovered Lake Michigan — then
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
245
called by the French, "Lac des Illinois" — entered
Green Bay and visited some of the tribes of
Indians in that region. In 1641 zealous mission-
aries had reached the Falls of St. Mary (called by
the French "Sault Ste. Marie"), and, in 1658, two
French fur-traders are alleged to have penetrated
as far west as "La Pointe" on Lake Superior,
where they opened up a trade with the Sioux
Indians and wintered in the neighborhood of the
Apostle Islands near wliere the towns of Ashland
and Bayfield, Wis. , now stand. A few years later
(1665), Fathers Allouez and Dablon, French mis-
sionaries, visited the Chippewas on the southern
shore of Lake Superior, and missions were estab-
lished at Green Bay, Ste. Marie and La Pointe.
About the same time the mission of St. Ignace
was established on the north shore of the Straits
of Mackinaw (spelled by the French "Michilli-
macinac"). It is also claimed that the French
traveler, Radisson, during the year of 1658-59,
reached the upper Mississippi, antedating the
claims of Joliet and Marquette as its discoverers
by fourteen years. Nicholas Perrot, an intelli-
gent chronicler who left a manuscript account of
his travels, is said to have made extensive explor-
ations about the head of the great lakes as far
south as the Fox River of Wisconsin, between
1670 and 1690, and to have held an important
conference with representatives of numerous
tribes of Indians at Sault Ste. Marie in June,
1671. Perrot is also said to have made the first
discovery of lead mines in tlie West.
Up to this time, however, no white man appears
to have reached the "Illinois Country," though
much had been heard of its beauty and its wealth
in game. On May 17, 1673, Louis Joliet, an enter-
prising explorer who had already visited the Lake
Superior region in search of copper mines, under
a commission from the Governor of Canada, in
company with Father Jacques Marquette and
five voyageurs, with a meager stock of provisions
and a few trinkets for trading with the natives,
set out in two birch-bark canoes from St. Ignace
on a tour of exploration southward. Coasting
along the west shore of Lake Michigan and Green
Bay and through Lake Winnebago, they reached
the country of the Mascoutins on Fox River,
ascended that stream to the portage to the Wis-
consin, then descended the latter to the Mis-
. sissippi, which they discovered on June 17.
Descending the Mississippi, which they named
"Rio de la Conception," they passed the mouth of
the Des Moines, where they are supposed to have
encountered the first Indians of the Illinois
tribes, by whom they were hospitably enter-
tained. Later they discovered a rude painting
upon the rocks on the east side of the river,
which, from the description, is supposed to have
been the famous "PiasaBird," which was still to
be seen, a short distance above Alton, within the
present generation. (See Piasa Bird, The
Legend of.) Passing the mouth of the Missouri
River and the present site of the city of St.
Louis, and continuing past the mouth of the
Ohio, they finally reached what Marquette called
the village of the Akanseas, which has been
assumed to be identical with the mouth of the
Arkansas, though it has been questioned whether
they proceeded so far south. Convinced that the
^Mississippi "had its mouth in Florida or the Gulf
of Mexico, " and fearing capture by the Spaniards,
they started on tlieir return. Reaching the
mouth of the Illinois, they entered that stream
and ascended past the village of tlie Peorias and
the "Illinois town of the Kaskaskias" — the
latter being about where the town of Utica, La
Salle County, now stands — at each of which they
made a brief stay. Escorted by guides from the
Kaskaskias, they crossed the portage to Lake
Michigan where Chicago now stands, and re-
turned to Green Bay, which they reached in the
latter part of September. (See Joliet and Mar-
quette.)
The next and most important expedition to Illi-
nois— important because it led to the first per-
manent settlements — was undertaken by Robert
Cavelier. Sieur de La Salle, in 1679. This eager
and intelligent, but finally unfortunate, discov-
erer liad spent several years in exploration in
the lake region and among the streams south of
the lakes and west of the Alleghenies. It has
been claimed that, during this tour, he descended
the Ohio to its junction with the Mississippi;
also that he reached the Illinois by way of the
head of Lake ^Michigan and the Chicago portage,
and even descended the Mississippi to the 36th
parallel, antedating Marquette's first visit to
that stream by two years. The chief authority
for this claim is La Salle's biographer, Piei-re
Margry, who bases his statement on alleged con-
versations with La Salle and letters of his friends.
The absence of any allusion to these discoveries
in La Salle's own papers, of a later date, addressed
to the King, is regarded as fatal to this claim.
However this may have been, there is conclusive
evidence that, during this period, he met with
Joliet while the latter was returning from one of
liis trips to the Lake Superior country. With an
imagination fired by what he then learned, he
made a visit to his native country, receiving a
246
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
liberal grant from the French Government which
enabled him to carry out his plans. With the
aid of Henry de Tonty, an Italian who afterward
accompanied him in his most important expedi-
tions, and who proved a most valuable and effi-
cient CO- laborer, imder the auspices of Frontenac,
then Governor of Canada, he constructed a small
vessel at the foot of Lake Erie, in which, with a
company of thirty-four persons, he set sail on
the seventh of August, 1679, for the West. This
vessel (named the "Griffon") is believed to have
been the first sailing-vessel that ever navigated
the lakes. His object was to reach the Illinois,
and he carried with him material for a boat
which he intended to put together on that
stream. Arriving in Green Bay early in Septem-
ber, by way of Lake Huron and the straits of
Mackinaw, he disembarked his stores, and, load-
ing the Griffon with furs, started it on its return
with instructions, after discharging its cargo at
the starting point, to join him at the head of
Lake Michigan. With a force of seventeen men
and three missionaries in four canoes, he started
southward, following the western shore of Lake
Michigan past the mouth of the Chicago River,
on Nov. 1, 1679, and reached the mouth of
the St. Joseph River, at the southeast corner of
the lake, which had been selected as a rendez-
vous. Here he was joined by Tonty, three weeks
later, with a force of twenty Frenchmen who
had come by the eastern shore, but the Griffon
never was heard from again, and is supposed to
have been lost on the return voyage. While
waiting for Tonty he erected a fort, afterward
called Fort Miami. The two parties here united,
and, leaving four men in charge of the fort, with
the remaining thirty-three, he resumed his
journey on the third of December. Ascending
the St. Joseph to about where South Bend, Ind.,
now stands, he made a portage with his canoes
and stores across to the headwaters of the Kan-
kakee, which he descended to the Illinois. On
the first of January he arrived at the great Indian
town of the Kaskaskias, which Marquette had
left for the last time nearly five years before, but
found it deserted, the Indians being absent on a
hunting expedition. Proceeding down the Illi-
nois, on Jan. 4, 1680, he passed through Peoria
Lake and the next morning reached the Indian
village of that name at the foot of the lake, and
established friendly relations with its people.
Having determined to set up his vessel here, he
constructed a rude fort on the eastern bank of
the river about four miles south of the village.
With the exception of the cabin built for Mar-
quette on the South Branch of the Chicago River
in the winter of 1674-75, this was probably the
first structure erected by white men in Illinois.
This received the name "Creve-Coeur — "Broken
Heart" — which, from its subsequent history,
proved exceedingly appropriate. Having dis-
patched Father Louis Hennepin with two com.
panions to the Upper Mississippi, by way of the
mouth of the Illinois, on an expedition which
resulted in the discovery of the Falls of St.
Anthony, La Salle started on his return to
Canada for additional assistance and the stores
which he had failed to receive in consequence of
the loss of the Griffon. Soon after his depar-
ture, a majority of the men left with Tonty at
Fort Creve-Coeur mutinied, and, having plundered
the fort, partially destroyed it. This compelled
Tonty and five companions who had remained
true, to retreat to the Indian village of the Illi-
nois near "Starved Rock," between where the
cities of Ottawa and La Salle now stand, where
lie spent the summer awaiting the return of La
Salle. In September, Touty"s Indian allies hav-
ing been attacked and defeated by the Iroquois,
he and his companions were again compelled to
flee, reaching Green Bay the next spring, after
having spent the winter among the Pottawato-
mies in the present State of Wisconsin.
During the next three years (1681-83) La Salle
made two other visits to Illinois, encountering
and partially overcoming formidable obstacles at
each end of the journey. At the last visit, in
company with the faithful Tonty, whom he had
met at Mackinaw in the spring of 1681, after a
separation of more than a year, he extended his
exploration to the mouth of the Mississippi, of
which he took formal possession on April 9, 1682,
in the name of "Louis the Grand, King of France
and Navarre." This was the first expedition of
white men to pass down the river and determine
the problem of its discharge into the Gulf of
Mexico.
Returning to Mackinaw, and again to Illinois^
in the fall of 1682, Tonty set about carrying into
effect La Salle's scheme of fortifying "The Rock,"
to which reference has been made under the
name of "Starved Rock. " The buildings are said
to have included store-houses (it was intended as
a trading post), dwellings and a block-house
erected on the summit of the rock, and to which
the name of "Fort St. Louis" was given, while a
village of confederated Indian tribes gathered
about its base on tlie south which bore the name
of La Vantum. According to the historian,
Parkman. the population of this colony, in the
HENRY DH TONTY.
FT. DEARBORN FROM THE WEST, 1808
WAR EAGI,E.
CHIEF CIUCA<.iU
I'OKT nHARISOKN. 211. IN 1SS3, l-KOM Till': S( irTHWI'.ST.
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
247
days of its greatest prosperity, was not less than
20,000. Tonty retained his headquarters at Fort
St. Louis for eighteen years, during which he
made extensive excursions throughout the West.
The proprietorship of the fort was granted to
him in 1690, but, in 1702, it was ordered by the
Governor of Canada to be discontinued on the
plea that the charter had been violated. It con-
tinued to be used as a trading post, however, as
late as 1718, when it was raided by the Indians
and burned. (See La Salle; Tonty; Hennepin,
and Starved Rock. )
Other explorers who were the contemporaries
or early successors of Marquette, Joliet, La Salle,
Tonty, Hennepin and their companions in the
Northwest, and many of whom are known to have
visited the "Illinois Country," and probably all
of whom did so, were Daniel Greysolon du Lhut
(called by La Salle, du Luth), a cousin of Tonty,
who was the first to reach the Mississippi directly
from Lake Superior, and from whom the city of
Duluth has been named ; Henry Joutel, a towns-
man of La Salle, who was one of the survivors of
the ill-fated Matagorda Bay colony; Pierre Le
Sueur, the discoverer of the Minnesota River,
and Baron la Hontan, who made a tour through
Illinois in 1688-89, of which he published an
account in 1703.
Chicago River early became a prominent point
in the estimation of the French explorers and
was a favorite line of travel in reaching the Illi-
nois by way of the Des Plaines, though probably
sometimes confounded with other streams about
the head of the lake. The Calumet and Grand
Calumet, allowing easy portage to the Des Plaines,
were also used, while the St. Joseph, from which
portage was had into the Kankakee, seems to
have been a part of the route first used by La
Salle.
Aborigines and Early Missions.— When the
early French explorers arrived in the "Illinois
Country" they found it occupied by a number of
tribes of Indians, the most numerous being the
"Illinois," which consisted of several families or
bands that spread themselves over the country on
both sides of the Illinois River, extending even
west of the Mississippi ; the Piankeshaws on the
east, extending beyond the present western
boundary of Indiana, and the Miamis in the
northeast, with whom a weaker tribe called the
Weas were allied. The Illinois confederation
included the Kaskaskias, Peorias, Cahokias,
Tamaroas and Mitcliigamies — the last being the
tribe from which Lake Jlichigan took its name.
(See Illinois Indians.) There seems to have been
a general drift of some of the stronger tribes
toward the south and east about this time, as
Allouez represents that he found the Miamis and
their neighbors, the Mascoutins, about Green Bay
when he arrived there in 1670. At the same
time, there is evidence that the Pottawatomies
were located along the southern shore of Lake
Superior and about the Sault Ste. Marie (now
known as "The Soo"), though within the next
fifty years they had advanced southward along
the western shore of Lake Michigan until they
reached where Chicago now stands. Other tribes
from the north were the Kickapoos, Sacs and
Foxes, and Winnebagoes, while the Shawnees
were a branch of a stronger tribe from the south-
east Charlevoix, who wrote an account of his
visit to the "Illinois Country" in 1721, says:
"Fifty years ago the Miamis were settled on the
southern extremity of Lake Michigan, in a place
called Chicago from the name of a small river
which runs into the lake, the source of which is
not far distant from that of the River Illinois."
It does not follow necessarily that this was the
Chicago River of to-day, as the name appears to
have been applied somewhat indefinitely, by the
early explorers, both to a region of country
between the head of the lake and the Illinois
River, and to more than one stream emptying
into the lake in that vicinity. It has been con-
jectured that the river meant by Charlevoix
was the Calumet, as his description would apply
as well to that as to the Chicago, and there is
other evidence that the Miamis, who were found
about the mouth of the St. Joseph River during
the eighteenth century, occupied a portion of
Southern Michigan and Northern Indiana, ex-
tending as far east as the Scioto River in Ohio.
From the first, the Illinois seem to have con-
ceived a strong liking for the French, and being
pressed by the Iroquois on the east, the Sacs and
Foxes, Pottawatomies and Kickapoos on the
north and the Sioux on the west, by the begin-
ning of the eighteenth century we find them,
much reduced in numbers, gathered about the
French settlements near the mouth of the Kas-
kaskia (or Okaw) River, in the western part of
the present counties of Randolph, Monroe and St.
Clair. In spite of the zealous efforts of the mis-
sionaries, the contact of these tribes with the
whites was attended with the usual results —
demoralization, degradation and gradual extermi-
nation. The latter result was hastened by the
frequent attacks to which they were exposed
from their more warlike enemies, so that by the
latter part of the eighteenth century, they were
248
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
reduced to a few hundred dissolute and depraved
survivors of a once vigorous and warlike race.
During the early part of the French occupation,
there arose a chief named Chicagou (from whom
the city of Chicago received its name) who ap-
pears, like Red Jacket, Tecumseh and Logan, to
have been a man of unusual intelligence and
vigor of character, and to have exercised great
influence with his people. In 1725 he was sent to
Paris, where he received the attentions due to a
foreign potentate, and, on his return, was given a
command in an expedition against the Chicka-
saws, who had been making incursions from the
south.
Such was the general distribution of the Indians
in the northern and central portions of the State,
within the first fifty years after the arrival of the
French. At a later period the Kickapoos ad-
vanced farther south and occupied a considerable
share of the central portion of the State, and even
extended to the mouth of the AVabash. The
southern part was roamed over by bands from
beyond the Ohio and the Mississippi, including
the Cherokees and Chickasaws, and the Arkansas
tribes, some of whom were very powerful and
ranged over a vast extent of country.
The earliest civilized dwellings in Illinois, after
the forts erected for purposes of defense, were
undoubtedly the posts of the fur-traders and the
missionary stations. Fort Miami, the first mili-
tary post, established by La Salle in the winter
of 1679-80, was at the mouth of the St. Joseph
River within the boundaries of what is now the
State of Michigan. Fort Creve-Coeur, partially
erected a few months later on the east side of the
Illinois a few miles below where the city of
Peoria now stands, was never occupied. Mr.
Charles Ballance, the historian of Peoria, locates
this fort at the present village of Wesley, in
Tazewell County, nearly opposite Lower Peoria.
Fort St. Louis, built by Tonty on the summit of
"Starved Rock," in the fall and winter of 1682,
was the second erected in the "Illinois Country,"
but the first occupied. It has been claimed that
Marquette established a mission among the Kas
kaskias, opposite "The Rock," on occasion of his
first visit, in September, 1673, and that he re-
newed it in the spring of 167.5, when he visited
it for the last time. It is doubtful if this mission
was more than a season of preaching to the
natives, celebrating mass, administering baptism,
etc. ; at least the story of an established mission
has been denied. That this devoted and zealous
propagandist regarded it as a mission, however,
is evident from his own journal. He gave to it
the name of the "Mission of the Immaculate
Conception," and, although he was compelled by
failing health to abandon it almost immediately,
it is claimed that it was renewed in 1677 by
Father AUouez, who had been active in founding
missions in the Lake Superior region, and that it
was maintained until the arrival of La Salle in
1680. The hostility of La Salle to the Jesuits led
to AUouez' withdrawal, but he subsequently
returned and was succeeded in 1688 by Father
Gravier, whose labors extended from Mackinaw
t6 Biloxi on the Gulf of Mexico.
There is evidence that a mission had been
established among the Miamis as early as 1698,
under the name "Chicago," as it is mentioned by
St. Cosme in the report of his visit in 1699-1700.
This, for the reasons already given showing the
indefinite use made of the name Chicago as
applied to streams about the head of Lake Michi-
gan, probably referred to some other locality in
the vicinity, and not to the site of the present
city of Cliicago. Even at an earlier date there
appears, from a statement in Tonty's Memoirs, to
have been a fort at Chicago — probably about the
same locality as the mission. Speaking of his
return from Canada to the "Illinois Country" in
1685, he says: "I embarked for the Illinois
Oct. 30, 1685, but being stopped by the ice, I
was obliged to leave my canoe and proceed by
land. After going 120 leagues, I arrived at Fort
Chicagou, where M. de la Durantaye com-
manded."
According to the best authorities it was during
the year 1700 that a mission and permanent settle-
ment was established by Father Jacques Pinet
among the Tamaroas at a village called Cahokia
(or "Sainte Famille de Caoquias"), a few miles
south of the present site of the city of East St.
Louis. This was the first permanent settlement
by Europeans in Illinois, as that at Kaskaskia on
the Illinois was broken up the same year.
A few months after the establisliment of the
mission at Cahokia (which received the name of
"St. Sulpice"), but during the same year, the
Kaskaskias, having abandoned their village on
the upper Illinois, were induced to settle near the,
mouth of the river which bears their name, and
the mission and village — the latter afterward
becoming the first capital of the Territory and
State of Illinois — came into" being. This identity
of names has led to some confusion in determin-
ing the date and place of the first permanent
settlement in Illinois, the date of Marquette's
first arrival at Kaskaskia on the Illinois being
given by some authors as that of the settlement
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
349
at Easkaskia on the Mississippi, twenty-seven
years later.
Period of French Occupation. — As may be
readily inferred from the methods of French
colonization, the first permanent settlements
gathered about the missions at Cahokia and Kas-
kaskia, or rather were parts of them. At later
periods, but during the French occupation of the
country, other villages were estabUshed, the
most important being St. Philip and Prairie du
Rocher; all of these being located in the fertile
valley now known as the "American Bottom,"
between the older towns of Cahokia and Kaskas-
kia. There were several Indian villages in the
vicinity of the French settlements, and tliis
became, for a time, the most populous locality in
the Mississippi Valley and the center of an active
trade carried on with the settlements near the
mouth of the Mississippi. Large quantities of
the products of the country, such as flour, bacon,
pork, tallow, lumber, lead, peltries, and even
wine, were transported in keel-boats or batteaus
to New Orleans; rice, manufactured tobacco,
cotton goods and such other fabrics as the simple
wants of the people required, being brought back
in return. These boats went in convoys of seven
to twelve in number for mutual protection, three
months being required to make a trip, of which
two were made annually — one in the spring and
the other in the autumn.
The French possessions in North America went
under the general name of ' 'New France, " but their
boundaries were never clearly defined, though an
attempt was made to do so through Commission-
ers who met at Paris, in 1753. They were under-
stood by the French to include the valley of the
St. Lawrence, with Labrador and Nova Scotia, to
the northern boundaries of the British colonies ;
the region of the Great Lakes ; and the Valley of
the Mississippi from the headwaters of the Ohio
westward to the Pacific Ocean and south to the
Gulf of Mexico. While these claims were con-
tested by England on the east and Spain on the
southwest, they comprehended the very heart of
the North American continent, a region unsur-
passed in fertility and natural resources and
now the home of more than half of the entire
population of the American Republic. That
the French should have reluctantly yielded
up so magnificent a domain is natural. And
yet they did this by the treaty of 1763, sur-
rendering the region east of the Mississippi
(except a comparatively small district near
the mouth of that stream) to England, and the
remainder to Spain — an evidence of the straits to
which they had been reduced by a long series of
devastating wars. (See French and Indian
Wars. )
In 1713 Antoine Crozat, under royal letters-
patent, obtained from Louis XIV. of France a
monopoly of the commerce, with control of the
country, "from the edge of the sea (Gulf of
Mexico) as far as the Illinois." This grant hav-
ing been surrendered a few years later, was re-
newed in 1717 to the "Company of the West," of
which the celebrated Jolin Law was the head,
and under it jurisdiction was exercised over the
trade of Illinois. On September 27 of the same
year (1717), the "Illinois Country," which had
been a dependency of Canada, was incorporated
with Louisiana and became part of that province.
Law's company received enlarged powers under
the name of the "East Indies Company," and
although it went out of existence in 1731 with
the opprobrious title of the "South Sea Bubble,"
leaving in its wake hundreds of ruined private
fortunes in France and England, it did much to
stimulate the population and development of the
Mississippi Valley. During its existence (in 1718)
New Orleans was founded and Fort Chartres
erected, being named after the Due de Chartres,
son of the Regent of France. Pierre Duque Bois-
briant was the first commandant of Illinois and
superintended the erection of the fort. (See Fort
Chartres. )
One of the privileges granted to Law's com-
pany was the importation of slaves; and under
it, in 1721, Philip F. Renault brought to the
country five hundred slaves, besides two hundred
artisans, mechanics and laborers. Two years
later he received a large grant of land, and
founded the village of St. Philip, a few miles
north of Fort Chartres. Thus Illinois became
slave territory before a white settlement of any
sort existed in what afterward became the slave
State of Missouri.
During 1731 the country under control of the
East Indies Company was divided into nine civil
and military districts, each presided over by a
commandant and a judge, with a superior coun-
cil at New Orleans. Of these, Illinois, the largest
and, next to New Orleans, the most populous,
was the seventh. It embraced over one-half the
present State, with the country west of the Mis-
ssisippi, between the Arkansas and the 43d degree
of latitude, to the Rocky Mountains, and inchided
the present States of Missouri, Iowa, Nebraska,
Kansas and parts of Arkansas and Colorado. In
1733, the Indies Company surrendered its charter,
and Louisiana, including the District of Illinois,
250
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
was afterwards governed by officers appointed
directly by the crown. {See French Governors.)
As early as September, 1699, an attempt was
made by an expedition fitted out by the English
Government, under command of Captains Barr
and Clements, to take possession of the country
about the mouth of the Mississippi on the ground
of prior discovery; but they found the French
under Bienville already in possession at Biloxi,
and they sailed away without making any further
effort to carry the scheme into effect. Mean-
while, in the early part of the next century, the
English were successful in attaching to their
interests the Iroquois, who were the deadly foes
of the French, and held possession of Western
New York and the region around the headwaters
of the Ohio River, extending their incursions
against the Indian allies of the French as far west
as Illinois. The real struggle for territory be-
tween the English and French began with the
formation of the Ohio Land Company in 1748-49,
and the grant to it by the English Government
of half a million acres of land along the Ohio
River, with the exclusive right of trading with
the Indian tribes in that region. Out of this
grew the establishment, in the next two years, of
trading posts and forts on the Miami and Maumee
in Western Ohio, followed by the protracted
French and Indian War. which was prosecuted
with varied fortunes until the final defeat of the
French at Quebec, on the thirteenth of Septem-
ber, 1759, which broke their power on the Ameri-
can continent. Among those who took part in
this struggle, was a contingent from the French
garrison of Fort Chartres. Neyon de Villiers,
commandant of the fort, was one of these, being
the only survivor of seven brothers who partici-
pated in the defense of Canada. Still hopeful of
saving Louisiana and Illinois, he departed with
a few followers for New Orleans, but the treaty
of Paris, Feb. 10, 1763, destroyed all hope, for by
its terms Canada, and all other territory east of
the Mississippi as far south as the northern
boundary of Florida, was surrendered to Great
Britain, while the remainder, including the vast
territory between the Mississippi and the Rocky
Mountains, was given up to Spain.
Thus the "lUinois Country"" fell into the hands
of the British, although the actual transfer of
Fort Chartres and the country dependent upon it
did not take place until Oct. 10, 1765, when its
veteran commandant, St. Ange — who had come
from Vincennes to assume command on the
retirement of Villiers, and who held it faithfullj'
for the conqueror — surrendered it to Capt.
Thomas Stirling as the representative of the Eng-
lish Government. It is worthj* of note that this
was the last place on the North American con-
tinent to lower the French flag.
British Occupation. — The delay of the British
in taking possession of the "Illinois Country,"
after the defeat of the French at Quebec and the
surrender of their possessions in America by the
treaty of 1763, was due to its isolated position
and the difficulty of reaching it with sufficient
force to establish the British authority. The
first attempt was made in the spring of 1764,
when Maj. Arthur Loftus, starting from Pensa-
cola, attempted to ascend the Mississippi with a
force of four hundred regulars, but, being met
by a superior Indian force, was compelled to
retreat. In August of the same year, Capt
Thomas Morris was dispatched from Western
Pennsylvania with a small force "to take posses-
sion of the Illinois Country." This expedition
got as far as Fort Miami on the Maumee, when its
progress was arrested, and its commander nar-
rowly escaped death. The next attempt wa.s
made in 1765, when Maj. George Croghan, a Dep-
uty Superintendent of Indian affairs whose name
has been made historical by the celebrated speech
of the Indian Chief Logan, was detailed from
Fort Pitt, to visit Illinois. Croghan being detained,
Lieut. Alexander Frazer, who was to accompany
him, proceeded alone. Frazer reached Kaskas-
kia, but met with so rough a reception from
both the French and Indians, that he thought it
advisable to leave in disguise, and escaped by
descending the Mississippi to New Orleans.
Croghan started on his journey on the fifteenth
of May, proceeding down the Ohio, accompanied
by a party of friendly Indians, but having been
captured near the mouth of the Wabash, he
finally returned to Detroit without reaching his
destination. The first British official to reach
Fort Chartres was Capt. Thomas Stirling. De-
scending the Ohio with a force of one hundred
men, he reached Fort Chartres, Oct. 10, 1765, and
received the surrender of the fort from the faith-
ful and courteous St. Ange. It is estimated that
at least one-third of the French citizens, includ-
ing the more wealthy, left rather than become
British subjects. Those about Fort Chartres left
almost in a body. Some joined the French
colonies on the lower Mississippi, while others,
crossing the river, settled in St. Genevieve, then
in Spanish territory. Much the larger number
followed St. Ange to St. Louis, which had been
established as a trading post by Pierre La Clede,
during the previous year, and which now received
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
351
what, in these later days, would be called a great
"boom."
Captain Stirling was relieved of his command
at Fort Chartres, Dec. 4, by Maj. Robert Farmer.
Other British Commandants at Fort Chartres
were Col. Edward Cole, Col. John Reed, Colonel
Wilkins, Capt. Hugh Lord and Francois de Ras-
tel, Chevalier de Rocheblave. The last had been
an officer in the French army, and, having resided
at Kaskaskia, transferred his allegiance on occu-
pation of the country by the British. He was the
last official representative of the British Govern-
ment in Illinois.
The total population of the French villages in
Illinois, at the time of their transfer to England,
has been estimated at about 1,600, of which 700
were about Kaskaskia and 450 in the vicinity of
Cahokia. Captain Pittman estimated the popu-
lation of all the French villages in Illinois and on
the Wabash, at the tinae of his visit in 1770, at
about 2,000. Of St. Louis — or "Paincourt, " as it
was called — Captain Pittman said: "There are
about forty private houses and as many families. "
Most of these, if not all, had emigrated from the
French villages. In fact, although nominally in
Spanish territory, it was essentially a French
town, protected, as Pittman said, by "a French
garrison" consisting of "a Captain-Commandant,
two Lieutenants, a Fort Major, one Sergeant.
one Corporal and twenty men."
Action of Continental Congress. — The first
official notice taken of the "Illinois Country" by
the Continental Congress, was the adoption by
that body, July 13, 1775, of an act creating three
Indian Departments — a Northern, Middle and
Southern. Illinois was assigned to the second,
with Benjamin Franklin and James Wilson, of
Pennsylvania, and Patrick Henry, of Virginia,
as Commissioners. In April, 1776, Col. George
Morgan, who had been a trader at Kaskaskia, was
appointed agent and successor to these Commis-
sioners, with headquarters at Fort Pitt. The
promulgation of the Declaration of Independence,
on the Fourth of July, 1776, and the events im-
mediately preceding and following that event,
directed attention to the colonies on the Atlantic
coast; yet the frontiersmen of Virginia were
watching an opportunity to deliver a blow to the
Government of King George in a quarter where
it was least expected, and where it was destined
to have an immense influence upon the future of
the new nation, as well as that of the American
continent.
Col. George Rogers Clark's Expedition.
— During the year 1777, Col. George Rogers Clark,
a native of Virginia, then scarcely twenty-five
years of age, having conceived a plan of seizing
the settlements in the Mississippi Valley, sent
trusty spies to learn the sentiments of the people
and the condition of affairs at Kaskaskia. The
report brought to him gave him encouragement,
and, in December of the same year, he laid before
Gov. Patrick Henry, of Virginia, his plans for
the reduction of the posts in Illinois. These were
approved, and, on Jan. 2, 1778, Clark received
authority to recruit seven companies of fifty men
each for three months' service, and Governor
Henry gave him 56,000 for expenses. Proceeding
to Fort Pitt, he succeeded in recruiting three
companies, who were directed to rendezvous at
Corn Island, opposite the present city of Louis-
ville. It has been claimed that, in order to
deceive the British as to his real destination,
Clark authorized the announcement that the
object of the expedition was to protect the settle-
ments in Kentucky from the Indians. At Corn
Island another company was organized, making
four in all, under the command of Captains Bow-
man, Montgomery, Helm and Harrod, and having
embarked on keel-boats, they passed the Falls of
the Ohio, Jime 24. Reaching the island at the
mouth of the Tennessee on the 28th, he was met
by a party of eight American hunters, who had
left Kaskaskia a few days before, and who, join-
ing his command, rendered good service as
guides. He disembarked his force at the mouth
of a small creek one mile above Fort Massac,
June 29, and, directing his course across the
country, on the evening of the sixth day (July 4,
1778) arrived within three miles of Kaskaskia.
The surprise of the unsuspecting citizens of Kas-
kaskia and its small garrison was complete. His
force having, under cover of darkness, been
ferried across the Kaskaskia River, about a mile
above the town, one detachment surrounded the
town, while the other seized the fort, capturing
Rocheblave and his little command without fir-
ing a gun. The famous Indian fighter and
hunter, Simon Kenton, led the way to the fort.
This is supposed to have been what Captain Pitt-
man called the "Jesuits' house," which had been
sold by the French Government after the country
was ceded to England, the Jesuit order having
been suppressed. A wooden fort, erected in 1736,
and known afterward by the British as Fort
Gage, had stood on the bluff opposite the town,
but, according to Pittman, this was burnt in 1766,
and there is no evidence that it was ever rebuilt.
Clark's expedition was thus far a complete suc-
cess. Rocheblave, proving recalcitrant, was
252
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
placed in irons and sent as a prisoner of war to
Williamsburg, while his slaves were confiscated,
the proceeds of their sale being divided among
Clark's troops. The inhabitants were easily
conciliated, and Cahokia having been captured
without bloodshed, Clark turned his attention to
Vincennes. Through the influence of Pierre
Gibault — the Vicar-General in charge at Kaskas-
kia — the people of Vincennes were induced to
swear allegiance to the United States, and,
although the place was afterward captured by a
British force from Detroit, it was, on Feb.
24, 1779, recaptured by Colonel Clark, together
with a body of prisoners but little smaller than
the attacking force, and §50,000 worth of prop-
erty. (See Clark, Col. George Rogers.)
Under Government of Virginia. — Seldom
in the history of the world have such important
results been achieved by such insignificant instru-
mentalities and with so little sacrifice of life, as
in this almost bloodless campaign of the youthful
conqueror of Illinois. Having been won largely
through Virginia enterprise and valor and by
material aid furnished through Governor Henry,
the Virginia House of Delegates, in October,
1778, proceeded to assert the jurisdiction of that
commonwealth over the settlements of the North-
west, by organizing all the country west and
north of the Ohio River into a county to be called
"Illinois," (see Illinois County), and empowering
the Governor to appoint a "County-Lieutenant or
Commandant-in-Chief" to exercise civil author-
ity during the pleasure of the appointing power.
Thus "Illinois County" was older than the States
of Ohio or Indiana, while Patrick Henry, the elo-
quent orator of the Revolution, became ex-officio
its first Governor. Col. John Todd, a citizen of
Kentucky, was appointed "County-Lieutenant,"
Dec. 13, 1778, entering upon his duties in
May following. The militia was organized,
Deputy-Commandants for Kaskaskiaand Cahokia
appointed, and the first election of civil oflScers
ever had in Illinois, was held xinder Colonel
Todd's direction. His record-book, now in posses
sion of the Chicago Historical Society, shows
that he was accustomed to exercise powers
scarcely inferior to those of a State Executive.
(See Todd, Col. John.)
In 1783 one "Thimothe Demunbrunt" sub-
scribed himself as "Lt. comd'g par interim, etc."
— but the origin of his authority is not clearly
understood. He assumed to act as Commandant
until- the arrival of Gov. Arthur St. Clair, first
Territorial Governor of the Northwest Territory,
in 1790. After the close of the Revolution, courts
ceased to be held and civil aff'airs fell into great
disorder. "In effect, there was neither law nor
order in the 'Illinois Country' for the seven
years from 1783 to 1790."
During the progress of the Revolution, there
were the usual rumors and alarms in the "Illinois
Country" peculiar to frontier life in time of war.
The country, however, was singularly exempt
from any serious calamity such as a general
massacre. One reason for this was the friendly
relations which had existed between the French
and their Indian neighbors previous to the con-
quest, and which the new masters, after the cap-
ture of Kaskaskia, took pains to perpetuate.
Several movements were projected by the British
and their Indian allies about Detroit and in Can-
ada, but they were kept so busy elsewhere that
they liad little time to put their plans into execu-
tion. One of these was a proposed movement
from Pensacola against the Spanish posts on the
lower Mississippi, to punish Spain for having
engaged in the war of 1779, but the promptness
with which the Spanish Governor of New Orleans
proceeded to capture Fort Manchac, Baton Rouge
and Natchez from their British possessors, con-
vinced the latter that this was a "game at which
two could play." In ignorance of these results,
an expedition, 750 strong, composed largely of
Indians, fitted out at Mackinaw under command
of Capt. Patrick St. Clair, started in the early
partof May, 1780, to co-operate with the expedition
on the lower Mississippi, but intending to deal a
destructive blow to the Illinois villages and the
Spanish towns of St. Louis and St. Genevieve on
the way. This expedition reached St. Louis, May
26, but Col. George Rogers Clark, having arrived
at Cahokia with a small force twenty-four hours
earlier, prepared to co-operate with the Spaniards
on the western shore of the Mississippi, and the
invading force confined their depredations to kill-
ing seven or eight villagers, and then beat a
hasty retreat in the direction they had come.
These were the last expeditions organized to
regain the "Country of the Illinois" or capture
Spanish posts on the Mississippi.
Expeditions Against Fort St. Joseph. — An
expedition of a different sort is worthy of mention
in this connection, as it originated in Illinois.
This consisted of a company of seventeen men,
led by one Thomas Brady, a citizen of Cahokia,
who, marching across the country, in the month
of October, 1780, after the retreat of Sinclair,
from St. Louis, succeeded in surprising and cap-
turing Fort St. Joseph about where La Salle had
erected Fort Miami, near the mouth of the St.
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
253
Joseph River, a hundred years before. Brady
and his party captured a few British prisoners,
and a large quantity of goods. On their return,
while encamped on the Calumet, they were
attacked by a band of Pottawatomies. and all
were killed, wounded or taken prisoners except
Brady and two others, who escaped. Early in
January, 1781, a party consisting of sixty-five
whites, organized from St. Louis and Cahokia,
with some 200 Indians, and headed by Don
Eugenio Pourre, a Spaniard, started on a second
expedition against Fort St. Joseph. By silencing
the Indians, whom they met on their way, with
promises of plunder, they were able to reach the
fort without discovery, captured it and, raising
the Spanish flag, formally took possession in the
name of the King of Spain. After retaining pos-
session for a few days, the party returned to St.
Louis, but in negotiating the treaty of peace at
Paris, in 1783, this incident was made the basis
of a claim put forth by Spain to ownership of
the "Illinois Country" "by right of conquest."
The Territorial Period. — At the very outset
of its existence, the new Government of the
United States was confronted with an embarrass-
ing question which deeply affected the interests
of the territory of which Illinois formed a part.
This was the claim of certain States to lands
lying between their western boundaries and the
Mississippi River, then the western boundary of
the Republic. These claims were based either
upon the terms of their original charters or upon
the cession of lands by the Indians, and it was
under a claim of the former character, as well as
by right of conquest, that Virginia assumed to ex-
ercise authority over the "Illinois Country" after
its capture by the Clark expedition. This con-
struction was opposed by the States which, from
their geographical position or other cause, had
no claim to lands beyond their own boundaries,
and the controversy was waged with considerable
bitterness for several years, proving a formidable
obstacle to the ratification of the Articles of Con-
federation. As early as 1779 the subject received
the attention of Congress in the adoption of a
resolution requesting the States having such
claims to "forbear settling or issuing warrants
for unappropriated lands or granting the same
during the continuance of the present (Revolu-
tionary) War. " In the following year. New York
authorized her Delegates in Congress to limit its
boundaries in such manner as the}' might think
expedient: and to cede to the Government its
claim to western lands. The case was further com-
plicated by the claims of certain land companies
which had been previously organized. New York
filed her cession to the General Government of
lands claimed by her in October, 1782, followed
by Virginia nearly a year later, and by Massa-
chusetts and Connecticut in 1785 and 1786. Other
States followed somewhat tardily, Georgia being
the last, in 1802. The only claims of this charac-
ter affecting lands in Illinois were those of Vir-
ginia covering the southern part of the State, and
Connecticut and Massachusetts applying to the
northern portion. It was from the splendid
domain north and west of the Ohio thus acquired
from Virginia and other States, that the North-
west Territory was finally organized.
Ordinance of 1787. — The first step was taken in
the passage by Congress, in 1784, of a resolution
providing for the temporary government of the
Western Territory, and this was followed three
years later by the enactment of the celebrated
Ordinance of 1787. While this latter document
contained numerous provisions which marked a
new departure in the science of free government
— as, for instance, that declaring that "religion,
morality and knowledge being necessary to good
government and the happiness of mankind,
schools and the means of education shall forever
be encouraged" — its crowning feature was the
sixth article, as follows: "There shall be neither
slavery nor involuntary servitude in the said
Territory, otherwise than in the punishment of
crime, whereof the party shall have been duly
convicted."
Although there has been considerable contro-
versy as to the authorship of the above and other
provisions of this immortal document, it is
worth}' of note that substantially the same lan-
guage was introduced in the resolutions of 1784,
by a Delegate from a slave State — Thomas Jeffer-
son, of Virginia— though not, at that time,
adopted. Jefferson was not a member of the
Congress of 1787 (being then Minister to France),
and could have had nothing directly to do with
the later Ordinance; yet it is evident that the
principle which he had advocated finally received
the approval of eight out of the thirteen States, —
all that were represented in that Congress — includ-
ing the slave States of Virginia, Delaware, North
Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. (See
Ordinance of 1787.)
Northwest Territory Organized.— Under
the Ordinance of 1787, organizing the Northwest
Territory, Gen. Arthur St. Clair, who had been a
soldier of the Revolution, was appointed the
first Governor on Feb. 1, 1788, with Winthrop
Sargent, Secretary, and Samuel Holden Parsons,
254
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
James Mitchell Varnum and John Cleves
Symmes, Judges. All these were reappointed by
President Washington in 1789. The new Terri-
torial Government was organized at Marietta, a
settlement on the Ohio, July 15, 1788, but it was
nearly two years later before Governor St. Clair
visited Illinois, arriving at Kaskaskia, March 5,
1790. The County of St. Clair (named after him)
was organized at this time, embracing all the
settlements between the Wabash and the Missis-
sippi. (See St. Clair County.) He found the
inhabitants generally in a deplorable condition,
neglected by the Government, the courts of jus-
tice practically abolished and many of the citizens
sadly in need of the obligations due them from
the Government for supplies furnished to Colonel
Clark twelve years before. After a stay of three
months, the Governor returned east. In 1795,
Judge Turner held the first court in St. Clair
County, at Cahokia, as the county-seat, although
both Cahokia and Kaskaskia had been named as
county-seats by Governor St. Clair. Out of the
disposition of the local authorities to retain the
official records at Cahokia, and consequent dis-
agreement over the county-seat question, at least
in part, grew the order of 1795 organizing the
second county (Randolph), and Kaskaskia became
its county-seat. In 1796 Governor St. Clair paid
a second visit to Illinois, accompanied by Judge
Symmes, who held court at both county-seats.
On Nov. 4, 1791, occurred the defeat of Gov-
ernor St. Clair, in the western part of the present
State of Ohio, by a force of Indians under com-
mand of Little Turtle, in which the whites sus-
tained a heavy loss of both men and property —
an event which had an unfavorable effect upon
conditions throughout the Northwest Territory
generally. St. Clair, having resigned his com-
mand of the army, was succeeded by Gen.
Anthony Wayne, who, in a vigorous campaign,
overwhelmed the Indians with defeat. This
resulted in the treaty with the Western tribes at
Greenville, August 3, 1795, which was the begin-
ning of a period of comparative peace with the
Indians all over the Western Country. (See
Wayne, (Oen.) Anthony.)
First Territorial Legislation.— In 1798, the
Territory having gained the requisite population,
an election of members of a Legislative Council
and House of Representatives was held in accord-
ance with the provisions of the Ordinance of 1787.
This was the first Territorial Legislature organized
in the history of the Republic. It met at Cincin-
nati, Feb. 4, 1799, Shadrach Bond being the
Delegate from St. Clair County and John Edgar
from Randolph. Gen. William Henry Harrison,
who had succeeded Sargent as Secretary of the
Territory, June 26, 1798, was elected Delegate to
Congress, receiving a majority of one vote over
Arthur St. Clair, Jr., son of the Governor.
Ohio and Indiana Territories. — By act of
Congress, May 7, 18U0, the Northwest Territory
was divided into Ohio and Indiana Territories ;
the latter embracing the region west of the pres-
ent State of Ohio, and having its capital at "Saint
Vincent" (Vincennes). May 13, William Henry
Harrison, who had been the first Delegate in Con-
gress from the Northwest Territory, was ap-
pointed Governor of Indiana Territorj', which at
first consisted of three counties ; Knox, St. Clair
and Randolph — the two latter being within the
boundaries of the present State of Illinois. Their
aggregate population at this time was estimated
at less than 5,000. During his administration
Governor Harrison concluded thirteen treaties
with the Indians, of which six related to the ces-
sion of lands in Illinois. The first treaty relating
to lands in Illinois was that of Greenville, con-
cluded by General Wayne in 1795. By this the
Government acquired six miles square at the
mouth of the Chicago River ; twelve miles square
at the mouth of the Illinois ; six miles square at
the old Peoria fort ; the post of Fort Massac ; and
1.50.000 acres assigned to General Clark and his
soldiers, besides all other lands "in possession of
the French people and all other white settlers
among them, the Indian title to which had been
thus extinguished." (See /udi'a7i Treaties; also,
Greenville, Treaty of. )
During the year 1803, the treaty with France
for the purchase of Louisiana and West Florida
was concluded, and on March 26, 1804. an act was
passed by Congress attaching all that portion of
Louisiana lying north of the thirty-third parallel
of latitude and west of the Mississippi to Indiana
Territory for governmental purposes. This in-
cluded the present States of Arkansas, Missouri,
Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, Minnesota, the two
Dakotas and parts of Colorado, Wyoming and Mon-
tana. This arrangement continued only until
the following JIarch, when Louisiana was placed
under a separate Territorial organization.
For four years Indiana Territory was governed
under laws framed by the Governor and Judges,
but, the population having increased to the re-
quired number, an election was held, Sept.
11, 1804, on the proposition to advance the gov-
ernment to the "second grade" by the election of
a Territorial Legislature. The smallness of the
vote indicated the indifference of the people on
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
'^55
the subject. Out of 400 votes cast, the proposition
received a majority of 138. The two Illinois
counties cast a total of 142 votes, of which St.
Clair furnished 81 and Randolph 61. The former
gave a majority of 37 against the measure and
the latter 19 in its favor, showing a net negative
majority of 18. The adoption of the proposition
was due, therefore, to the affirmative vote in the
other counties. There were in the Territory at
this time six counties ; one of these (Wayne) was
in Michigan, which was set off, in 1805, as a sep-
arate Territory. At the election of Delegates to
a Territorial Legislature, held Jan. 3, 180.5, Shad-
rach Bond, Sr. , and William Biggs were elected
for St. Clair County and George Fisher for Ran-
dolph. Bond having meanwhile become a mem-
ber of the Legislative Council, Shadrach Bond,
Jr., was chosen his successor. The Legislature
convened at Vincennes, Feb. 7, 1805, but only
to recommend a list of persons from whom
it was the dutj' of Congress to select a Legislative
Council. In addition to Bond, Pierre Menard
was chosen for Randolph and John Hay for St.
Clair.
Illinois Teeritory Organized.— The Illinois
counties were represented in two regular and one
special session of the Territorial Legislature dur-
ing the time they were a part of Indiana Terri-
tory. By act of Congress, which became a law
Feb. 3, 1809, the Territory was divided, the west-
ern part being named Illinois.
At this point the history of Illinois, as a sepa-
rate political division, begins. While its bounda-
ries in all other directions were as now, on the
north it extended to the Canada line. From
what has already been said, it appears that the
earliest white settlements were established by
French Canadians, chiefly at Kaskaskia, Cahokia
and the other villages in the southern part of the
American Bottom. At the time of Clark's in-
vasion, there were not known to have been more
than two Americans among these people, except
such hunters and trappers as paid them occasional
visits. One of the earliest American settlers in
Southern Illinois was Capt. Nathan Hull, who
came from Massachusetts and settled at an early
day on the Ohio, near where Golconda now
stands, afterward removing to the vicinity of
Kaskaskia, where he died in 1806. In 1781, a
company of immigrants, consisting (with one or
two exceptions) of members of Clark's command
in 1778, arrived with their families from Mary-
land and Virginia and established themselves on
the American Bottom. The "New Design" set-
tlement, on the boundary line between St. Clair
and Monroe Counties, and the first distinctively
American colony in the "Illinois Country," was
established by this party. Some of its members
afterward became prominent in the history of the
Territory and the State. William Biggs, a mem-
ber of tlie first Territorial Legislature, with
others, settled in or near Kaskaskia about 1783,
and William Arundel, the first American mer-
chant at Cahokia, came there from Peoria during
the same year. Gen. John Edgar, for many years
a leading citizen and merchant at the capital,
arrived at Kaskaskia in 1784, and William Jlor-
rison, Kaskaskia's principal merchant, came from
Philadelphia as early as 1790, followed some years
afterward by several brothers. James Lemen
came before the beginning of the present cen-
tury, and was the founder of a large and influ-
ential family in the vicinity of Shiloh, St. Clair
County, and Rev. David Badgley headed a colony
of 154 from Virginia, who arrived in 1797.
Among other prominent arrivals of this period
were John Rice Jones, Pierre Menard (first
Lieutenant-Governor of the State), Shadrach
Bond, Jr. (first Governor), John Hay, John
Messinger, William Kinney, Capt. Joseph Ogle;
and of a later date, Nathaniel Pope (afterward
Secretary of the Territory, Delegate to Congress,
Justice of the United States Court and father of
the late IMaj.-Gen. John Pope), Elias Kent Kane
(first Secretary of State and afterward United
States Senator), Daniel P. Cook (first Attorney-
General and second Representative in Congress),
George Forquer (at onetime Secretary of State),
and Dr. George Fisher — all prominent in Terri-
torial or State history. (See biographical
sketches of these earlj' settlers imder their re-
spective names. )
The government of tlie new Territory was
organized by the appointment of Ninian Ed-
wards, Governor; Nathaniel Pope, Secretar}-,
and Alexander Stuart, Obadiah Jones and Jesse
B. Thomas, Territorial Judges. (See Edwards,
Niuian.) Stuart having been transferred to
Missouri, Stanley Griswold was appointed in
his stead. Governor Edwards arrived at Kas-
kaskia, the capital, in Jime, 1809. At that
time the two counties of St. Clair and Randolpli
comprised the settled portion of the Territory,
with a white population estimated at about 9,000.
The Governor and Judges immediately proceeded
to formulate a code of laws, and the appoint-
ments made by Secretary Pope, who had preceded
the Governor in his arrival in the Territory, were
confirmed. Benjamin H. Doyle was the first
Attorney-General, but he resigned in a few
256
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
months, when the place was offered to John J.
Crittenden— the well-known United States Sen-
ator from Kentucky at the beginning of the
Civil War— but by him declined. Thomas T.
Crittenden was then appointed.
An incident of the year 1811 was the battle of
Tippecanoe, resulting in the defeat of Tecumseh,
the great chief of the Shawnees, by Gen. William
Henry Harrison. Four companies of mounted
rangers were raised in Illinois this year under
direction of Col. William Russell, of Kentucky,
who built Camp Russell near Edwardsville the
following year. They were commanded by Cap-
tains Samuel Whiteside, William B. Whiteside,
James B. Moore and Jacob Short. The memo-
rable earthquake which had its center about New
Madrid, Mo., occurred in December of this
year, and was quite violent in some portions of
Southern Illinois. (See Earthquake of ISll. )
War of 1813. — During the following year the
second war with England began, but no serious
outbreak occurred in Illinois until August, 1812,
when the massacre at Fort Dearborn, where
Chicago now stands, took place. This had long
been a favorite trading post of the Indians, at
first under French occupation and afterward
under the Americans. Sometime during 1803-04,
a fort had been built near the mouth of Chicago
River on the south side, on land acquired from the
Indians by the treaty of Greenville in 1795. (See
Fort Dearborn.) In the spring of 1813 some
alarm had been caused by outrages committed by
Indians in the vicinity, and in the early part of
August, Capt. Nathan Heald, commanding the
garrison . of less than seventy-five men, received
instructions from General Hull, in command at
Detroit, to evacuate the fort, disposing of the
public property as he might see fit. Friendly
Indians advised Heald either to make prepara-
tions for a vigorous defense, or evacuate at once.
Instead of this, he notified the Indians of his in-
tention to retire and divide the stores among
them, with the conditions subsequently agreed
upon in council, that his garrison should be
afforded an escort and safe passage to Fort
Wayne. On the 14tli of August he proceeded to
distribute the bulk of the goods as promised, but
the ammunition, guns and liquors were de-
stroyed. This he justified on the ground that a
bad use would be made of them, while the
Indians construed it as a violation of the agree-
ment. The tragedy which followed, is thus de-
scribed in Moses' "History of Illinois:"
"Black Partridge, a Pottawatomie Chief, who
had been on terms of friendship with the whites,
appeared before Captain Heald and informed
him plainly that his young men intended to
imbrue their hands in the blood of the whites;
that he was no longer able to restrain them, and,
surrendering a medal he had worn in token of
amity, closed by saying: 'I will not wear a
token of peace while I am compelled to act as an
enemy.' In the meantime the Indians were riot-
ing upon the provisions, and becoming so aggres-
sive in their bearing that it was resolved to march
out the next day. The fatal fifteenth arrived.
To each soldier was distributed twenty-five
rounds of reserved ammunition. The baggage
and ambulance wagons were laden, and tlie gar-
rison slowly wended its way outside the protect-
ing walls of the fort — the Indian escort of 500
following in the rear. What next occurred in
this disastrous movement is narrated by Captain
Heald in his report, as follows: 'The situation of
the country rendered it necessary for us to take
the beach, with the lake on our left, and a high
sand bank on our right at about three hundred
yards distance. We had proceeded about a mile
and a half, when it was discovered (by Captain
Wells) that the Indians were prepared to attack
us from behind the bank. I immediately marched
up with the company to the top of tlie bank,
when the action commenced; after firing one
round, we charged, and the Indians gave way in
front and joined those on our flanks. In about fif-
teen minutes they got possession of all our horses,
provisions and baggage of every description, and
finding the Miamis (who had come from Fort
Waj'ne with Captain Wells to act as an escort)
did not assist us, I drew off the few men I had
left and took possession of a small elevation in
the open prairie out of shot of the bank, or any
other cover. The Indians did not follow me but
assembled in a body on top of the bank, and after
some consultation among themselves, made signs
for me to approach them. I advanced toward
them alone, and was met by one of the Potta-
watomie chiefs called Black Bird, with an inter-
preter. After shaking hands, he rejjuested me to
surrender, promising to spare the lives of all the
prisoners. On a few moments' consideration I
concluded it would be most prudent to comply
with this request, although I did not put entire
confidence in his promise. The troops had made
a brave defense, but what could so small a force
do against such overwhelming numbers? It was
evident with over half their number dead upon
the field, or wounded, further resistance would
be hopeless. Twenty-six regulars and twelve
militia, with two women and twelve children,
were killed. Among the slain were Captain
Wells, Dr. Van Voorhis and Ensign George
Ronan. (Captain Wells, when young, had been
captured by Indians and had married among
them. ) He (Wells) was familiar with all the
wiles, stratagems, as well as the vindictiveness
of tlie Indian character, and when the conflict
began, he said to his niece (Mrs. Heald), by
whose side he was standing, 'We have not the
sliglitest chance for life ; we must part to meet
no more in this world. God bless you.' With
these words he dashed forward into the thickest
of tlie fight. He refused to be taken prisoner,
knowing what his fate would be, when a young
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
257
red-skin cut him down with his tomahawk,
jumped upon his body, cut out his heart and ate
a portion of it with savage delight.
"The prisoners taken were Captain Heald and
wife, both wounded. Lieutenant Hekn, also
wounded, and wife, with twenty-five non-com-
missioned officers and privates, and eleven women
and children. The loss of the Indians was fifteen
killed. Mr. Kinzie's family had been entrusted
to the care of some friendly Indians and were not
with the retiring garrison. The Indians engaged
in this outrage were principally Pottawatomies,
with a few Chippewas, Ottawas, Winnebagoes,
and Kickapoos. Fort Dearborn was plundered
and burned on the next morning." (See Fort
Dearborn; also War of IS 12. )
Thus ended the most bloody tragedy that ever
occurred on the soil of Illinois with Americans as
victims. The place where this affair occurred,
as described by Captain Heald, was on the lake
shore about the foot of Eighteenth Street in
the present city of Chicago. After the destruction
of the fort, the site of the present city of Chicago
remained unoccupied until 1816, when the fort
was rebuilt. At that time the bones of the vic-
tims of the massacre of 1812 still lay bleaching
upon the sands near the lake shore, but they
were gathered up a few years later and buried.
The new fort continued to be occupied somewhat
irregularly until 1837, when it was finally aban-
doned, there being no longer any reason for
maintaining it as a defense against the Indians.
Other Events of the War. — The part played
by Illinois in the War of 1813, consisted chiefly
in looking after the large Indian population
within and near its borders. Two expeditions
were undertaken to Peoria Lake in the Fall of
1812; the first of these, under the direction of
Governor Edwards, burned two Kickapoo vil-
lages, one of them being that of "Black Part-
ridge," who had befriended the whites at Fort
Dearborn. A few weeks later Capt. Thomas E.
Craig, at the head of a company of militia, made a
descent upon the ancient French village of Peoria,
on the pretext that the inhabitants had har-
bored hostile Indians and fired on his boats. He
burned a part of the town and, taking the people
as prisoners down the river, put them ashore
below Alton, in the beginning of winter. Both
these affairs were severely censured.
There were expeditions against the Indians on
the Illinois and Upper Mississippi in 1813 and
1814. In the latter year, IlUnois troops took part
with credit in two engagements at Rock Island —
the last of these being in co-operation with regu-
lars, under command of Maj. Zachary Taylor,
afterwards President, against a force of Indians
supported by the British. Fort Clark at Peoria
was erected in 1813, and Fort Edwards at War-
saw, opposite the mouth of the Des Moines, at
the close of the campaign of 1814. A council
with the Indians, conducted by Governors
Edwards of Illinois and Clarke of Missouri, and
Auguste Chouteau, a merchant of St. Louis, as
Government Commissioners, on the Mississippi
just below Alton, in July, 1815, concluded a
treaty of peace with the principal Northwestern
tribes, thus ending the war.
First Territorial Legislature.— By act of
Congress, adopted May 21, 1812, the Territory of
Illinois was raised to the second grade— i. e. , em-
powered to elect a Territorial Legislature. In
September, three additional counties— Madison,
Gallatin and Johnson — were organized, making
five in all, and, in October, an election for the
choice of five members of the Council and seven
Representatives was held, resulting as follows:
Councilmen— Pierre Menard of Randolph County ;
William Biggs of St. Clair; Samuel Judy of
Madison; Thomas Ferguson of Johnson, and
Benjamin Talbot of Gallatin. Representatives-
George Fisher of Randolph ; Joshua Oglesby and
Jacob Short of St. Clair ; William Jones of Madi-
son; Philip Trammel and Alexander Wilson of
Gallatin, and John Grammar of Johnson. The
Legislature met at Kaskaskia, Nov. 25, the Coun-
cil organizing with Pierre Menard as President
and John Thomas, Secretary; and the House,
with George Fisher as Speaker and William C.
Greenup, Clerk. Shadrach Bond was elected the
first Delegate to Congress.
A second Legislature was elected in 1814, con-
vening at Kaskaskia, Nov. 14. Menard was con-
tinued President of the Coimcil during the whole
Territorial period; while George Fisher was
Speaker of each House, except the Second. The
county of Edwards was organized in 1814, and
White in 1815. Other counties organized under
the Territorial Government were Jackson, Mon-
roe, Crawford and Pope in 1816; Bond in 1817,
and Franklin, Union and Washington in 1818,
making fifteen in all. Of these all but the
three last-named were organized previous to the
passage by Congress of the enabling act author-
izing the Territory of Illinois to organize a State
government. In 1816 the Bank of Illinois was
established at Shawneetown, with branches at
Edwardsville and Kaskaskia.
Early Towns. —Besides the French villages in
the American Bottom, there is said to have been
a French and Indian village on the west bank of
Peoria Lake, as early as 1711. This site appears
to have been abandoned about 1775 and a new
258
niSTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
village established on the present site of Peoria
soon after, which was maintained until 1813,
when it was broken vip by Captain Craig. Other
early towns were Shawneetown, laid out in 1808 ;
Belleville, established as the county-seat of St.
Clair County, in 1814; Edwardsville, founded in
1815; Upper Alton, in 181G, and Alton, in 181S.
Carmi, Fairfield, Waterloo, Golconda, Lawrence-
ville, Jlount Carmel and "Vienna also belonged to
this period ; while Jacksonville, Springfield and
Galena were settled a few years later. Chicago
is mentioned in "Beck's Gazetteer" of 1833, as "a
village of Pike County."
Admission as a State. — The preliminary steps
for the admission of Illinois as a State, were taken
in the passage of an Enabling Act by Congress,
April 13, 1818. An important incident in this
connection was the amendment of the act, mak-
ing the parallel of 42 " 30' from Lake Michigan to
the Mississippi River the northern boundary,
instead of a line extending from the southern
extremity of the Lake. This was obtained
through the influence of Hon. Nathaniel Pope,
then Delegate from Illinois, and by it the State
secured a strip of country fifty-one miles in
width, from the Lake to the Jlississippi, embrac-
ing what have since become fourteen of the most
populous counties of the State, including the city
of Chicago. The political, material and moral
results which have followed this important act,
have been the subject of much interesting dis-
cussion and cannot be easily over-estimated.
(See Northern Boundary Question: also Pojie.
Nathaniel.)
Another measure of great importance, which Mr.
Pope secured, was a modification of the provision
of the Enabling Act requiring the appropriation of
five per cent of the proceeds from the sale of pub-
lic lands within the State, to the construction of
roads and canals. The amendment which he
secured authorizes the application of two-fifths
of this fund to the making of roads leading to the
State, but requires "the residue to be appropri-
ated b}' the Legislature of the State for the
encouragement of learning, of which one-sixth
part shall be exclusively bestowed on a college or
university." This was the beginning of that
system of liberal encouragement of education by
the General Government, which has been at-
tended with such beneficent results in the younger
States, and has reflected so much honor upon the
Nation. (See Education; Railroads, and Illinois
& Michigan Canal.)
The Enabling Act required as a precedent con-
dition that a census of the Territory, to be taken
that year, should show a population of 40.000.
Such a result was shown, but it is now confessed
that the number was greatly exaggerated, the
true population, as afterwards given, being 34,020.
According to the decennial census of 1820, the
population of the State at that time was 55, 162.
If there was any short-coming in this respect in
1818, the State has fully compensated for it by
its unexampled growth in later years.
An election of Delegates to a Convention to
frame a State Constitution was held July 6 to 8,
1818 (extending through three days), thirtj'-three
Delegates being chosen from the fifteen counties
of the State. The Convention met at Kaskaskia,
August 3, and organized by the election of Jesse
B. Thomas, President, and William C. Greenup,
Secretary, closing its labors, August 26. The
Constitution, which was modeled largely upon
the Constitutions of Kentucky, Ohio and Indiana,
was not submitted to a vote of the people. (See
Constitutional Conventions, especially Coni-en-
tion of ISIS. ) Objection was made to its accept-
ance by Congress on the ground that the
population of the Ten'itory was insufficient and
that the prohibition of slavery was not as ex-
plicit as required by the Ordinance of 1787 ; but
these arguments were overcome and the docu-
ment accepted by a vote of 117 yeas to 34 nays.
The only officers whose election was provided for
by popular vote, were the Governor, Lieutenant-
Governor, Sheriffs, Coroners and County Commis-
sioners. The Secretary of State, State Treasurer,
Auditor of Public Accounts, Public Printer and
Supreme and Circuit Judges were all appointive
either by the Governor or General Assembly.
The elective franchise was granted to all wliite
male inhabitants, above the age of 21 years, who
had resided in the State six months.
The first State election was held Sept. 17,
1818, resulting in the choice of Shadrach Bond
for Governor, and Pierre Menard, Lieutenant-
Governor. The Legislature, chosen at the same
time, consisted of thirteen Senators and twenty-
seven Representatives. It commenced its session
at Kaskaskia, Oct. 5, 1818, and adjourned after a
session of ten days, awaiting the formal admis-
sion of the State, which took place Dec. 3. A
second session of the same Legislature was held,
extending from Jan. 4 to March 31, 1819.
Risdon Moore was Speaker of the first House.
The other State officers elected at the first ses-
sion were Elijah C. Berry, Auditor ; John Thomas,
Treasurer, and Daniel P. Cook, Attornej'-General.
Elias Kent Kane, having been appointed Secre-
tary of State by the Governor, was confirmed by
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
259
the Senate. Ex-Governor Edwards and Jesse B.
Thomas were elected United States Senators, the
former drawing the sliort term and serving one
year, when he was re-elected. Thomas served
two terms, retiring in 1S29. The first Supreme
Court consisted of Joseph Phillips, Chief Justice,
with Thomas C. Browne, William P. Foster and
John Reynolds, Associate Justices. Foster, who
was a mere adventurer without any legal knowl-
edge, left the State in a few months and was
succeeded by William Wilson. (See State Officers,
United States Seiiators, and Judiciary.)
Menard, who served as Lieutenant-Governor
four years, was a noteworthy man. A native of
Canada and of French descent, he came to Kas-
kaskia in 1790, at the age of 24 years, and
engaged in mercantile pursuits. He was hos-
pitable, frank, liberal and enterprising. The fol-
lowing story related of him illustrates a pleas-
ant feature of his character : "At one time there
was a scarcity of salt in the country, and Menard
held the only supply outside of St. Louis. A
number of his neighbors called upon him for
what they wanted ; he declined to let them know
whether he could supply them or not, but told
them to come to his store on a certain day, when
he would inform them. They came at the time
appointed, and were seated. Menard passed
around among them and inquired of each, 'You
got money?' Some said they had and some that
they had not, but would pay as soon as they
killed their hogs. Those who had money he
directed to range themselves on one side of the
room and those who had none, on the other. Of
course, those who had the means expected to get
the salt and the others looked very much dis-
tressed and crestfallen. Menard then spoke up
in his brusque way, and said, 'You men who got
de money, can go to St. Louis for your salt.
Dese poor men who got no money shall have my
salt, by gar.' Such was the man — noble-hearted
and large-minded, if iinpolished and uncouth."
(See il/ena/'d, Pierre.)
Removal of the Capital to Vandalia.—
At the second session of the General Assembly,
five Commissioners were appointed to select a
new site for the State Capital. What is now the
city of Vandalia was selected, and. in December,
1820, the entire archives of the State were re-
moved to the new capital, being transported in
one small wagon, at a cost of §25.00, under the
supervision of the late Sidney Breese. who after-
wards became United States Senator and Justice
of the Supreme Court, (See State Capitals.)
During the session of the Second General
Assembly, which met at Vandalia, Dec. 4,
1820, a bill was passed establishing a State Bank
at Vandalia, with branches at Shawneetown,
Edwardsville and Brownsville. John McLean,
who had been the first Representative in Con-
gress, was Speaker of the House at this session.
He was twice elected to the United States Senate,
though he served only about two years, dying in
1830. (See State Bank.)
Introduction of the Slavery Question. —
The second State election, which occurred in
August, 1822, proved the beginning of a turbu-
lent period through the introduction of some
exciting questions into State politics. There
were four candidates for gubernatorial honors in
the field : Chief- Justice Phillips, of the Supreme
Court, supported by the friends of Governor
Bond; Associate- Justice Browne, of the same
court, supported by the friends of Governor
Edwards; Gen. James B. Moore, a noted Indian
fighter and the candidate of the "Old Rangers."
and Edward Coles. The latter was a native of
Virginia, who had served as private secretary of
President Jlonroe, and had been employed as a
special messenger to Russia. He had made two
visits to Illinois, the fir.st in 1815 and the second
in 1818. The Convention to form a State Constitu-
tion being in session at the date of the latter
visit, he took a deep interest in the discussion of
the slavery question and exerted his influence in
securing the adoption of the prohibitory article
in the organic law. On April 1, 1819, he started
from his home in Virginia to remove to Edwards-
ville, 111., taking with him his ten slaves. The
journey from Brownsville, Pa., was made in
two flat-boats to a point below Louisville, where
he disembarked, traveling by land to Edwards-
ville. While descending the Ohio River he sur-
prised his slaves by announcing that they were
free. The scene, as described by himself, was
most dramatic. Having declined to avail them-
selves of the privilege of leaving him, he took
them with him to his destination, where he
eventually gave each head of a family 160 acres
of land. Arrived at Edwardsville, he assumed
the position of Register of the Land Ofiice, to
which he had been appointed by President Mon-
roe, before leaving Virginia.
The act of Coles with reference to his slaves
established his reputation as an opponent of
slavery, and it was in this attitude that he stood
as a candidate for Governor — both Phillips and
Bro^vne being friendly to "the institution,"
which had had a virtual existence in the "Illinois
Country" from the time Renault brought 500
260
HI""" )RICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
slaves to the vicinity of Xa. iSkid, 'one hun-
dred years before. Although the Constitution
declared that "neither slavery nor involuntary
servitude shall hereafter be introduced into the •
State," this had not been effectual in eliminating
it. In fact, while this language was construed,
so long as it remained in the Constitution, as
prohibiting legislation authorizing the admission
of slaves from without, it was not regarded as
inimical to the institution as it already existed ;
and, as the population came largely from the
slave States, there had been a rapidly growing
sentiment in favor of removing the inhibitory
clause. Although the pro-slavery party was
divided between two candidates for Governor,
it had hardly contemplated the possibility of
defeat, and it was consequently a surprise when
the returns showed that Coles was elected, receiv-
ing 2,854 votes to 3,687 for Phillips, 2,443 for
Browne and 623 for Moore — Coles" plurality
being 167 in a total of 8,606. Coles thus became
Governor on less than one-third of the popular
vote. Daniel P. Cook, who had made the race
for Congress at the same election against
McLean, as an avowed opponent of slavery, was
successful by a majority of 876. (See Coles,
Edward: also Cook. Daniel Pope.)
The real struggle was now to occur in the Legis-
lature, which met Dec. 3, 1822. The House
organized with William M. Alexander as Speaker,
while the Senate elected Thomas Lippincott
(afterwards a prominent Presbyterian minister
and the father of the late Gen. Charles E. Lippin-
cott), Secretary, and Henry S. Dodge, Enrolling
and Engrossing Clerk. The other State officers
appointed by the Governor, or elected by the
Legislature, were Samuel D. Lookwood, Secretary
of State: Elijah C. Berry, Auditor; Abner Field,
Treasurer, and James Turney, Attorney-General.
Lockwood had served nearly two years previously
as Attorney-General, but remained in the office
of Secretary of State only three months, when he
resigned to accept the position of Receiver for
the Land Office. (See Lockwood, Samuel Drake. )
The slavery question came up in the Legisla-
ture on the reference to a special committee of a
portion of the Governor's message, calling atten-
tion to the continued existence of slavery in spite
of the ordinance of 1787, and recommending that
steps be taken for its extinction. Majority and
minority reports were submitted, the former
claiming the right of the State to amend its Con-
stitution and thereby make such disposition of
the slaves as it saw proper. Out of this grew a
resolution submitting to the electors at the next
ek -jtion a proposition for a convention to revise
th J Constitution. This passed the Senate by the
necessary two-thirds vote, and, having come up
in the House (Feb. 11, 1823), it failed by a single
vote — Nicholas Hansen, a Representative from
Pike County, whose seat had been unsuccessfully
contested by John Shaw at the beginning of the
session, being one of those voting in the negative.
The next day, without further investigation, the
majority proceeded to reconsider its action in
seating Hansen two and a half months previ-
ously, and Shaw was seated in his place; though,
in order to do this, some crooked work was nec-
essary to evade the rules. Shaw being seated,
the submission resolution was then passed. No
more exciting campaign was ever had in Illinois.
Of five papers then published in the State, "The
Edwardsville Spectator," edited by Hooper
Warren, opposed the measure, being finally rein-
forced by "The Illinois Intelligencer," which had
been removed to Vandalia; "The Illinois Gaz-
ette," at Shawneetown, published articles on
both sides of the question, though rather favoring
the anti-slavery cause, while "The Republican
Advocate," at Kaskaskia, the organ of Senator
Elias Kent Kane, and "The Republican," at
Edwardsville, under direction of Judge Theophi-
lus W. Smith, Emanuel J. West and Judge
Samuel McRoberts (afterwards United States
Senator), favored the Convention. The latter
paper was established for the especial purpose of
supporting the Convention scheme and was
promptly discontinued on the defeat of the meas-
ure. (See Newspapers. Early.) Among other
supporters of the Convention proposition were
Senator Jesse B. Thomas, John McLean, Richard
M. Young, Judges Phillips, BrowTie and Reynolds,
of the Supreme Court, and many more ; while
among the leading champions of the opposition,
were Judge Lockwood, George Forquer (after-
ward Secretary of State), Morris Birkbeck, George
Churchill, Thomas Mather and Rev. Thomas Lip-
pincott. Daniel P Cook, then Representative in
Congress, was the leading champion of freedom
on the stump, while Governor Coles contributed
the salary of his entire term (84,000), as well as
his influence, to the support of the cause. Gov-
ernor Edwards (then in the Senate) was the owner
of slaves and occupied a non-committal position.
The election was held August 2, 1824, resulting in
4,972 votes for a Convention, to 6,640 against it,
defeating the proposition by a majority of 1,668.
Considering the size of the aggregate vote
(11,612), the result was a decisive one. By it
Illinois escaped the greatest danger it ever en-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIN9Ls.
261
countered previous to the War of the Rebellion.
(See Slavei-y and Slave Laws.)
At the same election Cook was re-electeJ to
Congress by 3,016 majority over Shadrach Bond.
The vote for President was divided between John
Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay
and William H. Crawford — Adams receiving a
plurality, but much below a majority. The Elect-
oral College failing to elect a President, the
decision of the question passed into the hands of
the Congressional House of Representatives,
when Adams was elected, receiving the vote of
Illinois through its only Representative, Mr. Cook.
During the remainder of his term, Governor
Coles was made the victim of much vexatious
litigation at the hands of his enemies, a verdict
being rendered against him in the sum of $3,000
for bringing his emancipated negroes into the
State, in violation of the law of 1819. The Legis-
lature having passed an act releasing him from
the penalty, it was declared unconstitutional by
a malicious Circuit Judge, though his decision
was promptly reversed by the Supreme Court.
Having lived a few years on his farm near
Edwardsville, in 1833 he removed to Philadelphia,
where he spent the remainder of his days, his
death occurring there, July 7, 1868. In the face
of opprobrium and defamation, and sometimes in
danger of mob violence, Governor Coles per-
formed a service to the State which has scarcely
yet been fully recognized. (See Coles, Edward. )
A ridiculous incident of the closing year of
Coles' administration was the attempt of Lieut.-
Gov. Frederick Adolphus Hubbard, after having
tasted the sweets of executive power during the
Governor's temporary absence from the State, to
usurp the position after the Governor's return.
The ambitious aspirations of the would-be usurper
were suppressed by the Supreme Court.
An interesting event of the year 1835, was the
visit of General La Fayette to Kaskaskia. He
was welcomed in an address by Governor Coles,
and the event was made the occasion of much
festivity by the French citizens of the ancient
capital. {See La Fayette, Visit of .)
The first State House at Vandalia having been
destroyed by fire, Dec. 9, 1823, a new one was
erected diuing the following year at a cost of
§13,381.50, toward which the people of Vandalia
contributed 55,000.
Edwards' Administration. — The State elec-
tion of 1826 resulted in again calling Ninian
Edwards to the gubernatorial chair, which he
had filled during nearly the whole of the exist-
ence of Illinois as a Territory. Elected one of the
first Unitc^ ''ta " mators, and re-elected for a
second term in 18. j, he had resigned tLi'! oflice in
1824 to accept the position of Minister to Mexico,
by appointment of President Monroe. Having
become involved in a controversy with William
H. Crawford, Secretary of the Treasury, he
resigned the Mexican mission, and, after a period
of retirement to private life for the first time
after he came to Illinois, he appealed to the
people of the State for endorsement, with the
result stated. His administration was unevent-
ful except for the "Winnebago War," which
caused considerable commotion on the frontier,
without resulting in much bloodshed. Governor
Edwards was a fine specimen of the "old school
gentleman" of that period — dignified and polished
in his manners, courtly and precise in his address,
proud and ambitious, with a tendency to the
despotic in his bearing in consequence of having
been reared in a slave State and his long connec-
tion with the executive office. His early educa-
tion had been under the direction of the
celebrated William Wirt, between whom and
himself a close friendship existed. He was
wealthy for the time, being an extensive land-
owner as well as slave-holder and the proprietor of
stores and mills, which were managed by agents,
but he lost heavily by bad debts. He was for
many years a close friend of Hooper Warren, the
pioneer printer, furnishing the material with
which the latter published his papers at Spring-
field and Galena. At the expiration of his term
of office near the close of 1830, he retired to his
home at Belleville, where, after making an un-
successful campaign for Congress in 1832, in
which he was defeated by Charles Slade, he
died of cholera, July 20, 1833. (See Edivards,
Ninian.)
William Kinney, of Belleville, who was a can-
didate for Lieutenant-Governor on the ticket
opposed to Edwards, was elected over Samuel M.
Thompson. In 1830, Kinney became a candidate
for Governor but was defeated by John Reynolds,
known as the "Old Ranger." One of the argu-
ments used against Kinney in this campaign was
that, in the Legislature of 1823, he was one of
three members who voted against the Illinois &
Michigan Canal, on the ground that "it (the
canal) would make an opening for the Yankees
to come to the country."
During Edwards" administration the first steps
were taken towards the erection of a State peni-
tentiary at Alton, funds therefor being secured
by tlie sale of a portion of the saline lands in Gal-
latin County. (See Alton Penitentiary.) The first
362
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Commissioners having charge of its construction
were Shadrach Bond, William P. McKee and
Dr. Gershom Jayne — the last-named the father of
Dr. William Jayne of Springfield, and father-in-
law of the late Senator Lyman Trumbull.
Governor Reynolds — Bl.\ck Hawk War. —
The election of 1830 resulted in the choice of John
Reynolds for Governor over William Kinney, by
a majority of 3,899, in a total vote of 49,051,
while Zadoc Casey, the candidate on the Kinney
ticket, was elected Lieutenant-Governor. (See
Reynolds, John.)
The most important event of Reynolds' admin-
istration was the "Black-Hawk War." Eight
thousand militia were called out during this war
to reinforce 1,500 regular troops, the final result
being the driving of 400 Indians west of the Mis-
sissippi. Rock Island, which had been the favor-
ite rallying point of the Indians for generations,
was the central point at the beginning of this
war. It is impossible to give the details of this
complicated struggle, which was protracted
through two campaigns (1831 and 1832), though
there was no fighting worth speaking of except
in the last, and no serious loss to the whites in
that, except the surprise and defeat of Stillman's
command. Beardstown was the base of opera-
tions in each of these campaigns, and that citj-
has probabh' never witnessed such scenes of
bustle and excitement since. The Indian village
at Rock Island was destroyed, and the fugitives,
after being pursued through Northern Illinois
and Southwestern Wisconsin without being
allowed to surrender, were driven beyond the
Mississippi in a famishing condition and with
spirits completely broken. Galena, at that time
the emporium of the "Lead Mine Region," and
the largest town in the State north of Springfield,
was the center of great excitement, as the war
was waged in the region surrounding it. (See
Black Hawk War.) Although cool judges have
not regariled this campaign as reflecting honor
upon either the prowess or the magnanimity of
the whites, it was remarkable for the number of
those connected with it whose names afterwards
became famous in the history of the State and
the Nation. Among them were two who after-
wards became Presidents of the United States —
Col. Zachary Taylor of the regular army, and
Abraham Lincoln, a Captain in the State militia
— besides Jefl'erson Davis, then a Lieutenant in
the regular army and afterwards head of the
Southern Confederacy; three subsequent Gov-
ernors— Duncan, Carlin and Ford — besides Gov-
ernor Reynolds, who at that time occupied the
gubernatorial chair; James Semple, afterwards
United States Senator ; John T. Stuart, Lincoln's
law preceptor and partner, and later a Member
of Congress, to say nothing of many others, who, in
after years, occupied prominent positions as mem-
bers of Congress, the Legislature or otherwise.
Among the latter were Gen. John J. Hardin;
the late Joseph Gillespie, of Edwardsville ; Col.
John Dement; William Thomas of Jackson-
ville; Lieut. -Col. Jacob Fry; Henry Dodge and
others.
Under the census of 1830, Illinois became
entitled to three Representatives in Congress
instead of one, by whom it had been represented
from the date of its admission as a State. Lieu-
tenant-Governor Casey, having been elected to
the Twenty-third Congress for the Second Dis-
trict under the new apportionment, on March 1,
18.33, tendered his resignation of the Lieutenant-
Governorship, and was succeeded by William L.
D. Ewing, Temporary President of the Senate.
(See Apportionment, Congressional; Casey, Zadoc,
and Representatives in Congress.) Within two
weeks of the close of his term (Nov. 17, 1834),
Governor Reynolds followed the example of his
associate in ofiice by resigning the Governorsliip
to accept the seat in Congress for the First (or
Southern) District, which had been rendered
vacant by the death of Hon. Charles Slade, the
incumbent in office, in July previous. This
opened the way for a new promotion of acting
Lieutenant-Governor Ewing, who thus had the
distinction of occupying the gubernatorial office
for the brief space of two weeks. (See Reynolds.
John, and Slade, Charles. )
Ewing probably held a greater variety of
offices under the State, than any other man who
ever lived in it. Repeatedly elected to each
branch of the General Assembly, he more tlian
once filled the chair of Speaker of the House and
President of the Senate ; served as Acting Lieu-
tenant Governor and Governor by virtue of the
resignation of his superiors; was United States
Senator from 1835 to 1837; still later became
Clerk of the House where he had presided as
Speaker, finally, in 1843, being elected Auditor of
Public Accounts, and dying in that office three
years later. In less than twentj- years, he held
eight or ten different offices, including the high-
est in the State. (See Ewing, William Lee David-
son.)
Duncan's Administration.— Joseph Duncan,
who had served the State as its only Represent-
ative in three Congresses, was elected Governor,
August, 1834, over four competitors — William
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
263
Kinney, Robert K. McLaughlin, James Evans
and W. B. Archer. (See Duncan, Joseph. )
His administration was made memorable by
the large number of distinguished men who
either entered public life at this period or gained
additional prominence by their connection with
public affairs. Among these were Abraham Lin-
coln and Stephen A. Douglas; Col. E. D. Baker,
who afterward and at different times represented
Illinois and Oregon in the councils of the Nation,
and who fell at Ball's Bluff in 1862 ; Orville H.
Browning, a prospective United States Senator
and future cabinet officer; Lieut. -Gov. John
Dougherty; Gen. James Shields, Col. John J.
Hardin, Archibald Williams, Cyrus and Ninian
W. Edwards; Dr. John Logan, father of Gen.
John A. Logan; Stephen T. Logan, and many
more.
During this administration was begun that
gigantic scheme of "internal improvements,"
which proved so disastrous to the financial inter-
ests of the State. The estimated cost of the
various works undertaken, was over §11,000,000,
and though little of substantial value was real-
ized, yet, in 1852, the debt (principal and inter-
est) thereby incurred (including that of the
canal), aggregated nearly $17,000,000. The col-
lapse of the scheme was, no doubt, hastened by
the unexpected suspension of specie payments
bj' the banks all over the country, which followed
soon after its adoption. (See Internal Improve-
ment Policy; also State Debt.)
Capital Removed to Springfield. — At the
session of the General Assembly of 1836-37, an act
was passed removing the State capital to Spring-
field, and an appropriation of S.50,000 was made to
erect a building ; to this amount the city of Spring-
field added a like sum, besides donating a site. In
securing the passage of these acts, tlie famous
"Long Nine," consisting of A. G. Herndon and
Job Fletcher, in the Senate ; and Abraham Lin-
coln, Ninian W. Edwards, John Dawson, Andrew
McCormick, Dan Stone, William F. Elkin and
Robert L. Wilson, in the House — all Representa-
tives from Sangamon County — played a leading
part.
The Murder of Lovejoy. — An event occurred
near the close of Governor Duncan's term, which
left a stain upon the locality, but for which his
administration had no direct responsibility; to-
wit, the murder of Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy, by a
pro-slavery mob at Alton. Lovejoy was a native
of Maine, who, coming to St. Louis in 1827, had
been employed upon various papers, the last
being "The St. Louis Observer. " The outspoken
hostility of this paper to slavery aroused a bitter
local opposition which led to its removal to
Alton, where the first number of "The Alton
Observer" was issued, Sept. 8, 1836, though not
until one press and a considerable portion of the
material had been destroyed by a mob. On the
night of August 21, 1837, there was a second
destruction of the material, when a third pre.ss
having been procured, it was taken from the
warehouse and thrown into the Mississippi. A
fourth press was ordered, and, pending its
arrival, Lovejoy appeared before a public meet-
ing of his opponents and, in an impassioned
address, maintained his right to freedom of
speech, declaring in conclusion: "If the civil
authorities refuse to protect me, I must look to
God; and if I die, I have determined to make my
grave in Alton." The.se words proved prophetic.
The new press was stored in the warehouse of
Godfrey, Gillman & Co., on the night of Nov. 6,
1837. A guard of sixty volunteers renaained
about the building the next day, but when night
came all but nineteen retired to their homes.
During the night a mob attacked the building,
when a shot from the inside killed Lyman Bishop.
An attempt was then made by the rioters to fire
the warehouse by sending a man to the roof. To
dislodge the incendiary, Lovejoy, with two
others, emerged from the building, when two or
three men in concealment fired upon him, the
shots taking effect in a vital part of his body,
causing his death almost instantly. He was
buried the following day without an inquest.
Several of tlie attacking party and the defenders
of the building were tried for riot and acquitted
— the former probably on account of popular
sympathy with the crime, and the latter because
they were gviiltless of any crime except that of
defending private property and attempting to
preserve the law. The act of firing the fatal
shots has been charged upon two men — a Dr.
Jennings and his comrade. Dr. Beall. The
former, it is said, was afterwards cut to pieces in
a bar-room fight in Vicksburg, Miss., while the
latter, having been captured by Comanche
Indians in Texas, was burned alive. On the
other hand, Lovejoy has been honored as a
martyr and the sentiments for which he died
have triumphed. (See Lovejoy, Elijah Parish:
also Alton Riots.)
Carlin Succeeds to the Governorship. —
Duncan was succeeded by Gov. Thomas Carlin,
who was chosen at the election of 1838 over
Cyrus Edwards (a younger brother of Gov.
Ninian Edwards), who was the Whig candidate.
264
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
The successful candidate for Lieutenant-Governor
was Stinson H. Anderson o£ Jefferson County.
(See Carlin, ( Got'. ) Thomas: A7iderso7i, Stinson H. )
Among the members of the Legislature chosen
at tliis time -n-e find the names of Orville H.
Browning, Robert Blackwell, George Churchill,
William G. Gatewood, Ebenezer Peck (of Cook
County), William A. Richardson, Newton Cloud,
jAsse K. Dubois, O. B. Ficklin, Vital Jarrot,
John Logan, William F. Thornton and Archibald
Williams — all men of prominence in the subse-
quent history of the State. This was the last
Legislature that assembled at Vandalia, Spring-
field becoming the capital, July 4, 1839. The
corner-stone of the first State capitol at Spring-
field was laid with imposing ceremonies, July 4,
1837, Col. E. D. Baker delivering an eloquent
address. Its estimated cost was $130,000, but
S-40,000 was expended upon it before its com-
pletion.
An incident of this campaign was the election
to Congress, after a bitter struggle, of John T.
Stuart over Stephen A. Douglas from the Third
District, by a majorit}' of fourteen votes. Stuart
was re-elected in 1840, but in 1843 he was suc-
ceeded, under a new apportionment, by Col. John
J. Hardin, while Douglas, elected from the
Quincy District, then entered the National Coun-
cils for the first time.
Field-McClernand Contest. — An exciting
event connected with Carlin's administration was
the attempt to remove Alexander P. Field from
the office of Secretary of State, which he had
held since 1828. Under the Constitution of 1818,
this office was filled by nomination by the Gov-
ernor "witli the advice and consent of the
Senate." Carlin nominated John A. McCler-
nand to supersede Field, but the Senate refused to
confirm the nomination. After adjournment of
the Legislature, IMcClernand attempted to obtain
possession of the office by writ of quo warranto.
The Judge of a Circuit Court decided the case in
his favor, but this decision was overruled by the
Supreme Court. A special session having been
called, in November, 1840, Stephen A. Douglas,
then of Morgan County, was nominated and con-
firmed Secretary of State, but held the position
only a few months, when he resigned to accept a
place on the Supreme bench, being succeeded as
Secretary by Lyman Trumbull.
Supreme Court Revolutionized. — Certain
decisions of some of the lower courts about this
time, bearing upon the suffrage of aliens, excited
the apprehension of the Democrats, who had
heretofore been in political control of the State,
and a movement was started in the Legislature
to reorganize the Supreme Court, a majority of
whom were Whigs. The Democrats were not
unanimous in favor of the measure, but, after a
bitter struggle, it was adopted, receiving a bare
majority of one in the House. Under this act
five additional Judges were elected, viz. : Thomas
Ford, Sidney Breese, Walter B. Scates, Samuel
H. Treat and Stephen A. Douglas — all Demo-
crats. Mr. Ford, one of the new Judges, and
afterwards Governor, has characterized this step
as "a confessedly violent and somewhat revolu-
tionary measure, which could never have suc-
ceeded except in times of great party excite-
ment."
The great Whig mass-meeting at Springfield,
in June, 1810, was an incident of the political
campaign of that year. No such popular assem-
blage had ever been seen in the State before. It
is estimated that 20,000 people — nearly five per
cent of the entire population of the State — were
present, including a large delegation from Chi-
cago who marched overland, under command of
the late Maj.-Gen. David Hunter, bearing with
them many devices so popular in that memorable
campaign.
Ford Elected Governor. —Judge Thomas
Ford became the Democratic candidate for Gov-
ernor in 1842, taking the place on the ticket of
Col. Adam W. Snyder, who had died after nomi-
nation. Ford was elected by more than 8,000
majority over ex-Governor Duncan, the Whig
candidate. John Moore, of McLean County (who
had been a member of the Legislature for several
terms and was afterwards State Treasurer),
was elected Lieutenant-Governor. (See Ford,
Thomas: Snyder, Adam W., and Moore, John.)
Embarrassing Questions. — The failure of the
State and the Shawneetown banks, near the close
of Carlin's administration, had produced a condi-
tion of business depression that was felt all over
the State. At the' beginning of Ford's adminis-
tration, the State debt was estimated at $15,657, -
950 — within about one million of the liigliest
point it ever reached — while the total population
was a little over half a million. In addition to
these drawbacks, the Mormon question became a
source of embarrassment. This people, after
having been driven from Missouri, settled at
Nauvoo, in Hancock County; they increased
rapidly in numbers, and, by the arrogant course
of their leaders and their odious doctrines —
especially with reference to "celestial marriage."'
and their assumptions of authority — aroused the
bitter hostility of neighboring communities not
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
265
of their faith. The popular indignation became
greatly intensified by the course of unscrupulous
politicians and the granting to the Mormons, by
the Legislature, of certain charters and special
privileges. Various charges were made against
the obnoxious sect, including rioting, kidnap-
ing, robbery, counterfeiting, etc., and the Gov-
ernor called out the militia of the neighboring
counties to preserve the peace. Joseph Smith —
the founder of the sect — with his brother Hyrum
and three others, were induced to surrender to
the authorities at Carthage, on the 23d of June,
1844, under promise of protection of their per-
sons. Then the charge was changed to treason
and they were thrown into jail, a guard of eight
men being placed about the building. A con-
siderable portion of the militia had disbanded and
returned home, while others were openly hostile
to the prisoners. On June 27 a band of 150
disguised men attacked the jail, finding little
opposition among those set to guard it. In
the assault which followed both of the Smiths
were killed, while John Taylor, another of
the prisoners, was wounded. The trial of the
murderers was a farce and they were acquitted.
A state of virtual war continued for a year,
in which Governor Ford's authority was openly
defied or treated with contempt by those whom
he had called upon to preserve the peace. In
the fall of 1845 the Mormons agreed to leave
the State, and the following spring the pilgrim-
age to Salt Lake began. Gen. John J. Hardin,
who afterward fell at Buena Vista, was twice
called on by Governor Ford to head parties of
militia to restore order, while Gen. Mason Bray-
man conducted the negotiations which resulted
in the promise of removal. The great body of
the refugees spent the following winter at Coun-
cil Bluffs, Iowa, arriving at Salt Lake in June
following. Another considerable body entered
the service of the Government to obtain safe con-
duct and sustenance across the plains. While
the conduct of the Mormons during their stay
at Nauvoo was, no doubt, very irritating and
often lawless, it is equally true that the dis-
ordered condition of affairs was taken advantage
of by unscrupulous demagogues for dishonest
purposes, and this episode has left a stigma
upon the name of more than one over-zealous anti-
Mormon hero. (See Mormons: Smith, Joseph.)
Though Governor Ford's integrity and ability
in certain directions have not been questioned,
his administration was not a successful one,
largely on account of the conditions which pre-
vailed at the time and the embarrassments which
he met from his own party. (See Ford, Thomas.)
Mexican War.^A still more tragic chapter
opened during the last year of Ford's administra-
tion, in the beginning of the war with Mexico.
Three regiments of twelve months' volunteers,
called for by the General Government from the
State of Illinois, were furnished with alacrity,
and many more men offered their services than
could be accepted. The names of their respective
commanders — Cols. John J. Hardin, William H.
Bissell and Ferris Forman — have been accorded
a high place in the annals of the State and the
Nation. Hardin was of an honorable Kentucky
family ; he had achieved distinction at the bar
and served in the State Legislature and in Con-
gress, and his death on the battlefield of Buena
Vista was universally deplored. (See Hardin,
John J.) Bissell afterward served with distinc-
tion in Congress and was the first Republican
Governor of IlUnois, elected in 1856. - Edward D.
Baker, then a Whig member of Congress, re-
ceived authority to raise an additional regiment,
and laid the foundation of a reputation as broad
as the Nation. Two other regiments were raised
in the State "for the war" during the next year,
led respectively by Col. Edward W. B. Newby and
James Collins, beside four independent companies
of mounted volunteers. The whole number of
volunteers furnished by Illinois in this conflict
was 6,123, of whom 86 were killed, and 183
wounded, 12 dying of their wounds. Their loss
in killed was greater than that of any other
State, and the number of wounded onlj' exceeded
by those from South Carolina and Pennsylvania.
Among other Illinoisans who participated in this
struggle, were Thomas L. Harris, William A.
Richardson, J. L. D. Morrison, Murray F. Tuley
and Charles C. P. Holden, while still others,
either in the ranks or in subordinate positions,
received the "baptism of fire" which prepared
them to win distinction as commanders of corps,
divisions, brigades and regiments during the War
of the Rebellion, including such names as John
A. Logan, Richard J. Oglesby, Benjamin M.
Prentiss, James D. Morgan, W. H. L. Wallace
(who fell at Pittsburg Landing), Stephen G.
Hicks, Michael K. Lawler, Leonard F. Ross,
Isham N. Haynie. Theophilus Lyle Dickey,
Dudley Wickersham, Isaac C. Pugh, Thomas H.
Flynn, J. P. Post, Nathaniel Niles, W. R. Morri-
son, and others. (See Mexican War. )
French's Administration-Massac Rebellion.
—Except for the Mexican War, which was still
in progress, and acts of mob violence in certain
portions of the State — especially by a band of self-
266
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
styled "regulators"" in Pope and Massac Counties
— the administration of Augustus C. French,
which began with the close of the year 1846, was
a quiet one. French was elected at the previous
August election by a vote of 58,700 to 36,775 for
Thomas M. Kilpatrick, the Whig candidate, and
5,112 for Richard Eels, the Free-Soil (or AboU-
tion) candidate. The Whigs held their first State
Convention this year for the nomination of a
State ticket, meeting at Peoria. At the same
election Abraham Lincoln was elected to Con-
gress, defeating Peter Cartwright, the famous
pioneer Methodist preacher, who was the Demo-
cratic candidate. At the session of tlie Legisla-
ture which followed, Stephen A. Douglas was
elected to the United States Senate as successor
to James Semple.
New Convention Movement. — Governor
French was a native of New Hampshire, born
August 3, 1808; he had practiced his profession
as a lawyer in Crawford County, had been a
member of the Tenth and Eleventh General
Assemblies and Receiver of the Land Office at
Palestine. The State had now begun to recover
from the depression caused by the reverses of
1837 and subsequent years, and for some time its
growth in population had been satisfactory. The
old Constitution, however, had been felt to be a
hampering influence, especially in dealing with
the State debt, and, as early as 1842, the question
of a State Convention to frame a new Constitu-
tion had been submitted to popular vote, but was
defeated by the narrow margin of 1,039 votes.
The Legislature of 1844-45 adopted a resolution
for resubmission, and at the election of 1846 it
was approved by the people by a majority of
35,326 in a total vote of 81,353. The State then
contained ninety-nine counties, with an aggregate
population of 662,150. The assessed valuation of
property one year later was §93,206,493, while
the State debt was §16,661,795 — or more than
eighteen per cent of the entire assessed value of
the property of the State.
Constitutional Convention of 1847. —The
election of members of a State Convention to
form a second Constitution for the State of Illi-
nois, was held April 19, 1847. Of one himdred
and sixty-two members chosen, ninety -two were
Democrats, leaving seventy members to all
shades of the opposition. The Convention
assembled at Springfield, June 7, 1847; it was
organized by the election of Newton Cloud, Per-
manent President, and concluded its labors after
a session of nearly three months, adjourning
August 31. Tlie Constitution was submitted to
a vote of the people, March 6, 1848, and was rati-
fied by 59,887 votes in its favor to 15,859 against.
A special article prohibiting free persons of color
from settling in the State was adopted by 49,060
votes for, to 20,883 against it; and another, pro-
viding for a two-mill tax, by 41,017 for, to 30,586
against. The Constitution went into effect April
1, 1848. (See Constitutions: also Constitutional
Convention of 7S47.)
The provision imposing a special two-mill tax,
to be applied to the payment of the State in-
debtedness, was the means of restoring the State
credit, while that prohibiting the immigration
of free persons of color, though in accordance
with the spirit of the times, brought upon the
State much opprobrium and was repudiated
with emphasis during the War of the Rebellion.
The demand for retrenchment, caused by the
financial depression following the wild legislation
of 1837, led to the adoption of many radical pro-
visions in the new Constitution, some of which
were afterward found to be serious errors open-
ing the way for grave abuses. Among the.se
was the practical limitation of the biennial ses-
sions of the General Assembly to forty-two days,
while the per diem of members was fixed at two
dollars. The salaries of State officers were also
fixed at what would now be recognized as an
absurdly low figure, that of Governor being
§1,.500; Supreme Court Judges, §1,200 each; Cir-
cuit Judges, §1,000; State Auditor, §1,000; Secre-
tary of State, and State Treasurer, §800 each.
Among less objectionable provisions were those
restricting the right of suffrage to white male
citizens above tlie age of 2! years, which excluded
(except as to residents of the State at the time of
the adoption of the Constitution) a class of
unnaturalized foreigners who had exercised the
privilege as "inhabitants" under the Constitu-
tion of 1818; providing for the election of all
State, judicial and county officers by popular
vote; prohibiting the State from incurring in-
debtedness in excess of §50,000 without a special
vote of the people, or granting the credit of the
State in aid of any individual association or cor-
poration; fixing the date of the State election
on the Tuesdaj- after the first Monday in Novem-
ber in every fourth year, instead of the first.
Monday in August, as had been the rule under
the old Constitution. The tenure of office of all
State officers was fixed at four years, except that
of State Treasurer, which was made two years,
and the Governor alone was made ineligible to
immediate re-election. The number of members
of the General Assembly was fixed at twenty-five
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
267
in the Senate and seventy-five in the House,
subject to a certain specified ratio of in-
crease when the population should exceed
1,000,000.
As the Constitution of 1818 had been modeled
upon the form then most popular in the Southern
States — especially with reference to the large
number of officers made appointive by the Gov-
ernor, or elective by the Legislature^so the new
Constitution was, in some of its features, more in
harmony with those of other Northern States,
and indicated the growing influence of New Eng-
land sentiment. This was especially the case
with reference to the section providing for a sys-
tem of township organization in the several
counties of the State at the pleasure of a majority
of the voters of each county.
Elections of 1848. — Besides the election for
the ratification of the State Constitution, three
other State elections were held in 1848, viz. : (1)
for the election of State officers in August; (2)
an election of Judges in September, and (3) the
Presidential election in November. At the first
of these, Governor French, whose first term had
been cut short two years by the adoption of the
new Constitution, was re-elected for a second
term, practically without opposition, the vote
again,st him being divided between Pierre Menard
and Dr. C. V. Dj'er. French thus became his
own successor, being the first Illinois Governor
to be re-elected, and, though two years of his
first term had been cut off by the adoption of the
Constitution, lie served in the gubernatorial
office sis years. The other State officers elected,
were William McMurtry, of Knox, Lieutenant-
Governor; Horaces. Cooley, of Adams, Secretary
of State; Thomas H. Campbell, of Randolph,
Auditor; and Milton Carpenter, of Hamilton,
State Treasurer — aU Democrats, and all but
McMurtry being their own successors. At the
Presidential election in November, the electoral
vote was given to Lewis Cass, the Democratic
candidate, who received 56,300 votes, to 58,047
for Taylor, the Whig candidate, and 15,774 for
Martin Van Buren, the candidate of the Free
Democracy or Free-Soil party. Thus, for the first
time in the history of the State after 1824, the
Democratic candidate for President failed to
receive an absolute majority of the popular vote,
being in a minority of 12,521, while having a
plurality over the Whig candidate of 3,253. The
only noteworthy results in the election of Con-
gressmen this year were the election of Col. E. D.
Baker (Whig), from the Galena District, and
that of Maj. Thomas L. Harris (Democrat), from
the Springfield District. Both Baker and Harris
had been soldiers in the Mexican War, which
probably accounted for their election in Districts
usually opposed to them politically. The other
five Congressmen elected from the State at the
same time — including John Wentworth, then
chosen for a fourth term from the Chicago Dis-
trict— were Democrats. The Judges elected to
the Supreme bench were Lyman Trumbull, from
the Southern Division; Samuel H. Treat, from
the Central, and John Dean Caton, from the
Northern — all Democrats.
A leading event of this session was the election
of a United States Senator in place of Sidney
Breese. Gen. James Shields, who had been
severely wounded on the battle-field of Cerro
Gordo ; Sidney Breese, who had been the United
States Senator for six years, and John A. Mc-
Clernand, then a member of Congress, were
arrayed against each other before the Democratic
caucus. After a bitter contest, Shields was
declared the choice of his party and was finally
elected. He did not immediately obtain his seat,
however. On presentation of his credentials,
after a heated controversy in Congress and out of
it, in which he injudiciously assailed his prede-
cessor in very intemperate language, he was
declared ineligible on the ground that, being of
foreign birth, the nine years of citizenship
required by the Constitution after naturalization
had not elapsed previous to his election. In
October, following, tlie Legislature was called
together in special session, and, Shields' disabil-
ity having now been removed by the expiration
of the constitutional period, he was re-elected,
though not witliout a renewal of the bitter con-
test of the regular session. Another noteworthy
event of this special session was the adoption of
a joint resolution favoring the principles of the
"Wilmot Proviso." Although this was rescinded
at the next regular session, on the ground that the
points at issue had been settled in the Compro-
mise measures of 1850, it indicated the drift of
sentiment in Illinois toward opposition to the
spread of the institution of slavery, and this was
still more strongly emphasized by the election of
Abraham Lincoln in 1860.
Illinois Centr.^^l Railroad.— Two important
measures which passed the General Assembly at
the session of 1851, were the Free-Banking Law,
and the act incorporating the Illinois Central
Railroad Company. The credit of first suggest-
ing this great tlioroughfare has been claimed for
William Smith Waite, a citizen of Bond County,
111. , as early as 1835, although a special charter
2fJ8
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS
for a road over a part of this line liad been passed
by the Legislature in 1834. W. K. Ackerman, in
his "Historical Sketch" of the Illinois Central
Railroad, awards the credit of originating this
enterprise to Lieut. -Gov. Alexander M. Jenkins,
in the Legislature of 1832, of which he was a
member, and Speaker of the House at the time.
He afterwards became President of the first Illi-
nois Central Railroad Company, organized under
an act passed at the session of 1830, which pro-
vided for the construction of a line from Cairo to
Peru, 111., but resigned the next year on the sur-
render by the road of its charter. The first step
toward legislation in Congress on this subject
was taken in the introduction, by Senator Breese.
of a bill in March, 1843 ; but it was not until 1850
that the measure took the form of a direct grant
of lands to the State, finally passing the Senate
in May, and the House in September, following.
The act ceded to the State of Illinois, for the pur-
pose of aiding in the constrviction of a line of
railroad from the junction of the Ohio and Mis-
sissippi, with branches to Chicago and Dubuque,
Iowa, respectively, alternate sections of land on
each side of said railroad, aggregating 2,595,000
acres, the length of the main line and branches
exceeding seven hundred miles. An act incorpo-
rating the Illinois Central Railroad Company
passed the Illinois Legislature in February, 1851.
The company was thereupon promptly organized
with a number of New York capitalists at its
head, including Robert Schuyler, George Gris-
wold and Gouverneur Morris, and the grant was
placed in the hands of trustees to be used for the
purpose designated, under the pledge of the
Company to build the road by July 4, 1854, and
to pay seven per cent of its gross earnings into
the State Treasury perpetually. A large propor-
tion of the line was constructed through sections
of country either sparsely settled or wholly
unpopulated, but which have since become
among the richest and most populous portions of
the State. The fund already received by the State
from the road exceeds the amount of the State
debt incurred imder the internal improvement
scheme of 1837. (See Illinois Central Railroad.)
Election of 1852.— Joel A. Matteson (Demo-
crat) was elected Governor at the November
election, in 1852, receiving 80,645 votes to 64,405
for Edwin B. Webb, Whig, and 8,809 for Dexter
A. Knowlton, Free-Soil. The other State officers
elected, were Gustavus Kcerner, Lieutenant-
Governor ; Alexander Starne, Secretary of State ;
Thomas H. Campbell, Auditor ; and John Moore,
Treasurer. The Whig candidates for these
offices, respectively, were James L. D. Morrison,
Buckner S. Morris, Charles A. Betts and Francis
Arenz. John A. Logan appeared among the new
members of the House chosen at this election as
a Representative from Jackson County; while
Henry W. Blodgett, since United States District
Judge for the Northern District of Illinois, and
late Counsel of the American Arbitrators of the
Behring Sea Commission, was the onlj' Free-Soil
member, being the Representative from Lake
County. John Reynolds, who had been Gov-
ernor, a Justice of the Supreme Court and Mem-
ber of Congress, was a member of the House and
was elected Speaker. (See Webb, Edwin B.;
Knowlton. Dexter A.; Koerner, Gustavus; Starne,
Alexander; Moore, John; Morrison, James L. D.;
Morris, Buckner S.; Arenz, Francis A.; Blodgett
Henry W.)
Reduction op State Debt Begins.— The
State debt reached its maximum at the beginning
of Matteson 's administration, amounting to
816,724,177, of which §7,259,822 was canal debt.
The State had now entered upon a new and pros-
perous period, and, in the next four years, the
debt was reduced by the sum of 84,564,840,
leaving the amount outstanding, Jan. 1, 1857,
§12.834,144. The three State institutions at
Jacksonville — the Asylums for the Deaf and
Dumb, the Blind and Insane — had been in suc-
cessful operation several years, but now internal
dissensions and dissatisfaction with their man-
agement seriously interfered with their prosperity
and finally led to revolutions which, for a time,
impaired their usefulness.
Kans.^s-Nebraska Excitement. — During Mat-
teson's administration a period of political ex-
citement began, caused by the introduction in
the United States Senate, in January, 1854, by
Senator Douglas, of Illinois, of the bill for the
repeal of the Missouri Compromise — otherwise
known as the Kansas-Nebraska Bill. Although
this belongs rather to National history, the
prominent part played in it by an Illinois states-
man who had won applause three or four years
before, by the service he had performed in secur-
ing the passage of the Illinois Central Railroad
grant, and the effect which his course had in
revolutionizing the politics of the State, justifies
reference to it here. After a debate, almost
unprecedented in bitterness, it became a law,
May 30, 1854. The agitation in Illinois was
intense. At Chicago, Douglas was practically
denied a hearing. Going to Springfield, where
the State Fair was in progress, during the first
week of October, 1854, he made a speech in the
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
269
State Capitol in his defense. This was replied to
by Abraham Lincoln, then a private citizen, to
whom Douglas made a rejoinder. Speeches were
also made in criticism of Douglas' position by
Judges Breese and Trumbull (both of whom had
been prominent Democrats), and other Demo-
cratic leaders were understood to be ready to
assail the champion of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill,
though they afterwards reversed their position
under partisan pressure and became supporters of
the measure. The first State Convention of the
opponents of the Nebraska Bill was held at the
same time, but the attendance was small and the
attempt to effect a permanent organization was
not successful. At the session of the Nineteenth
General Assembly, which met in January, fol-
lowing, Lyman Trumbull was chosen the first
Republican United States Senator from Illinois,
in place of General Shields, whose term was about
to expire. Trumbull was elected on the tenth
ballot, receiving fifty-one votes to forty-seven
for Governor Matteson, though Lincoln had led
on the Republican side at every previous ballot,
and on the first had come within six votes of an
election. Although he was then the choice of a
large majority of the opposition to the Demo-
cratic candidate, when Lincoln saw that the
original supporters of Trumbull would not cast
their votes for himself, he generously insisted
that his friends should support his rival, thus
determining the result. (See Matteson, Joel A.:
Trumhull, Lyman, and Lincoln, Abraham.)
Decatur Editobial Convention.— On Feb.
23, 1856, occurred the convention of Anti-Neb-
raska (Republican) editors at Decatur, which
proved the first effective step in consolidating
the opposition to the Kansas-Nebraska Bill into a
compact political organization. The main busi-
ness of this convention consisted in the adoption
of a series of resolutions defining the position of
their authors on National questions — especially
with reference to the institution of slavery — and
appointing a State Convention to be held at
Bloomington, May 29, following. A State Cen-
tral Committee to represent the new party was
also appointed at this convention. With two or
three exceptions the Committeemen accepted and
joined in the call for the State Convention, which
was held at the time designated, when the first
Republican State ticket was put in the field.
Among the distinguished men who participated
in this Convention were Abraham Lincoln, O. H.
Browning, Richard Yates, Owen Lovejoy, John
M. Palmer, Isaac N. Arnold and John Went
worth. Palmer presided, while Abraham Lin-
coln, who was one of the chief speakers, was one
of the delegates appointed to the National Con-
vention, held at Philadelphia on the 17th of June.
The candidates put in nomination for State offices
were: William H. Bissell for Governor; Francis
A. Hoffman for Lieutenant-Governor (afterward
replaced by John Wood on account of Hoffman's
ineligibility); Ozias M. Hatch for Secretary of
State; Jesse K. Dubois for Auditor; James H.
Miller for State Treasurer, and William H. Powell
for Superintendent of Public Instruction. The
Democratic ticket was composed of William A.
Richardson for Governor; R. J. Hamilton, Lieu-
tenant-Governor; W. H. Snyder, Secretary of
State; S. K. Casey, Auditor; John Moore, Treas-
urer, and J. H. St. Matthew, Superintendent of
Public Instruction. The American organization
also nominated a ticket headed by Buckner S.
Morris for Governor. Although tlie Democrats
carried the State for Buchanan, their candidate
for President, by a plurality of 9,1.'59, the entire
Republican State ticket was elected by pluralities
ranging from 3,031 to 20,213— the latter being the
majority for Miller, candidate for State Treas-
urer, whose name %vas on both the Republican and
American tickets. (See Anti-Nebraska Editorial
Convention, and Bloomington Convention of
1856. )
Administration of Governor Bissell. —
With the inauguration of Governor Bissell, the
Republican party entered upon the control of the
State Government, which was maintained with-
out interruption until the close of the administra-
tion of Governor Fifer, in January, 1893— a period
of thirty-six years. On account of physical disa-
bility Bissell's inaugxiration took place in the
executive mansion, Jan. 12, 1857. He was
immediately made the object of virulent personal
abuse in the House, being charged with perjury
in taking the oath of office in face of the fact
that, while a member of Congress, he had accepted
a challenge to fight a duel with Jefferson Davis.
To this, the reply was made that the offense
charged took place outside of the State and be-
yond the legal jurisdiction of the Constitution of
Illinois. (See Bissell, }Villiam H. )
While the State continued to prosper under
Bissell's administration, the most important
events of this period related rather to general
than to State policy. One of these was the deliv-
ery by Abraham Lincoln, in the Hall of Repre-
sentatives, on the evening of June 17, 1858, of the
celebrated speech in which he announced the
doctrine that "a house divided against itself can-
not stand." This was followed during the next
27(1
niSTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
few months by the series of memorable debates
between those two great champions of their
respective parties — Lincoln and Douglas — which
attracted the attention of the whole land. The
result was the re-election of Douglas to the
United States Senate for a third term, but it
also made Abraham Lincoln President of the
United States. (See Lincoln and Douglas
Debates.)
About the middle of Bissell"s term (February,
1859). came the discovery of what has since been
known as the celebrated "Canal Scrip Fraud."
This consisted in the fraudulent funding in State
bonds of a large amount of State scrip which had
been issued for temporary purposes during the
construction of the Illinois and Michigan Canal,
but which had been subsequently redeemed. A
legislative investigation proved the amount ille-
gally f imded to have been .§223, 182, and that the
biUk of the bonds issued therefor — so far as they
could be traced — had been delivered to ex-Gov.
Joel A. Matteson. For this amount, with ac-
crued interest, he gave to the State an indemnity
bond, secured by real-estate mortgages, from
which the State eventually realized §238,000 out
of •52.55,000 then due. Further investigation
proved additional frauds of like character, aggre-
gating 8165,346, which the State never recovered.
An attempt was made to prosecute JIatteson
criminally in the Sangamon County Circuit
Court, but the grand jury failed, by a close vote,
to find an indictment against him. (See Canal
Scrip Fra^id.)
An attempt was made during Bissell's adminis-
tration to secure the refunding (at par and in
violation of an existing law) of one hundred and
fourteen 81,000 bonds hypothecated with Macalis-
ter & Stebbins of New York in 1841. and for
which the State had received an insignificant
consideration. The error was discovered when
new bonds for the principal had been issued, but
the process was immediately stopped and the
new bonds sm-rendered — the claimants being
limited by law to 28.64 cents on the dollar. This
subject is treated at length elsewhere in this vol-
ume. (See 3Iacalisfer & Stebbins Bonds.) Governor
Bi.ssell's administration was otherwise unevent-
ful, although the State continued to prosper
under it as it had not done since the "internal
improvement craze" of 1837 had resulted in im-
posing .such a burden of debt upon it. At the
time of his election Governor Bissell was an
invalid in consequence of an injury to his spine,
from which he never recovered. He died in
office, March 18, 1860, a little over two months
after having entered upon the last year of his
term of office, and was succeeded by Lieut. -Gov.
John Wood, who served out the unexpired term.
(See Bissell, William H.: also Wood, John.)
Political C.a.mpaign of 1860. — The political
campaign of 1860 was one of unparalleled excite-
ment throughout the nation, but especially in
Illinois, which became, in a certain sense, the
chief battle-ground, furnishing the successful
candidate for the Presidency, as well as being the
State in which the convention which nominated
him met. The Republican State Convention,
held at Decatur, May 9. put in nomination
Richard Yates of Morgan County, for Governor;
Francis A. Hoffman for Lieutenant-Governor,
O. M. Hatch for Secretary of State, Jesse K.
Dubois for Auditor, William Butler for Treasurer,
and Newton Bateman for Superintendent of Pub-
lic Instruction. If this campaign was memorable
for its excitement, it was also memorable for the
large number of National and State tickets in the
field. The National Republican Convention
assembled at Chicago, May 16, and, on the third
ballot, Abraham Lincoln was nominated for
President amid a whirlwind of enthusiasm unsur-
passed in the history of National Conventions, of
which so many have been held in the "conven-
tion city" of the Northwest. The campaign was
what might have been expected from such a
beginning. Lincoln, though receiving consider-
ably less than one-half the popular vote, had a
plurality over his highest competitor of nearly
half a million votes, and a majority in the elect-
oral colleges of fifty-seven. In Illinois he
received 172,161 votes to 160,215 for Douglas, his
leading opponent. The vote for Governor stood ;
Yates (Republican), 172,196; Allen (Douglas-
Democrat), 159,253; Hope (Breckinridge-Demo-
crat), 2,049; Stuart (American), 1,626.
Among the prominent men of different parties
who appeared for the first time in the General
Assembly chosen at this time, were William B.
Ogden, Richard J. Oglesby, Washington Bushnell,
and Henry E. Dummer, of the Senate, and Wil-
liam R. Archer. J. Russell Jones, Robert H.
McClellan, J. Young Scammon. William H.
Brown, Lawrence Weldon, N. M. Broadwell. and
John Scholfield. in the House. Shelby M. Cul-
lom, who had entered the Legislature at the
previous session, was re-elected to this and was
chosen Speaker of the House over J. W. Single-
ton. Lyman Trumbull was re-elected to the
United States Senate by the votes of the Repub-
licans over Samuel S. Marshall, the Democratic
candidate.
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
271
Beginning of the Rebellion. — Almost simul-
taneously with the accession of the new State
Government, and before the inauguration of the
President at Washington, began that series of
startling events which ultimately culminated in
the attempted secession of eleven States of the
Union — the first acts in the great drama of war
which occupied the attention of the world for the
next four years. On Jan. 14, 1861, the new
State administration was inaugurated ; on Feb. 3,
Commissioners to the futile Peace Conven-
tion held at Washington, were appointed from
Illinois, consisting of Stephen T. Logan, John M.
Palmer, ex-Gov. John Wood, B. C. Cook and T. J.
Turner; and on Feb. 11, Abraham Lincoln
took leave of his friends and neighbors at Spring-
field on his departure for Washington, in that
simple, touching speech which has taken a place
beside his inaugural addresses and his Gettysburg
speech, as an American classic. The events
which followed ; the firing on Fort Sumter on the
twelfth of April and its surrender; the call for
75,000 troops and the excitement which prevailed
all over the countr3', are matters of National his-
tory. Illinoisans responded with promptness and
enthusiasm to the call for six regiments of State
militia for three months' service, and one week
later (April 31), Gen. R. K. Swift, of Chicago, at
the head of seven companies numbering 595 men,
was en route for Cairo to execute the order of the
Secretary of War for the occupation of that
place. The offer of military organizations pro-
ceeded rapidly, and by the eighteenth of April,
fifty companies had been tendered, while the
public-spirited and patriotic bankers of the prin-
cipal cities were offering to supply the State with
money to arm and equip the hastily organized
troops. Following in order the six regiments
which Illinois had sent to the Mexican War,
those called out for the three months' service in
1861 were numbered consecutively from seven to
twelve, and were commanded by the following
officers, respectively: Cols. John Cook, Richard
J. Oglesby, Eleazer A. Paine, James D. Morgan,
W. H. L. Wallace and John McArthur, vsdth
Gen. Benjamin M. Prentiss as brigade com-
mander. The rank and file numbered 4,680 men,
of whom 3,000, at the end of their term of serv-
ice, re-enlisted for three years. (See War of the
Rebellion. )
Among the many who visited the State Capitol
in the early months of war to offer their services
to the Government in suppressing the Rebellion,
one of the most modest and unassuming was a
gentleman from Galena who brought a letter of
introduction to Governor Yates from Congress-
man E. B. Washburne. Though he had been a
Captain in the regular army and had seen service
in the war with Mexico, he set up no pretension
on that account, but after days of patient wait-
ing, was given temporary employment as a clerk
in the office of the Adjutant-General, Col. T. S.
Mather. Finally, an emergency having arisen
requiring the services of an officer of militarj-
experience as commandant at Camp Yates (a
camp of rendezvous and instruction near Spring-
field), he was assigned to the place, rather as an
experiment and from necessity than from convic-
tion of any peculiar fitness for the position.
Having acquitted himself creditably liere, he was
assigned, a few weeks later, to the command of a
regiment (The Twenty-first Illinois Volunteers)
which, from previous bad management, had
manifested a mutinous tendency. And thus
Ul3-sses S. Grant, the most successful leader of
the war, the organizer of final victory over the
Rebellion, the Lieutenant-General of the armies
of the Union and twice elected President of the
United States, started upon that career which
won for him the plaudits of the Nation and the
title of the grandest soldier of his time. (See
Grant, Ulysses S.)
The responses of Illinois, under the leadership
of its patriotic "War Governor," Richard Yates,
to the repeated calls for volunteers through the
four years of war, were cheerful and prompt. Illi-
nois troops took part in nearly every important
battle in the Mississippi Valley and in many of
those in the East, besides accompanying Sher-
man in his triumphal "March to the Sea." Illi-
nois blood stained the field at Belmont, at
Wilson's Creek, Lexington, Forts Donelson and
Henry ; at Shiloh, Corinth, Nashville, Stone River
and Chickamauga; at Jackson, during the siege
of Vicksburg, at Allatoona Pass, Kenesaw Moun-
tain, Resaca, Peach Tree Creek and Atlanta, in
the South and West; and at Chancellorsville,
Antietam, Gettysburg, Petersburg and in the
battles of "the Wilderness" in Virginia. Of all
the States of the Union, Illinois alone, up to
Feb. 1, 1864, presented the proud record of hav-
ing answered every call upon her for troops
without a draft. The whole number of enlist-
ments from the State under the various calls from
1861 to 1865, according to the records of the War
Department, was 255,057 to meet quotas aggre-
gating 244,496. The ratio of troops furnished to
population was 15.1 per cent, which was only
exceeded by the District of Columbia (which
had a large influx from the States), and Kansas
27'i
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
and Nevada, each of which had a much larger
proportion of adult male population. The whole
number of regimental organizations, according
to the returns in the Adjutant General's office,
was 151 regiments of infantry (numbered con-
secutively from the Sixth to the One Hundred
and Fifty-seventh), 17 regiments of cavalry and 3
regiments of artillery, besides 9 independent bat-
teries. The total losses of Illinois troops, officially
reported by the War Department, were 34,834
(13.05 per cent), of which 5,874 were killed in
battle, 4.020 died of wounds, 22,786 died of disease,
and 2,154 from other causes. Besides the great
Commander-in-Chief, Abraham Lincoln, and
Lieut. -Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, Illinois furnished
11 full Major-Generals of volunteers, viz. :
Generals John Pope, John A. MoClernand, S. A.
Hurlbut, B. M. Prentiss, John M. Palmer, R. J.
Oglesby, John A. Logan, John M. Schofield, Giles
A. Smith, "Wesley Merritt and Benjamin H.
Grierson ; 20 Brevet Major-Generals ; 24 Brigadier-
Generals, and over 120 Brevet Brigadier-Generals.
(See sketches of these officers under their respec-
tive names. ) Among the long list of regimental
officers who fell upon the field or died from
wounds, appear the names of Col. J. R. Scott of
the Nineteenth; Col. Thomas D. Williams of the
Twenty-fifth, and Col. F. A. Harrington of the
Twenty-seventh— all killed at Stone River; Col.
John W. S. Alexander of the Twenty-first; Col.
Daniel Gilmer of the Thirty-eighth; Lieut. -Col.
Duncan J. Hall of the Eighty-ninth ; Col. Timothy
O'Meara of the Ninetieth, and Col. Holden Put-
nam, at Chickamauga and Missionary Ridge;
Col. John B. Wyman of the Thirteenth, at
Chickasaw Bayou; Lieut. -Col. Thomas W. Ross,
of the Thirty -second, at Shiloh; Col. John A.
Davis of the Forty -sixth, at Hatchie; Col. Wil-
liam A. Dickerman of the One Hundred and
Third, at Resaca; Col. Oscar Harmon, at Kene-
saw; Col. John A. Bross, at Petersburg, besides
Col. Mihalotzy, Col. Silas Miller, Lieut. -Col.
Melancthon Smith, Maj. Zenas Applington, Col.
John J. Mudd, Col. Matthew H. Starr, Maj. Wm.
H. Medill, Col. Warren Stewart and many more
on other battle-fields. (Biographical sketches of
many of these officers will be found under the
proper heads elsewhere in this volume.) It
would be a grateful task to record here the names
of a host of others, who, after acquitting them-
selves bravely on the field, survived to enjoy the
plaudits of a grateful people, were this within
the design and scope of the present work. One
of the most brilliant exploits of the War was the
raid from La Grange, Tenn., to Baton Rouge,
La., in May, 1863, led by Col. B. H. Grierson, of
the Sixth Illinois Cavalry, in co-operation with
the Seventh under command of Col. Edward
Prince.
CONSTITUTION-VL CONVENTION OF 1862. — An
incident of a different character was the calling
of a convention to revise the State Constitu-
tion, which met at Springfield, Jan. 7, 1862. A
majority of this body was composed of those
opposed to the war policy of the Government,
and a disposition to interfere with the affairs of
the State administration and the General Gov-
ernment was soon manifested, which was resented
by the executive and many of the soldiers in the
field. The convention adjourned March 24, and
its work was submitted to vote of the people,
June 17, 1863, when it was rejected by a majority
of more than 16,000, not counting the soldiers in
the field, who were permitted, as a matter of
policy, to vote upon it, but who were practically
unanimous in opposition to it.
Death of Douglas.— A few days before this
election (June 3, 1862), United States Senator
Stephen A. Douglas died, at the Tremont House
in Chicago, depriving the Democratic party of
the State of its most sagacious and patriotic
adviser. (See Douglas, Stephen A.)
Legislature of 1863.— Another political inci-
dent of this period grew out of the session of the
General Assembly of 1863. This body having
been elected on the tide of the political revulsion
which followed the issuance of President Lin-
coln's preliminary Proclamation of Emancipation,
was Democratic in both branches. One of its
first acts was the election of William A. Richard-
son United States Senator, in place of O. H.
Browning, who had been appointed by Governor
Yates to the vacancy caused by the death of
Douglas. This Legislature early showed a tend-
ency to follow in the footsteps of the Constitu-
tional Convention of 1863, by attempting to
cripple the State and General Governments in
the prosecution of the war. Resolutions on the
subject of the war, which the friends of the
Union regarded as of a most mischievous charac-
ter, were introduced and passed in the House, but
owing to the death of a member on the majority
side, they failed to pass the Senate. These
denounced the suspension of the writ of habeas
corpus; condemned "the attempted enforcement
of compensated emancipation" and "the transpor-
tation of negroes into the State;" accused the
General Government of "usurpation." of "sub-
verting the Constitution" and attempting to
establish a "consolidated military despotism;"
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
373
charged that the war had heen "diverted from its
first avowed object to that of subjugation and
the abolition of slavery;" declared the belief of
the authors that its "further prosecution ....
cannot result in the restoration of- the Union
.... unless the President's Emancipation Proc-
lamation be withdrawn;" appealed to Congress
to secure an armistice with the rebel States, and
closed by appointing six Commissioners (who
were named) to confer with Congress, with a
view to the holding of a National Convention to
adjust the differences between the States. These
measures occupied the attention of the Legisla-
ture to the exclusion of subjects of State interest,
so that little legislation was accomplished — not
even the ordinary appropriation bills being passed.
Legislature Prorogued.— At this juncture,
the two Houses having disagreed as to the date
of adjournment, Governor Yates exercised the
constitutional prerogative of proroguing them,
which he did in a message on June 10, declaring
them adjourned to the last day of their constitu-
tional term. The Republicans accepted the result
and withdrew, but the Democratic majority in
the House and a minority in the Senate continued
in session for some days, without being able to
transact any business except the filing of an
empty protest, when they adjourned to the first
Monday of January, 1864. The excitement pro-
duced by this affair, in the Legislature and
throughout the State, was intense ; but the action
of Governor Yates was sustained by the Supreme
Court and the adjourned session was never held.
The failure of the Legislature to make provision
for the expenses of the State Government and the
relief of the soldiers in the field, made it neces-
sary for Governor Yates to accept that aid from
the public-spirited bankers and capitalists of the
State which was never wanting when needed
during this critical period. (See Twenty-Third
General Assembly.)
Peace Conventions.— Largely attended ' 'peace
conventions" were held during this year, at
Springfield on June 17, and at Peoria in Septem-
ber, at which resolutions opposing the "further
offensive prosecution of the war" were adopted.
An immense Union mass-meeting was also held
at Springfield on Sept. 3, which was addressed
by distinguished speakers, including both Re-
publicans and War-Democrats. An important
incident of this meeting was the reading of the
letter from President Lincoln to Hon. James C.
Conkling, in which he defended his war policy,
and especially his Emancipation Proclamation,
in a characteristically logical manner.
Political Campaign of 1864.— The year 1864
was full of exciting political and military events.
Among the former was the nomination of George
B. McClellan for President by the Democratic Con-
vention held at Chicago, August 29, on a platform
declaring the wara "failure" as an "experiment"
for restoring the Union, and demanding a "cessa-
tion of hostilities" with a view to a convention for
the restoration of peace. Mr. Lincoln had been
renominated by the Republicans at Philadelphia,
in June previous, with Andrew Johnson as the
candidate for Vice-President. The leaders of the
respective State tickets were Gen. Richard J.
Oglesby, on the part of the Republicans, for Gov-
ernor, with William Bross, for Lieutenant-Gov-
ernor, and James C. Robinson as the Democratic
candidate for Governor.
Camp Douglas Conspiracy. — For months
rumors had been rife concerning a conspiracy of
rebels from the South and their sympathizers in
the North, to release the rebel prisoners confined
in Camp Douglas, Chicago, and at Rock Island,
Springfield and Alton — aggregating over 25,000
men. It was charged that the scheme was to be
put into effect simultaneously with the Novem-
ber election, but the activity of the military
authorities in arresting the leaders and seizing
their arms, defeated it. The investigations of a
military court before whom a number of the
arrested parties were tried, proved the existence
of an extensive organization, calling itself
"American Knights" or "Sons of Liberty," of
which a number of well-known politicians in
Illinois were members. (See Camp Douglas
Conspiracy.)
At the November election Illinois gave a major-
ity for Lincoln of 30,756, and for Oglesby, for
Governor, of 33.675, with a proportionate major-
ity for the rest of the ticket. Lincoln's total vote
in the electoral college was 212, to 21 for McClellan.
Legislature of 1865. — The Republicans had a
decided majority in both branches of the Legis-
lature of 1865, and one of its earliest acts was the
election of Governor Yates, United States Sena-
tor, in place of William A. Richardson, who had
been elected two years before to the seat formerly
held by Douglas. This was the last public posi-
tion held by the popular Illinois "War Gov-
ernor." During his official term no more popular
public servant ever occupied the executive chair
— a fact demonstrated by the promptness with
which, on retiring from it, he was elected to the
United States Senate. His personal and political
integrity was never questioned by his most bitter
political opponents, while those who had known
274
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
him longest and most intimately, trusted him
most implicitly. The service which he performed
in giving direction to the patriotic sentiment of
the State and in marshaling its heroic soldiers
for the defense of the Union can never be over-
estimated. (See Yates, Richard.)
Oglesby's ADiiiNiSTR.^TiON. — Governor Ogles-
by and the other State officers were inaugu-
rated Jan. 17, 186.5. Entering upon its duties
with a Legislature in full sympathy with it, the
new administration was confronted by no such
difficulties as those with which its predecessor
had to contend. Its head, who had been identi-
fied with the war from its beginning, was one of
the first lUinoisans promoted to the rank of
Major-General, was personally popular and
enjoyed the confidence and respect of the people
of the State. Allen C. Fuller, who had retired
from a position on the Circuit bench to accept
that of Adjutant-General, which he held during
the last three years of the war, was Speaker of
the House. This Legislature was the first among
those of all the States to ratify the Thirteenth
Amendment of the National Constitution, abolish-
ing slavery, which it did in both Houses, on the
evening of Feb. 1, 1865 — the same day the resolu-
tion had been finally acted on by Congress and
received the sanction of the President. The
odious "black laws," which had disgraced the
State for twelve years, were wiped from the
statute-book at this session. The Legislature
adjourned after a session of forty-six days, leav-
ing a record as creditable in the disposal of busi-
ness as that of its predecessor had been discredit-
able. (See Oglesby, Richard J.)
Assassination of Lincoln. — The war was now
rapidly approaching a successful termination.
Lee had surrendered to Grant at Appomattox,
April 9, 1805, and the people were celebrating
this event with joyful festivities through all the
loyal States, but nowhere with more enthusiasm
than in Illinois, the home of the two great
leaders — Lincoln and Grant. In the midst of
these jubilations came the assassination of Presi-
dent Lincoln by Jolin Wilkes Booth, on the
evening of April 14, 1865, in Ford's Theater,
Washington. The appalling news was borne on
the wings of the telegraph to every corner of the
land, and instantly a nation in rejoicing was
changed to a nation in mourning. A pall of
gloom hung over every part of the land. Public
buildings, business houses and dwellings in every
city, village and hamlet throughout the loyal
States were draped with the insignia of a univer-
sal sorrow. Millions of strong men, and tender,
patriotic women who had given their husbands,
sons and brothers for the defense of the Union,
wept as if overtaken by a great personal calam-
ity. If the nation mourned, much more did Illi-
nois, at the taking off of its chief citizen, the
grandest character of the age, who had served
both State and Nation with such patriotic fidel-
ity, and perislied in the very zenith of his fame
and in the hour of his country's triumph.
The Funeral. — Then came the sorrowful
march of the funeral cortege from Washington
to Springfield — the most impressive spectacle
witnessed since the Day of the Crucifixion. In
all this, Illinois bore a conspicuous part, as on the
fourth day of May, 1865, amid the most solemn
ceremonies and in the presence of sorrowing
thousands, she received to her bosom, near his
old home at the State Capital, the remains of the
Great Liberator.
The part which Illinois played in the great
struggle has already been dwelt upon as full}' as
the scope of this work will permit. It only
remains to be said that the patriotic service of
the men of the State was grandly supplemented
by the equally patriotic service of its women in
"Soldiers' Aid Societies," "Sisters of the Good
Samaritan," "Needle Pickets," and in sanitary
organizations for the purpose of contributing to
the comfort and health of the soldiers in camp
and in hospital, and in giving them generous
receptions on their return to their homes. The
work done by these organizations, and by indi-
vidual nurses in the field, illustrates one of the
brightest pages in the history of the war.
Election of 1866.— The administration of Gov-
ernor Oglesby was as peaceful as it was prosper-
ous. The chief political events of 1866 were the
election of Newton Bateman, State Superintend-
ent of Public Instruction, and Gen. Geo. W.
Smith, Treasurer, while Gen. John A. Logan, as
Representative from the State-at-large. re-entered
Congress, from which he had retired in 1861 to
enter the Union army. His majority was un-
precedented, reaching 55,987. The Legislature
of 1867 reelected Judge Trumbull to the United
States Senate for a third term, his chief competi-
tor in the Republican caucus being Gen. John M.
Palmer. The Fourteenth Amendment to the
National Constitution, conferring citizenship
upon persons of color, was ratified by this Legis-
lature.
Election of 1868. — The Republican State Con-
vention of 1868, held at Peoria, May 6, nominated
the following ticket: For Governor, John M.
Palmer. Lieutenant-Governor, John Dougherty;
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
275
Secretary of State, Edward Rummell; Auditor,
Charles E. Lippincott, State Treasurer, Erastus N.
Bates; Attorney General. Washington Bushnell.
John R. Eden, afterward a member of Congress
for three terms, headed the Democratic ticliet as
candidate for Governor, with William H. Van
Epps for Lieutenant-Governor.
The Republican National Convention was held
at Chicago, May 21, nominating Gen. U. S. Grant
for President and Schuyler Colfax for Vice-
President. They were opposed by Horatio
Seymour for President, and F. P. Blair for Vice-
President. The result in November was the
election of Grant and Colfax, who received 214
electoral votes from 26 States, to 80 electoral
votes for Seymour and Blair from 8 States — three
States not voting. Grant's majority in Illinois
was 51,150. Of course the Republican State
ticket was elected. The Legislature elected at
the same time consisted of eighteen Republicans
to nine Democrats in the Senate and fifty-eight
Republicans to twenty-seven Democrats in the
House.
Palmer's Admisistr.\tion. — Governor Palm-
er's administration began auspiciously, at a time
when the passions aroused by the war were sub-
siding and the State was recovering its normal
prosperity. (See Palmer, John 31.) Leading
events of the next four years were the adoption
of a new State Constitution and the Chicago fire.
The first steps in legislation looking to the con-
trol of railroads were taken at the session of
1869, and although astringent law on the subject
passed both Houses, it was vetoed by the Gov-
ernor. A milder measure was afterward enacted,
and, although superseded by the Constitution of
1870, it furnished the key-note for much of the
legislation since had on the subject. The cele-
brated "Lake Front Bill," conveying to the city
of Chicago and the Illinois Central Railroad the
title of the State to certain lands included in
what was known as the "Lake Front Park," was
passed, and although vetoed by the Governor,
was re-enacted over his veto. This act was
finally repealed by the Legislature of 1873, and
after many years of litigation, the rights claimed
under it by the Illinois Central Railroad Com-
pany have been recently declared void by the
Supreme Court of the United States. The Fif-
teenth Amendment of the National Constitution,
prohibiting the denial of the right of suffrage to
"citizens of the United States .... on account
of race, color or previous condition of servitude,"
was ratified by a strictly party vote in each
House, on March 5.
The first step toward the erection of a new
State Capitol at Springfield had been taken in an
appropriation of 6450,000, at the session of 1867,
the total cost being limited to §3,000,000. A
second appropriation of §650, 000 was made at the
session of 1869. The Constitution of 1870 limited
the cost to $3,500,000, but an act passed by the
Legislature of 1883, making a final appropriation
of .?531,712 for completing and furnishing the
building, was ratified by the people in 1884. The
original cost of the building and its furniture
exceeded §4,000,000. (See State Houses. )
The State Convention for framing a new Con-
stitution met at Springfield, Dec. 13, 1869.
It consisted of eighty-five members — forty-four
Republicans and forty-one Democrats. A num-
ber classed as Republicans, however, were elected
as "Independents" and co-operated with the
Democrats in the organization. Charles Hitch-
cook was elected President. The" Convention
terminated its labors. May 13, 1870; the Constitu-
tion was ratified by vote of the people, July 3,
and went into effect, August 8, 1870. A special
provision establishing the principle of "minority
representation" in the election of Representatives
in the General Assembly, was adopted by a
smaller vote than the main instrument. A lead-
ing feature of the latter was the general restric-
tion upon special legislation and the enumeration
of a large variety of subjects to be provided for
under general laws. It laid the basis of our
present railroad and warehouse laws; declared
the inviolability of the Illinois Central Railroad
tax; prohibited the sale or lease of the Illinois
& Michigan Canal without a vote of the people ;
prohibited municipalities from becoming sub-
scribers to the stock of any railroad or private
corporation; limited the rate of taxation and
amount of indebtedness to be incurred ; required
the enactment of laws for the protection of
miners, etc. The restriction in the old Constitu-
tion against the re-election of a Governor as his
own immediate successor was removed, but placed
upon the office of State Treasurer. The Legisla-
ture consists of 204 members— 51 Senators and 153
Representatives — one Senator and three Repre-
sentatives being chosen from each district. (See
Constitutional Convention of 1869-70; also Con-
stitution of 1870. )
At the election of 1870, General Logan was re-
elected Congressman-at-large by 24,672 majority;
Gen. E. N. Bates, Treasurer, and Newton Bate-
man, State Superintendent of Public Instruction.
Legislature of 1871.— The Twenty-seventh
General Assembly (1871), in its various sessions,
27fi
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
spent more time in legislation than any other in
the history of the State — a fact to be accounted
for, in part, by the Chicago Fire and the exten-
sive revision of the laws required in consequence
of the adoption of the new Constitution. Besides
the regular session, there %vere two special, or
called, sessions and an adjourned session, cover-
ing, in all, a period of 292 days. This Legislature
adopted the system of "State control" in the
management of the labor and discipline of the
convicts of the State penitentiary, which was
strongly urged by Governor Palmer in a special
message. General Logan having been elected
United States Senator at this session. Gen. John
L. Beveridge was elected to the vacant position
of Congressman-at-large at a special election held
Oct. 4.
Chicago Fire of 1871. — The calamitous fire
at Chicago, Oct. 8-9, 1871, though belonging
rather to local than to general State history,
excited the profound sympathy, not only of tlie
people of the State and the Nation, but of the
civilized world. The area burned over, including
streets, covered 2,124 acres, with 13,500 buildings
out of 18,000, leaving 92,000 persons homeless.
The loss of life is estimated at 250, and of prop-
erty at 8187,927,000. Governor Palmer called the
Legislature together in special session to act upon
the emergency, Oct. 13, but as the State was pre-
cluded from affording direct aid, the plan was
adopted of reimbursing the city for the amount
it had expended in the enlargement of the Illinois
& Michigan Canal, amounting to §2,955,340.
The unfortunate shooting of a citizen by a cadet
in a regiment of United States troops organized
for guard duty, led to some controversy between
Governor Palmer, on one side, and the Mayor of
Chicago and the military authorities, including
President Grant, on the other; but the general
verdict was, that, wliile nice distinctions between
civil and miUtary authority may not have been
observed, the service rendered by the military, in
a great emergency, was of the highest value and
was prompted by the best intentions. (See Fire
o/ i<?7.Z under title Chicago.)
Political Campaign of 1873.— The political
campaign of 1872 in Illinois resulted in much con-
fusion and a partial reorganization of parties.
Dissatisfied with the administration of President
Grant, a number of the State officers (including
Governor Palmer) and other prominent Repub-
licans of the State, joined in what was called the
"Liberal Republican" movement, and supported
Horace Greeley for the Presidency. Ex-Gov-
ernor Oglesby again became the standard-bearer
of the Republicans for Governor, with Gen. John
L. Beveridge for Lieutenant-Governor. At the
November election, the Grant and "Wilson (Repub-
lican) Electors in Illinois received 341,944 votes,
to 184,938 for Greeley, and 3,138 for O'Conor.
The plurality for Oglesby, for Governor, was
40,690.
Governor Oglesby's second administration was
of brief duration. Within a week after his in-
auguration he was nominated by a legislative
caucus of his party for United States Senator to
succeed Judge Trumbull, and was elected, receiv-
ing an aggregate of 117 votes in the two Houses
against 78 for Trumbull, who was supported by
the party whose candidates he had defeated at
three previous elections. {See Oglesby, Richard J.)
Lieutenant-Governor Beveridge thus became
Governor, filling out the unexpired term of his
chief. His administration was high-minded,
clean and honorable. (See Beveridge, John L.)
Republican Reverse of 1874. — The election
of 1874 resulted in the first serious reverse the
Republican party had experienced in Illinois
since 1862. Although Thomas S. Ridgway, the
Republican candidate for State Treasurer, was
elected by a plurality of nearly 35,000, by a com-
bination of the opposition, S. M. Etter (Fusion)
was at the same time elected State Superintend-
ent, while the Fusionists secured a majority in
each House of the General Assembly. After a
protracted contest, E. M. Haines — who had been
a Democrat, a Republican, and had been elected
to this Legislature as an "Independent" — was
elected Speaker of the House over Shelby M. Cul-
lom, and A. A. Glenn (Democrat) was chosen
President of the Senate, thus becoming ex-ofl5cio
Lieutenant-Governor. The session which fol-
lowed— especially in the House — was one of the
most turbulent and disorderly in the history of
the State, coming to a termination, April 15,
after having enacted very few laws of any im-
portance. (See Tiventy-ninth General Assembly. )
Campaign of 1876. — Shelby M. Cullom was the
candidate of the Republican party for Governor
in 1876, with Rutherford B. Hayes heading the
National ticket. The excitement which attended
the campaign, the closeness of the vote between
the two Presidential candidates — Hayes and
Tilden — and the determination of the result
through the medium of an Electoral Commission,
are fresh in the memory of the present gener-
ation. In Illinois the Republican plurality for
President was 19,631, but owing to the combina-
tion of the Democratic and Greenback vote on
Lewis Steward for Governor, the majority for
BOARD OF TRADI'; lU'ILDIXO, CHICAGO.
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
277
CuUom was reduced to 6,798. The other State
officers elected were: Andrew Shuman, Lieu-
tenant-Governor; George H. Harlow, Secretary
of State; Thomas B. Needles, Auditor; Edward
Rutz, Treasurer, and James K. Edsall, Attorney-
General. Each of these had pluralities exceeding
20,000, except Needles, who, having a single com-
petitor, had a smaller majority than CuUom.
The new State House was occupied for the first
time by the State officers and the Legislature
chosen at this time. Although the Republicans
had a majority in the House, the Independents
held the "balance of power" in joint session of
the General Assembly. After a stubborn and
protracted struggle in the effort to choose a
United States Senator to succeed Senator John A.
Logan, David Davis, of Bloomington, was
elected on the fortieth ballot. He had been a
Whig and a warm personal friend of Lincoln, by
%vhom he was appointed Associate Justice of the
Supreme Court of the United States in 1863. His
election to the United States Senate bj- the Demo-
crats and Independents led to his retirement from
the Supreme bench, thus preventing his appoint-
naent on the Electoral Commission of 1877 — a cir-
cumstance which, in the opinion of many, may
have had an important bearing upon the decision
of that tribunal. In the latter part of his term
he served as President pro tempore of the Senate,
and more frequently acted with the Republicans
than with their opponents. He supported Blaine
and Logan for President and Vice-President, in
1884. {See Davis. David.)
Strike of 1877. — The extensive railroad strike,
in July, 1877, caused widespread demoralization
of business, especially in the railroad centers of
the State and throughout the country generally.
The newly -organized National Guard was called
out and rendered efficient service in restoring
order. Governor CuUom's action in the premises
was prompt, and has been generally commended
as eminently wise and discreet.
Election of 1878. — Four sets of candidates
were in the field for the offices of State Treasurer
and Superintendent of Public Instruction in 1878
— Republican, Democratic, Greenback and Pro-
hibition. The Republicans were successful. Gen.
John C. Smith being elected Treasurer, and
James P. Slade, Superintendent, by pluralities
averaging about 35,000. The same party also
elected eleven out of nineteen members of Con-
gress, and, for the first time in six years, secured
a majority in each branch of the General Assem-
bl}'. At the session of this Legislature, in Janu-
ary following, John A. Logan was elected to the
United States Senate as successor to Gen. R. J.
Oglesby, whose term expired in March following.
Col. William A. James, of Lake County, served
as Speaker of the House at this session. (See
Smith. John Corson; Slade, James P.; also Thirty-
first Oeneral Assembly.)
Campaign of 1880. — The political campaign
of 1880 is memorable for the determined struggle
made by the friends of General Grant to secure
his nomination for the Presidency for a third
term. The Republican State Convention, begin-
ning at Springfield, May 19, lasted three days,
ending in instructions in favor of General Grant
by a vote of 399 to 285. These were nullified,
however, by the action of the National Conven-
tion two weeks later. Governor Cullom was
nominated for re-election ; John M. Hamilton for
Lieutenant-Governor ; Henry D. Dement for Sec-
retary of State ; Charles P. Swigert for Auditor ;
Edward Rutz (for a third term) for Treasurer,
and James McCartney for Attorney-General.
(See Dement, Henry D.; Swigert, Charles P.:
Rutz, Edward, and McCartney , James.) Ex-Sena-
tor Trumbull headed the Democratic ticket as its
candidate for Governor, with General L. B. Par-
sons for Lieutenant-Governor.
The Republican National Convention met in
Chicago, June 2. After thirty -six ballots, in
which 306 delegates stood unwaveringly by Gen-
eral Grant, James \. Garfield, of Ohio, was
nominated, with Chester A. Arthur, of New
York, for Vice-President. Gen. Winfield Scott
Hancock was the Democratic candidate and Gen.
James B. Weaver, the Greenback nominee. In
Illinois, 622,156 votes were cast, Garfield receiv-
ing a plurality of 40,716. The entire Republican
State ticket was elected by nearly the same plu-
ralities, and the Republicans again had decisive
majorities in both branches of the Legislature.
No startling events occurred during Governor
Cullom's second term. The State continued to
increase in wealth, population and prosperity,
and the heavj' debt, by which it had been bur-
dened thirty years before, was practically "wiped
out."
Election of 1882.— At the election of 1882,
Gen. Jolin C. Smith, who had been elected State
Treasurer in 1878, was re-elected for a second
term, over Alfred Orendorff, while Charles T.
Strattan, the Republican candidate for State
Superintendent of Public Instruction, was de-
feated by Henry Raab. The Republicans again
had a majority in each House of the General
Assembly, amounting to twelve on joint ballot.
Loren C. Collins was elected Speaker of the
278
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
House. In the election of United States Senator,
which occurred at tins session, Governor CuUom
was chosen as the successor to David Davis, Gen.
John M. Palmer receiving the Democratic vote.
Lieut.-Gov. John M. Hamilton thus became Gov-
ernor, nearly in the middle of his term. (See
CuUom, Shdby M.; Hamilton, John M.; Collins,
Loren C, and Raab, Henry.)
The "Harper High License Law,"" enacted by
the Thirty-third General Assembly (1883), has
become one of the permanent features of the Illi-
nois statutes for the control of the liquor traffic,
and has been more or less closely copied in other
States.
Political Campaign of 1884. — In 1884, Gen.
E. J. Oglesby again became the choice of the
Republican party for Governor, receiving at
Peoria the conspicuous compliment of a nomina-
tion for a third term, by acclamation. Carter H.
Harrison was the candidate of the Democrats.
The Republican National Convention was again
held in Chicago, meeting June 3, 1884 ; Gen. John
A. Logan was the choice of the Illinois Repub-
licans for President, and was put in nomination
in the Convention by Senator Cullom. Tlie
choice of the Convention, however, fell upon
James G. Blaine, on the fourth ballot, his leading
competitor being President Arthur. Logan was
then nominated for Vice-President by acclama-
tion.
At the election in November the Republican
party met its first reverse on the National battle-
field since IS.'je, Grover Cleveland and Thomas A.
Hendricks, the Democratic candidates, being
elected President and Vice-President by the nar-
row margin of less than 1,200 votes in the State
of New York. The result was in doubt for sev-
eral days, and the excitement throughout the
country was scarcely less intense than it had
been in the close election of 1876. The Green-
back and Prohibition parties both had tickets in
Illinois, polling a total of nearly 23,000 votes.
The plurality in the State for Blaine was 25,118.
The Republican State officers elected were Richard
J. Oglesby, Governor; John C. Smith, Lieuten-
ant-Governor; Henry D. Dement, Secretary of
State ; Charles P. Swigert, Auditor ; Jacob Gross,
State Treasurer; and George Hunt, Attorney-
General — receiving pluralities ranging from 14,-
000 to 2.'5,000. Botli Dement and Swigert were
elected for a second time, while Gross and Hunt
were chosen for first terms. (See Gross, Jacob,
and Hunt, George. )
Chicago Election Frauds. — An incident of
this election was the fraudulent attempt to seat
Rudolph Brand (Democrat) as Senator in place of
Henry W. Leman, in the Sixth Senatorial Dis-
trict of Cook County. The fraud was exposed
and Joseph C. Mackin, one of its alleged perpe-
trators, was sentenced to the penitentiary for four
years for perjury growing out of the investiga-
tion. A motive for this attempted fraud was
found in the close vote in the Legislature for
United States Senator — Senator Logan being a
candidate for re-election, while the Legislature
stood 102 Republicans to 100 Democrats and two
Greenbackers on joint ballot. A tedious contest
on the election of Speaker of the House finally
resulted in the success of E. JI. Haines. Pending
the struggle over the Senator.ship, two seats in
the House and one in the Senate were rendered
vacant by death — the deceased Senator and one of
the Representatives being Democrats, and the
other Representative a Republican. The special
election for Senator resulted in filling the vacancy
with a new member of the same political faith as
his predecessor ; but both vacancies in the House
were filled by Republicans. The gain of a Repub-
lican member in place of a Democrat in the
House was brought about by the election of
Captain William H. Weaver Representative from
the Thirty-fourth District (composed of Mason,
Menard, Cass and Schuyler Counties) over the
Democratic candidate, to fill the vacancy caused
by the death of Representative J. Henry Shaw,
Democrat. This was accomiilished by what is
called a "still hunt" on the part of the Repub-
licans, in which the Democrats, being taken by
surprise, suffered a defeat. It furnished the sen-
sation not only of the session, but of special elec-
tions generally, especially as every county in the
District was strongly Democratic. This gave the
Republicans a majority in each House, and tlie
re-election of Logan followed, though not until
two months had been consumed in the contest.
(See Logan, John A.)
Oglesby's Third Term. — The only disturbing
events during Governor Oglesby's third term were
strikes among the quarrymen at Joliet and
Lemont, in May, 1885; by the railroad switchmen
at East St. Louis, in April, 1886, and among the
employes at the Union Stock- Yards, in November
of the same year. In each case troops were called
out and order finally restored, but not until sev-
eral persons had been killed in the two former,
and both strikers and employers had lost heavily
in the interruption of business.
At the election of 1886, John R. Tanner and
Dr. Richard Edwards (Republicans) were respec-
tively elected State Treasurer and State Superin-
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
279
tendent of Public Instruction, by 34,816 plurality
for the former and 29,928 for the latter. (See
Tanner, John R. ; Edirards, Richard. )
In the Thirty-fifth General Assembly, which
met January, 1887, the Republicans had a major-
ity in each House, and Charles B. Farwell was
elected to the United States Senate in place of
Gen. John A. Logan, deceased. (See Farwell,
Charles B.)
FiFER Elected Governor. — The political
campaign of 1888 was a spirited one, though less
bitter than the one of four years previous. Ex-
Senator Joseph W. Fifer, of McLean County, and
Ex-Gov. John M. Palmer were pitted against each
other as opposing candidates for Governor. (See
Fifer, Joseph W. ) Prohibition and Labor tickets
were also in the field The Republican National
Convention was again held in Chicago, June
20-2.5, resulting in the nomination of Benjamin
Harrison for President, on the eighth ballot. The
delegates from Illinois, with two or three excep-
tions, voted steadily for Judge Walter Q.
Gresham. (See Gresham, Walter Q.) Grover
Cleveland headed the Democratic ticket as a
candidate for re-election. At the November elec-
tion, 747,683 votes were cast in Illinois, giving
the Republican Electors a plurality of 23,104.
Fifer's plurality over Palmer was 13,547, and that
of the remainder of the Republican State ticket,
still larger. Those elected were Lyman B. Ray,
Lieutenant-Governor; Isaac N. Pearson, Secre-
tary of State; Gen. Charles W. Pavey, Auditor;
Charles Becker, Treasurer, and George Hunt,
Attorney-General. (See Ray, Lyman B.: Pear-
son, Isaac N.; Pavey, Charles W; and Becker,
Charles.) The Republicans secured twenty-six
majority on joint ballot in the Legislature — the
largest since 1881. Among the acts of the Legis-
lature of 1889 were tlie re-election of Senator
Cullom to the United States Senate, practically
^thout a contest ; the revision of the conipulsory
education law, and tlie enactment of the Chicago
drainage law. At a special session held in July,
1890, the first steps in the preliminary legislation
looking to the holding of the World's Columbian
Exposition of 1893 in the city of Chicago, were
taken. (See World's Coliunbian Exposition.)
Republican Defeat of 1890. — The campaign
of 1890 resulted in a defeat for the Republicans on
both the State and Legislative tickets. Edward
S. Wilson was elected Treasurer by a plurality of
9,847 and Prof. Henry Raab, who had been Super-
intendent of Public Instruction between 1883 and
1887, was elected for a second term by 34,042.
Though lacking two of an absolute majority on
joint ballot in the Legislature, the Democrats
were able, with the aid of two members belonging
to the Farmers' Alliance, after a prolonged and
exciting contest, to elect Ex-Gov. John M.
Palmer United States Senator, as successor to
C. B. Farwell. The election took place on March
11, resulting, on the 154th ballot, in 103 votes for
Palmer to 100 for Cicero J. Lindley (Republican)
and one for A. J. Streeter. (See Palmer. John M. )
Elections op 1893. — At the elections of 1892
the Republicans of Illinois sustained their first
defeat on both State and National issues since
1856. The Democratic State Convention was
held at Springfield, April 27, and that of the
Republicans on May 4. The Democrats put in
nomination John P. Altgeld for Governor;
Joseph B, Gill for Lieutenant-Governor; William
H. Hinrichsen for Secretary of State; Rufus N.
Ramsay for State Treasurer; David Gore for
Auditor ; Maurice T. Moloney for Attorney-Gen-
eral, with John C. Black and Andrew J. Hunter
for Congressmen-at-Iarge and three candidates for
Trustees of the University of Illinois. The can-
didates on the Republican ticket were: For Gov-
ernor, Joseph W. Fifer; Lieutenant-Governor,
Lyman B. Ray ; Secretary of State, Isaac N. Pear-
son; Auditor, Charles W. Pavey; Attorney-Gen-
eral, George W. Prince; State Treasiirer, Henry
L. Hertz ; Congressmen-at-large, George S. Willits
and Richard Yates, with three University Trus-
tees. The first four were all incumbents nomi-
nated to succeed themselves. The Republican
National Convention held its session at Jlinneapo-
lis June 7-10, nominating President Harrison for
re-election, while that of the Democrats met
in Chicago, on June 21, remaining in session
until June 24, for the third time choosing, as its
standard-bearer, Grover Cleveland, with Adlai T.
Stevenson, of Bloomington, 111., as his running-
mate for Vice-President. The Prohibition and
People's Party also had complete National and
State tickets in the field. The State campaign
was conducted with great vigor on both sides, the
Democrats, under the leadership of Altgeld, mak-
ing an especially bitter contest upon some features
of the compulsory school law, and gaining many
votes from the ranks of the German-Republicans.
The result in the State showed a plurality for
Cleveland of 26,993 votes out of a total 873,646—
the combined Prohibition and People's Party vote
amounting to 48,077. The votes for the respec-
tive heads of the State tickets were: Altgeld
(Dem.), 425,498; Fifer (Rep.), 402,659; Link
(Pro.), 25,628 ;Barnet (Peo.), 20, 108— plurality for
Altgeld, 23,808. The vote for Fifer was the high-
280
HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
est given to any Republican candidate on eitlier
the National or the State ticket, leading that of
President Harrison bj- nearly 3,400, while the
vote for Altgeld, though falling behind that of
Cleveland, led the votes of all his associates on the
Democratic State ticket with the single exception
of Ramsay, the Democratic Candidate for Treas-
urer. Of the twenty-two Representatives in
Congress from the State chosen at this time,
eleven were Republicans and eleven Democrats,
including among the latter the two Congressmen
from the State-at-large. The Thirty-eighth Gen-
eral Assembly stood twenty-nine Democrats to
twenty-two Republicans in the Senate, and
seventy-eight Democrats to seventy-five Republic-
ans in the House.
The administration of Go%-ernor Fifer — the last
in a long and unbroken line under Republican Gov-
ernors— closed with the financial and industrial
interests of the State in a prosperous condition,
the State out of debt with an ample surplus in its
treasury. Fifer was the first private soldier of
the Civil War to be elected to the Governorship,
though the result of the next two elections have
shown that he was not to be the last — both of his
successors belonging to the same class. Governor
Altgeld was the first foreign-born citizen of the
State to be elected Governor, though the State
has had four Lieutenant-Governors of foreign
birth, viz. : Pierre Menard, a French Canadian ;
John Moore, an Englishman, and Gustavus
Koerner and Francis A. Hoffman, both Germans.
Altgeld's Administr.vtion. — The Thirty-
eighth General Assembly began its session, Jan.
4, 1893, the Democrats having a majority in each
House. (See Thirfi/-eighfh General Assenibly.)
The inauguration of the State officers occurred on
January 10. The most important events con-
nected with Governor Altgeld's administration
were the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893,
and the strike of railway employes in 1894. Both
of these have been treated in detail under their
proper heads. (See World's Columbian E.vjJosi-
tion, and Labor Troubles.) A serious disaster
befell the State in the destruction by fire, on the
night of Jan. 3, 1895, of a portion of the buildings
connected with the Southern Hospital for the
Insane at Anna, involving a loss to the State of
nearly §200,000, and subjecting the inmates and
officers of the institution to great risk and no
small amount of suffering, although no lives were
lost. The Thirty-ninth General Assembly, which
met a few days after the fire, made an appropri-
ation of $171,970 for the restoration of the build-
ings destroyed, and work was begun immediately.
The defalcation of Charles W. Spalding, Treas-
urer of the University of Illinois, which came to
light near the close of Governor Altgeld's term,
involved the State in heavy loss (the exact
amount of which is not even yet fully known),
and operated unfortunately for the credit of the
retiring administration, in view of the adoption of
a policy which made the Governor more directly
responsible for the management of the State in-
stitutions than that pursued by most of his prede-
cessors. The Governor's course in connection
with the strike of 1894 was also severely criticised
in some quarters, especially as it brought him in
opposition to the policy of the National adminis-
tration, and exposed him to the charge of sympa-
thizing with the strikers at a time when they
were regarded as acting in open violation of law.
Electio.v of 1894. — The election of 1894 showed
as surprising a reaction against the Democratic
party, as that of 1892 had been in an opposite
direction. The two State offices to be vacated
this year — State Treasurer and State Superintend-
ent of Public Instruction — were filled by the elec-
tion of Republicans by unprecedented majorities.
The plurality for Henry Wulff for State Treas-
urer, was 133,437, and that in favor of Samuel M.
Inglis for State Superintendent of Public Instruc-
tion, scarcely 10,000 less. Of twenty -two Repre-
sentatives in Congress, all but two returned as
elected were Republicans, and these two were
unseated as the result of contests. The Legisla-
ture stood thirty -three Republicans to eighteen
Democrats in the Senate, and eighty-eight Repub-
licans to sixty-one Democrats in the House.
One of the most important acts of the Thirtj'-
ninth General Assembly, at the following session,
was the enactment of a law fixing the compensa-
tion of members of the General Assembly at §1,000
for each regular session, with five dollars per day
and mileage for called, or extra, sessions. This
Legislature also passed acts making appropriations
for the erection of buildings for the use of the
State Fair, which had been permanently located
at Springfield ; for the establishment of two ad-
ditional hospitals for the insane, one near Rock
Island and the other (for incurables) near Peoria;
for the Northern and Eastern Illinois Normal
Schools, and for a Soldiers' Widows' Home at
Wilmington.
Per5i.\nent Location of the State Fair.—
In consequence of the absorption of public atten-
tion— especially among the industrial and manu-
facturing classes — bj' the World's Columbian
Exposition, the holding of the Annual Fair of the
Illinois State Board of Agriculture for 1893 was
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
281
omitted for the first time since the Civil War.
The initial steps were taken by the Board at its
annual meeting in Springfield, in January of that
year, looking to the permanent location of the
Fair ; and, at a meeting of the Board held in Chi-
cago, in October following, formal specifications
were adopted prescribing the conditions to be met
in securing the prize. These were sent to cities
intending to compete for the location as the basis
of proposals to be submitted by them. Responses
were received from the cities of Bloomington,
Decatur, Peoria and Springfield, at the annual
meeting in January, 1894, with the result that,
on the eighth ballot, the bid of Springfield was
accepted and the Fair permanently located at
that place by a vote of eleven for Springfield to
ten divided between five other points. The
Springfield proposal provided for conveyance to
the State Board of Agriculture of 15.5 acres of
land— embracing the old Sangamon County Fair
Grounds immediately north of the city — besides
a cash contribution of §50,000 voted by the San-
gamon County Board of Supervisors for the
erection of permanent buildings. Other contri-
butions increased the estimated value of the
donations from Sangamon County (including the
land) to $139,800, not including the pledge of the
city of Springfield to pave two streets to the gates
of the Fair Grounds and furnish water free, be-
sides an agreement on the part of the electric
light company to furnish light for two years free
of charge. The construction of buildings was
begun the same year, and the first Fair held on
the site in September following. Additional
buildings have been erected and other improve-
ments introduced each year, until the grounds
are now regarded as among the best equipped for
exhibition purposes in the United States. In the
meantime, the increasing success of the Fair
from year to year has demonstrated the wisdom
of the action taken by the Board of Agriculture
in the matter of location.
Campaign of 1896. — The political campaign
of 1896 was one of almost unprecedented activity
in Illinois, as well as remarkable for the variety
and character of the issues involved and the
number of party candidates in the field. As
usual, the Democratic and the Republican parties
were the chief factors in the contest, although
there was a wide diversity of sentiment in each,
which tended to the introduction of new issues
and the organization of parties on new lines.
The Republicans took the lead in organizing for
the canvass, holding their State Convention at
Springfield on April 29 and 30, while the Demo-
crats followed, at Peoria, on June 23. Tlie former
put in nomination John R. Tanner for Governor;
William A. Northoott for Lieutenant-Governor;
James A. Rose for Secretary of State ; James S.
McCullough for Auditor; Henry L. Hertz for
Treasurer, and Edward C. Akin for Attorney-
General, with Mary Turner Carriel, Thomas J.
Smyth and Francis M. McKay for University
Trustees. The ticket put in nomination by the
Democracy for State ofiicers embraced John P.
Altgeld for re-election to the Governorship ; for
Lieutenant-Governor, Monroe C. Crawford; Sec-
retary of State, Finis E. Downing: Auditor,
Andrew L. Maxwell; Attorney-General, George
A. Trude, with three candidates for Trustees.
The National Republican Convention met at St.
Louis on June 16, and, after a three days' session,
put in nomination William McKinley, of Ohio,
for President, and Garret A. Hobart, of New
Jersey, for Vice-President ; while ■ their Demo-
cratic opponents, following a policy which had
been maintained almost continuously by one or
the other party since 1860, set in motion its party
machinery in Chicago — holding its National Con-
vention in that city, July 7-11, when, for the first
time in the history of the nation, a native of
Illinois was nominated for the Presidency in the
person of William J. Bryan of Nebraska, with
Arthur Sewall, a sliip-builder of Maine, for the
second place on the ticket. The main issues, as
enunciated in the platforms of the respective
parties, were industrial and financial, as shown by
the prominence given to the tariff and monetary
questions in each. This was the natural result of
the business depression which had prevailed since
1893. While the Republican platform adhered to
the traditional position of the party on the tariff
issue, and declared in favor of maintaining the
gold standard as the basis of the monetary system
of the country, that of the Democracy took a new
departure bj- declaring unreservedly for the "free
and unlimited coinage of both silver and gold at
the present legal ratio of 16 to 1;" and this be-
came the leading issue of the campaign. The
fact that Thomas E. Watson, of Georgia, who
had been favored by the Populists as a candidate
for Vice President, and was afterwards formally
nominated by a convention of that party, with
Mr. Bryan at its head, was ignored by the Chi-
cago Convention, led to much friction between
the Populist and Democratic wings of the party.
At the same time a very considerable body — in
influence and political prestige, if not in numbers
— in the ranks of the old-line Democratic party,
refused to accept the doctrine of the free-silver
'^S'^'
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
section on the monetary question, and. adopting
the name of "Gold Democrats,'' put in nomination
a ticket composed of John M. Palmer, of Illinois,
for President, and Simon B. Buokner, of Ken-
tucky, for Vice-President. Besides these, the Pro-
hibitionists, Nationalists, Socialist-Labor Party
and "Middle-of-the-Road" (or "straight-out")
Populists, had more or less complete tickets in the
field, making a total of seven sets of candidates
appealing for the votes of the people on issues
assumed to be of National importance.
Tlie fact tliat the two gre.at parties— Democratic
and Republican — established their principal head-
quarters for the prosecution of the campaign in
Chicago, had the effect to make that city and
the State of Illinois the center of political activ-
ity for the nation. Demonstrations of an impos-
ing character were held by both parties. At the
November election the Republicans carried the
day by a plurality, in Illinois, of 141,51? for their
national ticket out of a total of 1,090.869 votes,
while the leading candidates on the State ticket
received the following pluralities : John R. Tan-
ner (for Governor), 113,381; Northcott (for Lieu-
tenant-Governor). 137.354; Rose (for Secretary of
State), 136,611; McCuUough (for Auditor), 138,-
013; Hertz (for Treasurer), 116,064; Akin (for
Attorney-General), 132.650. The Republicans also
elected seventeen Representatives in Congress to
three Democrats and two People's Party men.
The total vote cast, in this campaign, for the "Gold
Democratic" candidate for Governor was 8,100.
Gov. Tanner's Administration — The Fortieth
General Assembly met Jan. 6, 1897, consisting of
eighty-eight Republicans to sixty-three Demo-
crats and two Populists in the House, and thirty-
nine Republicans to eleven Democrats and one
Populist in the Senate. The Republicans finally
gained one member in each house by contests.
Edward C. Curtis, of Kankakee County, was
chosen Speaker of the House and Hendrick V.
Fisher, of Heurj' County, President pro tem. of
the Senate, with a full set of Republican officers
in the subordinate positions. The inauguration
of the newly elected State officers took place on
the 11th, the inaugural address of Governor
Tanner taking strong ground in favor of main-
taining tlie issues indorsed by tlie people at the
late election. On Jan. 20, William E. Mason,
of Chicago, was elected United States Senator, as
the successor of Senator Palmer, w-hose term was
about to expire. Mr. Mason received the full
Republican strength (125 votes) in the two
Houses, to the 77 Democratic votes cast for John
P. Altgeld. (.See Fortieth General Afmembly.)
Among the principal measures enacted by the
Fortieth General Assembly at its regular session
were: The "Torrens Land Title System," regu-
lating the conveyance and registration of land
titles (which see) ; the consolidation of the three
Supreme Court Districts into one and locating the
Supreme Court at Springfield, and the Allen
Street-Railroad Law, empowering City Councils
and other corporate authorities of cities to grant
street railway franchises for a period of fifty
years. On Dec. 7, 1897, the Legislature met in
special session vmder a call of the Governor, nam-
ing five subjects upon which legislation was sug-
gested. Of these only two were acted upon
affirmatively, viz. : a law prescribing the manner
of conducting the election of delegates to nomi-
nating political conventions, and a new revenue
law regulating the assessment and collection of
taxes. The main feature of the latter act is the
requirement that property shall be entered upon
the books of the assessor at its cash value, subject
to revision by a Board of Review, the basis of
valuation for purposes of taxation being one-fifth
of this amount.
The Spanish- American War.— The most not-
able event in the history of Illinois during the
year 1898 was the Spanish-American War, and
the part Illinois played in it. In this contest
Illinoisans manifested the same eagerness to
serve their countrj- as did their fathers and fel-
low citizens in the War of the Rebellion, a third
of a century ago. The first call for volunteers
was responded to with alacrity by the men com-
posing the Illinois National Guard, seven regi-
ments of infantry, from the First to Seventh
inclusive, besides one regiment of Cavalry and
one Battery of Artillery — in all about 9,000 men
— being mustered in between May 7 and May 21.
Although only one of these — the First, under the
command of Col. Henry L. Turner of Chicago —
saw practical service in Cuba before the surrender
at Santiago, others in camps of instruction in the
South stood ready to respond to the demand for
their service in the field. Under the second call
for troops two other regiments — the Eighth and
the Ninth — were organized and the former (com-
posed of Afro-Americans officered by men of
their own race) relieved the First Illinois on guard
duty at Santiago after the surrender. A body of
engineers from Company E of the Second United
States Engineers, recruited in Chicago, were
among the first to see service in Cuba, while
many Illinoisans belonging to the Naval Reserve
were assigned to duty on United States war
vessels, and rendered most valuable service in the
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
283
naval engagements in Cuban waters. The Third
Regiment (Col. Fred. Bennitt) also took part in
the movement for the occupation of Porto Rico.
The several regiments on their return for muster-
out, after the conclusion of terms of peace with
Spain, received most enthusiastic ovations from
their fellow-citizens at home. Besides the regi-
ments mentioned, several Provisional Regiments
were organized and stood ready to respond to the
call of the Government for their services had the
emergency required. (See War, The Spanish
American. )
Labor Disturbances. — The principal labor
distui-bances in tlie State, under Governor Tan-
ner's administration, occurred during the coal-
miners' strike of 1897, and the lock-out at the
Pana and Virden mines in 1898. The attempt to
introduce colored laborers from the South to
operate these mines led to violence between the
adherents of the "Miners' Union" and the mine-
owners and operators, and their employes, at
these points, during which it was necessary to
call out the National Gviard, and a number of
lives were sacrificed on both sides.
A flood in the Ohio, during the spring of 1898,
caused the breaking of the levee at Shawneetown,
111., on the 3d day of April, in consequence of
which a large proportion of the city was flooded,
many homes and business houses wrecked or
greatly injured, and much other property de-
stroyed. The most serious disaster, however, was
the loss of some twenty-five lives, for the most
part of women and children who, being surprised
in their homes, were unable to escape. Aid was
promptly furnished by the State Government in
tlie form of tents to shelter the survivors and
rations to feed them ; and contributions of money
and provisions from the citizens of the State, col-
lected by relief organizations during the next two
or three months, were needed to moderate the
suffering. (See Inundations, Remarkable.)
Camp.ugn of 1898. — The political campaign of
1898 was a quiet one, at least nominally conducted
on the same general issues as that of 1896, al-
though the gradual return of business prosperity
had greatly modified the intensity of interest
with which some of the economic questions of
the preceding campaign had been regarded. The
only State officers to be elected were a State-
Treasurer, a Superintendent of Public Instruction,
and three State University Trustees— the total
vote cast for the former being 878,622 against
1,090,869 for President in 1896. Of the former,
Floyd K. Whittemore (Republican candidate for
State Treasurer) received 448,940 to 405,490 for
M. F. Dunlap (Democrat), with 24,192 divided
between three other candidates; while Alfred
Bayliss (Republican) received a plurality of
68,899 over his Democratic competitor, with 23,-
190 votes cast for three others. The Republican
candidates for University Trustees were, of course,
elected. The Republicans lost heavily in their
representation in Congress, tliough electing thir-
teen out of twenty-two members of the Fifty-
sixth Congress, leaving nine to their Democratic
opponents, who were practically consolidated in
this campaign with the Populists.
Forty-first General Assembly.— The Forty-
first General Assembly met, Jan. 4, 1899, and
adjourned, April 14, after a session of 101 days,
with one exception (that of 1875), the shortest
regular session in the historj' of the State Gov-
ernment since the adoption of tlie Constitution of
1870. The House of Representatives consisted of
eighty-one Republicans to seventy-one Democrats
and one Proliibitionist ; and the Senate, of thirty-
four Republicans to sixteen Democrats and one
Populist — giving a Republican majorit}- on joint
ballot of twenty-six. Of 176 bills whicli passed
both Houses, received the approval of tlie Gov-
ernor and became laws, some of the more impor-
tant were the following: Amending the State
Arbitration Law by extending its scope and the
general powers of the Board ; creating the office
of State Architect at a salarj' of $5,000 per annum,
to furnish plans and specifications for public
buildings and supervise the construction and
care of tlie same ; authorizing the consolidation
of the territory of cities under township organi-
zation, and consisting of five or more Congres-
sional townships, into one township ; empowering
each Justice of the Supreme Court to employ a
private secretary at a salary of 82,000 per annum,
to be paid by the State; amending the State
Revenue Law of 1898 ; authorizing the establish-
ment and maintenance of parental or truant
schools; and empowering tlie State to establish
Free Emploj-ment Offices, in the proportion of one
to each city of 50,000 inhabitants, or three in
cities of 1,000,000 and over. An act was also
passed requiring the Secretary of State, when an
amendment of the State Constitution is to be
voted upon by the electors at anj' general elec-
tion, to prepare a statement setting forth the pro-
visions of the same and furnish copies thereof to
each County Clerk, whose duty it is to have said
copies published and posted at the places of voting
for the information of voters. One of the most
important acts of this Legislature was the repeal,
by a practically unanimous vote, of the Street-
284
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
railway Franchise Law of the previous session,
the provisions of which, empoweiing City Coun-
cils to grant street-railway franchises extending
over a period of fifty years, had been severely
criticised by a portion of the press and excited
intense hostility, especially in some of the larger
cities of the State. Although in force nearly two
years, not a single corporation had succeeded in
obtaining a franchise under it.
A Retrospect .\nd a Look into The Future. —
The history of Illinois has been traced concisely
and in outline from the earliest period to the
present time. Previous to the visit of Joliet and
Marquette, in 1G73, as unknown as Central Africa,
for a century it continued the hunting ground of
savages and the home of wild animals common to
the plains and forests of the Mississippi Valley.
The region brought under the influence of civili-
zation, such as then existed, comprised a small
area, scarcely larger than two ordinarily sized
counties of the present day. Thirteen years of
nominal British control ( 1765-T8 ) saw little change,
except the exodus of a part of the old French
population, who preferred Spanish to British rule.
The period of development began with the
occupation of Illinois by Clark in 1778. That
saw the "Illinois County," created for the gov-
ernment of the settlements northwest of the
Ohio, expanded into five States, with an area of
2.50,000 square miles and a population, in 1890, of
13,. 500, 000. In 1880 the population of the State
equaled that of the Thirteen Colonies at the
close of the Revolution. The eleventh State in
the Union in this respect in 1850, in 1890 it had
advanced to third rank. With its unsurpassed
fertilitj' of soil, its inexhaustible supplies of fuel
for manufacturing purposes, its system of rail-
roads, surpassing in extent that of any other State,
there is little risk in predicting that the next
forty 3'ears will see it advanced to second, if not
first rank, in both wealth and population.
But if the development of Illinois on material
lines has been marvelous, its contributions to the
Nation in philanthropists and educators, soldiers
and statesmen, have rendered it conspicuous. A
long list of these might be mentioned, but two
names from the ranks of lUinoisans have been, by
common consent, assigned a higher place than all
others, and have left a deeper impress upon the
history of the Nation than any others since the
days of Washington. These are, Ulysses S. Grant,
the Organizer of Victory for the Union arms
and Conqueror of the Rebellion, and Abraham
Lincoln, the Great Emancipator, the Preserver of
the Republic, and its Martyred President.
CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD.
Important Eveiits in Illinois History.
1073.— Joliet and Marquette reach Illinois from Green Bay by
way of the Upper Mississippi and Illinois Rivers.
1G74-5.— Marquette niakes a second visit to Illinois and spends
the winter on the present site of Chicago.
16S0.-La Salle and Touty descend the Illinois to Peoria Lake.
1681.— Tonty begins the erection of Fort St. Louis on " Starved
Bock" in La Salle County.
1682.— La Salle and Tonty descend the Illinois and Mississippi
Rivers to the mouth of the latter, and take possession
(April9, 16S2) in the name of the King of France
1700.— First permanent French settlement in Illinois and Mis-
sion of St. Sulpice established at Cahokia.
1700.— Kaskaskia Indians remove from the Upper Illinois and
locate near the mouth of the Kaskaskia River. French
settlement established here the same year becomes the
town of Kaskaskia and future capital of Illinois.
1718.— The first Fort Chartrea. erected near Kaskaskia.
1718.— Fort St. Louis, on the Upper Illinois, burned by Indians.
1754.— Fort Chartres rebuilt and strengthened.
1765.— The Illinois country surrendered by the French to the
British under the treaty of lTt)3.
1778.— (July 4) Col. George Rogers Clark, at the head of an expe-
dition organized under authority of Gov. Patrick Henry of
Virginia, arrives at Kaskaskia. The occupation of Illinois
hv the American troops follows.
1778.— Illinois County created by Act of the Virginia House of
Delegates, for the government of the settlements uortli-
west of the Ohio River.
1787.— Congress adopts the Ordinance of 1787. organizing the
Northwest Territory, embracing the present States of
Ohio. Indiana, Illinois. Michie:ftn and Wisconsin.
17S8.— General Arthur St. Clair appointed Governor of North-
west Territory.
1790.— St Clair County organized.
1795.— Randolph Countv organized.
1800.— Northwest Territory divided into Ohio and Indiana Ter-
ritories, Illinois being embraced in the latter.
1809.— Illinois Territory set off from Indiana, and Ninian
Edwards appointed Governor.
1818.— (Dec. 3) Illinois admitted as a State.
18'2Q.— state capital removed from Kaskaskia to Vandalia.
1822-24.— Unsuccessful attempt to make Illinois a slave State.
1835.— (April 30) General La Fayette visits Kaskaskia.
1832.— Black Hawk War.
1839.— (July 4) Springfield becomes the third capital of the State
under an Act of the Legislature passed m l.s37.
1848.— The second Constitution adopted.
18H0.— Abraham Lincoln is elected President.
JSfil.- Warof the Rebellion begins.
iytJ3.— (Jan. 1) Lincoln issues his final Proclamation of Eman-
cipation.
ISG4.— Lincoln's second election to the Presidency.
1865.— I April 141 Abraham Lincoln assassinated in Washington.
1865.— I Mav 4) President Lincoln's funeral iu Springfield.
1865.— The War of the Rebellion ends.
1868.- Gen. U. S. Grant elected to the Presidency.
1870.— The third State Constitution adopted.
POPULATION OF ILLINOIS
At Each Decennial Census from isio to 1900.
1810 i23) 12,282
1M20 (241 55,162
is:i0 i2U' 157,445
KS40 il4> 476,183
1850 (11) 831,470
1860 (4) 1,711,951
1870 (4) 2,539,891
1880 (4t 3.077.871
1890 (3) 3826,;«l
1900 (3) 4.821,550
1 parenthesis indicate the rank of the State
ILLINOIS CITIES
Having a Population of 10,000 ai\d Over {1900).
Name. Population.
Chicago 1,698,755
Peoria 56,100
Quincy 36,252
Springfield 34.159
Rockford 31,051
Joliet 29,353
EastSt Louis 29,655
Aurora 24.147
Blooonngton 23,286
Elgin 22,433
Decatur 20,754
Rock Island 19.498
Evaustoii 19.259
Name.
Populatii
Galesburg
ISj
BeUeville
IT,'
. . . 17,'
DanviUe
16,:
JacksODVille ...
15.1
Streator
14,1
Freeport
13;
Ottawa
10.1
La SaUe
10,'
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS.
285
INDEX,
This index relates exclusively to matter embraced in the article under the title "IlUnoia." Subjects of general State hietory
will be found treated at length, under topical heads, in the body of the Encyclopedia.
Admission of Illinois as a State, 253.
Altgeld, John P., administration as Gov-
ernor, 279-80; defeated for re-election, 281.
Anderson, Stlnson H.,264.
Anti-Nebraska Kditorial Convention. 25fi.
Anti-alavery contest of 1822-24; defeat of a
convention scheme, 260.
Baker, Col. E. D., 263; orator at laying
the corner-atone of State capitol, 264.
Bateman, Newton. State Superintendent
of Public Instruction, 270, 274.275.
Beveridge, John L., Congreasmaa and
Lieutenant-Governor; becomes Governor
by reaignatlon of Governor Ogle3by,276.
Birkbeck, Morris, 260.
BisaeU, William H., Colonel In Mexican
War. 265; Governor, 269; death, 270.
Black Hawk War. 262.
Blodgett, Henry W., Free Soil member of
the Legislature. 268.
Bloomington Convention (1856i,269.
Boiabriant, first French Commandant, 249.
Bond, Shadrach, 255; Delegate in Congreas,
257; first Governor, 258.
Breese. Sidney, 259.
Browne. Thomas C. 260.
Browning, Orville H., in Bloomington
Convention, 269; U. S. Senator, 27a,
Cahoklft, first French settlement at, 252.
Camp Douglaa conspiracy, 273.
Canal Scrip Fraud. 270.
Carlin, Thomas, elected Governor, 263.
Casey, Zaduc, elected to Congress; re-
signs the Lieutenant-Governorship, 262.
Charlevoix visits Illinois. 247
Chicago and Calumet Rivera, importance
of in estimation of early explorers, 247.
Chicago election frauds, 278.
Chicago, fire of 1871,276,
Chicagou, Indian Chief for whom Chicago
was named, 248.
Clark. Col. George Rogers, expedition to
Illinois; capture of Kaskaskia, 251.
Coles. Edward, emancipates his slaves;
candidate for Governor, 259; his election,
260; persecuted bv his enemies, 261.
Constitutional Convention of 1818, 258.
Constitutional Convention of 1847,266.
Constitutional Convention of 1862, ^2.
Constitutional Convention of 1870, 275.
Cook, Daniel P.. 255; Attorney-General,
258; elected to Congress, 260-61.
Craig, Capt. Thomas, expedition against
Indians at Peoria, 257.
Cullom, Shelby M.. Speaker of General As-
sembly, 270; elected Governor. 276; fea-
tures of his administration; re-elected,
277; elected to U. S. Senate, 278.
Davis, David, United States Senator, 277.
Douglas, Stephen A., 263; Justice Supreme
Court. 264, U.S. Senator, 266; debates
with Lincoln. 268-70: re-elected U.S. Sen-
ator, 270; death, 272.
Duncan. Josepti. Governor; character of
his administration. 282-63.
Early towns, 258.
Earthquake of 1811,256.
Edwards. Ninlau, Governor Illinois Terri-
tory, 255, elected V. H. Senator, 259;
elected Governor; administration and
death, 261.
Ewing, William L. D., becomes acting
Governor; occupant of many offices, 262.
Explorers, early French, 244-5.
Farwell, Charles B..279.
Field-McClernand contest, 264.
Fifer, Joseph W., elected Governor, 279.
Fisher, Dr. George, Speaker of Territorial
House of Representatives, 257.
Ford, Thomas, Governor; embarrassing
questions of his administration, 264.
Fort Chartres, surrendered to British. 250.
Fort Dearborn massacre, 2o6-o7.
FortGage burned. 251.
Fort Massac, startingpoint on the Ohio of
Clark's expedition, 251.
Fort St. Louia, 246; raided and burned by
Indians, 247.
Franklin, Benjamin. Indian Commissioner
for Illinois in 1776, 251.
French, Augustus C, Governor. 265-7.
French and Indian War, 250.
French occupation; settlement about Kas-
kaskia and Cahokia, 249.
French villages, population of in 1765, 251.
GIbault. Pierre, 2-52.
Grant, Ulysses S,, arrival at Springfield;
Colonel of Twenty-first Illinois Volun-
teers,271; elected President, 275.
Gresham, Walter Q., supported by IlUnoia
Republicans for the Presidency, 279.
Hamilton, John M., Lieutenant-Governor,
277; succeeds Gov. Cullom, 278.
Hansen-Shaw contest, 260.
Hardin, John J., 263; elected to Congress,
264; killedatBuena Vista. 265.
Harrison. William Henry, first Governor
of Indiana Territory. 254.
Henry, Patrick, Indian Commissioner for
Illinoia Country; assists in planning
Clark's expedition, 251; ex-offlcio Gov-
ernor of territory northwest of the Ohio
River
Illinois, its rank in order of admission into
the Union, area and population, 241; In-
dian origin of the name; boundaries and
area; geographical location; navigable
streams. 242; topography, fauna and
flora, 243; soil and climate, 243-44; con-
test for occupation. 244: part of Louisi-
ana in 1721. 249; surrendered to the
British in 1765, 251; under government of
Virginia, 252; part of Indiana Territory,
254; Territorial Government organized;
Ninian Edwards appointed Governor,
255; admitted as a State, 258
Illinois & Michigan Canal. 261.
Illinois Central Railroad, 267-68.
"Illinois Country," boundaries defined by
Captain Pittman, 241; Patrick Henry,
first American Governor, 252.
Illinois County organized by Virginia
House of Delegates, 252,
Illinois Territory organized; first Territo-
rial officers, 255.
Indiana Territory organized. 254; first
Territorial Legislature elected. 255.
Indian tribes; location in Illinois, 247.
Internal improvement scheme. 263.
Joliet, Louis, accompanied by Marquette,
visits Illinois in 1673, 245.
Kane, Elias Kent, 258.
Kansas-Nebraska contest, 268.
Kaskaskia Indians remove from Upper
Illinois to mouth of Kaskaskia. 248.
Kenton, Simon, guide for Clark's expedi-
tion against Kaskaskia, 251.
Labor disturbances. 270, 280, 283.
La Fayette, visit of, to Kaskaskia, 261.
La Salle, expedition to Illinois in 1679-80,
245; builds Fort Miami, near mouth of
St. Joseph; disasterof Fort Creve-Cceur;
erection of Fort St. Louis, 24ti.
Lincoln, Abraham, Representative in the
General Assembly, 263; elected to Con-
gress, 266; unsuccessful candidate for
the United States Senate; member of
Bloomington Convention of 1856 ;
* ' House-divided-agalnst-itsel ( " speech,
269; elected President. 270; departure for
Washington, 271; elected for a second
term, 273; assassination and funeral, 274.
Lincoln- Douglas debates, 270.
Lockwood, Samuel D., Attorney-General;
Secretary of State; opponent of pro-
slavery convention scheme, 260.
Logan. Gen. John A., prominent Union
soldier, 272; Congres3man-at-large.274-75;
elected United States Senator. 276; Re-
publican nominee for Vice-E^resident;
third election as Senator, 278.
"LongNine,"263.
Louisiana united with Illinois, 254.
Lovejoy, Elijah P., murdered at Alton, 263.
MEicalister and Stebbins bonds, 270.
Marquette. Father Jacques (see Joliet);
his mission among the Kaskaskias, 248.
Mason, William E., U. S. Senator, 282.
McLean, John. Speaker; first Representa-
tiveinCongress: U.S Senator; death, 265.
Menard, Pierre, 255; President of Terri-
torial Council, 257; elected Lieutenant-
Governor, 258; anecdote of, 259.
Mexican War, 265.
Morgan, Col, George, Indian Agent at Kas-
kaskia in 1776. 251.
Mormon War, 264-65.
New Design Settlement, 255.
New France, 244, 249.
Nicolet. Jean, French explorer, 244-5.
Northwest Territory organized; Gen. Ar-
thur St. Clair appointed Governor, 253;
first Territorial Legislature; aeparated
into Territories of Ohio and Indiana. 254.
Oglesby, Richard J., soldier in Civil War,
271; elected Governor, 274; second elec-
tion; chosen U. S. Senator. 276; third
election to governorship, 278.
Ordinance of 1787. 253.
" Paincourt " (early name for St. Louis)
settled by French from Illinois, 251.
Palmer, John M., member of Peace Con-
ference of 1861, 271; elected Governor;
prominent events of his administration,
'^7b; uusuccessfnl Democratic candidate
for Governor; elected U. S. Senator, 279;
candidate for President, 282.
Peace Conference of 1861,271.
Peace conventions of 1863,273.
Perrot, Nicbolas. explorer, 245.
Pittman, Capt. Philip, defines the bounda-
ries of the "Illinois Countrj'," 241.
Pope, Nathaniel, Secretary of Illinois Ter-
ritory, 255; Delegate in Congress; serv-
ice infixing northern boundary, 258.
Prairies, origin of, 243.
Randolph County organized, 254.
Renault, Philip F., first importer of Afri-
can slaves to Illinois, 249.
Republican State Convention of 1856,269.
Reynolds, Johu, elected Governor: resigns
to take seat in Congress, 262; Speaker of
Illinois House of Representatives. 268.
Richardson, William A., candidate for
Governor, 270; U. S. Senator, 272.
Rocheblave, Chevalier de, last British
Commaudant in Illinois. 251; sent as a
prisoner of war to Williamsburg, 252.
Shawneetown Bank, 257.
Shawneetown fiood, 283.
Shields, Gen. James, 263; elected U. S. Sen-
ator, 267; defeated for re-election, 269.
Southern Hospital for Insane burned, 280.
Spanish-American War, 281.
Springfield, third State capital, 263; Brec-
on of new State capitol at, authorizeu,
'5; State Bank, 259,
St. Clair, Arthur, first Governor of North-
est Territory, 253; visits Illinoia, 254.
St. Clair County organized, 254.
State debt reaches its maximum. 268.
State Fair permanently located, 281.
" reams and navigation, 242.
Supreme Court revolutionized, 264.
Tainier. John JR., State Treasurer, 278;
elected Governor, 281-2.
Thomas, Jesse B.. 255; President of Con-
stitutional Convention of 1818, 258;
elected United States Senator, 259.
Todd, Col. John. County-Lieutenant of Illi-
nois County, 252.
Tonty, Henry de (see La Salle).
Treaty with Indians near Alton. 257.
Trumbull, Lyman, Secretary of State. 264;
elected United States Senator, 269-70;
Democratic candidate for Governor, 277.
Vandalia, the second State capital, 259.
War of 1812, 256; expeditious to Peoria
Lake, 257.
War of the Rebellion; some prominent
Illinois actors; number of troops fur-
nished by Illinois; important battles par-
ticipated in, 271-72; some officers who
fell;, Grierson raid, 272.
Warren, Hooper, editor Edwardsville
Spectator. 260.
Wayne. Gen. Anthony, 254.
Whig mass-meeting at Springfield. 264.
Wiimot Proviso, action of Ilhnoii Legisla-
ture upon, 267.
Wood, John, Lieutenant-Governor, fills
Bissell's unexpired term. 270,
Yates, Richard, at Bloomington Conven-
of 1856, 269; Governor, 270 : prorogues
286
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
ILES, Elijah, pioneer merchant, was born in
Kentucky, March 28, 1796; received the rudiments
of an education in two winters' schooling, and
began his business career by purchasing 100 head
of yearling cattle upon which, after herding
them tliree years in the valleys of Eastern Ken-
tucky, he realized a profit of nearly §3,000. In
1818 he went to St. Louis, then a French village
of 3,500 inhabitants, and, after spending three
years as clerk in a frontier store at "Old Frank-
lin," on the Missouri River, nearly opposite the
present town of Boonville, in 1821 made a horse-
back tour through Central Illinois, finally locating
at Springfield, which had just been selected by
a board of Commissioners as the temporary
county seat of Sangamon County. Here he soon
brought a stock of goods by keel- boat from St.
Louis and opened the first store in the new town.
Two years later (1823), in conjunction with
Pascal P. Enos, Daniel P. Cook and Thomas Cox,
he entered a section of land comprised within the
present area of the city of Springfield, which
later became the permanent county-seat and
finally the State capital. Jlr. lies became the
first postmaster of Springfield, and, in 1826, was
elected State Senator, served as Major in the
Winnebago War (1827), enlisted as a private in
the Black Hawk War (1831-33), but was soon
advanced to the rank of Captain. In 1830 he
sold his store to John Williams, who had been
his clerk, and, in 1838-39, built the "American
House, ' ' which afterwards became the temporary
stopping-place of many of Illinois' most famous
statesmen. He invested largely in valuable
farming lands, and. at his death, left a large
estate. Died, Sept. 4. 1883.
ILLINOIS ASYLUM FOR IJfCURABLE IX
SANE, an institution founded under an act of the
General Assembly, passed at the session of 1895,
making an appropriation of §65,000 for the pur-
chase of a site and the erection of buildings with
capacity for the accommodation of 200 patients.
The institution was located by the Trustees at
Bartonville, a suburb of the city of Peoria, and
the erection of buildings begun in 1896. Later
these were found to be located on ground which
had been undermined in excavating for coal, and
their I'emoval to a different location was under-
taken in 1898. The institution is intended to
relieve the other hospitals for the Insane by the
reception of patients deemed incirrable.
ILLINOIS AND MICHIGAN CANAL, a water-
way connecting Lake Michigan with the Illinois
River, and forming a connecting link in the
water-route between the St. Lawrence and the
Gulf of Mexico. Its summit level is about 580
feet above tide water. Its point of beginning is
at the South Branch of the Chicago River, about
five miles from the lake. Thence it flows some
eight miles to the valley of the Des Plaines, fol-
lowing the valley to the mouth of the Kankakee
(forty-two miles), thence to its southwestern
terminus at La Salle, the head of navigation on
the Illinois. Between these points the canal has
four feeders — the Calumet, Des Plaines, Du Page
and Kankakee. It passes through Lockport,
Joliet, Morris, and Ottawa, receiving accessions
from the waters of the Fox River at the latter
point. The canal proper is 96 miles long, and it
has five feeders whose aggregate length is
twenty-five miles, forty feet wide and four feet
deep, with four aqueducts and seven dams. The
difference in level between Lake Michigan and
the Illinois River at La Salle is one hundred and
forty-five feet. To permit the ascent of vessels,
there are seventeen locks, ranging from three
and one half to twelve and one-half feet in lift,
their dimensions being 110x18 feet, and admitting
the passage of boats carr^'ing 150 tons. At Lock-
port, Joliet, Du Page, Ottawa and La Salle are
large basins, three of which supply power to fac-
tories. To increase the water supply, rendered
necessary by the high summit level, pumping
works were erected at Bridgeport, having two
thirty-eight foot independent wheels, each capa-
ble of delivering (through buckets of ten feet
length or width) 15,000 cubic feet of water per
minute. These pumping works were erected in
1848, at a cost of §15,000, and were in almost con-
tinuous use until 1870. It was soon found that
these machines might be utilized for the benefit
of Chicago, by forcing the sewage of the Chicago
River to the summit level of the canal, and allow-
ing its place to be filled by pure water from the
lake. Tliis pumping, however, cost a large sum,
and to obviate this expense .§3,955,340 %vas ex-
pended by Chicago in deepening the canal be-
tween 1865 and 1871, so that the sewage of the
south division of the city might be carried tlirough
the canal to the Des Plaines. This sum was
returned to the Cit}' by the State after the great
fire of 1871. (As to further measures for carry-
ing off Chicago sewage, see Cliicago Drainage
Canal.)
In connection with the canal three locks and
dams have been built on the Illinois River, — one
at Henrj', about twenty-eight miles below La
Salle ; one at the mouth of Copperas Creek, about
sixty miles below Henry ; and another at La
Grange. The object of these works (the first
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
387
two being practically an extension of the canal)
is to furnish slack-water navigation through-
out the year. The cost of that at Henry (§400,000)
was defrayed by direct appropriation from the
State treasury. Copperas Creek dam cost §410,831,
of which amount the United States Government
paid §63,360. The General Government also con-
structed a dam at La Grange and appropriated
funds for the building of another at Kampsville
Landing, with a view to making the river thor-
oughly navigable the year round. The beneficial
results expected from these works have not been
realized and their demolition is advocated.
History. ■ — The early missionaries and fur-
traders first directed attention to the nearness of
the waters of Lake Michigan and the Illinois.
The project of the construction of a canal was
made the subject of a report by Albert Gallatin,
Secretary of the Treasury in 1808, and, in 1811, a
bill on the subject was introduced in Congress in
connection with the Erie and other canal enter-
prises. In 1823 Congress granted the right of
way across the public lands- "for the route of a
canal connecting the Illinois River with the
south bend of Lake Michigan," which was fol-
lowed five years later by a grant of 300,000 acres
of land to aid in its construction, which was to
be undertaken by the State of Illinois. The
earliest surveys contemplated a channel 100 miles
long, and the original estimates of cost varied
between §639,000 and §716,000. Later surv'eys
and estimates (1833) placed the cost of a canal
forty feet wide and four feet deep at §4,040,000.
In 1836 another Board of Commissioners was
created and surveys were made looking to the
construction of a waterway sixty feet wide at the
surface, thirty-six feet at bottom, and six feet in
depth. Work was begun in June of that year;
was suspended in 1841 ; and renewed in 1846,
when a canal loan of §1,000,000 was negotiated.
The channel was opened for navigation in April,
1848, by which time the total outlay had reached
§6,170,336. By 1871, Illinois had liquidated its
entire indebtedness on account of the canal and
the latter reverted to the State. The total cost
up to 1879 — including amoimt refunded to Chi-
cago— was §9,513,831, while the sum returned to
the State from earnings, sale of canal lands, etc.,
amounted to §8,819,731. In 1883 an offer was
made to cede the canal to the United States upon
condition that it should be enlarged and ex-
tended to the Mississippi, was repeated in 1887,
but has been declined.
ILLINOIS AND MISSISSIPPI CANAL (gener-
ally known as "Hennepin Canal"), a projected
navigable water-way in course of construction
(1899) by the General Government, designed to
connect the Upper Illinois with the Mississippi
River. Its object is to furnish a continuous
navigable water-channel from Lake Michigan, at
or near Chicago, by way of the Illinois & Michi-
gan Canal (or the Sanitary Drainage Canal) and
the Illinois River, to the Mississippi at the mouth
of Rock River, and finally to the Gulf of Mexico.
The Route. — The canal, at its eastern end,
leaves the Illinois River one and three-fourths
miles above the city of Hennepin, where the
river makes the great bend to the south. Ascend-
ing the Bureau Creek 'valley, the route passes
over the dividing ridge between the Illinois River
and the Mississippi to Rock River at the mouth
of Green River; thence by slack- water down
Rock River, and around the lower rapids in that
stream at Milan, to the Mississippi. The esti-
mated length of the main channel between its
eastern and western termini is seventy-five miles
— the distance having been reduced by changes
in the route after the first survey. To this is to
be added a "feeder" extending from the vicinity
of Sheffield, on the summit-level (twenty-eight
miles west of the starting point on the Illinois),
north to Rock Falls on Rock River opposite the
city of Sterling in Whiteside County, for the
purpose of obtaining an adequate supply of water
for the main canal on its highest level. The
length of this feeder is twenty-nine miles and, as
its dimensions are the same as those of the main
channel, it will be navigable for vessels of the
same class as the latter. A dam to be constructed
at Sterling, to turn water into the feeder, will
furnish slack-water navigation on Rock River to
Dixon, practically lengthening the entire route
to that extent.
History. — The subject of such a work began to
be actively agitated as early as 1871, and, under
authority of various acts of Congress, preliminary
surveys began to be made by Government engi-
neers that year. In 1890 detailed plans and esti-
mates, based upon these preliminary surveys,
were submitted to Congress in accordance with
the river and harbor act of August, 1888. Tliis
report became tho basis of an appropriation in
the river and harbor act of Sept. 19, 1890, for
carrying the work into practical execution.
Actual work was begun on the western end of tlie
canal in July, 1893, and at the ea.stern end in the
spring of 1894. Since then it has been pro.secuted
as continuously as the appropriations made by
Congress from year to year would permit. Ac-
cording to the report of Major Marshall, Chief of
288
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Engineers in charge of the work, for the fiscal
j-ear ending June 30, 1898, the construction of the
canal around the lower rapids of Rook River (four
and one- half miles), with three locks, three
swing bridges, two dams, besides various build-
ings, was completed and that portion of the canal
opened to navigation on April 17. 1895. In the
early part of 1899, the bulk of the excavation
and masonry on the eastern section was practi-
cally completed, the feeder line under contract,
and five out of the eighteen bridges required to
be constructed in place; and it was estimated
that the whole line, with locks, bridges, culverts
and aqueducts, will be' completed within two
years, at tlie farthest, by 1903.
DiMENSioxs, Methods op Construction, Cost,
ETC. — As already stated, the length of the main
line is seventy-five miles, of which twenty-eight
miles (the eastern section) is east of the junction
of the feeder, and forty-seven miles (the western
section) west of that point — making, with the
twenty-nine miles of feeder, a total of one hun-
dred and four miles, or seven miles longer than
the Illinois & Michigan Canal. The rise from the
Illinois River datum to the summit-level on the
eastern section is accomplished by twenty-one
locks with a lift of six to fourteen feet each, to
reach an altitude of 196 feet ; while the descent
of ninety-three feet to the low- water level of the
Mississippi on the western end is accomplished
through ten locks, varying from six to fourteen
feet each. The width of the canal, at the water
surface, is eighty feet, with a depth below the
surface-line of seven feet. The banks are rip-
rapped with stone the entire length of the canal.
The locks are one hundred and seventy feet long,
between the quoins, by thirty-five feet in width,
admitting the passage of vessels of one hundred
and forty feet in length and thirty -two feet beam
and each capable of carrying six hundred tons of
freight.
The bulk of the masonry employed in the con-
struction of locks, as well as abutments for
bridges and aqueducts, is solid concrete manufac-
tured in place, while the lock-gates and aque-
ducts proper are of steel — the use of these
materials resulting in a large saving in the first
cost as to the former, and securing greater solid-
ity and permanence in all. The concrete work,
already completed, is found to have withstood
the effects of ice even more successfully than
natural stone. The smaller culverts are of iron
piping and the framework of all the bridges of
steel.
The earlier estimates placed the entire cost of
construction of the canal, locks, bridges, build-
ings, etc., at 55,068,000 for the main channel and
§1,8.58,000 for the Rock River feeder— a total of
$6,926,000. This has been reduced, however, by
changes in the route and unexpected saving in
the material employed for masonry work. The
total expenditure, as shown by official reports,
up to June 30, 1898, was $1,748,905.13. The
amount expended up to March 1, 1899, approxi-
mated S2, 500, 000, while the amount necessary to
complete the work (exclusive of an unexpended
balance) was estimated, in round numbers, at
$3,500,000.
The completion of this work, it is estimated,
will result in a saving of over 400 miles in water
transportation between Chicago and the western
terminus of the canal. In order to make the
canal available to its full capacity between lake
points and the Mississippi, the enlargement of
the Illinois & Michigan Canal, both as to width
and depth of channel, will be an indispensable
necessity ; and it is anticipated that an effort will
be made to secure action in this direction by the
Illinois Legislature at its next session. Another
expedient likely to receive strong support will be,
to induce the General Government to accept the
tender of the Illinois & Michigan Canal and, by
the enlargement of the latter through its whole
length — or, from Lockport to the Illinois River
at La Salle, with the utilization of the Chicago
Drainage Canal — furnish a national water-way
between the lakes and the Gulf of Mexico of
Buffioient capacity to accommodate steamers and
other vessels of at least 600 tons burthen.
ILLINOIS BAND, THE, an association consist-
ing of seven young men, then students in Yale
College, who, in the winter of 1828-29, entered
into a mutual compact to devote their lives to the
promotion of Christian education in the West,
especially in Illinois. It was composed of Theron
Baldwin, John F. Brooks, Mason Grosvenor,
Elisha Jenney, William Kirby, Julian M. Sturte-
vant and Asa Turner. All of these came to Illi-
nois at an early day, and one of the first results
of their efforts was the founding of Illinois Col-
lege at Jacksonville, in 1829, with which all
became associated as members of the first Board
of Trustees, several of them so remaining to the
close of their lives, while most of them were con-
nected with the institution for a considerable
period, either as members of the faculty or finan-
cial agents — Dr. Sturtevant having been Presi-
dent for thirty-two years and an instructor or
professor fifty-six years. (See Baldwin, Theron;
Brooks, John F.; and Sturtevant, Julian M.)
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
289
ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAILROAD, a corpo
ration controlling the principal line of railroad
extending through the entire length of the State
from north to south, besides numerous side
branches acquired by lease during the past few
years. The main lines are made up of three gen-
eral divisions, extending from Chicago to Cairo,
111. (364.73 miles); from Centralia to Dubuque,
Iowa, (340.77 miles), and from Cairo to New
Orleans, La. (547.79 miles) — making a total of
1,253.29 miles of main line, of which 705.5 miles
are in Illinois. Besides this the company con-
trols, through lease and stock ownership, a large
number of lateral branches which are operated
by the company, making the total mileage
officially reported up to June 30, 1898, 3,130.21
miles. — (History.) The Illinois Central Railroad
is not only one of the lines earliest projected in
the history of the State, but has been most inti-
mately connected with its development. The
project of a road starting from the mouth of the
Ohio and extending northward through the State
is said to have been suggested by Lieut. -Gov.
Alexander M. Jenkins as early as 1833 ; was
advocated by the late Judge Sidney Breese and
others in 1835 under the name of the Wabash &
Mississippi Railroad, and took the form of a
charter granted by the Legislature in January,
1836, to the first "Illinois Central Railroad Com-
pany, ' ' to construct a road from Cairo to a point
near the southern terminus of the Illinois &
Michigan Canal. Nothing was done under this
act, although an organization was effected, with
Governor Jenkins as President of the Company.
The Company surrendered its charter the next
year and the work was undertaken by the State,
under the internal improvement act of 1837, and
considerable money expended without complet-
ing any portion of the line. The State having
abandoned the enterprise, the Legislature, in
1843, incorporated the "Great Western Railway
Company" under what came to be known as the
"Holbrook charter," to be organized under the
auspices of the Cairo City & Canal Company,
the line to connect the termini named in the
charter of 1836, via Vandalia, ShelbyviUe,
Decatur and Bloomington. Considerable money
was expended under this charter, but the scheme
again failed of completion, and the act was
repealed in 1845. A charter under the same
name, with some modiiication as to organization,
was renewed in 1849. — In January, 1850, Senator
Douglas introduced a bill in the United States
Senate making a grant to the State of Illinois of
alternate sections of land along the line of a
proposed road extending from Cairo to Duluth in
the northwest corner of the State, with a branch
to Chicago, which bill passed the Senate in May
of the same year and the House in September,
and became the basis of the Illinois Central Rail-
road Company as it exists to day. Previous to
the passage of this act, however, the Cairo City
& Canal Company had been induced to execute a
full surrender to the State of its rights and privi-
leges under the "Holbrook charter." This was
followed in February, 1851, by the act of the
Legislature incorporating the Illinois Central
Railroad Company, and assigning thereto (under
specified conditions) the grant of lands received
from the General Government. This grant
covered alternate sections within six miles of the
line, or the equivalent thereof (when such lands
were not vacant), to be placed on lands within
fifteen miles of the line. The niimber of acres
thus assigned to the Company was 2,595,000,
(about 3,840 acres per mile), which were con-
veyed to Trustees as security for the performance
of the work. An engineering party, organized
at Chicago, May 21, 1851, began the prelim-
inary siirvey of the Chicago branch, and
before the end of the year the whole line was
surveyed and staked out The first contract for
grading was let on March 15. 1852. being for that
portion between Chicago and Kensington (then
known as Calumet), 14 miles. This was opened
for traffic. May 24, 1853, and over it the Michigan
Central, which had been in course of construction
from the east, obtained trackage rights to enter
Chicago. Later, contracts were let for other
sections, some of them in June, and the last on
Oct. 14, 18.52. In May, 18.53, the section from
La Salle to Bloomington (61 miles) was com-
pleted and opened for business, a temporary
bridge being constructed over the Illinois near
La Salle, and cars hauled to the top of the bluff
with chains and cable by means of a stationary
engine. In July, 18.54, the Chicago Division was
put in operation to Urbana. 128 miles; the main
line from Cairo to La Salle (301 miles), completed
Jan. 8, 1855, and the line from La Salle to Duluth
(now East Dubuque), 146.73 miles, on June 12,
1855 — the entire road (705.5 miles) being com-
pleted, Sept. 27, 1856.— (Financial Statement.)
The share capital of the road was originally
fixed at §17,000,000, but previous to 1869 it had
been increased to 835,500,000, and during 1873-74
to §29,000,000. The present capitalization (1898)
is §163,352,593, of which §53,500,000 is in stock,
§.52.680,925 in bonds, and §51,367,000 in miscel-
laneous obligations. The total cost of the road
290
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
in Illinois, as shown by a report made in 1889, was
§3.5,110,609. By the terms of its charter the
corporation is exempt from taxation, but in lieu
thereof is required to pay into the State treasury,
semi annually, seven per cent upon the gross
earnings of the line in Illinois. The sum thus
paid into the State treasury from Oct. 31, 1855,
when the first payment of §29, 751.. 59 was made,
up to and including Oct. 31, 1898, aggregated
§17,315,193.24. The last payment (October, 1898).
amounted to §334,527.01. The largest payment
in the history of the road was that of October,
1898, amounting, for the preceding six months, to
§450,170 34. The net income of the main line in
Illinois, for the year ending June 30, 1898. was
§13.299,021, and the total expenditures within the
State §13,831,161.— (Leased Lines) The first
addition to the Illinois Central System was made
in 1867 in the acquisition, by lease, of the Dubuque
& Sioux City Railroad, extending from Dubuque
to Sioux Falls, Iowa. Since then it has extended
its Iowa connections, by the construction of new
lines and the acquisition or extension of others.
The most important addition to the line outside
of the State of IlUnois was an arrangement
effected, in 1872, with the New Orleans, Jackson &
Great Xorthern, and the Mississippi Central Rail-
roads— with which it previously had traffic con-
nections— giving it control of a line from Jackson,
Tenn., to New Orleans, La. At first, connection
was had between the Illinois Central at Cairo and
the Southern Divisions of the system, by means
of transfer steamers, but subsequently the gap
was filled in and the through line opened to traffic
in December, 1873. In 1874 the New Orleans,
Jackson & Great Northern and the Jlississippi
Central roads were consolidated under the title
of the New Orleans, St. Louis & Chicago Railroad,
but the new corporation defaulted on its interest
in 1876. The Illinois Central, which was the
owner of a majority of the bonds of the constitu-
ent lines which went to make up the New Orleans,
St Louis & Chicago Railroad, then acquired
ownership of the whole line by foreclosure pro-
ceedings in 1877, and it was reorganized, on Jan.
1, 1878, under the name of the Chicago, St. Louis
& New Orleans Railroad, and placed in charge of
one of the Vice-Presidents of the Illinois Central
Company. — (Illinois Branches.) The more im-
portant branches of the Illinois Central within the
State include: (1) The Springfield Division from
Chicago to Springfield (111.47 miles), chartered
in 1867, and opened in 1871 as the Oilman, Clinton
& Springfield Railroad; passed into the hands of
a receiver in 1873, sold under foreclosure in 1876,
and leased, in 1878, for fifty years, to the Illinois
Central Railroad; (3) The Rantoul Division from
Leroy to the Indiana State line (66.31 miles in
Illinois), chartered in 1876 as the Havana, Ran-
toul & Eastern Railroad, built as a narrow-gauge
line and operated in 1881 ; afterwards changed to
standard-gauge, and controlled by the Wabash,
St. Louis & Pacific until May, 1884, when it passed
into the hands of a receiver ; in December of the
same year taken in charge by the bondholders ; in
1885 again placed in the hands of a receiver, and,
in October, 1886, sold to the IlUuois Central; (3)
The Chicago. Havana & Western Railroad, from
Havana to Champaign, with a branch from White-
heath to Decatur (total, 131.02 miles), constructed
as the western extension of the Indianapolis,
Bloomington & Western, and opened in 1873; sold
under foreclosure in 1879 and organized as the
Champaign, Havana & Western; in 1880 pur-
chased by the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific ; in
1884 taken possession of by the mortgage trustees
and, in September, 1886, sold under foreclosure to
the Illinois Central Railroad; (4) The Freeport
Division, from Chicago by way of Freeport to
Madison, Wis. (140 miles in Illinois), constructed
under a charter granted to the Chicago, Madison
& Northern Railroad (which see), opened for
traffic in 1888, and transferred to the Illinois
Central Railroad Company in January, 1889 ; (5)
The Kankakee & Southwestern (131.26 miles),
constructed from Kankakee to Bloomington
under the charters of the Kankakee & Western
and the Kankakee & Southwestern Railroads;
acquired by the Illinois Central in 1878, begun in
1880, and extended to Bloomington in 1883; and
(6) The St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute (which
see under its old name). Other Illinois branch
lines of less importance embrace the Blue Island;
the Chicago & Texas ; the Mound City ; the South
Chicago; the St. Louis, Belleville & Southern,
and the St. Charles Air-Line, which furnishes
an entrance to the City of Chicago over an ele-
vated track. The total length of these Illinois
branches in 1898 was 919.72 miles, with the main
lines making the total mileage of the company
within the State 1 , 624. 22 miles. For several years
up to 1895 the Illinois Central had a connection
with St. Louis over the line of the Terre Haute &
IndianapoUs from Effingham, but this is now
secured by way of the Springfield Division and
the main line to Pana, whence its trains pass over
the old Indianapolis & St. Louis — now the Cleve-
land, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway.
Between June 30, 1897 and April 30, 1898, branch
lines in the Southern States (chiefly in Kentucky
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
291
and Tennessee), to the extent of 670 miles, were
added to the Illinois Central System. The Cairo
Bridge, constructed across the Ohio River near
its mouth, at a cost of §3,000,000, for the purpose of
connecting the Northern and Southern Divisions
of the Illinois Central System, and one of the
most stupendous structures of its kind in the
vcorld, belongs wholly to the Illinois Central
Railroad Company. (See Cairo Bridge.)
ILLINOIS COLLEGE, an institution of learn-
ing at Jacksonville, 111., which was the first to
graduate a collegiate class in the history of the
State. It had its origin in a movement inaugu-
rated about 1827 or 1828 to secure the location, at
some point in Illinois, of a seminary or college
which would give the youth of the "State the
opportunity of acquiring a higher education.
Some of the most influential factors in this move-
ment were already citizens of Jacksonville, or
contemplated becoming such. In January, 1828,
the outline of a plan for such an institution was
drawn up by Rev. John M. Ellis, a home missionary
of the Presbyterian Church, and Hon. Samuel D.
Lockwood, then a Justice of the Supreme Court
of the State, as a basis for soliciting subscriptions
for the organization of a stock-company to carry
the enterprise into execution. The plan, as then
proposed, contemplated provision for a depart-
ment of female education, at least until a separate
Institution could be furnished — which, if not a
forerunner of the co-educational system now so
much in vogue, at least foreshadowed the estab-
lishment of the Jacksonville Female Seminary,
which soon followed the founding of the college.
A few months after these preliminary steps were
taken, Mr. Ellis was brought into communication
with a group of young men at Yale College (see
"Illinois Band") who had entered into a com-
pact to devote their lives to the cause of educa-
tional and missionary work in the West, and out
of the union of these two forces, soon afterwards
effected, grew Illinois College. The organization
of the "Illinois" or "Yale Band," was formally
consummated in February, 1829, and before the
close of the year a fund of 510,000 for the purpose
of laying the foundation of the proposed institu-
tion in Illinois had been pledged by friends of
education in the East, a beginning had been made
in the erection of buildings on the present site of
Illinois College at Jacksonville, and, in Decem-
ber of the same year, the work of instruction of
a preparatory class had been begun by Rev. Julian
M. Sturtevant, who had taken the place of "avant-
courier" of the movement. A year later (1831)
Rev. Edward Beecher, the oldest son of the inde-
fatigable Lyman Beecher, and brother of Henry
Ward — already then well known as a leader in
the ranks of those opposed to slavery — had be-
come identified with the new enterprise and
assumed the position of its first President. Such
was the prejudice against "Yankees" in Illinois
at that time, and the jealousy of theological influ-
ence in education, that it was not until 183.5 that
the friends of the institution were able to secure
a charter from the Legislature. An ineffectual
attempt had been made in 1830, and when it was
finally granted, it was in the form of an "omni-
bus bill" including three other institutions, but
with restrictions as to the amount of real estate
that might be held, and prohibiting the organiza-
tion of theological departments, both of which
were subsequently repealed. (See Early Col-
leges.) The same year the college graduated its
first class, consisting of two members — Ricliard
Yates, afterwards War Governor and United
States Senator, and Rev. Jonathan Spillman, the
composer of "Sweet Afton." Limited as was this
first output of alumni, it was politically and
morally strong. In 1843 a medical department
was established, but it was abandoned five years
later for want of adequate support. Dr. Beecher
retired from the Presidency in 1844, when he was
succeeded bj' Dr. Sturtevant, who continued in
that capacity until 1876 (thirty-two years), when
he became Professor Emeritus, remaining until
1885 — his connection with the institution cover-
ing a period of fifty -six years. Others who have
occupied the position of President include Rufus
C. Crampton (acting), 1876-82; Rev. Edward A.
Tanner, 1882-92; and Dr. John E. Bradley, the
incumbent from 1892 to 1899. Among the earli-
est and influential friends of the institution,
besides Judge Lockwood already mentioned, may
be enumerated such names as Gov. Joseph Dun-
can, Thomas Mather, Winthrop S. Oilman,
Frederick Collins and William H. Brown (of
Chicago), all of whom were members of the early
Board of Trustees. It was found necessary to
maintain a preparatory department for many
years to fit pupils for the college classes proper,
and, in 1866, Whipple Academy was established
and provided with a separate building for this
pvu:pose. The standard of admission to the col-
lege course has been gradually advanced, keeping
abreast, in this respect, of other American col-
leges. At present the institution has a faculty of
1.5 members and an endowment of some .Sl.50,000,
with a library (1898) numbering over 15,000 vol-
umes and property valued at §360,000. Degrees
are conferred in both classical and scientific
292
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
courses in the college proper. The list of alumni
embraces some 750 names, including many who
have been prominent in State and National
affairs.
ILLINOIS COUNTY, the name given to the
first civil organization of the territory northwest
of the Ohio River, after its conquest by Col. George
Rogers Clark in 1778. This was done by act of
the Virginia House of Delegates, passed in
October of the same year, which, among other
things, provided as follows: "The citizens of the
commonwealth of Virginia, who are already set-
tled, or shall hereafter settle, on the western side of
the Ohio, shall be included in a distinct coimty
which shall be called Illinois County ; and the
Governor of this commonwealth, with the advice
of the Council, may appoint a County Lieutenant
or Commandant-in-chief of the county during
pleasure, who shall take the oath of fidelity to
this commonwealth and the oath of office accord-
ing to the form of their own religion. And all
civil offices to which the inhabitants have been
accustomed, necessary for the preservation of the
peace and the administration of justice, shall be
chosen by a majority of the citizens of their re-
spective districts, to be convened for that purpose
by the County-Lieutenant or Commandant, or his
deputy, and shall be commissioned by said
County-Lieutenant." As the Commonwealth of
Virginia, by virtue of Colonel Clark's conquest,
then claimed jurisdiction over the entire region
west of the Ohio River and east of the Jlississippi,
Illinois County nominally embraced the territory
comprised within the limits of the present States
of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wiscon-
sin, though the settlements were limited to the
vicinity of Kaskaskia, Vincennes (in the present
State of Indiana) and Detroit. Col. John Todd,
of Kentucky, was appointed by Gov. Patrick
Henry, the first Lieutenant-Commandant under
this act, holding office two years. Out of Illinois
County were subsequently organized the follow-
ing counties by "order" of Gov. Arthur St. Clair,
after his assumption of the duties of Governor,
following the passage, by Congress, of the Ordi-
nance of 1787, creating the Northwest Territory,
viz. :
Name Coun*ty-Seat Date of Obgaxization
Washington Marietta July 27. 1788
Hamilton Cincinnati Jan. 4, 1790
( Cahokia
St Clair ! Prairie du Rocher April 27, 1790
( Ka.slta3kia
Knox Postst. Vincennca June 20. 1790
Randolph Kaskaskia Oct. 5, 1795
Washington, originally comprising the State of
Ohio, was reduced, on the organization of Hamil-
ton County, to the eastern portion, Hamilton
County embracing the west, with Cincinnati
(originally called "Losantiville," near old Fort
Washington) as the county-seat. St. Clair, the
third county organized out of this territory, at
first had virtually three county-seats, but divi-
sions and jealousies among the people and officials
in reference to the place of deposit for the records,
resulted in the issue, five years later, of an order
creating the new county of Randolph, the second
in the "Illinois Country" — these (St. Clair and
Randolph) constituting the two counties into
which it was divided at the date of organization
of Illinois Territory. Out of these events grew
the title of "Mother of Counties" given to Illinois
County as the original of all the counties in the
five States northwest of the Ohio, while St. Clair
County inherited the title as to the State of
Illinois. (See Illinois: also St. Clair, Arthur.
and Todd. (Col.) John.)
ILLINOIS FARMERS' RAILROAD. (See
Jack.9onvinc d- St. Louis Railway.)
ILLINOIS FEMALE COLLEGE, a flourishing
institution for the education of women, located
at Jacksonville and incorporated in 1847. While
essentially unsectarian in teaching, it is con-
trolled by the Methodist Episcopal denomination.
Its first charter was granted to the "Illinois Con-
ference Female Academy" in 1847, but four years
later the charter was amended and the name
changed to the present cognomen. The cost of
building and meager support in early years
brought on bankruptcy. The friends of the insti-
tution rallied to its support, however, and the
purchasers at the foreclosure sale (all of whom
were friends of Methodist education) donated the
property to what was technically a new institu-
tion. A second charter was obtained from the
State in 1863, and the restrictions imposed upon
the grant were such as to prevent alienation of
title, by either conveyance or mortgage. Wliile
the college has onlj' a small endowment fund
(S2,000) it owns §60,000 worth of real property,
besides §9,000 invested in apparatus and library.
Preparator3' and collegiate departments are main-
tained, both classical and scientific courses being
established in the latter. Instruction is also
given in fine arts, elocution and music. The
faculty (1.S98) numbers 15, and there are about 170
students.
ILLINOIS FEMALE REFORM SCHOOL. (See
Home for Female Offenders.)
ILLINOIS INDIANS, a confederation belong-
ing to the Algonquin family and embracing five
tribes, viz. : the Cahokias, Kaskaskias, Mitcha-
gamies, Peorias and Tamaroas. They early occu-
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
293
pied Illinois, with adjacent portions of Iowa,
Wisconsin and Missouri. The name is derived
from Illini, "man," the Indian plural "ek" being
changed by the French to "ois. " They were
intensely warlike, being almost constantly in
conflict with the Winnebagoes, the Iroquois,
Sioux and other tribes. They were migratory
and depended for subsistence largely on the sim:i-
mer and winter hunts. They dwelt in rudely
constructed cabins, each accommodating about
eight families. They were alwaj's faithful allies
of the French, whom they heartily welcomed in
1673. French missionaries labored earnestly
among them — notably Fathers Marquette, AUouez
and Gravier — who reduced their language to
grammatical rules. Their most distinguished
Chief was Chicagou, who was sent to France,
where he was welcomed with the honors accorded
to a foreign prince. In their wars with the
Foxes, from 1713 to 1719, they suffered severely,
their numbers being reduced to 3,000 souls. The
assassination of Pontiac by a Kaskaskian in 1765,
was avenged by the lake tribes in a war of ex-
termination. After taking part with the Miamis
in a war against the United States, they partici-
pated in the treaties of Greenville and Vincennes,
and were gradually removed farther and farther
toward the West, the small remnant of about 175
being at present (1896) on the Quapaw reservation
in Indian Territory. (See also Cahokias; Foxes;
Iroquois; Kaskaskias; Mitchagamies; Peorias;
Tamaroas; and Winnebagoes.)
ILLINOIS INSTITUTION FOR THE EDU-
CATION OF THE BLIND, located at Jackson-
ville. The institution had its inception in a school
for the blind, opened in that town in 1847, by
Samuel Bacon, who was himself blind. The
State Institution was created by act of the Legis-
lature, passed Jan. 13, 1849, which was introduced
by Richard Yates, then a Representative, and
was first opened in a rented house, early in 1850,
under the temporary supervision of Mr. Bacon.
Soon afterward twenty-two acres of ground were
purchased in the eastern part of the city and the
erection of permanent buildings commenced. By
January, 1854, they were ready for use, but fif-
teen years later were destroyed by flre. Work on
a new building was begun without unnecessary
delay and the same was completed by 1874.
Numerous additions of wings and shops have
since been made, and the institution, in its build-
ings and appointments, is now one of the most
complete in the country. Instruction (as far as
practicable) is given in rudimentary English
branches, and in such meclianical trades and
avocations as may best qualify the inmates to be-
come self-supporting upon their return to active
life.
ILLINOIS MASONIC ORPHANS' HOME, an
institution established in the city of Chicago
under the auspices of the Masonic Fraternity of
Illinois, for the purpose of furnishing a home for
the destitute children of deceased members of the
Order. The total receipts of the institution, dur-
ing the year 1895, were $29,204.98, and the
expenditures, §37,258.70. The number of bene-
ficiaries in the Home, Dec. 31, 1895, was 61. The
Institution owns real estate valued at §75,000.
ILLINOIS MIDLAND RAILROAD. (See Terre
Haute & Peoria Railroad.)
ILLINOIS RIVER, the most important stream
within the State ; has a length of about 500 miles,
of which about 245 are navigable. It is formed
by the junction of the Kankakee and Des Plaines
Rivers at a point in Grundy County, some 45
miles southwest of Chicago. Its course is west,
then southwest, and finally south, imtil it
empties into the Mississippi about 30 miles north
of the mouth of the Missouri. The Illinois &
Michigan Canal connects its waters with Lake
Michigan. Marquette and Joliet ascended the
stream in 1673 and were probably its first white
visitants. Later (1679-82) it was explored by
La Salle, Tonty, Hennepin and others.
ILLINOIS RIVER RAILROAD. (See Chicago,
Peoria & St. Louis Railroad of Illinois.)
ILLINOIS SANITARY COMMISSION, a vol
untary organization formed pursuant to a sug-
gestion of Governor Yates, shortly after the
battle of Fort Donelson (1862). Its object was
the relief of soldiers in actual service, whether on
the march, in camp, or in hospitals. State Agents
were appointed for the distribution of relief, for
which purpose large sums were collected and dis-
tributed. The work of the Commission was later
formally recognized by the Legislature in the
enactment of a law authorizing the Governor to
appoint "Military State Agents," who should
receive compensation from the State treasury.
Many of these "agents" were selected from the
ranks of the workers in the Sanitary Commission,
and a great impetus was thereby imparted to its
voluntary work. Auxiliary associations were
formed all over the State, and funds were readily
obtained, a considerable proportion of which was
derived from "Sanitary Fairs."
ILLINOIS SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE AND
MANUAL TRAINING FOR BOYS, an institution
for the training of dependent boys, organized
under the act of March 28, 1895, which was in
294
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
effect a re-enactment of tlie statute approved in
1883 and amended in 1885. Its legally defined
object is to provide a home and proper training
for such boys as may be committed to its charge.
Commitments are made bj' the County Courts of
Cook and contiguous counties. The school is
located at Glenwood, in the county of Cook, and
was first opened for the reception of inmates in
1888. Its revenues are derived, in part, from
voluntary contributions, and in part from pay-
ments by the counties sending boys to the institu-
tion, wliieh payments are fixed by law at ten
dollars per montli for each boy, during the time
he is actually an inmate. In 1898 nearly one-half
of the entire income came from the former
source, but the surplus remaining in the treasury
at the end of any fiscal year is never large. The
school is under the inspectional control of the
State Commissioners of Public Charities, as
though it were an institution founded and main-
tained by the State. The educational curriculum
closely follows that of the ordinary grammar
schools, pupils being trained in eight grades, sub-
stantially along the lines established in the public
schools. In addition, a military drill is taught,
with a view to developing physical strength,
command of limbs, and a graceful, manly car-
riage. Since the Home was organized there have
been received (down to 1899), 2,333 boys. The
industrial training given the inmates is both
agricultural and mechanical, — the institution
owning a good, fairly-sized farm, and operating
well equipped industrial shops for the education
of pupils. A fair proportion of the boys devote
themselves to learning trades, and not a
few develop into excellent workmen. One of the
purposes of the school is to secure homes for those
thought likely to prove creditable members of
respectable households. During the eleven years
of its existence nearly 2,200 boys have been placed
in homes, and usually with the most satisfactory
results. The legal safeguards thrown around
the ward are of a comprehensive and binding
sort, so far as regards the parties who take the
children for either adoption or apprenticeship^
the welfare of the ward always being the object
primarily aimed at. Adoption is preferred to
institutional life by the administration, and the
result usually justifies their judgment. Many of
the pupils are returned to their families or
friends, after a mild course of correctional treat-
ment. The system of government adopted is
analogous to that of the "cottage plan" employed
in many reformatory institutions throughout the
country. An "administration building" stands
in the center of a group of structures, each of
which has its own individual name; — Clancy
Hall, Wallace, Plymouth, Beecher, Pope, Windsor,
Lincoln, Sunnyside and Sheridan. While never
a suppliant for benefactions, the Home has always
attracted the attention of philanthropists who
are interested in the care of societj'"s waifs. The
average annual nuniber of inmates is about 275.
ILLINOIS WESLETAN UMVERSITT, the
leading educational institution of the Methodist
Church in Illinois, south of Chicago; incorpo-
rated in 1853 and located at Bloomington. It is
co-educational, has a faculty of 34 instructors,
and reports 1,106 students in 1896 — 458 male and
648 female. Besides the usual literary and scien-
tific departments, instruction is given in theology,
music and oratory. It also has preparatory and
business courses. It has a library of 6,000 vol-
umes and reports funds and endowment aggre-
gating §187,999, and property to the value of
$380,999.
ILLINOIS & INDIANA RAILROAD. (See
Indiana, Decatur d: Western RaHtray.)
ILLINOIS & SOUTHEASTERN RAILROAD.
(See Baltimore & Oiiio Southiccstcrn Railroad.)
ILLINOIS & SOUTHERN IOWA RAILROAD.
(See Wahash Railroad.)
ILLINOIS & ST. LOUIS RAILROAD & COAL
COMPANY. (See Louisville. Evansville & St.
Louis (consolidated) Railroad.)
ILLINOIS & WISCONSIN RAILROAD. (See
Chicago <& Northwestern Railway.)
ILLIOPOLIS, a village in Sangamon County,
on the Wabash Railway, 20 miles east of Spring-
field. It occupies a position nearly in the geo-
graphical center of the State and is in the heart
of what is generally termed the corn belt of Cen-
tral Illinois. It has banks, several churches, a
graded school and three newspapers. Population
(1880), 686; (1890), 689; (1900), 744.
INDIAN MOUNDS. (See Mound-Builders,
Works of The.)
INDIAN TREATIES. The various treaties
made by the General Government with the
Indians, which affected Illinois, may be summa-
rized as follows ; Treaty of Greenville, August 3,
1795 — ceded 11,808,409 acres of land for the sum
of $210,000; negotiated by Gen. Anthony Wayne
with tlie Delawares, Ottawas, Miamis, Wyandots,
Shawnees, Pottawatomies, Chippewas, Kaskas-
kias, Kickapoos, Piankeshaws and Eel River
Indians: First Treaty of Fort Wayne, June 7,
1803 — ceded 2,038,400 acres in consideration of
$4,000; negotiated by Governor Harrison with
the Delawares, Kickapoos, Miamis, Pottawato-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
295
mies, and Shawnees: First Treaty of Vincennes,
August 13, 1803— ceded 8,911,850 acres for 112,000;
negotiated by Governor Harrison with the Caho-
kias, Kaskaskias and Mitchagamies . First Treaty
of St. Louis, Nov. 3, 1804— ceded 14,803,530 acres
in consideration of $33,234; negotiated by Gov-
ernor Harrison with the Sacs and Foxes: Second
Treaty of Vincennes, Dec. 30, 1805— ceded 3,676,150
acres for $4, 100 ; negotiated by Governor Harrison
with the Piankeshaws: Second Treaty of Fort
Wayne, Sept. 30, 1809 — ceded 3,900,000 acres;
negotiated by Governor Harrison with the Dela-
wares. Eel River, Miamis, Pottawatomies and
Weas: Third Treaty of Vincennes, Dec. 9, 1809
— ceded 138,240 acres for $27,000; negotiated by
Governor Harrison with the Kickapoos: Second
Treaty of St. Louis, Aug. 34, 1816— ceded 1,418,400
acres in consideration of $13,000; negotiated by
Governor Edwards, William Clark and A. Chou-
teau with the Chippewas, Ottawas and Pottawato-
mies: Treaty of Edwardsville, Sept. 30, 1818—
ceded 6,865,280 acres for §6,400; negotiated by
Governor Edwards and A. Chouteau with the
Illinois and Peorias: Treaty of St. Mary's, Oct.
2, 1818— ceded 11,000,000 acres for .$33,000; nego-
tiated by Gen. Lewis Cass and others with the
Weas: Treaty of Fort Harrison, Aug. 30, 1819—
negotiated by Benjamin Parke with the Kicka-
poos of the Vermilion, ceding 3,173,120 acres for
$23,000: Treaty of St. Joseph, Sept. 20, 1828—
ceded 990,720 acres in consideration of $189,795;
negotiated by Lewis Cass and Pierre Menard with
the Pottawatomies : Treaty of Prairie du Chien,
Jan. 2, 1830— ceded 4,160,000 acres for $390,601;
negotiated by Pierre Menard and others with
the Chippewas, Ottawas and Pottawatomies:
First Treaty of Chicago, Oct. 20, 1832— ceded
1,536,000 acres for .$460,348; negotiated with
the Pottawatomies of the Prairie: Treaty of
Tippecanoe, Oct. 37, 1832— by it the Pottawato-
mies of Indiana ceded 737,000 acres, in consider-
ation of $406, 121 : Second Treaty of Chicago, Sept.
26, 1833 — by it the Chippewas, Ottawas and Pot-
tawatomies ceded 5,104,960 acres for $7,634,289:
Treaties of Fort Armstrong and Prairie du Chien,
negotiated 1839 and "33— by which the Winne-
bagoes ceded 10,346,000 acres in exchange for
$5,195,253: Second Treaty of St. Louis, Oct. 27,
1833 — the Kaskaskias and Peorias ceding 1,900
acres in consideration of $155,780. (See also
Greenville, Treaty of.)
INDIAN TRIBES. (See Algonquins; Illinois
Indians; KaskasKias: Kickapoos: Miamis; Outa-
gamies; Piankeshaics; Pottawatomies; Sacs and
Foxes; Weas; Winnebagoes.)
INDIANA, BLOOMINGTON & WESTERN
RAILWAY. (See Peoria <& Eastern Railroad.)
INDIANA, DECATUR & WESTERN RAIL-
WAY. The entire length of line is 153.5 miles, of
wliich 75.75 miles (with yard-tracks and sidings
amounting to 8 86 miles) lie within Illinois. It
extends from Decatur almost due east to the
Indiana State line, and has a single track of
standard gauge, with a right of way of 100 feet
The rails are of steel, well adapted to the trafRc,
and the ballasting is of gravel, earth and cinders.
The bridges (chiefly of wood) are of standard
design and well maintained. The amount of
capital stock outstanding (1898) is $1,824,000, or
11,998 per mile; total capitalization (including
stock and all indebtedness) 3,733,983. The total
earnings and income in Illinois, $240,850. (HIS-
TORY.) The first organization of this road em-
braced two companies — the Indiana & Illinois and
the Illinois & Indiana — which were consolidated,
in 1853, under the name of the Indiana & Illinois
Central Railroad Company. In 1875 the latter
was sold under foreclosure and organized as the
Indianapolis, Decatur & Springfield Railway
Company, at which time the section from Decatur
to Montezuma, Ind., was opened. It was com-
pleted to Indianapolis in 1880. In 1882 it was
leased to the Indiana, Bloomington & Western
Railroad Company, and operated to 1885, when
it passed into the hands of a receiver, was sold
under foreclosure in 1887 and reorganized under
the name of the Indianapolis, Decatur & West-
ern. Again, in 1889, default was made and the
property, after being operated by trustees, was
sold in 1894 to two companies called the Indiana,
Decatur & Western Railway Company (in Indi-
ana) and the Decatur & Eastern Railway Com-
pany (in Illinois). These were consolidated in
July, 1895, under the present name (Indiana,
Decatur & Western Railway Company). In
December, 1895, the entire capital stock was
purchased by the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton
Railway Company, and the line is now operated
as a part of that system.
INDIANA, ILLINOIS & IOWA RAILROAD.
This line extends from Streator Junction 1.8
miles south of Streator, on the line of the Streator
Division of the Wabash Railroad, easterly to tlie
Indiana State Line. The total length of the line
is 151.78 miles, of which 69.61 miles are in Illi-
nois. Between Streator Junction and Streator,
the line is owned by the Wabash Company, but
this company pays rental for trackage facilities.
About 75 per cent of the ties are of white-oak,
the remainder being of cedar ; the rails are 56-lb.
296
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS
steel, and the ballasting is of broken stone, gravel,
sand, cinders and earth. A policy of permanent
improvements has been adopted, and is being
carried forward. The principal trafSc is the
transportation of freight. The outstanding capi-
tal stock (June 30, 1898) was $3,597,800; bonded
debt, §1,800,000; total capitalization, 85,517,739;
total earnings and income in Illinois for 1898,
§418,967; total expenditures in the State, §303,-
344. — (History.) This road was chartered Dec.
27, 1881, and organized by the consolidation of
three roads of the same name (Indiana, Illinois &
Iowa, respectivel)-), opened to Momence, 111., in
1882, and through its entire length, Sept. 15. 1883.
INDIANA & ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAIL-
ROAD. (See IniUuna, Decatur & Western Rail-
icay. )
INDIANA & ILLINOIS RAILROAD. (See
Indiana. Decatur d- Western KaUway.)
INDIANA & ILLINOIS SOUTHERN RAIL-
ROAD. (See St. Louis, Indianapolis & Eastern
Railroad.)
INDIANAPOLIS, BLOOMINGTON & WEST-
ERN RAILROAD. (See Illinois Central Rail-
road: also Peoria <t Eastern Railroad.)
INDIANAPOLIS, DECATUR & SPRING-
FIELD RAILROAD. (See Indiana, Decatur &
Western Railway.)
INDIANAPOLIS, DECATUR & WESTERN
RAILWAY. (See Indiana, Decatur & Western
Railway. )
INDIANAPOLIS & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY.
(See St. Louis. Alto7i d- Terre Haute Railroad.)
INDUSTRIAL HOME FOR THE BLIND, a
State Institution designed to furnish the means
of employment to dependent blind persons of
both sexes, established under authority of an act
of the Legislatm'e passed at the session of 1893.
The institution is located at Douglas Park Boule-
vard and West Nineteenth Street, in the city of
Chicago. It includes a four-story factory with
steam-plant attached, besides a four-story build-
ing for residence purposes. It was opened in
1894, and, in December, 1897, had 6'3 inmates, of
whom 12 were females. The Fortieth General
Assembly appropriated §13,900 for repairs, appli-
ances, library, etc., and $8,000 per annum for
ordinary expenses
INGERSOLL, Ebon C, Congressman, was born
in Oneida County, N. Y,, Dec. 12. 1831. His first
remove was to Paducah, Ky., where he com-
pleted his education. He studied law and was
admitted to the bar ; removing this time to Illi-
nois and settling in Gallatin County, in 1842. In
1856 he was elected to represent Gallatin County
in the lower house of the General Assembly ; in
1862 was the Republican candidate for Congress
for the State-at-large, but defeated by J. C.
Allen; and, in 1864, was chosen to fill the unex-
pired term of Owen Lovejoj', deceased, as Repre-
sentative in the Thirty -eighth Congress. He was
re-elected to the Thirty-ninth, Fortieth and
Forty-first Congresses, his term expiring, March
4, 1871. He was a brother of Col. Robert G.
Ingersoll, and was. for some years, associated with
him in the practice of law at Peoria, his home.
Died, in Washington, May 31, 1879.
INGERSOLL, Robert Green, lawyer and sol-
dier, was born at Dresden, Oneida County, N. Y.,
August 11, 1833. His father, a Congregational
clergyman of pronounced liberal tendencies,
removed to the West in 1843, and Robert's boy-
hood was spent in Wisconsin and Illinois. After
being admitted to the bar, he opened an office at
Shawneetown, in partnership with his brother
Ebon, afterwards a Congressman from Illinois.
In 1857 they removed to Peoria, and, in 1860,
Robert G. was an unsuccessful Democratic can-
didate for Congress. In 1863 he was commis-
sioned Colonel of the Eleventh Illinois Cavalry,
which had been mustered in in December, 1861,
and, in 1864, identified himself with the Repub-
lican party. In February, 1867, he was appointed
by Governor Oglesby the first Attorney-General
of the State under the new law enacted that year.
As a lawyer and orator he won great distinction.
He nominated James G. Blaine for the Presidency
in the Republican Convention of 1876, at Cincin-
nati, in a speech that attracted wide attention by
its eloquence. Other oratorical efforts which
added greatly to his fame include "The Dream of
the Union Soldier," delivered at a Soldiers'
Reunion at Indianapolis, his eulogy at his brother
Ebon's grave, and his memorial address on occa-
sion of the death of Roscoe Conkling. For some
twenty years he was the most popular stump
orator in the West, and his services in political
campaigns were in constant request throughout
the Union. To the country at large, in his later
years, he was known as an uncompromising
assailant of revealed religion, by both voice and
pen. Among his best-known publications are
"The Gods" (Washington, 1878); "Ghosts"
(1879); "Mistakes of Moses" (1879); "Prose
Poems and Selections" (1884); "The Brain and
the Bible" (Cincinnati, 1882). Colonel Ingersoll's
home for some twenty years, in the later part of
his life, was in the city of New York. Died,
suddenly, from heart disease, at his summer
home at Dobb's Ferry, Long Island, July 21, 1899.
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
297
I\GLIS, Samuel M., Superintendent of Public
Instruction, born at Marietta, Pa., August 15,
1838; received his early education in Ohio and,
in 1856, came to Illinois, graduating with first
honors from the Mendota Collegiate Institute in
1861. The following year he enlisted in the One
Hundred and Fourth Illinois Infantry, but, hav-
ing been discharged for disability, his place was
filled by a brother, who %vas killed at Knoxville,
Tenu. In 1865 lie took charge of an Academy at
Hillsboro, meanwhile studying law with the late
Judge E. Y. Rice ; in 1868 he assumed the super-
intendency of the public schools at Greenville,
Bond County, remaining until 1883, when he
became Professor of Mathematics in the Southern
Normal University at Carbondale, being trans-
ferred, three years later, to the chair of Literatiire,
Rhetoric and Elocution. In 1894 he was nomi-
nated as the Republican candidate for State
Superintendent of Public Instruction, receiving
a plurality at the November election of 123,593
votes over his Democratic opponent. Died, sud-
denly, at Kenosha, Wis., June 1, 1898.
INTERNAL IMPROVEMENT POLICY, a
name given to a scheme or plan of internal im-
provement adopted by the Tenth General Assem-
bly (1837), in compliance with a general wish of
the people voiced at many public gatherings. It
contemplated the construction of an extensive
system of public works, chiefly in lines of rail-
road which were not demanded bj' the commerce
or business of the State at the time, but which, it
was believed, would induce immigration and
materially aid in the development of the State's
latent resources. The plan adopted provided for
the construction of such works by the State, and
contemplated State ownership and management
of all the lines of traffic thus constructed. The
bill passed the Legislature in February, 1837,
but was disapproved by the Executive and the
Council of Revision, on the ground that such
enterprises might be more successfully under-
taken and conducted by individuals or private
corporations. It was, however, subsequently
passed over the veto and became a law, the dis-
astrous effects of whose enactment were felt for
many years. The total amount appropriated by
the act was §10,200,000, of which §400,000 was
devoted to the improvement of waterways; §250,-
000 to the improvement of the "Great Western
Mail Route"; §9,350,000 to the construction of
railroads, and §200,000 was given outright to
counties not favored by the location of railroads
or other improvements within their borders. In
addition, the sale of §1,000,000 worth of canal
lands and the issuance of §500,000 in canal bonds
were authorized, the proceeds to be used in the
construction of the Illinois & Michigan Canal,
§500,000 of this amount to be expended Ln 1838.
Work began at once. Routes were surveyed and
contracts for construction let, and an era of reck-
less speculation began. Large sums were rapidly
expended and nearly §6,500,000 quickly added to
the State debt. The system w^as soon demon-
strated to be a failure and was abandoned for
lack of funds, some of the "improvements"
already made being sold to private parties at a
heavy loss. This scheme furnished the basis of
the State debt under which Illinois labored for
many years, and which, at its maximum, reached
nearly §17,000,000. (See Macallister & Stebbins
Bonds; State Debt; Tenth General Assembly;
Eleventh General Assembly.)
INUNDATIONS, REMARKABLE. The most
remarkable freshets (or floods) in Illinois history
have been those occurring in the Mississippi
River; though, of course, the smaller tributaries
of that stream have been subject to similar con-
ditions. Probably the best account of early
floods has been furnished by Gov. John Reynolds
in his "Pioneer History of Illinois," — he having
been a witness of a number of them. The first
of which any historical record has been pre-
served, occurred in 1770. At that time the only
white settlements within the present limits of
the State were in the American Bottom in the
vicinity of Kaskaskia, and there the most serious
results were produced. Governor Reynolds says
the flood of that year (1770) made considerable
encroachments on the east bank of the river
adjacent to Fort Chartres, which had originally
been erected by the French in 1718 at a distance
of three-quarters of a mile from the main
channel. The stream continued to advance in
this direction until 1772, when the whole bottom
was again inundated, and the west wall of the
fort, having been undermined, fell into the river.
The next extraordinary freshet was in 1784, when
the American Bottom was again submerged and
the residents of Kaskaskia and the neighboring
villages were forced to seek a refuge on the bluffs •
— some of the people of Cahokia being driven to
St. Louis, then a small French village on Spanish
soil. The most remarkable flood of the present
century occurred in May and June, 1844, as the
result of extraordinary rains preceded by heavy
winter snows in the Rocky Mountains and rapid
spring thaws. At this time the American Bot-
tom, opposite St. Louis, was inundated from bluff
to bluff, and large steamers passed over the sub-
298
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
merged lands, gathering up cattle and other kinds
of property and rescuing the imperiled owners.
Some of the villages affected by this flood — as
Cahokia, Prairie du Rocher and Kaskaskia — have
never fully recovered from the disaster. Another
considerable flood occurred in 1826, but it was
inferior to those of 1784 and 1844. A notable
flood occurred in 1851, when the Mississippi,
though not so high opposite St. Louis as in 1844,
is said to have been several feet higher at Quincy
than in the previous year — the difference being
due to the fact that the larger portion of the
flood of 1844 came from the Missouri River, its
effects being most noticeable below the mouth of
that stream. Again, in 1868, a flood did con-
siderable damage on the Upper Mississippi, reach-
ing the highest point since 1851. Floods of a more
or less serious character also occurred in 1876,
1880 and again in 1893. Although not so high as
some of those previously named, the loss was pro-
portionately greater owing to the larger area of
improved lands. The flood of 1893 did a great
deal of damage at East St. Louis to buildings and
railroads, and in the destruction of other classes
of property. — Floods in the Ohio River have been
frequent and very disastrous, especially in the
upper portions of that stream — usually resulting
from sudden thaws and ice-gorges in the early
spring. "With one exception, the highest flood in
the Ohio, during the present century, was that of
February, 1832, when the water at Cincinnati
reached an altitude of sixty-four feet three
inches. The recorded altitudes of others of more
recent occurrence have been as follows: Dec.
17, 1847 — sixty -three feet seven inches;
1863— fifty-seven feet four inches; 1882— fifty-
eight feet seven inches. The highest point
reached at New Albanj-, Ind., in 1883, was
seventy-three feet — or four feet higher than the
flood of 1832. The greatest altitude reached in
historic times, at Cincinnati, was in 1884 — the re-
corded height being three-quarters of an inch in
excess of seventy-one feet. Owing to the smaller
area of cultivated lands and other improvements
in the Ohio River bottoms within the State of
Illinois, the loss has been comparatively smaller
than on the Mississippi, although Cairo has suf-
fered from both streams. The most serious dis-
asters in Illinois territory from overflow of the
Ohio, occurred in connection with the flood of
1883, at Shawneetown, when, out of six hundred
houses, all but twenty-eight were flooded to the
second story and water ran to a depth of flfteen
feet in the main street. A levee, which had been
constructed for the protection of the city at great
expense, was almost entirely destroyed, and an
appropriation of §60,000 was made by the Legis-
lature to indemnify the corporation. On April
3, 1898, the Ohio River broke through the levee
at Shawneetown, inundating the whole city and
causing the loss of twenty-five lives. Much
suffering was caused among the people driven
from their homes and deprived of the means of
subsistence, and it was found necessary to send
them tents from Springfield and supplies of food
by the State Government and by private contri-
butions from the various cities of the State. The
inundation continued for some two or three
weeks. — Some destructive floods have occurred
in the Chicago River — the most remarkable, since
the settlement of the city of Chicago, being that
of March 12, 1849. This was the result of an ice-
gorge in the Des Plaines River, turning the
waters of that stream across "the divide" into
Mud Lake, and thence, by way of the South
Branch, into the Chicago River. The accumula-
tion of waters in the latter broke up the ice,
which, forming into packs and gorges, deluged
the region between the two rivers. When the
superabundant mass of waters and ice in the Chi-
cago River began to flow towards the lake, it bore
before it not only the accumulated pack-ice, but
the vessels which had been tied up at the wharves
and other points along the banks for the winter.
A contemporaneous history of the event says that
there were scattered along the stream at the time.
four steamers, six propellers, two sloops, twenty-
four brigs and fifty-seven canal boats. Those in
the upper part of the stream, being hemmed in
by surrounding ice, soon became a part of the
moving mass ; chains and hawsers were snapped
as if they had been whip-cord, and the whole
borne lakevvard in indescribable confusion. The
bridges at Madison, Randolph and Wells Streets
gave way in succession before the immense
ma.ss, adding, as it moved along, to the general
wreck by falling spars, crushed keels and crashing
bridge timbers. "Opposite Kinzie wharf, " says
the record, "the river was choked w^ith sailing-
craft of every description, piled together in inex-
tricable confusion."" "While those vessels near
the mouth of the river escaped into the lake with
comparatively little damage, a large number of
those higher up the stream were caught in the
gorge and either badly injured or totall}* wrecked.
The loss to tlie city, from the destruction of
bridges, was estimated at §20,000, and to vessels at
§88,000 — a large sum for that time. The wreck
of bridges compelled a return to the primitive
system of ferries or extemporized bridges made
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
299
of boats, to furnish means of communication
between the several divisions of the city — a con-
dition of affairs which lasted for several months.
^Floods about the same time did considerable
damage on the Illinois, Fox and Rock Rivers,
their waters being higher than in 1838 or 1833,
which were memorable flood years on these in-
terior streams. On the former, the village of
Peru was partially destroyed, while the bridges
on Rock River were all swept away. A flood in
the Illinois River, in the spring of 18.55, resulted in
serious damage to bridges and other property in
the vicinity of Ottawa, and there were extensive
inundations of the bottom lands along that
stream in 1859 and subsequent years. — In Febru-
ary, 1857, a second flood in the Chicago River,
similar to that of 1849, caused considerable dam-
age, but was less destructive than that of the
earlier date, as the bridges were more substan-
tially constructed. — One of the most extensive
floods, in recent times, occurred in the Mississippi
River during the latter part of the month of
April and early in May, 1897. The value of prop-
erty destroyed on the lower Mississippi was
estimated at many millions of dollars, and many
lives were lost. At "Warsaw, 111., the water
reached a height of nineteen feet four inches
above low-watermark on April 24, and, atQuincy,
nearly nineteen feet on the 28th, while the river,
at points between these two cities, was from ten
to fifteen miles wide. Some 25,000 acres of farm-
ing lauds between Quincy and Warsaw were
flooded and the growing crops destroyed. At
Alton the height reached by the water was
twenty-two feet, but in consequence of the
strength of the levees protecting the American
Bottom, the farmers in that region suffered less
than on some previous years.
IPAVA, a town in Fulton County, on one of
the branches of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy
Railroad, 10 miles west-southwest of Lewistown,
and some 44 miles north of Jacksonville. The
county abounds in coal, and coalmining, as well
as agriculture, is a leading industry in the sur-
rounding country. Other industries are flour
manufacture and the manufacture of woolen
goods. A bank, three churches and a weekly
newspaper are also located here. Population
(1880), 675; (1890), 667.
IRON MANUFACTURES. The manufacture
of iron, both pig and castings, direct from the
furnace, has steadily increased in this State. In
1880, Illinois ranked seventh in the list of States
producing manufactured iron, while, in 1890, it
had risen to fourth place, Pennsylvania (which
produces nearly fifty per cent of the total product
of the country) retaining the lead, with Ohio and
Alabama following. In 1890 Illinois had fifteen
complete furnace stacks (as against ten in 1880),
turning out 674,506 tons, or seven per cent of the
entire output. Since then four additional fur-
naces have been completed, but no figures are at
hand to show the increase in production. During
the decade between 1880 and 1890, the percentage
of increase in output was 616.53. The fuel used
is chiefly the native bituminous coal, which is
abundant and cheap. Of this, 674,506 tons were
used; of anthracite coal, only 38,618 tons. Of
the total output of pig-iron in the State, during
1890, 616,659 tons were of Bessemer. Charcoal
pig is not made in Illinois.
IRON MOUNTAIN, CHESTER & EASTERN
RAILROAD. (See Wabash, Chester & Westei-n
Railroad.)
IROQUOIS COUNTY, a large county on the
eastern border of the State; area, 1,120 square
miles; population (1900), 38,014. In 1830 two
pioneer settlements mere made almost simultane-
ously,— one at Bunkum (now Concord) and the
other at Milford. Among those taking up homes
at the former were Gurdon S. Hubbard, Benja-
min Fry, and Messrs. Cartwright, Thomas, New-
comb, and Miller. At Milford located Robert
Hill, Samuel Rush, Messrs. Miles, Pickell and
Parker, besides the Cox, Sloore and Stanley
families. Iroquois County was set off from Ver-
milion and organized in 1833, — named from the
Iroquois Indians, or Iroquois River, which flows
through it. The Kickapoos and Pottawatomies
did not remove west of the Mississippi until
1836-37, but were always friendly. The seat of
government was first located at Montgomery,
whence it was removed to Middleport, and finally
to Watseka. The county is well timbered and
the soil underlaid by both coal and building
stone. Clay suitable for brick making and the
manufacture of crockery is also found. The
Iroquois River and the Sugar, Spring and Beaver
Creeks thoroughly drain the county. An abun-
dance of pure, cold water may be found anywhere
by boring to the depth of from thirtj' to eighty
feet, a fact which encourages grazing and the
manufacture of dairy products. The soil is rich,
and well adapted to fruit growing. The prin-
cipal towns are Gilman (population 1,112), Wat-
seka (2,017), and Milford (9.57).
IROQUOIS RIVER, (sometimes called Picka-
mink), rises in Western Indiana and runs
westward to Watseka, 111. ; thence it flows north-
ward through Iroquois and part of Kankakee
300
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Counties, entering the Kankakee River some five
miles southeast of Kankakee. It is nearly 120
miles long.
IRVIXG, a village in Montgomery County, on
the line of the Indianapolis & St. Louis Railroad,
54 miles east-northeast of Alton, and seventeen
miles east by north of Litchfield. It has five
churches, flouring and saw mills, and a weekly
newspaper. Population (1890), 630; (1900), 675.
ISHAM, Edward S., lawyer, was born at
Bennington, Vt., Jan. 15, 1836; educated at
Lawrence Academy and Williams College, Mass.,
taking his degree at the latter in 1857; was
admitted to the bar at Rutland, Vt., in 1858,
coming to Chicago the same year. Mr. Isham
was a Representative in the Twenty-fourth
General Assembly (1864-66) and, in 1881, his
name was prominently considered for a position
on the Supreme bench of the United States. He
is the senior member of the firm of Isham, Lin-
coln & Beale, which has had the management of
some of the most important cases coming before
the Chicago courts.
JACKSOX, Huntington Wolcott, lawyer, born
in Newark, N. J., Jan. 28, 1841, being descended
on the maternal side from Oliver Wolcott, one of
the signers of the Declaration of Independence ;
received his education at Phillips Academy,
Andover, Mass., and at Princeton College, leav-
ing the latter at the close of his junior year to
enter the army, and taking part in the battles of
Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville and Gettysburg,
a part of tlie time being on the staff of Maj.-Gen.
John Newton, and, later, with Sherman from
Chattanooga to Atlanta, finally receiving the
rank of Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel for gallant and
meritorious service. Returning to civil life in
1865, he entered Harvard Law School for one
term, then spent a year in Europe, on his return
resuming his legal studies at Newark, N. J. ;
came to Chicago in 1867, and the following year
was admitted to the bar ; has served as Supervisor
of South Chicago, as President of the Chicago
Bar Association, and (by appointment of the
Comptroller of the Currency) as receiver and
attorney of the Third National Bank of Chicago.
Under the will of the late John Crerar he became
an executor of the estate, and a trustee of the
Crerar Library. Died at Newark, N. J., Jan 3, 1901.
JACKSOJf COUNTY, organized in 1816, and
named in honor of Andrew Jackson ; area, 580
square miles; population (1900), 33,871. It lies
in the southwest portion of the State, the Mis-
sissippi River forming its principal western
boundary. The bottom lands along the river are
wonderfully fertile, but liable to overflow. It is
crossed by a range of liills regarded as a branch
of the Ozark range. Toward the east the soil is
warm, and well adapted to fruit-growing. One
of the richest beds of bituminous coal in the State
crops out at various points, varying in depth from
a few inches to four or five hundred feet below the
surface. Valuable timber and good building
stone are found and there are numerous saline
springs. Wheat, tobacco and fruit are principal
crops. Early pioneers, with the date of their
arrival, were as follows: 1814, W. Boon; 1815,
Joseph Duncan (afterwards Governor) ; 1817,
Oliver Cross, Mrs. William Kimmel, S. Lewis, E.
Harrold, George Butcher and W. Eakin; 1818,
the Bysleys, Mark Bradley, James Hughes and
John Barron. Brownsville was the first county-
seat and an important town, but owing to a dis-
astrous fire in 1843, the government was removed
to Murphysboro, where Dr. Logan (father of Gen.
John A. Logan) donated a tract of land for
county-buildings. John A. Logan was born here.
The principal towns (with their respective popu-
lation, as shown by the United States Census of
1890), were: Murphysboro, 3,880; Carbondale,
2,382; and Grand Tower, 634.
JACKSONVILLE, the county-seat of Morgan
County, and an important railroad center ; popu-
lation (1890) about 13,000. The town was laid
out in 1825, and named in honor of Gen. Andrew
Jackson. The first court house was erected in
1826, and among early lawyers were Josiah Lam-
born, John J. Hardin, Stephen A. Douglas, and
later Richard Yates, afterwards the "War Gov-
ernor" of Illinois. It is the seat of several im-
portant State institutions, notably the Central
Hospital for the Insane, and Institutions for the
Education of the Deaf and Dumb and the Blind —
besides private educational institutions, including
Illinois College, Illinois Conference Female Col-
lege (Methodist), Jacksonville Female Academy,
a Business College and others. The city has
several banks, a large woolen mill, carriage fac-
tories, brick yards, planing mills, and two news-
paper establishments, each publishing daily and
weekly editions. It justly ranks as one of the
most attractive and interesting cities of the State,
noted for the hospitality and intelligence of its
citizens. Although immigrants from Kentucky
and other Southern States predominated in its
early settlement, the location there of Illinois
College and the Jacksonville Female Academy,
about 1830, brought to it many settlers of New
England birth, so that it early came to be
INSTITUTION FOR THE DEAF AND DUMB, JACKSONVILLE.
V aaaa
A A A A A A A A A A A A AAA A A. A 1
Main Buililinj; and Girls' Cottajie.
INSTITUTION" FOR THE BLIND. JACKSONN'ILI.E.
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
301
regarded as more distinctively New England in
the character of its population than any other
town in Southern Illinois. Pop. (1900), 15,078.
JACKSONVILLE FEMALE ACADEMY, an
institution for the education of young ladies, at
Jacksonville, the oldest of its class in the State.
The initial steps for its organization were taken
in 1830, the year after the establishment of Illinois
College. It may be said to have been an offshoot
of the latter, these two constituting the originals
of that remarkable group of educational and
State Institutions which now exist in that city.
Instruction began to be given in the Academy in
May, 1833, under the principalship of Miss Sarah
C. Crocker, and, in 1835, it was formally incorpo-
rated by act of the Legislature, being the first
educational institution to receive a charter from
that body; though Illinois, McKendree and
Shurtleff Colleges were incorporated at a later
period of tlie same session. Among its founders
appear the names of Gov. Joseph Duncan, Judge
Samuel D. Lockwood, Rev. Julian M. Sturtevant
(for fifty years the President or a Professor of Illi-
nois College), John P. Wilkinson, Rev. John M.
Ellis, David B. Ayers and Dr. Ero Chandler, all
of whom, except the last, were prominently
identified with the early history of Illinois Col-
lege. The list of the alumnas embraces over five
hundred names. The Illinois Conservatory of
Music (founded in 1871) and a School of Fine Arts
are attached to the Academy, all being under the
management of Prof. E. F. Bullard, A.M.
JACKSONVILLE, LOUISVILLE & ST. LOUIS
RAILWAY. (See Jacksonville & St. Louis Rail-
way- )
JACKSONVILLE, NORTHWESTERN &
SOUTHEASTERN RAILROAD. (See Jackson-
ville & St. Lotiis Railway. )
JACKSONVILLE & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY.
Originally chartered as the Illinois Farmers" Rail-
road, and constructed from Jacksonville to
Waverly in 1870 ; later changed to the Jacksonville,
Northwestern & Southeastern and track extended
to Virden (31 miles) ; in 1879 passed into the
hands of a new company under the title of the
Jacksonville Southeastern, and was extended as
follows: to Litchfield (1880), 23 miles; to Smith-
boro (1883), 29 miles; to Centralia (1883), 29 miles
— total, 113 miles. In 1887 a section between
Centralia and Driver's (16i^ miles) was con-
structed by the Jacksonville Southeastern, and
operated under lease by the successor to that
line, but, in 1893, was separated from it under
the name of the Louisville & St. Louis Railway.
By the use of five miles of trackage on the Louis-
ville & Nashville Railroad, connection was
obtained between Driver's and Mount Vernon.
The same year (1887) the Jacksonville Southeast-
ern obtained control of the Litchfield, Carrollton
& Western Railroad, from Litchfield to Columbi-
ana on the Illinois River, and the Chicago, Peoria
& St. Louis, embracing lines from Peoria to St.
Louis, via Springfield and Jacksonville. The
Jacksonville Southeastern was reorganized in 1890
under the name of the Jacksonville, Louisville
& St. Louis Railway, and, in 1893, was placed in
the hands of a receiver. The Chicago, Peoria &
St. Louis Divisions were subsequently separated
from the Jacksonville line and placed in charge
of a separate receiver. Foreclosure proceedings
began in 1894 and, during 1896, the road was sold
under foreclosirre and reorganized under its pres-
ent title. (See Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Rail-
road of Illinois.) The capital stock of the
Jacksonville & St. Louis Railway (June 30, 1897)
was §1,500,000; funded debt, §3,300,000— total,
83,800,000.
JAMES, Colin D., clergyman, was born in Ran-
dolph County, now in West Virginia, Jan. 15,
1808; died at Bonita, Kan., Jan. 30, 1888. He was
the son of Rev. Dr. William B. James, a pioneer
preacher in the Ohio Valley, who removed to
Ohio in 1813, settling first in Jefferson County in
that State, and later (1814) at Mansfield. Subse-
quently the family took up its residence at Helt's
Prairie in Vigo (now Vermilion) County, Ind.
Before 1830 Colin D. James came to Illinois, and,
in 1834, became a minister of the Methodist Epis-
copal Church, remaining in active ministerial
work until 1871, after which he accepted a super-
annuated relation. During his connection with
the church in Illinois he served as station preacher
or Presiding Elder at the following points: Rock
Island (1834); Platteville (1836); Apple River
(1837) ; Paris (1838, '43 and '43) ; Eugene (1839) ;
Georgetown (1840); Shelbyville (1841); Grafton
(1844 and '45) ; Sparta District (1845-47) ; Lebanon
District (1848-49); Alton District (1850); Bloom-
ington District (1851-53) ; and later at Jackson-
ville, Winchester, Greenfield, Island Grove,
Oldtown, Heyworth, Normal, Atlanta, McLean
and Shirley. During 1861-62 he acted as agent
for the Illinois Female College at Jacksonville,
and, in 1871, for the erection of a Metho-
dist church at Normal. He was twice married.
His first wife (Eliza A. Plasters of Living-
ston) died in 1849. The following year he mar-
ried Amanda K. Casad, daughter of Dr. Anthony
W. Casad. He removed from Normal to Evans-
ton in 1876, and from the latter place to
30-2
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Kansas in 1879. Of his surviving children,
Edmund J. is (1898) Professor in the University
of Chicago; John N. is in charge of the mag-
netic laboratory in the National Observatory
at Washington, D. C. ; Benjamin B. is Professor
in the State Normal School at St. Cloud, Minn.,
and George F. is instructor in the Cambridge
Preparatory School of Chicago.
JAMES, Edmund Janes, was born, May 21,
1855, at Jacksonville, Morgan County, 111., the
fourth son of Rev. Colin Dew James of the Illi-
nois Conference, grandson on his mother's side
of Rev. Dr. Anthony Wayne Casad and great-
grandson of Samuel Stites (all of whose sketches
appear elsewhere in this volume) ; was educated
in the Model Department of the Illinois State
Normal School at Bloomington (Normal), from
which he graduated in June, 1873, and entered
the Northwestern University, at Evanston, 111.,
in November of the same year. On May 1, 1874,
he was appointed Recorder on the United States
Lake Survey, where he continued during one
season engaged in work on the lower part of Lake
Ontario and the upper St. Lawrence. He entered
Harvard College, Nov. 2, 1874, but went to
Europe in Augvist, 1875, entering the University
of Halle, Oct. 16, 1875, where he graduated,
August 4. 1877, with the degrees of A.M. and
Ph.D. On his return to the United States he was
elected Principal of the Public High School in
Evanston, III, Jan. 1, 1878, but resigned in Jime,
1879, to accept a position in the Illinois State
Normal School at Bloomington as Professor of
Latin and Greek, and principal of the High
School Department in connection with the Slodel
School. Resigning this position at Christmas
time, 1882, he went to Europe for study ; accepted
a position in the University of Pennsjivania as
Professor of Public Administration, in Septem-
ber, 1883, where he remained for over thirteen
years. While here he was, for a time, Secretary
of the Graduate Faculty and organized the in-
struction in this Department. He was also
Director of the Wharton School of Finance and
Economy, the first attempt to organize a college
course in the field of commerce and industry.
During this time he officiated as editor of "The
Political Economj'and Public Law Series" issued
by the University of Pennsylvania. Resigning
his position in the University of Pennsylvania on
Feb. 1, 1896, he accepted that of Professor of Pub-
lic Administration and Director of the University
Extension Division in the University of Chicago,
where he has since continued. Professor James
has been identified with the progress of economic
studies in the United States since the early
eighties. He was one of the organizers and one
of the first Vice-Presidents of the American
Economic Association. On Dec. 14, 1889, he
founded the American Academy of Political and
Social Science with headquarters at Philadelphia,
became its first President, and has continued such
to the present time. He was also, for some j-ears,
editor of its publications. The Academy has
now become the largest Association in the world
devoted to the cultivation of economic and social
subjects. He was one of the originators of, and
one of the most frequent contributors to, "Lalor's
CyclopEedia of Political Science"; was also the
pioneer in the mo%'ement to introduce into the
United States the scheme of public instruction
known as University Extension; was the first
President of the American Society for the Exten-
sion of University Teaching, under whose auspices
the first effective extension work was done in this
country, and has been Director of the Extension
Division in the University of Chicago since Febru-
ary, 1896. He has been especiall}' identified with
the development of higher commercial education
in the United States. From his position as
Director of the Wharton School of Finance and
Economy he has affected the course of instruc-
tion in this Department in a most marked way.
He was invited bj' the American Bankers'
Association, in the year 1892, to make a careful
study of the subject of Commercial Education in
Europe, and his report to this association on the
Education of Business Men in Europe, republished
by the University of Chicago in the year 1898,
has become a standard authority on this subject.
Owing largely to his efforts, departments similar
to the Wharton School of Finance and Economy
have been established under the title of College
of Commerce, College of Commerce and Politics,
and Collegiate Course in Commerce, in the Uni-
versities of California and Chicago, and Columbia
University. He has been identified with the
progress of college education in general, espe-
cially in its relation to secondary and elementary
education, and was one of the early advocates of
the establishment of departments of education in
our colleges and universities, the policy of which
is now adopted by nearly all the leading institu-
tions. He was, for a time. State Examiner of
High Schools in Illinois, and was founder of "The
Illinois School Journal," long one of the most
influential educational periodicals in the State,
now changed in name to "School and Home."
He has been especially active in the establish-
ment of public kindergartens in different cities.
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
303
and has been repeatedly ofTered the headship of
important institutions, among them being the
University of Iowa, the University of Illinois,
and the University of Cincinnati. He has served
as Vice-President of the National Slunicipal
League; of the American Association for the
Advancement of Science, and the American
Economic Association, and of the Board of Trus-
tees of the Illinois State Historical Library ; is a
member of the American Philosophical Society,
of the Pennsylvania Historical Society, of the
National Council of Education, and of the British
Association for the Advancement of Science. He
was a member of the Committee of Thirteen of
the National Teachers' Association on college
entrance requirements; is a member of various
patriotic and historical societies, including the
Sons of the American Revolution, the Society of
tlie Colonial AVars, the Holland and the Huguenot
Society. He is the author of more than one hun-
dred papers and monographs on various economic,
educational, legal and administrative subjects.
Professor James was married, August 22, 1879, to
Anna Margarethe Lange, of Halle, Prussia,
daughter of the Rev. Wilhelm Roderich Lange,
and granddaughter of the famous Professor Ger-
lach of the University of Halle.
JAMESON, John Alexander, lawyer and jur-
ist, was born at Irasburgh, Vt., Jan. 25, 1824;
graduated from the University of Vermont in
1846. After several years spent in teaching, he
began the study of law, and graduated from the
Dane Law School (of Harvard College) in 1853.
Coming west the same year he located at Free-
port, 111., but removed to Chicago in 1856. In
1865 he was elected to the bench of the Superior
Court of Chicago, remaining in ofRce until 1883.
During a portion of this period he acted as lec-
turer in the Union College of Law at Chicago,
and as editor of "The American Law Register."
His literary labors were unceasing, his most
notable work being entitled "Constitutional Con-
ventions; their History, Power and Modes of
Proceeding." He was also a fine classical
scholar, speaking and reading German, French,
Spanish and Italian, and was deeply interested
in charitable and reformatory work. Died, sud-
denly, in Chicago, June 16, 1890.
JARROT, Nicholas, early French settler of St.
Clair County, was born in France, received a
liberal education and, on account of the disturbed
condition there in the latter part of the last cen-
tury, left his native country about 1790. After
spending some time at Baltimore and New
Orleans, he arrived at Cahokia, 111., in 1794, and
became a permanent settler there. He early be-
came a Major of militia and engaged in trade
with the Indians, frequently visiting Prairie du
Chien, St. Anthony's Falls (now Minneapolis) and
the Illinois River in his trading expeditions, and,
on one or two occasions, incurring great risk of
life from hostile savages. He acquired a large
property, especially in lands, built mills and
erected one of the earliest and finest brick houses
in that part of the country. He also served as
Justice of the Peace and Judge of the County
Court of St. Clair County. Died, in 1823.— Vital
(Jarrot), son of the preceding, inherited a large
landed fortune from his father, and was an
enterprising and public-spirited citizen of St.
Clair County during the last generation. He
served as Representative from St. Clair County
in the Eleventh, Twentieth, Twenty-first and
Twenty-second General Assemblies, in the first
being an associate of Abraham Lincoln and
always his firm friend and admirer. At the
organization of the Twenty-second General
Assembly (1857), he received the support of the
Republican members for Speaker of the House in
opposition to Col. W. R. Morrison, who was
elected. He sacrificed a large share of his prop-
erty in a public-spirited effort to build up a
rolling mill at East St. Louis, being reduced
thereby from affluence to poverty. President
Lincoln appointed him an Indian Agent, which
took him to the Black Hills region, where he
died, some years after, from toil and exposure, at
the age of 73 years.
JASPER COUNTY, in the eastern part of
Southern Illinois, having an area of 506 square
miles, and a population (in 1900) of 20, 160. It was
organized in 1831 and named for Sergeant Jasper
of Revolutionary fame. The county was placed un-
der township organization in 1860. The first Board
of County Commissioners consisted of B. Rey-
nolds, W. Richards and George Mattingley. The
Embarras River crosses the county. The general
surface is level, although gently undulating in
some portions. Manufacturing is carried on in a
small way; but the people are principally inter-
ested in agriculture, the chief products consisting
of wheat, potatoes, sorghum, fruit and tobacco.
■Wool-growing is an important industry, Newton
is the coimty-seat, with a population (in 1890) of
1,428.
JATNE, (Dr.) Gershom, early physician, was
born in Orange County, N. Y., October, 1791 ; served
as Surgeon in the War of 1813, and came to Illinois
in 1819, settling in Springfield in 1821 ; was one
of the Commissioners appointed to construct the
304
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
first State Penitentiary (1827), and one of the first
Commissioners of the Illinois & Michigan Canal.
His oldest daughter (Julia Maria) became the
wife of Senator Trumbull. Dr. Jayne died at
Springfield, in 1867.— Dr. TVilliam (Jayne), son of
the preceding, was born in Springfield, IlL, Oct. 8,
1826; educated by private tutors and at Illinois
College, being a member of the class of 1847, later
receiving the degree of A.M. He was one of the
founders of the Phi Alpha Society while in that
institution ; graduated from the Medical Depart-
ment of Missouri State University; in 1860 was
elected State Senator for Sangamon County, and,
the following year, was appointed by President
Lincoln Governor of the Territory of Dakota,
later serving as Delegate in Congress from that
Territory. In 1869 he was appointed Pension
Agent for Illinois, also served for four terms as
Mayor of his native city, and is now Vice-Presi-
dent of the First National Bank, Springfield.
JEFFERSON COUNTY, a south-central county,
cut off from Edwards and White Counties, in
1819, when it was separately organized, being
named in honor of Thomas Jefferson. Its area is
580 square miles, and its population (1900), 38,133.
The Big Muddy River, with one or two tributa-
ries, flows through the count}' in a southerly direc-
tion. Along the banks of streams a variety of
hardwood timber is found. The railroad facilities
are advantageous. The surface is level and the
soil rich. Cereals and fruit are easily produced.
A fine bed of limestone (seven to fifteen feet
thick) crosses the middle of the county. It has
been quarried and found well adapted to building
purposes. The county possesses an abundance of
running water, much of which is slightly im-
pregnated with salt. The upper coal measure
underlies the entire county, but the seam is
scarcely more than two feet thick at any point.
Tlie chief industry is agriculture, though lumber
is manufactured to some extent. Mount Vernon,
the county-seat, was incorporated as a city in 1872.
Its population in 1890 was 3,233. It has several
manufactories and is the seat of the Appellate
Court for the Southern Judicial District of the
State.
JEFFERY, Edward Turner, Railway President
and Manager, born in Liverpool, Eng. , April 6,
1843, his father being an engineer in tlie British
nav}- ; about IS.'JO came with his widowed mother
to Wheeling, Va , and, in 18.56, to Chicago, where
he secured employment as office-boy in the
machinery department of the Illinois Central
Railroad. Here he finally became an apprentice
and, passing through various grades of the me-
chanical department, in May, 1877, became General
Superintendent of the Road, and, in 1885, General
Manager of the entire line. In 1889 he withdrew
from the Illinois Central and, for several years
past, has been President and General Manager of
the Denver & Rio Grande Railway, with head-
quarters at Denver, Colo. Mr. Jeffery's career as
a railway man has been one of the most conspicu-
ous and successful in the history of American
railroads
JENKINS, Alexander M., Lieutenant-Governor
(1834-36), came to Illinois in his youth and located
in Jackson County, being for a time a resident of
Brownsville, the first county-seat of Jackson
County, where he was engaged in trade. Later
he studied law and became eminent in his pro-
fession in Southern Illinois. In 1830 Mr. Jenkins
was elected Representative in the Seventh General
Assembly, was re-elected in 1832, serving during
his second term as Speaker of the House, and took
part the latter year in the Black Hawk War as
Captain of a comjianj'. In 1834 Mr. Jenkins was
elected Lieutenant-Governor at the same time
with Governor Duncan, though on an opposing
ticket, but resigned, in 1836, to become President
of the first Illinois Central Railroad Company,
which was chartered that year. The charter of
the road was surrendered in 1837, when the State
had in contemplation the policy of building a
system of roads at its own cost. For a time he
was Receiver of Public Moneys in the Land Office
at Edwardsville, and, in 1847, was elected to the
State Constitutional Convention of that j-ear.
Other positions held by him included that of Jus-
tice of the Circuit Court for the Third Judicial
Circuit, to which he was elected in 1859, and
re-elected in 1861, but died in office, February 13,
1864. Mr. Jenkins was an uncle of Gen. John A.
Logan, who read law with him after his return
from the Mexican War.
JENNEY, William Le Baron, engineer and
architect, born at Fairhaven, Mass., Sept. 25,
1832; was educated at Phillips Academy, An-
dover, graduating in 1849; at 17 took a trip
around the world, and, after a year spent in the
Scientific Department of Harvard College, took a
course in the Ecole Centrale des Artes et Manu-
factures in Paris, graduating in 1856. He then
served for a year as engineer on the Tehuantepec
Railroad, and, in 1861, was made an Aid on the
staff of General Grant, lieing transferred the next
year to the staff of General Sherman, with whom
he remained three years, participating in many
of the most important battles of the war in the
West. Later, he was engaged in the preparation
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
305
of maps of General Sherman's campaigns, which
were published in the "Memoirs" of the latter.
In 1868 he located in Chicago, and has since given
his attention almost solely to architecture, the
result being seen in some of Chicago's most
noteworthy buildings.
JERSEY COUJfTY, situated in the western
portion of the middle division of the State,
bordering on the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers.
Originally a part of Greene County, it was sepa-
rately organized in 1839, with an area of 360 square
miles. There were a few settlers in the county
as early as 1816-17 Jersey ville, the county-seat,
was platted in 1834, a majority of the early resi-
dents being natives of, or at least emigrants from.
New Jersey. The mild climate, added to the
character of the soil, is especially adapted to
fruit-growing and stock-raising. The census of
1900 gave the population of the county as 14,612
and of Jersey ville, 3,517. Grafton, near the
junction of the Mississippi with the Illinois, had
a population of 927. The last mentioned town is
noted for its stone quarries, which employ a
number of men.
JERSEYVILLE, a city and county-seat of
Jersey County, the point of junction of the Chi-
cago & Alton and the St. Louis, Chicago & St.
Paul Railways, 19 miles north of Alton and
45 miles north of St. Louis, Mo. The city is in an
agricultural district, but has manufactories of
flour, plows, carriages and wagons, and watch-
making machinery. It contains a handsome
court house, completed in 1894, nine churches, a
graded public school, besides a separate school
for colored children, a convent, railway car-
shops, electric lights, artesian wells, and three
papers — two weekly and one daily. Population
(1880), 2,894; (1890), 3,207; (1900), 3,517.
JO DAVIESS COUNTY, situated in the north-
west corner of the State ; has an area of 663 square
miles; population (1900), 24,533. It was first
explored by Le Seuer, who reported the discovery
of lead in 1700. Another Frenchman (Bouthil-
lier) was the first permanent white settler, locat-
ing on the site of the present city of Galena in
1820. About the same time came several Ameri-
can families ; a trading post was established, and
the hamlet was known as Fredericks' Point, so
called after one of the pioneers. In 1822 the
Government reserved from settlement a tract 10
miles square along the Mississippi, with a view of
controlling the mining interest. In 1823 mining
privileges were granted upon a royalty of one-
sixth, and the first smelting furnace was erected
the same year. Immigration increased rapidly
and, inside of three years, the ' 'Point' ' had a popu-
lation of 150, and a post-ofBce was established
with a fortnightly mail to and from Vandalia,
then the State capital. In 1827 county organiza-
tion was effected, the county being named in
honor of Gen. Joseph Hamilton Daviess, who was
killed in the Battle of Tippecanoe. The original
tract, however, has been subdivided until it now
constitutes nine counties. The settlers took an
active part in both the Winnebago and Black
Hawk Wars. In 1846-47 the mineral lands were
placed on the market by the Government, and
quickly taken by corporations and individuals.
The scenery is varied, and the soil (particularly
in the east) well suited to the cultivation of
grain. The county is well wooded and well
watered, and thoroughly drained by the Fever
and Apple Rivers. The name Galena was given
to tlie county-seat (originally, as has been said,
Fredericks' Point) by Lieutenant Thomas, Gov-
ernment Surveyor, in 1827, in which year it was
platted. Its general appearance is picturesque.
Its early growth was extraordinary, but later
(particularly after the growth of Chicago) it
received a set-back. In 1841 it claimed 2,000
population and was incorporated ; in 1870 it had
about 7,000 population, and, in 1890, 5,635. The
names of Grant, Rawlins and E. B. Washburne
are associated with its history. Other important
towns in the county are Warren (population
1,172), East Dubuque (1,069) and Elizabeth (495).
JOHNSOjV, Caleb C, lawyer and legislator,
was born in Whiteside County, 111., May 23, 1844,
educated in the common schools and at the
Military Academy at Fulton, 111. ; served diu-ing
the Civil War in the Sixty-ninth and One Hun-
dred and Fortieth Regiments Illinois Volunteers ;
in 1877 was admitted to the bar and, two years
later, began practice. He has served upon the
Board of Township Supervisors of Whiteside
County; in 1884 was elected to the House of
Representatives of the Thirty-fourth General
Assembly, was re-elected in 1886, and again in
1896. He also held the position of Deputy Col-
lector of Internal Revenue for his District during
the first Cleveland administration, and was a
delegate to the Democratic National Convention
of 1888.
JOHNSON, (Rev.) Herrick, clergyman and
educator, was born near Fonda, N. Y., >Sept. 21,
1832; graduated at Hamilton College, 1857, and
at Auburn Theological Seminary, 1860 ; held Pres-
byterian pastorates in Troy, Pittsburg and Phila-
delphia ; in 1874 became Professor of Homiletics
and Pastoral Theology in Auburn Theological
30 G
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Seminary, and, in 1880, accepted a pastorate in
Chicago, also becoming Lecturer on Sacred Rhet-
oric in McCormick Theological Seminary. In
1883 he resigned liis pastorate, devoting his atten-
tion thereafter to the duties of his professorship.
He was Moderator of the Presbyterian General
Assembly at Springfield, in 1883, and has served
as President, for many years, of the Presbyterian
Churcli Board of Aid for Colleges, and of the
Board of Trustees of Lake Forest University.
Besides many periodical articles, he has published
several volumes on religious subjects.
JOHXSOX, Hosmer A., M.D., LL.D., physi-
cian, was born near Buffalo, X. Y. , Oct. 6, 1822 ;
at twelve removed to a farm in Lapeer County,
Mich. In spite of limited school privileges, at
eighteen he secured a teachers' certificate, and,
by teaching in the winter and attending an
academy in the summer, prepared for college,
entering the University of Michigan in 1846 and
graduating in 1849. In 1850 he became a student
of medicine at Rush Medical College in Chicago,
graduating in 1852, and the same year becoming
Secretary of the Cook County Medical Society,
and, the year following, associate editor of "The
Illinois Medical and Surgical Journal. ' ' For
three years he was a member of the faculty of
Rush, but, in 1858, resigned to become one of the
founders of a new medical school, which has now
become a part of Northwestern University.
During the Civil War, Dr. Johnson was Chair-
man of the State Board of Medical Examiners ;
later serving upon the Board of Health of Chi-
cago, and upon the National Board of Health. He
was also attending physician of Cook County
Hospital and consulting physician of the Chicago
Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary. At the time
of the great fire of 1871, he was one of the Direct-
ors of the Chicago Relief and Aid Society. His
connections with local. State and National Soci-
eties and organizations (medical, scientific, social
and otherwise) were very numerous. He trav-
eled ■ extensively, both in this country and in
Europe, during his visits to the latter devoting
much time to the study of foreign sanitary con-
ditions, and making further attainments in medi-
cine and surgery. In 1883 the degree of LL.D.
was conferred upon him by Northwestern Uni-
versity. During his later years, Dr. Johnson was
engaged almost wholly in consultations. Died,
Feb. 26, 1891.
JOHJfSON COUNTY, Ues in the southern por-
tion of the State, and is one of the smallest
counties, having an area of only 340 square miles,
and a population (1900) of 15,667— named for Col.
Richard M. Johnson. Its organization dates back
to 1812. A dividing ridge (forming a sort of
water shed) extends from east to west, the
waters of the Cache and Bay Rivers running
south, and those of the Big Muddy and Saline
toward the north. A minor coal seam of variable
thickness (perhaps a spur from the regular coal-
measures) crops out here and there. Sandstone
and limestone are abundant, and, under cliffs
along the bluffs, saltpeter has been obtained in
small quantities. Weak copperas springs are
numerous. The soil is rich, the principal crops
being wiieat, corn and tobacco. Cotton is raised
for home consumption and fruit-culture receives
some attention. Vienna is the county-seat, with
a population, in 1890, of 828.
JOHXSTOX, >'oah, pioneer and banker, was
born in Hardy County, Va. , Dec. 20, 1799, and,
at the age of 12 years, emigrated with his father
to Woodford County, Ky. In 1824 he removed
to Indiana, and, a few years later, to Jefferson
County, 111., where he began farming. He sub-
sequently engaged in merchandising, but proving
unfortunate, turned his attention to politics,
serving first as County Commissioner and then as
County Clerk. In 1838 he was elected to the
State Senate for the counties of Hamilton and
Jefferson, serving four years ; was Enrolling and
Engrossing Clerk of the Senate during the session
of 1844-45, and, in 1846, elected Representative in
the Fifteenth General Assembly. The following
year he was made Paymaster in the United States
Army, serving through the Mexican War; in
1852 served with Abraham Lincoln and Judge
Hugh T. Dickey of Chicago, on a Commission
appointed to investigate claims against the State
for the construction of the Illinois & Michiean
Canal, and, in 1854, was appointed Clerk of the
Supreme Court for the Third Division, being
elected to the same position in 1861. Other posi-
tions held by him included those of Deputy United
States Marshal under the administration of Presi-
dent Polk, Commissioner to superintend the con-
struction of the Supreme Court Building at Mount
Vernon, and Postmaster of that city. He was
also elected Representative again in 1866. The
later years of his life were spent as President of
the Mount Vernon National Bank. Died, No-
vember, 1891, in his 92d year.
JOLIET, the county-seat of Will County,
situated in the Des Plaines River Valley, 36 miles
southwest of Chicago, on the Illinois & Jlichigan
Canal, and the intersecting point of five lines of
railway. The city lies chiefly in the valley,
though partly built on bluffs on either side of
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
307
the river. A good quality of calcareous building
stone underlies the entire region, and is exten-
sively quarried. Gravel, cement and fire-clay
are also easily obtained and in considerable
quantities. Within twenty miles are productive
coal mines. The Northern Illinois Penitentiary
stands just outside the city limits on the north.
Joliet is an important manufacturing center, the
census of 1890 crediting the city with 201 estab-
lishments (representing forty-three industries)
with 59,078,737 capital; employing 3,037 hands;
paying $1,844, 138 for wages and S8, 624, 285 for raw
material, and turning out an annual product
valued at 512,180,367. The leading industries
are the manufacture of steel rails, foundry and
machine shop products, engines, agricultural
implements, bicycles, stoves and clocks, besides
quarrying and stone-cutting. The canal supplies
valuable water-power. The city boasts many
handsome public buildings and private residences.
Population (1880), 11,657; (1890), 23,264, (includ-
ing suburbs), 34,473. The Fifty-fifth Congress
made an appropriation for the erection of a
Government building in Joliet for post-office
purposes. Population (1900). 29,353.
JOLIET, AURORA & NORTHERN RAIL-
WAT. (See Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Railwai/.)
JOLIET, Louis, a French explorer, born at
Quebec, Canada, Sept. 21, 1645, educated at the
Jesuits' College, and early engaged in the fur-
trade. In 1669 he was sent to investigate the
copper mines on Lake Superior, but his most
important service began in 1673, when Frontenac
commissioned him to explore. Starting from the
missionary station of St. Ignace, with Father
Marquette, he went up the Fox River within the
present State of Wisconsin and down the Wis-
consin to the Mississippi, which he descended as
far as the mouth of the Arkansas. He was the
first to discover that the Mississippi flows to the
Gulf rather than to the Pacific. He returned to
Green Bay via the Illinois River, and (as believed)
the sites of the present cities of Joliet and Chicago.
Although later appointed royal hydrographer
and given the island of Anticosti, he never
revisited the Mississippi. Some historians assert
that tliis was largely due to the influential jeal-
ousy of La Salle. Died, in Canada, in May, 1700.
JOLIET & BLUE ISLAND RAILWAY, con
stituting a part of and operated by the Calumet
& Blue Island — a belt line, 21 miles in length, of
standard gauge and laid with 60-lb. steel rails.
The company provides terminal facilities at Joliet,
although originally projected to merely run from
that city to a connection with the Calumet &
Blue Island Railway. The capital stock author-
ized and paid in is 5100,000. The company's
general offices are in Chicago.
JOLIET & NORTHERN INDIANA RAIL-
ROAD, a road running from Lake, Ind., to Joliet,
III., 45 miles (of which 29 miles are in Illinois),
and leased in perpetuity, from Sept. 7, 1854 (the
date of completion), to the Michigan Central Rail-
road Company, which owns nearly all its stock.
Its capital stock is 5300,000, and its funded debt,
580,000. Other forms of indebtedness swell the
total amount of capital invested (1895) to $1,-
143,201. Total earnings and income in Illinois in
1894, 589,017; total expenditures, 562,370. (See
Michigan Central Railroad.)
JONES, Alfred M., politician and legislator,
was born in New Hampshire, Feb. 5, 1837, brought
to McHenry County, 111., at 10 years of age, and,
at 16, began life in the pineries and engaged in
rafting on the Mississippi. Then, after two
winters in school at Rockford, and a short season
in teaching, he spent a year in the book and
jewelry business at Warren, Jo Daviess County.
The following year (1858) he made a trip to Pike's
Peak, but meeting disappointment in his expec-
tations in regard to mining, returned almost
immediately. The next few years were spent in
various occupations, including law and real
estate business, until 1872, when he was elected
to the Twenty-eighth General Assembly, f,nd
re-elected two years later. Other positions
successively held by him were those of Commis-
sioner of the Joliet Penitentiary, Collector of
Internal Revenue for the Sterling District, and
United States Marshal for the Northern District
of Illinois. He was, for fourteen years, a member
of the Republican State Central Committee, dur-
ing twelve years of that period being its chair-
man. Since 1885, Mr. Jones has been manager
of the Bethesda Mineral Springs at Waukesha,
Wis, but has found time to make his mark in
Wisconsin politics also.
JONES, John Rice, first English lawyer in Illi-
nois, was born in Wales, Feb. 11, 1759; educated
at Oxford in medicine and law, and, after prac-
ticing the latter in London for a short time, came
to America in 1784, spending two years in Phila-
delphia, where he made the acquaintance of
Dr. Benjamin Rush and Benjamin Franklin; in
1786, having reached the Falls of the Ohio, he
joined Col. George Rogers Clark's expedition
against the Indians on the Wabash. This having
partially failed through the discontent and
desertion of the troops, he remained at Vincennes
four years, part of the time as Commissary-
308
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
General of the garrison there. In 1790 he went to
Kaskaskia. but eleven years later returned to Vin-
cennes. being commissioned the same year by
Gov. William Henry Harrison, Attorney-General
of Indiana Territorj-, and, in 1805, becoming a
member of the first Legislative Council. He was
Secretary of the convention at Vincennes, in
December, 1802, which memorialized Congress to
suspend, for ten years, the article in the Ordi-
nance of 1T87 forbidding slavery in the Northwest
Territory. In 1808 he removed a second time to
Kaskaskia, remaining two years, when he located
within the present limits of the State of Missouri
(then the Territory of Louisiana), residing suc-
cessively at St. Genevieve, St. Louis and Potosi,
at the latter place acquiring large interests in
mineral lands. He became prominent in Mis-
souri politics, served as a member of the Conven-
tion which framed the first State Constitution,
was a prominent candidate for TTnited States
Senator before the first Legislature, and finally
elected by the same a Justice of the Supreme
Court, dying in office at St. Louis, Feb. 1, 1824.
He appears to have enjoyed an extensive practice
among the early residents, as shown by the fact
that, the year of his return to Kaskaskia, he paid
taxes on more than 16.000 acres of land in Monroe
County, to say nothing of liis possessions about
Vincennes and his subsequent acquisitions in
Missouri. He also prepared the first revision of
laws for Indiana Territory when Illinois com-
posed a part of it. — Rice (Jones), son of the pre-
ceding by a first marriage, was born in Wales,
Sept. 28, 1T81 ; came to America with his par-
ents, and was educated at Transylvania University
and the University of Pennsylvania, taking a
medical degree at the latter, but later studying
law at Litchfield, Conn., and locating at Kaskas-
kia in 1806. Described as a young man of brilliant
talents, he took a prominent part in politics and,
at a special election held in September, 1808, was
elected to the Indiana Territorial Legislature, by
the party known as "Divisionists" — i. e., in favor
of the division of the Territory — which proved
successful in the organization of Illinois Territory
the following year. Bitterness engendered in
this contest led to a challenge from Shadrach
Bond (afterwards first Governor of the State)^
which Jones accepted; but the affair was ami-
cably adjusted on the field without an exchange of
shots. One Dr. James Dunlap, who had been
Bond's second, expressed dissatisfaction with the
settlement; a bitter factional fight was main-
tained between the friends of the respective
parties, ending in the assassination of Jones, who
was shot by Dunlap on the street in Kaskaskia,
Dec. 7, 1808 — Jones dying in a few minutes,
while Dunlap fled, ending his days in Texas. —
Gen. John Rice (Jones), Jr., another son, was
born at Kaskaskia, Jan. 8, 1792, served under
Capt. Henry Dodge in the War of 1812, and. in
1831, went to Texas, where he bore a conspicuous
part in securing the independence of that State
from Mexico, dying there in 1845 — the year of its
annexation to the United States. — George
Wallace (Jones), fourth son of John Rice Jones
(1st), was born at Vincennes, Indiana Territory,
April 12, 1804; graduated at Transylvania I'ni-
versity, in 1825; served as Clerk of the United
States District Court in Missouri in 1826, and as
Aid to Gen. Dodge in the Black Hawk War ; in
1834 was elected Delegate in Congress from
Michigan Territory (then including the present
States of Michigan, Wisconsin and Iowa), later
serving two terms as Delegate from Iowa Terri-
tory, and, on its admission as a State, being elected
one of the first United States Senators and re-
elected in 1852; in 1859, was appointed by Presi-
dent Buchanan Minister to Bogota, Colombia,
but recalled in 1861 on account of a letter to
Jefferson Davis expressing sympathy with the
cause of the South, and was imprisoned for two
months in Fort Lafayette. In 1838 he was the sec-
ond of Senator Cilley in the famous Cilley-Graves
duel near Washington, which resulted in the
death of the former. After his retirement from
office. General Jones' residence was at Dubuque,
Iowa, where he died, July 22, 1896, in the 93d
j-ear of his age.
JOXES, Michae% early politician, was a Penn-
sylvanian by birth, who came to Illinois in Terri-
torial days, and, as early as 1809, was Register of
the Land Office at Kaskaskia; afterwards
removed to Shawneetown and represented
Gallatin County as a Delegate to the Constitu-
tional Convention of 1818 and as Senator in the
first four General Assemblies, and also as Repre-
sentative in the Eighth. He was a candidate for
United States Senator in 1819, but was defeated
by Governor Edwards, and was a Presidential
Elector in 1820. He is represented to have been a
man of considerable ability but of bitter passions,
a supporter of the scheme for a pro-slavery con-
stitution and a bitter opponent of Governor
Edwards.
JOXES, J. Russell, capitalist, was born at
Conneaut, Ashtabula County, Ohio, Feb. 17, 1823;
after spending two years as clerk in a store in his
native town, came to Chicago in 1838; spent the
next two j-ears at Rookton, when he accepted a
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS.
309
clerkship in a leading mercantile establishment
at Galena, finally being advanced to a partner-
ship, which was dissolved in 1856. In 1860 he
was elected, as a Republican, Representative in
the Twenty-second General Assembly, and, in
March following, was appointed by President
Lincoln United States Marshal for the Northern
District of Illinois. In 1869, by appointment of
President Grant, he became Minister to Belgium,
remaining in office until 1875, when he resigned
and returned to Chicago. Subsequently he
declined the position of Secretary of the Interior,
but was appointed Collector of the Port of Chi-
cago, from which he retired in 1888. Mr. Jones
served as member of the National Republican
Committee for Illinois in 1868. In 1863 he organ-
ized the West Division Street Railway, laying
the foundation of an ample fortune.
JONES, William, pioneer merchant, was born
at Charlemont, Mass., Oct. 33, 1789, but spent his
boyhood and early manhood in New York State,
ultimately locating at Buffalo, where he engaged
in business as a grocer, and also held various
public positions. In 1831 he made a tour of
observation westward by way of Detroit, finally
reaching Fort Dearborn, which he again visited
in 1833 and in '33, making small investments each
time in real estate, which afterwards appreciated
immensely in value. In 1884, in partnership
with Byram King of Buffalo, Mr. Jones engaged
in the stove and hardware business, founding in
Chicago the firm of Jones & King, and the next
year brouglit his family. While lie never held
any important public office, he was one of the
most prominent of those early residents of Chicago
through whose enterprise and public spirit the
city was made to prosper. He held the office of
Justice of the Peace, served in the City Council,
was one of the founders of the city fire depart-
ment, served for twelve years (1840-53) on the
Board of School Inspectors (for a considerable
time as its President), and contributed liberally
to the cause of education, including gifts of
§50,000 to the old Chicago University, of which
he was a Trustee and, for some time. President of
its Executive Committee. Died, Jan. 18, 1868. —
Fernando (Jones), son of the preceding, was born
at Forestville, Chautauqua County, N. Y., May
26, 1830, having, for some time in his boyhood,
Millard Fillmore (afterwards President) as his
teacher at Buffalo, and, still later, Reuben E. Fen-
ton (afterwards Governor and a United States
Senator) as classmate. After coming to Chicago,
in 1835, he was employed for some time as a clerk
in Government offices and by the Trustees of the
Illinois & Michigan Canal; spent a season at
Canandaigua Academy, N. Y. ; edited a periodical
at Jackson, Mich., for a year or two, but finally
coming to Chicago, opened an abstract and title
office, in which he was engaged at the time of tlie
fire of 1871, and which, by consolidation with two
other firms, became the foundation of the Title
Guarantee and Trust Company, which still plays
an important part in the real-estate business of
Chicago. Mr. Jones has held various public posi-
tions, including that of Trustee of the Hospital
for the Insane at Jacksonville, and has for years
been a Trustee of the University of Chicago.-Kiler
Kent (Jones), another son, was one of the found
ers of "The Gem of the Prairies" newspaper, out
of which grew "The Chicago Tribune"; was for
many years a citizen of Quincy, 111. , and promi-
nent member of the Republican State Central
Committee, and, for a time, one of the publishers
of "The Prairie Farmer." Died, in Quincy,
August 20, 1886.
JONESBORO, the county-seat of Union County,
situated about a mile west of the line of the
Illinois Central Railroad. It is some 30 miles
north of Cairo, with which it is connected by a
short, direct line. It stands in the center of a
fertile territory, largely devoted to fruit-growing,
and is an important shipping point for fruit and
early vegetables. The local business supports a
bank. There are also two or three churches, and
one weekly newspaper, as well as a graded school.
Population (1900), 1,130.
JOSLYN, Merritt L., lawyer, was born in
Livingston County, N, Y., in 1827, came to Illi-
nois in 1839, his father settling in McHenry
County, where the son, on arriving at manhood,
engaged in the practice of the law. The latter
became prominent in political circles and, in
1856, was a Buchanan Presidential Elector. On
the breaking out of the war he allied himself
with the Republican party ; served as a Captain
in the Thirty -sixth Illinois Volunteer Infantry,
and, in 1864, was elected to the Twenty-fourth
General Assembly from McHenry County, later
serving as Senator during the sessions of the
Thirtieth and Thirty-first Assemblies (1876-80).
After the death of President Garfield, he was
appointed by President Arthur Assistant Secre-
tary- of the Interior, serving to the close of the
administration. Returning to his home at Wood-
stock, 111., he resumed the practice of his profes-
sion, and, since 1889, has discharged the duties of
Master in Cliancery for JIcHenry County.
JOUETT, Charle-s, Chicago's first lawyer, was
born in Virginia in 1773, studied law at Charlottes-
310
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
ville in that State; in 1802 was appointed by
President Jefferson Indian Agent at Detroit and,
in 1805, acted as Commissioner in conducting a
treaty with the Wyandottes, Ottawas and other
Indians of Northwestern Ohio and Michigan at
Maumee City, Ohio. In the fall of the latter year
he was appointed Indian Agent at Fort Dearborn,
serving there until the year before tlie Fort Dear-
born Massacre. Removing to Jlercer County,
Ky., in 1811, he was elected to a Judgeship there,
but, in 181.5, was reappointed by President Madi-
son Indian Agent at Fort Dearborn, remaining
until 1818, wlien he again returned to Kentucky.
In 1819 he was appointed to a United States
Judgeship in the newly organized Territory of
Arliansas, but remained only a few months, when
he resumed his residence in Kentucky, dying
there, May 28, 1834.
JQURXALISM. (See Newsjmpers, Early.)
JUDD, Xormaii Buel, lawyer, legislator. For-
eign Minister, was born at Rome, N. Y., Jan. 10,
1815, where he read law and was admitted to the
bar. In 1836 he removed to Chicago and com-
menced practice in the (then) frontier settle-
ment. He early rose to a position of prominence
and influence in public affairs, holding various
municipal offices and being a member of the
State Senate from 18-14 to 1860 continuously. In
1860 he was a Delegate-at-large to the Republican
National Convention, and, in 1861, President Lin-
coln appointed him Minister Plenipotentiary to
Prussia, where he represented this country for
four years. He was a warm personal friend of
Lincoln, and accompanied him on his memorable
journey from Springfield to Washington in 1861.
In 1870 he was elected to the Forty-first Congress.
Died, at Chicago, Nov. 10, 1878.
JUDD, S. Corning, lawyer and politician, born
in Onondaga County, N. Y., July 21, 1827; was
educated at Aurora xlcademy, taught for a time in
Canada and was admitted to the bar in New York
in 1848; edited "The Syracuse Daily Star" in 1849,
and, in 18.50, accepted a position in the Interior
Department in Washington. Later, he resumed
his place upon "The Star," but, in 1854, removed
to Lewistown, Fulton County, 111., and began
practice with his brother-in-law, the late W. C.
Goudy. In 1873 he removed to Chicago, entering
into partnership with William Fitzhugh White-
house, son of Bishop W^hitehouse, and became
prominent in connection with some ecclesiastical
trials which followed. In 1860 he was a Demo-
cratic candidate for Presidential Elector and,
during the war, was a determined opponent of
the war policy of the Government, as such mak-
ing an unsuccessful campaign for Lieutenant-
Governor in 1864, In 1885 he was appointed
Postmaster of the city of Chicago, serving until
1889. Died, in Chicago, Sept. 22, 1895.
JUDICIAL SYSTEM, THE. The Constitution
of 1818 vested the judicial power of the State in
one Supreme Court, and such inferior courts as
the Legislature might establish. The former
consisted of one Chief Justice and three Associ-
ates, appointed by joint ballot of the Legislature ;
but, until 1825, when a new act went into effect,
they were required to perform circuit duties in
the several counties, while exercising appellate
jurisdiction in their united capacity. In 1824 the
Legislature divided the State into five circuits,
appointing one Circuit Judge for each, but, two
years later, these were legislated out of office, and
circuit court duty again devolved upon the
Supreme Judges, the State being divided into
four circuits. In 1829 a new act authorized the
appointment of one Circuit Judge, who was
assigned to duty in the territory northwest of the
Illinois River, the Supreme Justices continuing
to perform circuit duty in the four other circuits.
This arrangement continued until 1835, when the
State was divided into six judicial circuits, and,
five additional Circuit Judges having been
elected, the Supreme Judges were again relieved
from circuit court service. After this no mate-
rial changes occurred except in the increase of the
number of circuits until 1841, the whole number
then being nine. At this time political reasons
led to an entire reorganization of the courts. An
act passed Feb. 10, 1841, repealed all laws author-
izing the election of Circuit Judges, and provided
for the appointment of five additional Associate
Judges of the Supreme Court, making nine in
all; and, for a third time, circuit duties devolved
upon the Supreme Court Judges, the State being
divided at the same time into nine circuits.
By the adoption of the Constitution of 1848 the
judiciary sj-stem underwent an entire change, all
judicial officers being made elective by the
people. The Constitution provided for a Supreme
Court, consisting of three Judges, Circuit Courts,
County Courts, and courts to be held by Justices
of the Peace. In addition to these, the Legisla-
ture had the power to create inferior civil and
criminal courts in cities, but only upon a imiform
plan. For the election of Supreme Judges, the
State was divided into three Grand Judicial Divi-
sions. The Legislature might, however, if it saw
fit, provide for the election of all three Judges on
a general ticket, to be voted throughout the
State-at-large ; but this power was never exer-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS.
311
cised. Appeals lay from the Circuit Courts to the
Supreme Court for the particular division in
which the county might be located, although, by
unanimous consent of all parties in interest, an
appeal might be transferred to another district.
Nine Circuit Courts were established, but the
number might be increased at the discretion of
the General Assembly. Availing itself of its
constitutional power and providing for the needs
of a rapidly growing community, the Legislature
gradually increased the number of circuits to
thirty. The term of office for Supreme Court
Judges was nine, and, for Circuit Judges, six
years. Vacancies were to be filled by popular
election, unless the unexpired term of the
deceased or retiring incumbent was less than one
year, in which case the Governor was authorized
to appoint. Circuit Courts were vested with
appellate jurisdiction from inferior tribunals, and
each was required to hold at least two terms
annually in each county, as might be fixed by
statute.
The Constitution of 1870, without changing the
mode of election or term of office, made several
changes adapted to altered conditions. As
regards the Supreme Court, the three Grand
Divisions were retained, but the number of
Judges was increased to seven, chosen from a like
number of districts, but sitting together to con-
stitute a full court, of which four members con-
stitute a quorum. A Chief Justice is chosen by
the Court, and is visually one of the Judges
nearing the expiration of his term. The minor
officers include a Reporter of Decisions, and one
Clerk in each Division. By an act passed in 1897,
the three Supreme Court Divisions were consoli-
dated in one. the Court being required to hold its
sittings in Springfield, and hereafter only one
Clerk will be elected instead of three as hereto-
fore. The salaries of Justices of the Supreme
Court are fixed by law at $5,000 each.
The State was divided in 1873 into twenty-seven
circuits (Cook Coiinty being a circuit by itself),
and one or more terms of the circuit court are
required to be held each year in each county in
the State. The jurisdiction of the Circuit Courts
is both original and appellate, and includes mat-
ters civil and criminal, in law and in equity.
The Judges are elected by districts, and hold office
for six years. In 1877 the State was divided into
thirteen judicial circuits (exclusive of Cook
County), but without reducing the number of
Judges (twenty-six) already in office, and the
election of one additional Judge (to serve two
years) was ordered in each district, thus increas-
ing the number of Judges to thirty-nine. Again
in 1897 the Legislature passed an act increasing
the number of judicial circuits, exclusive of Cook
County, to seventeen, while the number of
Judges in each circuit remained the same, so
that the whole number of Judges elected that
year outside of Cook County was fifty -one. The
salaries of Circuit Judges are §3,500 per year,
except in Cook County, where they are §7,000.
The Constitution also provided for the organiza-
tion of Appellate Courts after the year 1874, hav-
ing uniform jurisdiction in districts created for
that purpose. These courts are a connecting
link between the Circuit and the Supreme Courts,
and greatly relieve the crowded calendar of the
latter. In 1877 the Legislature established four
of these tribunals: one for the County of Cook;
one to include all the Northern Grand Division
except Cook County; the third to embrace the
Central Grand Division, and the fourth the South-
ern. Each Appellate Court is held by three Cir-
cuit Court Judges, named by the Judges of the
Supreme Court, each assignment covering three
years, and no Judge either allowed to receive
extra compensation or sit in review of his own
rulings or decisions. Two terms are held in each
District every year, and these courts have no
original jurisdiction.
Cook County. — The judicial system of Cook
County is different from that of the rest of the
State. The Constitution of 1870 made the county
an independent district, and exempted it from
being subject to any subsequent redistricting.
The bench of the Circuit Court in Cook County,
at first fixed at five Judges, has been increased
under the Constitution to fourteen, who receive
additional compensation from the county treas-
ury. The Legislature has the constitutional
right to increase the number of Judges according
to population. In 1849 the Legislature estab-
lished the Cook County Court of Common Pleas.
Later, this became the Superior Court of Cook
County, which now (1898) consists of thirteen
Judges. For this court there exists the same
constitutional provision relative to an increase of
Judges as in the case of the Circuit Court of Cook
County.
JUDY, Jacob, pioneer, a native of Switzer-
land, who, having come to the United States at
an early day, remained some years in Maryland,
when, in 1786, he started west, spending two
years near Louisville, Ky., finally arriving at
Kaskaskia, 111., in 1788. In 1793 he removed to
New Design, in Monroe County, and, in 1800,
located within the present limits of Madison
312
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
County, where he died in 1807. — Samuel (Judy),
son of the preceding, born August 19, 1773, was
brought by his fatlier to Illinois in 1788, and after-
wards became prominent in political affairs and
famous as an Indian fighter. On the organization
of Madison Count}- he became one of the first
County Commissioners, serving many years. He
also commanded a body of "Rangers" in the
Indian campaigns during the War of 1812, gain-
ing the title of Colonel, and served as a member
from JIadison County in the Second Territorial
Council (1814-1.1). Previous to 1811 he built the
first brick house within the limits of Madison
County, which still stood, not many years since,
a few miles from Edwardsville. Colonel Judy
died in 1838. — Jacob (Judy), eldest son of Samuel,
was Register of the Land Office at Edwardsville,
1845-49. — Thomas (Judy), younger son of Samuel,
was born, Dec. 19, 1804, and represented Madison
County in the Eighteenth General Assembly
(1852-54). Ilis death occiu-red Oct. 4, 1880.
JUDY, James TYilliam, soldier, was born in
Clark Count}-, Ky., May 8, 1822 — his ancestors
on his father's side being from Switzerland, and
those on his mother's from Scotland ; grew up on
a farm and, in 1852, removed to ^lenard County,
111., where he has since resided. In August, 1862,
he enlisted as a private soldier, was elected Cap-
tain of his company, and, on its incorporation as
part of the One Hundred and Fourteenth Regi-
ment Illinois Volunteers at Camp Butler, was
chosen Colonel by acclamation. The One Hun-
dred and Fourteenth, as part of the Fifteenth
Army Corps under command of that brilliant
soldier. Gen. Wm. T. Sherman, was attached to
the Army of the Tennessee, and took part in the
entire siege of Vicksburg, from Jlay, 18G3, to the
surrender on the 3d of July following. It also
participated in the siege of Jackson, Miss., and
numerous other engagements. After one year's
service. Colonel Judy was compelled to resign by
domestic affliction, having lost two children by
death within eight days of each other, while
others of his family were dangerously ill. On
his retirement from the army, he became deeply
interested in thorough-bred cattle, and is now the
most noted stock auctioneer in the United States
— having, in the past thirty years, sold more
thorough-bred cattle than any other man living
— his operations extending from Canada to Cali-
fornia, and from ]\Iinnesota to Texas. Colonel
Judy was elected a member of the State Board of
Agriculture in 1874, and .so remained continu-
ously until 1896 — except two years — also serving
as President of the Board from 1894 to 1896. He
bore a conspicuous part in securing the location
of the State Fair at Springfield in 1894, and the
improvements there made under his administra-
tion have not been paralleled in any other State.
Originally, and up to 1856, an old-line Whig,
Colonel Judy has since been an ardent Repub-
lican; and though active in political campaign.s,
has never held a political office nor desired one,
being content with the discharge of his duty as a
patriotic private citizen.
KAXAX, Michael F., soldier and legislator, was
born in Essex County, N. Y. , in November, 1837,
at twenty years of age removed to JIacon County,
111. , and engaged in farming. Dui'ing the Civil
War he enlisted in the Forty-first Illinois Volun-
teers (Col. I. C. Pugh's regiment), serving nearly
four years and retiring with the rank of Captain.
After the war he served six years as Mayor of the
city of Decatur. In 1894 he was elected State
Senator, serving in the Thirty-ninth and Fortieth
General Assemblies. Captain Kanan was one of
the founders of the Grand Army of the Republic,
and a member of the first Post of the order ever
established — that at Decatur.
KANE, a village of Greene County, on the
Jacksonville Division of the Chicago & Alton
Railway, 40 miles south of Jacksonville. It has
a bank and a weekly paper. Population (1880),
408; (1890), .551; (1900), 588.
KANE, Elias Kent, early United States Sena-
tor, is said by Lanman's "Dictionary of Congress''
to have been born in New York, June 7, 1796.
The late Gen. Geo. W. Smith, of Chicago, a rela-
tive of Senator Kane's by marriage, in a paper
read before the Illinois State Bar Associatior
(1895), rejecting other statements assigning the
date of the Illinois Senator's birth to various
years from 1786 to 1796, expresses the opinion,
based on family letters, that he was really born
in 1794. He was educated at Yale College, gradu-
ating in 1812, read law in New York, and emi-
grated to Tennessee in 1813 or early in 1814, but,
before the close of the latter year, removed to Illi-
nois, settling at Kaskaskia. His abilities were
recognized by his appointment, early in 1818, as
Judge of the eastern circuit under the Territorial
Government. Before the close of the same year
he served as a member of the first State Consti-
tutional Convention, and was appointed by Gov-
ernor Bond the first Secretary of State under the
new State Government, but resigned on the
accession of Governor Coles in 1822. Two years
later he was elected to the General Assembly as
Representative from Randolph County, but
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
313
resigned before the close of the year to accept a
seat in the United States Senate, to which he was
elected in 1824, and re-elected in 1830. Before
the expiration of his second term (Dec. 12, 1835),
having reached the age of a little more than 40
years, he died in Washington, deeply mourned
by his fellow-members of Congress and by his
constituents. Senator Kane was a cousin of the
distinguished Chancellor Kent of New York,
through his mother's family, while, on his
father's side, he was a relative of the celebrated
Arctic explorer, Elisha Kent Kane.
KANE COUNTY, one of the wealthiest and
most progressive counties in the State, situated in
the northeastern quarter. It has an area of 540
square miles, and population (1900) of 78,793;
was named for Senator Ellas Kent Kane. Tim-
ber and water are abundant. Fox River flowing
through the county from north to south. Immi-
gration began in 1833, and received a new impetus
in 1835, when the Pottawatomies were removed
west of the Mississippi, A school was established
in 1834, and a church organized in 1835. County
organization was effected in June, 1836, and the
public lands came on the market in 1842. The
Civil War record of the county is more than
creditable, the number of volunteers exceeding
the assessed quota. Farming, grazing, manufac-
turing and dairy industries chiefly engage the
attention of the people. The county has many
flotu'ishing cities and towns. Geneva is the county-
seat. (See A^trora, Dundee, Eldora, Elgin, Geneva
and St. Charles. )
KANGLEY, a village of La Salle County, on
the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railwaj', three
miles northwest of Streator. There are several
coal shafts here. Population (1900), 1,004.
KANKAKEE, a prosperous city, the county-
seat of Kankakee County, situated on the Kan-
kakee River, at the intersection of the Cleveland,
Chicago, Cincinnati & St. Louis and the Indiana,
Illinois & Iowa Railroads, 56 miles south of Chi-
cago. It stands on a rolling prairie in the heart
of a rich agricultural and stock-raising region,
near extensive coal flelds and beds of bog
iron ore. It has excellent water power and
numerous manufactories, including flour and
paper mills, besides two quarries of valuable
building stone. The Eastern Hospital for the
Insane is located here. The city has one monthly
and three daily and weekly papers Population
(1880), 5,651; (1890), 9,025; (1900), 13,595.
KANKAKEE COUNTY, a wealthy and popu-
lous county in the northeast section of the State,
having an area of 680 square miles — receiving its
name from its principal river. It was set apart
from Will and Iroquois Counties under the act
passed in 1851, the owners of the site of the
present city of Kankakee contributing §5,000
toward the erection of county buildings. Agri-
culture, manufacturing and coal-mining are the
principal pursuits. The first white settler was
one Noah Vasseur, a Frenchman, and the first
American, Thomas Durham. Population (1880),
35,047; (1890), 28,732; (1900), 37,154.
KANKAKEE RITER, a sluggish stream, rising
in St. Joseph County, Ind., and flowing west-
southwest through English Lake and a flat marshy
region, into Illinois. In Kankakee County it
unites with the Iroquois from the south and the
Des Plaines from the north, after the junction
with the latter, taking the name of the Illinois.
KANKAKEE & SENECA RAILROAD, a line
lying wholly in Illinois, 43.08 miles in length. It
has a capital stock of S10,000, bonded debt of
§6.50,000 and other forms of indebtedness (1895)
reaching .§557, 629; total capitalization, §1,317,629.
This road was chartered in 1881, and opened in
1882. It connects with the Cleveland, Cincinnati,
Chicago & St. Louis Railroad, and the Cliicago,
Rock Island & Pacific, and is owned jointly by
these two lines, but operated by the former. (See
Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Rail-
road.)
KANSAS, a village in Edgar County, on the
Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis and
the Chicago & Ohio River Railways, 156 miles
northeast of St. Louis, 104 miles west of Indian-
apolis, 13 miles east of Charleston and 11 miles
west-southwest of Paris. The surrounding region
is agricultural and stock-raising. Kansas has tile
works, two grain elevators, a canning factory,
and railway machine shops, beside four churches,
a collegiate institute, a National bank and a
weekly newspaper. Population (1880), 733; (1890),
1,037; (1900), 1,049.
KASKASKIA, a village of the Illinois Indians,
and later a French trading post, first occupied in
1700. It passed into the hands of the British
after the French-Indian War in 1765, and was
captured by Col. George Rogers Clark, at the head
of a force of Virginia troops, in 1778. (See Clark,
George Rogers.) At that time the white inhab-
itants were almost entirely of French descent.
The first exercise of the elective franchise in Illi-
nois occurred here in the year last named, and, in
1804, the United States Government opened a
land office there. For many years the most
important commercial town in the Territor}', it
remained the Territorial and State capital down
314
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
to 1819, when the seat of governmelit was re-
moved to Vandalia. Originally situated on the
west side of the Kaskaskia River, some six miles
from the Mississippi, early in 1899 its site had
been swept away by the encroachments of the
latter stream, so that all that is left of the princi-
pal town of Illinois, in Territorial days, is simply
its name.
KASKASKI.i INDIANS, one of the five tribes
constituting the Illinois confederation of Algon-
quin Indians. About the year 1700 they removed
from what is now La Salle County, to Southern
Illinois, where they established themselves along
the banks of the river which bears their name.
Thej- were finally removed, with their b-ethren
of the Illinois, west of the Mississippi, and, as a
distinct tribe, have become extinct.
KASKASKIA EIYER, rises in Champaign
County, and flows southwest through the coun-
ties of Douglas, Coles, Moultrie, Shelby, Fayette,
Clinton and St. Clair, thence southward through
Randolph, and empties into the Mississippi River
near Chester. It is nearly 300 miles long, and
flows through a fertile, undulating country, which
forms part of the great coal field of the State.
KEITH, Edson, Sr., merchant and manufac-
turer, born at Barre, Vt. , Jan. 28, 1833, was edu-
cated at home and in the district schools ; spent
18.50-54 in Montpelier, coming to Chicago the
latter year and obtaining employment in a retail
dry-goods store. In 1860 he assisted in establish-
ing the firm of Keith, Faxon & Co., now Edson
Keith & Co. ; is also President of the corporation
of Keith Brothers & Co., a Director of the Metro-
politan National Bank, and the Edison Electric
Light Company. — Elbridgre G. (Keith), banker,
brother of the preceding, was born at Barre, Vt.,
July 1(5, 1840; attended local schools and Barre
Academy ; came to Chicago in 18.57, the next year
taking a position as clerk in the house of Keith,
Faxon & Co., in 1865 becoming a partner and, in
1884, being chosen President of the Metropolitan
National Bank, where he still remains. Mr.
Keith was a member of the Republican National
Convention of 1880, and belongs to several local
literary, political and social clubs ; was also one
of the Directors of the World's Columbian Expo-
sition of 189-3-93.
KEITHSBURG. a town in Mercer County, on
the Mississippi River and at the intersection
of the Chicago. Burlington & Quincy and
the Iowa Central Railways: is 150 miles north-
west of Springfield. Agriculture is the principal
occupation. There are two weekly papers here.
Population (1880), 942; (1890), 1,484; (1900), 1,566.
KELLOGG, Hiram Huntington, clergyman
and educator, was born at Clinton (then Whites-
town), N. Y., in February, 1803, graduated at
Hamilton College and Auburn Seminary, after
which he served for some years as pastor at
various places in Central New York. Later, he
established the Young Ladies" Domestic Seminary
at Clinton, claimed to be the first ladies' semi-
nary in the State, and the first experiment in the
country uniting manual training of girls with
scholastic instruction, antedating Mount Hoi
yoke, Oberlin and other institutions which adopted
this system. Color was no bar to admission to
the institution, though the daughters of some of
the wealthiest families of the State were among
its pupils. Mr. Kellogg was a co-laborer with
Gerritt Smith, Beriah Green, the Tappans, Garri-
son and others, in the eff'ort to arouse public senti-
ment in opposition to slavery. In 1836 he united
with Prof. George W. Gale and others in the
movement for the establishment of a colony and
the building up of a Christian and anti-slavery
institution in the West, which resulted in the
location of the town of Galesburg and the found,
ing there of Knox College. Mr. Kellogg was
chosen the first President of the institution and,
in 1841, left his thriving school at Clinton to
identify himself with the new enterprise, which,
in its infancy, was a manual-labor school. In the
West he soon became the ally and co-laborer of
such men as Owen Lovejoy, Ichabod Codding,
Dr. C. V. Dyer and others, in the work of extirpat-
ing slavery. In 1843 he visited England as a
member of the World's Peace Convention, re-
maining abroad about a j'ear, during which time
he made the acquaintance of Jacob Bright and
others of the most prominent men of that day in
England and Scotland. Resigning the Presidency
of Knox College in 1847. he returned to Clinton
Seminary, and was later engaged in various busi-
ness enterprises until 1861, when he again re-
moved to Illinois, and was engaged in preaching
and teaching at various points during the
remainder of his life, dying suddenlj-, at his
home school at Mount Forest, 111., Jan. 1, 1881.
KELLOGG, William Pitt, was born at Orwell,
Vt., Dec. 8, 1831, removed to Illinois in 1848,
studied law at Peoria, was admitted to the bar in
1854, and began practice in Fulton County. He
was a candidate for Presidential Elector on the
Republican ticket in 1856 and 1860, being elected
the latter year. Appointed Chief Justice of
Nebraska in 1861, he resigned to accept the
colonelcy of the Seventh Illinois Cavalry. Fail-
ing health caused his retirement from the army
—Old Kaskaskia from Garrison Hill (1893). 2. — Kaskaskia Hotel where LaFaj'ette was feted in 1825.
3. — First Illinois State House, iSiS. 4. — Interior of Room (1S93), where LaFayette bancjuet was
held. 5. — Pierre Menard Mansion. 6. — House of Chief Ducoign, last of the Cascasquias (Kaskaskias).
..-Remnant of Ol.l Kaskaskia (iggS,. 2 -View on Principal Street (.89.). ,V-f.en. John Edgars
House ( 1S91). 4.-IIouse of Gov. Bond ( 1891). 5.-" Chenii Mansion " where LaKavette was enter-
tained, as It appeared in 189S. 6.-Okl State House ( 1900).
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
315
after the battle of Corinth. In 1865 he was
appointed Collector of the Port at New Orleans.
Thereafter he became a conspicuous figure in
both Louisiana and National politics, serving as
United States Senator from Louisiana from 1868
to 1871, and as Governor from 1872 to 1876, during
the stormiest period of reconstruction, and mak-
ing hosts of bitter personal and political enemies
as well as warm friends. An unsuccessful attempt
was made to impeach him in 1876. In 1877 he was
elected a second time to the United States Senate
by one of two rival Legislatures, being awarded
his seat after a bitter contest. At the close of his
term (1883) he took his seat in the lower house to
which he was elected in 1883, serving until 1885.
"While retaining his residence in Louisiana, Mr.
Kellogg has spent much of his time of late years
in Washington City.
KENDALL COUNTY, a northeastern county,
with an area of 330 square miles and a population
(1900) of 11,467. The surface is rolling and the
soil fertile, although generally a light, sandy
loam. The county was organized in 1841, out of
parts of Kane and La Salle, and was named in
honor of President Jackson's Postmaster-General.
The Fox River (running southwestwardly
through the county), with its tributaries, affords
ample drainage and considerable water power;
the railroad facilities are admirable; timber is
abundant. Yorkville and Oswego have been
rivals for the county-seat, the distinction finally
resting with the former. Among the pioneers
may be mentioned Messrs. John Wilson, Ed-
ward Anient, David Carpenter, Samuel Smith,
the Wormley and Pierce brothers, and E.
Morgan.
KENDRICK, Adin A., educator, was born at
Ticonderoga, N. Y., Jan. 7, 1836; educated at
Granville Academy, N. Y., and Middlebury Col-
lege; removed to Janesville, Wis., in 1857, studied
law and began practice at Monroe, in that State,
a year later removing to St. Louis, where he con-
tinued practice for a short time. Then, having
abandoned the law, after a course in the Theolog-
ical Seminary at Rochester, N. Y., in 1861 he
became pastor of the North Baptist Church in
Chicago, but, in 1865, removed to St. Louis,
where he remained in pastoral work until 1872,
when he assumed the Presidency of Shurtleff
College at Upper Alton, 111.
KENNEY, a village and railway station in
Dewitt County, at the intersection of the Spring-
field Division of the Illinois Central and the
Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railroads, 36 miles
northeast of Springfield. The town has a bank
and two newspapers ; the district is agricultural.
Population (1880), 418; (1890), 497; (1900), 584.
KENT, (Rev.) Aratus, pioneer and Congrega-
tional missionary, was born in SufEeld, Conn, in
1794, educated at Yale and Princeton and, in 1829,
as a Congregational missionary, came to the
Galena lead mines — then esteemed "a place so
hard no one else would take it. " In less than two
years he had a Sunday-school with ten teachers
and sixty to ninety scholars, and had also estab-
lished a day-school, which he conducted himself.
In 1831 he organized the First Presbyterian
Church of Galena, of which he remained pastor
until 1848, when he became Agent of the Home
Missionary Society. He was prominent in laying
the foundations of Beloit College and Rockford
Female Seminary, meanwhile contributing freely
from his meager salary to charitable purposes.
Died at Galena, Nov. 8, 1869.
KEOKUK, (interpretation, "The Watchful
Fox"), a Chief of the Sacs and Foxes, born on
Rock River, about 1780. He had tlie credit of
shrewdness and bravery, which enabled him
finally to displace his rival. Black Hawk. He
always professed ardent friendship for the whites,
although this was not infrequently attributed to
a far-seeing policy. He earnestly dissuaded
Black Hawk from the formation of his confeder-
acy, and when the latter was forced to surrender
himself to the United States authorities, he was
formally delivered to the custody of Keokuk. By
the Rock Island treaty, of September, 1832, Keo-
kuk was formally recognized as the principal
Chief of the Sacs and Foxes, and granted a reser-
vation on the Iowa River, 40 miles square. Here
he lived until 1845, when he removed to Kansas,
where, in June, 1848, he fell a victim to poison,
supposedly administered by some partisan of
Black Hawk. (See Black Haivk and Black Hawk
War.)
KERFOOT, Samuel H., real-estate operator,
was born in Lancaster, Pa., Dec. 18, 1823, and
educated under the tutorship of Rev. Dr. Muh-
lenburg at St. Paul's College, Flushing, Long
Island, graduating at the age of 19. He was
then associated with a brother in founding St.
James College, in Washington County, Md., but,
in 1848, removed to Chicago and engaged in the
real-estate business, in which he was one of the
oldest operators at the time of his death, Dec. 28,
1896. He was one of the founders and a life
member of the Chicago Historical Society and of
the Chicago Academy of Sciences, and associated
with other learned and social organizations. He
%vas also a member of the original Real Estate
316
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
and Stock Board of Chicago and its first Presi-
dent.
KEWANEE, a town in Henry County, on tlie
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 32 miles
northeast of Galesburg. Agriculture and coal-
mining are the industries of the surrounding
country. The town contains tliirteen churches,
three graded schools, a public library of 6,000
volumes, national banks and three weekly
papers, two of them issuing daily editions. Its
manufactures include foundry and machine shop
products, agricultural implements, carriages and
wagons, soil pipe, pumps and heating apparatus.
Population (1880), 2,704; (1890), 4,569; (1900),
8,382.
KEYES, Willard, pioneer, was born at Xew-
fane, AVindsor County, Vt., Oct. 28, 1T92; spent
his early life on a farm, enjoying only such edu-
cational advantages as could be secured by a few
months" attendance on school in winter ; in 1817
started west by way of Mackinaw and, crossing
Wisconsin (then an unbroken wilderness), finally
reached Prairie du Chien, after which he spent a
year in the "pineries." In 1819 he descended the
Mississippi with a raft, his attention en route
being attracted by the present site of the city of
Quincy, to which, after two years spent in exten-
sive exploration of the "Military Tract" in the
interest of certain owners of bounty lands, he
again returned, finding it still unoccupied.
Then, after two years spent in farming in Pike
County, in 1824 he joined his friend, the late
Gov. John Wood, who had built the first house in
Quincy two years previous. Mr. Keyes thus
became one of the three earliest settlers of
Quincy, the other two being John W^ood and a
Major Rose. On the organization of Adams
County, in January, 182.5, he was appointed a
member of the first Board of County Commission-
ers, which held its first meeting in his house.
Mr. Keyes acquired considerable landed property
about Quincy, a portion of which he donated to
the Chicago Theological Seminary, thereby fur-
nishing means for the erection of "Willard Hall"
in connection with that institution. His death
occurred in Quinc)', Feb. 7, 1872.
KICKAPOOS, a tribe of Indians whose eth-
nology is closely related to that of the Mascou-
tins. The French orthography of the word was
various, the early explorers designating them as
"Kic-a-pous," "Kick-a-poux," "Kick-a-bou," and
"Quick-a-pous." The significance of the name is
uncertain, different authorities construing it to
mean "the otter's foot" and the "rabbifs ghost, "
according to dialect. From 1602, when the tribe
was first visited by Samuel Champlain, the Kicka-
poos were noted as a nation of warriors. They
fought against Christianization, and were, for
some time, hostile to the French, although they
proved efficient allies of the latter during the
French and Indian War. Their first formal
recognition of the authority of the United States
was in the treaty of Edwardsville (1819), in which
reference was made to the treaties executed at
Vincennes (180.5 and 1809). Nearly a century
before, they had left their seats in Wisconsin and
established villages along the Rock River and
near Chicago (1712-15). At the time of the
Edwardsville treaty they had settlements in the
valleys of the Wabash, Embarras, Kaskaskia,
Sangamon and Illinois Rivers. W^hile they
fought bravely at the battle of Tippecanoe, their
chief military skill lay in predatory warfare. As
compared with other tribes, the}' were industri-
ous, intelligent and cleanl}-. In 1832-33 they
were removed to a reservation in Kansas. Thence
many of them drifted to the southwest, join-
ing roving, plundering bands. In language,
manners and customs, the Kickapoos closely
resembled the Sacs and Foxes, with whom some
ethnologists believe them to have been more or
less closely connected.
KILPATRICK, Thomas M., legislator and
soldier, was born in Crawford County, Pa., June
1, 1807. He learned the potter's trade, and, at
the age of 27, removed to Scott County, 111. He
was a deep thinker, an apt and reflective student
of public affairs, and naturally eloquent. He
was twice elected to the State Senate (1840 and
'44), and, in 1846, was the AVliig candidate for
Governor, but was defeated by Augustus C.
French, Democrat. In 1850 he emigrated to
California, but, after a few years, returned to
Illinois and took an active part in the campaigns
of 1858 and 18G0. On the outbreak of the Civil
War he was commissioned Colonel of the Twenty-
eighth Illinois Volunteers, for which regiment he
had recruited a company. He was killed at the
battle of Shiloh, April 6, 1862, while leading a
charge.
KI>'DERHOOK, a village and railway station
in Pike Count}-, on the Hannibal Division of the
Wabash Railway, 13 miles east of Hannibal.
Population (1.890), 473; (1900). 370.
KING, John Lyle, lawyer, was born in Madison.
Ind., in 1825 — the son of a pioneer settler who
was one of the founders of Hanover College
and of the Presbyterian Theological Seminary
there, which afterwards became the "Presby-
terian Theological Seminary of the Northwest, "'
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
3ir
now the McCormick Theological Seminary of
Chicago. After graduating at Hanover, Mr, King
began the study of law with an uncle at Madison,
and the following year was admitted to the bar.
In 1852 he was elected to the Indiana Legislature
and, while a member of that body, acted as Chair-
man of the Committee to present Louis Kossuth,
the Hungarian patriot and exile, to the Legisla-
ture ; also took a prominent part, during the next
few years, in the organization of the Republican
party. Removing to Chicago in 1856, he soon
became prominent in his profession there, and, in
18G0, was elected City Attorney over Col. James A.
JluUigan, who became eminent a year or two later,
in connection with the war for the Union. Hav-
ing a fondness for literature, Mr. King wrote much
for the press and, in 1878, published a volume of
sporting experiences with a party of professional
friends in the woods and waters of Northern Wis-
consin and Michigan, under the title, "Trouting
on the Brule River, or Summer "Wayfaring in the
Northern Wilderness. " Died in Chicago, April 17,
1893.
KING, William H., lawyer, was born at Clifton
Park, Saratoga Coimty, N.Y., Oct. 23, 1817; gradu-
ated from Union College in 1840, studied law at
Waterford and, having been admitted to the bar
the following year, began practice at the same
place. In 1853 he removed to Chicago, where he
held a number of important positions, including
the Presidency of the Chicago Law Institute, the
Chicago Bar Association, the Chicago Board of
Education, and the Union College Alumni
Association of the Northwest. In 1870 he was
elected to the lower branch of the Twenty-
seventh General Assembly, and, during the ses-
sions following the Are of 1871 prepared the act
for the protection of titles to real estate, made
necessary by the destruction of the records in the
Recorder's office. Mr. King received the degree
of LL.D from his Alma Mater in 1879. Died, in
Chicago, Feb. 6, 1892.
KINGMAN, Martin, was born at Deer Creek,
Tazewell County, 111., April 1, 1844; attended
school at Washington, 111., then taught two or
three years, and, in June, 1862, enlisted in the
Eighty-sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, serv-
ing three years without the loss of a day — a part
of the time on detached service in charge of an
ambulance corps and, later, as Assistant Quarter-
master. Returning from the war with the rank
of First Lieutenant, in August, 1865, he went to
Peoria, where he engaged in business and has re-
mained ever since. He is now connected with the
following bu.siness concerns: Kingman & Co.,
manufacturers and dealers in farm machinery,
buggies, wagons, etc. ; The Kingman Plow Com-
pany, Bank of Illinois, Peoria Cordage Company,
Peoria General Electric Company, and National
Hotel Company, besides various outside enter-
prises— all large concerns in each of which he is a
large stockholder and a Director. Mr. Kingman
was Canal Commissioner for six years — this being
his only connection with politics. During 1898 he
was also chosen Lieutenant-Colonel of the Peoria
Provisional Regiment organized for the Spanish-
American War. His career in connection witli
the industrial develojiment of Peoria has been
especially conspicuous and successful.
KINKADE (or Kinkead), William, a native of
Tennessee, settled in what is now Lawrence
County, in 1817, and was elected to the State
Senate in 1823, but appears to have served only
one session, as he was succeeded "in the Fourth
General Assembly by James Bird. Although a
Tennesseean by birth, he was one of the most
aggressive opponents of the scheme for making
Illinois a slave State, being the only man who
made a speech against the pro-slavery convention
resolution, though this was cut short by the
determination of the pro-conventionists to permit
no debate. Mr. -Kinkade was appointed Post-
master at Lawrenceville by President John
Quincy Adams, and held the position for many
years. He died in 1846.
KINMUNDY, a city in Marion County, on the
Illinois Central Railroad, 229 miles south of
Chicago and 24 miles northeast of Centralia.
Agriculture, stock-raising, fruit-growing and
coal-mining are the principal industries of the
surrounding country. Kinmundy has flouring
mills and brick-making plants, with other
manufacturing establishments of minor impor-
tance. There are five churches, a bank and a
weekly newspaper. Population (1880), 1,096;
(1890), 1.045; (1900), .1,231.
KINNEY, William, Lieutenant-Governor of
Illinois from 1826 to 1830 ; was born in Kentucky in
1781 and came to Illinois early in life, finally
settling in St. Clair County. Of limited educa-
tional advantages, he was taught to read by his
wife after marriage. He became a Baptist
preacher, was a good stump-orator; served two
sessions in the State Senate (the First and Third),
was a candidate for Governor in 1834, but was
defeated by Joseph Duncan ; in 1838 was elected
by the Legislature a member of the Board of
Public Works, becoming its President. Died
in 1843. — William C. (Kinney), son of the preced-
ing, was born in Illinois, served as a member of
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HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
the Constitutional Convention of 1847 and as
Representative in the Nineteenth General Assem-
bly (1855), and, in 1857, was appointed by Gov-
ernor Bissell Adjutant-General of the State,
dying in office the following year.
KIN/IE, John, Indian-trader and earliest citi-
zen of Chicago, was born in Quebec, Canada, in
1763. His father was a Scotchman named
McKenzie, but the son dropped the prefix "Mc,"
and the name soon came to be spelled "Kinzie"
—an orthography recognized by the family. Dur-
ing his early childhood his father died, and his
mother gave him a stepfather by the name of
William Forsythe. When ten years old he left
home and, for three years, devoted himself to
learning the jeweler's trade at Quebec. Fasci-
nated by stories of adventure in the West, he
removed thither and became an Indian-trader.
In 1804 he established a trading post at what is
now the site of Chicago, being the first solitary
white settler. Later he established other posts
on the Rock, Illinois and Kankakee Rivers. He
was twice married, and tlie father of a mmierous
family. His daughter Maria married Gen.
David Hunter, and his daughter-in-law, Mrs.
John H. Kinzie, achieved literary distinction as
the authoress of "Wau Bun," etc. (N. Y. 1850.)
Died in Chicago, Jan. 6, 1828.— John Harris
(Kinzie). son of the preceding, was born at Sand-
wich, Canada, July 7, 1803. brought by his par-
ents to Chicago, and taken to Detroit after the
massacre of 1813, but returned to Chicago in
1810. Two years later his father placed him at
Mackinac Agency of the American Fur Com-
pany, and, in 1824, he was transferred to Prairie
du Chien. The following year he was Sub- Agent
of Indian affairs at Fort Winnebago, where he
witnessed several important Indian treaties. In
1830 he went to Connecticut, where he was
married, and, in 1833, took up his permanent resi-
dence in Chicago, forming a partnership with
Gen. David Hunter, his brother-in-law, in the
forwarding business. In 1841 he was appointed
Registrar of Public Lands by President Harrison,
but was removed by Tyler. In 1848 he was
appointed Canal Collector, and, in 1849, President
Taylor commissioned him Receiver of Public
Moneys. In 1861 he was commissioned Pay-
master in the army by President Lincoln, which
office he held until his death, which occurred on
a railroad train near Pittsburg, Pa., June 21, 1865.
KIRBY, Edward P., lawyer and legislator,
was born in Putnam County, 111., Oct. 28, 1834—
the son of Rev. William Kirby, one of the found-
ers and early professors of Illinois College at
Jacksonville; graduated at Illinois College in
1854, then taught several years at St. Louis and
Jacksonville; was admitted to the bar in 1864,
and, in 1873, was elected County Judge of Morgan
County as a Republican; was Representative in
the General Assembly from Jlorgan County
(1891-93) ; also served for several years as Trustee
of the Central Hospital for the Insane and. for a
long period, as Trustee and Treasurer of Illinois
College.
KIRK, (Oen.) Edward N., soldier, was born of
Quaker parentage in JetTerson County, Ohio, Feb.
29, 1828; graduated at the Friends' Academy, at
Mount Pleasant in the same State, and, after
teaching for a time, began the study of law,
completing it at Baltimore, Md., where he was
admitted to the bar in 1853. A year later he
removed to Sterling, 111., where he continued in
his profession until after the battle of the first
Bull Run. when he raised a regiment. The quota
of the State being already full, this was not im-
mediately accepted; but, after some delay, was
mustered in in September, 1861, as the Thirty-
fourth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, with the
subject of this sketch as Colonel. In the field he
soon proved himself a brave and dashing officer ;
at the battle of Sbiloh, though wounded through
the shoulder, he refused to leave the field. After
remaining with the army several days, inflam-
matory fever set in, necessitating his removal to
the hospital at Louisville, where he lay between
life and death for some time. Having partially
recovered, in August, 1862, he set out to rejoin
liis regiment, but was stopped en route by an
order assigning him to command at Louisville.
In November following he was commissioned
Brigadier-General for "heroic action, gallantry
and ability" displayed on the field. In the last
days of December, 1862, he had sufficiently re-
covered to take part in the series of engagements
at Stone River, where he was again wounded,
this time fatally. He was taken to his home in
Illinois, and, although he survived several
months, the career of one of the most brilliant
and promising soldiers of the war was cut short
by his death, July 21, 1863.
KIRKLAND, Joseph, journalist and author,
was born at Geneva, N. Y., Jan. 7, 1830 — the son
of Prof. William Kirkland of Hamilton College;
was brought by his parents to Michigan in 1835,
where he remained until 1856, when he came to
the city of Chicago. In 1861 he enlisted as a
private in the Twelfth Illinois Infantry (three-
months' men), was elected Second Lieutenant,
but later became Aid-de-Camp on the staff of
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
SIQ'
General McClellan, serving there and on the staff
of General Fitz-John Porter until the retirement
of the latter, meanwhile taking part in the Pen-
insular campaign and in the battle of Antietam.
Returning to Chicago he gave attention to some
coal-mining property near Danville, but later
studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1880.
A few years later he produced his first novel,
and, from 1890, devoted his attention solely to
literary pursuits, for several years being liter-
ary editor of "The Chicago Tribune." His works
— several of which first appeared as serials in the
magazines — include "Zury, the Meanest Man in
Spring County" (1885); "The MoVeys" (1887);
"The Captain of Co. K." (1889), besides the "His-
tory of the Chicago Massacre of 1812," and "The
Story of Chicago' ' — the latter in two volumes. At
the time of his death he had just concluded, in
collaboration with Hon. John Moses, the work of
editing a two- volume "History of Chicago," pub-
lished by Messrs. Munsell & Co. (1895). Died, in
Chicago, April 29, 1894.— Elizabeth Stansbury
(Kirkland), sister of the preceding — teacher and
author — was born at Geneva, N. Y. , came to Chicago
in 1867 and, five years later, established a select
school for young ladies, out of which grew what
is known as the "Kirkland Social Settlement,"
which was continued until her death, July 30,
1896. She was the author of a number of vol-
umes of decided merit, written with the especial
object of giving entertainment and instruction to
the young — including-"Six Little Cooks," "Dora's
Housekeeping," "Speech and Manners," a Child's
"History of France," a "History of England,"
"History of English Literature," etc. At her
death she left a "History of Italy" ready for the
hands of the publishers.
KIRKPATRICK, John, pioneer Methodist
preacher, was born in Georgia, whence he emi-
grated in 1802; located at Springfield, 111., at an
early day, where he built the first horse-mill in
that vicinity ; in 1829 removed to Adams County,
and finally to Ottumwa, Iowa, wliere he died in
1845. Mr. Kirkpatrick is believed to have been the
first local Methodist preacher licensed in Illinois.
Having inherited three slaves (a woman and two
boys) while in Adams County, he brought them
to Illinois and gave them their freedom. The
boys were bound to a man in Quincy to learn a
trade, but mysteriously disappeared^presumably
having been kidnaped with the connivance of
the man in whose charge they had been placed.
KIRKWOOD, a city in Warren County, once
known as "Young America," situated about two
miles southwest of Monmouth on the Chicago,
Burlington & Quincy Railroad. Flour is the
principal manufactured product. The town has
banks, several churches and a weekly newspaper.
Population (1880), 1,079; (1890), 949; (1900), 1,008.
KISHWAUKEE RIVER, rises in McHenry
County, runs west through Boone, and enters
Rock River in Winnebago County, eight miles
below Rockford. It is 75 miles long. An afflu-
ent called the South Kishwaukee River runs
north-northeast and northwest through De Kalb
County, and enters the Kiskwaukee in Winne-
bago County, about eight miles southeast of
Rockford.
KITCHELL, Wickliff, lawyer and Attorney-
General of Illinois, was born in New Jersey,
May 21, 1789. Feb. 29, 1812, he was married,
at Newark, N. J., to Miss Elizabeth Ross,
and the same year emigrated west, passing
down the Ohio on a flat-boat from Pittsburg,
Pa., and settled near Cincinnati In 1814
he became a resident of Southern Indiana,
where he was elected sheriff, studied law
and was admitted to the bar, finally becom-
ing a successful practitioner. In 1817 he removed
to Palestine, Crawford County, 111., where, in
1820, he was elected Representative in the Second
General Assembly, and was also a member of the
State Senate from 1828 to 1832. In 1838 he re-
moved to Hillsboro, Montgomery County, was
appointed Attorney-General in 1839, serving until
near the close of the following year, when he
resigned to take his seat as Representative in
the Twelfth General Assembly. Between 1846
and 1854 he was a resident of Fort Madison, Iowa,
but the latter year returned to Hillsboro. During
his early political career Mr. Kitchell had been a
Democrat ; but, on the passage of the Kansas-Neb-
raska act, became an earnest Republican. Pub-
lic-spirited and progressive, he was in advance of
his time on many public questions. Died, Jan..
2, 1869.— Alfred (Kitchell), son of the preceding,
lawyer and Judge, born at Palestine, 111., March
29, 1820; was educated at Indiana State Univer-
sity and Hillsboro Academy, admitted to the bar
in 1841, and, the following year, commenced
practice at Olney; was elected State's Attorney
in 1843, through repeated re-elections holding the
office ten years ; was a member of the Constitu-
tional Convention of 1847 and, in 1849, was
elected Judge of Richland County ; later assisted
in establishing the first newspaper published in
Olney, and in organizing the Republican party
there in 1856 ; in 1859 was elected Judge of the
Twenty-fifth Judicial Circuit, serving one term.
He was also influential in procuring a charter for
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HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad, and in the con-
struction of the line, being an original corporator
and subsequently a Director of the Company.
Later he removed to Galesburg, where he died,
Nov. 11, 1876.— Edward (Kitchell), another son,
■was born at Palestine, 111., Dec. 21, 1829; was
educated at Hillsbor<:i Academy until 1846, when
he removed with his father's family to Fort
Madison, Iowa, but later returned to Hillsboro to
continue his studies ; in 1852 made the trip across
the plains to California to engage in gold mining,
but the following j-ear went to Walla Walla,
AVashington Territory, where he opened a law
office; in 18.'i4 returned to Illinois, locating at
Olney. Richland County, forming a partnership
with Horace Hay ward, a relative, in the practice
of law. Here, having taken position against the
repeal of the Missouri Compromise, he became,
in 18.50, the editor of the first Republican news-
paper published in that part of Illinois known as
"Egj'pt," with his brother. Judge Alfred Kitchell,
being one of the original thirty-nine Republicans
in Richland County. In 1862 he assisted in
organizing the Ninety-eighth Regiment Illinois
Volunteers at Centralia, which, in the following
year having been mounted, became a part of the
famous "Wilder Brigade." At first he was com-
missioned Lieutenant-Colonel, but succeeded to
the command of the regiment after the wounding
of Colonel Funkhouser at Chickamauga in Sep-
tember, 1863; was finally promoted to the colo-
nelcy in July, 1865, and mustered out with the
rank of Brigadier-General by brevet. Resuming
the practice of his profession at Olney, he was,
in 1866, the Republican candidate for Congress in
a district strongly Democratic; also served as
Collector of Internal Revenue for a short time
and, in 1868, was Presidential Elector for the
same District. Died, at Olney, July 11, 1869.—
John Wickliff (Kitchell), youngest son of Wick-
liff Kitchell, was born at Palestine, Crawford
County, 111. , :May 30, 1835. educated at Hillsboro,
read law at Fort Madison, Iowa, and admitted to
the bar in that State. At the age of 19 years he
served as Assistant Clerk of the House of Repre-
sentatives at Springfield, and was Reading Clerk
of the same body at the session of 1861. Previous
to the latter date he had edited "The Montgomery
County Herald," and later, "The Charleston
Courier." Resigning his position as Reading
Clerk in 1861, he enlisted under the first call of
President Lincoln in the Ninth Illinois Volun-
teers, served as Adjutant of the regiment and
afterwards as Captain of his company. At the
expiration of his term of enlistment he established
"The Union Monitor" at Hillsboro, which he con-
ducted until drafted into the service in 1864,
serving until the close of the war. In 1866 he
removed to Pana (his present residence), resum-
ing practice there ; was a candidate for the State
Senate the same year, and, in 1870, was the
Republican nominee for Congress in that District.
KNICKERBOCKER, Joshua C, lawyer, was
born in Gallatin, Columbia County, N. Y., Sept.
26, 1827 ; brought by his father to Alden, McHenry
County, 111., in 1844, and educated in the com-
mon schools of that place ; removed to Chicago in
1860, studied law and was admitted to practice in
1862 ; served on the Board of Supervisors and in
the City Council and, in 1868, was elected Repre-
sentative in the General Assembly, serving one
term. He was also a member of the State Board
of Education from 1875 to '77, and the latter
year was elected Probate Judge for Cook Cotmty,
serving until his death, Jan. 5, 1890.
KNIGHTS OF PYTHIAS, a secret semi mill
tary and benevolent association founded in the
City of Washington, D. C, Feb. 19, 1864, Justus
H. Rathbone (who died Dec. 9, 1889) being its
recognized founder. The order was established
in Illinois, May 4, 1869, by the organization of
"Welcome Lodge, No. 1," in the city of Chicago.
On July 1, 1869, this Lodge had nineteen mem-
bers. At the close of the year four additional
Lodges had been instituted, having an aggregate
membership of 245. Early in the following year,
on petition of these five Lodges, approved by the
Grand Chancellor, a Grand Lodge of the Order
for the State of Illinois was instituted in Chicago,
with a membership of twenty-nine Past Chancel-
lors as representatives of the five subordinate
Lodges — the total membership of these Lodges at
that date being 382. December 31. 1870, the
total membership in Illinois had increased to 850.
June 30, 1895, the total number of Lodges in the
State was 525, and the membership 38,441. The
assets belonging to the Lodges in Illinois, on
Jan. 1, 1894. amounted to §418,151.77.
KNOWLTON, Dexter A., pioneer and banker,
was born in Fairfield, Herkimer County, N. Y. ,
March 3, 1812, taken to Chautauqua County in
infancy and passed his childhood and youth on a
farm. Having determined on a mercantile ca-
reer, he entered an academy at Fredonia, paying
his own way ; in 1838 started on a peddling tour
for the West, and, in the following year, settled
at Freeport, 111., where he opened a general store ;
in 1843 began investments in real estate, finally
laying off sundry additions to the city of Free-
port, from which he realized large profits. He
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
331
was also prominently connected with the Galena
& Chicago Union Railroad and, in 1850, became
a Director of the Company, remaining in office
some twelve years. In 1853 he was the Free-Soil
candidate for Governor of Illinois, but a few years
later became extensively interested in the Con-
gress & Empire Spring Company at Saratoga,
N. Y. ; then, after a four years' residence in
Brooklyn, returned to Freeport in 1870, where he
engaged in banking business, dying in that city,
March 10, 1876.
KNOX, Joseph, lawyer, was born at Blanford,
Mass., Jan. 11, 1805; studied law with his
brother. Gen. Alanson Knox, in his native town,
was admitted to the bar in 1838, subsequently
removing to Worcester, in the same State, where
he began the practice of his profession. In 1837
he removed west, locating at Stephenson, now
Hook Island, 111. , where he continued in practice
for twenty-three years. During the greater part
of that time he was associated with Hon. John
"W. Drury, under the firm name of Knox & Drury,
gaining a wide reputation as a lawyer throughout
Northern Illinois. Among the important cases in
which he took part during his residence in Rock
Island was the prosecution of the murderers of
Colonel Davenport in 1845. In 18.53 he served as a
Democratic Presidential Elector, but in the next
campaign identified himself with the Republican
party as a supporter of John C. Fremont for the
Presidency. In 1860 he removed to Chicago and,
two years later, was appointed State's Attorney
by Governor Yates, remaining in office until suc-
ceeded by his partner, Charles H, Reed. After
coming to Chicago he was identified with a num-
ber of notable cases. His death occurred, August
6, 1881.
KNOX COLLEGE, a non-sectarian institution
for the higher education of the j'outh of both
sexes, located at Galesburg, Knox County. It
was founded in 1837, fuUy organized in 1841, and
graduated its first class in 1846. The number of
graduates from that date until 1894, aggregated
867. In 1893 it bad 663 students in attendance,
and a faculty of 30 professors. Its library con-
tains about 6,000 volumes. Its endowment
amounts to §300,000 and its buildings are valued
at §150,000. Dr. Newton Bateman was at its
head for more than twenty years, and, on his res-
ignation (1893), John H. Finley, Ph.D., became
its President, but resigned in 1899.
KNOX COUNTY, a wealthy interior county
west of the Illinois River, having an area of 730
square miles and a population (1900) of 43,613. It
was named in honor of Gen. Henry Knox. Its
territorial limits were defined by legislative
enactment in 1835, but the actual organization
dates from 1830, when Riggs Pennington, Philip
Hash and Charles Hansford were named the first
Commissioners. Knoxville was the first county-
seat selected, and here (in the winter of 1830-31)
was erected the first court house, constructed
of logs, two stories in height, at a cost of
§193. The soil is rich, and agriculture flour-
ishes. The present county-seat (1899) is Gales-
burg, well known for its educational institutions,
the best known of which are Knox College,
founded in 1837, and Lombard University,
founded in 1851. A flourishing Episcopal Semi-
nary is located at Knoxville, and Hedding Col-
lege at Abingdon.
KNOXVILLE, a city in Knox County, on the
Galesburg- Peoria Division of the Chicago, Bur-
lington & Quincy Railroad, 50 miles west of
Peoria, and five miles east of Gaiesburg; was
formerly the county-seat, and stiU contains the
Fair Grounds and Almshouse. The municipal
government is composed of a Mayor, six Alder-
men, with seven heads of departments. It has
electric lighting and street-car service, good
water-works, two banks, numerous churches, two
public schools, and is the seat of St. Mary's
school, for girls, and St. Alban's Academy, for
boys. Population (1890), 1,738; (1900), 1,857.
KOERNER, Gustavus, lawyer and Lieutenant-
Governor, was born in Germany in 1809, ■ and
received a university education. He was a law-
yer by profession, and emigrated to Illinois in
1833, settling finall}' at Belleville. He at once
afliliated with the Democratic party, and soon
became prominent in politics. In 1843 he was
elected to the General Assembly, and three years
later was appointed to the bench of the State
Supreme Court. In 1853 he was elected Lieuten-
ant-Governor on the ticket headed by Joel A.
Matteson; but, at the close of his term, became
identified with the Republican party and was a
staunch Union man during the Civil AVar, serving
for a time as Colonel on General Fremont's and
General Halleck's staff's. In 1863 President Lin-
coln made him Minister to Spain, a post which he
resigned in January, 1865. He was a member of
the Chicago Convention of 1860 that nominated
Lincoln for the Presidency; was a Republican
Presidential Elector in 1868, and a delegate to the
Cincinnati Convention of 1873 that named Horace
Greeley for the Presidency. In 1867 he served as
President of the first Board of Trustees of the
Soldiers' Orphans' Home, and, in 1870, was
elected to the Legislature a second time. The
322
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
following year he was appointed a member of the
first Board of Railroad and Warehouse Commis-
sioners, and served as its President. He is the
author of "Collection of the Important General
Laws of Illinois, with Comments" (in German,
St. Louis, 1838); "From Spain" (Frankfort on-
the-Main, 1866); "Das Deutsche Element in den
Vereiningten Staaten" (Cincinnati, 1880; second
edition. New York, 1885) ; and a number of mono-
graphs. Died, at Belleville, April 9, 1896.
KOHLSAAT, Christian C, Judge of United
States Court, was born in Edwards County, 111.,
Jan. 8, 1844 — his father being a native of Germany
who settled in Edwards County in 1825, while his
mother was born in England. The family
removed to Galena in 1854, where young Kohlsaat
attended the public schools, later taking a course
in Chicago University, after which he began the
study of law. In 1867 he became a reporter on
"The Chicago Evening Journal," was admitted
to the bar in the same year, and, in 18G8, accepted
a position in the office of the County Clerk, where
he kept the records of the Coxmty Court under
Judge Bradwell's administration. During the
sessions of the Twenty-seventh General Assembly
(1871-72) , he served as First Assistant Enrolling
and Engrossing Clerk of the House, after which
he began practice ; in 1881 was the Republican
nominee for County Judge, but was defeated by
Judge Prendergast; served as member of tlie
Board of West Side Park Commissioners, 1884-90 ;
in 1890 was appointed Probate Judge of Cook
County (as successor to Judge Knickerbocker,
who died in January of that year), and was
elected to the office in November following, and
re-elected in 1894, as he was again in 1898. Early
in 1899 he was appointed, by President McKinley,
Judge of the United States District Court for the
Northern District of Illinois, as successor to Judge
Grosscup, who had been appointed United States
Circuit Judge in place of Judge Showalter,
deceased.
KOHLSAAT, Herman H., editor and news-
paper publisher, was born in Edwards County,
111., March 22, 1853, and taken the following year
to Galena, where he remained until 12 years of
age, when the family removed to Chicago. Here,
after attending the public schools some three
years, he became a cash-boy in the store of Car-
son, Pirie & Co., a year later rising to the position
of cashier, remaining two years. Then, after
having been connected with various business
concerns, he became the junior member of the
firm of Blake, Shaw & Co. , for wliom he had been
a traveling salesman some five years. In 1880 he
became associated with the Dake Bakery, in con-
nection with which he laid the foundation of an
extensive business by establishing a system of
restaurants and lunch counters in the business
portions of the city. In 1891, after a somewhat pro-
tracted visit to Europe. Mr. Kohlsaat bought a con-
trolling interest in "The Chicago Inter Ocean,"
but withdrew early in 1894. In April, 1895, he be-
came principal proprietor of "The Chicago Times-
Herald," as the successor of the late James W.
Scott, who died suddenly in New York, soon after
effecting a consolidation of Chicago's two Demo-
cratic papers, "The Times" and "Herald," in one
concern. Although changing the political status
of the paper from Democratic to Independent,
Mr. Kohlsaafs liberal enterprise has won for it
an assured success. He is also owner and pub-
lisher of "The Cliicago Evening Post." His
whole business career has been one of almost
phenomenal success attained by vigorous enter-
prise and high-minded, honorable methods. Mr.
Kohlsaat is one of the original incorporators of
the LTniversity of Chicago, of which he continues
to be one of the Trustees.
KROME, William Henry, lawyer, born of Ger-
man parentage, in Louisville, Ky., July 1, 1842;
in 1851 was brought by his father to Madison
County, 111., where he lived and worked for some
years on a farm. He acquired his education in
the common schools and at McKendree College,
graduating from the latter in 1863. After spend-
ing his summer months in farm labor and teach-
ing school during the winter, for a year or two,
he read law for a time with Judge M. G. Dale of
Edwardsville, and, in 1866, entered the law
department of Michigan University, gradu-
ating in 1869, though admitted the year previous
to practice by the Supreme Court of Illinois. Mr.
Krome has been successively the partner of
Judge John G. Irwin, Hon. W. F. L. Hadley (late
Congressman from the Eighteenth District) and
C. W. Terry. He has held the office of Mayor of
Edwardsville (1873), State Senator (1874-78), and,
in 1893, was a prominent candidate before the
Democratic judicial convention for the nomina-
tion for Justice of the Supreme Court, to succeed
Justice Scholfield, deceased. He is also President
of the Madison County State Bank.
KUEFFNER, William C, lawyer and soldier,
was born in Germany and came to St. Clair
County, 111., in 1861. Early in 1865 he was com-
missioned Colonel of the One Hundred and Forty-
ninth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, one of the
latest regiments organized for the Civil War, and
was soon after promoted to the rank of Brevet
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
333
Brigadier-General, serving until January, 1866.
Later, General Kueflfner studied law at St. Louis,
and having graduated in 1871, established himself
in practice at Belleville, where he has since
resided. He was a successful contestant for a
seat in the Republican National Convention of
1880 from the Seventeenth District.
KUYKEKDALL, Andrew J., lawyer and legis-
lator, was born of pioneer parents in Gallatin
(now Hardin) County, 111., March 3, 1815; was
self-educated chiefly, but in his early manhood
adopted the law as a profession, locating at
Vienna in Johnson County, where he continued
to reside to the end of his life. In 1842 he was
elected a Representative in the Thirteenth Gen-
eral Assembly, and re-elected two years later ; in
1850 became State Senator, serving continuously
in the same body for twelve years; in 1861 en-
listed, and was commissioned Major, in the
Thirty-first Illinois Volunteers (Gen. John A.
Logan's regiment), but was compelled to resign,
in May following, on acoimt of impaired health.
Two years later (1864) he was elected Represent-
ative in the Thirty-ninth Congress, serving one
term ; and, after several years in private life, was
again returned to the State Senate in 1878, serving
in the Thirty- first and Thirty -second General
Assemblies. In all. Major Kuykendall saw
twenty years' service in the State Legislature, of
which sixteen were spent in the Senate and four
in the House, besides two years in Congress. A
zealous Democrat previous to the war, he was an
ardent supporter of the war policy of the Govern-
ment, and, in 1864, presided over the "Union"
(Republican) State Convention of that year. He
was also a member of the Senate Finance Com-
mittee in the session of 1859, which had the duty
of investigating the Matteson "canal scrip fraud. "
Died, at Vienna, 111., May 11, 1891.
LABOR TROUBLES. 1. The Railroad
Strike of 1877. — By this name is generally char-
acterized the labor disturbances of 1877, which,
beginning at Pittsburg in July, spread over the
entire country, interrupting transportation, and,
for a time, threatening to paralyze trade. Illi-
nois suffered severely. The primary cause of the
troubles was the general prostration of business
resulting from the depression of values, which
affected manufacturers and merchants alike. A
reduction of expenses became necessary, and the
wages of employes were lowered. Dissatisfaction
and restlessness on the part of the latter ensued,
which found expression in the ordering of a strike
among railroad operatives on a larger scale than
had ever been witnessed in this country. In Illi-
nois, Peoria, Decatur, Braidwood, East St. Louis,
Galesburg, La Salle and Chicago were the prin-
cipal points affected. In all these cities angry,
excited men formed themselves into mobs, which
tore up tracks, took possession of machine shops,
in some cases destroyed roundhouses, applied tlie
torch to warehouses, and, for a time, held com-
merce by the throat, not only defying the law,
but even contending in arms against the military
sent to disperse them. The entire force of the
State militia was called into service, Major-
General Arthur C. Ducat being in command.
The State troops were divided into three brigades,
commanded respectively by Brigadier-Generals
Torrence, Bates and Pavey. General Ducat
assumed personal command at Braidwood, where
were sent the Third Regiment and the Tenth
Battalion, who suppressed the riots_at that point
with ease. Col. Josepli W. Stambaugh and
Lieut. -Col. J. B. Parsons were the respective
regimental commanders. Generals Bates and
Pavey were in command at East St. Louis,
where the excitement was at fever heat, the
mobs terrorizing peaceable citizens and destroy-
ing much property. Governor Cullom went to
this point in person. Chicago, however, was the
chief railroad center of the State, and only
prompt and severely repressive measures held in
check one of tlie most dangerous mobs which
ever threatened property and life in that citj-.
The local police force was inadequate to control
the rioters, and Ma3'or Heath felt himself forced
to call for aid from the State. Brig. -Gen. Josepli
T. Torrence then commanded the First Brigade,
I. N. G., with headquarters at Chicago. Under
instructions from Governor Cullom, he promptly-
and effectively co-operated with the municipal
authorities in quelling the uprising. He received
valuable support from volunteer companies, some
of which were largely composed of Union veter-
ans. The latter were commanded by such ex-
perienced commanders as Generals Reynolds,
Martin Beem, and O. L. Mann, and Colonel Owen
Stuart. General Lieb also led a company of
veterans enlisted by himself, and General Shaff-
ner and Major James H. D. Daly organized a
cavalry force of 1.50 old soldiers, who rendered
efficient service. The disturbance was promptly
subdued, transportation resumed, and trade once
more began to move in its accustomed channels
3. The Strike of 1894.— This was an uprising
which originated in Chicago and was incited by a
comparatively young labor organization called
the American Railway Union. In its inception it
324
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
was sj'mpathetic, its ostensible motive, at the
outset, being the righting of wrongs alleged to
hare been suffered bj' employes of the Pullman
Palace Car Company. The latter quit work on
May 11, and, on June 22, the American Railway
Union ordered a general boycott against all rail-
road companies hauling Pullman cars after June
26. The General Managers of the lines entering
Chicago took prompt action (June 2,5) looking
toward mutual protection, protesting against the
proposed boycott, and affirming their resolution
to adhere to existing contracts, any action on the
part of the strikers to the contrary notwithstand-
ing. Trouble began on the 26th. The hauling of
freight was necessarily soon discontinued; sub-
urban traffic was interrupted; switching had to
be done by inexperienced hands under police or
military protection (ofBcials and clerks some-
times throwing the levers), and in the presence of
large crowds of law-defying hoodlums gathered
along the tracks, avowedly through sympathy
with the strikers, but actually in the hope of
plunder. Trains were sidetracked, derailed, and,
in not a few instances, valuable freight was
burned. Passengers were forced to undergo the
inconvenience of being cooped up for hours in
crowded cars, in transit, without food or water,
sometimes almost within sight of their destina-
tion, and sometimes threatened with death should
they attempt to leave their prison houses. The
mobs, intoxicated by seeming success, finally ven-
tured to interfere with the passage of trains
carrying the United States mails, and, at this
juncture, the Federal authorities interfered.
President Cleveland at once ordered the protec-
tion of all mail trains by armed guards, to be
appointed by the United States Marshal. An
additional force of Deputy Sheriffs was also sworn
in by the Sheriff of Cook County, and the city
police force was augmented. The United States
District Court also issued a restraining order,
directed against the officers and members of the
American Railway Union, as well as against all
other persons interfering with the business of
railroads carrying the mails. Service was readily
accepted liy the officers of the Union, but the
copies distributed among the insurgent mob were
torn and trampled upon. Thereupon the Presi-
dent ordered Federal troops to Chicago, both to
protect Government property (notably the Sub-
treasury) and to guard mail trains. The Gov-
ernor (John P. Altgeld) protested, but without
avail. A few days later, the Mayor of Chicago
requested the State Executive to place a force of
State militia at his control for the protection of
property and the prevention of bloodshed. Gen-
eral Wheeler, with the entire second division of
the I. N. G. , at once received orders to report to
the municipal authorities. The presence of the
militia greatly incensed the turbulent crowds,
yet it proved most salutary. The troops displayed
exemplary firmness under most trying circum-
stances, dispersing jeering and threatening
crowds by physical force or bayonet charges, the
rioters being fired upon only twice. Gradually
order was restored. The disreputable element
subsided, and wiser and more conservative coun-
sels prevailed among the ranks of the strikers.
Impediments to traffic were removed and trains
were soon running as though no interruption had
occurred. The troops were ■withdrawn (first the
Federal and afterwards those of the State), and
the courts were left to deal with the subject in
accordance with the statutes. The entire execu-
tive board of the American Railway Union were
indicted for conspiracy, but the indictments were
never pressed. The officers, however, were all
found guilty of contempt of court in having dis-
obeyed the restraining order of the Federal
court, and sentenced to terms in the county jail.
Eugene V. Debs, the President of the Union, was
convicted on two charges and given a sentence
of six months on each, but the two sentences were
afterward made concurrent. The other members
of the Board received a similar sentence for three
months each. All but the Vice-President, George
W. Howard, served their terms at Woodstock,
McHenry County. Howard was sent to the Will
County jail at Joliet.
LACEY, Lyman, lawj-er and jurist, was bom in
Tompkins County, N. Y., May 6, 1832. In 1837
his parents settled in Fulton County, 111. He
graduated from Illinois College in 1855 and was
admitted to the bar in 1856, commencing practice
at Havana, Mason County, the same year. In
1862 he was elected, as a Democrat, to represent
the counties of Mason and Menard in the lower
house of the Legislature ; was elected to the Cir-
cuit Court bench in 1873, and re-elected in 1879,
'85 and "91 ; also served for several years upon
the bench of the Appellate Court.
LACON, a cit}- and county-seat of Marshall
Coimty, situated on the Illinois River, and on the
Dwight and Lacon branch of the Chicago &
Alton Railroad, 130 miles southwest of Chicago.
A pontoon bridge connects it with Sparland on
the opposite bank of the Illinois. The surround-
ing country raises large quantities of grain, for
which Lacon is a shipping point. The river is
navigable by steamboats to this point. The city
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
335
has grain elevators, woolen mills, a manufactory
of shawls, marble works, two canning factories, a
carriage factory and a National bank It also has
water works, and is lighted by electricity. There
are seven churclies, a graded school and two
weekly newspapers. Population (1880), 1,814;
(1890), 1,649; (1900), 1,601.
LA FAYETTE (Marquis de), VISIT OF. An
event of profound interest in the history of Illi-
nois, during the year 1825, was the visit to the
State by the Marquis de La Fayette, who had
been the ally of the American people during
their struggle for independence. The distin-
guished Frenchman having arrived in the coun-
try during the latter part of 1824, the General
Assembly in session at Vandalia, in December of
that year, adopted an address inviting him to
visit Illinois. This was communicated to La
Fayette by Gov. Edward Coles, who had met the
General in Europe seven years before. Governor
Coles" letter and the address of the General
Assembly were answered with an acceptance by
La Fayette from Washington, under date of Jan.
16, 1825. The approach of the latter was made by
way of New Orleans, the steamer Natchez (by
which General La Fayette ascended the Mis-
sissippi) arriving at the old French village of
Carondelet, below St. Louis, on the 28th of April.
Col. William S. Hamilton, a son of Alexander
Hamilton, and at that time a Representative in
the General Assemblj- from Sangamon County,
as well as an Aid-de-Camp on the staff of Gov-
ernor Coles, was dispatched from the home of the
latter at Edwardsville, to meet the distinguished
visitor, which he did at St. Louis. On Saturday,
April 30, the boat bearing: General La Fayette,
with a large delegation of prominent citizens of
Missouri, left St. Louis, arriving at Kaskaskia,
where a reception awaited him at the elegant
residence of Gen. John Edgar, Governor Coles
delivering an address of welcome. The presence
of a number of old soldiers, who had fought under
La Fayette at Brandywine and Yorktown, consti-
tuted an interesting feature of the occasion. This
was followed by a banquet at the tavern kept by
Colonel Sweet, and a closing reception at the house
of William Morrison, Sr., a member of the cele-
brated family of that name, and one of the lead-
ing merchants of Kaskaskia. Among those
participating in the reception ceremonies, who
were then, or afterwards became, prominent
factors in State history, appear the names of Gen.
John Edgar, ex-Governor Bond, Judge Nathaniel
Pope, Elias Kent Kane, ex-Lieutenant-Governor
Menard, Col. Thomas Mather and Sidney Breese,
a future United States Senator and Justice of the
Supreme Court. The boat left Kaskaskia at
midnight for Nashville, Tenn., Governor Coles
accompanj-ing the party and returning with it to
Shawneetown, where an imposing reception was
given and an address of welcome delivered by
Judge James Hall, on May 14, 1825. A few
hours later General La Fayette left on his way up
the Ohio.
LAFAYETTE, BLOOMINGTON & MISSIS-
SIPPI RAILROAD. (See Lake Erie <fc Western
Railroad. )
LAFLIN, Matthew, manufacturer, was born
at Southwick, Hampden County, Mass., Dec. 16,
1803; in his youth was clerk for a time in the
store of Laflin & Loomis, powder manufacturers,
at Lee, Mass., later becoming a partner in the
Canton Powder Mills. About 1832 he engaged in
the manufacture of axes at Saugerties, N. Y.,
which proving a failure, he again engaged in
powder manufacture, and, in 1837, came to Chi-
cago, where he finally established a factory — his
firm, in 1840, becoming Laflin & Smith, and,
later, Laflin, Smith & Co. Becoming largely
interested in real estate, he devoted his atten-
tion chiefly to that business after 1849, with
great success, not only in Chicago but else-
where, having done much for the develop-
ment of Waukesha, Wis., where he erected one
of the principal hotels — the "Fountain Spring
House" — also being one of tlie original stock-
holders of the Elgin Watch Company. Mr.
Laflin was a zealous supporter of the Government
during the war for the preservation of the Union,
and, before his death, made a donation of ST5,-
000 for a building for the Chicago Academy of
Sciences, whicli was erected in the western part
of Lincoln Park. Died, in Chicago, May 20, 1897.
LA GRANGE, a village in Cook County, and
one of the handsomest suburbs of Chicago, from
which it is distant 15 miles, south-southwest, on
the Chicago, Burlington & Qulncy Railroad. The
streets are broad and shaded and there are many
handsome residences. The village is lighted by
electricit}-, and has public water-works, seven
churches, a high school and a weekly paper.
Population (1880). 531; (1890), 2,314; (1900), 3,969.
LA HARPE, a city in Hancock County, on the
Toledo, Peoria & Western Railway, 70 miles west
by south from Peoria and 20 miles south-south-
east of Burlington, Iowa. Brick, tile and cigars
constitute the manufactured output. La Harpe
has two banks, five churches, a graded and a high
school, and two newspapers. Population (1880),
958; (1890), 1,113; (1900), 1,591.
326
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
LAKE COUNTY, in the extreme northeast
corner of the State, having an area of 490 square
miles, and a population (1900) of 34,504. It was
cut off from JIcHenr^y Count}' and separately
organized in 1839. Pioneer settlers began to
arrive in 1839, locating chiefly along the Des
Plaines River. The Indians vacated the region
the following year. T first County Commission-
ers (E. E. Hunter, Wiiliam Brown and E. C.
Berrey) located the county-seat at Libertyville,
but, in 1841, it was removed to Little Fort, now
"VVaukegau. The county derives its name from
the fact that some forty small lakes are found
within its limits. ' The surface is undulating and
about equally divided between sand, prairie and
second-growth timber. At Waukegan there are
several maufacturing establishments, and the
Glen Flora medicinal spring attracts many in-
valids. Highland Park and Lake Forest are resi-
dence towns of great beauty situated on the lake
bluff, populated largely by the families of Chicago
business men.
LAKE ERIE k MISSISSIPPI RAILROAD.
(See Lal-c Erie d- Western Bailroad.)
LAKE ERIE & WESTERN RAILROAD. Of
the 710.61 miles which constitute the entire
length of this line, only 118.6 are within Illinois.
This portion extends from the junction of the
Peoria & Pekin LTnion Railway, on the east side
of the Illinois River opposite Peoria, to the Indi-
ana State line. It is a single-track road of
standard gauge. About one-sixth of the line in
Illinois is level, the grade nowhere exceeding 40
feet to the mile. The track is of 56 and 60-pound
steel rails, and lightly ballasted. The total
capital of the road (1898)— including $23,680,000
capital stock, §10,875,000 bonded debt and a float-
ing debt of $1,479,809— was 536,034,809, or $50,-
708 per mile. The total earnings and income in
Illinois for 1898 were $559,743, and the total
expenditures for the same period, $457,713.—
(History.) The main line of the Illinois Division
of the Lake Erie & Western Railroad was acquired
by consolidation, in 1880, of the Lafayette, Bloom-
ington & Mississippi Railroad (81 miles in length),
which had been opened in 1871, with certain Ohio
and Indiana lines. In May, 1885, the line thus
formed was consolidated, without change of name,
with the Lake Erie & Slississippi Railroad, organ-
ized to build an extension of the Lake Erie &
Western from Bloomington to Peoria (43 miles).
The road was sold under foreclosure in 1886, and
the present company organized, Feb. 9, 1887.
LAKE FOREST, "a city in Lake County, on
Lake Michigan, and a station on the Chicago &
Northwestern Railway, 28 miles north by west
of Chicago. It is the seat of Lake Forest Univer-
sity, is a purely residence town and one of the
most beautiful suburbs of Chicago, largely in-
habited by families of culture and wealth. Popu-
lation (1880). 877; (1890), 1,203; '(1900), 2,215,
LAKE FOREST UXIVERSITY, an institution
of learning comprising six distinct schools, viz. :
Lake Forest Academy, Ferry HaU Seminary,
Lake Forest College, Rush Medical College, Chi-
cago College of Dental Surgery, and the Chicago
College of Law. The three first named are
located at Lake Forest, while the three profes-
sional schools are in the city of Chicago. The
college charter was granted in 1857, but the
institution was not opened until nineteen years
later, and the professional schools, which were
originally independent, were not associated until
1887. In 1894 there were 310 undergraduates at
Lake Forest, in charge of forty instructors. Dur-
ing the same year there were in attendance at the
professional schools, 1,557 students, making a
total enrollment in the University of 1,873.
While the institution is affiliated with the Pres-
byterian denomination, the Board of Trustees is
self-perpetuating. The Academy and Seminary
are preparatory schools for the two sexes, re-
spectivel}'. Lake Forest College is co-educational
and organized upon the elective plan, having
seventeen departments, a certain number of
studies being required for graduation, and work
upon a major subject being required for three
years. The schools at Lake Forest occupy fifteen
buildings, standing within a campus of sixty-five
acres.
LAKE MICHIGAN, one of the chain of five
great northern lakes, and the largest lake lying
wholly within the United States. It lies between
the parallels of 41° 35' and 46° North latitude, its
length being about 335 miles. Its width varies
from 50 to 88 miles, its greatest breadth being
opposite Milwaukee. Its surface is nearly 600
feet above the sea-level and its maximum depth
is estimated at 840 feet. It has an area of about
20,000 square miles. It forms the eastern bound-
ary of Wisconsin, the western boundary of the
lower peninsula of IMichigan and a part of the
northern boundary of Illinois and Indiana. Its
waters find their outlet into Lake Huron through
the straits of Mackinaw, at its northeast extrem-
itj-, and are connected with Lake Superior bj' the
Sault Ste. Marie River. It contains few islands,
and these mainly in its northern part, the largest
being some fifteen miles long. The principal
rivers which empty into this lake are the Fox,
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
327
Menominee, Manistee, Muskegon, Kalamazoo,
Grand and St. Joseph. Chicago, Milwaukee,
Racine and Manitowoc are the chief cities on its
banks.
LAKE SHORE & MICHIGAN SOUTHERN
RAILWAY. The main line extends from Buffalo,
N. Y., to Chicago, 111., a distance of 539 miles,
with various branches of leased and proprietary
lines located in the States of Michigan, New
York and Ohio, making the mileage of lines
operated 1,415.63 miles, of which 863.15 are owned
by the company — only 14 miles being in Illinois.
The total earnings and income in Illinois, in 1898,
were $453,946, and the expenditures for the same
fieriod, $360,971. — (History.) The company was
formed in 1869, from the consolidation of the
Michigan Southern & Northern Indiana, the
Cleveland, Painesville & Ashtabula, and the
Buffalo & Erie Railroad Companies. The propri-
etary roads have been acquired since the consoli-
dation.
LAMB, James L., pioneer merchant, was born
in Connellsville, Pa., Nov. 7, 1800; at 13 years of
age went to Cincinnati to serve as clerk in the
store of a distant relative, came to Kaskaskia, 111. ,
in 1830, and soon after engaged in mercantile
business with Thomas Mather, who had come to
Illinois two years earlier. Later, the firm estab-
lished a store at Chester and shipped the first
barrels of pork from Illinois to the New Orleans
market. In 1831 Sir. Lamb located in Springfield,
afterwards carrying on merchandising and pork-
packing extensively ; also established an iron
foundry, which continued in operation until a few
years ago. Died, Dec. 3, 1873.
LAMB, Martha J. R. N., magazine editor and
historian, was born (Martha Joan Reade Nash) at
Plainfield, Mass., August 13, 1839, received a
thorough education and, after her marriage in
1853 to Charles A. Lamb, resided for eight years
in Chicago, 111., where she was one of the prin-
cipal founders of the Home for the Friendless and
Half Orphan Asylum, and Secretary of the
Sanitary Fair of 1863. In 1866 she removed to
New York and gave her after life to literary work,
from 1883 until her death being editor of "The
Magazine of American Historj'," besides furnish-
ing numerous papers on historical and other sub-
jects; also publishing some sixteen volumes, one
of her most important works being a "History of
New York City," in two volumes. She was a
member of nearly thirty historical and other
learned societies. Died, Jan. 2, 1893.
LAMBORN, Josiah, early lawyer and Attor-
ney General; born in Washington County, Ky.,
and educated at Transylvania University ; was
Attorney-General of the State by appointment of
Governor Carlin, 1840-43, at that time being a
resident of Jacksonville. He is described by his
contemporaries as an able and brilliant man, but
of convivial habits and unscrupulous to such a
degree that his name was mixed up with a num-
ber of ofiicial scandalf Separated from his
family, he died of deliriam tremens, at White-
hall, Greene County.
LAMOILLE, a town of Bureau County, on the
Mendota and Fulton branch of the Chicago, Bur-
lington & Quincy Railway, 9 miles northwest of
Mendota. It is in a farming and stock-growing
region. The town has a bank and a newspaper.
Population (1880), 488; (1890), 516; (1900), 576.
LAMON, Ward Hill, lawyer, was born at
Mill Creek, Frederick County, W. Va., Jan. 6,
1838; received a common school education and
was engaged in teaching for a time ; also began
the study of medicine, but relinquished it for the
law. About 1847-48 he located at Danville, 111.,
subsequently read law with the late Judge Oliver
L. Davis, attending lectures at the Louisville
Law School, where he had Gen. John A. Logan
for a class-mate. On admission to the bar, he
became the Danville partner of Abraham Lincoln
— the partnership being in existence as early as
1853. In 1859 he removed to Bloomington, and,
in the Presidential campaign of 1800, was a zeal-
ous supporter of Mr. Lincoln. In February, 1861,
he was chosen by Mr. Lincoln to accompany him
to Washington, making the perilous night jour-
ney through Baltimore in Mr. Lincoln's company.
Being a man of undoubted courage, as well as
almost giant stature, he soon received the ap-
pointnient of Marshal of tlie District of Columbia,
and, in the first weeks of the new administration,
made a confidential visit to Colonel Anderson,
then in command at Fort Sumter, to secure
accurate information as to the situation there.
In May, 1861, he obtained authority to raise a
regiment, of which he was commissioned Colonel,
remaining in the field to December, when he
returned to the discharge of his duties as Marshal
at Washington, but was absent from Washington
on the night of the assassination — April 14, 1865.
Resigning his office after this event, he entered
into partnership for the practice of law with the
late Jeremiah S. Black of Pennsylvania. Some
years later he published the first volume of a pro-
posed Life of Lincoln, using material which lie
obtained from Mr. Lincoln's Springfield partner.
William H. Herndon, but the second volume wr-.si
never issued. His death occurred at ^Martins-
328
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
burg, W. Va., not far from his birthplace, May
7, 1893. Colonel Lamon married a daughter of
Judge Stephen T. Logan, of Springfield.
LANARK, a city in Carroll County, 19 miles by
rail southwest of Freeport, and seven miles east
of Mount Carroll. The surrounding country is
largely devoted to grain-growing, and Lanark has
three elevators and is an important shipping
point. Manufacturing of various descriptions is
carried on. The citj- has two banks (one National
and one State), eight churches, a graded and high
school, and a weekly newspaper. Population
(1880), 1,198; (1890), 1,295; (1900), 1,306.
LAXDES, Silas Z., ex-Congressman, was born
in Augusta County, Va., May 15, 1843. In early
youth he removed to Illinois, and was admitted
to the bar of this State in August, 1863, and has
been in active practice at Mount Carmel since
1864. In 1873 he was elected State's Attorney
for Wabash County, was re-elected in 1876, and
again in 1880. He represented the Sixteenth Illi-
nois District in Congress from 1885 to 1889, being
elected on the Democratic ticket.
LANDEIGAX, John, farmer and legislator, was
born in County Tipperary, Ireland, in 1833, and
brought to America at one year of age, his
parents stopping for a time in New Jersey. His
early life was spent at Lafayette, Ind. After
completing his education in the seminary there,
he engaged in railroad and canal contracting.
Coming to Illinois in 1858, he purchased a farm
near Albion, Edwards County, where he has
since resided. He has been twice elected as a
Democrat to the House of Representatives (1868
and '74) and twice to the State Senate (1870
and "96), and has been, for over twenty years,
a member of the State Agricultural Society^
for four years of that time being President
of the Board, and some sixteen years Vice-Presi-
dent.
LANE, Albert (Trannis, educator, was born in
Cook County, 111., March 15, 1841, and educated
in the public schools, graduating with the first
class from the Chicago Higli School in 1858. He
immediately entered upon the business of teach-
ing as Principal, but, in 1869, was elected Super-
intendent of Schools for Cook County. After
three years' service as cashier of a bank, he was
elected County Superintendent, a second time, in
1877, and regularly every four years thereafter
until 1890. In 1891 he was chosen Superintend-
ent of Schools for the city of Chicago, to fill the
vacancy caused by the resignation of Superin-
tendent Howland — a position which he continued
to fill until the appointment of E. B. Andrews,
Superintendent, when he became First Assistant
Superintendent.
LANE, Edward, ex-Congressman, was born in
Cleveland. Ohio, March 27, 1842, and became a
resident of Illinois at the age of 16. After receiv-
ing an academic education he studied law and
was admitted to the Illinois bar in February,
1865. Since then he has been a successful prac-
titioner at Hillsboro. From 1869 to 1878 he served
as County Judge. In 1886 he was the successful
Democratic candidate for Congress from the
Seventeenth Illinois District and re-elected for
three successive terms, but was defeated by
Frederick Remann (Republican) in 1894, and
again by W. F. L. Hadley, at a special election, in
1895. to fin the vacanc}- caused by the death of
Mr. Remann.
LANPHIER, Charles H., journalist, was born
at Alexandria, Va., April 14, 1820; from 4 years
of age lived in Washington City ; in 1836 entered
the oflSce as an apprentice of "The State Regis-
ter" at Vandalia, 111., (then owned by his brother-
in-law, William Walters). Later, the paper was
removed to Springfield, and Walters, having
enlisted for the Mexican war in 1846, died at St.
Louis, en route to the field. Lanphier, having
thus succeeded to the management, and, finally,
to the proprietorship of the paper, was elected
public printer at the next session of the Legisla-
ture, and, in 1847, took into partnership George
W9,lker, who acted as editor until 1858. Mr. Lan-
phier continued the publication of the paper until
1863, and then sold out. During the war he
was one of the State Board of Army Auditors
appointed bj' Governor Yates; was elected
Circuit Clerk in 1864 and re-elected in 1868,
and, in 1872, was Democratic candidate for
County Treasurer but defeated with the rest of
his jiart}'.
LARCOM, Lucy, author and teacher, born at
Beverly, Mass., in 1826; attended a grammar
school and worked in a cotton mill at Lowell,
becoming one of the most popular contributors to
"The Lowell Offering," a magazine conducted by
the factory girls, thereby winning the acquaint-
ance and friendship of the poet Whittier. In
1846 she came to Illinois and, for three years, was
a student at Monticello Female Seminary, near
Alton, meanwhile teaching at intervals in the
vicinity. Returning to Massachusetts she taught
for six years; in 1865 established "Our Young
Folks, ■' of which she was editor until 1874. Her
books, both poetical and prose, have taken a
high rank for their elevated literary and moral
tone. Died, in Boston, April 17, 1893.
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
329
LARXED, Edward Channing', lawyer, was born
in Providence. R. I., July 14, 1820; graduated at
Brown University in 1840 ; was Professor of Mathe-
matics one year in Kemper College, Wis., then
studied law and, in 1847, came to Chicago. He
was an earnest opponent of slavery and gained
considerable deserved celebritj' by a speech
which he delivered in 1851, in opposition to the
fugitive slave law. He was a warm friend of
Abraham Lincoln and, in 1860, made speeches in
his support ; was an active member of the Union
Defense Committee of Chicago during the war,
and, in 1861, was appointed by Mr. Lincoln
United States District Attorney of the Northern
District of Illinois, but compelled to resign by
faiUng health. Being absent in Europe at the
time of the fire of 1871, he returned immediately
and devoted his attention to the work of the
Relief and Aid Society. Making a second visit to
Europe in 1872-73, he wrote many letters for the
press, also doing much other literary work in
spite of declining health. Died at Lake Forest,
III., September, 1884.
LA SALLE, a city in La Salle County, 99 miles
southwest of Chicago, situated on the Illinois
River and the Illinois & Michigan Canal, and a
center for three trunk Lines of railroad, which
intersect there. Bituminous coal abounds and is
extensively mined. Zinc smelting is a leading
industry, as also the manufacture of glass and
hydraulic cement. Large quantities of ice are
annually cut from the river and shipped south.
It is connected with Peru (one mile west) by an
electric railway. Population (1880), 7,847; (1890),
9,8.5.j; (1900), 10,446.
LA SALLE, Reni Robert Cavelier, Sienr de,
a famous explorer, born at Rouen, France, in
1643; entered the Jesuit order, but conceiving
that he had mistaken his vocation, came to
America in 1666. He obtained a grant of land
about the Lachine Rapids of the St. Lawrence,
above IMontreal. It was probably his intention
to settle there as a grand seigneur ; but, becoming
interested in stories told him by some Seneca
Indians, he started two years later in quest of a
great waterway, which he believed led to the
South Sea (Pacific Ocean) and afforded a short
route to China. He passed through Lake Ontario,
and is believed to have discovered the Ohio. The
claim that he reached the Illinois River at this
time has been questioned. Having re-visited
France in 1677 he was given a patent of nobility
and extensive land-grants in Canada. In 1679 he
visited the Northwest and explored the great
lakes, finally reaching the head of Lake Michi-
gan and erecting a fort near the mouth of the St.
Joseph River. From there he made a portage to
the Illinois, which he descended early in 1680 to
Lake Peoria, where he began the erection of a
fort to wliich, in consequence of the misfortunes
attending the expedition, was given the name of
Creve-Cojur. Returning from here to Canada for
supplies, in the following fall he again appeared
in Illinois, but fovmd his fort at Lake Peoria a
ruin and his followers, whom he had left there,
gone. Compelled again to return to Canada, in
the latter part of 1081 he set out on his third
expedition to Illinois, and making the portage by
way of the Chicago and Des Plaines Rivers,
reached "Starved Rock," near the present city of
Ottawa, where his lieutenant, Tonty, had already
begun the erection of a fort. In 1882, accom-
panied by Tonty, he descended the Illinois and
Mississippi Rivers, reaching the Gulf of Mexico on
April 9. He gave the region the name of Louisi-
ana. In 1683 he again returned to France and
was commissioned to found a colony at the mouth
of the Mississippi, which he unsuccessfully
attempted to do in 1684, the expedition finally
landing about Matagorda Bay in Texas. After
other fruitless attempts (death and desertions
having seriously reduced tlie number of his colo-
nists), wliile attempting to reach Canada, he was
murdered by his companions near Trinity River
in the present State of Texas, March 19, 1687.
Another theory regarding La Salle's ill-starred
Texas expedition is, that he intended to establish
a colony west of the Mississippi, with a view to
contesting with the Spaniards for the possession
of that region, but that the French government
failed to give him the support which had been
promised, leaving him to his fate.
LA SALLE COUNTY, one of the wealthiest
counties in the northeastern section, being second
in size and in population in the State It was
organized in 1831, and has an area of 1,152 square
miles; population (1900), 87,776. The history of
this region dates back to 1675, when Marquette
established a mission at an Indian village on the
Illinois River about where Utica now stands,
eight miles west of Ottawa. La Salle (for whom
the county is named) erected a fort here in 1682,
which was, for many years, the headquarters for
French missionaries and traders. Later, the
Illinois Indians were well-nigh exterminated
by starvation, at the same point, which has be-
come famous in Western history as "Starved
Rock." The surface of the county is undulat-
ing and slopes toward the Illinois River. The
soil is rich, and timber abounds on the bluffs and
330
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
along the streams. Water is easily procured.
Four beds of coal underlie the entire countj', and
good building stone is quarried at a depth of 150
to 300 feet. Excellent liydraulio cement is made
from the calciferous deposit, Utica being espe-
cially noted for this industry. The First Ameri-
can settlers came about the time of Captain Long's
survey of a canal route (1816). The Illinois &
Michigan Canal was located by a joint corps of
State and National engineers in 1830. (See 77//-
nois £■ jMichigau Canal.) During the Black
Hawk War, La Salle County was a prominent
base of military operations.
LATHROP, William, lawyer and Congress-
man, was born in Genesee County, N. Y., April
17, 1805. His earlj' education was acquired in
the common schools. Later lie read law and was
admitted to the bar, commencing practice in
1851, making his home in Central New York until
his removal to Illinois. In 1856 he represented
the Rockford District in the lower house of the
General Assembly, and, in 1876, was elected, as a
Republican, to represent the (then) Fourth Illi-
nois District in Congress.
LA YANTUM, the name given, in the latter
part of the seventeenth centurj-, to the principal
village of the Illmois Indians, situated on the
Illinois River, near the present town of Utica, in
La Salle County. (See Starved Rock.)
LAWLER, Fraiili, was born at Rocliester,
N. Y., June 25, 1843. His first active occupation
was as a news-agent on railroads, which business
he followed for three years. He learned the
trade of a ship-calker, and was elected to the
Presidency of the Ship-Carpenters" and Ship-
Calkers" Association. While yet a young man he
settled in Chicago and, in 1869, was appointed to
a clerical position in the postoffice in that city ;
later, served as a letter-carrier, and as a member
of the City Council (1876-84). In 1884 he was
elected to Congress from the Second District,
which he represented in that body for three cuc-
cessive terms. While serving his last year in
Congress (1890) he was an unsuccessful candidate
on the Democratic ticket for Slieriff of Cook
County; in 1893 was an unsuccessful applicant
for the Chicago pustmastership, was defeated as
an Independent-Democrat for Congress in 1894,
but, in 1895, was elected Alderman for the Nine-
teenth Ward of the city of Chicago. Died, Jan.
17, 1896.
LAWLER, (Gen.) Michael K., soldier, was
born in County Kildare, Ireland, Nov. 16, 1814,
brought to the United States in 1816, and, in 1819,
to Gallatin County, 111., where his father began
farming. The younger Lawler early evinced a
military taste by organizing a military company
in 1843, of which he served as Captain three or
four years. In 1846 he organized a company for tlie
Mexican War, which was attached to the Third
Regiment Illinois Volunteers (Colonel Forman"s),
and, at the end of its term of enlistment, raised
a company of cavalry, with which he served
to the end of the war — in all, seeing two and
a half years' service. He then resumed the
peaceful life of a farmer; but, on the breaking
out of the rebellion, again gave proof of his patri-
otism by recruiting the Eighteenth Illinois Volun-
teer Infantry — the first regiment organized in
the Eighteenth Congressional District — of whicli
he was commissioned Colonel, entering into the
three years' service in May, 1861. His regiment
took part in most of the early engagements in
Western Kentucky and Tennessee, including the
capture of Fort Donelson, where it lost heavily.
Colonel Lawler himself being severelj' wounded.
Later, he was in command, for some time, at
Jackson, Tenn. , and, in November, 1863, was com-
missioned Brigadier-General "for gallant and
meritorious service." He was also an active
participant in the operations against Vicksburg,
and was thanked on the field by General Grant
for his service at the battle of Big Black, pro-
nounced by Charles A. Dana (then Assistant
Secretary of War) "one of the most splendid
exploits of the war. " After the fall of Vicksbui'g
he took part in the siege of Jackson, Miss., and
in tlie campaigns on the Teche and Red River, and
in Texas, also being in command, for six months,
at Baton Rouge, La. In March, 1865, he was
brevetted Major-General, and mustered out,
January, 1866, after a service of four years and
seven months. He then returned to his Gallatin
County farm, where he died, July 26, 1883.
LAWLER, Thomas G., soldier and Com-
mander-in-Chief of the Grand Army of the
Republic, was born in Liverpool, Eng. , April
7, 1844; was brought to Illinois by his parents
in childhood, and, at 17 years of age, enlisted
in the Nineteenth Illinois Volunteers, serv-
ing first as a private, then as Sergeant, later
being elected First Lieutenant, and (although
not mustered in, for two months) during the
Atlanta campaign being in command of his com-
pany, and placed on the roll of honor by order of
General Rosecrans. He participated in every
battle in which his regiment was engaged, and,
at the battle of Missionary Ridge, was the first
man of his command over the enemy's works.
After the war he became prominent as an officer
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
331
of the Illinois National Guard, organizing the
Rockford Rifles, in 1876, and serving as Colonel of
the Third Regiment for seven years; was ap-
pointed Postmaster at Rockford by President
Hayes, but removed by Cleveland in 1885; re-
appointed by Harrison and again displaced on the
accession of Cleveland. He was one of the
organizers of G. L. Nevius Post, G. A. R., of
which he served as Commander twenty-six years ;
in 1883 was elected Department Commander for
the State of Illinois and, in 1894, Commander-in-
Chief, serving one year.
LAWRENCE, Charles B., jurist, was born at
Vergennes, Vt., Dec. 17, 1820. After two years
spent at Middlebury College, he entered the
junior class at Union College, graduating from
the latter in 1841. He devoted two years to
teaching in Alabama, and began reading law at
Cincinnati in 1843, completing his studies at St.
Louis, where he was admitted to the bar and
began practice in 1844. The following year he
removed to Quincy, 111., where he was a promi-
nent practitioner for ten years. The years
1856-58 he spent in foreign travel, with the pri-
mary object of restoring his impaired health. On
his return home he began farming in Warren
County, with the same end in view. In 1861 he
accepted a nomination to the Circuit Court bench
and was elected without opposition. Before tlie
expiration of his term, in 1864, he was elected a
Justice of the Illinois Supreme Court for the
Northern Grand Division, and, in 1870, became
Chief Justice. At this time his home was at
Galesburg. Failing of a re-election in 1873, he
removed to Chicago, and at once became one of
the leaders of the Cook County bar. Although
persistently urged by personal and political
friends, to permit his name to be used in connec-
tion with a vacancy on the bench of the United
States Supreme Court, he steadfastly declined.
In 1877 he received the votes of the Republicans
in the State Legislature for United States Senator
against David Davis, who was elected. Died, at
Decatur, Ala.. April 9, 1883.
LAWRENCE COUNTY, one of the eastern
counties in the "southern tier," originally a part
of Edwards, but separated from the latter in
1821, and named for Commodore Lawrence. In
1900 its area was 360 square miles, and its popu-
lation, 16,523. The first English speaking settlers
seem to have emigrated from the colony at Vin-
cennes, Ind. St. Francisville, in the southeast-
ern portion, and Allison prairie, in the northeast,
were favored by the American pioneers. Settle-
ment was more or less desultory until after the
War of 1812. Game was abundant and the soil
productive. About a dozen negro families found
homes, in 1819, near Lawrenceville, and a Shaker
colony was established about Charlottesville the
same year. Among the best remembered pio-
neers are the families of Lautermann, Chubb,
Kincaid, Buchanan and Laus — the latter having
come from South Carolina. Toussaint Dubois,
a Frenchman and father of Jesse K. Dubois, State
Auditor (1857-64), was a large land proprietor at
an early day. and his house was first utilized as a
court house. The county is richer in historic
associations than in populous towns. Lawrence-
ville, the county-seat, was credited with 865
inhabitants by the census of 1890. St. Francis-
ville and Sumner are flourishing towns.
LAWRENCEVILLE, the county-seat of Law-
rence Count}', is situated on the Embarras River,
at the intersection of tlie Baltimore & Ohio South-
western and the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago
>5: St. Louis Railways, 9 miles west of Vincennes,
Ind., and 139 miles east of St. Louis. It has a
court house, three churches, a graded school and
two weekly newspapers. Population (1880), 514;
(1890), 865; (1900), 1,300.
LAWSON, Victor F., journalist and newspaper
proprietor, was born in Chicago, of Scandinavian
parentage, Sept. 9, 1850. After graduating at the
Chicago High School, he prosecuted his studies
at Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass., and at
Harvard University. In August, 1876, he pur-
chased an interest in "The Chicago Daily News,"
being for some time a partner of Melville E.
Stone, but became sole proprietor in 1888, pub-
lishing morning and evening editions. He
reduced the price of the morning edition to one
cent, and changed its name to "The Chicago
Record." He has always taken a deep interest
in the cause of popular education, and, in 1888,
established a fund to provide for the distribution
of medals among public school children of Chi-
cago, the award to be made upon the basis of
comparative excellence in the preparation of
essays upon topics connected with American
history.
LEBANON, a city in St. Clair County, situated
on Silver Creek, and on the Baltimore & Ohio
Southwestern Railroad, 11 miles northeast of
Belleville and 24 miles east of St. Louis. It is
located in an agricultural and coal-mining region,
and has various descriptions of manufactures, the
chief industrial establishments being flouring-
mills, a distillery, a brewery, a planing-mill, and
a manufactory of farming implements. The city
also has a bank, eight churches and a newspaper.
332
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
and is the seat of McKendree College, chartered
in 1834. (See McKendree College.) Population
(1880), 1,924: (1890), 1,636; (1900), 1,813.
LEE COUNTY, one of the third tier of counties
south of the Wisconsin State line; named for
Richard Henry Lee of Revolutionary fame : area,
740 square miles; population (1900), 29.894. It
was cut off from Ogle County, and separately
organized in 1839. In 1840 the population was
but little over 2,000. Charles F. Ingals, Nathan
R. Whitney and James P. Dixon were the first
County-Commissioners. Agriculture is the prin-
cipal pursuit, although stone quarries are found
here and there, notably at Ashton. The county-
seat is Dixon, where, in 1828, one Ogee, a half-
breed, built a cabin and established a ferry across
the Rock River. In 1830, John Dixon, of New
York, purchased Ogee's interest for SI, 800. Set-
tlement and progress were greatly retarded by
the Black Hawk War, but immigration fairly set
in in 1838 The first court house was built in
1840, and the same year the United States Land
Office was removed from Galena to Dixon. Colo.,
John Dement, an early pioneer, being appointed
Receiver. Dixon was incorporated as a city in
18.59, and, in 1890, had a population of 5,161.
LEGISLATIVE APPORTIONMENT. (See
Apportionment, Legislative. )
LEGISLATURE. (See General Assemblies.)
LELAND, a village of La Salle County, on the
Chicago, Burlington & Quincj- Railway, 29 miles
southwest of Aurora. Population (1900), 634.
LEL.VND, Edwin S., lawyer and Judge, was
born at Dennysville, Me., August 28, 1813, and
admitted to the bar at Dedham, Mass., in 1834.
In 183.5 he removed to Ottawa, 111., and, in 1839,
to Oregon, Ogle County, where he practiced for
four years. Returning to Ottawa in 1843, he
rapidly rose in his profession, until, in 1852, lie
was elected to the Circuit Court bench to fill the
unexpired term of Judge T. Lyle Dickey, who
had resigned. In 1866 Governor Oglesby ap-
pointed him Circuit Judge to fill the unexpired
term of Judge HoUister. He was elected by
popular vote in 1867, and re-elected in 1873, being
assigned to the Appellate Court of the Second
District in 1877. He was prominently identified
with the genesis of the Republican party, whose
tenets he zealously championed. He was also
prominent in local affairs, having been elected
the first Republican Mayor of Ottawa (1856),
President of the Board of Education and County
Treasurer. Died, June, 24, 1889.
LEMEN, James, Sr., pioneer, was born in Berk-
eley County, Va., Nov. 20, 1760; served as a soldier
in the War of the Revolution, being present at
the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown in 1781;
in 1786 came to Illinois, settling at the village of
New Design, near the present site of Waterloo, in
Monroe County. He was a man of enterprise
and sterling integrity, and ultimately became the
head of one of the most prominent and influential
families in Southern Illinois. He is said to have
been the first person admitted to the Baptist
Church by immersion in Illinois, finally becoming
a minister of that denomination. Of a family of
eight children, four of his sons became ministers.
Mr. Lemen's prominence was indicated by the
fact that he was approached by Aaron Burr, with
offers of large rewards for his influence in found-
ing that ambitious schemer's projected South-
western Empire, but the proposals were
indignantly rejected and the scheme denounced.
Died, at Waterloo, Jan. 8, 1822.— Robert (Lemen),
oldest son of the preceding, was born in Berkeley
Countj', Va., Sept. 25, 1783; came with his father
to Illinois, and, after his marriage, settled in St.
Clair County. He held a commission as magis-
trate and, for a time, was L"nited States Marshal
for Illinois under the administration of John
Quincy Adams. Died in Ridge Prairie, St. Clair
County, August 24, I860.— Kev. Joseph (Lemen),
the second son, was born in Berkeley County,
Va. , Sept. 8, 1785, brought to Illinois in 1786, and,
on reaching manhood, married Mary Kinney, a
daughter of Rev. William Kinney, who after-
wards became Lieutenant-Governor of the State.
Joseph Lemen settled in Ridge Prairie, in the
northern part of St. Clair County, and for many
years supplied the pulpit of the Bethel Baptist
church, which had been founded in 1809 on the
principle of opposition to human slavery. His
death occurred at his home, June 39, 1861. — Rev.
James (Lemen), Jr., the third son, was born in
Monroe County, 111., Oct. 8, 1787; early united
with the Bapti.st Church and became a minister
— assisting in the ordination of his father, whose
sketch stands at the head of this article. He
served as a Delegate from St. Clair County in the
first State Constitutional Convention (1818), and as
Senator in the Second, Fourth and Fifth General
As.semblies. He also preached extensively in
Illinois, Missouri, and Kentuckj-, and assisted in
the organization of many churches, although his
labors were chiefly within his own. Mr. Lemen
was the second child of American parents born in
Illinois — Enoch Moore being the first. Died,
Feb. 8. 1870.— William (Lemen), the fourth son,
born in Monroe County, 111., in 1791; served as a
soldier in the Black Hawk War. Died in Monroe
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
333
County, in 1857.— Rev. Josiah (Lemen), the
fifth son, born in Monroe County, 111., August 15,
1794; was a Baptist preacher. Died near Du-
quoin, July 11, 1867.— Rev. Moses (Lemen), the
sixth son, born in Monroe County, 111., in 1797;
became a Baptist minister early in life, served as
Representative in the Sixth General Assembly
(1828-30) for Monroe County. Died, in Montgom-
ery County, 111., March 5, 1859.
LEMONT, a city in Cook County, 25 miles
southwest of Chicago, on the Des Plaines River
and tlie Chicago & Alton Railroad. A thick vein
of Silurian limestone (Athens marble) is exten-
sively quarried here, constituting the chief in-
dustry. Owing to the number of industrial
enterprises, Lemont is at times the temporary
home of a large number of workmen. The popu-
lation is constantly shifting. The city has a bank,
five churches, two weekly papers and a public
school. Aluminum and concrete works are
operated there. Population of the township
(1880), 3,798; (1890), 5,.539; (1900), 4,441.
LE MOYNE, John V., ex-Congressman, was
born in Washington County, Pa., in 1828, and
graduated from Washington College, Pa., in
1847. He studied law at Pittsburg, where he was
admitted to the bar in 1853. He at once removed
to Chicago, where he continued a permanent
resident and active practitioner. In 1873 he was
a candidate for Congress on the liiberal Repub-
lican ticket, but was defeated by Charles B. Far-
well, Republican. In 1874 he was again a
candidate against Mr. Farwell. Both claimed
the election, and a contest ensued which was
decided by the House in favor of Mr. Le Moyne.
LE>'A, a village in Stephenson County, on the
Illinois Central Railroad, 13 miles northwest of
Freeport and 38 miles east of Galena. It is in a
farming and dairying district, but has manufac-
tories of boots and shoes, sash and blinds, car-
riages, and a foundry. There are also six
churches, banks and a newspaper. Population
(1880), 1,.530; (1890), 1,370; (1900), 1,252.
LEONARD, Edward F., Railway President,
was born in Connecticut in 1836 ; graduated from
Union College, N. Y., was admitted to the bar
and came to Springfield, 111., in 1858; served for
several years as clerk in the office of the State
Auditor, was afterwards connected with the con-
struction of the "St. Louis Short Line"" (now a
part of the Illinois Central Railway), and was
private secretary of Governor CuUom during his
first term. For several years he has been Presi-
dent of the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroad,
with headquarters at Peoria.
LEROY, a city in McLean County, 15 miles
southwest of Bloomington. It has banks, several
churches, a graded school and a plow factory.
Two weekly papers are published there. Popu-
lation (1880), 1,068; (1890), 1,258; (1900), 1,629.
LEVERETT, Washington and Warren, edu-
cators and twin-brothers, whose careers were
strikingly similar; born at Brookline, Mass., Dec.
19. 1805, and passed their boyhood on a farm; in
1827 began a preparatory course of study under
an elder brother at Roxbury, Jlass., entered
Brown University as freshmen, the next year, and
graduated in 1832. Warren, being in bad health,
spent the following winter in South Carolina,
afterwards engaging in teaching, for a time, and
in study in Newton Theological Seminary, while
Washington served as tutor two years in his
Alma Mater and in Columbian College in Wash-
ington, D. C, then took a course -at Newton,
graduating there in 1836. The same 3-ear he
accepted the chair of Mathematics in Shurtleff
College at Upper Alton, remaining, with slight
interruption, until 1868. Warren, after suffering
from hemorrhage of the lungs, eame west in the
fall of 1837, and, after teaching for a few months
at Greenville, Bond County, in 1839 joined his
brother at Shurtleff College as Principal of the
preparatory department, subsequently being
advanced to the chair of Ancient Languages,
which he continued to occupy until June. 1868,
when he retired in the same year with his brother.
After resigning he established himself in the book
business, which was continued until his death,
Nov. 8. 1873. Washmgton. the surviving brother,
continued to be a member of the Board of Trus-
tees of Shurtleff College, and to discharge the
duties of Librarian and Treasurer of the institu-
tion. Died, Dec. 13, 1889.
LEWIS IXSTITl'TE, an educational institu-
tion based upon a bequest of Allen C. Lewis, in
the city of Chicago, established in 1895. It main-
tains departments in law, the classics, prepara-
tory studies and manual training, and owns
property valued at §1,600,000, with funds and
endowment amounting to 61,100,000. No report
is made of the number of pupils.
LEWIS, John H., ex-Congressman, was born
in Tompkins County, N. Y., July 31, 1830.
When six years old he accompanied his parents
to Knox County, 111., where he attended the
public schools, read law, and was admitted to the
bar in 1860. The same year he was elected Clerk
of the Circuit Court of Knox County. In 1874 he
was elected to the lower house of the General
Assembly, and, in 1880, was the successful Repub-
334
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
lican candidate for Congress from the old Ninth
District. In 1882, he was a candidate for re-
election from the same district (then the Tenth),
but was defeated by Xioholas E. Worthington,
his Democratic opponent.
LEWISTOWX, the comity-seat of Fulton
County, located on two lines of railway, fifty
miles southwest of Peoria and sixty miles north-
west of Springfield. It contains flour and saw-
mills, carriage and wagon, can-making,
duplex-.scales and evener factories, six churches
and four newspapers, one issuing a daily edition;
also excellent public schools. Population (1880),
1.771; (1890). 2,166; (1900), 2,504,
LEXINGTON, a town in McLean County, on
the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 110 miles south of
Chicago and lii miles northeast of Bloomington.
The surrounding region is agricultural and stock-
raising, and the town has a flourishing trade in
horses and other live-stock. Tile is manufactured
here, and the town has two banks, five churches,
a high school and a weekly newspaper. Popula-
tion (1880), 1,254; (1890), 1,187; (1900), 1,415.
LIBERTYYILLE, a village of Lake County, at
the terminus of a spur of the Milwaukee Division
of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway, 36
miles north-northwest of Chicago. The region
is agricultural. The town has a bank and a
weekly paper. Population (1880), 695; (1890),
550; (1900), 864.
LIBRARIES. (Statistical. )— A report of the
Commissioner of Education for 1895-96, on the
subject of "Public, Society and School Libraries
in the United States," presents some approximate
statistics of libraries in the several States, based
upon the reports of librarians, so far as they
could be obtained in reply to inquiries sent out
from the Bureau of Education in Washington.
As shown by the statistical tables embodied in
this report, there were 348 libraries in Illinois
reporting 300 volumes and over, of which 134
belonged to the smallest class noted, or those con-
taining less than 1,000 volumes. The remaining
214 were divided into the following classes:
Containing 300, 000 and less than 500. 000 volumes 1
100,000
300.000
2
.50,000
100,000
1
2.5,000
50,000
5
10,000
25,000
" 27
5,000
10,000
" 34
1,000
5,000
" 144
A general classification of libraries of 1,000
volumes and over, as to character, divides them
into. General, 91; Scliool, 36; College, 42; College
Society, 7 ; Law, 3 ; Theological, 7 ; State. 2 ; Asy-
lum and Reformatory, 4; Young Men's Christian
Association, 2; Scientific, 6; Historical, 8; Soci-
ety, 8; Medical, Odd Fellows and Social, 1 each.
The total number of volumes belonging to the
class of 1,000 volumes and over was 1,822, .580 with
447,168 pamphlets; and, of the class between 300
and 1,000 volumes, 66,992 — making a grand total of
1,889,572 volumes. The library belonging to the
largest (or 300,000) class, is that of the University
of Chicago, reporting 805,000 volumes, with
180,000 pamphlets, while the Chicago Public
Library and tlie Newberry Library belong to the
second class, reporting, respectively, 217,065 vol-
umes with 42,000 pamphlets, and 135,244 volumes
and 35.654 pamphlets. (The report of the Chi-
cago Public Library for 1898 shows a total, for
that }'ear, of 235,385 volumes and 44,069 pam-
phlets.)
As to sources of support or method of adminis-
tration, 42 of the class reporting 1,000 volumes
and over, are supported by taxation ; 27, by appro-
priations by State. County or City ; 20, from
endowment funds ; 54, from membership fees and
dues; 10, from book-rents; 26. from donations,
leaving 53 to be supported from sources not
stated. The total income of 131 reporting on this
subject is §787,262; the aggregate endowment
of 17 of this class is 82,283,197, and the value of
buildings belonging to 36 is estimated at §2,981,-
575. Of the 214 libraries reporting 1,000 volumes
and over, 88 are free, 28 are reference, and 158
are both circulating and reference.
The free public libraries in the State containing
3,000 volumes and over, in 1896, amounted to 39.
The following list includes those of this class con-
taining 10,000 volumes and over:
Chicago, PubUc Library . . (1896) 217.065
Peoria, " " 57.604
Springfield, " " 28,639
Rockford. " " 28,000
Quincy, " " and Reading Room 19,400
Galesburg " " 18,469
Elgin, Gail Borden Public Library . . 17,000
Bloomington, Withers " " ... 16,068
Evanston, Free " " ... 15,515
Decatur. " " " . . . 14,766
Belleville, " " ... 14,511
Aurora, " " ... 14,850
Rock Island, " " ... 12,684
Joliet. " " ... 22,325
The John Crerar Library (a scientific reference
librar3) — established in the City of Chicago in
1894, on the basis of a bequest of the late John
Crerar, estimated as amoxinting to fully S3, 000,-
000 — is rapidly adding to its resources, having,
in the four j'ears of its history, acquired over
40,000 volumes. With its princely endowment,
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
335
it is destined, in the course of a few years, to be
reckoned one of the leading libraries of its class
in the United States, as it is one of the most
modern and carefully selected.
The Newberry and Chicago Historical Society
Libraries fill an important place for reference pur-
poses, especially on historical subjects. A tardy
beginning has been made in building up a State
Historical Library in Springfield; but, owing to
the indifference of the Legislature and the meager
support it has received, the State which was, for
nearly a hundred years, the tlieater of the most
important events in the development of the Mis-
sissippi Valley, has, as yet, scarcely accomplished
anything worthy of its name in collecting and
preserving the records of its own history.
In point of historical origin, next to the Illinois
State Library, which dates from the admission
of the State into the Union in 1818, the oldest
library in the State is that of the McCormick
Theological Seminary, which is set down as hav-
ing had its origin in 1835, though this occurred
in another State. The early State College Li-
braries follow next in chronological order; Shurt-
leff College, at Upper Alton, 1827 ; Illinois College,
at Jacksonville, 1829; McKendree College, at
Lebanon, 183-1; Rockford College, 1849; Lombard
University, at Galesburg, 18.52. In most cases,
however, these are simply the dates of the estab-
lishment of the institution, or the period at which
instruction began to be given in the school which
finally developed into the college.
The school library is constantly becoming a
more important factor in the liberal education of
the youth of the State. Adding to this the "Illi-
nois Pupils' Reading Circle," organized by the
State Teachers' Association some ten years ago,
but still in the experimental stage, and the sys-
tem of "traveling libraries," set on foot at a later
period, there is a constant tendency to enlarge
the range of popular reading and bring the public
library, in some of its various forms, within the
reach of a larger class.
The Free Public Library Law of Illinois.
— The following history and analysis of the Free
Public Library Law of Illinois is contributed, for
the "Historical Encyclopedia," by E. S. Wilcox,
Librarian of the Peoria Public Library :
The Library Law passed by the Legislature
of Illinois in 1872 was the first broadly planned,
comprehensive and complete Free Public Li-
brary Law placed on the statute book of any
State in the Union. It is true. New Hamp-
shire, in 1849, and Massachusetts, in 1851,
had taken steps in this direction, with three or
four brief sections of laws, permissive in their
character rather than directive, but lacking the
vitalizing qualities of our Illinois law, in that
they provided no sufliciently specific working
method — no sailing directions — for starting and
administering such free public libraries. They
seem to have had no influence on subsequent
library legislation, while, to quote the language
of Mr. Fletcher in his "Public Libraries in
America," "the wisdom of the Illinois law, in this
regard, is probably the reason why it has been so
wideU' copied in other States."
By this law of 1873 Illinois placed herself at the
head of her sister States in encouraging the
spread of general intelligence aiiKnig tlie people;
but it is also a record to be equally proud cjf, that,
within less than five years after lier admission to
the Union, Dec. 3, 1818 — that is, at the first ses-
sion of her Third General Assembly — a general
Act was passed and approved, Jan. 31, 1828,
entitled : "An act to incorporate such persons as
may associate for the purpose of procuring and
erecting public libraries in this State," with tlie
following preamble •
"Whereas, a disposition for improvement in useful
knowledge has manifested itself in various iiarts of this
State, by associating for procuring and erecting iniblic
libraries: and, whereas, it is of the utmost im|tortance to
the public that tlie sources of information should be multi-
plied, and institutions for that purpose encouraged and pro-
moted; Sec. 1. lie it enacted," etc.
Then follow ten sections, covering five and a
half pages of the published laws of that session,
giving explicit directions as to the organizing
and maintaining of such Associations, with pro-
visions as enlightened and liberal as we could ask
for to-day. The libraries contemplated in this act
are, of course, subscription libraries, the only
kind known at that time, free public libraries
supported by taxation not having come into
vogue in that early day.
It is the one vivifying quality of the Illinois
law of 1873, that it showed how to start a free
public library, how to manage it wlien started
and how to provide it with the necessary funds.
It furnished a full and minute set of sailing
directions for the ship it launched, and, moreover,
was not loaded down with useless limitations.
With a few exceptions — notably the Boston
Public Library, working under a special charter,
and an occasional endowed library, like the Astor
Library — all public libraries in those days were
subscription libraries, like the great Mercantile
Libraries of New York, St. Louis and Cincinnati,
with dues of from .S3 to $10 from each member
per year. With dues at $i a year, our Peoria
Mercantile Library, at its best, never had over
286 members in any one year. Compare this with
our present public membership of 6,500, and it
will be seen that some kind of a free public
library law was needed. That was the conclu-
sion I, as one of the Directors of the Peoria Mer-
cantile Library, came to in 1869. We had tried
every expedient for years, in the way of lecture
courses, concerts, spelling matches, "Drummer
Boy of Shiloh," and begging, to increase our
membership and revenue. So far, and no farther,
seemed to be the rule with all subscription
libraries. They did not reach the masses wlio
needed them most. And, for this manifest rea-
336
UISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
son : the necessary cost of annual dues stood in
the way; the women and young people who
wanted something to read, who thirsted for
knowledge, and wlio are the principal patrons of
the free public library to-day, did not hold the
family purse-strings; while the men, who did
hold the purse-strings, did not particularly care
for books.
It was my experience, derived as a Director in
the Peoria Mercantile Library when it was still a
small, struggling subscription librar3-, that sug-
gested the need of a State law authorizing cities
and towns to tax themselves for the support of
public libraries, as they already did for the sup-
port of public schools. When, in 1870, I
submitted the plan to some of my friends, they
pronounced it Quixotic — the people would never
consent to pay taxes for libraries. To which I
replied, that, until sometime in the "50"s, we
had no free public schools in this State.
I then drew up the form of a law, substantially
as it now stands; and, after submitting it to
Justin Winsor, then of the Boston Public Li-
brary ; William F. Poole, then in Cincinnati, and
William T. Harris, then in St. Louis, I placed it
in the hands of my friend, Mr. Samuel Caldwell,
in December, 1870, who took it with him to
Springfield, promising to do what he could to get
it through the Legislature, of which he was a
member from Peoria. The bill was introduced
by Mr. Caldwell, March 23, 1871, as House bill
No. 563, and as House bill No. 563 it finally
received the Governor's signature and became a
law, March 7, 1873.
The es.sential features of our Illinois law are:
/. Tlie ji<iir( )■ iif iiiifiiifirf ill stnrting a free
public lihriirji lii-x in tin' ( 'it// ('duhcH. and not in
an appeal to tlic rotrrs of ilo- city at a general
election.
It is a weak point in the English public libra-
ries act that this initiative is left to the electors or
voters of a city, and, in several London and pro-
vincial districts, the proposed law has been
repeatedly voted down by the very people it was
most calculated to benefit, from fear of a little
extra taxation.
II. The amount of tax to be levied is permissive,
not mandatory.
We can trust to the public spirit of our city
authorities, supported by an intelligent public
sentiment, to provide for the library needs. A
mandatory law, requiring the levying of a certain
fixed percentage of the cit3'"s total assessment,
might invite extravagance, as it has in several
instances where a mandatory law is in force.
///. Tlie Library Board has exclusive control of
library ajypropriations.
This is to be interpreted that Public Library
Boards are separate and distinct departments of
the city administration; and experience has
shown that they are as capable and honest in
Ixandling money as Scliool Boards or City
Councils.
IV. Library Boards consist of nine ineynbers to
serve for three ycar.s.
V. The meiuhrr.'i i>f fJic Board are appointed by
the Maytir. !<uhjrct t.> tin- approval of the City
Council, from tin vitizni.i at large with reference
to their Jitness for such office.
TV. A7i annual report is to be made by the
Board to the City Council, stating the condition
of their trust on the first day of June of each
year.
This, with slight modifications adapting it to
villages, towns and townships, is, in substance,
the Free Public Library Law of Illinois. Under
its beneficent operation flourishing free public
libraries have been established in the principal
cities and towns of our State — slowly, at first,
but, of late years, more rapidly as their usefulness
lias become apparent.
No argument is now needed to show the im-
portance— the imperative necessity — of the widest
possible diffusion of intelligence among the people
of a free State. Knowledge and ignorance — the
one means civilization, the other, barbarism.
Give a man the taste for good books and the
means of gratifying it, and you can hardly fail of
making him a better, happier man and a wiser
citizen. You place him in contact with the best
society in every period of history ; you set before
liim nobler examples to imitate and safer paths
to follow.
We have no way of foretelling how many and
how great benefits will accrue to society and the
State, in the future, from the comparatively
modern introduction of the free public library
into our educational system ; but when some
youthful Abraham Lincoln, poring over ^sop's
Fables, Weems' Life of Washington and a United
States History, by the flickering light of a pine-
knot in a log-cabin, rises at length to be the liope
and bulwark of a nation, then we learn what the
world may owe to a taste for books. In the gen-
eral spread of intelligence through our free
schools, our free press and our free libraries, lies
our only hope that our free American institutions
shall not decay and perish from tlie earth.
" Knowledge is the only good, ignora
"Let knowledge grow from more to i
LIEUTENANT-GOVERNORS OF ILLINOIS.
The office of Lieutenant-Governor, created by the
Constitution of 1818, has been retained in each of
the subsequent Constitutions, being elective by
the people at the same time with that of Gov-
ernor. The following is a list of the Lieutenant-
Governors of the State, from the date of its
admission into the Union to the present time
(1899), with the date and length of each incum-
bent's term: Pierre Menard, 1818-23; Adolphus
Frederick Hubbard, 1822-26; William Kinney,
1836-30; Zadoc Casey, 1830-33; William Lee D.
Ewing (succeeded to the office as President of the
Senate), 1833-34; Alexander M. Jenkins, 1834-86;
William H. Davidson (as President of the
Senate), 1836-38; Stinson H. Anderson, 1838-43;
John Moore, 1842-46; Joseph B. Wells, 1846-49;
William McMurtry, 1849-53; Gustavus Koerner,
1853-57; John Wood, 1857-60; Thomas A. Mar-
shall (as President of the Senate), Jan. 7-14, 1861 ;
Francis A. Hoffman, 1861-65; William Bross,
1865-69; John Dougherty, 1869-73; John L.
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
337
Beveridge, Jan. 13-23, 1873; John Early (as
President of the Senate), 1873-73; Archibald A.
Glenn (as President of the Senate), 1875-77;
Andrew Shuman, 1877-81 ; John M. Hamilton,
1881-83; William J. Campbell (as President of
the Senate), 1883-85; John C. Smith, 1885-89;
Lyman B. Ray, 1889-93; Joseph B. Gill, 1893-97;
William A. Northoott, 1897 — .
LIMESTONE. Illinois ranks next to Pennsyl-
vania in its output of limestone, the United
States Census Report for 1890 giving the number
of quarries as 104, and the total value of the
product as 53,190,604. In the value of stone used
for building purposes Illinois far exceeds any
other State, the greater proportion of the output
in Pennsylvania being suitable only for flux.
Next to its employment as building stone, Illinois
limestone is chiefly used for street-work, a small
percentage being used for flux, and still less for
bridge-work, and but little for burning into lime.
The quarries in this State employ 3,383 hands, and
represent a capital of $3,316,616, in the latter par-
ticular also ranking next to Pennsylvania. The
quarries are found in various parts of the State,
but the most productive and most valuable are in
the northern section.
LINCOLN, an incorporated city, and county-
seat of Logan County, at the intersection of the
Chicago & Alton, the Champaign and Havana
Division of the Illinois Central, and the Peoria,
Decatur & Evansville Railroads; is 28 miles
northeast of Springfield, and 157 miles southwest
of Chicago. The surrounding country is devoted
to agriculture, stock-raising and coal-mining.
Considerable manufacturing is carried on, among
the products being flour, press drills, brick and
drain tile. There are also machine shops and ex-
tensive canning works. There are some twenty
churches, three national banks, a public library,
electric street railways, and two daily and four
weekly newspapers. Besides possessing a good
common school system, it is the seat of Lincoln
University (a Cumberland Presbyterian institu-
tion, founded in 1865). The Odd Fellows'
Orphans' Home and the Illinois (State) Asylum
for Feeble-Mi nded Children are also located here.
Population (1S80), 5,639; (1890), 6,725; (1900),
8,963.
LINCOLN, Abraham, sixteenth President of the
United States, was born in Hardin County, Ky.,
Feb. 12, 1809, of Quaker-English descent, his
grandfather having emigrated from Virginia to
Kentucky about 1780, where he was killed by the
Indians in 1784. Thomas Lincoln, the father of
Abraham, settled in Indiana in 1816, and removed
to Macon County in 1830. Abraham was the
issue of his father's first marriage, his mother's
maiden name being Nancy Hanks. The early
occupations of the future President were varied.
He served at different times as farm-laborer, flat-
boatman, country salesman, merchant, surveyor,
lawyer. State legislator, Congressman and Presi-
dent. In 1833 he enlisted for the Black Hawk
AVar, and was chosen Captain of his company;
was an unsuccessful candidate for the Legislature
the same year, but elected two years later.
About this time he turned his attention to the
study of law, was admitted to the bar in 1836,
and, one year later, began practice at Springfield.
By successive re-elections he served in the House
until 1843, when he declined a re-election. In
1838, and again in 1840, he was the Whig candi-
date for Speaker of the House, on both occasions
being defeated by William L. D. Ewing. In 1841
he was an applicant to President William Henry
Harrison for the position of Commissioner of the
General Land Ofl5ce, the appointment going to
Justin Butterfield. His next official position was
that of Representative in the Thirtieth Congress
(1847-49). From that time he gave his attention
to his profession until 1855, when he was a lead-
ing candidate for the United States Senate in
opposition to the principles of the Nebraska Bill,
but failed of election, Lyman Trumbull being
chosen. In 18.56, lie took a leading part in the
organization of the Republican party at Bloom-
ington, and, in 1858, was formally nominated by
the Republican State Convention for the United
States Senate, later engaging in a joint debate
with Senator Douglas on party issues, during
which they delivered speeches at seven different
cities of the State. Although he again failed to
secure the prize of an election, owing to the char-
acter of the legislative apportionment then in
force, which gave a majority of the Senators and
Representatives to a Democratic minority of the
voters, his burning, incisive utterances on the
subject of slavery attracted the attention of the
whole country, and prepared the way for the
future triumph of the Republican party. Previ-
ous to this he had been four times (1840, '44, '53.
and '56) on the ticket of his party as candidate
for Presidential Elector. In 1860, he was the
nominee of the Republican party for the Presi-
dency and was chosen by a decisive majority in
the Electoral College, though receiving a minor-
ity of the aggregate popular vote. Unquestion-
ably his candidacy was aided by internal
dissensions in the Democratic party. His election
and his inauguration (on March 4, 1861) were
338
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
made a pretext for secession, and he met the
issue with promptitude and firmness, tempered
with kindness and moderation towards the se-
cessionists. He was re-elected to the Presidency
in 1864, the vote in the Electoral College standing
212 for Lincoln to 21 for his opponent, Gen.
George B. McClellan. Tlie history of Mr. Lin-
coln's life in the Presidential chair is the history
of the whole country during its most dramatic
period. Next to his success in restoring the
authority of the Government over the whole
Union, history will, no doubt, record his issuance
of the Emancipation Proclamation of January,
1863, as the most important and far-reaching act
of his administration. And yet to this act, which
has emlialmed his memory in the hearts of the
lovers of freedom and liuman justice in all ages
and in all lands, the world over, is due his death
at the hands of the assassin, J. Wilkes Booth, in
Washington City, April 15, 186.5, as the result of
an assault made upon him in Ford"s Theater the
evening previous — his deatii occurring one week
after the fall of Richmond and the surrender of
Lee's army — just as peace, with the restoration of
the Union, was assured. A period of National
mourning ensued, and he was accorded tlie honor
of a National funeral, his remains being finally
laid to rest in a mausoleum in Springfield. His
profound sympathy witli every class of sufferers
during the War of the Rebellion ; his forbearance
in the treatment of enemies; his sagacity in
giving direction to public sentiment at home and
in dealing with international questions abroad;
his courage in preparing the way for the removal
of slavery — the bone of contention between the
warring sections — have given him a place in the
affections of the people beside that of Washington
himself, and won for liim the respect and admi-
ration of all civilized nations.
LINCOLN, Robert Todd, lawyer, member of
the Cabinet and Foreign Minister, the son of
Abraham Lincoln, was born in Springfield, 111.,
August 1, 1843, and educated in the home schools
and at Harvard University, graduating from the
latter in 1864. During the last few months of
the Civil War, he served on the staff of General
Grant with the rank of Captain. After the war
he studied law and, on his admission to the bar,
settled in Chicago, finally becoming a member of
the firm of Lincoln & Isham. Jn 1880, lie was
chosen a Presidential Elector on the Republican
ticket, and, in March following, appointed Secre-
tary of War by President Garfield, serving to the
close of the term. In 1889 he became Minister to
England by appointment of President Harrison,
gaining high distinction as a diplomatist. This
was the last public office iield by him. After the
death of George M. Pullman he became Acting
President of the Pullman Palace Car Company,
later being formally elected to that office, which
(1899) he still holds. Mr. Lincoln's name has
been frequently mentioned in connection with
the Republican nomination for the Presidency,
but its use has not been encouraged by him.
LINCOLN AND DOUGLAS DEBATE, a name
popularly given to a series of joint discussions
between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Doug-
las, held at different points in the State during the
summer and autumn of 18.58, while both were
candidates for the position of United States Sena-
tor. The places and dates of holding these
discussions were as follows : At Ottawa, August
21 ; at Freeport, August 27 ; at Jonesboro, Sept.
15; at Cliarleston, Sept. 18; at Galesburg, Oct. 7;
at Quincy, Oct. 13; at Alton, Oct. 15. Immense
audiences gathered to hear these debates, which
have become famous in the political history of
the Nation, and the campaign was the most noted
in the history of any State. It resulted in the
securing by Douglas of a re-election to the Senate ;
but his answers to the shrewdly-couched interrog-
atories of Lincoln led to the alienation of his
Soutliern following, the disruption of tiie Demo-
cratic party in 1860, and the defeat of his Presi-
dential aspirations, with the placing of Mr.
Lincoln prominently before the Nation as a
sagacious political leader, and his final election
to the Presidency.
LINCOLN UNITERSITY,an institution located
at Lincoln, Logan County, 111., incorporated in
1865. It is co-educational, has a faculty of eleven
instructors and, for 1896-8, reports 209 pupils —
ninety -one male and 118 female. Instruction
is given in the classics, tlie sciences, music, fine
arts and preparatory studies. Tlie institution
has a library of 3,000 volumes, and reports funds
and endowment amoimting to .560,000, with
property valued at $55,000.
LINDER, Usher F., lawyer and politician, was
born in Elizabethtown, Hardin County, Ky. (ten
miles from the birtliplace of Abraham Lincoln),
March 20, 1809; came to Illinois in 1835, finally
locating at Charleston, Coles County; after travel-
ing the circuit a few montlis was elected Repre-
sentative in the Tenth General Assembly (l.'<36),
but resigned before tiie close of the session to
accept tlie office of Attorney-General, which he
held less than a year and a half, when he resigned
that also. Again, in 1846, he was elected to the
Fifteenth General Assembly and re-elected to the
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
339
Sixteenth and Seventeenth, afterwards giving his
attention to the practice of his profession. Mr.
Linder, in his best days, was a fluent speaker with
some elements of eloquence which gave him a
wide popularity as a campaign orator. Originally
a Whig, on the dissolution of that party he
became a Democrat, and, in 1860, was a delegate
to the Democratic National Convention at
Charleston, S. C, and at Baltimore. During the
last four years of his life he wrote a series of
articles under the title of "Reminiscences of the
Early Bench and Bar of Illinois," which was pub-
lished in book form in 1876. Died in Chicago,
June 5, 1876.
LINEiJAR, David T., legislator, was born in
Ohio, Feb. 13, 1830; came to Spencer County,
Ind., in 1840, and to Wayne County, 111., in 1858,
afterward locating at Cairo, where he served as
Postmaster during the Civil War; was a Repub-
lican Presidential Elector in 1873, but afterwards
became a Democrat, and served as such in the
lower branch of the General Assembly (1880-86).
Died at Cairo. Feb. 3, 1886.
LIPPIXCOTT, Charles E., State Auditor, was
born at Edwardsville, 111., Jan. 26, 1835; attended
Illinois College at Jacksonville, but did not
graduate; in 1849 graduated from the St. Louis
Medical College, and began the practice of medi-
cine at Chandlerville, Cass County. In 1853 he
went to California, remaining there five years,
taking an active part in the anti-slavery contest,
and serving as State Senator (1853-55). In 1857,
having returned to Illinois, he resumed practice
at Chandlerville, and, in 1861, under autliority of
Governor Yates, recruited a company which was
attached to the Thirty -third Illinois Infantry as
Company K, and of which he was commissioned
Captain, having declined the lieutenant-colo-
nelcy. Within twelve months he became Colonel,
and, on Sept. 16, 1865, was mustered out as brevet
Brigadier-General. In 1866 he reluctantly con-
sented to lead the Republican forlorn hope as a
candidate for Congress in the (then) Ninth Con-
gressional District, largely reducing the Demo-
cratic majority. In 1867 he was elected Secretary
of the State Senate, and the same year chosen
Doorkeeper of the House of Representatives at
Washington. In 1868 he was elected State Audi-
tor, and re-elected in 1873 ; also served as Perma-
nent President of the Republican State Conven-
tion of 1878. On the establishment of the Illinois
Soldiers" and Sailors" Home at Quincy, he became
its first Superintendent, assuming his duties in
March, 1887, but died Sept. 13, following, as a
result of injuries received from a runaway team
while driving through the grounds of the institu-
tion a few days previous. — Emily Webster
Chandler (Lippincott), wife of the preceding,
was born March 13, 1833, at Chandlerville, Cass
County, 111. , the daughter of Dr. Charles Chand-
ler, a prominent physician widely known in that
section of the State ; was educated at Jacksonville
Female Academy, and married, Deo. 35, 1851, to
Dr. (afterwards General) Charles E. Lippincott.
Soon after the death of her husband, in Septem-
ber, 1887, Mrs. Lippincott, who had already
endeared herself by her acts of kindness to the
veterans in the Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, was
appointed Matron of the institution, serving until
her death, May 31, 1895. The respect in which
she was held by the old soldiers, to whose com-
fort and necessities she had ministered in hos-
pital and elsewhere, was shown in a most touching
manner at the time of her death, and on the
removal of her remains to be laid by the side of
her husband, in Oak Ridge Cemetery at Spring-
field.
LIPPINCOTT, (Rev.) Thomas, early clergy-
man, was born in Salem, N. J., in 1791; in 1817
started west, arriving in St. Louis in February,
1818; the same year established himself in mer-
cantile business at Milton, then a place of some
importance near Alton. This place proving
unhealth}', he subsequently removed to Edwards-
ville, where he was for a time employed as clerk
in tlie Land Oflice. He afterwards served as
Secretary of the Senate (1833-23). That he was a
man of education and high intelligence, as well
as a strong opponent of slavery, is shown by his
writings, in conjunction with Judge Samuel D.
Lockwood, George Churchill and others, in oppo-
sition to the scheme for securing the adoption of
a pro-slavery Constitution in Illinois in 1834. In
1835 he purchased from Hooper Warren "The
Edwardsville Spectator," which he edited for a
year or more, but soon after entered the ministry
of the Presbyterian Church and became an influ-
ential factor in building up that denomination in
Illinois. He was also partly instrumental in
securing the location of Illinois College at Jack-
sonville. He died at Pana, 111., April 13, 1869.
Gen. Charles E. Lippincott, State Auditor
(1869-77). was a son of the subject of this sketch.
LiqUOR LAWS. In the early history of the
State, the question of the regulation of the sale of
intoxicants was virtually relegated to the control
of the local authorities, who granted license, col-
lected fees, and fixed the tariff of charges. As
early as 1851, however, the General Assembly,
with a view to mitigating what it was felt had
340
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
become a growing evil, enacted a law popularly
known as the "quart law," which, it was hoped,
would do away with the indiscriminate sale of
liquor by the glass. The law failed to meet the
exjjectation of its framers and supporters, and, in
18.5.5, a prohibitory law was submitted to the elect-
ors, which was rejected at the polls. Since that
date a general license system has prevailed, except
in certain towns and cities where prohibitory
ordinances were adopted. The regulations gov-
erning the traffic, therefore, have been widely
variant in different localities. The Legislature,
however, has always possessed the same constitu-
tional power to regulate the sale of intoxicants,
as aconite, henbane, strychnine, or other poisons.
In 1879 the Woman's Christian Temperance
Union began the agitation of the license question
from a new standpoint. In IMarch of that year, a
delegation of Illinois women, headed by Miss
Frances E. Willard, presented to the Legislature
a monster petition, signed by 80,000 voters and
100,000 women, praying for the amendment of
the State Constitution, so as to give females above
the age of 21 the riglit to vote upon the granting
of licenses in the localities of their residences.
Miss Willard and Jlrs. J. Ellen Foster, of Iowa,
addressed the House in its favor, and Miss
Willard spoke to the Senate on the same lines.
The measure was defeated in the House by a vote
of fifty-five to fifty-three, and the Senate took no
action. In 1881 the same bill was introduced
anew, but again failed of passage. Nevertheless,
persistent agitation was not without its results.
In 1883 the Legislature enacted what is generally
termed the "High License Law," by the provi-
sions of which a minimum license of S.'JOO per
annum was imposed for the sale of alcoholic
drinks, and §1,50 for malt liquors, with the
authority on the part of municipalities to impose
a still higher rate by ordinance. This measure
was made largely a partisan issue, the Repub-
licans voting almost solidly for it, and the Demo
crats almost solidly opposing it. The bill was
promptly signed by Governor Hamilton. The
liquor laws of Illinois, therefore, at the present
time are based upon local option, high license and
local supervision. The criminal code of the State
contains the customary provisions respecting the
sale of stimulants to minors and other prohibited
parties, or at forliidden times, but, in the larger
cities, many of the provisions of the State law
are rendered practically inoperative by the
municipal ordinances, or absolutely nullified by
the indifference or studied neglect of the local
officials.
LITCHFIELD, the principal city of Montgom-
ery County, at the intersection of the Cleveland,
Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis and the Wabash
Railways, 43 miles south of Springfield and 47
miles northeast of St. Louis. The surrounding
country is fertile, undulating prairie, in which
are found coal, oil and natural gas. A coal mine
is operated within the corporate limits. Grain is
extensively raised in the country, and Litchfield
has several elevators, besides flouring mills. The
output of tlie manufacturing establishments (in
addition to flour) include foundry and machine-
shop products, threshing machines, carriages,
cars, brick and tile, brooms, paints, ginger-ale
and cider. The city is lighted by both gas and
electricity, and has a Holly water- works system,
a public library and public parks, besides two
banks, seven churches, a Iiigh and graded schools,
an Ursuline convent, a hospital in charge of
Catholic sisterhood, and a montlily, three weekly
and two daily periodicals. Population (1880),
4,326; (1890), .5,811; (1900), 5,918.
LITCHFIELD, CARROLLTON & WESTERN
RAILROAD, a line which extends from Colum-
biana, on the Illinois River, to Barnett, 111., 51.5
miles ; is of standard gauge, the track being laid
with fiftj'-six pound steel rails. It was opened
for business, in three different sections, from 1883
to 1887, and for three years was operated in con-
nection with the Jacksonville Southeastern
Railway. In May, 1890, the latter was sold under
foreclosure, and, in November, 1893, the Litch-
field, Carrollton & Western reverted to the
former owners. Six months later it passed into
the hands of a receiver, by whom (up to 1898) it
has since been operated. The general ofl5ces
are at Carlinville
LITTLE, George, merchant and banker, was
born in Columbia, Pa., in 1808; came to Rush-
ville, 111., in 1836, embarking in the mercantile
business, which he prosecuted sixty years. In
1865 he established the Bank of Rushville, of
which he was President, in these two branches of
business amassing a large fortime. Died, March
5, 1896.
LITTLE VERMILION RIVER rises in Ver-
milion County, 111., and flows eastwardly into
Indiana, emptying into the Wabash in VermiUon
County, Ind.
LITTLE WABASH RIVER, rises in Effingham
and Cumberland Counties, flows east and south
through Claj', Wayne and White, and enters the
Wabash River about 8 miles above the mouth of
the latter. Its estimated length is about 180
miles.
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
341
LITTLEE, David T., lawyer and State Senator,
was born at Clifton, Greene County, Oliio, Feb.
7, 1836; was educated in the common schools in
his native State and, at twenty-one, removed to
Lincoln, 111., where he worked at the carpenter's
trade for two years, meanwhile studying law. He
was admitted to the bar in 1860, soon after was
elected a Justice of the Peace, and later appointed
Master in Chancery. In 1866 he was appointed
by President Johnson Collector of Internal
Revenue for the Eighth District, but resigned in
1868, removing to Springfield the same year,
where he entered into partnership witli the late
Henry S. Greene, Milton Hay being admitted to
the firm soon after, the partnership continuing
imtil 1881. In 1883 Mr. Littler was elected
Representative in the Thirty-fourth General
Assembly from Sangamon County, was re-elected
in 1886, and returned to the Senate in 1894, serv-
ing in the latter body four years. In both Houses
Mr. Littler took a specially prominent part in
legislation on the revenue question.
LIVERMORE, Mary Ashton, reformer and phi-
lanthropist, was born (ilary Ashton Rice) in
Boston, Mass., Dec. 19, 1821; taught for a time in
a female seminary in Charlestown, and spent two
j-ears as a governess in Southern Virginia; later
married Rev. Daniel P. Livermore, a Universalist
minister, who held pastorates at various places in
Massachusetts and at Quincy, 111., becoming
editor of "The New Covenant" at Chicago, in
18.57. During this time Mrs. Livermore wrote
much for denominational papers and in assisting
her husband; in 1863 was appointed an agent,
and traveled extensively in the interest of the
L^nited States Sanitary Commission, visiting
hospitals and camps in the Mississippi Valley;
also took a prominent part in the great North-
western Sanitary Fair at Chicago in 1863. Of
late years she has labored and lectured exten-
sively in the interest of woman suffrage and tem-
perance, besides being the author of several
volumes, one of these being "Pen Pictures of
Chicago" (1865). Her home is in Boston.
LITINGSTON COUNTY, situated about mid-
waj' between Chicago and Springfield. The sur-
face is rolling toward the east, but is level in the
west; area, 1.026 square miles; population (1900),
42,035, named for Edward Livingston. It was
organized in 1837, the first Commissioners being
Robert Breckenridge, Jonathan Moon and Daniel
Rockwood. Pontiac was selected as the county-
seat, the proprietors donating ample lands and
S3, 000 in cash for the erection of public buildings.
Vermilion River and Indian Creek are the prin-
cipal streams. Coal underlies the entire county,
and shafts are in successful operation at various
points. It is one of the chief agricultural coun-
ties of the State, the yield of oats and corn being
large. Stock-raising is also extensively carried
on. The development of the county really dates
from the opening of the Chicago & Alton Rail-
road in 18.54, since which date it has been crossed
by numerous other lines. Pontiac, the county-
seat, is situated on the Vermilion, is a railroad
center and the site of the State Reform School.
Its population in 1890 was 3,784. Dwight has
attained a wide reputation as the seat of the
parent "Keeley" Institute for the cure of the
liquor habit.
LOCKPORT, a viUage in Will County, laid out
in 1837 and incorporated in 1853; situated 33
miles southwest of Chicago, on the Des Plaines
River, the Illinois & Michigan Canal; the Atchi-
son, Topeka & Santa Fe and the Chicago & A Iton
Railroads. The surrounding region is agricul-
tural, although underlaid with limestone, which
is extensively and successfully quarried. Its
manufactures are flour, oatmeal, barbed -wire,
brass goods, paper and straw board. It has ten
churches, a graded public school, a high school
and several parochial schools; also a bank and
three weekly papers. Population (1880), 1,679;
(1890), 3,449; (1900), 2,6.59. The controlling works
of the Chicago Drainage Canal are at Lockport.
LOCKWOOD, Samuel Drake, jurist, was born
at Poundridge, Westchester County, N. Y. ,
August 2, 1789 , left fatherless at the age of ten,
after a few months at a private school in New
Jersey, he went to live with an uncle (Francis
Drake) at Waterford, N. Y., with whom he
studied law, being admitted to the bar at Batavia,
N. Y., in 1811. In 1813 he removed to Auburn,
and later became Master in Chancery. In 1818
he descended the Ohio River upon a flat-boat in
company with William H. Brown, afterwards of
Chicago, and walking across the country from
Shawneetown, arrived at Kaskaskia in Decem-
ber, but finally settled at Carmi, where he
remained a year. In 1831 he was elected Attor-
ney-General of the State, but resigned the fol-
lowing year to accept the position of Secretary of
State, to which he was appointed by Governor
Coles, and which he filled only three months,
when President Monroe made him Receiver of
Public Moneys at Edwardsville. About the same
time he was also appointed agent of the First
Board of Canal Commissioners. The Legislature
of 1824-25 elected him Judge of the Supreme
Court, his service extending until the adoption
348
HISTORICAL E^'CYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
of the Constitution of 1848, which he assisted in
framing as a Delegate from Morgan County. In
1851 he was made State Trustee of the Illinois
Central Railroad, which office he held until his
death. He was always an uncompromising
antagonist of slavery and a leading supporter of
Governor Coles in opijosition to the plan to secure
a pro-slavery Constitution in 1824. His personal
and political integrity was recognized by all
parties. From 1828 to 1853 Judge Lockwood was
a citizen of Jacksonville, where he proved him-
self an efficient friend and patron of Illinois Col-
lege, serving for over a quarter of a century as
one of its Trustees, and was also influential in
securing several of the State charitable institu-
tions there. His later years were spent at
Batavia, where he died, April 23, 1874, in the 85th
year of his age.
LODA, a village of Iroquois County, on the
Chicago Division of the Illinois Central Railway,
4 miles north of Paxton. The region is agricul-
tural, and the town has considerable local trade.
It also has a bank and one weekly paper.
Population (1880), 635; (1890), 598; (1900), 668.
LOGAN, Cornelius Ambrose, physician and
diplomatist, born at Deerfield, Mass., August 6,
1836, the .son of a dramatist of the same name;
was educated at Auburn Academy and served as
Medical Superintendent of St. John's Hospital,
Cincinnati, and, later, as Professor in the Hos-
pital at Leavenworth, Kan. In 1873 he was
appointed United States Minister to Chili, after-
wards served as Minister to Guatemala, and again
(1881) as Minister to Chili, remaining until 1883.
He was for twelve years editor of "The Medical
Herald," Leavenworth, Kan., and edited the
works of his relative. Gen. John A. Logan (1886),
besides contributing to foreign medical publi-
cations and publishing two or three volumes on
medical and sanitary questions. Resides in
Chicago.
LOGAN, John, physician and soldier, was born
in Hamilton County, Ohio, Dec. 30, 1809; at six
years of age was taken to Missouri, his family
settling near the Grand Tower among the Shaw-
nee and Delaware Indians. He began business
as clerk in a New Orleans commission house, but
returning to Illinois in 1830, engaged in the
blacksmith trade for two j'ears ; in 1831 enlisted
in the Ninth Regiment Illinois Militia and took
part in the Indian troubles of that year and the
Black Hawk War of 1832, later being Colonel of
the Forty-fourth Regiment State Militia. At the
close of the Black Hawk War he settled in
Carlinville, and having graduated in medicine.
engaged in practice in that place xmtil 1861. At
the beginning of the war he raised a company
for the Seventh Illinois Volunteers, but the quota
being already full, it was not accepted. He was
finally commissioned Colonel of the Thirty-
second Illinois Volunteers, and reported to Gen-
eral Grant at Cairo, in January, 1862, a few weeks
later taking part in the battles of Forts Henry
and Donelson. Subsequently he had command
of the Fourth Division of the Army of the Ten-
nessee under General Hurlbut. His regiment
lost heavily at the battle of Shiloh, he himself
being severely wounded and compelled to leave
the field. In December, 1864, he was discharged
with the brevet rank of Brigadier-General. In
1866 Colonel Logan was appointed by President
Johnson LTnited States Marshal for the Southern
District of Illinois, serving until 1870, when he
resimied the practice of his profession at Carlin-
ville. Originally a Democrat, he became a
Republican on the organization of that party,
serving as a delegate to the first Republican State
Convention at Bloomington in 1856. He was a
man of strong personal characteristics and an
earnest patriot. Died at his home at Carlinville,
August 24, 1885.
LOG.VX, John Alexander, soldier and states-
man, was born at old Brownsville, the original
county-seat of Jackson County, 111., Feb. 9, 1826,
the son of Dr. John Logan, a native of Ireland
and an early immigrant into Illinois, where he
attained prominence as a public man. Young
Logan volunteered as a private in the Mexican
War, but was soon promoted to a lieutenancy,
and afterwards became Quartermaster of his
regiment. He was elected Clerk of Jackson
County in 1849, but resigned the office to prose-
cute his law studies. Having graduated from
Louisville University in 1851, he entered into
partnership with his uncle, Alexander M. Jenk-
ins ; was elected to the Legislature as a Democrat
in 1852, and again in 1856, having been Prosecut-
ing Attorney in the interim. He was chosen a
Presidential Elector on the Democratic ticket in
1856, was elected to Congress in 1858, and again
in 1860, as a Douglas Democrat. During the
special session of Congress in 1861, he left his
seat, and fought in the ranks at Bull Run. In
September, 1861, he organized the Thirty-first
Regiment Illinois Infantry, and was commis-
sioned by Governor Yates its Colonel. His mili-
tary career was brilliant, and he rapidly rose to
be Major-General. President Johnson tendered
him the mission to Mexico, which he declined.
In 1866 he was elected as a Republican to Con-
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
343
gress for the State-at-large, and acted as one of
the managers in the impeachment trial of the
President; was twice re-elected and, in 1871, was
chosen United States Senator, as he was again in
1879. In 1884 he was an unsuccessful candidate
for the Presidential nomination at the Republican
Convention in Chicago, but was finally placed on
the ticket for the Vice-Presidency with James G.
Blaine, the ticket being defeated in November
following. In 1885 he was again elected Senator,
but died during his term at Washington, Dec. 26,
1886. General Logan was the author of "The
Great Conspiracy" and of "The Volunteer Soldier
of America." In 1897 an equestrian statue was
erected to his memory on the Lake Front Park in
Chicago.
LOGAN, Stephen Trigg, eminent Illinois jurist,
was born in Franklin County, Ky., Feb. 24, 1800;
studied law at Glasgow, Ky., and was admitted
to the bar before attaining his majority. After
practicing in his native State some ten years, in
1833 he emigrated to Illinois, settling in Sanga-
mon County, one year later opening an office at
Springfield. In 1835 he was elevated to the
bench of the First Judicial Circuit ; resigned two
years later, was re-commissioned in 1839, but
again resigned. In 1842, and again in 1844
and 1846, he was elected to the General Assem-
bly ; also served as a member of the Consti-
tutional Convention of 1847. Between 1841
and 1844 he was a partner of Abraham Lin-
coln. In 1854 he was again chosen a member
of the lower house of the Legislature, was
a delegate to the Republican National Conven-
tion in 1860, and, in 1861, was commissioned
by Governor Yates to represent Illinois in the
Peace Conference, which assembled in Wash-
ington. Soon afterward he retired to private
life. As an advocate his ability was widely
recognized. Died at Springfield, July 17, 1880.
LOGAN COUNTY, situated in the central part
of the State, and having an area of about 620
square miles. Its surface is chiefly a level or
moderately undulating prairie, with some high
ridges, as at Elkhart. Its soil is extremely fertile
and well drained by numerous creeks. Coal-
mining is successfully carried on. The other
staple products are corn, wheat, oats, hay, cattle
and pork. Settlers began to locate in 1819-22,
and the county was organized in 1839, being
originally cut off from Sangamon. In 1840 a
portion of Tazewell was added and, in 1845, a
part of De Witt County. It was named in honor
of Dr. John Logan, father of Senator John A.
Logan. Postville was the first county-seat, but,
in 1847, a change was made to Mount Pulaski,
and, later, to Lincoln, which is the present capi-
tal. Population (1890), 25,489; (1900), 28,680.
LOMBARD, a village of Dupage County, on the
Chicago & Great Western and the Chicago &
Northwestern Railways. Population (1880), 378;
(1890). 515; (1900), 590.
LOMBARD UNIA'ERSITT, an institution at
Galesburg under control of the Universalist
denomination, founded in 1851. It has prepara-
tory, collegiate and theological departments.
The collegiate department includes both classical
and scientific courses, with a specially arranged
course of three years for young women, who con-
stitute nearly half the number of students. The
University has an endowment of §200,000, and
owns additional property, real and personal, of
the value of §100,000. In 1898 it reported a fac-
ulty of thirteen professors, with an attendance of
191 students.
LONDON MILLS, a village and railway station
of Fulton County, on the Fulton Narrow Gauge
and Iowa Central Railroads, 19 miles southeast of
Galesburg. The district is agricultural ; the town
has a bank and a weekly newspaper. Population
(1890), 661; (1900), 528.
LONG, Stephen Harriman, civil engineer, was
born in Hopkinton, N. H., Dec. 30, 1784; gradu-
ated at Dartmouth College in 1809, and, after
teaching some years, entered the United States
Army in December, 1814, as a Lieutenant in the
Corps of Engineers, acting as Assistant Professor
of Mathematics at West Point; in 1816 was trans-
ferred to the Topographical Engineers with the
brevet rank of Major. From 1818 to 1823 he had
charge of explorations between the Mississippi
River and the Rocky 5Iountains, and, in 1823-24,
to the sources of the Mississippi. One of the
highest j5eaks of the Rocky Mountains was named
in his honor. Between 1827 and 1830 he was
emjjloyed as a civil engineer on the Baltimore &
Ohio Railroad, and from 1837 to 1840, as Engineer-
in-Chief of the Western & Atlantic Railroad, in
Georgia, where he introduced a system of curves
and a new kind of truss bridge afterwards gener-
ally adopted. On the organization of the Topo-
graphical Engineers as a separate corps in 1838,
he became Major of that body, and, in 1861, chief,
with the rank of Colonel. An account of his
firist expedition to the Rocky Mountains (1819-20)
by Dr. Edwin James, was published in 1823, and
the following year appeared "Long"s Expedition
to the Source of St. Peter's River, Lake of the
Woods, Etc." He was a member of the Ameri-
can Philosophical Society and the author of the
344
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
first original treatise on railroad building ever
published in this country, under the title of
"Railroad Manual" (1829). During the latter
days of his life his home was at Alton, 111., where
he died, Sept. 4, 1864. Though retired from
active service in June, 1863, he continued in the
discharge of important duties up to his death.
LOXGENECKER, Joel M., lawyer, was born in
Crawford County, 111., June 12, 1847; before
reaching his eighteenth year he enlisted in the
Fifth Illinois Cavalry, servinguntilthecloseof the
war. After attending the high school at Robinson
and teaching for some time, he began the studj'
of law and was admitted to the bar at OIney in
1870; served two years as City Attorney and four
(1877-81) as Prosecuting Attorney, in the latter
year removing to Chicago. Here, in 1884, he be-
came the assistant of Luther Laflin Mills in the
office of Prosecuting Attorney of Cook County,
retaining that position with Mr. Mills' successor.
Judge Grinnell. On the promotion of tlie latter
to the bench, in 1886, Mr. Longenecker succeeded
to the office of Prosecuting Attorney, continuing
in that position until 1893. While in this office
he conducted a large number of important crimi-
nal cases, the most important, perhaps, being the
trial of the murderers of Dr. Cronin, in which he
gained a wide reputation for skill and ability as
a prosecutor in criminal cases.
LOOMIS, (Rev.) Hubbell, clergyman and edu-
cator, was born in Colchester, Conn., May 31,
1775 ; prepared for college in the common schools
and at Plainfield Academy, in his native State,
finall)' graduating at Union College, N. Y.. in
1799 — having supported himself during a con-
siderable part of his educational course by
manual labor and teaching. He subsequently
studied theology, and, for twenty-four years,
served as pastor of a Congregational church at
Willington, Conn., meanwhile fitting a number
of young men for college, including among them
Dr. Jared Sparks, afterwards President of Har-
vard College and author of numerous historical
works. About 1829 his views on the subject of
baptism underwent a change, resulting In his
uniting himself with the Baptist Church. Com-
ing to Illinois soon after, he spent some time at
Kaskaskia and Edwardsville, and, in 1832, located
at Upper Alton, where he became a prominent
factor in laying the foundation of Shurtleff Col-
lege, first by the establishment of the Baptist
Seminary, of which he was the Principal for
several years, and later 1iy assisting, in 1835, to
secure the charter of the college in which the
seminary was merged. His name stood first on
the list of Trustees of the new institution, and,
in proportion to his means, he was a liberal con-
tributor to its support in the period of its infancy.
The latter years of his life were spent among his
books in literary and scientific pursuits. Died at
Upper Alton, Dec. 15, 1873, at the advanced age
of nearly 98 years. — A son of his — Prof. Elias
Loomls — an eminent mathematician and natural-
ist, was the author of "Loomis" Algebra'" and
other scientific text-books, in extensive use in the
colleges of the country. He held professorships
in various institutions at diffef^nt times, the last
being that of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy
in Yale College, from 1860 up to his death in 1889.
LORIMER, William, Member of Congress, was
born in Manchester, England, of Scotch parent-
age, Apfil 27, 1861 ; came with his parents to
America at five years of age, and, after spending
some years in Michigan and Ohio, came to Chi-
cago in 1870, where he entered a private school.
Having lost his father by death at twelve years
of age, he became an apprentice in the sign-paint-
ing business; was afterwards an employe on a
street-railroad, finally engaging in the real-estate
business and serving as an appointee of flavor
Roche and Mayor Washburne in the city water
department. In 1892 he was the Republican
nominee for Qlerk of the Superior Court, but was
defeated. Two years later he was elected to the
Fift}-- fourth Congress from the Second Illinois
District, and re-elected in 1896, as he was again
in 1898. His plurality in 1896 amounted to 26,736
votes.
LOUISVILLE, the county-seat of Clay County :
situated on the Little Wabash River and on the
Springfield Division of the Baltimore & Ohio
Southwestern Railroad. It is 100 miles south-
southeast of Springfield and 6 miles north of
Flora. It has a court house, three churches, a
high school, a savings bank and two weekh'
newspapers. Population (1890). 637; (1900). 646.
LOUISVILLE, EVA>SVILLE & XEW AL-
BANY RAILROAD. (See Louisville. EiwjsviUe
<£- St. Louis (Consolidated) Railroad.)
LOUISVILLE, EVA>SVILLE & ST. LOUIS
(Consolidated) RAILROAD. The length of this
entire line is 358.55 miles, of which nearly 150
miles are operated in Illinois. It crosses the State
from East St. Louis to Mount Carmel, on the
Wabash River. Within Illinois the system uses
a single track of standard gauge, laid with steel
rails on white-oak ties. The grades are usually
light, although, as the line leaves the Mississippi
bottom, the gradient is about two per cent or
105.6 feet per mile. The total capitalization
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
345
(1898) was §18,236,246, of which §4,247,909 was in
stock and $10,568,350 in bonds.— (History.) The
original corporation was organized in both Indi-
ana and Illinois in 18G9, and the Illinois section of
i,he line opened from Mount Carmel to Albion (18
miles) in January, 18T3. The Indiana division
was sold under foreclosure in 1876 to the Louis-
ville, New Albany & St. Louis Railway Com-
pany, while the Illinois division was reorganized
in 1878 under the name of the St. Louis, Mount
Carmel & New Albany Railroad. A few months
later the two divisions were consolidated under
the name of the former. In 1881 this line was
again consolidated with the Evansville, Rockport
& Eastern Railroad (of Indiana), taking the name
of the Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis Railroad.
In 1889, by a still further consolidation, it
absorbed several short lines in Indiana and Illi-
nois— those in the latter State being the Illinois
& St. Louis Railroad and Coal Company, the
Belleville, Centralia & Eastern (projected from
Belleville to Mount Vernon) and the Venice &
Carondelet — the new organization assuming the
present name — Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis
(Consolidated) Railroad.
LOUISVILLE & XASHVILLE RAILROAD, a
corporation operating an extensive system of
railroads, chiefly south of the Ohio River and
extending through Kentucky and Tennessee
into Indiana. The portion of the line in Illinois
(known as the St. Louis, Evansville & Nashville
line) extends from East St. Louis to the Wabash
River, in White Coimty (133.64 miles), with
branches from Belleville to O'Fallon (6.07 miles),
and from McLeansboro to Shawneetown (40.7
miles) — total, 180.41 miles. The Illinois Divi-
sion, though virtually owned by the operating
line, is formally leased from the Southeast & St.
Louis Railway Company, whose corporate exist-
ence is merely nominal. The latter company
acquired title to the property after foreclosure
in November, 1880, and leased it in perpetuity to
the Louisville & Nashville Company. The total
earnings and income of the leased line in Illinois,
for 1898, were §1,052,789, and the total expendi-
tures (including §47,198 taxes) were §6,57,135.
LOUISVILLE & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY. (See
Jacksonville & St. Louis Railway.)
LOVEJOT, Elijah Parish, minister and anti-
slavery journalist, was born at Albion, Maine,
Nov. 9, 1802 — the son of a Congregational minis-
ter. He graduated at Waterville College in 1826,
came west and taught school in St. Louis in
1827, and became editor of a Whig paper there in
1829. Later, he studied theologv at Princeton
and was licensed as a Presbyterian minister in
1833. Returning to St. Louis, he started "The
Observer" — a religious weekly, which condemned
slave-holding. Threats of violence from the
pro-slavery party induced him to remove his
paper, presses, etc., to Alton, in July, 1836. Three
times within twelve months his plant was de-
stroyed by a mob. A fourth press having been
procured, a number of his friends agreed to pro-
tect it from destruction in the wareliouse where
it was stored. On the evening of Nov. 7, 1837, a
mob, having assembled about the building, sent
one of their number to the roof to set it on fire.
Lovejoy, with two of his friends, stepped outside
to reconnoiter, when he was shot down by parties
in ambush, breathing his last a few minutes
later. His death did much to strengthen the
anti-slavery sentiment north of Mason and
Dixon's line. His party regarded him as a
martyr, and his death was made the text for
many impassioned and effective appeals in oppo-
sition to an institution which employed moboo-
racy and murder in its efforts to suppress free
discussion. (See Alton Riots.)
LOVEJOY, Owen, clergyman and Congressman,
was born at Albion, Maine, Jan. 6, 1811. Being
the son of a clergyman of small means, he was
thrown upon his own resources, but secured a
collegiate education, graduating at Bowdoin
College. In 1836 he removed to Alton, 111., join-
ing his brother, Elijah Parish Lovejoy, who was
conducting an anti-slavery and religious journal
there, and whose assassination by a pro-slavery
mob he witnessed the following year. (See Alton
Riots and Elijah P. Lovejoy. ) This tragedy
induced him to devote his life to a crusade
against slavery. Having previously begun the
study of theology, he was ordained to the minis-
try and officiated for several years as pastor of a
Congregational church at Princeton. In 1847 he
was an unsuccessful candidate for the Constitu-
tional Convention on the "Liberty" ticket, but, in
1854, was elected to the Legislature upon that
issue, and earnestly supported Abraham Lincoln
for United States Senator. Upon his election to
the Legislature he resigned his pastorate at
Princeton, his congregation presenting him with
a solid silver .service in token of their esteem. In
1.856 he was elected a Representative in Congress
by a majority of 7,000, and was re-elected for
three successive terms. As an orator he had few
equals in the State, while his courage in the
sujiport of his principles was indomitable. In
the campaigns of 1856, '58 and '60 he rendered
valuable service to the Republican party, as he
346
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
did later in upholding the cause of the Union in
Congress. He died in Brooklyn, N. Y., March 25,
1864.
LOVI?iGTO>', a village of Moultrie County, at
the intersection of the Terre Haute & Peoria
Railroad, with the Bement & Altamont Division
of the Wabash Railway, 23 miles southeast of
Decatur. The town has a bank and a newspaper.
Considerable grain and live-stock are shipped
here. Population (1890), 767; (1900), 815.
LUDL.VM, (Dr.) Reuben, physician and author,
was born at Camden, N. J., Oct. 11, 1831. the son
of Dr. Jacob Watson Ludlam, an eminent phy-
sician who, in his later years, became a resident
of Evanston, 111. The younger Ludlam, having
taken a course in an academy at Bridgeton,
N. J., at sixteen years of age entered upon the
stud}' of medicine with his father, followed by a
course of lectures at the University of Pennsyl-
vania, where he graduated, in 1852. Having
removed to Chicago the following year, he soon
after began an investigation of the homoeopathic
system of medicine, which resulted in its adop-
tion, and, a few years later, had acquired such
prominence that, in 1859, he was appointed Pro-
fessor of Physiology and Pathologj' in the newly
established Hahnemann Medical College in the
city of Chicago, with which he continued to be
connected for nearly forty years. Besides serving
as Secretary of the institution at its inception, he
had. as early as 1854, taken a position as one of the
editors of "The Chicago Homceopath," later
being editorially associated with "The North
American Journal of Homcfiopathy," published in
New York Cit}', and "The United States Medical
and Surgical Journal'' of Chicago. He also
served as President of numerous medical associ-
ations, and, in 1877, was appointed by Governor
CuUom a member of the State Board of Health,
serving, by two subsequent reappointments, for a
period of fifteen years. In addition to his labors
as a lecturer and practitioner. Dr. Ludlam was
one of the most prolific authors on professional
lines in tlio city of Chicago, besides numerous
monographs on special topics, having produced a
'"Course of Clinical Lectirres on Diphtheria"
(1863); "Clinical and Didactic Lectures on the
Diseases of Women" (1871), and a translation
from the French of "Lectures on Clinical Medi-
cine" (1880). The second work mentioned is
recognized as a valuable text-book, and has
passed through seven or eight editions. A few
years after liis first connection with the Hahne-
mann Medical College, Dr. Ludlam became Pro-
fessor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and, on the
death of President C. S. Smith, was chosen
President of the institution. Died suddenly from
heart disease, while preparing to perform a surgi-
cal operation on a patient in the Hahnemann
Medical College, April 29, 1899.
LUXDY, Benjamin, earlj- anti-slavery journal-
ist, was born in New Jersey of Quaker par-
entage; at 19 worked as a saddler at Wheeling,
Va., where he first gained a practical knowledge
of the institution of slavery ; later carried on
business at Mount Pleasant and St. Clairsville, O.,
where, in 1815, he organized an anti-slavery
association under the name of the "Union
Humane Society," also contributing anti-slaver)'
articles to "The Philanthropist," a paper pub-
lished at Mount Pleasant. Removing to St.
Louis, in 1819, he took a deep interest in the con-
test over the admission of Missouri as a slave State.
Again at Mount Pleasant, in 1821, he began the
issue of "The Genius of Universal Emancipation,"
a monthly, which he soon removed to Jonesbor-
ough, Tenn., and finally to Baltimore in 1824,
when it became a weekly. Mr. Lundy's trend
towards colonization is shown in the fact that he
made two visits (1825 and 1829) to Hayti, with a
view to promoting the colonization of emanci-
pated slaves in that island. Visiting the East in
1828, he made the acquaintance of William Lloyd
Garrison, who became a convert to his views and
a firm ally. The following winter he was as-
saulted by a slave-dealer in Baltimore and nearly
killed ; soon after removed liis paper to AVashing-
ton and, later, to Philadelphia, where it took the
name of "The National Enquirer," being finally
merged into "The Pennsylvania Freeman." In
1838 his propertj- was burned by the pro-slavery
mob which fired Pennsylvania Hall, and, in the
following winter, he removed to Lowell, La Salle
Co. , 111. , with a view to reviving his paper there,
but the design was frustrated b}- his early death,
which occurred August 22, 1839. The paper,
however, was revived by Zebina Eastman under
the name of "The Genius of Liberty," but was re-
moved to Chicago, in 1842, and issued under the
name of "The "Western Citizen." (See Eastman,
Zebiua.)
LTJXT, Orrinarton, capitalist and philanthro-
pist, was born in Bowdoinham, Maine, Dec. 24,
1815; came to Chicago in 1842, and engaged in
the grain commission business, becoming a mem-
ber of the Board of Trade at its organization.
Later, he became interested in real estate oper-
ations, fire and life insurance and in railway
enterprises, being one of the early promoters of
the Chicago & Galena Union, now a part of the
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
347
Chicago & Northwestern Railroad. He also took
an active part in municipal affairs, and, during
the War, was an efficient member of the '"War
Finance Committee." A liberal patron of all
moral and benevolent enterprises, as shown by
his cooperation with the "Relief and Aid Soci-
ety" after the fire of 1871, and his generous bene-
factions to the Young Men's Christian Association
and feeble churches, his most efficient service
was rendered to the cause of education as repre-
sented in the Northwestern University, of which
he was a Trustee from its organization, and much
of the time an executive officer. To his noble
benefaction the institution owes its splendid
library building, erected some years ago at a
cost of §100,000. In the future history of Chi-
cago, Mr. Lunt's name will stand beside that of
J. Young Scammon, Walter L. Newberrj', John
Crerar, and others of its most liberal benefactors.
Died, at his home in Evanston, April 5, 1897.
LUSK, John T., pioneer, was born in South
Carolina, Nov. 7, 1784; brought to Kentucky in
1791 by his father (James Lusk), who established
a ferry across the Ohio, opposite the present town
of Golconda, in Pope Countj', 111. Lusk's Creek,
which empties into the Ohio in that vicinity,
took its name from this family. In 1805 the sub-
ject of this sketch came to Madison County, 111.,
and settled near Edwardsville. During the War
of 1813-14 he was engaged in the service as a
"Ranger." When Edwardsville began its
growth, he moved into the town and erected a
house of hewn logs, a story and a half high and
containing three rooms, which became the first
hotel in the town and a place of considerable
historical note. Mr. Lusk held, at different
periods, the positions of Deput.y Circuit Clerk,
County Clerk, Recorder and Postmaster, dying,
Dec. 23, 1857.
LUTHERANS, The. While this sect in Illi-
nois, as elsewhere, is divided into many branches,
it is a unit in accepting the Bible as the only in-
fallible rule of faith, in the use of Luther's small
Catechism in instruction of the young, in the
practice of infant baptism and confirmation at
an early age. and in acceptance of the Augsburg
Confession. Services are conducted, in various
sections of the country, in not less than twelve
different languages. The number of Lutheran
ministers in Illinois exceeds 400, who preach
• in the English, German, Danish, Swedish, Fin-
nish and Hungarian tongues. The churches
over which they preside recognize allegiance
to eight distinct ecclesiastical bodies, denomi-
nated synods, as follows: The Northern, South-
ern, Central and Wartburg Synods of the
General Synod; the Illinois-Missouri District of
the Synodical Conference; the Synod for the
Norwegian Evangelical Church; the Swedish-
Augustana, and the Indiana Synod of the General
Council. To illustrate the large proportion of the
foreign element in this denomination, reference
may be made to the fact that, of sixty-three
Lutheran churches in Chicago, only four use the
English language. Of the remainder, thirty-
seven make use of the German, ten Swedish, nine
Norwegian and three Danish. The whole num-
ber of communicants in the State, in 1893, was
estimated at 90,000. The General Synod sustains
a German Theological Seminary in Chicago.
(See also Religious Denominations.
LYONS, a village of Cook County, 13 miles
southwest of Chicago. Population (1880), 486;
(1890), 733; (1900), 951
MACALISTER & STEBBIXS BONDS, the
name given to a class of State indebtedness
incurred in the year 1841, through the hypothe-
cation, by John D.Whiteside (then Fund Com-
missioner of the State of Illinois), with Messrs.
Macalister & Stebbins, brokers of New York
City, of 804 interest-bearing bonds of §1,000 each,
payable in 1865, upon which the said Macalister
& Stebbins advanced to tlie State §201,560.83.
This was done with the understanding that the
firm would make furtlier advances sufficient to
increase the aggregate to forty per cent of the
face value of the bonds, but upon which no
further advances were actually made. In addi-
tion to these, there were deposited with tlie same
firm, within the next few months, with a like
understanding, internal improvement bonds and
State scrip amounting to §109,315.44 — making the
aggregate of State securities in their hands §913,-
215.44, upon which the State had received only
the amount already named — being 38.64 per cent
of the face value of such indebtedness. Attempts
having been made by the holders of these bonds
(with whom they had been hypothecated by
Macalister & Stebbins), to secure settlement on
their par face value, the matter became the sub-
ject of repeated legislative acts, the most impor-
tant of which were passed in 1847 and 1849 — both
reciting, in their respective preambles, the history
of the transaction. The last of these provided
for the issue to Macalister & Stebbins of new
bonds, payable in 1865, for the amount of princi-
pal and interest of the sum actually advanced
and found to be due, conditioned upon the sur-
render, by them, of the original bonds and other
548
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
evidences of indebtedness received by them in
1841. This the actual Iiolders refused to accept,
and brought tlie case before the Supreme Court
in an effort to compel the Governor (who was
then ex-officio Fund Commissioner) to recognize
the full face of their claim. This the Supreme
Court refused to do, on the ground that, the
executive being a co-ordinate branch of the Gov-
ernment, they had no authority over his official
acts. In 1859 a partial refunding of these bonds,
to the amount of Sll-1,000, was obtained from
Governor Bissell, who, being an invalid, was
probably but imperfectly acquainted with their
history and previous legislation on the subject.
Representations made to him led to a suspension
of the proceeding, and, as the bonds were not
transferable except on the books of the Funding
Agency in the office of the State Auditor, they
were treated as illegal and void, and were ulti-
mately surrendered by the holders on the basis
originally fixed, without loss to the State. In
1865 an additional act was passed requiring the
presentation, for payment, of the portion of the
original bonds still outstanding, on pain of for-
feiture, and this was finally done.
MACK, Alonzo W., legislator, was born at More-
town, Vt. , in 1823; at 16 years of age settled at
Kalamazoo, Mich. , later began the study of medi-
cine and graduated at Laporte, Ind., in 1844.
Then, having removed to Kankakee, 111., he
adopted the practice of law ; in 1858 was elected
Representative, and, in 1860 and '64, to the
Senate, serving through five continuous sessions
(1858-68). In 1863 he assisted in organizing tiie
Seventy-sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, of
which he was commissioned Colonel, but resigned,
in January following, to take his seat in the
Senate. Colonel Mack, who was a zealous friend
of Governor Yates, was one of the leading spirits
in the establishment of "The Chicago Repub-
lican," in May, 1805, and was its business mana-
ger the first year of its publication, but disagreeing
with the editor, Charles A. Dana, both finally
retired. Colonel Mack then resumed the practice
of law in Chicago, dying there, Jan. 4, 1871.
MACKINAW, a town of Tazewell County, at
the intersection of two railroad lines, 18 miles
southeast of Peoria. The district is agricultural
and stock-raising. There are manufactories of
farming implements, wagons and carriages here.
The town has a bank and a weekly papei. Popu-
lation (1880), 483; (1890), 545; (1900), 859.
MAC MILLAN, Thomas C, Clerk of United
States District Court, was born at Stranraer,
Scotland, Oct. 4, 1850; came with his parents, in
1857, to Chicago, where he graduated from the
Iligh School and spent some time in the Chicago
University; in 1873 became a reporter on "The
Chicago Inter Ocean;" two years later accom-
panied an exploring expedition to the Black Hills
and, in 1875-76, represented that paper with
General Crook in the campaign against the Sioux.
After an extended tour in Europe, he assumed
charge of the "Curiosity Shop" department of
"The Inter Ocean, " served on the Cook County
Board of Education and as a Director of the Chi
cago Public Library, besides eight years in the
General Assembly— 1885-89 in the House and 1889-
93 in the Senate. In January, 1896, Mr. MacMillan
was appointed Clerk of the United States District
Court at Chicago. He has been a Trustee of Illi-
nois College since 1886, and, in 1885, received the
honorary degree of A.M. from that institution.
MACOMB, the county-seat of McDonough
County, situated on the Chicago, Burlington &
Quincy Railroad, 59 miles northeast of Quincy, 13
miles southwest of Bushnell, and 34 miles south-
east of Burlington, Iowa. The principal manu-
factures are carriages, tile and drainpipe and
pottery. It contains a court house, two national
banks, nine churches, a high school and four
newspapers — one daily. It is the seat of the
McDonough Normal and Scientific College.
Population (1890), 4,053; (1900), 5,375.
MACO>f, a city in Macon County, on the lUi-
onir- Central Railroad, 10 miles south by west of
Decatur. Macon County is one of the most fer-
tile in the corn belt, and the city is an important
shipping point for corn. It has wagon and tile
works, four churches and a graded school, and a
weekly paper. Population (1890), 819; (1900), 705.
MACON COUNTY, situated near the geograph-
ical center of the State. The census of 1900 gave
its area as 580 square miles, and its population,
44,003. It was organized in 1829, and named for
Nathaniel Macon, a revolutionary soldier and
statesman. The surface is chiefly level prairie,
although in parts there is a fair growth of timber.
The county is well drained by the Sangamon
River and its tributaries. The soil is that high
grade of fertility which one might expect in the
corn belt of the central portion of the State.
Besides corn, oats, rye and barley are extensively
cultivated, while potatoes, sorghum and wool are
among the products. Decatur is the county-seat
and principal city in the heart of a rich agricul-
tural region. Maroa, in the northern part of the
count}-, enjoys considerable local trade.
MACOUPIN COUNTY, a south-central county,
with an area of 864 square miles and a population
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
349
of 42,256 in 1900. The word Macoupin is of
Indian derivation, signifying ''white potato."
The county, originally a part of Madison, and
later of Greene, was separately organized in 1829,
under the supervision of Seth Hodges, William
Wilcox and Theodoras Davis. The first court
house (of logs) was erected in 1830. It contained
but two rooms, and in pleasant weather juries
were wont to retire to a convenient grove to
deliberate upon their findings. The surface of
the county is level, with narrow belts of timber
following the course of the streams. The soil is
fertile, and both corn and wheat are extensively
raised. While agriculture is the chief industry
in the south, stock-raising is successfully carried
on in the north. Carlinville is the county-seat
and Bunker Hill, Stanton, Virden and Girard the
other principal towns.
MAC VEAGH, Franklin, merchant, lawyer
and politician, was born on a farm in Chester
County, Pa., graduated from Yale University in
1862, and, two years later, from Columbia Law
School, New York. He was soon compelled to
abandon practice on account of ill-health, and
removed to Chicago, in September, 1805, where he
embarked in business as a wholesale grocer. In
1874 he was chosen President of the Volunteer
Citizens" Association, which inaugurated many
important municipal reforms. He was thereafter
repeatedly urged to accept other offices, among
them the mayorality, but persistently refused
until 1894, when he accepted a nomination for
United States Senator by a State Convention of
the Democratic Party. He made a thorough can-
vass of the State, but the Republicans having
gained control of the Legislature, he was
defeated. He is the head of one of the most
extensive wholesale grocery establishments in
the city of Chicago.
MADISON COUNTY, situated in the southwest
division of the State, and bordering on the Mis-
sissippi River. Its area is about 740 square miles.
The surface of the county is hilly along the Mis-
sissippi bluffs, but generally either level or only
slightly undulating in the interior. The "Ameri-
can Bottom" occupies a strip of country along
the western border, four to six miles wide, as far
north as Alton, and is exceptionally fertile. The
county was organized in 1812, being the first
county set off from St. Clair County after the
organization of Illinois Territory, in 1809, and the
third within the Territory. It was named in
honor of James Madison, then President of the
United States. At that time it embraced sub-
stantially the whole of the northern part of the
State, but its limits were steadily reduced by
excisions until 1843. The soil is fertile, corn,
wheat, oats, hay, and potatoes being raised and
exported in large quantities. Coal seams under-
lie the soil, and carboniferous limestone crops out
in the neighborhood of Alton. American settlers
began first to arrive about 1800, the Judys, Gill-
hams and Whitesides being among the first, gen-
erally locating in the American Bottom, and
laying the foundation for the present county.
In the early history of the State, Madison County
was the home of a large number of prominent
men who exerted a large influence in shaping its
destiny. Among these were Governor Edwards,
Governor Coles, Judge Samuel D. Lockwood, and
many more whose names are intimately inter-
woven with State history. The county-seat is at
Edwardsville, and Alton is the principal city.
Population (1890), 51,535; (1900), 64,694.
MAGRUDER, Benjamin D., Justice of the
Supreme Court, was born near Natchez, Miss.,
Sept. 27, 1838; graduated from Yale College in
1856, and, for three years thereafter, engaged in
teaching in his father's private academy at
Baton Rouge, La., and in reading law. In 1859
he graduated from the law department of the
University of Louisiana, and the same year
opened an office at Memphis, Tenn. At the out-
break of the Civil War, his sympathies being
strongly in favor of the Union, he came North,
and, after visiting relatives at New Haven,
Conn., settled at Chicago, in June, 1861. While
ever radically loyal, he refrained from enlisting
or taking part in political discussions during the
war, many members of his immediate family
being in the Confederate service. He soon
achieved and easily maintained a high standing
at the Chicago bar ; in 1868 was appointed Master
in Chancery of the Superior Court of Cook
County, and, in 1885, was elected to succeed
Judge T. Lyle Dickey on the bench of the
Supreme Court, being re-elected for a full term
of nine j-ears in 1888, and again in 1897. He was
Chief Justice in 1891-92.
MAKANDA, a village of Jackson County, on
the Illinois Central Railway, 8 miles south of
Carbondale. It is in the midst of a rich fruit-
growing region, large amounts of this product
being shipped there and at Cobden, for the Chi-
cago and other markets. The place has a bank
and a weekly paper. Population (1900), 528.
MALTBY, Jasper A., soldier, was born in Ash-
tabula County, Ohio, Nov. 3, 1826, served as a
private in the Mexican War and was severely
wounded at Chapultepec. After his discharge he
350
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
established himself in the mercantile business at
Galena, 111. ; in 1861 entered the volunteer service
as Lieutenant-Colonel of the Forty-fifth Illinois
Infantry, was wounded at Fort Donelson, pro-
moted Colonel in November, 1863, and wounded
a second time at Vicksburg; commissioned
Brigadier-General in August, 1863; served
through the subsequent campaigns of the Army
of tlie Tennessee, and was mustered out, January,
1866. Later, he was appointed by the commander
of tlie district Mayor of Vicksburg, dying in that
office, Dec. 13, 1867.
MANCHESTER, a town of Scott County, on
the Jacksonville Division of the Chicago & Alton
Railway, 16 miles south of Jacksonville; has
some manufactures of pottery. Population
(1890), 408; (1900), 430.
MANIERE, George, early Chicago lawyer and
jurist, born of Huguenot descent, at New Lon-
don, Conn., in 1817. Bereft of his father in 1831,
his mother removed to New York City, where he
began the study of law, occasionally contributing
to "The New York Mirror,"' then one of the
leading literary periodicals of the countr}'. In
183.5 he removed to Chicago, where he completed
his professional studies and was admitted to the
bar in 1839. His first office was a deputyship in
the Circuit Clerk's office; later, he was appointed
Master in Chancery, and served one term as
Alderman and two terms as City Attorney.
While filling the latter office he codified the
municipal ordinances. In 18.55 he was elected
Judge of the Circuit Court and re-elected in 1801
without opposition. Before the expiration of his
second term he died. May 31, 1863. He held the
office of School Commissioner from 1844 to 1853,
during which time, largely through his efforts,
the school system was remodeled and the im-
paired school fund placed in a satisfactory con-
dition. He was one of the organizers of the
Union Defense Committee in 1861, a member of
the first Board of Regents of the (old) Chicago
University, and prominently connected with
several societies of a semi-public character. He
was a polished writer and was, for a time, in edi-
torial control of "The Chicago Democrat."
MANN, James R., lawyer and Congressman, was
born on a farm near Bloomington, 111., Oct. 30,
1856, whence his father moved to Iroquois County
in 1867; graduated at the University of Illinois
in 1876 and at the Union College of Law in Chi-
cago, in 1881, after which he established himself
in practice in Chicago, finallj- becoming the head
of the law firm of JIann. Hayes & Miller; in 1888
■was elected Attorney of the village of Hyde Park
and, after the annexation of that municipality to
the city of Chicago, in 1893 was elected Alderman
of the Thirt3--second Ward, and reelected in
1894, while in the Cit3' Council becoming one of
its most prominent members; in 1894, served as
Temporary Chairman of the Republican State
Convention at Peoria, and, in 1895, as Chairman
of the Cook County Republican Convention. In
1896 he was elected, as a Republican, to the Fifty-
fifth Congress, receiving a plurality of 28,459
over the Free Silver Democratic candidate, and
36,907 majority over all. In 1898 he was a can-
didate for re-election, and was again successful, by
over 17,000 plurality, on a largely reduced vote.
Other positions held by Mr. Mann, previous to his
election to Congress, include those of Master in
Chancery of the Superior Court of Cook County
and General Attorney of the South Park Com-
missioners of the city of Chicago.
MANN, Orriu L., lawyer and soldier, was born
in Geauga County, Ohio., and, in his youth,
removed to the vicinity of Ann Arbor, Mich.,
where lie learned the blacksmith trade, but,
being compelled to abandon it on account of an
injury, in 1851 began study with the late Dr.
Hinman, then in charge of the Wesleyan Female
College, at Albion, Mich. Dr. Hinman having,
two years later, become President of the North-
western University, at Evanston, Mr. Mann
accompanied his preceptor to Chicago, continuing
his studies for a time, but later engaging in
teaching; in 1856 entered the University of
Michigan, but left in his junior j'ear. In 1860 he
took part in the campaign which resulted in the
election of Lincoln ; earlj' in the following spring
had made arrangements to engage in the lumber-
trade in Chicago, but abandoned this purpose at
the firing on Fort Sumter; then assisted in
organizing the Thirtj'-ninth Regiment Illinois
Volunteers (the "Yates Phalanx"), which having
been accepted after considerable delay, he
was chosen Major. The regiment was first
assigned to duty in guarding tlie Baltimore &
Ohio Railroad, but afterwards took part in the
first battle of Winchester and in operations in
North and South Carolina. Having previously
been commissioned Lieutenant-Colonel, Major
Mann was now assigned to court-martial duty at
Newbern and Hilton Head. Later, he partici-
pated in the siege of Forts Wagner and Gregg,
winning a brevet Brigadier-Generalship for
meritorious service. The Thirty-ninth, having
"veteranized" in 1864, was again sent east, and
being assigned to the command of Gen B. F.
Butler, took part in the battle of Bermuda
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
351
Hundreds, where Colonel Mann was seriously
wounded, necessitating a stay of several months
in hospital. Returning to duty, he was assigned
to the staflf of General Ord, and later served as
Provost Marshal of the District of Virginia, with
headquarters at Norfolk, heing finally mustered
out in December, 1865. After the war he
engaged in the real estate and loan business,
but, in 1866, was appointed Collector of Internal
Revenue for the Chicago District, serving until
1868, when he was succeeded by General Corse.
Other positions held by him have been : Represent-
ative in the Twenty-ninth General Assembly
(1874-76), Coroner of Cook County (1878-80), and
Sheriff (1880-82). General Mann was injured by
a fall, some years since, inducing partial paraly-
sis.
MANNING, Joel, first Secretary of the Illinois
& Michigan Canal Commissioners, was born in
1793, graduated at Union College, N. Y., in 1818,
and came to Southern Illinois at an early day,
residing for a time at Brownsville, Jackson
County, where he held the office of County-
Clerk. In 1836 he was practicing law, when he
was appointed Secretary of the first Board of
Commissioners of the Illinois & Michigan Canal,
remaining in office until 1845. He continued to
reside at Lockport, Will County, until near the
close of his life, when he removed to Joliet, dying
there, Jan. 8, 1869.
MANNINtJ, Julius, lawyer, was born in Can-
ada, near Chateaugay, N. Y., but passed his
earlier years chiefly in the State of New York,
completing his education at Middlebury College,
Vt. ; in 1889 came to Knoxville, 111., where he
served one term as County Judge and two terms
(1842-46) as Representative in the General Assem-
bly. He was also a Democratic Presidential
Elector in 1848. In 1853 he removed to Peoria,
where he was elected, in 1861, a Delegate to the
State Constitutional Convention of the following
year. Died, at Knoxville, July 4, 1862.
MANSFIELD, a village of Piatt County, at
the intersection of the Peoria Division of the
Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis and
the Chicago Division of the Wabash Railways,
32 miles southeast of Bloomington. It is in the
heart of a rich agricultural region ; has one news-
paper. Population (1890), 533; (1900), 708.
MANTENO, a village of Kankakee County,
on the Illinois Central Railroad, 47 miles south
of Chicago; a shipping point for grain, live-
stock, small fruits and dairy products; has
one newspaper. Population (1880), 632; (1890),
627; (1900), 932.
MAQUON, a village of Knox County, on the
Peoria Division of the Chicago, Burlington &
Quincy Railway, 16 miles southeast of Gales-
burg. The region is agricultural. The town has
banks and a weekly paper. Population (1880),
548; (1890), 501; (1900), 475.
MARCY, (Dr.) Oliver, educator, was born in
Coleraine, Mass., Feb. 13, 1820; received his early
education in the grammar schools of his native
town, graduating, in 1842, from the Wesleyan
University at Middletown, Conn. He early mani-
fested a deep interest in the natui-al sciences and
became a teacher in an academy at Wilbraham,
Mass., where he remained until 1862, meanwhile
making numerous trips for geologic investigation
One of these was made in 1849, overland, to
Paget Sound, for the purpose of securing data
for maps of the Pacific Coast, and settling dis-
puted questions as to the geologic formation of
the Rocky Mountains. During this trip he visited
San Francisco, making maps of the mountain
regions for the use of the Government. In 1862
he was called to the professorship of Natural
History in the Northwestern University, at
Evanston, remaining there until his death. The
institution was then in its infancy, and he taught
mathematics in connection with liis other duties.
From 1890 he was Dean of the faculty. He
i-eceived the degee of LL.D. from tlie University
of Chicago in 1876. Died, at Evanston, March
19, 1899.
MAREDOSIA (MARAIS de OGEE), a peculiar
depression (or slough) in the southwestern part of
Whiteside County, connecting the Mississippi
and Rock Rivers, tlirough which, in times of
freshets, the former sometimes discharges a part
of its waters into the latter. On the other hand,
when Rock River is relatively higher, it some-
times discharges through the same channel into
the Mississippi. Its general course is north and
south. — Cat-Tail Slough, a similar depression,
runs nearly parallel with the Maredosia, at a dis-
tance of five or six miles from the latter. The
highest point in the Maredosia above low water
in the Mississippi is thirteen feet, and that in the
Cat-Tail Slough is twenty-six feet. Each is
believed, at some time, to have served as a
channel for the Mississippi.
MARENGO, a city of McHenry County, settled
in 1835, incorporated as a town in 1857 and, as a
city, in 1893 ; lies 68 miles northwest of Chicago,
on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad. It is
in the heart of a dairying and fruit-growing dis-
trict; lias a foundry, stove-works, and canning
factory; is also supplied with water- works, elec-
352
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
trie liglits, lias six churches, good schools and
two weekly newspapers. Population (1880), 1,264 ;
(1890), 1, 44.5; (1900), 2,005.
MARINE, a village of Madison County, on the
St. Louis & Eastern Railroad, 27 miles northeast
of St. Louis. Several of its earliest settlers were
sea-captains from the East, from whom the
"Marine Settlement" obtained its name. Popu-
lation (1880), 774; (1890). 637; (1900), 666.
MARION, the county-seat of Williamson
Count V. 172 miles southeast of Springfield, on the
St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad. It is
in an agricultural and coal region, and contains
cotton and woolen mills, besides six churches and
a graded public school. Three weekly news-
papers are published there. Population (1880),
881; (1890), 1,338; (1900), 2,510.
MARION COUNTY, located near the center of
the southern half of the State, with an area of
580 square miles ; was organized in 1823, and, by
the census of 1900, had a population of 30,446.
About half the county is prairie, the chief prod-
ucts being tobacco, wool and fruit. The
remainder is timbered land. It is watered by the
tributaries of the Kaskaskia and Little Wabash
Rivers. The bottom lands have a heavy gi-owth
of choice timber, and a deep, rich soil. A large
portion of the county is underlaid with a thin
vein of coal, and the rocks all belong to the upper
coal measures. Sandstone and building sand are
also abundant. Ample shipping facilities are
afforded by the Illinois Central and theBaltimore &
Ohio (S. W. ) Railroads. Salem is the county-seat,
but Centralia is the largest and most important
town, being a railroad junction and center of an
extensive fruit-trade. Sandoval is a thriving
town at the junction of the Illinois Central and
the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroads.
MARISSA, a village of St. Clair County, on the
St. Louis & Cairo Short Line Railroad, 39 miles
southeast of St. Louis. It is in a farming and
mining district; the place has a bank and a
newspaper. Population (1890), 876; (1900), 1,086.
MARO.\, a cit}- in Macon Count}-, on the lUi-
onis Central Railroad, 13 miles north of Decatur
and 31 miles south of Bloomington. A steam
flour-mill and a manufactory of windmills are
the chief industrial establishments. The city has
two banks, two newspapers, three or four
churches and a graded school. Population (1880),
870; (1890), 1,164; (1900), 1,213.
SIARQUETTE, (Father) Jacques, a French
missionary and exf)lorer, born at Laon, France,
in 1637. He became a Jesuit at the age of 17, and,
twelve years later (1666), was ordained a priest.
The same year he sailed for Canada, landing at
Quebec. For eighteen months he devoted him-
■self chiefly to the study of Indian dialects, and,
in 1668, accompanied a party of Nez-Perces to
Lake Superior, where he founded the mission of
Sault Ste. Marie. Later, after various vicissi-
tudes, he went to Mackinac, and, in that vicinity,
founded the Mission of St. Ignace and built a
rude church. In 1673 he accompanied Joliet on
his voyage of discovery down the Mississippi, the
two setting out from Green Bay on May 17, and
reaching the Mississippi, by way of the Fox and
Wisconsin Riverc, June 17. (For an interesting
translation of JIarquette's quaint narrative of the
expedition, see Shea's "Discovery and Explo-
ration of the Mississippi,"' X. Y., 1853.) In Sep-
tember, 1673, after leaving the Illinois and stop-
ping for some time among the Indians near
"Starved Rock," he returned to Green Bay much
broken in health. In October, 1674, under orders
from his superior, he set out to establish a mis-
sion at Kaskaskia on the Upper Illinois. In
December he reached the present site of Chicago,
where he was compelled to halt because of
exhaustion. On March 29, 1675, he resumed his
journey, and reached Kaskaskia, after much
suffering, on April 8. After laboring indefati-
gably and making many converts, failing health
compelled him to start on his return to Macki-
nac. Before the voyage was completed he died.
May 18, 1675, at the mouth of a stream which
long bore his name — but is not the present Mar-
quette River — on the eastern shore of Lake Michi-
gan. His remains were subsequently removed to
Point St. Ignace. He was the first to attempt to
explain the lake tides, and modern science has
not improved his theory.
MARSEILLES, a city on the Illinois River, in
La Salle County, eight miles east of Ottawa, and
77 miles southwest of Chicago, on the line of the
Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad. Excel-
lent water power is furnished by a dam across
the river. The city has several factories, among
the leading products being flour, paper and agri-
cultural implements. Coal is mined in the
vicinity. The grain trade is large, sufficient to
support three elevators. There are two weekly
newspapers. Population (1880), 1,882; (1890),
2,210; (1900). 2.,559.
MARSH, Benjamin F., Congressman, born in
Wythe Township, Hancock County, 111., was edu-
cated at private schools and at Jubilee College,
leaving the latter institution one year before
graduation. He read law under the tutelage of his
brother. Judge J. W. Marsh, of Warsaw, and was
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
353
admitted to the bar in 1860. The same year he was
an unsuccessful candidate for State's Attorney.
Immediately upon the first call for troops in 1861,
he raised a company of cavalrj', and, going to
Springfield, tendered it to Governor Yates. No
cavalry liaving been called for, the Governor felt
constrained to decline it. On his way home Mr.
Marsh stopped at Quincy and enlisted as a private
in the Sixteenth Illinois Infantry, in whicli regi-
ment he served until July 4, 1861, when Gov-
ernor Yates advised him by telegraph of his
readiness to accept his cavalry company.
Returning to Warsaw he recruited another com-
pany within a few days, of which lie was com-
missioned Captain, and which was attached to
the Second Illinois Cavalry. He served in the
army until January, 1866, being four times
wounded, and rising to the rank of Colonel. On
his return home he interested himself in politics.
In 1869 he was a Republican candidate for the
State Constitutional Convention, and. in 1876,
was elected to represent the Tenth Illinois Dis-
trict in Congress, and re-elected in 1878 and 1880.
In 1885 he was appointed a member of the Rail-
road and Wareliouse Commission, serving until
1889. In 1894 he was again elected to Congress
from his old district, which, under the new
apportionment, had become the Fifteenth, was
re-elected in 1896, and again in 1898. In the
Fifty-fifth Congress he was a member of the
House Committee on Military Affairs and Chair-
man of the Committee on IMilitia.
MARSH, William, jurist, was born at Moravia,
N. Y., May 11, 1822; was educated at Groton
Academy and Union College, .graduating from
the latter in 1843. He studied law, in part, in
the office of Millard Fillmore, at Buffalo, and was
admitted to the bar in 1845, practicing at Ithaca
until 1854, when he removed to Quincy, 111. Here
he continued in practice, in partnership, at differ-
ent periods, with prominent lawyers of that city,
until elected to the Circuit bench in 1885, serv-
ing until 1891. Died, April 14, 1894.
MARSHALL, the county -seat of Clark County,
and an incorporated city, 16;^ miles southwest
of Terre Haute, Ind., and a point of intersection
of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis
and the Vandalia Railroads. The surrounding
country is devoted to farming and stock-raising.
The city has woolen, flour, saw and planing
mills, besides considerable mercantile trade. It
has banks, eight churches and a good public
school system, which includes a high school.
Three weekly newspapers are published. Popu-
lation (1880), 1.883; (1890), 1,900; (1000). 2,077.
MARSHALL, Samuel S., lawyer and Con-
gressman, was born in Gallatin County, 111., in
1824; studied law and soon after located at
McLeansboro. In 1846 he was chosen a member
of the lower house of the Fifteenth General
Assembly, but resigned, early in the following
year, to become State's Attorney, serving until
1848 ; was Judge of the Circuit Court from 1851
to 1854, and again from 1861 to 1865; was delegate
from the State-at-large to the Charleston and
Baltimore Conventions of 1860, and to the
National Union Convention at Philadelphia in
1866. In 1861 he received the complimentary
vote of his party in the Legislature for United
States Senator, and was similarly honored in the
Fortieth Congress (1867) by receiving the Demo-
cratic support for Speaker of the House. He
was first elected to Congress in 18.54, re-elected in
1856, and, later, served continuously from 1865 to
1875, when he returned to the practice of his
profession. Died, July 26, 1890.
MARSHALL COUNTY, situated in the north-
central part of the State, with an area of 400
square miles — named for Chief Justice John Mar-
shall. Settlers began to arrive in 1827, and
county organization was effected in 1839. The
Illinois River bisects the county, which is also
drained by Sugar Creek. The surface is gener-
ally level prairie, except along the river, although
occasionally undulating. The soil is fertile,
corn, wheat, hay and oats forming the staple
agricultural products. Hogs are raised in great
number, and coal is extensively mined. Lacon
is the county-seat. Population (1880), 15,053;
(1890), 13,6.53; (1900), 16,370.
MARTIN, (Gen.) James S., ex Congressman
and soldier, was born in Scott County, Va.,
August 19, 1826, educated in the common
schools, and, at the age of 20, accompanied his
parents to Southern Illinois, settling in Marion
County. He served as a non-commissioned
officer in the war with Mexico. In 1849, he was
elected Clerk of the Marion County Court, which
office he filled for twelve years. By profession he
is a lawyer, and has been in active practice when
not in public or military life. For a number of
years he was a member of the Republican State
Central Committee. In 1863 he was commis-
sioned Colonel of the One Hundred and Eleventh
Illinois Volunteers, and, at the close of the war,
brevetteJ Brigadier-General. On his return home
he was elected County Judge of Marion County,
and, in 1868, appointed United States Pension
Agent. The latter post he resigned in 1873, hav-
ing been elected, as a Republican, to represent
354
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
the Sixteenth District in the Forty-third Con-
gress. He was Commander of the Grand Army
for the Department of Illinois in 1889-90.
MARTINSVILLE, a village of Clark County,
on the Terre Haute & Indianapolis Railroad. 13
miles southwest of Marshall ; the place has a bank
and two newspapers. Population (1880;. 663;
(1890), 779; (1900), 1,000.
MASCOUTAH, a city in St. Clair County, 25
miles from St. Louis and 11 miles east of Belle-
ville, on the line of the Louisville & Nashville
Railroad. Coal-mining and agricultui"e are the
principal industries of the surrounding country.
Flour manufacture is carried on to some extent
in the city. Population (1880), 2,558; (1890),
3,032; (1900). 3,171.
MASON, Roswell B., civil engineer, was born
in Oneida County, N. Y., Sept. 19, 1805; in his
boyhood was employed as a teamster on the Erie
Canal, a year later (l833) accepting a position as
rodman under Edward F. Gay, assistant-engineer
in charge of construction. Subsequently he was
employed on the Schuylkill and Morris Canals,
on the latter becoming assistant-engineer and,
finally, chief and superintendent. Other works
with which Mr. Mason was connected in a similar
capacity were the Pennsylvania Canal and the
Housatonic, New York & New Haven and the
Vermont Valley Railroads. In 1851 he came
west and took charge of the construction of the
Illinois Central Railroad, a work which required
five years for its completion. The next four
years were spent as contractor in the construction
of roads in Iowa and Wisconsin, until 1860, when
he became Superintendent of the Chicago &
Alton Railroad, but remained only one year, in
1861 accepting the position of Controller of the
land department of the Illinois Central Railroad,
which he retained until 1867. The next two
years were occupied in the service of the State in
lowering the summit of the Illinois & Michigan
Canal. In 1869 he was elected Mayor of the city
of Chicago, and it was in the closing days of
his term that the great fire of 1871 occurred,
testing his executive ability to the utmost. From
1873 to 1883 he served as one of the Trustees of
the Illinois Industrial University, and was one of
the incorporators, and a life-long Director, of the
Presbyterian Theological Seminary of the North-
west. Died, Jan, 1, 1892.— Edward Gay (Mason),
son of the preceding, %vas born at Bridgeport,
Conn., August 23, 1839; came with his father's
family, in 1852, to Chicago, where he attended
school for several years, after which he entered
Yale College, graduating there in 1860. He then
studied law, and, later, became a member of the
law firm of Mattocks & Mason, but subsequently,
in conjunction with two brothers, organized the
firm of Mason Brothers, for the prosecution of a
real-estate and law business. In 1881 Mr. Mason
was one of the organizers of the Chicago Musical
Festival, which was instrumental in bringing
Theodore Thomas to Chicago. In 1887 he became
President of the Chicago Historical Society, as the
successor of Elihu B. Washburne, retaining the
position until his death, Dec. 18, 1898. During
his incumbency, the commodious building, now
occupied by the Historical Society Library, was
erected, and he added largely to the resources of
the Society by the collection of rare manuscripts
and other historical records. He was the author
of several historical works, including "Illinois in
the Eighteenth Century," "Kaskaskia and Its
Parish Records," besides papers on La Salle and
the first settlers of Illinois, and "The Story of
James Willing — An Episode of the American
Revolution." He also edited a volume entitled
"Early Chicago and Illinois," which was pub-
lished under the auspices of the Chicago Histor-
ical Society. Mr. Mason was, for several years, a
Trustee of Yale University and, about the time of
his death, was prominently talked of for President
of that institution, as successor to President
Timothy Dwight.
MASON, William E., United States Senator,
was born at Franklinville, Cattaraugus County,
N. Y. , July 7, 1850, and accompanied his parents
to Bentonsport, Iowa, in 1858. He was educated
at the Bentonsport Academy and at Birmingham
College. From 1866 to 1870 he taught school, the
last two years at Des Moines. In that city he
studied law with Hon. Thomas F. Withrow, who
afterward admitted him to partnership. In 1873
he removed to Chicago, where he has since prac-
ticed his profession. He soon embarked in poli-
tics, and, in 1878, was elected to the lower house
of the General Assembly, and, in 1883, to the
State Senate. In 1884 he was the regular Repub-
lican candidate for Congress in the Third Illinois
District (then strongly Republican), but, owing
to party dissensions, was defeated by James H.
Ward, a Democrat. In 1886, and again in 1888,
he was elected to Congress, but, in 1890, was
defeated for re-election by Allan C. Durborow.
He is a vigorous and effective campaign speaker.
In 1897 he was elected United States Senator,
receiving in the Legislature 125 votes to 77 for
John P. Altgeld, the Democratic candidate.
MASON CITY, a prosperous city in Mason
County, at the intersection of the Chicago &
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
355
-Alton and tte Havana branch of the niinois
Central Railroads, 18 miles west by north of
Lincoln, and about 30 miles north of Springfield.
Being in the heart of a rich corn-growing district,
it is an important shipping point for that com-
modity. It has four churches, two banks, two
newspapers, brick works, flour-mills, grain-ele-
vators and a carriage factory. Population (1880),
1,714; (1890), 1,869; (1900), 1,890.
MASON COUNTY, organized in 1841, with a
population of about 3,000; population (1900),
17,491, and area of 560 square miles, — named for a
county in Kentucky. It lies a little northwest
of the center of the State, the Illinois and Sanga-
mon Rivers forming its west and its south bound-
aries. The soil, %vhile sandy, is fertile. The
chief staple is corn, and the county offers excel-
lent opportimities for viticulture. The American
pioneer of Mason County was probably Maj.
Ossian B. Ross, who settled at Havana in 1832.
Not until 1837, however, can immigration be said
to have set in rajiidly. Havana was first chosen
as the covmty-seat, but Bath enjoyed the honor
for a few years, the county offices being per-
manently removed to the former point in 18.51.
Mason City is an imisortant shipping point on the
Chicago & Alton Railroad
MASONS, ANCIENT ORDER OF FREE AND
ACCEPTED. (See Free-Masons.)
MASSAC COUNTY, an extreme southern
county of the State and one of the smallest, its
area, being but little more than 240 square miles,
with a population (1900) of 13,110 — named for
Fort Massac, within its borders. The surface is
hilly toward the north, but the bottom lands
along the Ohio River are swampy and liable to
frequent overflows. A considerable portion of the
natural resources consists of timber — oak, wal-
nut, poplar, hickory, cypress and cottonwood
abounding. Saw-mills are found in nearly every
town, and considerable grain and tobacco are
raised. The original settlers were largely from
Ohio, Kentucky and North Carolina, and hospi-
tality is traditional. Metropolis, on the Ohio
River, is the county-seat. It was laid off in 1839,
although Massac County was not separately
organized until 1843. At Massac City may be
seen the ruins of the early French fort of that
name.
MASSAC COUNTY REBELLION, the name
commonly given to an outbreak of mob violence
which occurred in Massac Cotmty, in 1845-46. An
arrested criminal having asserted that an organ-
ized band of thieves and robbers existed, and
having given the names of a large number of the
alleged members, popular excitement rose to
fever heat. A company of self-appointed "regu-
lators" was formed, whose acts were so arbitrary
that, at the August election of 1846, a Sheriff and
County Clerk were elected on the a"vowed issue
of opposition to these irregular tactics. This
served to stimulate the "regulators" to renewed
activity. Many persons were forced to leave the
county on suspicion, and others tortured into
making confession. In consequence, some leading
"regulators" were thrown into jail, only to be soon
released by their friends, who ordered the Sheriff
and County Clerk to leave the county. The feud
rapidly grew, both in proportions and in inten-
sity. Governor French made two futile efforts to
restore order through mediation, and the ordinary
processes of law were also found unavailing.
Judge Scates was threatened with lynching
Only 60 men dared to serve in the Sheriff's posse,
and these surrendered upon promise of personal
immunity from violence. This pledge was not
regarded, several members of the posse being led
away as prisoners, some of wliom, it was believed,
were drowned in the Ohio River. All the incarcer-
ated "regulators" were again released, the Sheriff
and his supporters were once more ordered to
leave, and fresh seizures and outrages followed
each other in quick succession. To remedy this
condition of affairs, the Legislature of 1847 enacted
a law creating district courts, under the provi-
sions of which a Judge might hold court in any
county in his circuit. This vii-tually conferred
upon the Judge the right to change the venue at
his own discretion, and thus secure juries unbiased
by local or partisan feeling. The effect of this
legislation was highly beneficial in restoring
quiet, although the embers of the feud still
smoldered and intermittently leaped into flame
for several years thereafter.
MATHENY, Charles R., pioneer, was born in
Loudoun County, Va., March 6, 1786, licensed as a
Methodist preacher, in Kentucky, and, in 1805,
came to St. Clair Coimty (then in Indiana Terri-
tory), as a missionary. Later, he studied law and
was admitted to the bar; served in the Third
Territorial (1817) and the Second State Legisla-
tures (1820-22) ; removed, in 1821, to the newly
organized county of Sangamon, where he was
appointed the first County Clerk, remaining in
office eighteen years, also for some years holding,
at the same time, the offices of Circuit Clerk,
Recorder and Probate Judge. Died, while
County Clerk, in 1839.— Noah W. (Matheny), son
of the preceding, was born in St. Clair County, 111. ,
July 31. 1815; was assistant of his father in the
356
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
County Clerk's office in Sangamon County, and,
on the death of the latter, (November, 1839), was
elected his successor, and re-elected for eight con-
secutive terms, serving until 1873. Died, April
30, 1877. — James H. (Matheny). another son,
born Oct. 30, 1818, in St. Clair County; served in
his youth as Clerk in various local oflSces ; was a
member of the Constitutional Convention of 1847,
elected Circuit Clerk in 1852, at the close of his
term beginning the practice of law; was com-
missioned Lieutenant-Colonel of the One Hundred
and Fourteenth Illinois Volunteers, in October,
1862, and, after the siege of Vicksburg, served as
Judge Advocate until July, 1864, when he
resigned. He then returned to his profession,
but, in 1873, was elected County Judge of Sanga-
mon County, holding the office by repeated re-
elections until his death, Sept. 7, 1890, — having
resided in Springfield 68 years.
MATHER, Thomas, pioneer merchant, was
born. April 24, 1795, at Simsbury, Hartford
County, Conn. ; in early manhood was engaged
for a time in business in New York City, but, in
the spring of 1818, came to Kaskaskia, 111., where
he soon after became associated in business with
James L. Lamb and others. This firm was
afterwards quite extensively engaged in trade
with New Orleans. Later he became one of the
founders of the town of Chester. In 1820 Mr.
Mather was elected to the lower branch of the
Second General Assembly from Randolph
County, was re-elected to the Third (serving for
a part of the session as Speaker), and again to the
Fourth, but, before the expiration of his last term,
resigned to accept an appointment from Presi-
dent John Quincy Adams as Commissioner to
locate the military road from Independence to
Santa Fe, and to conclude treaties with the
Indians along the line. In the Legislature of
1822 he was one of the most determined oppo-
nents of the scheme for securing a pro-slavery
Constitution. In 1828 he was again elected to
the House and. in 1832, to the Senate for a term
of four years. He also served as Colonel on the
staff of Governor Coles, and was supported for the
United States Senate, to fill the vacancy caused
by the death of John McLean, in 1830. Having
removed to Springfield in 1835, he became promi-
nent in business affairs there in connection with
his former partner, Mr. James L. Lamb; in 1837
was appointed a member of the first Board of
Fund Commissioners for the State under the
internal improvement system ; also served seven
years as President of the Springfield branch of
the State Bank; was connected, as a stock-
holder, with the construction of the Sangamon &
Morgan (now Wabash) Railroad, extending from
Springfield to the Illinois river at Naples, and
was also identified, financially, with the old Chi-
cago & Galena Union Railroad. From 1835 until
his death. Colonel Mather served as one of the
Trustees of Illinois College at Jacksonville, and
was a liberal contributor to the endowment of
that institution. His death occurred during a
visit to Philadelphia, March 28, 1853.
MATTESON, Joel Aldrich, ninth regularly
elected Governor of Illinois (1853-57), was bom
in Watertown, N. Y., August 8, 1808; after some
experience in business and as a teacher, in 1831
he went to South Carolina, where he was foreman
in the construction of the first railroad in that
State. In 1834 he removed to Illinois, where he
became a contractor on the Illinois & Michigan
Canal, and also engaged in manufacturing at
Joliet. After serving three terms in the State
Senate, he was elected Governor in 18.52, and, in
1855, was defeated by Lyman Trumbull for the
United States Senatorship. At the close of his
gubernatorial term he was complimented by the
Legislature, and retired to private life a popular
man. Later, there were developed grave scandals
in connection with the refunding of certain
canal scrip, with which his name — unfortunately
— was connected. He turned over property to
the State of the value of nearly 8250,000, for its
indemnification. He finally took up his resi-
dence in Chicago, and later spent considerable
time in travel in Europe. He was for many
years the lessee and President of the Chicago &
Alton Railroad. Died in Chicago. Jan. 31, 1873.
MATTHEWS, Asa C, ex-Comptroller of the
United States Treasury, was born in Pike County,
111., March 22, 1833; graduated from Illinois Col-
lege in 1855, and was admitted to the bar three
years later. Upon the outbreak of the Civil War,
he abandoned a remunerative practice at Pitts-
field to enlist in the armj', and was elected and
commissioned a Captain in the Ninety-ninth Illi-
nois Volunteers. He rose to the rank of Colonel,
being mustered out of the service in August,
1865. He was appointed Collector of Internal
Revenue in 1869, and Supervisor for the District
composed of Illinois, Wisconsin and Michigan, in
1875. Being elected to the Thirtieth General
Assembly in 1876, he resigned his office, and was
re-elected to the Legislature in 1878. On the
death of Judge Higbee, Governor Hamilton
appointed Mr. Matthews to fill the vacancy thus
created on the bench of the Sixth Circuit, his
term expiring in 1885. In 1888 he was elected to
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
357
the Thirty-sixth General Assembly and was
chosen Speaker of the House. In May, 1889,
President Harrison named him First Comp-
troller of the United States Treasury, and the
House, by a unanimous vote, expressed its grati-
fication at his selection. Since retiring from
office, Colonel Matthews has devoted his attention
to the practice of his profession at Pittsfield.
MATTHEWS, Milton W., lawyer and journal-
ist, was born in Clark County, 111., March 1, 1846,
educated in the common schools, and, near the
close of the war, served in a 100-days" regiment ;
began teaching in Champaign County in 186.5,
studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1867 ;
in 1873 was appointed Master in Chancery, served
two terms as Prosecuting Attorney, and, in 1888,
was elected to the State Senate, meanwhile, from
1879, discharging the duties of editor of "The
Champaign County Herald," of which he was
also proprietor. During his last session in the
State Senate (1891-92) he served as President pro
tern, of that body; was also President of the
State Press Association and served on the staff of
Governor Fifer, with the rank of Colonel of the
Illinois National Guard. Died, at Urbana, May
10, 1893.
MATTOON, an important city in Coles County,
172 miles west of south from Chicago and 56 miles
west of Terre Haute, Ind. ; a point of junction for
three lines of railway, and an important shipping
point for corn and broom corn, which are both
extensively grown in the surrounding region. It
has several banks, foundries, machine shops,
brick and tile-works, flour-mills, grain-elevators,
with two daily and four weekly newspapers ; also
has good graded schools and a high school. The
repair shops of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chi
cago & St. Louis Railroad are located here.
Population (1890), 6,833; (1900), 9,622.
MAXWELL, Philip, M.D., pioneer physician,
was born at Guilford, Vt., April 3, 1799, graduated
in medicine and practiced for a time at Sackett's
Harbor, also serving in the New York Legisla-
ture; was appointed Assistant Surgeon at Fort
Dearborn, in 1833, remaining intil the abandon-
ment of the fort at the end of 1836. In 1838 he
was promoted Surgeon, and served with Gen.
Zachary Taylor in the campaign against the Semi-
noles in Florida, but resumed private practice in
Chicago in 1844 ; served two terms as Represent-
ative in the General Assembly (1848-52) and, in
1855, settled on the shores of Lake Geneva, Wis.,
where he died, Nov. 5, 18.59.
MAT, William L., early lawyer and Congress-
man, was born in Kentucky, came at an early day
to Edwardsville, 111. , and afterwards to Jackson-
ville; was elected from Morgan County to the
Sixth General Assembly (1828), and the next year
removed to Springfield, having been appointed by
President Jackson Receiver of Public Moneys for
the Land Office there. He was twice elected to
Congress (1834 and '36), the first year defeating
Benjamin Mills, a brilliant lawyer of Galena.
Later, May became a resident of Peoria, but
finally removed to California, where he died.
MAYO, Walter L., legislator, was born in Albe-
marle County Va., March 7, 1810; came to
Edwards County, 111., in 1828, and began teach-
ing. He took part in the Black Hawk War
(1831-32), being appointed by Governor Reynolds
Quartermaster of a battalion organized in that
section of the State. He had previously been
appointed County Clerk of Edwards County to fill
a vacancy, and continued, by successive re-elec-
tions, to occupy the position for thirty-seven
years — also acting, for a portion of the time, as
Circuit Clerk, Judge of Probate and County Treas-
urer. In 1870 he was elected Representative in
the Twenty-seventh General Assembly for the
Edwards County District. On the evening of Jan.
18, 1878, he mysteriously disappeared, having
been last seen at the Union Depot at East St.
Louis, when about to take the train for his home
at Albion, and is supposed to have been secretly
murdered. No trace of his body or of the crime
was ever discovered, and the affair has remained
one of the mysteries of the criminal history of
Illinois.
MAYWOOD, a village of Cook County, and
suburb of Chicago, 10 miles west of that city, on
the Chicago & Northwestern and the Chicago
Great Western Railways; has churches, two
weekly newspapers, public schools and some
manufactures. Population (1900), 4,532.
McAllister, WilUam K., jurist, was bom in
Washington County, N. Y., in 1818. After
admission to the bar he commenced practice at
Albion, N. Y. . and, in 1854, removed to Chicago.
In 1806 lie was a candidate for the bench of the
Superior Court of that city, but was defeated by
Judge Jameson. Two years later he was chosen
Judge of the Recorder's Court, and, in 1870, was
elected a Justice of the Supreme Court, which
position he resigned in 1875, having been elected
a Judge of the Circuit Court of Cook County to
fill a vacancy. He was reelected for a full term
and assigned to Appellate Court di^ty in 1879.
He was elected for a third time in 1885, but,
before the expiration of his term, he died, Oct.
29, 1888.
358
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
McARTHCR, John, soldier, was born in Ers-
kine, Scotland, Nov. 17, 1826; worked at liis
father's trade of blacksmith until 23 years old,
when, coming to the United States, he settled in
Chicago. Here he became foreman of a boiler-
making establishment, later acquiring an estab-
lishment of his own. Having joined the Twelfth
Illinois Volunteers at the beginning of the war,
with a company of which he was Captain, he
was chosen Lieutenant-Colonel, still later Colonel,
and, in March, 18G2, promoted to Brigadier-Gen-
eral for gallantry in the assault on Fort Donelson,
wliere he commanded a brigade. At Shiloh he
was wounded, but after having his wound dressed,
returned to the fight and succeeded to the com-
mand of the Second Division when Gen. W. H. L.
Wallace fell mortally wounded. He commanded
a division of McPhersou"s corps in the operations
against Vicksburg, and bore a conspicuous part in
the battle of Nashville, where he commanded a
division under Gen. A. J. Smith, winning a brevet
Jlajor-Generalship by his gallantry. General
JIcArthur was Postmaster of Chicago from 1873
to 1877.
McCAGG, Ezra Butler, lawyer, was born at
Kinderhook, N Y., Nov. 22, 182.5; studied law at
Hudson, and, coming to Chicago in 1847, entered
the law office of J. Young Scammon, soon after-
wards becoming a member of the firm of Scam-
mon & McCagg. During the war Mr. McCagg
was an active member of the United States Sani-
tary Commission, and (for some years after the
fire of 1871) of the Relief and Aid Society; is also
a life-member and officer of the Chicago Histori-
cal Society, besides being identified with several
State and municipal boards. His standing in his
profession is shown by the fact that he has been
more than once offered a non-partisan nomina-
tion for Justice of the Supreme Court, but has de-
clined. He occupies a high rank in literary circles,
as well as a connoisseur in art, and is the owner of a
large private library collected since the destruction
of one of tlie best in the West b_y the fire of 1871.
McCartney, James, lawyer and ex- Attorney
General, was born of Scotch parentage in the
north of Ireland. Feb. 14, 1835; at two years of
age was brought to the United States and, until
1845, resided in Pennsylvania, when his parents
removed to Trumbull County, Ohio. Here he
spent his 3-outh in general farm work, meanwhile
attending a high school and finally engaging in
teaching. In 1856 he began the study of law at
Warren, Ohio, which he continued a year later in
the office of Harding & Reed, at Monmouth, 111, ;
\\ as admitted to the bar in January, 1858, and
began practice at Monmouth, removing the fol-
lowing year to Galva. In April, 1861, he enlisted
in what afterwards became the Seventeenth
Regiment Illinois Volunteers, was commissioned
a First Lieutenant, but, a year later, was com-
pelled to resign on account of ill- health. A few
months later he re-enlisted in the One Hundred
and Twelfth Illinois, being soon promoted to a
captaincy, although serving much of the time as
Judge Advocate on courts-martial, and, for one
year, as Acting Assistant Adjutant-General in the
Army of the Ohio. At the conclusion of his term
of service in the army, he resumed the practice
of his profession at Fairfield. 111. ; in 1880 was
nominated and elected, as a Republican, Attorney-
General of the State, and, dui'ing his last year in
office, began the celebrated "Lake Front suits"
which finally terminated successfully for the
city of Chicago. Since retiring from office, Gen-
eral McCartney has been engaged in the practice
of his profession, chiefiy in Springfield and Clii-
cago, having been a resident of the latter city
since 1890.
McCartney, Robert Wilson, lawyer and
jurist, was born in Trumbull County, Ohio,
March 19, 1843, spent a portion of his boyhood in
Pennsylvania, afterwards returning to Youngs-
town, Ohio, where he enlisted as a private in the
Sixth Ohio Cavalry. He was severely wounded
at the battle of Gettysburg, lying two days and
nights on the field and enduring untold suffering.
As soon as able to take the field he was commis-
sioned, by Governor Curtin, a Captain in the
Eighty-third Pennsylvania Volunteers, serving in
the army of the Potomac to the close of the war,
and taking part in tlie grand review at W^ashing-
ton, in May, 1865. After the war he took a course
in a business college at Pittsburg, removed to
Cleveland and began the study of law, but soon
came to Illinois, and, having completed his law
studies with his brother, J. T. McCartney, at
Jletropolis, was admitted to the bar in 1868 ; also
edited a Republican paper there, became inter-
ested in lumber manufacture and was one of the
founders of the First National Bank of that city.
In 1873 he was elected County Judge of Massac
County, serving nine years, when (1882) he was
elected Representative in the Thirty-third Gen-
eral Assembly. At the close of his term in the
Legislature he was elected Judge of the Circuit
Court for the first Circuit, serving from 1885 to
1891. Died, Oct. 27, 1893. Judge McCartney
was able, public-spirited and patriotic. The city
of Metropolis owes to him the Free PubUc Library
bearing his name.
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
359
McCLAUGHRT, Robert Wilson, penologist,
■was born at Fountain Green, Hancocli County,
111., July 23, 1839, being descended from Scotch-
Irish ancestry — his grandfather, who was a native
of the North of Ireland, having come to America
in his youth and served in the War of the Revolu-
tion. The subject of this sketch grew up on a
farm, attending school in the winter until 1854,
then spent the next two winters at an academy,
and, in 1856, began a course in Monmouth Col-
lege, where he graduated in 1860. The following
year he spent as instructor in Latin in the same
institution, but, in 1861, became editor of "The
Carthage Republican," a Democratic paper,
which he made a strong advocate of the cause of
the Union, meanwhile, both by his pen and on
the stump, encouraging enlistments in the army.
About the first of July, 1862, having disposed of
his interest in the paper, he enlisted in a company
of %vhich he was unanimously chosen Captain,
and which, with four other companies organized
in the same section, became tlie nucleus of the
One Hundred and Eighteenth Illinois Volunteers.
The regiment having been completed at Camp
Butler, he was elected Major, and going to the
field in the following fall, took part in General
Sherman's first movement against Vicksburg by
way of Chickasaw Bayou, in December, 1862.
Later, as a member of Osterhaus' Division of Gen-
eral McClernand's corps, he participated with his
regiment in the capture of Arkansas Post, and in
the operations against Vicksburg which resulted
in the capture of that stronghold, in July, 1863.
He then joined the Department of the Gulf under
command of General Banks, but was compelled
by sickness to return north. Having sufficiently
recovered, he spent a few months in the recruit-
ing service (1864), but, in May of that year, was
transferred, by order of President Lincoln, to the
Pay Department, as Additional-Paymaster, with
the rank of Major, being finally assigned to duty
at Springfield, where he remained, paying off Illi-
nois regiments as mustered out of the service,
until Oct. 13, 1865, when he was honorably dis-
charged. A few weeks later he was elected
County Clerk of Hancock County, serving four
years. In the meantime he engaged in the stone
business, as head of the firm of R. W. McClaughry
& Co., furnishing stone for the basement of the
State Capitol at Springfield and for bridges across
the Mississippi at Quinoy and Keokuk — later
being engaged in the same business at St. Gene-
vieve, Mo., with headquarters at St. Louis. Com-
pelled to retire by failing health, he took up his
residence at Monmouth in 1873, but, in 1874, was
called to the wardenship of the State Peniten-
tiary at Joliet. Here he remained until December,
1888, when he resigned to accept the superin-
tendency of the Industrial Reformatory at
Huntingdon, Pa., but, in May, 1891, accepted
from Mayor Washburne the position of Chief of
Police in Chicago, continuing in service, under
Mayor Harrison, until August, 1893, when he
became Superintendent of the Illinois State
Reformatory at Pontiac. Early in 1897 he was
again offered and accepted the position of Warden
of the State Penitentiary at Joliet. Here he re-
mained until 1899, when he received from Presi-
dent McKinley the appointment of Warden of the
Military Prison at Fort Leavenworth, Kan.,
which position he now (1899) occupies. Major Mc-
Claughry's administration of penal and reforma-
tory institutions has been eminently satisfactoiy,
and he has taken rank as one of the -most success-
ful penologists in the country.
McCLELLA\, Robert H., lawyer and banker,
was born in Washington County, N. Y., Jan. 3,
1823; graduated at Union College, Schenectady,
in 1847, and then studied law with Hon. Martin I.
Townsend, of Troy, being admitted to the bar in
1850. The same year he removed to Galena, 111. ;
during his first winter there, edited "The Galena
Gazette," and the following spring formed a
partnership with John M. Douglas, afterwards
General Solicitor and President of the Illinois
Central Railroad, whicli ended with the removal
of the latter to Chicago, when Mr. McClellan
succeeded him as local attorney of the road at
Galena. In 18G4 Mr. McClellan became President
of the Bank of Galena — later the "National Bank
of Galena"— remaining for over twenty years.
He is also largely interested in local manufac-
tories and financial institutions elewhere. He
served as a Republican Representative in the
Twenty-second General Assembly (1861-63), and
as Senator (1876-80), and maintained a high rank
as a sagacious and judicious legislator. Liberal,
public-spirited and patriotic, his name has been
prominently connected with all movements for
the improvement of his locality and the advance-
ment of the interests of the State.
McCLERNAXD, John Alexander, a volunteer
ofiicer in the Civil War and prominent Demo-
cratic politician, was born in Breckenridge
County, Ky., May 30, 1812, brought to Sliawnee-
town in 1816, was admitted to the bar in 1832,
and engaged in journalism for a time. He served
in the Black Hawk War, and was elected to the
Legislature in 1836, and again in 1840 and '42.
The latter year he was elected to Congress, serv-
360
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
ing four consecutive terms, but declining a
renomination, being about to remove to Jackson-
ville, where he resided from 18.51 to ISSG. Twice
(1840 and '52) he was a Presidential Elector on
the Democratic ticljet. In 1856 he removed to
Springfield, and, in 1859, re-entered Congress as
Representative of the Springfield District; was
re-elected in 1860, but resigned in 1861 to accept
a commission as Brigadier-General of Volunteers
from President Lincoln, being promoted Major-
General early in 1862. He participated in the
battles of Belmont, Fort Donelson, Shiloh and
before Vicksburg, and was in command at the
capture of Arkansas Post, but was severely criti-
cised for some of his acts during the Vicksburg
campaign and relieved of his command by Gen-
eral Grant. Having finally been restored by
order of President Lincoln, he participated in the
campaign in Louisiana and Te.xas, but resigned
his commission in 1864. General McClernand
presided over the Democratic National Conven-
tion of 1876, and, in 1886, was appointed by Presi-
dent Cleveland one of the members of the Utah
Commission, serving through President Harri-
son's administration. He was also elected
Circuit Judge in 1870. as successor to Hon. B. S.
Edwards, who had resigned. Died Sept. 20, 1900.
McCLURU, Alexander C, soldier and pub-
lisher, was born in Pliiladelpliia but grew up in
Pittsburg, where his fatlier was an iron manu-
facturer. He graduated at Miami University.
Oxford, Ohio., and, after studying law for a time
with Chief Justice Lowrie of Pennsylvania, came
to Chicago in 1859, and entered the bookstore of
S. C. Griggs & Co., as a junior clerk. Early in
1861 he enlisted as a private in the War of the
Rebellion, but the quota of three-months' men
being already full, his services were not accepted.
In August. 1862, he became a member of the
"Crosby Guards," afterwards incorporated in the
Eighty -eighth Illinois Infantry (Second Board of
Trade Regiment), and was unanimously elected
Captain of Company H. After the battle of
Perryville, he was detailed as Judge Advocate at
Nashville, and, in the following year, offered the
position of Assistant Adjutant-General on the
staff of General McCook, afterwards serving in a
similar capacity on the staffs of Generals Tliomas,
Sheridan and Baird. He took part in the defense
of Chattanooga and, at the battle of Missionary
Ridge, had two liorses shot under him ; was also
with the Fourteenth Army Corps in the Atlanta
campaign, and, at the request of Gen. Jeff. C.
Davis, was promoted to the rank of Colonel and
brevetted Brigadier-General — later, being pre-
sented with a sword bearing the names of the
principal battles in which he was engaged,
besides being especially complimented in letters
by Generals Sherman, Thomas, Baird, Mitchell.
Davis and others. He was invited to enter the
regular army at the close of the war, but pre-
ferred to return to private life, and resumed his
former position with S. C. Griggs & Co., soon
after becoming a junior partner in the concern,
of which he has since become the chief. In the
various mutations through which this extensive
firm has gone, General McClurg has been a lead-
ing factor until now (and since 1887) he stands
at the head of tlie most extensive publishing firm
west of New York.
McCO'NEL, Murray, pioneer and lawyer, was
born in Orange County, N. Y., Sept. 5, 1798, and
educated in the common schools; left home at
14 years of age and, after a year at Louisville,
spent several years flat-boating, trading and
hunting in the West, during this period visiting
Arkansas, Texas and Kansas, finally settling on a
farm near Herculaneum, Mo. In 1823 he located
in Scott (then a part of Morgan) County, 111., but
when the town of Jacksonville was laid out,
became a citizen of that place. During the Black
Hawk 'War (July and August, 1832), he served on
the staff of Gen. J. D. Henry witli the rank of
Major; in 1837 was appointed by Governor Dun-
can a member of the Board of Public Works for
the First Judicial District, in this capacity having
charge of the construction of the railroad between
Meredosia and Springfield (then known as the
Northern Cross Railroad) — the first public rail-
road built in the State, and the only one con-
structed during tlie "internal improvement" era
following 1837. He also held a commission from
Governor French as Major-General of State Mi-
litia, in 1855 was appointed by President Pierce
Fifth Auditor of the Treasury Department, but
retired in 18.59. In 1832, on his return from
the Black Hawk War, he was elected a Repre-
sentative in the State Legislature from Morgan
County, and, in 1864, was elected to the State
Senate for the District composed of Morgan,
Menard, Cass, Schuyler and Brown Counties,
serving until 1868. Thougli previously a Demo-
crat and a delegate to the Democratic National
Convention of 1860, he was an earnest supporter
of the war policy of the Government, and was
one of four Democratic Senators, in the General
Assembly of 1865, who voted for the ratification
of the Thirteenth Amendment of the National
Constitution, prohibiting slavery in the United
States. His death occurred by assassination, by
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
361
some unknown person, in his oflSce at Jackson-
ville, Feb. 9, 1869.— John Lndlum (McConnel),
son of the preceding, was born in Jacksonville,
111., Nov. 11, 1826, studied law and graduated at
Transylvania Law School; in 1846 enlisted as a
private in the Mexican War, became First Lieu-
tenant and was promoted Captain after the battle
of Buena Vista, where he was twice wounded.
After the war he returned to Jacksonville and
wrote several books illustrative of Western life
and character, which were published between
1850 and 1853. At the time of his death — Jan.
17, 1863 — he was engaged in the preparation of a
"History of Early Explorations in America," hav-
ing special reference to the labors of the early
Roman Catholic missionaries.
McCONNELL, (Gen). John, soldier, was born
in Madison County, N. Y. , Dec. 5, 1824, and came
with his parents to Illinois when about sixteen
years of age. His father (James McConnell) was
a native of Ireland, who came to the United
States shortly before the War of 1813, and, after
remaining in New York until 1840, came to San-
gamon County, 111., locating a few miles south of
Springfield, where he engaged extensively in
sheep-raising. He was an enterprising and pro-
gressive agriculturist, and was one of the founders
of the State Agricultural Society, being President
of the Convention of 1853 which resulted in its
organization. His death took place, Jan. 7, 1867.
The subject of this sketch was engaged with his
father and brothers in the farming and stock
business until 1861, when he raised a company
for the Third Illinois Cavalry, of which he was
elected Captain, was later promoted Major, serv-
ing until March, 1863, during that time taking
part in some of the important battles of the war
in Southwest Missouri, including Pea Ridge, and
was highly complimented by his commander.
Gen. 6. M. Dodge, for bravery. Some three
months after leaving the Third Cavalry, he was
commissioned by Governor Yates Colonel of the
Fifth Illinois Cavalry, and, in March, 1865, was
commissioned Brevet Brigadier-General, his com-
mission being signed by President Lincoln on
April 14. 1865, the morning preceding the night
of his assassination. During the latter part of
his service, General McConnell was on duty in
Texas, being finally mustered out in October,
1865. After the death of his father, and until
1879, he continued in the business of sheep-raising
and farming, being for a time the owner of
several extensive farms in Sangamon County,
but, in 1879, engaged in the insurance business
in Springfield, where he died, March 14, 1898.
McCOKJfELL, Samuel P., son of the preceding,
was born at Springfield, 111., on July 5, 1849.
After completing his literary studies he read law
at Springfield in the office of Stuart, Edwards &
Brown, and was admitted to the bar in 1873, soon
after establishing himself in practice in Chicago.
After various partnerships, in which he was asso-
ciated with leading lawyers of Chicago, he was
elected Judge of the Cook County Circuit Court,
in 1889, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of
Judge W. K. McAllister, serving until 1894, when
he resigned to give his attention to private prac-
tice. Although one of the youngest Judges upon
the bench. Judge McConnell was called upon,
soon after his election, to preside at the trial of
the conspirators in the celebrated Cronin murder
case, in which he displayed great ability. He has
also had charge, as presiding Judge, of a number
of civil suits of great importance aifecting cor-
porations.
McCORMICK, Cyrus Hall, inventor and manu-
facturer, born in Rockbridge County, Va., Feb. 15,
1809. In youth he manifested unusual mechani-
cal ingenuity, and early began attempts at the
manufacture of some device for cutting grain, his
first finished machine being produced in 1831.
Though he had been manufacturing for years
in a small way, it was not until 1844 that his
first machine was shipped to the West, and,
in 1847, he came to Chicago with a view to
establishing its manufacture in the heart of the
region where its use would be most in demand.
One of his early partners in the business was
William B. Ogden, afterwards so widely known
in connection with Chicago's railroad history.
The business grew on his hands until it became
one of the largest manufacturing interests in the
United States. Mr. McCormick was a Democrat,
and, in 1860, he bought "The Chicago Times."
and having united it with "The Herald," which
he already owned, a few months later sold the
consolidated concern to Wilbur F. Storey. "The
Interior," the Northwestern mouthpiece of the
Presbyterian faith, had been founded by a joint
stock-company in 1870, but was burned out in
1871 and removed to Cincinnati. In January,
1872, it was returned to Chicago, and, at the
beginning of the following year, it became the
property of Mr. McCormick in conjunction with
Dr. Gray, who has been its editor and manager
ever since. Mr. McCormick's most liberal work
was undoubtedly the endowment of the Presby-
terian Theological Seminary in Chicago, which
goes by his name. His death occurred. May 13,
1884, after a business life of almost unprece-
362
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
dented success, and after conferring upon the
agriculturists of the country a boon of inestimable
value.
Mccormick theological seminary, a
Presbyterian school of theology in Chicago, be-
ing the outgrowth of an institution originally con-
nected with Hanover College, Ind., in 1830. In
1859 the late Cyrus H. McCormick donated $100,-
000 to the school, and it was removed to Chicago,
where it was opened in September, with a class
of fifteen students. Since then nearly SSOO.OOO
have been contributed toward a building fund by
Mr. McCormick and his heirs, besides numerous
donations to the same end made by others. The
number of buildings is nine, four being for the
general purposes of the institution (including
dormitories), and five being houses for the pro-
fessors. The course of instruction covers three
annual terms of seven months each, and includes
didactic and polemic theology, biblical and
ecclesiastical history, sacred rhetoric and pastoral
theology, church government and the sacra-
ments. New Testament literature and exegesis,
apologetics and missions, and homiletics. The
faculty consists of eight professors, one adjimct
professor, and one instructor in elocution and
vocal culture. Between 200 and 300 students are
enrolled, including post-graduates.
McCULLOCH, David, lawyer and jurist, was
born in Cumberland County, Pa., Jan. 25, 1832;
received his academic education at Marshall Col-
lege, Mercersburg, Pa. , graduating in the class of
1852. Then, after spending some six months as
a teacher in his native village, he came west,
arriving at Peoria early in 1853. Here he con-
ducted a private school for two years, when, in
1855, he began the study of law in the office of
Manning & Merriman, being admitted to the bar
in 1857. Soon after entering upon his law studies
he was elected School Commissioner for Peoria
County, serving, by successive re-elections, three
terms (1855-61). At the close of this period he
was taken into partnership with his old precep-
tor, Julius Manning, who died, July 4, 1862. In
1877 he was elected Circuit Judge for the Eighth
Circuit, under the law authorizing the increase of
Judges in each circuit to three, and was re-
elected in 1879. serving until 1885. Six years of
this period were spent as a Justice of the Appellate
Court for the Third Appellate District. On
retiring from the bench. Judge McCulloch entered
into partnership with his son, E. D. McCulloch,
which is still maintained. Politically, Judge
McCulloch was reared as a Democrat, but during
the Civil War became a Republican. Since 1886
he has been identified with the Prohibition Party,
although, as the result of questions arising during
the Spanish-American War, giving a cordial
support to the policy of President McKinley. In
religious views he is a Presbyterian, and is a mem-
ber of the Board of Directors of the McCormick
Theological Seminary at Chicago.
McCULLOL'GH, James Skiles, Auditor of
Public Accounts, was born in Mercersburg,
Franklin Coimty, Pa., May 4, 1843; in 1854 came
with his father to Urbana, 111., and grew up on a
farm in that vicinity, receiving such education as
could be obtained in the public schools. In 1862,
at the age of 19 years, he enlisted as a private in
Company G, Seventy-sixth Illinois Volunteer
Infantry, and served during the next tliree years
in the Departments of the Mississippi and the Gulf,
meanwhile participating in the campaign against
Vicksburg, and, near the close of the war, in the
operations about Mobile. On the 9th of April,
1865, while taking part in the assault on Fort
Blakely, near Mobile, his left arm was torn to
pieces by a grape-shot, compelling its amputation
near the shoulder. His final discharge occurred
in July. 1865. Returning home he spent a year in
school at Urbana, after which he was a student in
the Soldiers' College at Fulton. 111., for two years.
He then (1868) entered the office of the County
Clerk of Champaign County as a deput}', remain-
ing until 1873, when he was chosen County Clerk,
serving by successive re-elections until 1896. The
latter year lie received the nomination of the
Republican Party for Auditor of Public Accounts,
and, at the November election, was elected by a
plurality of 138,000 votes over his Democratic
opponent. He was serving his sixth term as
County Clerk when chosen Auditor, having
received the nomination of his party on each
occasion without opposition.
McDAN\OLD, John J., lawyer and ex-Con-
gressman, was born in Brown County, 111., August
39, 1851, acquired his early education in the com-
mon schools of his native county and in a private
school ; graduated from the Law Department of
the Iowa State University in 1874, and was
admitted to the bar in Illinois the same year,
commencing practice at Mount Sterling. In 1885
he was made Master in Chancery, in 1886, elected
County Judge, and re-elected in 1890, resigning
his seat in October, 1893, to accept an election by
the Democrats of the Twelfth Illinois District as
Representative in the Fifty-third Congress.
After retiring from Congress (March 4, 1895), Mr.
McDannold removed to Chicago, where he
engaged in the practice of his profession.
A
1
UJh
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
363
Mcdonough COUMT, organized under an
act passed, Jan. 25, 1826, and attached, for judicial
purposes, to Schuyler County until 1830. Its
present area is 580 square miles — named in honor
of Commodore McDonough. The first settlement
in the county was at Industry, on the site of
which William Carter (the pioneer of the
county) built a cabin in 1826. James and John
Vance and William Job settled in the vicinity in
the following year. Out of this settlement grew
Blandinsville. William Pennington located on
Spring Creek in 1828, and, in 1831, James M.
Campbell erected the first frame liouse on the
site of the present city of Macomb. The first
sermon, preached by a Protestant minister in the
county, was delivered in the Job settlement by
Rev. John Logan, a Baptist. Among the early
officers were John Huston, County Treasurer;
William Southward, Sheriff; Peter Hale, Coro-
ner, and Jesse Bartlett, Surveyor. The first
term of the Circuit Court was held in 1830, and
presided over by Hon. Richard M. Young. The
first railway to cross the county was the Chicago,
Burlington & Quincy (1857). Since then other
lines have penetrated it, and there are numerous
railroad centers and shipping points of consider-
able importance. Population (1880), 35,037;
(1890), 27,467; (1900), 28,413.
McDOUGALL, James Alexander, lawyer and
United States Senator, was born in Bethlehem,
Albany County, N. Y., Nov. 19, 1817; educated
at the Albany grammar school, studied law and
settled in Pike County, 111., in 1837; was Attor-
ney-General of Illinois four years (1843-47) ; then
engaged in engineering and, in 1849, organized
and led an exploring expedition to the Rio del
Norte, Gila and Colorado Rivers, finally settling
at San Francisco and engaging in the practice of
law. In 1850 he was elected Attorney-General of
California, ser\-ed several terms in the State
Legislature, and, in 1852, was chosen, as a Demo-
crat, to Congress, but declined a re-election ; in
1860 was elected United States Senator from Cali-
fornia, serving as a War Democrat until 1867.
At the expiration of his senatorial term he retired
to Albany, N. Y., where he died, Sept. 3, 1867.
Though somewhat irregular in habits, he was, at
times, a brilliant and effective speaker, and, dur-
ing the War of tlie Rebellion, rendered valuable
aid to the Union cause.
McFARLAND, Andrew, M.D., alienist, was
born in Concord, N. H., July 14, 1817, graduated
at Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, in
1841, and, after being engaged in general practice
for a few years, was invited to assume the man-
agement of the New Hampshire Asylum for the
Insane at Concord. Here he remained some
eight years, during which he acquired consider-
able reputation in the treatment of nervous and
mental disorders. In 1854 he was offered and
accepted the position of Medical Superintendent
of the Illinois State (now Central) Hospital for
the Insane at Jacksonville, entering upon his
duties in June of that year, and continuing his
connection with that institution for a period of
more than sixteen years. Having resigned his
position in tlie State Hospital in June, 1870, he
soon after established tlie Oaklawn Retreat, at
Jacksonville, a private institution for the treat-
ment of insane patients, which he conducted
with a great degree of success, and with whicli
he was associated during the remainder of his
life, dying, Nov. 33, 1891. Dr. McFarland's serv-
ices were in frequent request as a medical expert
in cases before the coui'ts, invariably, however,
on the side of the defense. The last case in which
lie appeared as a witness was at the trial of Charles
F. Guiteau, the assassin of President Garfield,
whom he believed to be insane.
McGAHEY, David, settled in Crawford County,
111., in 1817, and served as Representative from
that County in the Third and Fourth General
Assemblies (1823-36), and as Senator in the
Eighth and Ninth (1832-36). Although a native
of Tennessee, Mr. McGaliey was a strong opponent
of slavery, and, at the session of 1822, was one of
tliose who voted against the pro-slavery Constitu-
tion resolution. He continued to reside in Law-
rence County until his death in 1851. — James D.
(McGahey), a son of the preceding, was elected
to the Ninth General Assembly from Crawford
County, in 1834, but died during his term of
service.
McGAXX, Lairrence Edward, ex-Congressman,
was born in Ireland, Feb. 2, 1853. His father
having died in 1884, the following year his
mother emigrated to the United States, settling
at Milford, Mass., where he attended the public
schools. In 1865 he came to Chicago, and, for
fourteen years, found employment as a shoe-
maker. In 1879 he entered the municipal service
as a clerk, and, on Jan. 1, 1885, was appointed
City Superintendent of Streets, resigning in May,
1891. He was elected in 1893, as a Democrat, to
represent the Second Illinois District in the
Fifty-second Congress, and re-elected to the Fifty-
tliird. In 1894 he was a candidate for re election
and received a certificate of election by a small
majority over Hugh R. Belknap (Republican).
An investigation having shown his defeat, he
364
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
magnanimously surrendered his seat to his com-
petitor without a contest. He has large business
interests in Chicago, especially in street railroad
property, being President of an important elec-
tric line.
McHENRY, a town in McHenry County, situ-
ated on the Fox River and the Chicago & North-
western Railway. The river is here navigable
for steamboats of light draft, which ply between
the town and Fox Lake (a distance of seven
miles), which is a favorite resort for sportsmen.
The town has four churches, a manufactory of
farming implements and two weekly papers.
Population (1880). 874; (1890), 979; (I'JOO), 1,013.
McHENRT, William, legislator and soldier of
the Black Hawk War, came from Kentucky to
Illinois in 1809, locating in White County, and
afterwards became prominent as a legislator and
soldier in the War of 1812, and in the Black Hawk
War of 1833, serving in the latter as Major of
the "Spy Battalion" and participating in the
battle of Bad Axe. He also served as Represent-
ative in the First, Fourth, Fifth and Ninth Gen-
eral Assemblies, and as Senator in the Sixth and
Seventh. While serving his last term in the
House (1835), he died and was buried at Vandalia,
then the State capital. McHenry County — organ-
ized by act of the Legislature, passed at a second
session during the winter of 1835-36 — was named
in his honor
McHENRT COUNTY, lies in the northern por-
tion of the State, bounded on the north by Wis-
consin— named for Gen. William McHenrj'. Its
area is 624 square miles. With what is now the
County of Lake, it was erected into a county in
1836, the county-seat being at McHenry. Three
years later the eastern part was set off as the
County of Lake, and the county-seat of McHenry
County removed to Woodstock, the geograph-
ical center. The soil is well watered by living
springs and is highly productive. Hardwood
groves are numerous. Fruits and berries are
extensively cultivated, but the herbage is espe-
cially adapted to dairying, Kentucky blue grass
being indigenous. Large quantities of milk are
daily shipped to Chicago, and the annual pro-
duction of butter and cheese reaches into the
millions of pounds. The geological formations
comprise the drift and the Cincinnati and Niagara
groups of rocks. Near Fox River are found
gravel ridges. Vegetable remains and logs of
wood have been found at various depths in the
drift deposits ; in one instance a cedar log, seven
inches in diameter, having been discovered forty-
two feet below the surface. Peat is fovmd every-
where, although the most extensive deposits are
in the northern half of the county, where they
exist in sloughs covering several thousands of
acres. Several Lines of railroad cross the county,
and every important village is a railway station.
Woodstock, Marengo, and Harvard are the prin-
cipal towns. Population (1880), 24,908; (1890),
26,114; (1900), 29,759.
McIXTOSH, (Capt.) Alexander, was born in
Fulton County, N. Y., in 1822; at 19 years of
age entered an academy at Galway Center,
remaining three years; in 1845 removed to Joliet,
111., and, two years later, started "The Joliet
True Democrat,"" but sold out the next year, and,
in 1849, went to California. Returning in 1852, he
bought back "The True Democrat," which he
edited until 1857, meanwhile (1856) having been
elected Clerk of the Circuit Court and Recorder
of Will County. In 1868 he was appointed by
President Lincoln Captain and Assistant Quarter-
master, serving under General Sherman in 1864
and in the "March to the Sea,' and, after the
war, being for a time Post Quartermaster at
Mobile. Having resigned in 1866, he engaged in
mercantile business at Wilmington, Will Count}' ;
but, in 1869, bought "The Wilmington Independ-
ent," which he published until 1873. The next
year he returned to Joliet, and, a few months
after, became political editor of "The Joliet
Republican,"' and was subsequently connected, in
a similar capacity, with other papers, including
"The Phoenix"" and "The Sun" of the same city.
Died, in Joliet, Feb. 2, 1899.
McKEXDREE, William, Methodist Episcopal
Bishop, was born in Virginia, in 1757, enlisted as
a private in the War of the Revolution, but later
served as Adjutant and in the commissary depart-
ment. He was converted at 30 years of age, and
the next year began preaching in his native
State, being advanced to the position of Presiding
Elder; in 1800 was transferred to the West, Illi-
nois falling within his District. Here he remained
until his elevation to the episcopacy in 1808.
McKendree College, at Lebanon, received its
name from him, together with a donation of 480
acres of land. Died, near Nashville, Tenn. , March
5, 1835.
McKEXDREE COLLEGE, one of the earliest of
Illinois colleges, located at Lebanon and incorpo-
rated in 1835. Its founding was suggested by
Rev. Peter Cartwright, and it may be said to
have had its inception at the Methodist Episcopal
Conference held at Mount Carmel, in September,
1827. The first funds for its establishment were
subscribed by citizens of Lebanon, who contrib-
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
365
uted from their scanty means, §1,385. Instruc-
tion began, Nov. 24, 1888, under Rev. Edward
Ames, afterwards a Bishop of the Methodist Epis-
copal Church. In 1830 Bishop McKendree made
a donation of land to the infant institution, and
the school was named in his honor. It cannot be
said to have become really a college until 1836,
and its first class graduated in 1841. University
powers were granted it by an amendment to its
charter in 1839. At present the departments are
as follows: Preparatory, business, classical,
scientific, law, music and oratory. The institu-
tion owns property to the value of 890,000, includ-
ing an endowment of §25,000, and has about 200
students, of both sexes, and a faculty of ten
instructors. (See Colleges, Early.)
McLaren, William Edward, Episcopal Bishop,
was born at Geneva, N. Y., Dec. 13, 1831; gradu-
ated at Washington and Jefferson College (Wash-
ington, Pa.) in 1851, and, after six years spent in
teaching and in journalistic work, entered Alle-
gheny Theological Seminary, graduating and
entering the Presbyterian ministry in 1860. For
three years he was a missionary at Bogota, South
America, and later in charge of churclies at
Peoria, 111., and Detroit, Mich. Having entered
the Protestant Episcopal Church, he was made a
deacon in July, 1872, and ordained priest the fol-
lowing October, immediately thereafter assuming
the pastorate of Trinity Church, Cleveland, Ohio.
In July, 1875, he was elected Bishop of the Prot-
estant Episcopal Diocese of Illinois, which then
included the whole State. Subsequently, the
dioceses of Quincy and Springfield were erected
therefrom. Bishop McLaren remaining at the
head of the Cliicago See. During iiis episcopate,
cliurch worli has been active and effective, and
the Western Tlieological Seminary in Chicago
has been founded. His published worlis include
numerous sermons, addresses and poems, besides
a volume entitled "Catholic Dogma the Antidote
to Doubt" (New York, 1884).
McLaughlin, Robert K., early lawyer and
State Treasurer, was born in Virginia, Oct. 25,
1779 ; before attaining his majority went to Ken-
tucky, and, about 1815, removed to Illinois, set-
tling finally at Belleville, where he entered upon
the practice of law. The first public position
held by him seems to have been that of Enrolling
and Engrossing Clerk of both Houses of the Third
(or last) Territorial Legislature (1816-18). In
August, 1819, he entered upon the duties of State
Treasurer, as successor to John Thomas, who had
been Treasurer during the whole Territorial
period, serving until January, 1823. Becoming a
citizen of Vandalia, by the removal tliither of the
State capital a few months later, he continued to
reside there the remainder of his life. He subse-
quently represented the Fayette District as
Representative in the Fifth General Assembl}-,
and as Senator in the Sixth, Seventh and Tenth,
and, in 1837, became Register of tlie Land Office
at Vandalia, serving until 1845. Although an
uncle of Gen. Joseph Duncan, he became a can-
didate for Governor against the latter, in 1834,
standing third on the list. He married a Miss
Bond, a niece of Gov. Shadrach Bond, under
whose administration he served as State Treasurer.
Died, at Vandalia, May 29, 1862.
McLEAN, a village of McLean County, on the
Chicago & Alton Railway, 14 miles southwest of
Bloomington, in a farming and stock-growing
district ; has one weekly paper. Population
(1880), 490; (1890). ,500; (1900), 532
McLEAN, John, early United States Senator,
was born in North Carolina in 1791, brought by
his father to Kentucky when four j'ears old, and.
at 23, was admitted to the bar and removed to
Illinois, settling at Shawneetown in 1815. Pos.
sessing oratorical gifts of a high order and an
almost magnetic power over men, coupled with
strong common sense, a keen sense of humor and,
great command of language, he soon attained
prominence at the bar and as a popular speaker.
In 1818 he was elected the first Representative in
Congress from the new State, defeating Daniel P.
Cook, but served only a few months, being de-
feated by Cook at the next election. He was
three times elected to the Legislature, serving
once as Speaker. In 1824 he was cliosen United
States Senator to succeed Governor Edwards (wlio
had resigned), serving one year. In 1828 he was
elected for a second time by a unanimous vote,
but lived to serve only one session, dying at
Shawneetown, Oct. 4, 1830. In testimony of the
public appreciation of the loss which the State
liad sustained by his death, McLean County was
named in his honor.
McLEAN COUNTY, the largest county of the
State, having an area of 1166 square miles, is
central as to the region north of the latitude of
St. Louis and about midway between that citj'
and Chicago — was named for John McLean, an
early United States Senator. The early immi-
grants were largely from Ohio, although Ken-
tucky and New York were well represented. The
county was organized in 1830, the population at
that time being about 1,200. The greater portion
of the surface is high, undulating prairie, with
occasional groves and belts of timber. On the
366
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
creek bottoms are found black walnut, sycamore,
buckeye, black ash and elm, while the sandy
ridges are covered with scrub oak and black-jack.
The soil is extremely fertile (generally a rich,
brown loam), and the entire county is underlaid
with coal. The chief occupations are stock-rais-
ing, coal-mining, agriculture and manufactures.
Sugar and JIackinaw Creeks, with their tribu-
taries, afTord thorough drainage. Sand and
gravel beds are numerous, but vary greatly in
depth. At Chenoa one has been found, in boring
for coal, thirty feet thick, overlaid by forty-five
feet of the clay common to this formation. The
upper seam of coal in the Bloomington shafts is
No. 6 of the general section, and the lower. No. 4 ;
the latter averaging four feet in thickness. The
principal towns are Bloomington (the county-
seat), Normal, Lexington, LeRoy and Chenoa.
Population (1890), G3,03G; (1900), 67,843.
McLEANSBORO, a city and the county-seat of
Hamilton County, upon a branch of the Louis-
ville & Nashville Railroad, 103 miles east-south-
east of St. Louis and about 48 miles southeast of
Centralia. It has a court house and supports a
bank and three churches. Two weekly news-
papers are published here, and the town is the
seat of a small college. Population (1880), 1,341 ;
(1890), 1,3.>5; (1900), 1,7.58.
McMULLIN, James C, Railway Manager, was
born at Watertown. N. Y., Feb. 13, 183G; began
work as Freight and Ticket Agent of the Great
Western Railroad (now Wabash), at Decatur, 111.,
May. 1857, remaining until 1860, when he
accepted the position of Freight Agent of the
Chicago & Alton at Springfield. Here he re-
mained until Jan. 1, 1863, when he was trans-
ferred in a similar capacity to Chicago; in
September, 18G4, became Superintendent of the
Northern Division of the Chicago & Alton, after-
wards successively filling the positions of Assist-
ant General Superintendent (1867), General
Superintendent (1868-78) and General Manager
(1878-83). The latter year he was elected Vice-
President, remaining in office some ten years,
when ill-health compelled his retirement. Died,
in Chicago, Dec, 30, 1896.
McMURTRY, William, Lieutenant-Governor,
was born in Mercer County, Ky., Feb. 20, 1801 ;
removed from Kentucky to Crawford County,
Ind., and, in 1829, came to Knox County, 111.,
settling in Henderson Township. He was elected
Representative in the Tenth General Assembly
(1836), and to the Senate in 1843, serving in the
Thirteenth and Fourteenth General Assemblies.
In 1848 he was elected Lieutenant-Governor on
the same ticket with Gov. A. C. French, being
the first to hold the office under the Constitution
adopted that year. In 1862 he assisted in raising
the One Hundred and Second Regiment Illinois
Volunteers, and, although advanced in years,
was elected Colonel, but a lew weeks later was
compelled to accept a discharge on account of
failing health. Died, April 10, 187.5.
McNEELET, Thompson TV., lawyer and ex-Con-
gressman, was born in Jacksonville, 111., Oct. 5,
183.5, and graduated at Lombard University,
Galesburg, at the age of 21. The following year
he was licensed to practice, but continued to pur-
sue his professional studies, attending the Law
University at Louisville, Ky., from which insti-
tution he graduated in 1859. He %vas a member
of the Constitutional Convention of 1862, and
chairman of the Democratic State Central Com-
mittee in 1878. From 1869 to 1873 he represented
his District in Congress, resuming his practice
at Petersburg, Menard County, after his retire-
ment.
Mc>'TTLTA, John, soldier and ex-Congressman,
was born in New York City, Nov. 9, 1837, received
an academic education, was admitted to the bar,
and settled at Bloomington, in this State, while
yet a young man. On May 3, 1861, he enlisted as
a private in the Union army, and served until
August 9, 1865, rising, successively, to the rank
of Captain, Lieutenant-Colonel, Colonel and
Brevet Brigadier-General. From 1869 to 1873 he
was a member of the lower house of the General
Assembly from McLean County, and, in 1873, was
elected to the Forty -third Congress, as a Repub-
lican. General McNulta has been prominent in
the councils of the Republican partj-, standing
second on the ballot for a candidate for Governor,
in the State Convention of 1888, and serving as
Permanent President of the State Convention of
1890. In 1896 he was one of the most earnest
advocates of the nomination of Mr. McKinley for
President. Some of his most important work,
within the past few years, has been performed in
connection with receiverships of certain railway
itud other corporations, especially that of the
Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad, from 1884
to 1890. He is now (1898) Receiver of the National
Bank of Illinois, Chicago. Died Feb. 23, 1900.
McPHERSON, Simeon J., clergyman, de-
scended from the Clan McPherson of Scotland,
was born at Mumford, Monroe County, N. Y., Jan.
19, 1850 ; prepared for college at Leroy and Fulton,
and graduated at Princeton, N. J. , in 1874. Then,
after a year's service as teacher of mathematics
at his Alma Mater, he entered the Theological
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS.
367
Seminary there, and graduated from that depart-
ment in 1879, having in the meantime traveled
tlirough Europe, Egypt and Palestine. He was
licensed to preach by the Rochester Presbytery
in 1877, and spent three years (1879-82) in pas-
toral labor at East Orange, N. J. ; when he ac-
cepted a call to the Second Presbyterian Church
of Chicago, remaining until the early part of 1899,
when he tendered his resignation to accept the
position of Director of the Lawrenceville Prepar-
atory Academy of Princeton College, N. J.
McROBERTS, Josiah, jurist, was born in
Monroe County, 111., June 13, 1820; graduated
from St. Mary's College (Mo.) in 1839; studied
law at Danville, 111., with his brother Samuel,
and, in 1842, entered the law department of
Transylvania University, graduating in 1844,
after which he at once began practice. In 1846
he was elected to the State Senate for the Cham-
paign and Vermilion District, at the expiration of
his term removing to Joliet. In 1853 he was
appointed by Governor Matteson Trustee of the
Illinois & Michigan Canal, which office he held
for four years. In 1866 he was appointed Circuit
Court Judge by Governor Oglesby, to fill a va-
cancy, and was re-elected in 1867, '73, '79, and '85,
but died a few months after his last election.
McROBERTS, Samuel, United States Sena-
tor, was born in Monroe County, 111., Feb. 20,
1799; graduated from Transylvania University in
1819; in 1821, was elected the first Circuit Clerk
of his native county, and, in 1825, appointed
Circuit Judge, which office he held for three
years. In 1828 he was elected State Senator,
representing the district comprising Monroe,
Clinton and Washington Counties. Later he was
appointed United States District Attorney by
President Jackson, but soon resigned to become
Receiver of Public Moneys at Danville, by
appointment of President Van Buren, and, in
1839, Solicitor of the General Land Office at
Wasliington. Resigning the latter office in the
fall of 1841, at the next session of the Illinois
Legislature he was elected United States Senator
to succeed John M. Robinson, deceased. Died, at
Cincinnati, Ohio, March 23, 1843, being suc-
ceeded by James Semple.
McVICKER, James Hubert, actor and theat-
rical manager, was born in Xew York City, Feb.
14, 1823; tlu'own upon his own resources by the
death of his father in infancy and the necessity
of assisting to support his widowed mother, he
early engaged in various occupations, until, at
the age of 15, he became an apprentice in the
office of "The St. Louis Republican," three years
later becoming a journeyman printer. He first
appeared on the stage in the St. Charles Theater,
New Orleans, in 1843; two years later was prin-
cipal comedian in Rice's Theater, Chicago, re-
maining until 1853, when he made a tour of the
country, appearing in Yankee characters. About
1855 he made a tour of England and, on his
return, commenced building his first Chicago
theater, which was opened, Nov. 3, 1857, and was
conducted with varied fortune until burned down
in the great fire of 1871. Rebuilt and remodeled
from time to time, it burned down a second time
in August, 1890, the losses from these several fires
having imposed upon Mr. McVicker a heavy
burden. Although an excellent comedian, Mr.
McVicker did not appear on the stage after 1883,
from that date giving his attention entirely to
management. He enjoyed in an eminent degree
the respect and confidence, not only of the
profession, but of the general public. Died in
Chicago, March 7, 1896.
McWILLIAMS, DaTid, banker, Dwight, 111.,
was born in Belmont County, Ohio, Jan. 14, 1834;
was brought to Illinois in infancy and grew up on
a farm until 14 years of age, when he entered the
office of the Pittsfield (Pike County) "Free Press"
as an apprentice. In 1849 he engaged in the
lumber trade with his father, the management of
which devolved upon him a few years later. In
the early 50's he was, for a time, a student in
Illinois College at Jacksonville, but did not
graduate; in 1855 removed to Dwight, Livingston
County, then a new town on the line of the Chi-
cago & Alton Railroad, which had been completed
to that point a few months previous. Here he
erected the first store building in the town, and
put in a $8,000 stock of goods on borrowed capi-
tal, remaining in the mercantile business for
eighteen years, and retaining an interest in the
establishment seven years longer. In the mean-
time, while engaged in merchandising, he began
a banking business, which was enlarged on his
retirement from the former, receiving his entire
attention. The profits derived from his banking
business were invested in farm lands until he
became one of the largest land-owners in Living-
ston County. Mr. McWilliams is one of the
original members of the first Methodist Episcopal
Church organized at Dwight, and has served as a
lay delegate to several General Conferences of
that denomination, as well as a delegate to the
Ecumenical Council in London in 1881 ; has also
been a liberal contributor to the support of vari-
ous literary and theological institutions of the
church, and has served for many years as a Trus-
368
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
tee of the Northwestern Unirersity at Evanston.
In politics he is a zealous Republican, and has
repeatedly served as a delegate to the State Con-
ventions of that party, including the Bloomington
Convention of 1856, and was a candidate for
Presidential Elector for the Ninth District on the
Blaine ticket in 1884. He has made several ex-
tended tours to Europe and other foreign coun-
tries, the last including a trip to Egypt and the
Holy Land, during 1898-99.
MECHANICSBURtt, a village of Sangamon
County, near the Wabash Railway, 13 miles east
of Springfield. Population (1880), 396; (1890),
426; (1900), 476.
MEDILL, Joseph, editor and newspaper pub-
lisher, was born, April 6, 1823, in the vicinity (now
a part of the city) of St. John, N. B., of Scotch-
Irish parentage, but remotely of Huguenot
descent. At nine years of age he accompanied
his parents to Stark County, Ohio, where he
enjoyed such educational advantages as belonged
to that region and period. He entered an acad-
emy %vith a view to preparing for college, but his
family having sulTered from a fire, he was com-
pelled to turn his attention to business; studied
law, was admitted to the bar in 1846, and began
practice at New Philadelphia, in Tuscarawas
County. Here he cauglit the spirit of journalism
by frequent visits to the office of a local paper,
learned to set type and to work a hand-press. In
1849 he bought a paper at Coshocton, of which he
assumed editorial charge, employing his brothers
as assistants in various capacities. The name of
this paper was "The Coshocton Whig." which
he soon changed to "The Republican," in which
he dealt vigorous blows at political and other
abuses, which several times brought upon him
assaults from his political opponents — that being
the style of political argument in those days.
Two years later, having sold out "The Repub-
lican," he established "The Daily Forest City" at
Cleveland — a Whig paper with free-soil proclivi-
ties. The following year "The Forest City" was
consolidated with "The Free-Democrat," a Free-
Soil paper under the editorship of John C.
Vaughan, a South Carolina Abolitionist, the new
paper taking the name of "The Cleveland
Leader." Mr. Medill, with the co-operation of
Mr. Vaughan, then went to work to secure the
consolidation of the elements opposed to slavery
in one compact organization. In this he was
aided by the introduction of the Kansas-Nebraska
Bill in Congress, in December, 1853, and, before
its passage in May following, Mr. Medill had
begun to agitate the ciuestion of a union of all
opposed to that measure in a new party under the
name "Republican." During the winter of
1854-55 he received a call from Gen. J. D. Web-
ster, at that time part owner of "The Chicago
Tribune," which resulted in his visiting Chicago
a few months later, and his purchase of an inter-
est in the paper, his connection with the concern
dating from June 18, 1855. He was almost
immediately joined by Dr. Charles H. Ray, who
had been editor of "The Galena Jeffersonian, "
and, still later, by J. C. Vaughan and Alfred
Cowles, who had been associated with him on
"The Cleveland Leader." Mr. Medill assumed
the position of managing editor, and, on the
retirement of Dr. Ray, in 1863, became editor-in-
chief until 1866, when he gave place to Horace
White, now of "The New York Evening Post."
During the Civil War period he was a zealous
supporter of President Lincoln's emancipation
policy, and served, for a time, as President of the
"Loyal League," which proved such an influ-
ential factor in upholding the hands of the Gov-
ernment during the darkest period of the
rebellion. In 1869 Mr. MediU was elected to the
State Constitutional Convention, and, in tliat
body, was the leading advocate of the principle
of "minority representation" in the election of
Representatives, as it was finally incorporated
in the Constitution. In 1871 he was appointed
by President Grant a member of the first Civil
Service Commission, representing a principle to
which he ever remained thoroughly committed.
A few weeks after the great fire of the same
year, he was elected Mayor of the city of Chicago.
The financial condition of the city at the time,
and other questions in issue, involved great diffi-
culties and responsibilities, which he met in a
way to command general approval. During his
administration the Chicago Public Library was
established, Mr. Medill delivering the address at
its opening, Jan. 1, 1873. Near the close of his
term as Mayor, he resigned the office and spent
the following year in Europe. Almost simultane-
ously with his return from his European trip, he
secured a controlling interest in "The Tribune,"
resuming control of the paper, Nov. 9, 1874,
which, as editor-in-chief, he retained for the
remainder of his life of nearly twenty-five years.
The growth of the paper in business and influence,
from the beginning of his connection with it, was
one of the marvels of journalism, making it easily
one of the most successful newspaper ventures
in the United States, if not in the world. Early
in December, 1898, Mr. Medill went to San
Antonio, Texas, hoping to receive relief in that
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
369
mild climate from a chronic disease which had
been troubling him for years, but died in that
city, March 16, 1899, within three weeks of hav-
ing reached his 76th birthday. The conspicuous
features of his character were a strong individu-
ality and indomitable perseverance, which led
him never to accept defeat. A few weeks previ-
ous to his death, facts were developed going to
show that, in 1881, he was offered, by President
Garfield, the position of Postmaster-General,
which was declined, when he was tendered the
choice of any position in the Cabinet except two
which had been previously promised; also, that
he was offered a position in President Harrison's
Cabinet, in 1889.
MEDILL, (Maj.) William H., soldier, was
born at Massillon, Ohio, Nov. 5, 1835; in 1855,
came to Chicago and was associated with "The
Prairie Farmer." Subsequently he was editor of
"The Stark County (Ohio) Republican," but
again returning to Chicago, at the beginning of
the war, was employed on "The Tribune," of
which his brother (Hon. Joseph Medill) was
editor. After a few months" service in Barker's
Dragoons (a short-time organization), in Septem-
ber, 1861, he joined the Eighth Illinois Cavalry
(Colonel Farnsworth's), and, declining an election
as Major, was chosen Senior Captain. The regi-
ment soon joined the Army of the Potomac. By
the promotion of his superior officers Captain
Medill was finally advanced to the command,
and, during the Peninsular campaign of 1862, led
his troops on a reoonnoissance within twelve miles
of Richmond. At the battle of Gettj'sburg he
had command of a portion of his regiment, acquit-
ting himself with great credit. A few days after,
while attacking a party of rebels who were
attempting to build a bridge across the Potomac
at Williamsburg, he received a fatal wound
through the lungs, dying at Frederick City, July
16, 1863.
MEEKER, Moses, pioneer, was born in New-
ark, N. J., June 17, 1790; removed to Cincinnati,
Ohio, in 1817, engaging in the manufacture of
white lead until 1823, when he headed a pioneer
expedition to the frontier settlement at Galena,
111. , to enter upon the business of smelting lead-
ore. He served as Captain of a company in the
Black Hawk War, later removing to Iowa
County, Wis., where he built the first smelting
works in that Territory, served in the Territorial
Legislature (1840-43) and in the first Constitu-
tional Convention (1846). A "History of the
Early Lead Regions," by him, appears in the
sixth volume of "The Wisconsin Historical Soci-
ety Collections." Died, at ShuUsburg, Wis.,
July 7, 1865.
MELROSE, a suburb of Chicago, 11 miles west
of the initial station of the Chicago & North-
western Railroad, upon which it is located. It
has two or three churches, some manufacturing
establishments and one weekly paper. Popula-
tion (1890), 1,050; (1900), 2,592.
MEMBRE, Zenobius, French missionary, was
born in France in 1645; accompanied La Salle on
his expedition to Illinois in 1679, and remained at
Fort Creve-Coeur with Henry de Tonty ; descended
the Mississippi with La Salle in 1682 ; returned to
France and wrote a history of the expedition,
and. in 1684, accompanied La Salle on his final
expedition ; is supposed to have landed with La
Salle in Texas, and there to have been massacred
by the natives in 1687. (See La Salle and Tonty.)
MENARD, Pierre, French pioneer and first
Lieutenant-Governor, was born at St. Antoine,
Can., Oct. 7, 1766; settled at Kaskaskia, in 1790,
and engaged in trade. Becoming interested in
politics, he was elected to the Territorial Council
of Indiana, and later to the Legislative Council of
Illinois Territory, being presiding ofticer of the
latter until the admission of Illinois as a State.
He was, for several years. Government Agent,
and in this capacity negotiated several important
treaties with the Indians, of whose characteris-
tics he seemed to have an intuitive perception. He
was of a nervous temperament, impulsive and
generous. In 1818 he was elected the first Lieu-
tenant-Governor of the new State. His term of
office having expired, he retired to private life
and the care of his extensive business. He died
at Kaskaskia, in June, 1844, leaving what was
then considered a large estate. Among his assets,
however, were found a large number of promis-
sory notes, which he had endorsed for personal
friends, besides many uncollectable accounts
from poor people, to whom he had sold goods
through pure generosity. Menard County was
named for him, and a statue in his honor stands
in the capitol grounds at Springfield, erected by
the son of his old partner — Charles Pierre Chou-
teau, of St. Louis.
MENARD COUNTY, near the geographical
center of the State, and originally a part of
Sangamon, but separately organized in 1839, the
Provisional Commissioners being Joseph Wat-
kins, William Engle and George W. Simpson.
The coimty was named in honor of Pierre Menard,
who settled at Kaskaskia prior to the Territorial
organization of Illinois. (See Menard, Pierre.)
Cotton was an important crop until 1830, when
370
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
agriculture underwent a change. Stock-raising
is now extensively carried on. Three fine veins
of bituminous coal underlie the county. Among
early American settlers may be mentioned the
Clarys, Matthew Rogers, Amor Batterton, Solo-
mon Pruitt and William Gideon. The names of
Meadows, Montgomery, Green. Boyer and Grant
are also familiar to early settlers. The county
furnished a company of eighty-six volunteers for
the Mexican War. The county-seat is at Peters-
burg. The area of the county is 320 square miles,
and its population, under the last census, 14,336.
In 1829 was laid out the town of Salem, now
extinct, but for some years tlie liome of Abraham
Lincoln, who was once its Postmaster, and who
marched thence to the Black Hawk War as
Captain of a company.
MENDON, a town of Adams County, on the
Burlington & Quincy Division of the Chicago,
Burlington & Quincy Railway, 15 miles northeast
of Quincy ; has a bank and a newspaper ; is sur-
rounded by a farming and stock-raising district.
Population (1880), 6.52; (1890). 640; (1900). 607.
MENDOTA, a city in La Salle County, founded
in 1853, on both the Chicago, Burlington &
Quincy and the Illinois Central Railways, 80
miles southwest of Chicago. It has eight
churches, and its public school system embraces
three graded schools and a high school. Wart-
burg Seminary (Lutheran — opened in 1853) is
located here. A good public library was foimded
in 1870. The chief industrial plants are two iron
foundries and machine shops. The city has two
banks and four weekly newspapers. The sur-
rounding country is agricultural and the city
has considerable local trade. Population (1880) ,
4,142; (1890), 3,542; (1900), 3,736.
MERCER COUNTY, a western county, with an
area of 555 square miles and a population (1900)
of 20,945— named for Gen. Hugh Mercer. The
Mississippi forms the western boundary, and
along this river the earliest American settlements
were made. William Dennison, a Pennsylvanian,
settled in New Boston Township in 1828, and,
before the expiration of a half dozen years, the
Vannattas, Keith, Jackson, Wilson, Farlow,
Bridges, Perry and Fleharty had arrived. Mer-
cer County was separated from Warren, and
specially organized in 1825. The soil is a rich,
black loam, admirably adapted to the cultivation
of cereals. A good qualitj' of building stone is
found at various points. Aledo is the county-
seat. The county lies on the outskirts of the
Illinois coal fields and mining was commenced
in 1845.
MERCY HOSPITAL, located in Chicago, and
the first permanent hospital in the State — char-
tered in 1847 or 1848 as the "Illinois General
Hospital of the Lakes." No steps were taken
toward organization until 1850, when, with a
scanty fund scarcely exceeding $150, twelve beds
were secured and placed on one floor of a board-
ing house, whose proprietress was engaged as
nurse and stewardess. Drs. N. S. Davis and
Daniel Brainard were, respectively, the first
physician and surgeon in charge. In 1851 the
hospital was given in charge of the Sisters of
Mercy, who at once enlarged and improved the
accommodations, and, in 1852, changed its name
to Mercy Hospital. Three or four years later, a
removal was made to a building previously occu-
pied as an orphan asylum. Being the only pub-
lic hospital in the city, its wards were constantly
overcrowded, and, in 1809, a more capacious and
better arranged building was erected. This
edifice it has continued to occupy, although many
additions and improvements have been, and are
still being, made. The Sisters of Jlercy own the
grounds and buildings, and manage the nursing
and all the domestic and financial affairs of the
institution. The present medical staff (1896)
consists of thirteen physicians and surgeons,
besides three internes, or resident practitioners.
MEREDOSIA, a town in Morgan County, on
the east bank of the Illinois River and situated
on the Wabash Railway, some 58 miles west of
Springfield. Flour and lumber constitute the
manufactured output. Population (1890), 621;
(1900), 700. It was the first point to be connected
with the State capital by railroad in 1838.
MERRIAM, (Col.) Jonathan, soldier, legisla-
tor and farmer, was born in Vermont, Nov. 1,
1834; was brought to Springfield, 111., when two
years old, living afterwards at Alton, his parents
finally locating, in 1841, in Tazewell County,
where he now resides — when not officially em-
ployed— pursuing the occupation of a farmer. He
was educated at Wesleyan University, Blooming-
ton, and at McKendree College; entered the
Union army in 1862, being commissioned Lieu-
tenant-Colonel of the One Hundred and Seven-
teenth Illinois Infantry, and serving to the close
of the war. During the Civil War period he was
one of the founders of the "Union League of
America," which proved so influential a factor
in sustaining the war policy of the Government.
He was also a member of the State Constitutional
Convention of 1869-70; an unsuccessful Repub-
lican nominee for Congress in 1870; served as
Collector of Internal Revenue for the Springfield
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
371
District from 1873 to '83, was a Representative in
the Thirty-ninth and Fortieth General Assem-
blies, and, in 1897, was appointed, by President
McKinley, Pension Agent for the State of Illinois,
with headquarters in Chicago. Thoroughly pa-
triotic and of incorruptible integrity, he has won
the respect and confidence of all in every public
position lie has been called to fill.
MERRILL, Stephen Mason, Methodist Episco-
pal Bishop, was born in Jeffer.son County, Ohio,
Sept. 16. 1825, entered the Ohio Conference of the
Methodist Episcopal Church, in 1864, as a travel-
ing preacher, and, four years later, became editor
of "The Western Christian Advocate," at Cin-
cinnati. He was ordained Bishop at Brooklyn in
1872, and, after two years spent in Minnesota,
removed to Chicago, where he still resides. The
degree of D.D. was conferred upon him by Ohio
Weslej'an University, in 1868, and that of LL.D.
by the Northwestern University, in 1886. He has
published "Christian Baptism" (Cincinnati,
1876); "New Testament Idea of Hell" (1878);
"Second Coming of Christ" (1879); "Aspects of
Christian Experience" (1882); "Digest of Metho-
dist Law" (1885); and "OutUnes of Thought on
Probation" (1886).
MERRITT, John W., journalist, was born in
New York City, July 4, 1806; studied law and
practiced, for a time, with the celebrated James
T. Brady as a partner. In 1841 he removed to
St. Clair County, 111., purchased and, from 1848
to '51, conducted "The Belleville Advocate";
later, removed to Salem, 111., where he established
"The Salem Advocate" ; served as Assistant Sec-
retary of the State Constitutional Convention of
1862, and as Representative in the Twenty-third
General Assembly. In 1864 he purchased "The
State Register" at Springfield, and was its editor
for several years. Died, Nov. 16, 1878.— Thomas
E. (Merritt), son of the preceding, lawyer and
politician, was born in New York City, April 29,
1834; at sii years of age was brought by his
father to Illinois, where he attended the common
schools and later learned the trade of carriage-
painting. Subsequently he read law, and was
admitted to the bar, at Springfield, in 1862. In
1868 he was elected, as a Democrat, to the lower
house of the General Assembly from the Salem
District, and was re-elected to the same body in
1870, '74, '76, '86 and '88. He also served two
terms in the Senate (1878-'86), making an almost
continuous service in the General Assembly of
eighteen years. He has repeatedly been a mem-
ber of State conventions of his party, and stands
as one of its trusted representatives. — Maj.-Cien.
Wesley (Merritt), another son, was born in New
York, June 16, 1836, came with his father to Illi-
nois in childhood, and was appointed a cadet at
West Point Military Academy from this State,
graduating in 1860 ; became a Second Lieutenant
in the regular army, the same year, and was pro-
moted to the rank of First Lieutenant, a year
later. After the beginning of the Civil War, he
was rapidly promoted, reaching the rank of
Brigadier-General of Volunteers in 1862, and
being mustered out, in 1866, with the brevet rank
of Major-General. He re-entered the regular
army as Lieutenant-Colonel, was promoted to a
colonelcy in 1876, and, in 1887, received a com-
mission as Brigadier-General, in 1897 becoming
Major-General. He was in command, for a time,
of the Department of the Missouri, but, on his
last promotion, was transferred to the Depart-
ment of the East, with headquarters at Gov-
ernor's Island, N. Y. Soon after the beginning
of the war with Spain, he was assigned to the
command of the land forces destined for the
Philippines, and appointed Military Governor of
the Islands. Towards the close of the year he
returned to the United States and resumed his old
command at New York.
MESSINtrER, John, pioneer surveyor and car-
tographer, was born at West Stock bridge, Mass.,
in 1771, grew up on a farm, but secured a good
education, especially in mathematics. Going to
Vermont in 1783, he learned the trade of a car-
penter and mill- Wright; removed to Kentucky in
1799, and, iu 1802, to Illinois (then a part of Indi-
ana Territory), locating first in the American
Bottom and, later, at New Design within the
present limits of Monroe County. Two years
later he became the proprietor of a mill, and,
between 1804 and 1806, taught one of the earliest
schools in St. Clair County. The latter year he
took up the vocation of a surveyor, which he fol-
lowed for many years as a sub-contractor under
William Rector, surveying much of the land in
St. Clair and Randolph Counties, and, still later,
assisting in determining the northern boundary
of the State. He also served for a time as a
teacher of mathematics in Rock Spring Seminary ;
in 1821 published "A Manual, or Hand-Book,
intended for Convenience in Practical Survey-
ing, "and prepared some of the earlier State and
county maps. In 1808 he was elected to the
Indiana Territorial Legislature, to fill a vacancy,
and took part in the steps which resulted in set-
ting up a separate Territorial Government for
Illinois, the following year. He also received an
appointment as the first Surveyor of St. Clair
372
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
County imder the new Territorial Government;
was chosen a Delegate from St. Clair County to
the Convention of 1818, which framed the first
State Constitution, and, the same year, was
elected a Representative in the First General
Assembly, serving as Speaker of that body.
After leaving New Design, the later years of his
life were spent on a farm two and a half miles
north of Belleville, where he died in 1846.
METAMORA, a town of Woodford County on
a branch of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 19
miles east-northeast of Peoria, and some 30 miles
northwest of Bloomington. Carriages and wagons
are manufactured here, and the town has seven
churches, two banks, a public park, good schools
and a newspaper office. Population (1880), 828;
(1900), 758. Metamora was the county seat of
Woodford County until 1899, when the seat of
justice was removed to Eureka.
METCALF, Andrew W., lawyer, was born in
Guernsey County, Ohio, August 6, 1828 ; educated
at Madison College in his native State, graduating
in 1846, and, after studying law at Cambridge,
Ohio, three years, was admitted to the bar in
1850. The following year he went to Appleton,
Wis. , but remained only a year, when he removed
to St. Louis, then to Edwardsville, and shortly
after to Alton, to take charge of the legal busi-
ness of George T. Brown, then publisher of "The
Alton Courier." In 1853 he returned to Edwards-
ville to reside permanently, and, in 1859, was
appointed by Governor Bissell State's Attorney
for Madison County, serving one year. In 1864
he was elected State Senator for a term of four
years ; was a delegate to the Republican National
Convention of 1872, and, in 1876, a lay delegate
from the Southern Illinois Conference of the
Methodist Episcopal Church to the General Con-
ference at Baltimore ; has also been a Trustee of
McKendree College, at Lebanon, 111., for more
than twenty-five years.
METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH, one of
the most numerous Protestant church organiza-
tions in the United States and in Illinois. Rev.
Joseph Lillard was the first preacher of this sect
to settle in the Northwest Territory, and Capt.
Joseph Ogle was the first class-leader (1795). It
is stated that the first American preacher in the
American Bottom was Rev. Hosea Riggs (1796).
Rev. Benjamin Young took charge of the first
Methodist mission in 1803, and, in 1804, this mis-
sion was attached to the Cumberland (Tenn.)
circuit. Revs. Joseph Oglesby and Charles R.
Matheny were among the early circuit riders. In
1820 there were seven circuits in Illinois, and, in
1830, twenty-eight, the actual membership
exceeding 10,000. The first Methodist service in
Chicago was held by Rev. Jesse Walker, in 1826.
The first Methodist society in that city was
organized by Rev. Stephen R. Beggs, in June,
1831. By 1835 the number of circuits had in-
creased to 61, with 370 ministers and 15,000 mem-
bers. Rev. Peter Cartwright was among the
early revivalists. The growth of this denomi-
nation in the State has been extraordinary. By
1890, it had nearly 2,000 churches, 937 ministers,
and 151,000 members— the total number of Metho-
dists in the United States, by the same census,
being 4,980,240. The church property owned in
1890 (including parsonages) approached §111,000,-
000, and the total contributions were estimated
at 62,073,923. The denomination in Illinois sup-
ports two theological seminaries and the Garrett
Biblical Institute at Evanston. " The North-
western Christian Advocate," with a circulation
of some 30,000, is its official organ in Illinois.
(See also Religious Denominations.)
METROPOLIS CITY, the county-seat of
Massac County, 156 miles southeast of St. Louis,
situated on the Ohio River and on the St. Louis,
Alton & Terre Haute Railroad. The city was
founded in 1839, on the site of old Fort Massac,
which was erected by the French, aided by the
Indians, about 1711. Being in the heart of a
timber district, its industries consist largely of
various forms of wood-working. Saw and plan-
ing mills are a commercial factor ; otlier estab-
lishments turn out wheel and wagon material,
barrel staves and heads, and veneers. There are
also flouring mills and potteries. The city has a
public library, as well as numerous churches and
schools, and three weekly papers, besides one
monthly publication. Population (1880), 2,668;
(1890). 3,573; (1900), 4,069.
MEXICAN WAR. Briefly stated, this war
originated in the annexation of Texas to the
United States, early in 1846. There was a dis-
agreement as to the western boundary of Texas.
Mexico complained of encroachment upon her
territory, and hostilities began with the battle of
Palo Alto, May 8, and ended with the treaty of
peace, concluded at Guadalupe Hidalgo, near the
City of Mexico, Feb. 2, 1848. Among the most
prominent figures were President Polk, under
whose administration annexation was effected,
and Gen. Zachar}- Taylor, who was chief in com-
mand in the field at the beginning of the war, and
was elected Polk's successor. Illinois furnished
more than her full quota of troops for the strug-
gle. May 13, 1846, war was declared. On May
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
375
25, Governor Ford issued his proclamation calling
for the enlistment of three regiments of infantry,
the assessed quota of the State. The response
■was prompt and general. Alton was named as
the rendezvous, and Col. (afterwards General)
Sylvester Churchill was the mustering officer.
The regiments mustered in were commanded,
respectively, by Col. John J. Hardin, Col. Wm. H.
Bissell (afterwards Governor) and Col. Ferris
Forman. An additional twelve months' regiment
(the Fourth) was accepted, under command of
Col. E. D. Baker, who later became United States
Senator from Oregon, and fell at the battle of
Ball's Bluflf, in October, 1861. A second call was
made in April, 1847, under which Illinois sent
two more regiments, for the war, towards the
Mexican frontier. These were commanded by
Col. Edward W. B. Newby and Col. James
Collins. Independent companies were also
tendered and accepted. Besides, there were
some 150 volunteers who joined the regiments
already in the field. Commanders of the inde-
pendent companies were Capts. Adam Dunlap,
of Schuyler County; Wyatt B. Stapp, of War-
ren; Michael K. Lawler, of Shawneetown, and
Josiah Little. Col. John J. Hardin, of the First,
was killed at Buena Vista, and the official mor-
tuary list includes many names of Illinois' best
and bravest sons. After participating in the
battle of Buena Vista, the Illinois troops shared
in the triumphal entry into the City of Mexico,
on Sept. 16, 1847, and (in connection with those
from Kentucky) were especially complimented in
General Taylor's official report. The Third and
Fourth regiments won distinction at Vera Cruz,
Cerro Gordo and the City of Mexico. At the
second of these battles, General Shields fell
severely (and, as supposed for a time, mortally)
wounded. Colonel Baker succeeded Shields, led
a gallant charge, and really turned the day at
Cerro Gordo. Among the officers honorably
named by General Scott, in his official report, were
Colonel Forman, Major Harris, Adjutant Fondey,
Capt. J. S. Post, and Lieutenants Hammond and
Davis. All the Illinois troops were mustered out
between May 25, 1847 and Nov. 7, 1848, the inde-
pendent companies being the last to quit the
service. The total number of volunteers was
6,123, of whom 86 were killed, and 160 wounded,
13 of the latter dying of their wounds. Gallant
service in the Mexican War soon became a pass-
port to political preferment, and some of the
brave soldiers of 1846-47 subsequently achieved
merited distinction in civil life. Many also be-
came distinguished soldiers in the War of the
Rebellion, including such names as John A.
Logan, Richard J. Oglesby, M. K. Lawler, James
D. Morgan, W. H. L. Wallace, B. M. Prentiss,
W. R. Morrison, L. F. Ross, and others. The
cost of the war, with $15,000,000 paid for territory
annexed, is estimated at $166,500,000 and the
extent of territory acquired, nearly 1,000,000
square miles — considerably more than the
whole of the present territory of the Republic of
Mexico.
MEYER, John, lawyer and legislator, was born
in Holland, Feb. 27, 1852; came to Chicago at the
age of 12 years; entered the Northwestern Uni-
versity, supporting himself by labor during vaca-
tions and by teaching in a night school, until his
third year in the university, when he became a
student in the Union College of Law, being
admitted to the bar in 1879; was elected from
Cook County to the Thirty-fifth General Assembly
(1884), and re-elected to the Thirty -sixth. Thirty-
eighth and Thirty-ninth, being chosen Speaker of
the latter (Jan. 18, 1895). Died in office, at Free-
port, 111., July 3, 1895, during a special session of
the General Assembly.
MIAMIS, The. The preponderance of author-
ity favors the belief that this tribe of Indians was
originally a part of the lU-i-ni or Illinois, but the
date of their separation from the parent stock
cannot be told. It is likely, however, that it
occurred before the French pushed their explo-
rations from Canada westward and southward,
into and along the Mississippi Valley. Father
Dablon alludes to the presence of Miamis (whom
he calls Ou-mi-a-mi) in a mixed Indian village,
near the mouth of Fox River of Wisconsin, in
1670. The orthography of their name is varied.
The Iroquois and the British generally knew
them as the "Twightwees, " and so they were
commonly called by the American colonists.
The Weas and Piankeshaws were of the same
tribe When La Salle founded his colony at
Starved Rock, the Miamis had villages which
could muster some 1,950 warriors, of which the
Weas had 500 and the Piankeshaws 150, the re-
maining 1,300 being Miamis proper. In 1671
(according to a written statement by Charlevoix
in 1721). the Miamis occupied three villages:
— one on the St. Joseph River, one on the Mau-
mee and one on the "Ouabache" (Wabash).
They were friendly toward the French until
1694, when a large number of them were
massacred by a party of Sioux, who carried
firearms which had been furnished them by
the Frenchmen. The breach thus caused was
never closed. Having become possessed of guns
374
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
themselves, the Miamis were able, not only to
hold their own, but also to extend their hunting
grounds as far eastward as the Scioto, alternately
warring with the French, British and Americans.
General Harrison says of them that, ten years
before the treaty of Greenville, they could have
brought upon the field a body of 3.000 "of the
finest light troops in the world." but lacking in
discipline and enterprise. Border warfare and
smallpox, however, had. b}' that date (1795),
greatly reduced their numerical strength. The
main seat of the Miamis was at Fort Wayne,
whose residents, because of their superior num-
bers and intelligence, dominated all other bands
except the Piankeshaws. The physical and
moral deterioration of the tribe began immedi-
ately after the treaty of Greenville. Little by
little, they ceded their lands to the United States,
the money received therefor being chiefly squan-
dered in debauchery. Decimated by vice and
disease, the remnants of this once powerful abo-
riginal nation gradually drifted westward across
the Mississippi, whence their valorous sires had
emigrated two centuries before. The small rem-
nant of the band finally settled in Indian Terri-
tory, but they have made comparatively little
progress toward civilization. (See also Pianke-
shaws; Weas.)
MICHAEL REESE HOSPITAL, located in
Chicago, tinder care of the association known as
the United Hebrew Charities. Previous to 1871
this association maintained a small hospital for
the care of some of its beneficiaries, but it was
destro}'ed in the conflagration of that year, and no
immediate effort to rebuild was made. In 1880,
however, Michael Reese, a Jewish gentleman
who had accumtilated a large fortune in Cali-
fornia, bequeathed 897,000 to the organization.
With this sum, considerably increased by addi-
tions from other sources, an imposing building
was erected, well arranged and thoroughly
equipped for hospital purposes. The institution
thus founded was named after its principal bene-
factor. Patients are received without discrimi-
nation as to race or religion, and more than half
those admitted are charity patients. The present
medical staff consists of thirteen surgeons and
physicians, several of whom are eminent
specialists.
MICHIGAN CEXTBAL RAILROAD. The
main line of this road extends from Chicago
to Detroit, 270 miles, with trackage facilities
from Kensington, 14 miles, over the line of the
Illinois Central, to its terminus in Chicago.
Branch, lines (leased, proprietary and operated) in
Canada, Michigan, Indiana and Illinois swell the
total mileage to 1,643.56 miles.— (History.) The
company was chartered in 1846, and purchased
from the State of Michigan the line from Detroit
to Kalamazoo, 144 miles, of which construction had
been begmi in 1836. The road was completed to
Michigan City in 1850, and. in May, 1852, reached
Kensington, 111. As at present constituted, the
road (with its auxiliaries) forms an integral part
of what is popularly known as the "Vanderbilt
System." Only 35 miles of the entire line are
operated in Illinois, of which 29 belong to the
Joliet & Northern Indiana branch (which see).
The outstanding capital stock (1898) was .$18,-
738,000 and the funded debt, §19,101,000. Earn-
ings in Illinois the same year, §484,002; total
operating expenses, §540.905; taxes, §24,250.
MICHIGAN, LAKE. {See Lake Michigan.)
MIHALOTZT, Geza, soldier, a native of Hun-
gary and compatriot of Kossuth in the Magyar
struggle; came to Chicago in 1848, in 1861 enlisted
in the One Hundred and Twenty-fourth Illinois
Volunteers (first "Hecker regiment"), and, on
the resignation of Colonel Hecker, a few weeks
later, was promoted to the Colonelcj'. A trained
soldier, he served with gallantry and distinction,
but was fatally wounded at Buzzard's Roost, Feb.
24. 1864, dying at Chattanooga, March 11, 1864.
MILAN, a town of Rock Island Countj', on the
Rock Island & Peoria Railway, six miles south of
Rock Island. It is located on Rock River, has
several mills, a bank and a newspaper. Popula-
tion (1880), 845; (1890), 692; (1900), 719.
MILBURN, (Rev.) WilUam Henry, clergy-
man, was born in Philadelphia, Sept. 26, 1826.
At the age of five years he almost totally lost
sight in both eyes, as the result of an accident,
and subsequent malpractice in their treatment.
For a time he was able to decipher letters with
difficulty, and thus learned to read. In the face
of such obstacles he carried on his studies until
13 years of age, when he accompanied his father's
family to Jacksonville, 111. , and, five years later,
became an itinerant Methodist preacher. For a
time he rode a circuit covering 200 miles, preach-
ing, on an average, ten times a week, for §100 per
year. In 1845, while on a Mississippi steamboat,
he publicly rebuked a number of Congressmen,
who were his fellow passengers, for intemperance
and gaming. This resulted in his being made
Chaplain of the House of Representatives. From
1848 to 1850 he was pastor of a church at Mont-
gomery. Ala., during which time he was tried
for heresy, and later became pastor of a "Free
Church." Again, in 1853, he was chosen Chap-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
375
lain of Congress. While in Europe, in 1859, he
took orders in the Episcopal Church, but returned
to Methodism in 1871. He has since been twice
Chaplain of the House (1885 and '87) and three
times (1893, "95 and '97) elected to the same posi-
tion in the Senate He is generally known as
"the blind preacher" and achieved considerable
prominence by his eloquence as a lecturer on
"What a Blind Man Saw in Europe." Among
his published writings are, "Rifle, Axe and Sad-
dlebags" (1856), "Ten Years of Preacher Life''
(1858) and "Pioneers, Preachers and People of the
Mississippi Valley" (1800).
MILCHRIST, Thomas E., lawyer, was born in
the Isle of Man in 1839, and, at the age of eight
years, came to America with his parents, who
settled in Peoria, 111. Here he attended school
and worked on a farm until the beginning of the
Civil War, when he enlisted in the One Hundred
and Twelfth Illinois Volunteers, serving until
1865, and being discharged with the rank of Cap-
tain. After the war he read la%v with John I.
Bennett — then of Galena, but later Master in
Chancery of the United States Court at Chicago
— was admitted to the bar in 1867, and, for a
number of years, served as State's Attorney in
Henry County. In 1888 he was a delegate from
Illinois to the Republican National Convention,
and the following year was appointed by Presi-
dent Harrison United States District Attorney
for the Northern District of Illinois. Since
retiring from office in 1893, Mr. Milchrist has been
engaged in private practice in Chicago. In 1898
he was elected a State Senator for the Fifth Dis-
trict (city of Chicago) in the Forty-first General
Assembly.
MILES, Nelson A., Major-General, was born
at Westminster, Mass., August 8, 1839, and, at
the breaking out of the Civil War, was engaged
in mercantile pursiuts in the city of Boston. In
October, 1861, he entered the service as a Second
Lieutenant in a Massachusetts regiment, dis-
tinguished himself at the battles of Fair Oaks,
Charles City Cross Roads and Malvern Hill,
in one of which he was wounded. In Sep-
tember, 1863, he was Colonel of the Sixty-
first New York, which he led at Fredericksburg
and at Chancellorsville, where he was again
severely wounded. He commanded the First
Brigade of the Fir.st Division of the Second Army
Corps in the Richmond campaign, and was made
Brigadier-General, May 13, 1864, and Major-
General, by brevet, for gallantry shown at Ream's
Station, in December of the same year. At the
close of the war he was commissioned Colonel of
the Fortieth United States Infantry, and distin-
guished himself in campaigns against the Indians ;
became a Brigadier-General in 1880, and Major-
General in 1890, in the interim being in command
of the Department of the Columbia, and, after
1890, of the Missouri, with headquarters at Chi-
cago. Here he did much to give efficiency and
importance to the post at Fort Sheridan, and, in
1894, rendered valuable service in checking the
strike riots about Chicago. Near the close of the
year he was transferred to the Department of the
East, and, on the retirement of General Schofield
in 1895, was placed in command of the army,
with headquarters in Washington. During the
Spanish-American war (1898) General Miles gave
attention to the fitting out of troops for the Cuban
and Porto Rican campaigns, and visited Santiago
during the siege conducted by General Shaffer,
but took no active command in the field until the
occupation of Porto Rico, which was conducted
with rare discrimination and good judgment, and
with comparatively little loss of life or suffering
to the troops.
MILFORD, a growing town in Iroquois County,
situated on Sugar Creek, and on the Chicago &
Eastern Illinois Railroad, 35 miles north of Dan-
ville and 93 miles south of Chicago. The sur-
roimding region is agricultural, and wheat is
extensively grown. Beds of clay of excellent
quality are abundant, and flour, brick and tile
manufacturing are the chief mechanical indus-
tries of the town. A weekly newspaper is pub-
lished here. Population (1890), 957; (1900), 1,077.
MILITARY BOUNTY LANDS. (See Military
Tract.)
MILITARY TRACT, a popular name given to
a section of the State, set apart under an act of
Congress, passed. May 6, 1812, as bounty-lands for
soldiers in the war with Great Britain commenc-
ing the same year. Similar reservations in the
Territories of Michigan and Louisiana (now
Arkansas) were provided for in the same act.
The lands in Illinois embraced in this act were
situated between the Illinois and Mississippi
Rivers, and extended from the junction of these
streams due north, by the Fourth Principal Merid-
ian, to the northern boundary of Township 15
north of the "Base Line." This "base line"
started about opposite the present site of Beards-
town, and extended to a point on the Mississippi
about seven miles north of Quincy. The north-
ern border of the "Tract" was identical with
the northern boundary of Mercer County, which,
extended eastward, reached the Illinois about
the present village of De Pue, in the southeastern
376
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
part of Bureau County, where the Illinois makes
a great bend towards the south, a few miles west
of the city of Peru. The distance between the
Illinois and the Mississippi, by this line, was about
90 miles, and the entire length of the "Tract,"
from its northern boundary to the junction of
the two rivers, was computed at 169 miles, — con-
sisting of 90 miles north of the "base line" and 79
miles south of it, to the junction of the rivers.
The "Tract" was surveyed in 1815-16. It com-
prised 207 entire townships of six miles square,
each, and 61 fractional townships, containing an
area of 5,360,000 acres, of which 3,500,000 acres—
a little less than two-thirds — were appropriated to
military bounties. The residue consisted partly
of fractional sections bordering on rivers, partly of
fractional quarter-sections bordering on township
lines, and containing more or less than 160 acres,
and partly of lands that were returned by the sur-
veyors as unfit for cultivation. In addition to
this, there were large reservations not coming
within the above exceptions, being the overplus
of lands after satisfying the military claims, and
subject to entry and purchase on the same con-
ditions as other Government lands. The "Tract"
thus embraced the present counties of Calhoun,
Pike, Adams, Brown, Schuyler, Hancock, Mc-
Donough, Fulton, Peoria, Stark, Knox, Warren,
Henderson and Mercer, with parts of Henry,
Bureau, Putnam and Marshall — or so much of
them as was necessary to meet the demand for
bounties. Immigration to this region set in quite
actively about 1823, and the development of some
portions, for a time, was very rapid ; but later, its
growth was retarded by the conflict of "tax-
titles" and bounty-titles derived by purchase
from the original holders. This led to a great
deal of litigation, and called for considerable
legislation; but since the adjustment of these
questions, this region has kept pace with the most
favored sections of the State, and it now includes
some of the most important and prosperous towns
and cities and many of the finest farms in
Illinois.
MILITIA. Illinois, taught by the experiences
of the War of 1812 and the necessity of providing
for protection of its citizens against the incur-
sions of Indians on its borders, began the adop-
tion, at an early date, of such measures as were
then common in the several States for the main-
tenance of a State militia. The Constitution of
1818 made the Governor "Commander-in-Chief
of the army and navy of this State, " and declared
that the militia of the State should "consist of
all free male able-bodied persons (negroes, mu-
lattoes and Indians excepted) resident in the
State, oetween the ages of 18 and 45 years," and
this classification was continued in the later con-
stitutions, except that of 1870, which omits all
reference to the subject of color. In each there
is the same general provision exempting persons
entertaining "conscientious scruples against
bearing arms," although subject to payment of
an equivalent for such exemption. The first law
on the subject, enacted by the first General
Assembly (1819), provided for the establishment
of a general militia system for the State ; and the
fact that this was modified, amended or wholly
changed by acts passed at the sessions of 1821,
'23, '25, '26, '27, '29, '33, '37 and '39, shows the
estimation in which the subject was held. While
many of these acts were of a special character,
providing for a particular class of organization,
the general law did little except to require per-
sons subject to military duty, at stated periods, to
attend county musters, which were often con-
ducted in a very informal manner, or made the
occasion of a sort of periodical frolic. The act of
July, 1833 (following the Black Hawk War),
required an enrollment of "all free, white, male
inhabitants of military age (except such as might
be exempt under the Constitution or laws)";
divided the State into five divisions by counties,
each division to be organized into a certain speci-
fied number of brigades. This act was quite
elaborate, covering some twenty-four pages, and
provided for regimental, battalion and company
musters, defined the duties of ofiicers, manner of
election, etc. The act of 1837 encouraged the
organization of volunteer companies. The Mexi-
can War (1845-47) gave a new impetus to this
class of legislation, as also did the War of the
Rebellion (1861-65). While the office of Adju-
tant-General had existed from the first, its duties
— except during the Black Hawk and Mexican
Wars — were rather nominal, and were discharged
without stated compensation, the incumbent
being merely Chief -of-staff to the Governor as
Commander-in-Chief. The War of the Rebellion
at once brought it into prominence, as an impor-
tant part of the State Government, which it has
since maintained. The various measures passed,
during this period, belong rather to the history of
the late war than to the subject of this chapter.
In 1865, however, the office was put on a different
footing, and the important part it had played,
during the preceding four years, was recognized
by the passage of "an act to provide for the ap-
pointment, and designate the work, fix the pay
and prescribe the duties, of the Adjutant-General
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS.
377
of Illinois." During the next four years, its
most important work was the publication of
eight volumes of war records, containing a com-
plete roster of the oflBcers and men of the various
regiments and other military organizations from
Illinois, with an outline of their movements and
a list of the battles in which they were engaged.
To the Adjutant-General's office, as now adminis-
tered, is entrusted the custody of the war-
records, battle-flags and trophies of the late war.
A further step was taken, in 1877, in the passage
of an act formulating a military code and provid-
ing for more thorough organization. Modifying
amendments to this act were adopted in 1879 and
1885. While, under these laws, "all able-bodied
male citizens of this State, between the ages of 18
and 45" (with certain specified exceptions), are
declared "subject to military duty, and desig-
nated as the Illinois State Militia," provision is
made for the organization of a body of "active
militia," designated as the "Illinois National
Guard," to consist of "not more than eighty-four
companies of infantry, two batteries of artillery
and two troops of cavalry," recruited by volun-
tary enlistments for a period of three years, with
right to re-enlist for one or more years. The
National Guard, as at present constituted, con-
sists of three brigades, with a total force of about
9,000 men, organized into nine regiments, besides
the batteries and cavalry already mentioned.
Gatling guns are used by the artillery and breech-
loading rifles by the infantry. Camps of instruc-
tion are held for the regiments, respectively — one
or more regiments participating — each year,
usually at "Camp Lincoln" near Springfield,
when regimental and brigade drills, competitive
rifle practice and mock battles are had. An act
establishing the "Naval Militia of Illinois," to
consist of "not more than eight divisions or com-
panies," divided into two battalions of four divi-
sions each, was passed by the General Assembly
of 1893 — the whole to be under the command of
an officer with the rank of Commander. The
commanding officer of each battalion is styled a
"Lieutenant-Commander," and both the Com-
niander and Lieutenant-Commanders have their
respective staffs — their organization, in other
respects, being conformable to the laws of the
United States. A set of "Regulations," based
upon these several laws, has been prepared by the
Adjutant-General for the government of the
various organizations. The Governor is author-
ized, by law, to call out the militia to resist inva-
sion, or to suppress violence and enforce execution
of the laws, when called upon by the civil author-
ities of any city, town or county. This authority,
however, is exercised with great discretion, and
only when the local authorities are deemed unable
to cope with threatened resistance to law. The
officers of the National Guard, when called into
actual service for the suppression of riot or the
enforcement of the laws, receive the same com-
pensation paid to officers of the United States
army of like grade, while the enlisted men receive
$2 per day. During the time they are at any
encampment, the officers and men alike receive
$1 per day. with necessary subsistence and cost
of transportation to and from the encampment.
(For list of incumbents in Adjutant-General's
office, see Adjutants-Oeneral; see, also, Spanish-
American War.)
MILLER, James H., Speaker of the House of
Representatives, was born in Ohio, May 29, 1843 ;
in early life came to Toulon, Stark County, 111.,
where he finally engaged in the practice of law.
At the beginning of the Rebellion he enlisted in
the Union army, but before being mustered into
the service, received an injury which rendered
him a cripple for life. Though of feeble physical
organization and a sufferer from ill-health, he
was a man of decided ability and much influence.
He served as State's Attorney of Stark County
(1872-76) and, in 1884, was elected Representative
in the Thirty-fourth General Assembly, at the
following session being one of the most zealous
supporters of Gen. John A. Logan, in the cele-
brated contest which resulted in the election of
the latter, for the third time, to the United States
Senate. By successive re-elections he also served
in the Thirty-fifth and Thirty-sixth General
Assemblies, during the session of the latter being
chosen Speaker of the House, as successor to
A. C. Matthews, who had been appointed, during
the session. First Comptroller of the Treasury at
Washington. In the early part of the summer
of 1890, Mr. Miller visited Colorado for the bene-
fit of his health, but, a week after his arrival at
Manitou Springs, died suddenly, June 27, 1890.
MILLS, Benjamin, lawyer and early poli-
tician, was a native of Western Massachusetts,
and described by his contemporaries as a highly
educated and accomplished lawyer, as well as a
brilliant orator. The exact date of his arrival in
Illinois cannot be determined with certainty, but
he appears to have been in the "Lead Mine
Region" about Galena, as early as 1826 or '27, and
was notable as one of the first "Yankees" to
locate in that section of the State. He was
elected a Representative in the Eighth General
Assembly (1832), his district embracing the
378
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
counties of Peoria, Jo Daviess, Putnam, La Salle
and Cook, including all the State north of Sanga-
mon (as it then stood), and extending from the
Mississippi River to the Indiana State line. At
this session occurred the impeachment trial of
Theophilus W. Smith, of the Supreme Court, Mr.
Mills acting as Chairman of the Impeachment
Committee, and delivering a speech of great
power and brilliancy, which lasted two or three
days. In 1834 he was a candidate for Congress
from the Northern District, but was defeated by
William L. May (Democrat), as claimed by Mr.
Mill's friends, unfairly. He early fell a victim
to consumption and, returning to Massachusetts,
died in Berkshire County, in that State, in 1841.
Hon. R. H. McClellan, of Galena, says of him:
"He was a man of remarkable ability, learning
and eloquence," while Governor Ford, in his
"History of Illinois," testifies that, "by common
consent of all his contemporaries, Mr. Mills was
regarded as the most popular and brilliant lawyer
of his day at the Galena bar."
MILLS, Henry A., State Senator, was born at
New Hartford, Oneida County, N. Y., in 1827;
located at Mount Carroll, Carroll County, 111., in
18.56, finally engaging in the banking business at
that place. Having served in various local
offices, he was, in 1874, chosen State Senator for
the Eleventh District, but died at Galesburg
before the expiration of his term, July 7, 1877.
MILLSj Luther Lafliu, lawyer, was born at
North Adams, Mass., Sept. 3, 1848; brought to
Chicago in infancy, and educated in the public
schools of that city and at Michigan State Uni-
versity. In 1868 he began the study of law, was
admitted to practice three years later, and. in
1876, was elected State's Attorney, being re-
elected in 1880. While in this office he was con-
nected with some of the most important cases
ever brought before the Chicago courts.
Although he has held no official position except
that already mentioned, his abilities at the bar
and on the rostrum are widely recognized, and
his services, as an attorney and an orator, have
been in frequent demand.
MILLSTADT, a town in St. Clair County,
about 8 miles west-southwest of Belleville, and 14
miles south-southeast of St. Louis. Coal mining
and the manufacture of flour and farm-imple-
ments are the principal industries of the place.
Population (1890), 1,186; (1900), 1,172.
MILWAUKEE & ST. PAUL RAILWAY. (See
Chicago. Milwaukee d- St. Paul Railway.)
MINER, Orlin H., State Auditor, was born in
Vermont, May 13, 1825; from 1834 to '51 he lived
in Ohio, the latter year coming to Chicago, where
he worked at his trade of watch- maker. In 1855
he went to Central America and was with Gen-
eral William Walker at Greytown. Returning to
Illinois, he resumed his trade at Springfield; in
1857 he was appointed, by Auditor Dubois, chief
clerk in the Auditor's office, serving until 1864,
when he was elected State Auditor as successor
to his chief. Retiring from office in 1869, he
gave attention to his private business. He was
one of the founders and a Director of the Spring-
field Iron Company. Died in 1879.
MINIER, a village of Tazewell County, at the
intersection of the Jacksonville Division of the
Chicago & Alton and the Terre Haute & Peoria
Railroads. 26 miles southeast of Peoria ; has sev-
eral grain elevators, some manufactures, a bank
and a newspaper. Population (1880), 600; (1890),
664; (1900), 746.
MINONK, a city in Woodford County, 29 miles
north of Bloomington and 58 miles northeast of
Peoria, on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe and
the Illinois Central Railways. The surrounding
region is agricultural, though much coal is
mined in the vicinity. The citj' has brick yards,
tile factories, steam flouring-mills, several grain
elevators, two private banks and two weekly
newspapers. Population (1880), 1,913; (1890),
2,316; (1900), 2,.546.
MINORITY REPRESENTATION, a method of
choosing members of the General Assembly and
other deliberative bodies, designed to secure rep-
resentation, in such bodies, to minority parties.
In Illinois, this method is limited to the election
of members of the lower branch of the General
Assembly — except as to private corporations,
which may. at their option, apply it in the election
of Trustees or Directors. In the apportionment
of members of the General Assembly (see Legis-
lative Apportionment), the State Constitution
requires that the Senatorial and Representative
Districts shall be identical in territory, each of
such Districts being entitled to choose one Sena-
tor and three Representatives. The provisions of
the Constitution, making specific application of
the principle of "minority representation" (or
"cumulative voting, " as it is sometimes called),
declares that, in the election of Representatives,
"each qualified voter may cast as many votes for
one candidate as there are Representatives, or
(he) may distribute the same, or equal parts
thereof, among the candidates as he shall see
fit." (State Constitution, Art. TV, sections 7 and
8.) In practice, this provision gives the voter
power to cast three votes for one candidate ; two
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
379
votes for one candidate and one for another, or
one and a half votes to each of two candidates,
or he may distribute his vote equally among
three candidates (giving one to each) ; but no
other division is admissible without invalidating
his ballot as to this office. Other forms of minor-
ity representation have been proposed by various
writers, among whom Mr. Thomas Hare, John
Stuart Mill, and Mr. Craig, of England, are most
prominent ; but that adopted in Illinois seems to
be the simplest and most easy of application.
MINSHALL, William A., legislator and jurist,
a native of Ohio who came to Rushville, 111., at
an early day, and entered upon the practice of
law; served as Representative in the Eighth,
Tenth and Twelfth General Assemblies, and as
Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention
of 1847. He was elected Judge of the Circuit
Court for the Fifth Circuit, under the new Con-
stitution, in 1848, and died in office, early in 1853,
being succeeded by the late Judge Pinkney H.
"Walker.
MISSIONARIES, EARLY. The earliest Chris-
tian missionaries in Illinois were of the Roman
Catholic faith. As a rule, these accompanied the
French explorers and did not a little toward the
extension of French dominion. They were usually
members of one of two orders — the "Recollects,"
founded by St. Francis, or the "Jesuits," founded
by Loyola. Between these two bodies of ecclesi-
astics existed, at times, a strong rivalry; the
former having been earlier in the field, but hav-
ing been virtually subordinated to the latter by
Cardinal Richelieu. The controversy between
the two orders gradually involved the civil
authorities, and continued until the suppression
of the Jesuits, in France, in 1764. The most noted
of the Jesuit missionaries were Fathers Allouez,
Gravier, Marquette, Dablon, Pinet, Rasle, Lamo-
ges, Binneteau and Marest. Of the Recollects,
the most conspicuous were Fathers Membre,
Douay, Le Clerq, Hennepin and Ribourde.
Besides these, there were also Father Bergier and
Montigny, who, belonging to no religious order,
were called secular priests. The first Catholic
mission, founded in Illinois, was probably that at
the original Kaskaskia, on the Illinois, in the
present county of La Salle, where Father Mar-
quette did missionary work in 1673, followed by
Allouez in 1677. (See Allouez, Claude Jean.)
The latter was succeeded, in 1688, by Father Grav-
ier, who was followed, in 1692, by Father Sebas-
tian Rasle, but who, returning in 1694, remained
until 1695, when he was succeeded by Pinet
and Binneteau. In 1700 Father Marest was
in charge of the mission, and the number of
Indians among whom he labored was, that year,
considerably diminished by the emigration of the
Kaskaskias to the south. Father Gravier, about
this time, labored among the Peorias, but was
incapacitated by a wound received from the
medicine man of the tribe, which finally resulted
in his death, at Mobile, in 1706. The Peoria station
remained vacant for a time, but was finally filled
by Father Deville. Another early Catholic mis-
sion in Illinois was that at Cahokia. While the
precise date of its establishment cannot be fixed
with certainty, there is evidence that it was in
existence in 1700, being the earliest in that region.
Among the early Fathers, who ministered to the
savages there, were Pinet, St. Cosme, Bergier and
Lamoges. This mission was at first called the
Tamaroa, and, later, the mission of St. Sulpice.
It was probably the first permanent mission in the
Illinois Country. Among those in charge, down
to 1718, were Fathers de Montigny, Damon (prob-
ably), Varlet, de la Source, and le Mercier. In
1707, Father Mermet assisted Father Marest at
Kaskaskia, and, in 1720, that mission became a
regularly constituted parish, the incumbent being
Father de Beaubois. Rev. Philip Boucher
preached and administered the sacraments at
Fort St. Louis, where he died in 1719, having
been preceded by Fathers Membre and Ribourde
in 1680, and by Fathers Douay and Le Clerq in
1687-88. The persecution and banisliment of the
early Jesuit missionaries, by the Superior Council
of Louisiana (of which Illinois had formerly been
a part), in 1763, is a curious chapter in State his-
tory. That body, following the example of some
provincial legislative bodies in France, officially
declared the order a dangerous nuisance, and
decreed the confiscation of all its property, in-
cluding plate and vestments, and the razing of
its churches, as well as the banishment of its
members. This decree the Louisiana Council
undertook to enforce in Illinois, disregarding the
fact that that territory had passed under the
jurisdiction of Great Britain. The Jesuits seem
to have offered no resistance, either physical or
legal, and all members of the order in Illinois
were ruthlessly, and without a shadow of author-
ity, carried to New Orleans and thence deported
to France. Only one— Father Sebastian Louis
Meurin— was allowed to return to Illinois ; and he,
only after promising to recognize the ecclesiastical
authority of the Superior Council as supreme,
and to hold no communication with Quebec or
Rome. The labors of the missionaries, apart
from spiritual results, were of great value. They
380
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
perpetuated the records of early discoveries,
reduced the language, and even dialects, of the
aborigines, to grammatical rules, and preserved
the original traditions and described the customs
of the savages. (Authorities: Shea and Kip's
"Catholic Missions," "Magazine of Western His-
tory," Winsor's "America," and Shea's "Catholic
Church in Colonial Days")
MISSISSIPPI RIVER. (Indian name, "Missi
Sipi," the "Great Water.") Its head waters are
in the northern part of Minnesota, 1,680 feet
above tide-water. Its chief source is Itasca
Lake, which is 1,575 feet higher than the sea,
and which is fed by a stream having its source
within one mile of the head waters of the Red
River of the North. From this sheet of water to
the mouth of the river, the distance is variously
estimated at from 3,000 to 3,160 miles. Lake
Itasca is in lat. 47' 10' north and Ion. 95' 20' west
from Greenwich. The river at iirst runs north-
ward, but soon turns toward the east and expands
into a series of small lakes. Its course, as far as
Crow Wing, is extremely sinuous, below which
point it runs .southward to St. Cloud, thence south-
eastward to Minneapolis, where occur the Falls of
St. Anthony, establishing a complete barrier to
navigation for the lower Mississippi. In less than
a mile the river descends 66 feet, including a per-
pendicular fall of 17 feet, furnishing an immense
water-power, which is utilized in operating flour-
ing-mills and other manufacturing establish-
ments. A few miles below St. Paul it reaches
the western boundary of Wisconsin, where it
expands into the long and beautiful Lake Pepin,
bordered by picturesque limestone bluiTs, some
400 feet high. Below Dubuque its general direc-
tion is southward, and it forms the boundary
between the States of Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas
and the northern part of Louisiana, on the
west, and Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee and Mis-
sissippi, on the east. After many sinuous turn
ings in its southern course, it enters the Gulf of
Mexico by three principal passes, or mouths, at
the southeastern extremity of Plaquemines
Parish, La., in lat. 29" north and Ion. 89° 12'
west. Its principal affluents on the right are the
Minnesota, Iowa, Des Moines, Missouri, Arkansas
and Red Rivers, and, on the left, the Wisconsin,
Illinois and Ohio. The Missouri River is longer
than that part of the Mississippi above the point
of junction, the distance from its source to the
delta of the latter being about 4,300 miles, which
exceeds that of any other river in the world.
The width of the stream at St. Louis is about
8,500 feet, at the mouth of the Ohio nearly 4,500
feet, and at New Orleans about 2,500 feet. The
mean velocity of the current between St. Louis
and the Gulf of Mexico is about five to five and
one-half miles per hour. The average depth
below Red River is said to be 121 feet, though, in
the vicinitj' of New Orleans, the maximum is said
to reach 150 feet. The principal rapids below the
Falls of St. Anthony are at Rock Island and the
Des Moines Rapids above Keokuk, the former
having twenty-two feet fall and the latter
twenty-four feet. A canal around the Des
Moines Rapids, along the west bank of the river,
aids navigation. The alluvial banks which pre-
vail on one or both shores of the lower Mississippi,
often spread out into extensive "bottoms" which
are of inexhaustible fertility. The most impor-
tant of these above the mouth of the Ohio, is the
"American Bottom," extending along the east
bank from Alton to Chester. Immense sums
have been spent in the construction of levees for
the protection of the lands along the lower river
from overflow, as also in the construction of a
system of jetties at the mouth, to improve navi-
gation by deepening the channel.
MISSISSIPPI RIVER BRIDGE, THE, one of
tlie best constructed railroad bridges in the West,
spanning the Mississippi from Pike, 111., to Loui-
siana, Mo. The construction company was char-
tered, April 25, 1872, and the bridge was ready for
the passage of trains on Dec. 24, 1873. On Dec.
3, 1877, it was leased in perpetuity by the Chicago
& Alton Railway Company, which holds all its
stock and §150,000 of its bonds as an investment,
paying a rental of §60,000 per annum, to be applied
in the payment of 7 per cent interest on stock and
6 per cent on bonds. In 1894, 571,000 was paid for
rental, §16,000 going toward a sinking fund.
MOBILE & OHIO RAILROAD. This company
operates 160.6 miles of road in Illinois, of which
151.6 are leased from the St. Louis & Cairo Rail-
road. (See St. Louis <fc Cairo Railroad.)
MOLINE, a flourishing manufacturing city in
Rock Island County, incorporated in 1872, on the
Mississippi above Rock Island and opposite
Davenport, Iowa; is 168 miles south of west from
Chicago, and the intersecting point of three
trunk lines of railwa)'. Moline, Rock Island and
Davenport are connected by steam and street
railways, bridges and ferries. All three obtain
water-power from the Mississippi. The region
around Moline is rich in coal, and several produc-
tive mines are operated in the vicinity. It is an
important manufacturing point, among its chief
outputs being agricultural implements, malleable
iron, steam engines, vehicles, lumber, organs.
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
381
(pipe and reed), paper, lead-roofing, wind-mills,
milling machinery, and furniture. The city has
admirable water-works, several churches, good
schools (both public and private), a public library
and five banks. It is lighted by both gas and
electricity. There are also three daily and
weekly papers published here. Population (1880),
7,800; (1890), 12,000; (1900), 17,248.
MOLONEY, Maurice T., ex-Attorney-General,
was born in Ireland, in 1849 ; came to America in
1867, and, after a course in the Seminary of "Our
Lady of the Angels" at Niagara Falls, studied
theology ; then taught for a time in Virginia and
studied law at the University of that State,
graduating in 1871, finally locating at Ottawa,
111., where he served three years as State's Attor-
ney of La Salle County, and, in 1892, was nomi-
nated and elected Attorney-General on the
Democratic State ticket, serving until January,
1897.
MOMENCE, a town in Kankakee County, situ-
ated on the Kankakee River and at the intersec-
tion of the Chicago & Eastern Illinois and the
Indiana, Illinois & Iowa Railroads, 54 miles
south of Chicago. It has good water power, a
flouring-mill, railway repair shops, two banks,
two newspapers, three churches and a graded
school. Population (1890), 1,635; (1900), 2,026.
MONMOUTH, the county-seat of Warren
County, 26 miles east of the Mississippi River ; a
point of intersection of two lines of the Chicago,
Burlington & Quincy and the Iowa Central
Railways. The surrounding country is agricul-
tural and coal yielding. The city has manufac-
tories of agricultural implements, sewer-pipe,
pottery, paving brick, and carriages and road
carts. Monmouth College (United Presbyterian)
was chartered in 1857, and the library of this
institution, with that of Warren County (also
located at Monmouth), aggregates 30,000 volumes.
There are three national banks, with a combined
capital of §250,000, two daily, three weekly and
two other periodical publications. An appropria-
tion was made by the Fifty-fifth Congress for the
erection of a Government building at Monmouth.
Population (1890), 5,936; (1900), 7,460.
MONMOUTH COLLEGE, an educational insti-
tution, controlled by the United Presbyterian
denomination, but non-sectarian ; located at Mon-
mouth. It was founded in 1856, its first class
graduating in 1858. Its Presidents have been
Drs. D. A. Wallace (1856-78) and J. B. McMichael,
the latter occupying the position from 1878 until
1897. In 1896 the faculty consisted of fifteen
instructors and the number of students was 289.
The college campus covers ten acres, tastefully
laid out. The institution confers four degrees —
A.B., B.S., M.B., and B.L. For the conferring
of the first three, four years' study is required;
for the degree of B.L., three years.
MONROE, George D., State Senator, was born
in Jefferson County, N. Y., Sept. 24, 1844, and
came with his parents to Illinois in 1849. His
father having been elected Slieriff of Will County
in 1864, he became a resident of Joliet, serving
as a deputy in his father's office. In 1865 he
engaged in merchandising as the partner of his
father, which was exchanged, some fifteen years
later, for the wholesale grocery trade, and, finally,
for the real-estate and mortgage-loan business, in
which he is still employed. He has also been
extensively engaged in the stone business some
twenty years, being a large stockholder in the
Western Stone Company and Vice-President of
the concern. In 1894 Mr. Monroe was elected, as
a Republican, to the State Senate from the
Twenty-fifth District, serving in the Thirty-ninth
and Fortieth General Assemblies, and proving
himself one of the most influential members of
that body.
MONROE COUNTY, situated in the southwest
part of the State, bordering on the Mississippi —
named for President Monroe. Its area is about
380 square miles. It was organized in 1816 and
included within its boundaries several of the
French villages which constituted, for many
years, a center of civilization in the West.
American settlers, however, began to locate in
the district as early as 1781. The county has a
diversified surface and is heavily timbered. The
soil is fertile, embracing both upland and river
bottom. Agriculture and the manufacture and
shipping of lumber constitute leading occupations
of the citizens. Waterloo is the county-seat.
Population (1890), 12,948; (1900), 13,847.
MONTGOMERY COUNTY, an interior county,
situated northeast of St. Louis and south of
Springfield ; area 702 square miles, population
(1900), 30,836 — derives its name from Gen. Richard
Montgomery. The earliest settlements by Ameri-
cans were toward the close of 1816, county organi-
zation being effected five years later. The entire
population, at that time, scarcely exceeded 100
families. The surface is undulating, well watered
and timbered. The seat of county government is
located at Hillsboro. Litchfield is an important
town. Here are situated car-shops and some
manufacturing establishments. Conspicuous in
the county's history as pioneers were Harris
Reavis, Henry Pyatt, John Levi, Aaron Casey
382
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
John Tillson, Hiram Rountree, the Wrights
(Joseph and Charles), the Hills (Jolm and
Henry), William McDavid and John Russell.
MONTICELLO, a city and the comaty-seat of
Piatt County, on the Sangamon River, midway
between Cliicago and St. Louis, on the Kankakee
and Bloomington Division of the Illinois Central,
and the Chicago and St. Louis Division of the
Wabash Railways. It lies within the "corn belt,"
and stock-raising is extensively carried on in the
surrounding country. Among the city industries
are a foundry and machine shops, steam flour and
planing mills, broom, cigar and harness-making,
and patent fence and tile works. The city is
lighted by electricity, has several elevators, an
excellent water system, numerous churches and
good schools, with banks and three weekly
papers. Population (1890), 1,013; (I'JOO), 1,982.
MOMICELLO FEMALE SEMINARY, the
second institution established in Illinois for the
higher education of women — Jacksonville Female
Seminary being the first. It was founded
through the munificence of Capt. Benjamin
Godfrey, who donated fifteen acres for a site, at
Godfrey, Madison County, and gave S,53,000
toward erecting and equipping the buildings.
The institution was opened on April 11, 1838,
with sixteen young lady pupils. Rev. Theron
Baldwin, one of the celebrated "Yale Band,"
being the first Principal. In 1845 he was suc-
ceeded by Miss Phileua Fobes, and she, in turn,
by Miss Harriet N. Haskell, in 1866, who still
remains in charge. In November, 1883, the
seminary building, with its contents, was burned ;
but the institution continued its sessions in tem-
porary quarters until the erection of a new build-
ing, which was soon accomplished through the
generosity of alumnae and friends of female edu-
cation tliroughout the countrj-. The new struc-
ture is of stone, three stories in height, and
thoroughly modern. The average number of
pupils is 150, with fourteen instructors, and the
standard of the institution is of a high character.
MOORE, Clifton H., lawyer and financier, was
born at Kirtland, Lake County, Ohio, Oct. 36,
1817 ; after a brief season spent in two academies
and one term in the Western Reserve Teachers"
Seminary, at Kirtland, in 1839 he came west
and engaged in teaching at Pekin, 111., while
giving his leisure to the study of law. He spent
the next year at Tremont as Deputy County and
Circuit Clerk, was admitted to the bar at Spring-
field iu 1841, and located soon after at Clinton,
DeWitt County, which has since been his home.
In partnership with the late Judge David Davis,
of Bloomington, Mr. Moore, a few years later,
began operating extensively in Illinois lands, and
is now one of the largest land proprietors in
the State, besides being interested in a number
of manufacturing ventures and a local bank.
The only official position of importance he has
held is that of Delegate to the State Constitu-
tional Convention of 1869-70. He is an enthusi-
astic collector of State historical and art treasures,
of which he possesses one of the most valuable
private collections in Illinois.
MOORE, Henry, pioneer lawyer, came to Chi-
cago from Concord, Mass., in 1834, and was
almost immediately admitted to the bar, also
acting for a time as a clerk in the office of Col.
Richard J. Hamilton, who held pretty much all
the count}' offices on the organization of Cook
County. Mr. Moore was one of the original
Trustees of Rush Medical College, and obtained
from the Legislature the first charter for a gas
company in Chicago. In 1838 he went to Ha-
vana, Cuba, for the benefit of his failing health,
but subsequently returned to Concord, Mass.,
where he died some years afterward.
MOORE, James, pioneer, was born in the State
of Maryland in 1750 ; was married in his native
State, about 1773, to Miss Catherine Biggs, later
removing to Virginia. In 1777 he came to the
Illinois Country as a spy, preliminary to the con-
templated expedition of Col. George Rogers
Clark, which captured Kaskaskia in July, 1778.
After the Clark expedition (in which he served
as Cajitain, by appointment of Gov. Patrick
Henry), he returned to Virginia, where he
remained until 1781, when he organized a party
of emigrants, which he accompanied to Illinois,
spending the winter at Kaskaskia. The following
year they located at a point in the northern part
of Monroe County, which afterwards received
the name of Bellefontaine. After his arrival in
Illinois, he organized a company of "Minute
Men," of which he was chosen Captain. He was
a man of prominence and influence among the
early settlers, but died in 1788. A numerous and
influential family of his descendants have grown
up in Southern Illinois. — John (Moore), son of
the jireceding. was born in Maryland in 1773, and
brought by his father to Illinois eight years later.
He married a sister of Gen. Jolm D. Whiteside,
who afterwards became State Treasurer, and also
served as Fund Commissioner of the State of Illi-
nois under the internal improvement system.
Moore was an officer of the State Militia, and
served in a company of rangers during the War
of 1813; was also the first County Treasurer of
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
383
Monroe County. Died, July 4, 1833.— James B.
(Moore), the third son of Capt. James Moore, was
born in 1780, and brought to Illinois by his par-
ents; in his early manhood he followed the
business of keel-boating on the Mississippi and
Ohio Rivers, visiting New Orleans, Pittsburg and
other points ; became a prominent Indian fighter
during the War of 1812, and was commissioned
Captain by Governor Edwards and authorized to
raise a company of mounted rangers; also
served as Sheriff of Monroe County, by appoint-
ment of Governor Edwards, in Territorial days ;
was Presidential Elector in 1820, and State Sena-
tor for Madison County in 1836-40, dying in the
latter year. — Enoch (Moore), fourth son of Capt.
James Moore, the pioneer, was born in the old
block-house at Bellefontaine in 1783, being the
first child born of American parents in Illinois ;
served as a "ranger" in the company of his
brother, James B. ; occupied the office of Clerk of
the Circuit Court, and afterwards that of Judge
of Probate of Monroe County during the Terri-
torial period ; was Delegate to the Constitutional
Convention of 1818, and served as Representative
from Monroe County in the Second General
Assembly, later filling various county oflSces for
some twenty years. He died in 1848.
MOORE, Jesse H., clergyman, soldier and Con-
gi-essman, born near Lebanon, St. Clair County,
111., April 22, 1817, and graduated from McKen-
dree College in 1842. For thirteen years he was
a teacher, during portions of this period being
successively at the head of three literary insti-
tutions in the West. In 1849 he was ordained a
minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, but
resigned pastorate duties in 1862, to take part in
the War for the Union, organizing the One Hun-
dred and Fifteenth Regiment Illinois Volunteers,
of which he was commissioned Colonel, also serving
as brigade commander during tlie last year of the
war, and being brevetted Brigadier-General at its
close. After the war he re-entered the ministry,
but, in 1868, while Presiding Elder of the Decatur
District, he was elected to the Forty-first Con-
gress as a Republican, being re-elected in 1870 ;
afterwards served as Pension Agent at Spring-
field, and, in 1881, was appointed United States
Consul at Callao, Peru, dying in office, in that
city, July 11, 1883.
MOORE, John, Lieutenant-Governor (1842-46) ;
was born in Lincolnshire, Eng., Sept. 8, 1793;
came to America and settled in Illinois in 1830,
spending most of his life as a resident of Bloom-
ington. In 1838 he was elected to the lower
branch of the Eleventh General Assembly from
the McLean District, and, in 1840, to the Senate,
but before the close of his term, in 1842, was
elected Lieutenant-Governor with Gov. Thomas
Ford. At tlie outbreak of the Mexican War he
took a conspicuous part in recruiting the Fourth
Regiment Illinois Volunteers (Col. E. D. Baker's),
of which he was chosen Lieutenant-Colonel,
serving gallantly throughout the struggle. In.
1848 he was appointed State Treasurer, as succes-
sor of Milton Carpenter, who died in office. In
1850 he was elected to the same office, and con-
tinued to discharge its duties until 1857, when he
was succeeded by James Miller. Died, Sept. 23,
1863.
MOORE, Risdon, pioneer, was born in Dela-
ware in 1760; removed to North Carolina in 1789,
and, a few years later, to Hancock County, Ga.,
where he served two terms in the Legislature.
He emigrated from Georgia in 1812, and settled
in St. Clair County, 111. — besides a family of fif-
teen white persons, bringing with him eighteen
colored people — the object of his removal being
to get rid of slavery. He purchased a farm in
what was known as the "Turkey Hill Settle-
ment," about four miles east of Belleville, where
he resided until his death in 1828. Mr. Moore
became a prominent citizen, was elected to the
Second Territorial House of Representatives, and
was chosen Speaker, serving as such for two ses-
sions (1814-15). He was also Representative from
St. Clair County in the First, Second and Third
General Assemblies after the admission of Illinois
into the Union. In the last of these he was one
of the most zealous opponents of tlie pro-slavery
Convention scheme of 1822-24. He left a numer-
ous and higlily respected family of descendants,
who were afterwards prominent in public affairs. —
William (Moore), his son, served as a Captain in
tlie War of 1812, and also commanded a company
in the Black Hawk War. He represented St.
Clair County in the lower branch of the Ninth
and Tenth General Assemblies; was a local
preacher of the Methodist Church, and was Presi-
dent of the Board of Trustees of McKendree Col-
lege at the time of his death in 1849. — Risdon
(Moore), Jr., a cousin of the first named Risdon
Moore, was a Representative from St. Clair County
in the Fourth General Assembly and Senator in
the Sixth, but died before the expiration of his
term, being succeeded at the next session by
Adam W. Snyder.
MOORE, Stephen Richey, lawyer, was born of
Scotch ancestry, in Cincinnati, Ohio, Sept. 22,
1832; in 1851. entered Farmers' College near Cin-
cinnati, graduating in 1856, and, having qualified
384
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS
himself for the practice of law, located the fol-
lowing year at Kankakee, 111., which has since
been his home. In 1858 he was employed in
defense of the late Father Chiniquy, who recently
died in Montreal, in one of the celebrated suits
begun against him by dignitaries of the Roman
Catholic Church. Mr. Moore is a man of strik-
ing appearance and great independence of char-
acter, a Methodist in religious belief and has
generally acted politically in co-operation with
the Democratic party, though strongly anti-
slavery in his views. In 1873 he was a delegate
to the Liberal Republican Convention at Cin-
cinnati which nominated Mr. Greeley for the
Presidency, and, in 1896, participated in the same
way in the Indianapolis Convention which nomi-
nated Gen. John M. Palmer for the same office, in
the following campaign giving the "Gold Democ-
racy" a vigorous support.
MORAN, Thomas A., lawyer and jurist, was
born at Bridgeport, Conn., Oct. 7, 1839; received
his preliminary education in the district schools
of Wisconsin (to which State his father's family
had removed in 1846), and at an academy at
Salem, Wis. ; began reading law at Kenosha in
1859, meanwhile supporting himself by teaching.
In May, 1865, he graduated from the Albany
(N. Y. ) Law School, and the same year com-
menced practice in Chicago, rapidly rising to the
front rank of his profession. In 1879 he was
elected a Judge of the Cook County Circuit Court,
and re-elected in 1885. At tlie expiration of his
second term he resumed private practice. While
on the bench lie at first lieard only common law
cases, but later divided the business of the equity
side of the court with Judge Tuley. In June,
1886, he was assigned to the bench of the Appel-
late Court, of which tribunal he was, for a year.
Chief Justice.
MORGAN, James Dady, soldier, was born in
Boston, Mass., August 1, 1810, and, at 16 years of
age, went for a three years' trading voyage on
the ship "Beverly." When thirty days out a
mutiny aro.se, and shortlj' afterward the vessel
was burned. Morgan escaped to South America,
and, after many hardships, returned to Boston.
In 1834 he removed to Quiney, 111., and engaged
in mercantile pursuits; aided in raising the
"Quiney Grays" during the Mormon difficulties
(1844-45) ; during the Mexican War commanded a
company in the First Regiment Illinois Volim-
teers ; in 1861 became Lieutenant-Colonel of the
Tenth Regiment in the three months' service,
and Colonel on reorganization of the regiment
for three years ; was promoted Brigadier-General
in July, 1862, for meritorious service ; commanded
a brigade at Nashville, and, in March, 1865, was
brevetted Major-General for gallantry at Benton-
ville, N. C, being mustered out, August 24, 1865.
After the war he resumed business at Quiney,
111., being President of the Quiney Gas Company
and Vice-President of a bank; was also Presi-
dent, for some time, of the Society of the Army
of the Cumberland. Died, at Quiney, Sept. 12, 1896.
MORGAN COUNTY, a central county of the
State, lying west of Sangamon, and bordering on
the Illinois River — named for Gen. Daniel Mor-
gan; area, 580 square miles; population (1900),
35,006. The earliest American settlers were
probably Elisha and Seymour Kellogg, who
located on Mauvaisterre Creek in 1818. Dr. George
Caldwell came in 1820, and was the first phy-
sician, and Dr. Ero Chandler settled on the pres-
ent site of the city of Jacksonville in 1821.
Immigrants began to arrive in large numbers
about 1822, and. Jan. 31, 1823, the county was
organized, the first election being held at the
house of James G. Swinerton, six miles south-
west of the present city of Jacksonville. Olm-
stead's Mound was the first county-seat, but this
choice was only temporary. Two years later,
Jacksonville was selected, and has ever since so
continued. (See Jacksoninlle.) Cass County
was cut off from Morgan in 1837, and Scott
County in 1889. About 1837 Morgan was the
most populous county in the State. The county
is nearly equally divided between woodland and
prairie, and is well watered. Besides the Illinois
River on its western border, there are several
smaller streams, among them Indian, Apple,
Sandy and Mauvaisterre Creeks. Bituminous
coal underlies the eastern part of the county, and
thin veins crop out along the Illinois River
bluffs. Sandstone has also been quarried.
MORGAN PARK, a suburban village of Cook
County, 13 miles south of Chicago, on the Chi-
cago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway ; is the seat
of the Academy (a preparatory branch) of the
University of Chicago and the Scandinavian De-
partment of the Divinity School connected with
the same institution. Population (1880), 187;
(1890), 1,027; (1900), 2,329.
MORMONS, a religious sect, founded by Joseph
Smith, Jr., at Fayette, Seneca County, N. Y.,
August 6, 1830, styling themselves the "Church of
Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints." Membership
in 1892 was estimated at 230,000, of whom some
20,000 were outside of the United States. Their
religious teachings are peculiar. They avow faith
in the Trinity and in the Bible (as by them
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
385
interpreted). They believe, however, that the
"Book of Mormon" — assumed to be of divine
origin and a direct revelation to Smith— is of
equal authority with the Scriptures, if not supe-
rior to them. Among their ordinances are
baptism and the laying-on of hands, and, in their
church organization, they recognize various orders
— apostles, prophets, pastors, teachers, evangel-
ists, etc. They also believe in the restoration of
the Ten Tribes and the literal re assembling of
Israel, the return and rule of Christ in person,
and the rebuilding of Zion in America. Polyg-
amy is encouraged and made an article of faith,
though professedly not practiced under existing
laws in the United States. The supreme power
is vested in a President, who has authority in
temporal and spiritual affairs alike; although
there is less effort now than formerly, on the part
of the priesthood, to interfere in temporalities.
Driven from New York in 1831, Smith and his
followers first settled at Kirtland, Ohio. There,
for a time, the sect flourished and built a temple;
but, within seven years, their doctrines and prac-
tices excited so much hostility that they were
forced to make another removal. Their next
settlement was at Far West, Mo. ; but here the
hatred toward them became so intense as to
result in open war. From Missouri they
recrossed the Mississippi and founded the city
of Nauvoo, near Commerce, in Hancock County,
111. The charter granted by the Legislature was
an extraordinary instrument, and well-nigh made
the city independent of the State. Nauvoo soon
obtained commercial importance, in two years
becoming a city of some 16,000 inhabitants. The
Mormons rapidly became a powerful factor in
State politics, when there broke out a more
bitter public enmity than the sect had yet en-
countered. Internal dissensions also sprang up,
and, in 1844, a discontented Mormon founded a
newspaper at Nauvoo, in which he violently
assailed the prophet and threatened him with
exposure. Smith's answer to this was the de-
struction of the printing office, and the editor
promptly secured a warrant for his arrest, return-
able at Carthage. Smith went before a friendly
justice at Nauvoo, who promptly discharged him,
but he positively refused to appear before the
Carthage magistrate. Thereupon the latter
issued a second warrant, charging Smith with
treason. This also was treated with contempt.
The militia was called out to make the arrest, and
the Mormons, who had formed a strong military
organization, armed to defend their leader.
After a few trifling clashes between the soldiers
and the "Saints," Smith was persuaded to sur-
render and go to Carthage, the county -seat, where
he was incarcerated in the county jail. Within
twenty-four hours (on Sunday, June 27, 1844), a
mob attacked the prison. Joseph Smith and his
brother Hyriun were killed, and some of their
adherents, who had accompanied them to jail,
were wounded. Brigham Young (then an
apostle) at once assumed the leadership and,
after several months of intense popular excite-
ment, in the following year led his followers
across the Mississippi, finally locating (1847) in
Utah. (See also Nauvoo.) There their history
has not been free from charges of crime; but,
whatever may be the character of the leaders,
they have succeeded in building up a prosperous
community in a region which they found a vir-
tual desert, a little more than forty years ago.
The polity of the Church has been greatly modi-
fied in consequence of restrictions placed upon it
by Congressional legislation, especially in refer-
ence to polygamy, and by contact with other
communities. (See Smith, Joseph. )
MORRIS, a city and the county -seat of Grundy
County, on the Illinois River, the Illinois &
Michigan Canal, and the Chicago, Rock Island &
Pacific Raib-oad, 61 miles southwest of Chicago.
It is an extensive grain market, and the center of
a region rich in bituminous coal. There is valu-
able water-power here, and much manufacturing
is done, including builders' hardware, plows, iron
specialties, paper car-wheels, brick and tile, flour
and planing-mills, oatmeal and tanned leather
There are also a normal and scientific school, two
national banks and three daily and weekly news-
papers. Population (1880), 3,486; (1890), 3,653;
(1900), 4,273.
MORRIS, Buckner Smith, early lawyer born
at Augusta, Ky., August 19, 1800; was admitted
to the bar in 1827, and, for seven years thereafter,
continued to reside in Kentucky, serving two
terms in the Legislature of that State. In 1834
he removed to Chicago, took an active part in
the incorporation of the city, and was elected its
second Mayor in 1838. In 1840 he was a Whig
candidate for Presidential Elector, Abraham
Lincoln running on the same ticket, and, in
1852, was defeated as the Whig candidate for
Secretary of State. He was elected a Judge of
the Seventh Circuit in 1851, but declined a re-
nomination in 1855. In 1856 he accepted the
American (or Know-Nothing) nomination for
Governor, and, in 1860, that of the Bell-Everett
party for the same office. He was vehemently
opposed to the election of either Lincoln or
386
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Breckenridge to the Presidency, believing that
civil war would result in either event. A s'-ido- •
was thrown across his life, in 1864, by his
and trial for alleged complicity in a rebel i ^ t
burn and pillage Chicago and liberat the
prisoners of war held at Camp Douglas. The
trial, however, which was lield at Cincinnati,
resulted in his acquittal. Died, in Kentucky,
Dec. 18, 18T9. Those who knew Judge Morris, in
his early life in the city of Chicago, describe him
as a man of genial and kindly disposition, in spite
of his opposition to the abolition of slavery — a
fact which, no doubt, had much to do with his
acquittal of the charge of complicity with the
Camp Douglas conspiracy, as the evidence of his
being in communication with the leading con-
spirators appears to have been conclusive. (See
Camp Douglas Conspiracy.)
MORRIS, Freeman P., lawyer and politician,
was born in Cook County, 111., March 19, 1854,
labored on a farm and attended the district
school in his youth, but completed his education
in Chicago, graduating from the Union College
of Law, and was admitted to practice in 1874,
when he located at Watseka. Iroquois County.
In 1884 he was elected, as a Democrat, to the
House of Representatives from tlie Iroquois Dis-
trict, and has since been re-elected in t.S88, "94,
'96, being one of the most influential members of
his party in that body. In 1893 he was appointed
by Governor Altgeld Aid-de-Camp, with the rank
of Colonel, on his personal staff, but resigned in
1896.
MORRIS, Isaac Newton, la%vyer and Congress-
man, was born at Bethel, Clermont County,
Ohio, Jan. 23, 1812; educated at Miami Univer-
sity, admitted to the bar in 183.5, and the next
year removed to Quincy, 111. ; was a member and
President of the Board of Canal Commissioners
(1842-43), served in the Fifteenth General Assem-
bly (1846-48) ; was elected to Congress as a Demo-
crat in 18.56, and again in 1858, but opposed the
admission of Kansas under the Lecompton Con-
stitution ; in 1868 supported General Grant— who
had been his friend in boyhood — for President,
and, in 1870, was appointed a member of the
Union Pacific Railroad Commission. Died, Oct.
29, 1879.
MORRISON, a city, the county -seat of White-
side County, founded in 1855; is a station on the
Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 124 miles west
of Chicago. Agriculture, dairying and stock-
raising are the principal pursuits in the surround-
ing region. Although a small city, it has good
water-works, thorough sewerage, electric lighting
and several manufactories, including car and
refrigerator works; also has numerous churches,
a large graded school, a public library and ade-
quate banking facilities. Two weekly papers are
pubhshed here. Population (1880), 1,981; (1890),
2,088; (1900), 2,308.
MORRISON, Isaac L., lawyer and legislator,
born in Barren County, Ky., in 1826; was edu-
cated in the common schools and the Masonic
Seminary of his native State; admitted to the
bar, and came to Illinois in 1851, locating at
Jacksonville, where he has become a leader of
the bar and of the Republican party, which he
assisted to organize as a member of its first State
Convention at Bloomington, in 1856. He was also
a delegate to the Republican National Convention
of 1864, which nominated Abraham Lincoln for
the Presidency a second time. Mr. Morrison was
three times elected to the lower house of the
General Assembly (1876, "78 and "82), and, by his
clear judgment and incisive powers as a pubUc
speaker, took a high rank as a leader in that
body. Of late years, he has given his attention
solely to the practice of his profession in
Jacksonville.
MORRISON, James Lowery Donaldson, poli-
tician, lawyer and Congressman, was born at Kas-
kaskia. 111., April 12, 1816; at the age of 16 was
appointed a midshipman in the LTnited States
Navy, but leaving the service in 1836, read law
with Judge Nathaniel Pope, and was admitted to
the bar, practicing at Belleville. He was elected
to the lower house of the General Assembly from
St. Clair County, in 1844, and to the State Senate
in 1848, and again in '54. In 18.52 he was an
unsuccessful candidate for the Lieutenant-Gov-
ernorship on the Whig ticket, but. on the disso-
lution of that party, allied himself with the
Democracy, and was, for many years, its leader in
Southern Illinois. In 1855 he was elected to Con-
gress to fill the vacancy caused by the resigna-
tion of Lyman Trumbull, who had been elected to
the United States Senate. In 1860 he was a can-
didate before the Democratic State Convention
for the nomination for Governor, but was defeated
by James C. Allen. After that year lie took no
prominent part in public affairs. At the outbreak
of the Mexican War he was among the first to
raise a company of volunteers, and was commis-
sioned Lieutenant-Colonel of the Second Regiment
(Colonel Bissell's). For gallant services at Buena
Vista, the Legislature presented him with a
sword. He took a prominent part in the incor-
poration of railroads, and, it is claimed, drafted
and introduced in the Legislature the charter of
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
387
the Illinois Central Railroad in 1851. Died, at
St. Louis, Mo., August 14, 1888.
MORRISON, William, pioneer merchant, came
from Philadelphia, Pa., to Kaskaskia, 111., in 1790,
as representative of the mercantile house of
Bryant & Morrison, of Philadelphia, and finally
established an extensive trade throughout the
Mississippi Valley, supplying merchants at St.
Louis, St. Genevieve, Cape Girardeau and New
Madrid. He is also said to have sent an agent
with a stock of goods across the plains, with a
view to opening up trade with the Mexicans at
Santa Fe, about 1804, but was defrauded by the
agent, who appropriated the goods to his own
benefit without accounting to his employer.
He became the principal merchant in the Terri-
torj', doing a thriving business in early days,
when Kaskaskia was the principal supply point
for merchants throughout the valley. He is de-
scribed as a public-spirited, enterprising man, to
whom was due the chief part of the credit for
securing construction of a bridge across the Kas-
kaskia River at the town of that name. He died
at Kaskaskia in 1837, and was buried in the ceme-
tery there. — Robert (Morrison), a brother of the
preceding, came to Kaskaskia in 1793, was
appointed Clerk of the Common Pleas Court in
1801, retaining the position for many years,
besides holding other local offices. He was the
father of Col. James L. D. Morrison, politician
and soldier of the Mexican War, whose sketch is
given elsewhere. — Joseph (Morrison), the oldest
son of William Morrison, went to Ohio, residing
there several years, but finally returned to Prairie
du Rocher, where he died in 1845. — James,
another son, went to Wisconsin ; William located
at Belleville, dying there in 1843; while Lewisj
another son, settled at Covington, Washington
County, 111., where he practiced medicine up to
1851 ; then engaged in mercantile business at
Chester, dying there in 1856.
MORRISON, William Ralls, ex-Congressman.
Interstate Commerce Commissioner, was born,
Sept. 14, 1825, in Monroe County, 111., and edu-
cated at McKendree College ; served as a private
in the Mexican War, at its close studied law, and
was admitted to the bar in 1855; in 1852 was
elected Clerk of the Circuit Court of Monroe
County, but resigned before the close of his term,
accepting the office of Representative in the State
Legislature, to which he was elected in 1854; was
re-elected in 1856, and again in 1858, serving as
Speaker of the House during the session of 1859.
In 1861 he assisted in organizing the Forty -ninth
Regiment Illinois Volunteers and was commis-
sioned Colonel. The regiment was mustered in,
De-i 31, 1861, and took part in the battle of Fort
c^kon in February following, where he was
3 ,ely wounded. While yet in the service, in
18t , he was elected to Congress as a Democrat,
when he resigned his commission, but was de-
feated for re-election, in 1864, by Jehu Baker, as
he was again in 1866. In 1870 he was again
elected to the General Assembly, and, two years
later (1872), returned to Congress from the Belle-
ville District, after which he served in that body,
by successive re-elections, nine terms and until
1887, being for several terms Chairman of the
House Ways and Means Committee and promi-
nent in the tariff legislation of that period. In
March, 1887, President Cleveland appointed him
a member of the first Inter State Commerce Com-
mission for a period of five years ; at the close of
his term he was reappointed, by President Harri-
son, for a full term of six years, serving a part of
the time as President of the Board, and retiring
from office in 1898.
MORRISONVILLE, a town in Christian
County, situated on the Wabash Railway, 40
miles southwest of Decatur and 20 miles north-
northeast of Litchfield. Grain is extensively
raised in the surrounding region, and Morrison-
ville, with its elevator, is an important shipping
point. It also has brick and tile works, two
banks, five churches, graded and high schools,
and a weekly paper. Population (1880), 748;
(1890), 844; (1900), 934.
MORTON, a village of Tazewell County, at the
intersection of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe
and the Terre Haute & Peoria Railroads, 10 miles
northeast of Peoria ; has a bank and a newspaper.
Population (1880), 426; (1890), 657; (1900), 894.
MORTON, Joseph, pioneer farmer and legisla-
tor, was born in Virginia, August 1, 1801 ; came
to Madison County, 111., in 1819, and the follow-
ing year to Morgan County, when he engaged in
farming in the vicinity of Jacksonville. He
served as a member of the House in the Tenth
and Fifteenth General Assemblies, and as Senator
in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth. He was a
Democrat in politics, but, on questions of State
and local policy, was non-partisan, faithfully
representing the interests of his constituents..
Died, at his home near Jacksonville, March 2, 1881.,
MOSES, Adolph, lawyer, was born in Speyer,.
Germany, Feb. 27, 1837, and, until fifteen years
of age, was educated in the public and Latin
schools of his native country ; in the latter part
of 1852, came to America, locating in New
Orleans, and, for some years, being a law student
388
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
in Louisiana University, under the preceptorsliip
of Randall Hunt and other eminent lawyers of
that State. In the early daj'S of the Civil War
he espoused the cause of the Confederacy, serving
some two years as an officer of the Twenty-first
Louisiana Regiment. Coming north at the expi-
ration of this period, he resided for a time in
Quincy, 111., but, in 1869, removed to Chicago,
where he took a place in the front rank at the
bar, and where he has resided ever since.
Although in sympathy with the general princi-
ples of the Democratic part}'. Judge Moses is an
independent voter, as shown by the fact that he
voted for General Grant for President in 1868,
and sujDported the leading measures of the Repub-
lican party in 1896. He is the editor and pub-
lisher of "The National Corporation Reporter,"
established in 1890, and which is devoted to the
interests of business corporations.
MOSES, John, lawyer and author, was born at
Niagara Falls, Canada, Sept. 18, 183.5; came to
Illinois in 1837, his family locating first at Naples,
Scott County. He pursued the vocation of a
teacher for a time, studied law, was elected Clerk
of the Circuit Court for Scott County in 1856, and
served as County Judge from 1857 to 1861. The
latter year he became the private secretary of
Governor Yates, serving until 1863, during that
period assisting in the organization of seventy-
seven regiments of Illinois Volunteers. While
serving in this capacity, in company with Gov-
ernor Yates, he attended the famous conference
of loyal Governors, held at Altoona, Pa., in Sep-
tember, 1862, and afterwards accompanied the
Governors in their call upon President Lincoln, a
few days after the issue of the preliminary proc-
lamation of emancipation. Having received the
appointment, from President Lincoln, of Assessor
of Internal Revenue for the Tenth Illinois Dis-
trict, he resigned the position of private secretary
to Governor Yates. In 1874 he was chosen
Representative in the Twenty-ninth General
Assembly for the District composed of Scott,
Pike and Calhoun Counties ; served as a delegate
to the National Republican Convention at Phila-
delphia, in 1872, and as Secretary of the Board of
Railroad and Warehouse Commissioners for
three years (1880-83). He was then appointed
Special Agent of the Treasury Department, and
assigned to duty in connection with the customs
revenue at Chicago. In 1887 he was chosen Sec-
retary of the Chicago Historical Society, serving
until 1893. Wliile connected with the Chicago
Historical Library he brought out the most com-
plete History of Illinois yet published, in two
volumes, and also, in connection with the late
Major Kirkland, edited a History of Chicago in
two large volumes. Other literary work done by
Judge Moses, includes "Personal Recollections of
Abraham Lincoln" and "Richard Yates, the
War Governor of Illinois, " in the form of lectures
or addresses. Died in Chicago, July 3, 1898.
MOULTON, Samuel W., lawyer and Congress-
man, was born at Wenham, Mass., Jan. 20, 1822,
where he was educated in the public schools.
After spending some years in the South, he
removed to Illinois (1845), where he studied law,
and was admitted to the bar. commencing prac-
tice at Shelbyville. From 1852 to 1859 he was a
member of the lower house of the General Assem-
bly; in 1857, was a Presidential Elector on the
Buchanan ticket, and was President of the State
Board of Education from 1859 to 1876. In 1864
he was elected, as a Republican, Representative in
Congress for the State-at-large, being elected
again, as a Democrat, from the Shelbyville Dis-
trict, in 1880 and '82. During the past few j-ears
(including the campaign of 1896) Mr. Moulton
has acted in cooperation with the Republican
party.
MOULTRIE COUNTY, a comparatively smaU
county in the eastern section of the middle tier of
the State — named for a revolutionary hero. Area,
340 square miles, and population (by the census
of 1900), 15,224. Moultrie was one of the early
"stamping grounds" of the Kickapoos. who were
always friendly to English-speaking settlers. The
earliest immigrants were from the Southwest,
but arrivals from Northern States soon followed.
County organization was effected in 1848. both
Shelby and Macon Counties surrendering a portion
of territory. A vein of good bituminous coal
underlies the county, but agriculture is the more
important industry. Sullivan is the county-seat,
selected in 1845. In 1890 its population was about
1,700. Hon. Richard J. Oglesby (former Gover-
nor, Senator and a Major-General in the Civil
War) began the practice of law here.
MOUXD-BUILDEES, WORKS OF THE. One
of the most conclusive evidences that the Mis-
sissippi Valley was once occupied by a people
different in customs, character and civilization
from the Indians found occupying the soil when
the first white explorers visited it. is the exist-
ence of certain artificial mounds and earthworks,
of the origin and purposes of which the Indians
seemed to have no knowledge or tradition. These
works extend tliroughout the valley from the
Allegheny to the Rocky Mountains, being much
more numerous, however, in some portions than
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
389
in others, and also varying greatly in form. This
fact, with the remains found in some of them, has
teen regarded as evidence that the purposes of
their construction were widely variant. They
have consequently been classified by archeeolo-
gists as sepulchral, religious, or defensive, while
some seem to have had a purpose of which
writers on the subject are unable to form any
satisfactory conception, and which are, therefore,
still regarded as an unsolved mj-ster}'. Some of
the most elaborate of these works are found along
the eastern border of the Mississippi Valley,
especially in Ohio ; and the fact that they appear
to belong to the defensive class, has led to the
conclusion that this region was occupied by a race
practically homogeneous, and that these works
were designed to prevent the encroachment of
hostile races from beyond the Alleghenies. Illi-
nois being in the center of the valley, compara-
tively few of these defensive works are found
here, those of this character which do exist being
referred to a different era and race. (See Forti-
fications, Prehistoric.) While these works are
numerous in some portions of Illinois, their form
and structure give evidence that they were
erected by a peaceful people, however bloody
may have been some of the rites performed on
those designed for a religious purpose. Their
numbers also imply a dense population. This is
especially true of that portion of the American
Bottom opposite the city of St. Louis, which is
the seat of the most remarkable gi'oup of earth
works of this character on the continent. The
central, or principal structure of this group, is
known, locally, as the great "Cahokia Mound,"
being situated near the creek of that name which
empties into the Mississippi just below the city
of East St. Louis. It is also called "Monks'
Mound," from the fact that it was occupied early
in the present century by a community of Monks
of La Trappe, a portion of whom succumbed to
the malarial influences of the climate, while the
survivors returned to the original seat of their
order. This mound, from its form and com-
manding size, has been supposed to belong to the
class called "temple mounds," and has been de-
scribed as "the monarch of all similar structui-es"
and the "best representative of its class in North
America." The late William McAdams, of
Alton, who surveyed this group some years since,
in his "Records of Ancient Races," gives the fol-
lowing description of this principal structure :
"In the center of a great mass of mounds and
earth-works there stands a mighty pyramid
whose base covers nearly sixteen acres of ground.
It is not exactly square, being a parallelogram a
Little longer north and south than east and west.
Some thirty feet above the base, on the south side,
is an apron or terrace, on whicli now grows an
orchard of considerable size. This terrace is
approached from the plain by a graded roadway.
Thirty feet above this terrace, and on the west
side, is another much smaller, on which are now
growing some forest trees. The top, which con-
tains an acre and a half, is divided into two
nearly equal parts, tlie northern part being four
or five feet the higher. . . . On the north,
east and south, the structure still retains its
straight side, that probably has changed but little
since the settlement of the country by white
men, but remains in appearance to-day the same
as centuries ago. The west side of the pyramid,
however, has its base somewhat serrated and
seamed by ravines, evidently made by rainstorms
and the elements. From the second terrace a
well, eighty feet in depth, penetrates the base of
the structure, which is plainly seen to be ahnost
wholly composed of the black, sticky soil of the
surrounding plain. It is not an oval or conical
mound or hill, but a pyramid with straight
sides." The approximate height of this mound
is ninety feet. When first seen by white men,
this was surmounted by a small conical mound
some ten feet in height, from which human
remains and various relics were taken while
being leveled for the site of a house. Messrs.
Squier and Davis, in their report on "Ancient
Monuments of the Mississippi Valley, ' ' published
by the Smithsonian Institute (1848), estimate tlie
contents of the structure at 20,000,000 cubic feet.
A Mr. Breckenridge, %vho visited these moimds
in 1811 and pubhshed a description of them, esti-
mates that the construction of this principal
mound must have required the work of thousands
of laborers and years of time. The upper terrace,
at the time of his visit, was occupied by the
Trappists as a kitchen garden, and the top of the
structure was sown in wheat. He also found
numerous fragments of flint and earthern ves-
sels, and concludes that "a populous city once
existed here, similar to those of Mexico described
by the first conquerors. The mounds were sites
of temples or monuments to great men." Accord-
ing to Mr. McAdams, there are seventy-two
mounds of considerable size within two miles of
the main structure, the group extending to the
mouth of the Cahokia and embracing over one
hundred in all. Most of these are square, rang-
ing from twenty to fifty feet in height, a few are
oval and one or two conical. Scattered among
390
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
the mounds are also a number of small lakes,
evidently of artificial origin. From the fact
that there were a number of conspicuous
mounds on the Missouri side of the river,
on the present site of the city of St. Louis
and its environs, it is believed that they all
belonged to the same system and had a common
purpose; the Cahokia Mound, from its superior
size, being the center of the group — and probably
used for sacrificial purposes. The whole number
of the.se structures in the American Bottom,
whose outlines were still visible a few years ago,
was estimated by Dr. J. W. Foster at nearly two
hundred, and the presence of so large a ntmiber
in close proximitj', has been accepted as evidence
of a large population in the immediate vicinity.
Mr. McAdams reports the finding of numerous
specimens of pottery and artificial ornaments and
implements in the Cahokia mounds and in caves
and mounds between Alton and the mouth of the
Illinois River, as well as on the latter some
twenty-five miles from its mouth. Among the
relics found in the Illinois River mounds was a
burial vase, and Mr. McAdams says that, in
thirty years, he has unearthed more than a
thousantl of these, many of which closely
resemble those found in the mounds of Europe.
Dr. Foster also makes mention of an ancient
cemetery near Chester, in which "each grave,
when explored, is found to contain a cist enclos-
ing a skeleton, for the most part far gone in
decay. These cists are built up and covered with
slabs of limestone, which here abound. " — Another
noteworthy group of mounds — though far inferior
to the Cahokia group — exists near Hutsonville in
Crawford County. As described in the State
Geological Survey, this group consists of fifty-
five elevations, irregularly dispersed over an area
of 1,000 by 1,400 to 1,.500 feet, and varying from
fourteen to fifty feet in diameter, the larger ones
having a height of five to eight feet. From their
form and arrangement these are believed to have
been mounds of habitation. In the southern por-
tion of this group are four mounds of peculiar
construction and larger size, each surrounded
by a low ridge or earthwork, with openings facing
towards each other, indicating that they were
defense-works. The location of this group — a
few miles from a prehistoric fortification at
Merom, on the Indiana side of the Wabash, to
which the name of "Fort Azatlan" has been
given — induces the belief that the two groups,
like those in the American Bottom and at St.
Louis, were parts of the same system. — Professor
Engelman, in the part of the State Geological
Survey devoted to Massac County, alludes to a
remarkable group of earthworks in the Black
Bend of the Ohio, as an "extensive" system of
"fortifications and mounds which probably
belong to the same class as those in the Missis-
sippi Bottom opposite St. Louis and at other
points farther up the Ohio." In the report of
Government survey by Dan W. Beckwith, in 1834,
mention is made of a very large mound on the
Kankakee River, near the mouth of Rock Creek,
now a part of Kankakee County. This had a
base diameter of about 100 feet, with a height of
twenty feet, and contained the remains of a
large number of Indians killed in a celebrated
battle, in which the Illinois and Chippewas, and
the Delawares and Shawnees took part. Near
by were two other mounds, said to contain the
remains of the chiefs of the two parties. In this
case, mounds of prehistoric origin had probably
been utilized as burial places by the aborigines at
a comparatively recent period. Related to the
Kankakee mounds, in location if not in period of
construction, is a group of nineteen in number on
the site of the present city of Morris, in Grundy
County. Within a circuit of three miles of
Ottawa it has been estimated that there were
3,000 mounds — though many of these are believed
to have been of Indian origin. Indeed, the whole
Illinois Valley is full of these silent monuments
of a prehistoric age, but they are not generally of
the conspicuous character of those found in the
vicinity of St. Louis and attributed to the Mound
Builders. — A very large and numerous group of
these monuments exists along the bluffs of the
Mississippi River, in the western part of Rock
Island and Mercer Counties, chiefly between
Drury's Landing and New Boston. Mr. J. E.
Stevenson, in "The American Antiquarian," a
few years ago, estimated that there were 2. .500 of
these within a circuit of fifty miles, located in
groups of two or three to 100, varying in diameter
from fifteen to 150 feet, with an elevation of two
to fifteen feet. There are also numerous burial
and sacrificial mounds in the vicinity of Chilli-
cothe, on the Illinois River, in the northeastern
part of Peoria County. — There are but few speci-
mens of the animal or effigy mounds, of which so
many exist in Wisconsin, to be found in Illinois;
and the fact that these are found chiefly on Rock
River, leaves no doubt of a common origin with
the Wisconsin groups. The most remarkable of
these is the celebrated "Turtle Mound," within
the present limits of the cit}' of Rockford — though
some regard it as having more resemblance to an
alligator. This figure, which is maintained in a
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
391
good state of preservation by the citizens, has an
extreme length of about 150 feet, by fifty in
width at the front legs and thirty-nine at the
hind legs, and an elevation equal to the height
of a man. There are some smaller mounds in
the vicinity, and some bird effigies on Rock River
some six miles below Rockford. There is also an
animal effigy near the village of Hanover, in Jo
Daviess County, with a considerable group of
round mounds and embankments in the immedi-
ate vicinity, besides a smaller effigy of a similar
character on the north side of the Pecatonica in
Stephenson County, some ten miles east of Free-
port. The Rock River region seems to have been
a favorite field for the operations of the mound-
builders, as shown by the number and variety of
these structures, extending from Sterling, in
Whiteside County, to the Wisconsin State line. A
large number of these were to be found in the
vicinity of the Kishwaukee River in the south-
eastern part of Winnebago County. The famous
prehistoric fortification on Rock River, just
beyond the Wisconsin boundary — which seems to
have been a sort of counterpart of the ancient
Fort Azatlan on the Indiana side of the Wabash
— appears to have had a close relation to the
works of the mound-builders on the same stream
in Illinois.
MOUND CITY, the county-seat of Pulaski
County, on the Ohio River, seven miles north of
Cairo. The Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St.
Louis Railroad passes through the town. The
chief industries are lumbering and ship-building,
although manufacturing is carried on to some
extent. One of the United States National Ceme-
teries is located here. The town has a bank and
two weekly papers. Population (1880), 2,222;
(1890), 2M0; (1900), 2,705.
MOUNT CARMEL, a city and the county-seat
of Wabash County, is the point of junction for
two lines of railway, 132 miles northeast of Cairo,
and 24 miles southwest of Vincennes, Ind. ; situ-
ated on the Wabash River, which supplies good
water-power for saw mills, flouring mills, etc. It
is on the line of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chi-
cago & St. Louis Railroad. The town has two
weekly newspapers. Agriculture and lumbering
are the principal pursuits of the people of the
surrounding district. Population (1880;, 2,047;
(1890), 3,376; (1900), 4,311.
MOUNT CARROLL, the county-seat of Carroll
County, an incorporated city, founded in 1843;
is 128 miles southwest of Chicago, on the Chi-
cago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad. Farming,
stock-raising and mining are the principal indus-
tries. It has five churches, excellent schools,
good libraries, one weekly and two semi-weekly
newspapers. Population (1890), 1,836; (1900), 1,965.
MOUNT CARROLL SEMINARY, a young
ladies' seminary, located at Mount Carroll, Carroll
County; incorporated in 1852; had a faculty of
thirteen members in 1896, with 126 pupils, prop-
erty valued at §100,000, and a library of 5,000
volumes.
MOUNT MORRIS, a town in Ogle County, situ-
ated on the Chicago & Iowa Railroad, 108 miles
west by north from Chicago, and 24 miles south-
west of Rockford. It is noted as the seat of the
Rock River Seminary and Collegiate Institute, a
flourishing school with handsome stone buildings.
The town has three churches and three weekly
newspapers. Population (1890), 895; (1900), 1,048.
MOUNT OLIYE, a village of Macoupin County,
on the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis and the
Wabash Railways, 68 miles southwest; of Decatur ;
in a rich agricultural and coal-mining region.
Population (1880), 709; (1890), 1,986 ;( 1900), 2,93.5.
MOUNT PULASKI, a village and railroad junc-
tion in Logan County, 21 miles northwest of
Decatur and 24 miles northeast of Springfield.
Agriculture, coal-mining and stock-raising are
leading industries. It is also an important ship-
ping point for grain, and contains several
elevators and flouring mills. Population (1880),
1,125; (1890), 1,3.57; (1900), 1,643.
MOUNT STERLING, a town, the county-seat
of Brown County, midway between Quincy and
Jacksonville, on the Wabash Railway. It is sur-
rounded by a rich farming country, and has
extensive deposits of clay and coal. It contains
six churches and three schools (one large public,
and two parochial). The town is lighted by
electricity and has pubHc water- works. Wagons,
brick, tile and earthenware are manufactured
here, and three weekly newspapers published.
Population (1880), 1,445; (1890), 1,6.55; (1900),
1,960.
MOUNT VERNON, a city and county-seat of
Jefferson County, is situated on the St. Louis &
Southeastern Railroad, 77 miles east-southeast of
St. Louis, and about 20 miles southeast of Cen-
tralia. It contains the court house, where are
held the sessions of the Appellate Court for the
Southern Grand Division. There are railroad
machine shops here, besides steam flour, saw and
woolen mills. It is the point of junction for four
lines of railroad. The city has four churches,
two banks and three newspapers — two being
issued daily. Population (1880), 2,324; (1890),
3,233; (1900), 5,316.
392
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
MOUXT VERXON & GRATTILLE RAILROAD.
(See Peoria. Decatur & Evansville Railway.)
MOWEAQUA, a village of Shelby Count}-, on
the Illinois Central Railroad, 16 miles south of
Decatur ; has banks and two newspapers, and is
the center of a rich agricultural and stock-raising
section. Population (1890), 848: (1900), 1,478.
MUDD, (Col.) John J., soldier, was born in
St. Charles County, Mo., Jan. 9, 1820; his father
having died in 1833, his mother removed to Pike
County. 111. , to free her children from the influ-
ence of slavery. In 1849, and again in 18.50, he
made the overland journey to California, each
time returning by the Isthmus, his last visit ex-
tending into 18.51. In 1854 he engaged in the
commission business in St. Louis, as head of the
firm of Mudd & Hughes, but failed in the crash
of 1857; then removed to Chicago, and, in 1861,
was again in prosperous business. While on a
business visit in New Orleans, in December, 1860,
he had an opportunity of learning the growing
spirit of secession, being advised by friends to
leave the St. Charles Hotel in order to escape a
mob. In September, 1861, he entered the army
as Major of the Second Illinois Cavalry (Col.
Silas Noble), and, in the next few months, was
stationed successively at Cairo, Bird's Point and
Paducah, Ky., and, in February, 1862, led the
advance of General JlcClernand's division in the
attack on Fort Donelson. Here he was severely
wounded ; but, after a few weeks in hospital at St.
Louis, was sufficiently recovered to rejoin his
regiment soon after the battle of Shiloh. Unable
to perform cavalry duty, he was attached to the
staff of General McClernand during the advance
on Corinth, but, in October following, at the head
of 400 men of his regiment, was transferred to
the command of General McPherson. Early in
1863 he was promoted Lieutenant-Colonel, and
soon after to a colonelcy, taking part in the
movement against Vicksburg. June 13, he was
again severely wounded, but, a few weeks later,
■was on duty at New Orleans, and subsequently
participated in the operations in Southwestern
Louisiana and Texas. On May 1, 1864, he left
Baton Rouge for Alexandria, as Chief of Staff to
General McClernand, but two days later, while
approaching Alexandria on board the steamer,
was shot through the head and instantly killed.
He was a gallant soldier and greatly beloved by
his troops.
MULBERRY GROTE, a village of Bond County,
on the Terre Haute & Indianapolis Railroad, 10
miles southwest of Vandalia; has a local news-
paper. Population (1890), 750; (1900), 632.
MULLIGAN, James A., soldier, was bom of
Irish parentage at Utica, N. Y., June 25, 1830; in
1836 accompanied his parents to Chicago, and,
after graduating from the Universitj' of St.
Mary's of the Lake, in 18.50, began the study of
law. In ISol he accompanied John Lloyd Ste-
phens on his expedition to Panama, and on his
return resumed his professional studies, at the
same time editing "The Western Tablet," a
weekly Catholic paper. At the outbreak of the
Rebellion he recruited, and was made Colonel of
the Twenty-third Illinois Regiment, known as
the Irish Brigade. He served with great gallan-
try, first in the West and later in the East, being
severely wounded and twice captured. He
declined a Brigadier-Generalship, preferring to
remain with his regiment. He was fatally
wounded during a charge at the battle of Win-
chester. While being carried off the field he
noticed that the colors of his brigade were en-
dangered. "Lay me down and save the flag," he
ordered. His men hesitated, but he repeated the
command until it was obeyed. Before they
returned he had been borne away by the enemy,
and died a prisoner, at Winchester, Ta., July 26,
1864.
MUXN, Daniel Vf., lawyer and soldier, was
born in Orange County, Vt., in 1834; graduated
at Thetford Academy in 1852, when he taught
two years, meanwhile beginning the study of
law. Removing to Coles County, 111., in 1855, he
resumed his law studies, was admitted to the bar
in 1858, and began practice at Hillsboro, Mont-
gomery County. In 1862 he joined the One
Hundred and Twenty-sixth Regiment Illinois
Volunteers, with the rank of Adjutant, but the
following year was appointed Colonel of the First
Alabama Cavalry. Compelled to retire from the
service on account of declining health, he re-
turned to Cairo, 111., where he became editor of
"The Daily News"; in 1866 was elected to the
State Senate, serving four years; served as Presi-
dential Elector in 1868 ; was the Republican nomi-
nee for Congress in 1870, and the following year
was appointed by President Grant Supervisor of
Internal Revenue for the District including the
States of Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin.
Removing to Chicago, he began practice there in
1875, in which he has since been engaged. He
has been prominently connected with a number
of important cases before the Chicago courts.
MU>'>', Sylvester W., lawyer, soldier and legis-
lator, was born about 1818, and came from Ohio
at thirty years of age, settling at Wilmington,
Will County, afterwards removing to Joliet,
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
393
where he practiced law. During the War he
served as Major of the Yates Phalanx (Thirty-
ninth Illinois Volunteers) ; later, was State's
Attorney for Will County and State Senator in
the Thirty-first and Thirty-second General
Assemblies. Died, at Joliet, Sept. 11, 1888. He
was a member of the Illinois State Bar Associ-
ation from its organization.
MURPHY, Everett J., ex-Member of Con-
gress, was born in Nashville, 111., July 24, 1852;
in early youth removed to Sparta, where he was
educated in the high schools of that place ; at the
age of foui'teen he became clerk in a store; in
1877 was elected City Clerk of Sparta, but the
next year resigned to become Deputy Circuit
Clerk at Chester, remaining until 1882, when he
was elected Sheriff of Randolph County. In
1886 he was chosen a Representative in the Gen-
eral Assembly, and, in 1889, was appointed, by
Governor Fifer, Warden of the Southern Illinois
Penitentiary at Chester, but retired from this
position in 1892, and removed to East St. Louis.
Two years later he was elected as a Republican
to the Fifty-fourth Congress for the Twenty-first
District, but was defeated for re-election by a
small majority in 1896, by Jehu Baker, Democrat
and Populist. In 1899 Mr. Murphy was appointed
Warden of the State Penitentiary at Joliet, to
succeed Col. R. W. McClaughry.
MURPHTSBORO, a city, the county-seat of
Jackson County, situated on the Big Muddy
River and the Illinois Division of the Mobile &
Ohio Railroad, and distant about a mile north of
the line of the Grand Tower & Carbondale Rail-
road. It is 57 miles north of Cairo and 90 miles
south-southeast of St. Louis. Coal of a superior
quality for coking purposes is extensively mined
in the vicinity, and the city has a foundry,
machine shops, flour and saw-mills, etc. There
are also four churches, three daily and weekly
newspapers, banks and a flourishing Collegiate In-
stitute. Population (1890), 3,880; (1900), 6,463.
MURPHTSBORO & SHAWNEETOWN RAIL.
ROAD. (See Carbondale & Shawneetoum. St.
Louis Southern and St. Louis, Alton & Terre
Haute Railroads.)
NAPERVILLE, a city of Du Page County, on
the west branch of the Du Page River and on the
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 30 miles
west-southwest of Chicago, and 9 miles east of
Aurora. It has a bank, a weekly newspaper, and
several churches; is also the seat of the North-
western College, an institution founded in 1861 by
the Evangelical Association. A normal school (a
department of the college) is also located here.
Population (1890), 2,216; (1900), 2,629.
NAPLES, a town of Scott County, on the Illi-
nois River and the Hannibal and Naples branch
of the Wabash Railway, 21 miles west of Jackson-
ville. Population (1890), 452; (1900), 398.
NASHVILLE, an incorporated city, the county-
seat of Washington County, on the Centralia &
Chester and the Louisville & Nashville Railways ;
is 120 miles south of Springfield and 50 miles east
by south from St. Louis. It stands in a coal-pro-
ducing and rich agricultural region. There are
two coal mines within the corporate limits, and
three large flouring mills do a considerable busi-
ness. There are numerous churches, public
schools, including a high school, a State bank,
and four weekly papers. Popvdation (1880), 2,222;
(1890), 2,084; (1900), 2,184.
NAUVOO, a city in Hancock County, at the
head of the Lower Rapids on the Mississippi,
between Fort Madison and Keokuk, Iowa. It
was founded by the Mormons in 1840, and its
early growth was rapid. After the expulsion of
the "Saints" in 1846, it was settled by a colony of
French Icarians, who introduced the culture of
grapes on a large scale. They were a sort of
communistic order, but their experiment did not
prove a success, and in a few years they gave
place to another class, the majority of the popu-
lation now being of German extraction. The
chief industries are agriculture and horticulture.
Large quantities of grapes and strawberries are
raised and shipped, and considerable native wine
is produced. Population (1880), 1,402; (1890),
1,208; (per census 1900), 1,321. (See also 3Ior-
mons.)
NAVIGABLE STREAMS (by Statute). Fol-
lowing the example of the French explorers, who
chiefly followed the waterways in their early
explorations, the early permanent settlers of Illi-
nois, not only settled, to a great extent, on the
principal streams, but later took especial pains to
maintain their navigable character by statute.
This was, of course, partly due to the absence of
improved highways, but also to the belief that,
as the country developed, the streams would
become extremely valuable, if not indispensable,
especially in the transportation of heavy commod-
ities. Accordingly, for the first quarter century
after the organization of the State Government,
one of the questions receiving tlie attention of
the Legislature, at almost every session, was the
enactment of laws afl^rming the navigability of
certain streams now regarded as of little impor-
tance, or utterly insignificant, as channels of
394
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS,
transportation. Legislation of this character
began with the first General Assembly (1819),
and continued, at intervals, with reference to
one or two of the more important interior rivers
of the State, as late as 1867. Besides the Illinois
and Wabash, still recognized as navigable
streams, the following were made the subject of
legislation of this character : Beaucoup Creek, a
branch of the Big Muddy, in Perry and Jackson
Counties (law of 1819): Big Bay, a tributary of
the Ohio in Pope County (Acts of 1833); Big
Muddy, to the junction of the East and West
Forks in Jefferson County (1835), with various
subsequent amendments ; Big Vermilion, declared
navigable (1831); Bon Pas, a branch of the
Wabash, between Wabash and Edwards Coun-
ties (1831) ; Cache River, to main fork in Johnson
County (1819); Des Plaines, declared navigable
(1839); Embarras (1831), with various subsequent
acts in reference to improvement; Fox River,
declared navigable to the Wisconsin line (1840),
and Fox River Navigation Company, incorpo-
rated (1855) ; Kankakee and Iroquois Navigation
& Manufacturing Company, incorporated (1847),
with various changes and amendments (1851-65) ;
Kaskaskia (or Okaw), declared navigable to a
point in Fayette County north of Vandalia (1819),
with various modifying acts (1833-67) ; Macoupin
Creek, to Carrollton and Alton road (1837);
Piasa, declared navigable in Jersey and Madison
Counties (1861); Rock River Navigation Com-
pan}', incorporated (1841), with subsequent acts
(1845-67) ; Sangamon River, declared navigable
to Third Principal Meridian — east line of Sanga-
mon County — (1833), and the North Fork of same
to Champaign County (1845); Sny-Carty (a bayou
of the Mississippi), declared navigable in Pike
and Adams Counties (1859) ; Spoon River, navi-
gable to Cameron's mill in Fulton County (1885),
with various modifying acts (1845-53); Little
Wabash Navigation Company, incorporated
and river declared navigable to MoCawley's
bridge — probably in Clay County — (1836), with
various subsequent acts making appropriations
for its improvement; Skillet Fork (a branch
of the Little Wabash), declared navigable
to Slocum's Mill in Marion County (1837), and
to Ridgway Mills (1846). Other acts passed at
various times declared a number of unim-
portant streams navigable, including Big Creek
in Fulton County, Crooked Creek in Schuyler
County, Lusk's Creek in Pope County, McKee's
Creek in Pike County, Seven Mile Creek in Ogle
County, besides a number of others" of similar
character.
NEALE, THOMAS M., pioneer lawyer, was
born in Fauquier County, Va., 1796; while j-et a
child removed with his parents to Bowling Green,
Ky., and became a common soldier in the War of
1813; came to Springfield, 111., in 1834, and began
the practice of law ; served as Colonel of a regi-
ment raised in Sangamon and Morgan Counties
for the Winnebago War (1837), and afterwards as
Surveyor of Sangamon County, appointing
Abraham Lincoln as his deputy. He also served
as a Justice of the Peace, for a number of years,
at Springfield. Died, August 7, 1840.
NEECE, William H., ex-Congressman, was
born, Feb. 26, 1831, in what is now a part of
Logan County, 111. , but which was then within the
limits of Sangamon ; was reared on a farm and
attended the public schools in McDonough
County; studied law and was admitted to the
bar in 1858, and has been ever since engaged in
practice. His political career began in 1861,
when he was chosen a member of the City Coun.
cil of Macomb. In 1864 he was elected to the
Legislature, and, in 1869, a member of the Con-
stitutional Convention. In 1871 he was again
elected to the lower house of the General Assem-
bly, and, in 1878, to the State Senate. From 1883
to 1887 he represented the Eleventh Illinois Dis-
trict in Congress, as a Democrat, but was defeated
for re-election in 1890 by William H. Gest,
Republican.
NEGROES. (See Slavery and Slave Laws.)
NEOGA, a village of Cumberland County, at the
intersection of the Illinois Central and the Toledo,
St. Louis & Kansas City Railways, 10 miles south-
west of Charleston ; has a bank, two newspapers,
some manufactories, and ships considerable grain
and live-stock. Population (1890). 829; (1900), 1,126.
NEPOJiSET, a village and station on the Chi-
cago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, in Bureau
County, 4 miles southwest of Mendota. Popula-
tion (1880), 052; (1890), 543; (1900), 516.
NEW ALBANY & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY.
(See LmdsviUe, Evansville <fc St. Louis (Consoli-
dated) Railroad.)
NEW ATHENS, a village of St. Clair County,
on the St. Louis & Cairo "Short Line" (now Illi-
nois Central) Railroad, at the crossing of the Kas-
kaskia River, 31 miles southeast of St. Louis ; has
one newspaper and considerable grain trade.
Population (1880), 603; (1890), 624; (1900), 856.
NEW BERLIN, a village of Sangamon County,
on the Wabash Railway, 17 miles west of Spring-
field. Population (1880), 403; (1900), 533.
NEWBERRY LIBRARY, a large reference li-
brary, located in Chicago, endowed by Walter L.
Art Institute,
T'liMic Lilirai-v.
Aniioiir Inslitutf.
PUBLIC Bni.DINCS.
Court-House.
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
39J
Newberry, an early business man of Chicago, who
left half of his estate (aggregating over §2,000,000)
for the purpose. The property bequeathed was
largely in real estate, which has since greatly in-
creased in value. The library was established in
temporary quarters in 1887, and the first section
of a permanent building was opened in the
autumn of 1893. By that time there had been
accumulated about 160,000 books and pamphlets.
A collection of nearly fifty portraits — chiefly of
eminent Americans, including many citizens of
Chicago — was presented to the library by G. P. A.
Healy, a distinguished artist, since deceased.
The site of the building occupies an entire block,
and the original design contemplates a handsome
front on each of the four streets, with a large
rectangular court in the center. The section
already completed is massive and imposing, and
its interior is admirably adapted to the purposes
of a library, and at the same time rich and
beautiful. When completed, the building will
have a capacity for four to six million volumes.
NEWBERRY, Walter C, ex-Congressman, was
born at Sangerfield, Oneida County, N. Y., Dec.
23, 1835. Early in the Civil War he enlisted as a
private, and rose, step by step, to a colonelcy, and
was mustered out as Brevet Brigadier-General.
In 1890 he was elected, as a Democrat, to represent
the Fourth Illinois District in the Fifty-second
Congress (1891-93). His home is in Chicago.
NEWBERRY, Walter L., raercliant, banker and
philanthropist, was born at East Windsor, Conn.,
Sept. 18, 1804, descended from English ancestry.
He was President Jackson's personal appointee
to the United States Military Academy at West
Point, but was prevented from taking the exami-
nation by sickness. Subsequently he embarked in
business at Buffalo, N. Y., going to Detroit in
1838, and settling at Chicago in 1833. After
engaging in general merchandising for several
years, he turned his attention to banking, in
which he accumulated a large fortune. He was
a prominent and influential citizen, serving
several terms as President of the Board of Edu-
cation, and being, for six years, the President of
the Chicago Historical Society. He died at sea,
Nov. 6, 1868, leaving a large estate, one-half of
which he devoted, by will, to the founding of a
free reference library in Chicago. (See Neivberry
Library. )
NEW BOSTON, a city of Mercer County, on
the Mississippi River, at the western terminus of
the Galva and New Boston Division of the Chi-
cago, Burlington & Quincy Railway. Population
<1890), 445; (1900), 703.
NEW BRIGHTON, a village of St. Clair County
and suburb of East St. Louis. Population (1890),
868.
NEW BURNSIDE, a village of Johnson County,
on the Cairo Division of the Cleveland, Cincin-
nati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, 53 miles
northeast of Cairo. Population (1880), 650;
(1890), 596; (1900), 468.
NEW DOUGLAS, a village in Madison County,
on the Toledo, St. Louis & Kansas City Railroad ;
is the center of a rich farming region ; has one
newispaper. Population (1880), 400; (1900), 469.
NEWELL, John, Railway President, was born
at West Newbury, Mass., March 31, 1830, being
directly descended from "Pilgrim" stock. At
the age of 16 he entered the employment of the
Cheshire Railroad in New Hampshire. Eighteen
months later he was appointed an assistant engi-
neer on the Vermont Central Railroad, and placed
in charge of the construction of a IQ-mile section
of the line. His promotion was rapid, and, in
1850, he accepted a responsible position on the
Champlain & St. Lawrence Railroad. From 1850
to 1856 he was engaged in making surveys for
roads in Kentucky and New York, and, during
the latter year, held the position of engineer of
the Cairo City Company, of Cairo, 111. In 1857 he
entered the service of the Illinois Central Rail-
road Company, as Division Engineer, where his
remarkable success attracted the attention of the
owners of the old Winona & St. Peter Railroad
(now a part of the Chicago & Northwestern
system), who tendered him the presidency. This
he accepted, but, in 1864, was made President of
the Cleveland & Toledo Railroad. Four years
later, he accepted the position of General Superin-
tendent and Chief Engineer of the New York
Central Railroad, but resigned, in 1869, to become
Vice-President of the Illinois Central Railroad.
In 1871 he was elevated to the presidency, but
retired in September, 1874, to accept the position
of General Manager of the Lake Shore & Michigan
Southern Railroad, of which he was elected
President, in May, 1883, and continued in ofiice
until the time of his death, which occurred at
Youngstown, Ohio, August 25, 1894.
NEWHALL, (Dr.) Horatio, early physician
and newspaper publisher, came from St. Louis,
Mo., to Galena, 111., in 1837, and engaged in min-
ing and smelting, but abandoned this business,
the following year, for the practice of his profes-
sion ; soon afterward became interested in the
publication of "The Miners' Journal," and still
later in "The Galena Advertiser," with which
Hooper Warren and Dr. Philleo were associated.
396
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
In 1830 he became a Surgeon in the United States
Army, and was stationed at Fort Winnebago,
but retired from the service, in 1833, and returned
to Galena. Wlieu the Black Hawk War broke
out he volunteered his services, and, by order of
General Scott, was placed in charge of a military
hospital at Galena, of whicli he had control until
the close of the war. The difficulties of the posi-
tion were increased by the appearance of the
Asiatic cliolera among the troops, but he seems
to liave discharged his duties with satisfaction
to the military authorities. He enjoyed a wide
reputation for professional ability, and had an
extensive practice. Died, Sept. 19, 1870.
NEWMAN, a village of Douglas County, on the
Indianapolis, Decatur & Western Railway, 53
miles east of Decatur; has a bank, a newspaper
and an important trade in agricultural products
and live-stock. Population (1880), 906; (1890).
990; (1900), 1,106.
NEWSPAPERS, EARLY. The first newspaper
pul)lished in the Northwest Territory, of which
tlie present State of Illinois, at the time, com-
posed a part, was "TheCentinel of the Northwest
Territory," established at Cincinnati by William
Maxwell, the first issue appearing in November,
1793. This was also the first newspaper published
west of tlie Allegheny Mountains. In 179G it was
sold to Edmund Freeman and assumed the name
of "Freeman's Journal." Nathaniel Willis
(grandfatlier of N. P. Willis, the poet) estab-
lislied "The Scioto Gazette," at Chillicothe, in
1790. "Tlie Western Spy and Hamilton Gazette"
was the third paper in Northwest Territory (also
within tlie limits of Ohio), founded in 1799.
Willis's paper became the organ of the Terri-
torial Government on the removal of the capital
to Chillicothe, in 1800.
The first newspaper in Indiana Territory (then
including Illinois) was established by Elihu Stout
at Vincennes, beginning publication, July 4, 1804.
It took the name of "The Western Sun and Gen-
eral Advertiser," but is now known as "The
Western Sun," having had a continuous exist-
ence for ninety-five years.
The first newspaper published in Illinois Terri-
tory was "The Illinois Herald," but, owing to the
absence of early files and other specific records,
the date of its establishment has been involved
in some doubt. Its founder was Matthew Dun-
can (a brother of Joseph Duncan, wlio was after-
wards a member of Congress and Governor of the
State from 1834 to 1838), and its place of pub-
lication Kaskaskia. at that time the Territorial
capital. Duncan, wlio was a native of Kentucky,
brought a press and a primitive printer's outfit
with him from that State. Gov. John Reynolds,
who came as a boy to the "Illinois Country" in
1800, while it was still a part of the "Northwest
Territory," in his "Pioneer History of Illinois,"
has fixed the date of the first issue of this
paper in 1809, the same year in which Illinois
was severed from Indiana Territory and placed
under a separate Territorial Government. There
is good reason, however, for believing that the
Governor was mistaken in this statement. If
Duncan brought his press to Illinois in 1809 —
which is probable — ^it does not seem to have been
employed at once in the publication of a news-
paper, as Hooper Warren (the founder of the
third paper established in Illinois) says it "was
for years only used for the public printing."
The earliest is.sue of "The Illinois Herald" known
to be in existence, is No. 33 of Vol. II, and bears
date, April 18, 1816. Calculating from these
data, if the paper was issued continuously from
its establishment, the date of the first issue would
have been Sept. 0, 1814. Corroborative evidence
of this is found in the fact that "The Slissouri
Gazette," the original of the old "Missouri Repub-
lican" (now "The St. Louis Republic"), which
was established in 1808, makes no mention of the
Kaskaskia paper before 1814, although communi-
cation between Kaskaskia and St. Louis was
most intimate, and tliese two were, for several
j'ears, the only papers published west of Vin-
cennes, Ind.
In Augiist, 1817, "The Herald" was sold to
Daniel P. Cook and Robert Blackwell, and the
name of the paper was changed to "Tlie Illinois
Intelligencer." Cook— who had previously been
Auditor of Public Accounts for the Territory, and
afterwards became a Territorial Circuit Judge,
the first Attorney-General under the new State
Government, and, for eight years, served as the
only Representative in Congress from Illinois—
for a time officiated as editor of "The Intelli-
gencer," while Blackwell (who had succeeded
to the Auditorship) had charge of the publication.
The size of the paper, whicli had been four pages
of three wide columns to the page, was increased,
by the new publishers, to four columns to the
page. On the removal of tlie State capital to
Vandalia, in 1820, "The Intelligencer" was
removed thither also, and continued under its
later name, afterwards becoming, after a change
of management, an opponent of the sclieme for
the calling of a State Convention to revise the
State Constitution with a view to making Illinois
a slave State. (See Slavery and Slave Latvs.)
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
397
The second paper established on Illinois soil
was "The Shawnee Chief," which began publica-
tion at Shawneetown, Sept. 5, 1818, with Henry-
Eddy — who afterwards became a prominent law-
yer of Southern Illinois — as its editor. The name
of "The Chief" was soon afterwards changed to
"The Illinois Emigrant," and some years later,
became "The Shawneetown Gazette." Among
others who were associated with the Shawnee-
town paper, in early days, was James Hall, after-
wards a Circuit Judge and State Treasurer, and,
without doubt, the most prolific and popular
writer of his day in Illinois. Later, he estab-
lished "The Illinois Magazine" at Vandalia, sub-
sequently removed to Cincinnati, and issued under
the name of "The Western Monthly Magazine."
He was also a frequent contributor to other maga-
zines of that period, and author of several vol-
umes, including "Legends of the West" and
"Border Tales." During the contest over the
slavery question, in 1823-24, "The Gazette"
rendered valuable service to the anti-slavery
party by the publication of articles in opposition
to the Convention scheme, from the pen of Morris
Birkbeck and others.
The third Illinois paper— and, in 1823-24, the
strongest and most influential opponent of the
scheme for establishing slavery in Illinois — was
"The Edwardsville Spectator, " which began pub-
lication at Edwardsville, Madison County, May
23, 1819. Hooper Warren was the publislier and
responsible editor, though lie received valuable
aid from the pens of Governor Coles, George
Churchill, Bev. Thomas Lippincott, Judge
Samuel D. Lockwood, Morris Birkbeck and
others. (See Warren, Hooper.) Warren sold
"The Spectator" to Rev. Thomas Lippincott in
1825. and was afterwards associated with papers
at Springfield, Galena, Chicago and elsewhere.
The agitation of the slavery question (in part,
at least) led to the establishment of two new
papers in 1823. The first of these was "The
Republican Advocate," which began publication
at Kaskaskia, in April of that year, under the
management of Elias Kent Kane, then an aspir-
ant to the United States Senatorship. After his
election to that ofiice in 1824, "The Advocate"
passed into the hands of Robert K. Fleming, who,
after a period of suspension, established "The
Kaskaskia Recorder," but, a year or two later,
removed to Vandalia. "The Star of the West"
was established at Edwardsville, as an opponent
of Warren's "Spectator," the first issue making
its appearance, Sept. 14, 1822, with Theophilus W.
Smith, afterwards a Justice of the Supreme
Court, as its reputed editor. A few months later
it passed into new hands, and, in August, 1823,
assumed the name of "The Illinois Republican."
Both "The Republican Advocate" and "The
Illinois Republican" were zealous organs of the
pro-slavery party.
With the settlement of the slavery question in
Illinois, by the election of 1824, Illinois journal-
ism may be said to have entered upon a new era.
At tlie close of this first period there were only
five papers published in the State— all established
within a period of ten years; and one of these
("The Illinois Republican," at Edwardsville)
promptly ceased publication on the settlement of
the slavery question in opposition to the views
which it had advocated. The next period of fif-
teen years (1825-40) was prolific in the establish-
ment of new newspaper ventures, as might be
expected from tlie rapid increase of tlie State in
population, and the development in the art of
printing during the same period. "The Western
Sun," established at Belleville (according to one
report, in December, 1825, and according to
another, in the winter of 1827-28) by Dr. Joseph
Green, appears to have been the first paper pub-
lished in St. Clair County. This was followed
by "The Pioneer," begun, April 25, 1829, at Rock
Spring, St. Clair County, with the indomitable
Dr. John M. Peck, author of "Peck's Gazetteer,"
as its editor. It was removed in 1836 to Upper
Alton, when it took the name of "The Western
Pioneer and Baptist Banner." Previous to this,
however. Hooper Warren, having come into pos-
session of the material upon which he had printed
"Tlie Edwardsville Spectator," removed it to
Springfield, and, in the winter of 1826-27, began
the publication of the first paper at the present
State capital, which he named "The Sangamo
Gazette." It had but a brief existence. During
1830, George Forquer, then Attorney-General of
the State, in conjunction with his half-brother,
Thomas Ford (afterwards Governor) , was engaged
in the publication of a paper called "The Cour-
ier," at Springfield, which was continued only a
short time. The earliest paper north of Spring-
field appears to have been "The Hennepin Jour-
nal," which began publication, Sept. 15, 1827.
"The Sangamo Journal" — now "The Illinois
State Journal," and the oldest paper of continu-
ous existence in the State— was established at
Springfield by Simeon and Josiah Francis (cous-
ins from Connecticut), the first issue bearing
date, Nov. 10, 1831. Before the close of the same
year James G. Edwards, afterwards the founder
of "The BurUngton (Iowa) Hawkeye," began the
398
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
publication of "The Illinois Patriot" at Jackson-
ville. Another paper, established the same j'ear,
was "The Gazette" at Vaudalia, then the State
capital. (See Forquer, George; Ford, lliomas;
Francis, Simeon.)
At this early date the development of the lead
mines about Galena had made that place a center
of great business activity. On July 8, 1828,
James Jones commenced the issue of "The
Miners' Journal, " the first paper at Galena. Jones
died of cholera in 1833, and his paper passed into
other hands. July 20, 1829, "The Galena Adver-
tiser and Upper Mississippi Herald" began pub-
lication, with Drs. Horatio Newhall and Addison
Philleo as editors, and Hooper Warren as pub-
lisher, but appears to have been discontinued
before the expiration of its first year. "The
Galenian" was established as a Democratic paper
by Philleo, in May, 1832. but ceased publication in
September, 1836. "The Nortliwestern Gazette
and Galena Advertiser, " founded in November,
1834, by Loring and Bartlett (the last named
afterwards one of the founders of "The Quincy
Whig"), has had a continuous existence, being
now known as "The Galena Advertiser." Benja-
min Mills, one of the most brilliant lawyers of
his time, was editor of this paper during a part
of the first year of its publication.
Robert K. Fleming, who has already been
mentioned as the successor of Elias Kent Kane
in the publication of "The Republican Advocate, "
at Kaskaskia, later published a paper for a short
time at Vandalia, but, in 1827, removed liis
establishment to Edwardsville, where he began
the publication of "The Corrector." The latter
was continued a little over a year, when it was
suspended. He then resumed the publication of
"The Recorder" at Kaskaskia. In December,
1833. he removed to Belleville and began the pub-
lication of "The St. Clair Gazette," which after-
wards passed, through various changes of owners,
under the names of "The St. Clair Mercury" and
"Representative and Gazette." This was suc-
ceeded, in 1839, by "The Belleville Advocate,"
which has been published continuously to the
present time.
Samuel S. Brooks (the father of Austin Brooks,
afterwards of "The Quincy Herald") at differ-
ent times published papers at various points
in the State. His first enterprise was "The
Crisis" at Edward.sville, which he changed
to "The Illinois Advocate," and, at the close
of his first year, sold out to Judge John
York Sawyer, who united it with "The Western
Plowboy," which he had established a few
months previous. "The Advocate" was removed
to Vandalia, and, on the death of the owner (who
had been appointed State Printer), was consoli-
dated with "The Illinois Register," which had
been established in 1836. The new paper took the
name of "The Illinois Register and People's
Advocate, " in 1839 was removed to Springfield,
and is now known as "The Illinois State Regis-
ter. ' '
Other papers established between 1830 and 1840
include; "The Vandalia Whig" (1831); "The
Alton Spectator," the first paper published in
Alton (January, 1834); "The Chicago Demo-
crat," by John Calhoun (Nov. 26, 1833); "The
Beardstown Chronicle and Illinois Bounty Land
Advertiser," by Francis A. Arenz (July 29, 1833) ;
"The Alton American" (1833); "The White
County News, " at Carmi (1833); "The Danville
Enquirer" (1833); "The Illinois Champion," at
Peoria (1834); "The Mount Carmel Sentinel and
Wabash Advocate" (1834); "The Illinois State
Gazette and Jacksonville News," at Jacksonville
(1835); "The Illinois Argus and Bounty Land
Register," at Quincy (1835); "The Rushville
Journal and Military Tract Advertiser" (1835);
"The Alton Telegraph" (1836); "The Alton
Observer" (1836); "The Carthaginian," at Car-
thage (1836) ; "The Bloomington Observer" (1837) ;
"The Backwoodsman," founded by Prof. John
Russell, at Grafton, and the first paper published
in Greene County (1837); "The Quincy Whig"
(1838) ; "The Illinois Statesman," at Paris, Edgar
County (1838); "The Peoria Register" (1838).
The second paper to be established in Chicago
was "The Chicago American," whose initial
number was issued, June 8, 1835, with Thomas O.
Davis as proprietor and editor. In July, 1837, it
passed into the hands of William Stuart & Co.,
and, on April 9, 1839, its publisliers began the
issue of the first daily ever published in Chicago.
"The Chicago Express" succeeded "The Ameri-
can" in 1842, and, in 1844, became the forerunner
of "The Chicago Journal." The third Chicago
paper was "The Commercial Advertiser,"
founded by Hooper Warren, in 1836. It lived
only about a year. Zebina Eastman, who was
afterwards associated with Warren, and became
one of the most influential journalistic opponents
of slavery, arrived in the State in 1839, and, in
the latter part of that year, was associated with
the celebrated Abolitionist, Benjamin Lundy, in
the preliminary steps for the issue of "The
Genius of Universal Emancipation," projected
by Lundy at Lowell, in La Salle County. Lundy's
untimely death, in August, 1839, however, pre-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
399
Tented him from seeing the consummation of his
plan, although Eastman lived to carry it out in
part. A paper whose career, although extending
only a little over one year, marked an era in Illi-
nois journalism, was "The Alton Observer," its
history closing with the assassination of its
editor. Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy, on the night of
Nov. 8, 1837, while unsuccessfully attempting to
protect his press from destruction, for the fourth
time, by a pro-slavery mob. Humiliating as was
this crime to every law-abiding Illinoisan, it
undoubtedly strengthened the cause of free
speech and assisted in hastening the downfall of
the institution in whose behalf it was committed.
That the development in the field of journal-
ism, within the past sixty years, has more than
kept pace with the growth in population, is
shown by the fact that there is not a county in
the State without its newspaper, while every
town of a few hundred population has either one
or more. According to statistics for 1898, there
were 605 cities and towns in the State having
periodical publications of some sort, making a
total of 1.709, of which 174 were issued daily, 34
semi-weekly, 1,20.5 weekly, 28 semi-monthly, 238
monthly, and the remainder at various periods
ranging from tri-weekly to eight times a year.
JTEWTOJf, the county-seat of Jasper County,
situated on the Embarras River, at the intersec-
tion of the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville and the
Indiana & Illinois Southern Railways; is an in-
corporated city, was settled in 1828, and made
the county-seat in 1836. Agriculture, coal-min-
ing and dairy farming are the principal pursuits
in the surrounding region. The city has water-
power, which is utilized to some extent in manu-
facturing, but most of its factories are operated
by steam. Among these establishments are flour
and saw-mills, creameries, and canning and egg
case factories. There are a half-dozen churches,
a good public school system, including a high
school, besides a private bank and two weekly
papers. Population (1890), 1,428; (1900), 1,630.
NEW YORK, CHICAGO & ST. LOUIS RAIL-
WAY (Nickel Plate), a line 522.47 miles in length,
of which (1898) only 9.96 miles are operated in
Illinois. It owns no track in Illinois, but uses
the track of the Chicago & State Line Railroad
(9.96 miles in length), of which it has financial
control, to enter the city of Chicago. The total
capitalization of the New York, Chicago & St.
Louis, in 1898, is 850,222,568, of which §19,425,000
is in bonds. — (History.) The New York, Chi-
cago & St. Louis Railroad was incorporated under
the laws of New Y'ork, Pennsylvania, Ohio,
Indiana and Illinois in 1881, construction begun
immediately, and the road put in operation in
1882. In 1885 it passed into the hands of a
receiver, was sold under foreclosure in 1887, and
reorganized by the consolidation of various east-
ern lines with the Fort Wayne & Illinois Railroad,
forming the line under its present name. The
road between Bufl'alo, N. Y. , and the west line of
Indiana is owned by the Company, but, for its
line in Illinois, it uses the track of the Chicago &
State Line Railroad, of which it is the lessee, as
well as the owner of its capital stock. The main
line of the "Nickel Plate" is controlled by the
Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railway, which
owns more than half of both the preferred and
common stock.
NIANTIC, a town of Macon County, on the
Wabash Railway, 25 miles east of Springfield.
There is a coal mine here, though agriculture is
the leading industry. The town has a newspaper
and a bank. Population (1890), 639; (1900), 654.
NICOLAY, John George, author, was born in
Essingen, Bavaria, Feb. 26, 1832; at 6 years of age
was brought to the United States, lived for a
time in Cincinnati, attending the public schools
there, and then came to Illinois; at 16 entered the
office of "The Pike County Free Pre.ss" at Pitts-
field, and, while still in his minority, became
editor and proprietor of the paper. In 1857 he
became Assistant Secretary of State under O. M.
Hatch, the first Republican Secretary, but during
Mr. Lincoln's candidacy for President, in 1860,
aided him as private secretary, also acting as a
correspondent of "The St. Louis Democrat."
After the election he was formally selected by
Mr. Lincoln as his private secretary, accompany-
ing him to Washington and remaining until Mr.
Lincoln's assassination. In 1865 he was appointed
United States Consul at Paris, remaining until
1869; on his return for some time edited "The
Chicago Republican"; was also Marshal of the
United States Supreme Court in Washington
from 1872 to 1887. Mr. Nicolay is author, in col-
laboration with John Hay. of "Abraham Lincoln:
A History," first published serially in "The Cen-
tury Magazine," and later issued in ten volumes;
of "The Outbreak of the Rebellion" in "Cam-
paigns of the Civil War," be.sides numerous maga-
zine articles. He lives in Washington. D. C.
NICOLET, Jean, early French explorer, came
from Cherbourg, France, in 1618, and, for .several
years, lived among the Algonquins, whose lan-
guage he learned and for whom he acted as
interpreter. On July 4, 1634, he discovered Lake
Michigan, then called the "Lake of the Illinois,"
400
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
and visited the Chippewas, Menominees and
Winnebagoes, in the region about Green Bay,
among whom he was received kindly. From the
Mascoutins, on the Fox River (of Wisconsin), he
learned of the Illinois Indians, some of whose
northern villages he also visited. He subse-
quently returned to Quebec, where he was
drowned, in October, 1643. He was probably the
first Caucasian to visit Wisconsin and Illinois.
NILES, Nathaniel, lawyer, editor and soldier,
born at Plainfield, Otsego County, N. Y., Feb. 4,
1817; attended an academy at Albany, from 1830
to "34, was licensed to practice law and removed
west in 1837, residing successively at Delphi and
Frankfort, Ind., and at Owensburg, Ky., until
1843, when he settled in Belleville, 111. In 1840
he was commissioned a First Lieutenant in the
Second Regiment Illinois Volunteers (Colonel
Bissell's) for the Mexican War, but. after the
battle of Buena Vista, was promoted by General
Wool to the captaincy of an independent com-
pany of Texas foot. He was elected Chief Clerk
of the House of Representatives at the session of
1849, and the same year was chosen County
Judge of St. Clair County, serving until 1861.
With the exception of brief periods from 1851 to
'59, he was editor and part owner of "The Belle-
ville Advocate," a paper originally Democratic,
but which became Republican on the organiza-
tion of the Republican party. In 1861 he was
appointed Colonel of the Fifty-fourth Illinois
Volunteer Infantry, but the completion of its
organization having been delayed, he resigned,
and, the following year, was commissioned Colo-
nel of the One Hundred and Thirtieth, serving
until May, 1804, when he resigned — in IMarch,
1865. receiving the compliment of a brevet Briga-
dier-Generalship. During the winter of 1863-63
he was in command at Memphis, but later took
part in the Vicksburg campaign, and in the cam-
paigns on Red River and Bayou Teche. After
the war he served as Representative in the
General Assembly from St. Clair County (1865-66) ;
as Trustee of the Institution for the Deaf and
Dumb at Jack.sonville ; on the Commission for
building the State Penitentiary at Joliet, and as
Commissioner (by appointment of Governor
Oglesby) for locating the Soldiers' Orphans'
Home. His later years have been spent chiefly
in the practice of his profession, with occasional
excursions into journalism. Originally an anti-
slavery Democrat, he became one of the founders
of the Republican ]iarty in Southern Illinois.
NIXON, William Penn. journalist, Collector of
Customs, was born in Wayne County, Ind., of
North Carolina and Quaker ancestry, early in
1832. In 1853 he graduated from Farmers' (now
Belmont) College, near Cincinnati, Ohio. After
devoting two years to teaching, he entered the
law department of the University bi Pennsyl-
vania (1855), graduating in 1839. For nine years
thereafter he practiced law at Cincinnati, during
which period he was thrice elected to the Ohio
Legislature. In 1868 he embarked in journalism,
he and his older brother. Dr. O. W. Nixon, with
a few friends, founding "The Cincinnati Chron-
icle." A few years later "The Times" was pur-
chased, and the two papers were consolidated
under the name of "The Times-Chronicle." In
May, 1873, having disposed of his interests in
Cincinnati, he assumed the business manage-
ment of "The Chicago Inter Ocean," then a new
venture and struggling for a foothold. In 1875
he and his brother, Dr. O. W. Nixon, secured a
controlling interest in the paper, when the
former assumed the position of editor-in-chief,
which he continued to occupy until 1897, when
he was appointed Collector of Customs for the
Cit.y of Chicago — a position which he now holds.
NOKOMIS, a city of Montgomery County, on
the Indianapolis & St. Louis Railway, 17 miles
east-northeast of Litchfield, and 44 miles south
by west of Decatur. Grain-growing is the prin-
cipal pursuit in the surrounding countrj-. Noko-
mis has two elevators and is an important
shipping point, besides having two flouring mills.
There are six churches, a graded school, a
National bank, and three weekly papers. Popula-
tion (1880), 1,063; (1890), 1,305; (1900), 1,371.
NORMAL, a city in McLean County, 2 miles
north of Bloomington and 124 miles southwest of
Chicago ; the intersecting point of the Chicago &
Alton and the Illinois Central Railroads. It lies
in a rich coal region, and has extensive nurseries.
It also has a stove foundry and canning factory,
banks and four periodicals. It is the seat of two
State institutions — the Soldiers' Orphans" Home,
founded in 1869, and the Illinois State Normal
University, founded in 1857. Population (1880),
2.470; (1890), 3.4.59; (1900), 3,795.
NORMAL UNIVERSITIES. (See Southern
Illinois Normal University; State Normal Uni-
i-ersit;/.)
NORTH ALTON, a village of Madison County
and suburb of the city of Alton. Population
(1880), 838; (1890), 762; (1900), 904.
NORTHCOTT, William A., Lieutenant-Gov-
ernor, was born in Murf reesboro, Tenn. , Jan. 28,
1854 — the son of Gen. R. S. Northcott, whose
loyalty to the Union, at the beginning of the
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
401
Eebellion, compelled him to leave his Southern
home and seek safety for himself and family in
the North. He went to West Virginia, was com-
missioned Colonel of a regiment and served
through the war, being for some nine months a
prisoner in Libby Prison. After acquiring his
literary education in the public schools, the
younger Northcott spent some time in the Naval
Academy at Annapolis, Md., after which he was
engaged in teaching. Meanwhile, he was prepar-
ing for the practice of law and was admitted to
the bar in 1877, two years later coming to Green-
ville, Bond County, 111., which has since been his
home. In 1880, by appointment of President
Hayes, he served as Supervisor of the Census for
the Seventh District ; in 1882 was elected State's
Attorney for Bond County and re-elected suc-
cessively in "84 and '88; in 1890 was appointed on
the Board of Visitors to the United States Naval
Academy, and, by selection of the Board,
delivered the annual address to the graduating
class of that year. In 1892 he was the Repub-
lican nominee for Congress for the Eighteenth Dis-
trict, but was defeated in the general landslide of
that year. In 1896 he was more fortunate, being
elected Lieutenant-Governor by the vote of the
State, receiving a plurality of over 137,000 over
his Democratic opponent.
NORTH PEORIA, a suburban village in Peoria
Countj-, 2 miles north of the citj' of Peoria.
Population (1890), 1,086; (1900), 2,3.58.
NORTHERN BOUiVDART QUESTION, THE.
The Ordinance of 1787, making the first specific
provision, by Congress, for the government of the
country lying northwest of the Ohio River and
east of the Mississippi (known as the Northwest
Territory), provided, among other things (Art.
v.. Ordinance 1787), that "there shall be formed
in the said Territory not less than three nor more
than five States." It then proceeds to fix the
boundaries of the proposed States, on the assump-
tion that there shall be three in number, adding
thereto the following proviso: "Provided, how-
ever, and it is further understood and declared,
that the boundaries of these three States shall be
subject so far to be altered that, if Congress shall
hereafter find it expedient, they shall have
authority to form one or two States in that part
of the said Territory which lies north of an east
and west line drawn through th'e southerly bend
or extreme of Lake Michigan." On the basis of
this provision it has been claimed that the north-
ern boundaries of Illinois, Indiana and Ohio
should have been on the exact latitude of the
southern limit of Lake Michigan, and that the
failure to establish this boundary was a violation
of the Ordinance, inasmuch as the fourteenth sec-
tion of the preamble thereto declares that "the
following articles shall be considered as articles
of compact between the original States and the
people and States in the said Territory, and for-
ever remain unalterable, unless by common con-
sent."— In the limited state of geographical
knowledge, existing at the time of the adoption of
the Ordinance, there seems to have been con-
siderable difference of opinion as to the latitude
of the southern limit of Lake Michigan. The
map of Mitchell (17r)5) had placed it on the paral-
lel of 42° 20', while that of Thomas Ilutchins
(1778) fixed it at 41' 37'. It was oflScially estab-
lished by Government survey, in 1835, at 41° 37'
07.9". As a matter of fact, the northern bound-
ary of neither of the three States named was finally
fixed on the line mentioned in the proviso above
quoted from the Ordinance — that of-Ohio, where
it meets the shore of Lake Erie, being a little
north of 41° 44'; that of Indiana at 41° 46' (some
10 miles north of the southern bend of the lake),
and that of Illinois at 42° 30' — about 61 miles
north of the same line. The boundary line
between Ohio and Micliigan was settled after a
bitter controversy, on the admission of the latter
State into the Union, in 1837, in the acceptance
by her of certain conditions proposed by Congress.
These included the annexation to Michigan of
what is known as the "Upper Peninsula,"
lying between Lakes Michigan and Superior,
in lieu of a strip averaging six miles on her
southern border, which she demanded from
Ohio. — The establishment of the northern bound-
ary of Illinois, in 1818, upon the line which now
exists, is universally conceded to have been due
to the action of Judge Nathaniel Pope, then the
Delegate in Congress from Illinois Territory.
While it was then acquiesced in without ques-
tion, it has since been the subject of considerable
controversy and has been followed by almost
incalculable results. The "enabling act," as
originally introduced early in 1818, empowering
the people of Illinois Territory to form a State
Government, fixed the northern boundary of the
proposed State at 41° 39', then the supposed lati-
tude of the southern extremity of Lake Michigan.
While the act was under consideration in Com-
mittee of the Whole, Mr. Pope offered an amend-
ment advancing the northern boundary to 42'
30'. The object of his amendment (as he ex-
plained) was to gain for the new State a coast
line on Lake Michigan, bringing it into political
and commercial relations with the States east of
403
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS,
it — Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania and New York —
thus "'affording additional security to the per-
petuity of the Union." He argued that the
location of the State between the Mississippi,
Wabash and Ohio Rivers — all flowing to the
south — would bring it in intimate communica-
tion with the Southern States, and that, in the
event of an attempted disruption of the Union, it
was important that it should be identified with
the commerce of the Lakes, instead of being left
entirely to the waters of the south-flowing
rivers. "Thus, ' ' said he, ' 'a rival interest would be
created to check the wish for a Western or South-
ern Confederacy. Her interests would thus be
balanced and her inclinations turned to the
Xorth." He recognized Illinois as already "the
key to the West," and he evidently foresaw that
the time might come when it would be the Key-
stone of the Union. While this evinced wonder-
ful foresight, scarcely less convincing was his
argument that, in time, a commercial emporium
would grow up upon Lake Michigan, which would
demand an outlet by means of a canal to the Illi-
nois River — a work which was realized in the
completion of the Illinois & Michigan Canal
thirty years later, but which would scarcely have
been accomplished had the State been practically
cut off from the Lake and its chief emporium
left to grow up in another commonwealth, or not
at all. Judge Pope's amendment was accepted
without division, and, in this form, a few days
later, the bill became a law. — The almost super-
human sagacity exhibited in Judge Pope's argu-
ment, has been repeatedly illustrated in the
commercial and political history of the State
since, but never more significantly than in the
commanding position which Illinois occupied
during the late Civil War, with one of its citi-
zens in the Presidential chair and another leading
its 2.'50,000 citizen soldiery and the armies of the
Union in battling for the perpetuity of the
Republic — a position which more than fulfilled
every prediction made for it. — The territory
affected by this settlement of the northern
boundary, includes all that part of the State
north of the northern line of La Salle County,
and embraces the greater portion of the fourteen
counties of Cook, Dupage, Kane, Lake, McHenry,
Boone, DeKalb, Lee. Ogle, Winnebago, Stephen-
son, Jo Daviess, Carroll and Whiteside, with por-
tions of Kendall, Will and Rock Island— estimated
at 8,500 square miles, or more than one-seventh
of the present area of the State. It has been
argued that this territory belonged to the State
of Wisconsin under the provisions of the Ordi-
nance of 1787, and there were repeated attempts
made, on the part of the Wisconsin Legislature
and its Territorial Governor (Doty), between 1839
and 1843, to induce the people of these counties to
recognize this claim. These were, in a few
instances, partially successful, although no oflScial
notice was taken of them by the authorities of Illi-
nois. The reply made to the Wisconsin claim by
Governor Ford — who wrote his "History of Illi-
nois" when the subject was fresh in the public
mind — was that, while the Ordinance of 1787
gave Ccmgress power to organize a State north of
the parallel running through the southern bend
of Lake Michigan, "there is nothing in the Ordi-
nance requiring such additional State to be
organized of the territory north of that line." In
other words, that, when Congress, in 1818,
authorized the organization of an additional
State north of and in (i. e., within) the line
named, it did not violate the Ordinance of 1787,
but acted in accordance with it — in practically
assuming that the new State "need not neces-
sarily include the whole of the region north of
that line." The question was set at rest by Wis-
consin herself in the action of her Constitutional
Convention of 1847-48, in framing her first con-
stitution, in form recognizing the northern
boundary of Illinois as fixed by the enabling act
of 1818.
AORTHERIV HOSPITAL FOR THE lASANE,
an institution for the treatment of the insane,
created by Act of the Legislature, approved, April
16, 1869. The Commissioners appointed by Gov-
ernor Palmer to fix its location consisted of
August Adams, B. F. Shaw, W. R. Brown, M. L.
Joslyn, D. S. Hammond and William Adams.
After considering many offers and examining
numerous sites, the Commissioners finally selected
the Chisholm farm, consisting of about 155 acres,
IV2 miles from Elgin, on the west side of Fox
River, and overlooking that stream, as a site —
this having been tendered as a donation by the
citizens of Elgin. Plans were adopted in the
latter part of 1869, the system of construction
chosen conforming, in the main, to that of the
United States Hospital for the Insane at Wash-
ington, D. C. By January, 1873, the north wing
and rear building were so far advanced as to per-
mit the reception of sixty patients. The center
building was ready for occupancy in April, 1873,
and the south wing before the end of the follow-
ing year. The total expenditures previous to
1876 had exceeded $637,000, and since that date
liberal appropriations have been made for addi-
tions, repairs and improvements, including the
ft
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
403
addition of between 300 and 400 acres to tlie lands
connected with the institution The first Board
of Trustees consisted of Charles N. Holden,
Oliver Everett and Henry W. Sherman, with Dr.
E. A. Kilbourne as the first Superintendent, and
Dr. Richard A. Dewey (afterwards Superintend-
ent of the Eastern Hospital at Kankakee) as his
Assistant. Dr. Kilbourne remained at the head
of the institution until his death, Feb. 27, 1890,
covering a period of nineteen years. Dr. Kil-
bourne was succeeded by Dr. Henry J. Brooks,
and he, by Dr. Loewy, in June, 1893, and the
latter by Dr. John B. Hamilton (former Super-
vising Surgeon of the United States Marine Hos-
pital Service) in 1897. Dr. Hamilton died in
December, 1898. (See Hamilton, John B.) The
total value of State property, June 30, 1894, was
$882,745.66, of which $701,380 was in land and
buildings. Under the terms of the law estab-
lishing the hospital, provision is made for the
care therein of the incurably insane, so that it is
both a hospital and an asylum. The whole num-
ber of patients under treatment, for the two years
preceding June 30, 1894, was 1,797, the number
of inmates, on Dec. 1, 1897, 1,0.54, and the average
daily attendance for treatment, for the year 1896,
1,396. The following counties comprise the dis-
trict dependent upon the Elgin Hospital : Boone,
Carroll, Cook, DeKalb, Jo Daviess, Kane, Ken-
dall, Lake, Stephenson, Whiteside and Winne-
bago.
NORTHERN ILLINOIS NORMAL SCHOOL,
an institution, incorporated in 1884, at Dixon, Lee
County, 111., for the purpose of giving instruction
in branches related to the art of teaching. Its
last report claims a total of 1,639 pupils, of whom
885 were men and 744 women, receiving instruc-
tion from thirty -six teachers. The total value of
property was estimated at more than §200,000, of
which 5160,000 was in real estate and §45,000 in
apparatus. Attendance on the institution has
been affected by the establishment, under act of
the Legislature of 1895, of the Northern State
Normal School at DeKalb (which see).
NORTHERN PENITENTIARY, THE, an insti-
tution for the confinement of criminals of the
State, located at Joliet, Will County. The site
was purchased by the State in 1857, and com-
prises some seventy-two acres. Its erection was
found necessary because of the inadequacy of tlie
first penitentiary, at Alton. (See Alton Peni-
tentiary.) Tlie original plan contemplated a
cell-house containing 1,000 cells, which, it was
thought, would meet the public necessities for
many years to come. Its estimated cost was
$550,000; but, within ten years, there had been
expended upon the institution the sum of §934,-
000, and its capacity was taxed to the utmost.
Subsequent enlargements have increased the
cost to over §1,600,000, but by 1877, the institution
had become so overcrowded that tlie erection of
another State penal institution became positively
necessary. (See Southern Penitentiary.) The
prison has always been conducted on "the
Auburn system," which contemplates associate
labor in silence, silent meals in a common refec-
tory, and (as nearly as practicable) isolation at
night. The system of labor has varied at differ-
ent times, the "lessee system," the "contract
system" and the "State account plan" being
successively in force. (See Convict Labor. ) The
whole number of convicts in the institution, at
the date of the official report of 1895, was 1,566.
The total assets of the institution, Sept. 30, 1894,
were reported at §2,131,308.86, of which §1,644,-
601.11 was in real estate.
NORTH & SOUTH RAILROAD. (See St.
Louis, Peoria & Northern Railway.)
NORTHERN STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, an
institution for the education of teachers of the
common schools, authorized to be established by
act of the Legislature passed at tlie session of
1895. The act made an appropriation of §50,000
for the erection of buildings and other improve-
ments. The institution was located at DeKalb,
DeKalb County, in the spring of 1896, and the
erection of buildings commenced soon after —
Isaac F. Ellwood, of DeKalb, contributing §30,-
000 in cash, and J. F. Glidden, a site of sixty-
seven acres of land. Up to Dec. 1, 1897, the
appropriations and contributions, in land and
money, aggregated §175,000. The school was
expected to be ready for the reception of pupils
in the latter part of 1899, and, it is estimated, will
accommodate 1.000 students.
NORTHWEST TERRITORY. The name
formerly applied to that portion of the United
States north and west of the Ohio River and east
of the Mississippi, comprising the present States
of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wiscon-
sin. The claim of the Government to the land
had been acquired partly through conquest, by
the expedition of Col. George Rogers Clark
(which see), under the auspices of the State of
Virginia in 1778; partly through treaties with the
Indians, and partly through cessions from those
of the original States laying claim thereto. The
first plan for the government of this vast region
was devised and formulated by Thomas Jefferson,
in his proposed Ordinance of 1784, which failed
404
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
of ultimate passage. But three j'ears later a
broader scheme was evolved, and the famous
Ordinance of 1787, with its clause prohibiting the
extension of slavery beyond the Ohio River,
passed the Continental Congress. This act lias
been sometimes termed "The American Magna
Charta," because of its engrafting upon the
organic law the principles of human freedom and
equal rights. The plan for the establishment of
a distinctive territorial civil government in a
new Territory — the first of its kind in the new
republic — was felt to be a tentative step, and too
much power was not granted to the residents.
All the ofiicers were appointive, and each official
was required to be a land-owner. The elective
franchise (but only for members of the General
Assembly) could first be exercised only after the
population had reached 5,000. Even then, every
elector must own fifty acres of land, and every
Representative, 200 acres. IVIore liberal provisions,
however, were subsequently incorporated by
amendment, in 1809. The first civil government
in the Northwest Territory was established bj' act
of the Virginia Legislature, in the organization
of all the covmtry west of the Ohio under the
name "Illinois Covmty," of which the Governor
was authorized to appoint a "County Lieuten-
ant" or "Commandant-in-Cliief . " The first
"Commandant" appointed was Col. John Todd,
of Kentucky, though he continued to discharge
the duties for only a short period, being killed in
the battle of Blue Licks, in 1783. After that the
Illinois Country was almost without the semblance
of an organized civil government, vmtil 1788,
when Gen. Arthur St. Clair was appointed the
first Governor of Northwest Territory, under the
Ordinance of 1787, serving until the separation of
this region into the Territories of Ohio and Indi-
ana in 1800, when William Henry Harrison
became the Governor of tlie latter, embracing all
that portion of the original Northwest Territory
except the State of Ohio. During St. Clair's
administration (1790) that part of the present State
of Illinois between the Mississippi and Illinois
Rivers on the west, and a line extending north
from about the site of old Fort Massac, on the
Ohio, to the mouth of the JIackinaw River, in the
present county of Tazewell, on the east, was
erected into a coimty under the name of St.
Clair, with three county-seats, viz. : Cahokia,
Kaskaskia and Prairie du Rocher. (See Sf. Cflair
County. ) Between 1830 and 1834 the name North-
west Territory was applied to an unorganized
region, embracing the present State of Wisconsin,
attached to Michigan Territory for governmental
purposes. (See Illinois County; St Clair, Arthur;
and Todd, John.)
NORTHWESTEEN COLLEGE, located at
Naperville, Du Page County, and founded in
1865, under the auspices of the Evangelical xVsso-
ciation. It maintains business, preparatory and
collegiate departments, besides a theological
school. In 1898 it had a faculty of nineteen profes-
sors and assistants, with some 360 students, less
than one-third of the latter being females, though
both sexes are admitted to the college on an equal
footing. The institution owns property to the
value of 5207,000, including an endowment of
§85,000.
NORTHWESTERN GRAND TRUNK RAIL-
WAT. (See Chicago & Grand Trunk Railway.)
NORTHWESTERN NORMAL, located at Gene-
seo, Henry County, 111., incorporated in 1884; in
1894 had a faculty of twelve teachers with 171
pupils, of whom ninety were male and eighty-one
female.
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY, an impor-
tant educational institution, established at
Evanston, in Cook County, in 1851. In 1898 it
reported 3,599 students (1,980 male and 619
female), and a faculty of 234 instructors.
It embraces the following departments, all of
which confer degrees: A College of Liberal
Arts; two Medical Schools (one for women
exclusively) ; a Law School ; a School of Phar-
macy and a Dental College. The Garrett Bibli-
cal Institute, at which no degrees are con-
ferred, constitutes the theological department of
the University. The charter of the institution
requires a majority of the Trustees to be mem-
bers of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and the
University is the largest and wealthiest of the
schools controlled by that denomination. The
College of Liberal Arts and the Garrett Biblical
Institute are at Evanston ; the other departments
(all professional) are located in Chicago. In the
academic department (Liberal Arts School), pro-
vision is made for both graduate and post-gradu-
ate courses. The Medical School was formerly
known as the Chicago Medical College, and its
Law Department was originally the Union Col-
lege of Law, both of which have been absorbed
by the University, as have also its schools of
dentistry and pharmacy, which were formerly
independent institutions. The property owned by
the University is valued at $4,'870.000, of which
§1,100,000 is real estate, and $2,250,000 in endow-
ment funds. Its income from fees paid by students
in 1898 was $315,288, and total receipts from all
sources, $482,389. Co-education of the sexes pre-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
405
vails in the College of Liberal Arts. Dr. Henry
"Wade Rogers is President.
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY MEDICAL
SCHOOL, located in Chicago; was organized in
1859 as Medical School of the Lind (now Lake
Forest) University. Three annual terms, of five
months each, at first constituted a course,
although attendance at two only was compul-
sory. The institution first opened in temporary
quarters, Oct. 9, 1859, with thirteen professors
and thirty-three students. By 1863 more ample
accommodations were needed, and the Trustees
of the Lind L^niversity being unable to provide a
building, one was erected by the faculty. In
1864 the University relinquished all claim to the
institution, which was thereupon incorporated as
the Chicago Medical College. In 1868 the lengtli
of the annual terms was increased to six months,
and additional requirements were imposed on
candidates for both matriculation and gradu-
ation. The same year, the college building was
sold, and the erection of a new and more commo-
dious edifice, on the grounds of the Mercy Hos-
pital, was commenced. This was completed in
1870, and the college became the medical depart-
ment of the Northwestern University. The
number of professorships had been increased to
eighteen, and that of undergraduates to 107.
Since that date new laboratory and clinical build-
ings have been erected, and the growth of the
institution has been steady and substantial.
Mercy and St. Luke's Hospital, and the South
Side Free Dispensary afford resources for clinical
instruction. The teaching faculty, as constituted
in 1898, consists of about fifty instructors, in-
cluding professors, lecturers, demonstrators, and
assistants.
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY WOMAN'S
MEDICAL SCHOOL, an institution for the pro
fessional education of women, located in
Chicago. Its first corporate name was the
"Woman's Hospital Medical College of Chicago,"
and it was in close connection with the Chicago
Hospital for Women and Children. Later, it
severed its connection with the hospital and took
the name of the "Woman's Medical College of
Chicago." Co-education of the sexes, in medicine
and surgery, was experimentally tried from 1868
to 1870, but the experiment proved repugnant to
the male students, who unanimously signed a
protest against the continuance of the system.
The result was the establishment of a separate
school for women in 1870, with a faculty of six-
teen professors. The requirements for graduation
were fixed art; four years of medical study, includ-
ing three annual graded college terms of six
months each. The first term opened in the
autumn of 1870, with an attendance of twenty
students. The original location of the school
was in the "North Division" of Chicago, in tem-
porary quarters. After the fire of 1871 a removal
was effected to the "West Division," where (in
1878-79) a modest, but well arranged building was
erected. A larger structure was built in 1884,
and, in 1891, the institution became a part of the
Northwestern University. The college, in all its
departments, is organized along tlie lines of the
best medical schools of the country. In 1896
there were twenty-four professorships, all capably
filled, and among the faculty are some of the
best known specialists in the country.
NORTON, Jesse 0., lawyer. Congressman and
Judge, was born at Bennington, Vt., April 35,
1812, and graduated from Williams College in
1835. He settled at JoUet in 1839, and soon
became prominent in the affairs of Will County.
His first public office was that of City Attorney,
after which he served as County Judge (1846-50).
Sleanwhile, he was chosen a Delegate to the Con-
stitutional Convention of 1847. In 1850 he was
elected to the Legislature, and, in 1852, to Con-
gress, as a Whig. His vigorous opposition to the
repeal of the Missouri Compromise resulted in
his re-election as a Representative in 1854. At
the expiration of his second term (1857) he was
chosen Judge of the eleventh circuit, to fill the
unexpired term of Judge Randall, resigned. He
was once more elected to Congress in 1862, but
disagreed with his party as to the legal status of
the States lately in rebellion. President Johnson
appointed him United States Attorney for the
Northern District of Illinois, which office he filled
until 1869. Immediatelj- upon his retirement he
began private practice at Chicago, where he died,
August 3, 1875.
NORWOOD PARK, a village of Cook County,
on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad (Wis-
consin Division), 11 miles northwest of Chicago.
Incorporated in City of Chicago, 1893.
NOYES, George Clement, clergyman, was born
at Landaff, N. H., August 4, 1833, brought by
his parents to Pike County, 111., in 1844, and, at
the age of 16, determined to devote his life to the
ministry ; in 1851, entered Illinois College at Jack-
sonville, graduating with first honors in the class
of 1855. In the following autumn he entered
Union Theological Seminary in New York, and,
having graduated in 1858, was ordained the same
year, and installed pastor of the First Presby-
terian Church at Laporte, Ind. Here he remained
406
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
ten years, when he accepted a call to the First
Presbyterian Church of Evanston, 111., then a
small organization which developed, during the
twenty years of his pastorate, into one of the
strongest and most influential churches in Evans-
ton. For a number of years Dr. Noyes was an
editorial writer and weekly correspondent of
"The New York Evangelist," over the signature
of "Clement." He was also, for several years, an
active and very eflScient member of the Board of
Trustees of Knox College. The liberal bent of
his mind was illustrated in the fact that he acted
as counsel for Prof. David Swing, during the cele-
brated trial of the latter for heresy before the
Chicago Presb3-tery — his argument on that
occasion winning encomiums from all classes of
people. His death took place at Evanston, Jan.
14, 1889, as the result of an attack of pneumonia,
and was deeplj' deplored, not only bj- his own
church and denomination, but by the whole com-
munity. Some two weeks after it occurred a
union meeting was held in one of the churches at
Evanston, at which addresses in commemoration
of his services were delivered by some dozen
ministers of that village and of Chicago, while
various social and literary organizations and the
press bore testimony to his high character. He
was a member of the Literary Society of Chicago,
and, during the last year of his life, served as its
President. Dr. Noyes was married, in 1858, to a
daughter of David A. Smith, Esq., an honored
citizen and able lawyer of Jacksonville.
OAKLAND, a village of Coles County, at the
junction of the Terre Haute & Peoria and the
Toledo, St. Louis & Kansas City Railways, 1.5
miles northeast of Charleston. The district is
agricultural, and the town has a bank and a
newspaper. Population (1890), 995; (1900), 1,198.
OAK PARK, a village of Cook County, and
popular residence suburb of Chicago, 9 miles
west of the initial station of the Chicago &
Northwestern Railroad, on which it is located ; is
also upon the line of the Wisconsin Central Rail-
road. The place has numerous churches, pros-
perous schools, a public library, telegraph and
express offices, banks and two local papers.
Population (1S80), 1,888; (1890), 4,771.
OBERLT, John H., journalist and Civil Serv-
ice Commissioner, was born in Cincinnati,
Ohio, Dec. 6, 1837 ; spent part of his boyhood in
Allegheny County, Pa., but, in 1853, began learn-
ing the printer's trade in the office of "The Woos-
ter (Ohio) Republican, " completing it at Memphis,
Tenn , and becoming a journeyman printer in
1857. He worked in various offices, including
the Wooster paper, where he also began the study
of law, but, in 1860, became part proprietor of
"The Bulletin" job office at Memphis, in which
he had been employed as an apprentice, and,
later, as foreman. Having been notified to leave
Memphis on account of his Union principles
after the beginning of the Civil War, he returned
to Wooster, Ohio, and conducted various papers
there during the next four years, but, in 1865,
came to Cairo, 111., where he served for a time as
foreman of "The Cairo Democrat," three years
later establishing "The Cairo Bulletin. " " Although
the latter paper was burned out a few months later,
it was immediately re-established. In 1872 he
was elected Representative in the Twenty -eighth
General Assembly, and, in 1877, was appointed
by Governor Cullom the Democratic member of
the Railroad and Warehouse Commission, serving
four years, meanwhile (in 1880) being the Demo-
cratic candidate for Secretary of State. Other
positions held by him included Mayor of the city
of Cairo (1869) ; President of the National Typo-
graphical Union at Chicago (1865), and at Mem-
phis (1866); delegate to the Democratic National
Convention at Baltimore (1872), and Chairman of
the Democratic State Central Committee
(1882-84). After retiring from the Railroad and
Warehouse Commission, he united in founding
"The Bloomington (111.) Bulletin," of which he
was editor some three years. During President
Cleveland's administration he was appointed a
member of the Civil Service Commission, being
later transferred to the Commissionership of
Indian Affairs. He was subsequently connected
in an editorial capacity with "The Washington
Post," "The Richmond (Va.) State," "The Con-
cord (N. H. ) People and Patriot" and "The Wash-
ington Times." While engaged in an attempt to
reorganize "The People and Patriot," he died at
Concord, N. H., April 15, 1899.
ODD FELLOWS. "Western Star" Lodge, No.
1, I. O. O. F. , was instituted at Alton, June 11,
1836. In 1838 the Grand Lodge of Illinois was
instituted at the same place, and reorganized, at
Springfield, in 1842. S. C. Pierce was the first
Grand Master, and Samuel L. Miller, Grand Sec-
retary. Wildey Encampment, No. 1, was organ-
ized at Alton in 1838, and the Grand Encampment,
at Peoria, in 1850, with Charles H. Constable
Grand Patriarch. In 1850 the subordinate branches
of the Order numbered seventy-six, with 3,291
members, and §25,392.87 revenue. In 1895 the
Lodges numbered 838. the membership 50,544,
with .5475,253.18 revenue, of which §135,018.40
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
4or
"was expended for relief. The Encampment
branch, in 1895, embraced 179 organizations with
a membership of 6,813 and $23,865.25 revenue, of
which $6,781.40 was paid out for relief. The
Rebekah branch, for the same year, comprised 422
Lodges, with 22,000 members ' and §43,215.65
revenue, of which $3,122.79 was for relief. The
total sum distributed for relief by the several
organizations (1895) was $144,972..59. The Order
was especially liberal in its benefactions to the
sufferers by the Chicago fire of 1871, an appeal to
its members calling forth a generous response
throughout the United States. (See Odd Fellows'
Orjihans' Home.)
ODD FELLOWS' ORPHANS' HOME, abenevo
lent institution, incorporated in 1889, erected at
Lincoln, 111., under the auspices of the Daughters
of Rebekah (see Odd Fellows), and dedicated
August 19, 1892. The building is four stories in
height, has a capacity for the accommodation of
fifty children, and cost $36,524.76, exclusive of
forty acres of land valued at §8,000.
ODELL, a village of Livingston County, and
station on the Chicago & Alton Railway, 83
miles south-southwest of Chicago. It is in a
grain and stock-raising region. Population (1880),
908; (1890), 800; (1900), 1,000.
ODIN, a village of Marion County, at the cross-
ing of the Chicago branch of the Illinois Central
and the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Rail-
ways, 244 miles south by west from Chicago.
There are two newspapers and a bank here.
Population (1880), 724; (1890), 817; (1900), 1,180.
O'FALLON, a village of St. Clair County, on
the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway, 18
miles east of St. Louis ; the region is agricultui-al.
The town has a bank and a newspaper. Popula-
tion (1880), 923; (1890), 865; (1900), 1,267.
OGDEN, William Butler, capitalist and Rail
way President, born at Walton, N. Y., June 15,
1805. He was a member of the New York Legis-
lature in 1834, and, the following year, removed
to Chicago, where he established a land and trust
agency. He took an active part in the various
enterprises centering around Chicago, and, on
the incorporation of the city, was elected its first
Mayor. He was prominently identified with the
construction of the Galena & Chicago Union
Railroad, and, in 1847, became its President.
While visiting Europe in 1853, he made a careful
study of the canals of Holland, which convinced
him of the desirability of widening and deepen-
ing the Illinois & Michigan Canal and of con-
structing a ship canal across the southern
peninsula of Michigan. In 1855 he became Presi-
dent of the Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac
Railroad, and effected its consolidation with the
Galena & Chicago Union. Out of this consoli-
dation sprang the Chicago & Northwestern Rail-
way Company, of which he was elected President.
In 1850 he presided over the National Pacific
Railroad Convention, and, upon the formation of
the Union Pacific Railroad Company, he became
its President. He was largely connected with
the inception of the Northern Pacific line, in the
success of which he was a firm believer. He
also controlled various other interests of public
importance, among them the great lumbering
establishments at Peshtigo, Wis., and, at the time
of his death, was the owner of what was probably
the largest plant of that description in the world.
His benefactions were numerous, among the
recipients being the Rush Medical College, of
which he was President; the Theological Semi-
nary of the Northwest, the Chicago Historical
Society, the Academy of Sciences, the University
of Chicago, the Astronomical Society, and many
other educational and benevolent institutions
and organizations in the Northwest. Died, in
New York City, August 3, 1877. (See aiicago &
North western Railroad. )
OGLE, Joseph, pioneer, was born in Virginia
in 1741, came to Illinois in 1785, settling in the
American Bottom within the present County of
Monroe, but afterwards removed to St. Clair
County, about the site of the present town of
O'Fallon, 8 miles north of Belleville ; was selected
by his neighbors to serve as Captain in their
skirmishes with the Indians. Died, at his home
in St. Clair County, in February, 1821. Captain
Ogle had the reputation of being the earliest con-
vert to Methodism in Illinois. Ogle County, in
Northern Illinois, was named in his honor. —
Jacob (Ogle), son of the preceding, also a native
of Virginia, was born about 1773, came to Illinois
witli his father in 1785, and was a "Ranger" in
the War of 1813. He served as a Representative
from St. Clair County in the Third General
Assembly (1822), and again in the Seventh
(1830), in the former being an opponent of the
pro-slavery convention scheme. Beyond two
terms in the Legislature he seems to have held
no public office except that of Justice of the
Peace. Like his father, he was a zealous Metho-
dist and highly respected. Died, in 1844, aged 73'
years.
OGLE COUNTY, next to the "northern tier" of
counties of the State and originally a part of Jo
Daviess. It was separately organized in 1837,
and Lee County was carved from its territory in
408
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
1839. In 1900 its area was 780 square miles, and
its population 29,139. Before the Black Hawk
War immigration was slow, and life primitive.
Peoria was the nearest food market. New grain
was "ground" on a grater, and old pounded
with an extemporized pestle in a wooden mortar.
Rock River flows across the county from north-
east to southwest. A little oak timber grows
along its banks, but, generally speaking, the sur-
face is undulating prairie, with soil of a rich
loam. Sandstone is in ample supply, and all the
limestones abound. An extensive peat-bed has
been discovered on the Killbuck Creek. Oregon,
the county-seat, has fine water-power. The other
principal towns are Rochelle, Polo, Forreston and
Mount Morris.
OGLESBY, Richard James, Governor and
United States Senator, was born in Oldham
County, Ky.. July 2.5, 1824; left an orphan at the
age of 8 years ; in 1836 accompanied an uncle to
Decatur, 111., where, until 18-14, he worked at
farming, carpentering and rope-making, devoting
his leisure hours to the study of law. In 1845 he
was admitted to the bar and began practice at
Sullivan, in Moultrie County. In 1846 he was
commissioned a Lieutenant in the Fourth Regi-
ment, Illinois Volunteers (Col. E. D. Baker's regi-
ment), and served through the Mexican War,
taking part in the siege of Vera Cruz and the
battle of Cerro Gordo. In 1847 he pursued a
course of study at the Louisville Law School,
graduating in 1848. He was a "forty-niner" in
California, but returned to Decatur in 1851. In
1858 he made an unsuccessful campaign for Con-
gress in the Decatur District. In 1860 he was
elected to the State Senate, but early in 1861
resigned his seat to accept the colonelcy of the
Eighth Illinois Volunteers. Through gallantry
(notably at Forts Henry and Donelson and at
Corinth) he rose to be Major-General, being se-
verely wounded in the last-named battle. He
resigned his commission on account of disability,
in May, 1864, and the following November was
elected Governor, as a Republican. In 1873 he
was re-elected Governor, but, two weeks after
his inauguration, resigned to accept a seat in the
United States Senate, to which he was elected
by the Legislature of 1873. In 1884 he was
elected Governor for the third time — being the
only man in the history of the State who (up to
the present time — 1899) has been thus honored.
After the expiration of his last term as Governor,
he devoted his attention to his private affairs at
his home at Elkhart, in Logan County, where he
died, April 34, 1899, deeply mourned by personal
and political friends in all parts of the Union,
who admired his strict integrity and sterling
patriotism.
OHIO, INDIANA & WESTERN RAILWAY.
(See Peoria & Eastern Railroad.)
OHIO RIVER, an afllluent of the Mississippi,
formed bj- the union of the Jlonongahela and
Allegheny Rivers, at Pittsburg. Pa. At this point
it becomes a navigable stream about 400 yards
wide, with an elevation of about 700 feet above
sea-level. The beauty of the scenery along its
banks secured for it, from the early French
explorers (of whom La Salle was one), the name
of "La Belle Riviere." Its general course is to
the southwest, but with many sinuosities, form-
ing the .southern boundary of the States of Ohio,
Indiana and Illinois, and the western and north-
ern boundary of West Virginia and Kentucky,
until it enters the Mississippi at Cairo, in latitude
37° N., and about 1,300 miles above the mouth of
the latter stream. The area which it drains is
computed to be 214,000 square miles. Its mouth
is 268 feet above the level of the sea. The current
is remarkably gentle and uniform, except near
Louisville, where there is a descent of twent3'-
two feet within two miles, which is evaded by
means of a canal around the falls. Large steam-
boats can navigate its whole length, except in low
stages of water and when closed by ice in winter.
Its largest affluents are the Tennessee, the Cum-
berland, the Kentucky, the Great Kanawha and
the Green Rivers, from the south, and the Wa-
bash, the Jliami. Scioto and Muskingum from the
north. The principal cities on its banks are Pitts-
burg, Wheeling, Cincinnati, Louisville, Evans-
ville. New Albany, Madison and Cairo. It is
crossed by bridges at Wheeling. Cincinnati and
Cairo. The surface of the Ohio is subject to a
variation of forty-two to fifty-one feet between
high and low water. Its length is 975 miles, and
its width varies from 400 to 1.000 yards. (See
Inundations. Rriiiarl.idile. )
OHIO & MISSISSIPPI RAILWAY. (See Bal-
timore <f- Ohiii .Suutliu-esfern Railroad.)
OLXEY, an incorporated city and the county-
seat of Richland County, 31 miles west of Vin-
cennes, Ind., and 117 miles east of St. Louis, Mo.,
at the junction of the Baltimore & Ohio South-
western and the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville
Railways. The surrounding region is agricul-
tural, and the town is an important shipping and
commercial point, besides having some manufac-
tories, including flour and woolen mills, furniture
factories and railway repair shops. It has a pub-
lic library, two banks (one National and one
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
409
State), and five weekly newspapers, one issuing a
daily edition. Population (1880), 3,512; (1890),
3,831; i;i900), 4,260.
OMELYENY, John, pioneer and head of a
numerous family which became prominent in
Southern Illinois; was a native of Ireland who
came to America about 1798 or 1799. A fter resid-
ing in Kentucky a few years, he removed to Illi-
nois, locating in what afterwards became Pope
County, whither his oldest son, Samuel, had
preceded him about 1797 or 1798. The latter for
a time followed the occupation of flat-boating,
carrying produce to New Orleans. He was a
member of the Constitutional Convention of 1818
from Pope County, being the colleague of Hamlet
Ferguson. A year later he removed to Randolph
County, where he served as a member of the
County Court, but, in 1820-22, we lind him a
member of the Second General Assembly from
Union County, having successfully contested the
seat of Samuel Alexander, who had received the
certificate of election. He died in 1828. — Edward
(Omelveny), another member of this family, and
grandson of the elder John Omelveny, represented
Monroe County in the Fifteenth General Assem-
bly (1846-48), and was Presidential Elector in
1852, but died sometime during the Civil War. —
Harvey K. S. (Omelveny), the fifth son of YYil-
liam Omelveny and grandson of John, was born
in Todd County, Ky., in 1823, came to Southern
Illinois, in 1852, and engaged in the practice of
law, being for a time the partner of Senator
Thomas E. Merritt, at Salem. Early in 1858 he
was elected a Justice of the Circuit Court to
succeed Judge Breese, who had been promoted to
the Supreme Court, but resigned in 1861. He
gained considerable notoriety by his intense
hostility to the policy of the Government during
the Civil War, was a Delegate to the Constitu-
tional Convention of 1862, and was named as a
member of the Peace Commission proposed to be
appointed by the General Assembly, in 1863, to
secure terms of peace with the Southern Con-
federacy. He was also a leading spirit in the
peace meeting held at Peoria, in August, 1863.
In 1869 Mr. Omelveny removed to Los Angeles,
Cal. , which has since been his home, and where
he has carried on a lucrative law practice.
OJJARGA, a town in Iroquois County, on the
Illinois Central Railroad, 85 miles south by west
from Chicago, and 43 miles north by east from
Champaign. It is a manufacturing town, flour,
wagons, wire-fencing, stoves and tile being
among the products. It has a bank, eight
churches, a graded school, a commercial college.
and a weekly newspaper. Population (1880),
1,061; (1890), 994; (1900), 1,270.
ONEIDA, a city in Knox County, on the Chi-
cago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 12 miles
northeast of Galesburg. It has manufactories of
wagons, pumps and furniture, two banks, several
churches, a graded school, and a weekly paper.
The surrounding country is a rich prairie, where
coal is mined about twenty feet below the sur-
face. Population (1890), 699; (1900). 785.
OQUAWKA, the county-seat of Henderson
County, situated on the Mississippi River, about
15 miles above Burlington Iowa, and 32 miles
west of Galesburg. It is in a farming region,
but has some manufactories. The town has
five churches, a graded school, a bank and three
newspapers. Population (1900), 1,010.
ORDINANCE OF 1787. This is the name
given to the first organic act, passed by Congress,
for the government of the territory-northwest of
the Ohio River, comprising the present States of
Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin.
The first step in this direction was taken in the
appointment, by Congress, on March 1, 1784, of a
committee, of which Thomas Jefferson was Chair-
man, to prepare a plan for the temporary govern-
ment of the region whicli had been acquired, by
the capture of Kaskaskia, by Col. George Rogers
Clark, nearly six years previous. The necessity
for some step of this sort had grown all the more
urgent, in consequence of the recognition of tlie
right of the United States to this region by the
Treaty of Paris of 1783, and the surrender, by Vii--
ginia, of the title she had maintained thereto on
account of Clark's conquest under her auspices —
a right which she had exercised by furnishing
whatever semblance of government so far existed
northwest of the Ohio. The report submitted
from Jefferson's committee proposed the division
of the Territory into seven States, to which was
added the proviso that, after the year 1800, "there
shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude
in any of said States, otherwise than in punish-
ment of crime whereof the party shall have been
duly convicted." This report failed of adoption,
however. Congress contenting itself with the
passage of a resolution providing for future
organization of this territory into States by the
people — the measures necessary for temporary
government being left to future Congressional
action. While the postponement, in the reso-
lution as introduced by Jefferson, of the inhi-
bition of slavery to the year 1800, has been
criticised, its introduction was significant, as
coming from a representative from a slave State,
410
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
and being the first proposition in Congress look-
ing to restriction, of an}- character, on the subject
of slavery. Congress having taken no further
step under the resolution adopted in 1784, the
condition of the country (thus left practically
without a responsible government, while increas-
ing in population) became constantly more
deplorable. An appeal from the people about
Kaskaskia for some better form of government,
in 178C. aided by the influence of the newly
organized "Ohio Company," who desired to en-
courage emigration to the lands which they were
planning to secure from the General Government,
at last brought about the desired result, in the
passage of the famous "Ordinance," on the 13th
day of July, 1787. While making provision for a
mode of temporary self-government bj' the
people, its most striking features are to be found
in the sbc "articles" — a sort of "Bill of Rights" —
with which the document closes. These assert:
(1) the right of freedom of worship and religious
opinion; (2) the right to the benefit of habeas
corjius a.nd trial by jury; to proportionate repre-
sentation, and to protection in liberty and prop-
erty; (3) that "religion, morality and knowledge,
being necessary to good government and the
happiness of mankind, schools and the means of
education shall forever be encouraged"; (4) that
the States, formed within the territory referred
to, "shall forever remain a part of this confeder-
acy of the United States of America, subject to
the Articles of Confederation and to such alter-
ations therein as shall be constitutionally made" ;
(5) prescribe the boundaries of the States to be
formed therein and the conditions of their admis-
sion into the Union ; and (6 — and most significant
of all) repeat the prohibition regarding the
introduction of slavery into the Northwest Terri-
tory, as proposed by Jefferson, but without anj-
qualification as to time. There has been consider-
able controversy regarding the authorship of this
portion of the Ordinance, into which it is not
necessary to enter here. "While it has been char-
acterized as a second and advanced Declaration
of Independence — and probably no single act of
Congress was ever fraught with more important
and far-reaching results — it seems remarkable
that a majority of the States supporting it and
secirring its adoption, were then, and long con-
tinued to be, slave States.
OREGON, the county-seat of Ogle County, situ-
ated on Rook River, and the Chicago, Biu'lington
& Northern Railroad, 100 miles west from Chi-
cago. The principal pursuit of the surrounding
region is agriculture, although the tovm has good
water-power and manufactirring is carried on to
some extent, the chief output being flour, pianos
and iron castings. It has banks and three weekly
newspapers. It has also obtained some repute as
a summer resort. Population (1880), 1,088;
(1890), 1,.566; (1900). 1,.'577.
ORIOX, a village of Henry County, at the inter-
section of the Rock Island Division of the Cliicago,
Burlington & Quincy and the Rock Island &
Peoria Railways, 19 miles southeast of Rock
Island. Population (1890), 624; (1900), 584.
OSBORX, William Henry, Railway President,
was born at Salem, Mass., Dec. 21, 1820. After
receiving a high school education in his native
town, he entered the counting room of the East
India house of Peele, Hubbell & Co. ; was subse-
quently sent to represent the firm at JIanila,
finally engaging in business on his own accovmt,
during which he traveled extensively in Europe.
Returning to the United States in 1853, he took
up his residence in New York, and, having mar-
ried the daughter of Jonathan Sturges, one of the
original incorporators and promoters of the Illi-
nois Central Railroad, he soon after became asso-
ciated with that enterprise. In August, 1854, he
was chosen a Director of the Company, and, on
Dec. 1, 1855, became its third President, serving
in the latter position nearly ten years (until July
11, 1865), and, as a Director, until 1877 — in all,
twent}'-two years. After retiring from his con-
nection with the Illinois Central Railroad, Mr.
Osborn gave his attention largely to enterprises
of an educational and benevolent character in aid
of the unfortunate classes in the State of New
York.
OSBORN, Thomas 0., soldier and diplomatist,
was born in Licking County, Ohio, August 11,
1833; graduated from the Ohio University at
Athens, in 1854; studied law at Crawfordsville,
Ind., with Gen. Lew Wallace, was admitted to
the bar and began practice in Chicago. Early in
the war for the Union he joined the "Yates
Phalanx," which, after some delay on account of
the quota being full, was mustered into the serv-
ice, in August, 1861, as the Thirty-ninth Illinois
Volunteers, the subject of this sketch being com-
missioned its Lieutenant-Colonel. His promotion
to the colonelcy soon followed, the regiment
being sent east to guard the Baltimore & Ohio
Railroad, where it met the celebrated Stonewall
Jackson, and took part in many important en-
gagements, including the battles of Winchester,
Bermuda Hundreds, and Drury's Bluff, besides
the sieges of Charleston and Petersburg. At
Bermuda Hundreds Colonel Osborn was severely
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
411
wounded, losing the use of his right arm. He
bore a conspicuous part in the operations about
Richmond which resulted in the capture of the
rebel capital, his services being recognized by
promotion to the brevet rank of Major-General.
At the close of the war he returned to the prac-
tice of law in Chicago, but, in 1874, was appointed
Consul-General and Minister-Resident to the
Argentine Republic, remaining in that position
until June, 1885, when he resigned, resuming his
residence in Chicago.
OSWEGO, a village in Kendall County, on the
Aurora and Streator branch of the Chicago, Bur-
lington & Quincy Railway, 6 miles south of
Aurora. Population (1890), 641; (1900), 618.
OTTAWA, the county-seat and principal city
of La Salle County, being incorporated as a vil-
lage in 1838, and, as a city, in 1853. It is located
at the confluence of the Illinois and Fox Rivers
and on the Illinois & Michigan Canal. It is the
intersecting point of the Chicago, Rock Island &
Pacific Railway and the Streator branch of the
Cliicago, Burlington & Quincy, 98 miles east of
Rock Island and 83 miles west-south %vest of Chi-
cago. The surrounding region abounds in coal.
Sand of a superior quality for the manufacture of
glass is found in the vicinity and the place has
extensive glass works. Other manufactured
products are brick, drain-tile, sewer-pipe, tile-
roofing, pottery, organs, cigars, wagons and car-
riages, besides agricultural implements, saddlery
and harness, and pumps. The city has many
handsome public buildings and private residences,
including, among the former, the Appellate
(formerly Supreme) Court House for the Northern
Division. It also has several public parks, one of
which (South Park) contains a medicinal spring.
There are a dozen churches and numerous public
school buildings, including a high school. The
city is lighted by gas and electricity, has electric
street railways, good sewerage, and water-works
supplied from over 150 artesian wells and numer-
ous natural springs. It has one private and two
national banks, five libraries, and eight weekly
newspapers (three German), of which four issue
daily editions. Population (1880), 7,834; (1890),
9,985; (1900), 10.588.
OTTAWA, CHICAGO & FOX RIVER VALLEY
RAILROAD. (See Chicago, Burlington & Quincy
Railroad.)
OUTAGAMIES, a name given, by the French,
to the Indian tribe known as the Foxes. (See
Sacs and Foxes. )
OWEN, Thomas J. V., early legislator and
Indian Agent, was born in Kentucky, April 5,
1801 ; came to Illinois at an early day, and, in
1830, was elected to the Seventh General Assem-
bly from Randolph County; the following year
was appointed Indian Agent at Chicago, as suc-
cessor to Dr. Alexander Wolcott, who had died in
the latter part of 1830. Mr. Owen served as
Indian Agent until 1833; was a member of the
first Board of Town Trustees of the village of Chi-
cago, Commissioner of School Lands, and one of
the Government Commissioners who conducted
the treaty with the Pottawatomie and other
tribes of Indians at Chicago, in September, 1833.
Died, in Chicago, Oct. 15, 1835.
PADDOCK, Gaius, pioneer, a native of Massa-
chusetts, was born in 1758; at the age of 17 he
entered the Colonial Army, serving until the
close of the Revolutionary War, and being in
Washington's command at the crossing of the
Delaware. After the war he removed to Ver-
mont; but, in 1815, went to Cincinnati, and, a
year later, to St. Charles, Mo. Then, after hav-
ing spent about a year at St. Louis, in 1818 he
located in Madison County, 111., at a point after-
wards known as "Paddock's Grove," and which
became one of the most prosperous agricultural
sections of Southern Illinois. Died, in 1831.
PAIXE, (Gen.) Eleazer A., soldier, was born in
Parkman, Geauga County, Ohio, Sept. 10, 1815;
graduated at West Point Military Academy, in
1839, and was assigned to the First Infantry,
serving in the Florida War (1839-40), but resigned,
Oct. 11, 1840. He then studied law and practiced
at Painesville, Ohio, (1843-48), and at Monmouth,
111., (1848-61), meanwhile serving in the lower
branch of the Eighteenth General Assembly
(1852-53). Before leaving Ohio, he had been
Deputy United States Marshal and Lieutenant-
Colonel of the State Militia, and, in Illinois,
became Brigadier-General of Militia (1845-48).
He was appointed Colonel of the Ninth Illinois in
April, 1861, and served through the war, being
promoted Brigadier-General in September, 1861.
The first duty performed by his regiment, after
this date, was the occupation of Paducah, Ky.,
where he was in command. Later, it took part
in the capture of Forts Henry and Donelson,
the battles of Shiloh, New Madrid and Corinth,
and also in the various engagements in Northern
Georgia and in the "march to the sea." From
November, 1862, to May, 1864, General Paine was
guarding railroad lines in Central Tennessee,
and, during a part of 1864, in command of the
Western District of Kentucky. He resigned,
April 5, 1865, and died in Jersey City, Dec. 16,
412
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
1883. A sturdy Union man, he performed his
duty as a soldier with great zeal and efficiency.
PALATINE, a village of Cook County, on the
"Wisconsin Division of the Chicago & Northwest-
ern Railroad, 2G miles northwest from Chicago.
There are flour and planing mills here ; dairying
and farming are leading industries of the sur-
rounding country. Population (1880), 731 ; (1890),
891; (1900). I.OSO".
PALESTINE, a town in Crawford County,
about 2 miles from the Wabash River, 7 miles
east of Robinson, and 33 miles south by west from
Terre Haute, on the Indiana & Illinois Southern
Railway. It has several churches, a graded
school, a bank, two weekly newspajiers, flour and
woolen mills, plow works and car shops. Popu-
lation (1880), 73",; (1890), 732; (1900), 979.
P.4.LMER, Frank W., journalist, ex-Congress-
man and Public Printer, was born at Manchester,
Dearborn County, Ind., Oct. 11, 1827; learned the
printer's trade at Jamestown, N. Y. , afterwards
edited "The Jamestown Journal,"' and served
two terms in the New York Legislature; in 1858
removed to Dubuque, Iowa, and edited "The
Dubuque Times," was elected to Congress in 1860,
and again in 1868 and 1872, meanwhile having
purchased "The Des Moines Register,"' which he
edited for several years. In 1873 be removed to
Chicago and became editor of "The Inter Ocean,"
remaining two years ; in 1877 was appointed Post-
master of the citj' of Chicago, serving eight years.
Shortly after the accession of President Harrison,
in 1889, be was appointed Public Printer, continu-
ing in oflSce until the accession of President Cleve-
land in 1893, when he returned to newspaper work,
but resumed his old place at the head of the
Government Printing Bureau after the inaugura-
tion of President McKinley in 1897.
P.ILMER, John McCauley, lawyer, soldier and
United States Senator, was born in Scott Covmty,
Ky., Sept. 13, 1817; removed with his father to
Madison County, 111., in 1831, and, four years
later, entered Shurtleff College, at Upper Alton,
as a student ; later taught and studied law, being
admitted to the bar in 1839. In 1843 he was
elected Probate Judge of Macoupin County, also
served in the State Constitutional Convention of
18-t7 ; after discharging the duties of Probate and
County Judge, was elected to the State Senate, to
fill a vacancy, in 18.J2, and re-elected in 1854, as
an Anti-Nebraska Democrat, casting his vote for
Lyman Trumbull for United States Senator in
1855, but resigned his seat in 1856 ; was President
of the first Republican State Convention, held at
Bloomington in the latter year, and appointed a
delegate to the National Convention at Philadel-
phia ; was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress
in 1859, and chosen a Presidential Elector on the
Republican ticket in 1860 ; served as a member of
the National Peace Conference of 1861 ; entered
the army as Colonel of the Fourteenth Regiment
Illinois Volunteer Infantry ; was promoted Briga-
dier General, in November, 1861, taking part in
the campaign in Tennessee up to Chickamauga,
assuming the command of the Fourteenth Army
Corps with the rank of Major-General, but was
relieved at his own request before Atlanta. In
1865 he was assigned, by President Lincoln, to
command of the Military Department of Ken-
tucky, but, in September, 1866, retired from the
service, and, in 1867, became a citizen of Spring-
field. The following year he was elected Gov-
ernor, as a Republican, but, in 1872, supported
Horace Greeley for President, and has since co-
operated with the Democratic party. He was
three times the unsuccessful candidate of his
party for L^nited States Senator, and was their
nominee for Governor in 1888, but defeated. In
1890 he was nominated for United States Senator
by the Democratic State Convention and elected
in joint session of the Legislature, March 11, 1891,
receiving on the 154th ballot 101 Democratic and
two Farmers" Mutual Alliance votes. He became
an important factor in the campaign of 1896 as
candidate of the "Sound Money" Democracy for
President, although receiving no electoral votes,
proving his devotion to principle. His last years
were occupied in preparation of a volume of
personal recollections, wb.ich was completed,
under the title of "The Story of an Earnest Life,"
a few weeks before his death, which occurred at
his home in Springfield, September 25, 1900.
P.\LMER, Potter, merchant and capitalist,
was born in Albany County, N. Y., in 1825;
received an English education and became a
junior clerk in a countr}' store at Durham,
Greene County, in that State, three years later
being placed in charge of the business, and finally
engaging in business on his own account. Com-
ing to Chicago in 1852, he embarked in the dry-
goods business on Lake Street, establishing the
house which afterwards became Field, Leiter &
Co. (now ^Marshall Field & Co.), from which here-
tired, in 1865, with the basis of an ample fortune,
which has since been immensely increased by
fortunate operations in real estate. Mr. Palmer
was Second Vice-President of the first Board of
Local Directors of the "World's Columbian Expo-
sition in 1891. — Mrs. Bertha M. Honore (Palnier>, .
wife of the preceding, is the daughter of H. H.
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
413
Honore, formerly a prominent real-estate owner
and operator of Chicago. She is a native of
Louisville, Ky., where her girlhood was chiefly
spent, though she was educated at a convent near
Baltimore, Md. Later she came with lier family
to Chicago, and, in 1870, was married to Potter
Palmer. Mrs. Palmer has been a recognized
leader in many social and benevolent movements,
but won the highest praise by her ability and
administrative skill, exhibited as President of the
Board of Lady Managers of the World's Colum-
bian Exposition of 1893.
PALMYRA, a village of Macoupin County, on
the Springfield Division of the St. Louis, Chicago
& St. Paul Railway, 33 miles southwest from
Springfield ; has some local manufactories, a bank
and a newspaper. Population (1900), 813.
PANA, an important railway center and prin-
cipal city of Christian County, situated in the
southeastern part of the County, and at the inter-
secting point of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwest-
ern, the Illinois Central and the Cleveland,
Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroads, 35
miles south by west from Decatur, and 42 miles
southeast of Springfield. It is an important sliip-
ping-point for grain and has two elevators. Its
mechanical establishments include two flouring
mills, a foundry, two machine shops and two
planing mills. The surrounding region is rich in
coal, which is extensively mined. Pana has
banks, several churches, graded schools, and
three papers issuing daily and weekly editions.
Population (1890), 5,077; (1900), 5,530.
PANA, SPRIXiFIELD & NORTHWESTERN
RAILROAD. (See Baltimore & Ohio South-
western Railroad.)
PARIS, a handsome and flourishing city, the
county-seat of Edgar County. It is an important
railway center, situated 19 miles west-northwest
of Terre Haute, 36 miles south of Danville, and
170 miles east-northeast of St. Louis. It stands
in the heart of a wealthy and populous agricul-
tural region, and has a prosperous trade. Its
industries include foundries, flour, saw and plan-
ing mills and car shops. The city has two
National banks and three daily and weekly news-
papers, besides a court house, seven churches,
graded schools, and a Normal Academy. Popu-
lation (1880), 4,373; (1890), 4,996; (1900), 6,105.
PARIS & DECATUR RAILROAD. (See Terre
Haute & Peoria Railroad.)
PARIS & TERRE HAUTE RAILROAD. (See
Terre Haute & Peoria Railroad. )
PARES, GaTion D. A., lawyer, was born at
Bristol, Ontario County, N. Y., Sept. 17, 1817;
went to New York City in 1838, where he com-
pleted his legal studies and was admitted to the
bar, removing to Lockport, 111., in 1842. Here
he successively edited a paper, served as Master
in Chancery and in an engineering corps on the
Illinois & Michigan Canal; was elected County
Judge in 1849, removed to Joliet, and, for a time,
acted as an attorney of the Chicago & Rock
Island, the Michigan Central and the Chicago
& Alton Railroads; was also a Trustee of the
Institution for the Deaf and Dumb at Jackson-
ville; was elected Representative in 1852, became
a Republican and served on the first Republican
State Central Committee (18.50); the same year
was elected to the State Senate, and was a
Commissioner of the State Penitentiary in 1864.
In 1872 Mr. Parks joined in the Liberal-Repub-
lican movement, was defeated for Congress, and
afterwards acted with the Democratic party.
Died, Dec. 28, 1895.
PARKS, Lawson A., journalist, was born at
Mecklenburg, N. C, April 15, 1813; learned the
printing trade at Charlotte, in that State ; came
to St. Louis in 1833, and, in 1830, assisted in estab-
lishing "The Alton Telegraph," but sold his
interest a few years later. Then, having offi-
ciated as pastor of Presbyterian churches for some
years, in 1854 he again became associated with
"The Telegraph," acting as its editor. Died at
Alton, March 31. 1875.
PARK RIDGE, a suburban village on the Wis-
consin Division of the Chicago & Northwestern
Railroad, 13 miles northwest of Chicago. Popu-
lation (1880), 4.57; (1890), 987; (1900), 1,340.
PARTRIDGE, Charles Addison, journalist and
Assistant Adjutant-General of the Grand Army
of the Republic, was born in Westford, Chittenden
County, Vt., Dec. 8, 1843; came with his parents
to Lake County, III., in 1844, and spent his boy-
hood on a farm, receiving his education in the
district school, with four terms in a high school
at Burlington, Wis. At 16 he taught a winter
district school near his boyhood home, and at 18
enlisted in what became Company C of the
Ninety-sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, being
mustered into the service as Eighth Corporal at
Rockford. His regiment becoming attaclied to
the Army of the Cumberland, he participated
v.'itli it in the battles of Chiokamauga and the
Atlanta campaign, as well as those of Franklin
and Nashville, and has taken a just pride in the
fact that he never fell out on the march, took
medicine from a doctor or was absent from his
regiment during its term of service, except for
four months while recovering from a gun-shot
414
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
wound received ai, Chickamauga. He was pro-
moted successively to Sergeant. Sergeant-Major,
and commissioned Second Lieutenant of his old
company, of which his father was First Lieuten-
ant for six months and until forced to resign on
account of impaired health. Receiving his final
discharge. June 28. 18G.5, he returned to the farm,
where he remained until 18G9, in the meantime
being married to Miss Jennie E. Earle. in 1866,
and teaching school one winter. In 1869 he was
elected Count}- Treasurer of Lake County on the
Republican ticket, and re-elected in 1871 ; in
January of the latter year, purchased an interest
in "The Waukegan Gazette," with which he
remained associated some fifteen years, at first as
the partner of Rev. A. K. Fox, and later of his
younger brother, H. E. Partridge. In 1877 he
was appointed, by President Hayes, Postmaster
at Waukegan, serving four years; in 1886 was
elected to the Legislature, serving (by successive
elections) as Representative in the Thirtj'-fifth,
Thirty-sixth and Thirty-seventh General Assem-
blies, being frequently called upon to occupy the
Speaker's chair, and, especially dui-ing the long
Senatorial contest of 1891, being recognized as a
leader of the Republican minority. In 1888 he
was called to the service of the Republican State
Central Committee (of which he had previously
been a member), as assistant to the veteran Secre-
tary, the late Daniel Shepard, remaining until
the death of his chief, when he succeeded to the
secretaryship. During the Presidential campaign
of 1892 he was associated with the late William
J. Campbell, then the Illinois member of the
Republican National Committee, and was en-
trusted by him with many important and confi-
dential missions. Without solicitation on his
part, in 1894 he was again called to assume the
secretaryship of the Republican State Central
Committee, and bore a conspicuous and influ-
ential part in winning the brilliant success
achieved by the party in the campaign of that
year. From 1893 to 189.5 he served as Mayor of
Waukegan; in 1896 became Assistant Adjutant-
General of the Grand Army of the Republic for
the Department of Illinois — a position which he
held in 1889 under Commander James S. Martin,
and to which he has been re-appointed by succes-
sive Department Commanders up to the present
time. Mr. Partridge's service in the various
public positions held by him, has given him an
acquaintance extending to every county in the
State.
PATOKA, a village of Marion County, on the
Western branch of the Illinois Central Railway,
1.5 miles south of Vandalia. There are flour and
saw mills here ; the surrounding country is agri-
cultural. Population (1890), 502; (1900), 640.
PATTERSON, Robert Wilson, D.D., LL.D.,
clergyman, was born in Blount County, Tenn.,
Jan. 21, 1814; came to Bond County, 111., with
his parents in 1822, his father dying two years
later; at 18 had had only nine months" schooling,
but graduated at Illinois College in 1837 ; spent a
year at Lane Theological Seminary, another as
tutor in Illinois College, and then, after two years
more at Lane Seminary and preaching in Chicago
and at Monroe, Mich., in 1842 established the
Second Presbyterian Church of Chicago, of which
he remained the pastor over thirty years. In
1850 he received a call to the chair of Didactic
Theology at Lane Seminary, as successor to Dr.
Lyman Beecher, but it was declined, as was a
similar call ten years later. Resigning his pastor-
ship in 1873, he was, for several years. Professor of
Christian Evidences and Ethics in the Theological
Seminary of the Northwest ; in 1876-78 served as
President of Lake Forest University (of which he
was one of the founders), and, in 1880-83, as
lecturer in Lane Theological Seminary. He
received the degree of D.D. from Hamilton Col-
lege, N. Y., in 1854, that of LL.D. from Lake
Forest University, and was Moderator of the
Presbyterian General Assembly (N. S. )at Wil-
mington, Del., in 1859. Died, at Evanston, 111.,
Feb. 24, 1894.
PAVEY, Charles 'W., soldier and ex-State
Auditor, was born in Highland County, Ohio,
Nov. 8, 1835 ; removed to Illinois in 1859, settling
in the vicinity of Mount Vernon, and, for a time,
followed the occupation of a farmer and stock-
raiser. In August, 1862, he enlisted in the Eighti-
eth Illinois Volunteers for the Civil War, and
became First Lieutenant of Company E. He was
severely wounded at the battle of Sand Mountain
and, having been captured, was confined in Libby
Prison, at Salisbury, N. C, and at Danville,
Va., for a period of nearly two years, enduring
great hardship and suffering. Having been
exchanged, he served to the close of the war as
Assistant Inspector-General on the Staff of Gen-
eral Rousseau, in Tennessee. He was a delegate
to the Republican National Convention of 1880,
which nominated General Garfield for the Presi-
dency, and was one of the famous "306" who
stood by General Grant in that struggle. In 1882
he was appointed by President Arthur Collector
of Internal Revenue for the Southern District,
and, in 1888, was nominated and elected State
Auditor on the Republican ticket, but was de-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
415
feated for re-election in the "land-slide" of 1892.
General Pavey has been prominent in "G. A. R. "
councils, and held the position of Junior Vice-
Commander for the Department of Illinois in
1878, and that of Senior Vice-Commander in
1879. He also served as Brigadier-General of the
National Guard, for Southern IlUnois, during the
railroad strike of 1877. In 1897 he received from
President McKinley the appointment of Special
Agent of the Treasury Department. His home
is at Mount Vernon, Jefferson County.
PAW>'EE, a village of Sangamon County, at
the eastern terminus of the Auburn & Pawnee
Railroad, 19 miles south of Springfield. The
town has a bank and a weekly paper. Popula-
tion, 300; (1900), 595.
PAWjVEE railroad, a short line in Sanga-
mon County, extending from Pawnee to Auburn
(9 miles), where it forms a junction with the
Chicago & Alton Railroad. The company was
organized and procured a charter in December,
1888, and the road completed the following year.
The cost was ?101,774. Capital stock authorized,
§100,000; funded debt (1895), 850,000.
PAW PAW, a village of Lee County, at the
junction of two branches of the Chicago, Burling-
ton & Quincy Railway, 8 miles northwest of Earl-
ville. The town is in a farming region, but has
a bank and two weekly papers. Population
(1890), 850; (1900), 765;
PAXTON, the county-seat of Ford County, is
situated at the intersection of the Chicago Divi-
sion of the Illinois Central and the Lake Erie &
Western Railroads, 105 miles south by west from
Chicago, and 49 miles east of Bloomington. It
contains a court house, two banks, six churches
and two weekly newspapers. It is also the seat
of Augustana (Evangelical Lutheran) College,
which was fovmded in 1860. It is an important
shipping-point for the farm products of the sur-
rounding territory, which is a rich agricultural
region Besides brick and tile-works and flour
mills, factories for the manufacture of carriages
and plows are located here. Population (1880),
1,725; (1890), 2,187; (1900), 3,036,
PAYSON, a viUage in Adams County, 15 miles
southeast of Quincy ; the nearest railroad station
being Fall River, on the Quincy and Louisiana
Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy
Railway; has one newspaper. Population (1900),
465.
PATSON, Lewis E., lawyer and ex-Congress-
man, was born at Providence, R. I., Sept. 17,
1840; came to Illinois at the age of 12, and, after
passing through the common schools, attended
Lombard University, at Galesburg, for two years.
He was admitted to the bar at Ottawa in 1862,
and, in 1865, took up his residence at Pontiac.
From 1869 to 1873 he was Judge of the Livingston
County Court, and, from 1881 to 1891, represented
his District in Congress, being elected as a
Republican, but, in 1890, was defeated by his
Democratic opponent, Herman W. Snow. Since
retiring from Congress he has practiced his pro-
fession in "Washington, D. C.
PEABODT, Selim Hobart, educator, was bom
in Rockingham County, Vt., August 20, 1829;
after reaching 13 years of age, spent a year in a
Boston Latin School, then engaged in various
occupations, including teaching, until 1848. when
he entered the University of Vermont, graduat-
ing third in his class in 1852 ; was appointed Pro-
fessor of Mathematics and Engineering in the
Polytechnic College at Philadelphia, in 1854,
remaining three years, when he spent five years
in Wisconsin, the last three as Superintendent of
Schools at Racine. From 1805 to 1871 he was
teacher of ph3-sical science in Chicago High
School, also conducting night schools for work-
ing men ; in 1871 became Professor of Physics and
Engineering in Massachusetts Agricultural Col-
lege, but returned to the Chicago High School in
1874; in 1876 took charge of the Chicago Acad-
emy of Sciences, and, in 1878, entered the Illinois
Industrial University (now University of Illinois),
at Champaign, first as Professor of Mechanical
Engineering, in 1880 becoming President, but
resigning in 1891. During the World's Colum-
bian Exposition at Chicago, Professor Peabody
was Chief of the Department of Liberal Arts,
and, on the expiration of his service there,
assumed the position of Curator of the newly
organized Chicago Academy of Sciences, from
which he retired some two years later.
PEARL, a village of Pike County, on the Kan-
sas Cit}' brancli of the Chicago & Alton Railroad,
14 miles west of Roodhouse. Population (1890),
928; (1900), 722.
PEARSOK, Isaac Ji., ex-Secretary of State, was
born at Centreville, Pa., July 27, 1842; removed
to Macomb, McDonough County, 111., in 1858, and
has ever since resided there. In 1872 he was
elected Clerk of the Circuit Court, and re-elected
in 1876. Later he engaged in real-estate and
banking business. He was a member of the lower
house in the Thirty-third, and of the Senate in
the Thirty-fifth, General Assembly, but before the
expiration of his term in the latter, was elected
Secretary of State, on the Republican ticket, in
1888. In 1892 he was a candidate for re-election.
416
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
but was defeated, althougli, next to Governor
Fifer, he received the largest vote cast for any
candidate for a political office on the Republican
State ticket.
PEARSO>', John M., ex-Railway and Ware-
house Commissioner, born at Newburyport,
Mass., in 1832— the son of a ship-carpenter; was
educated in his native State and came to Illinois
in 1849, locating at the city of Alton, where he
was afterwards engaged in the manufacture of
agricultural implements. In 1873 he was ap-
pointed a member of the first Railway and Ware-
house Commission, serving four years; in 1878
was elected Representative in the Thirty-first
General Assembly from Madison County, and
was re-elected, successively, in 1880 and "82. He
was appointed a member of the first Board of
Live-Stock Commissioners in 188.5, serving until
1893, for a considerable portion of the time as
President of the Board. Jlr. Pearson is a life-
long Republican and prominent member of the
JIasonic fraternity. His present home is at
Godfrey.
PEARSOXS, Daniel K., M.D., real-estate oper-
ator and capitalist, was born at Bradfordton, Vt.,
April 14, 1820 ; began teaching at 16 years of age,
and, at 21, entered Dartmouth College, taking a
two years' course. He then studied medicine,
and, after practicing a short time in his native
State, removed to Chicopee, Mass., where he
remained from 1843 to 1857. The latter year he
came to Ogle County, 111., and began operating
in real estate, finally adding to this a loan busi-
ness for Eastern parties, but discontinued this
line in 1877. He owns extensive tracts of timber
lands in Michigan, is a Director in the Chicago
City Railway Company and American Exchange
Bank, besides being interested in other financial
institutions. He has been one of the most liberal
supporters of the Chicago Historical Society, and
a princely contributor to various benevolent and
educational institutions, his gifts to colleges, in
different parts of the country, aggregating over a
million dollars.
PECATOMCA, a town in Pecatonica Township,
Winnebago County, on the Pecatonica River. It
is on the Chicago & Northwestern Railway, mid-
way between Freeport and Rockford. being 14
miles from each. It contains a carriage factory
and a machine shop, a bank, five churches, a
graded school, and a weekly newspaper. Popu-
lation (1880), 1,029; (1890), 1,059; (1900), 1,045.
PECATOMCA RITER, a stream formed by the
confluence of two branches, both of which rise
in Iowa County, Wis. They unite a little north
of the Illinois State line, whence the river runs
southeast to Freeport, then east and northeast,
until it enters Rock River at Rockton. From the
headwaters of either branch to the mouth of the
river is about 50 miles.
PECK, Ebenezer, early lawyer, was born in
Portland, Maine, May 22, 1803; received an aca-
demical education, studied law and was admitted
to the bar in Canada in 1827. He was twice
elected to the Provincial Parliament and made
King's Counsel in 1833 ; came to Illinois in 1835,
settling in Chicago ; served in the State Senate
(1838-40), and in the House (1840-42 and 1858-60);
was also Clerk of the Supreme Court (1841-45),
Reporter of Supreme Court decisions (1849-63),
and member of the Constitutional Convention of
1869-70. Mr. Peck was an intimate personal
friend of Abraham Lincoln, by whom he was
appointed a member of the Court of Claims, at
Washington, serving until 1875. Died, May 25,
1881.
PECK, Ferdinand Wytlie, lawyer and finan-
cier, was born in Chicago, July 15, 1848 — the son
of Philip F. W. Peck, a pioneer and early mer-
chant of the metropolis of Illinois ; was educated
in the public schools, the Chicago University
and Union College of Law, graduating from
both of the last named institutions, and being
admitted to the bar in 1869. For a time he
engaged in practice, but his father having died in
1871, the responsibility of caring for a large
estate devolved upon him and has since occupied
his time, though he has given much attention to
the amelioration of the condition of the poor of
his native city, and works of practical benevo-
lence and public interest. He is one of the
founders of the Illinois Humane Society, has been
President and a member of the Board of Control
of the Chicago Athenaeum, member of the Board
of Education, President of the Chicago LTnion
League, and was an influential factor in securing
the success of the World's Columbian Exposition
at Chicago, in 1893, serving as First Vice-Presi-
dent of the Chicago Board of Directors, Chair-
man of the Finance Committee, and member of
the Board of Reference and Control. Of late
years, Mr. Peck has been connected with several
important building enterprises of a semi-public
character, which have added to the reputation of
Chicago, including the Auditorium, Stock Ex-
change Building and others in which he is a
leading stockholder, and in the erection of which
he has been a chief promoter. In 1898 he was
appointed, by President McKinley, the United
States Commissioner to the International Expo-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
417
sition at Paris of 1900, as successor to the late
Maj. M. P. Handy, and the success which has
followed his discharge of the duties of that
position, has demonstrated the fitness of his
selection.
PECK, Georg'e R., railway attorney, born in
Steuben County, N. Y., in 1843; was early taken
to Wisconsin, where he assisted in clearing his
father's farm: at 16 became a country school-
teacher to aid in freeing the same farm from
debt : enlisted at 19 in the First Wisconsin Heavy
Artillery, later becoming a Captain in the Thirty-
first Wisconsin Infantry-, with which he joined in
"Sherman's March to the Sea." Returning liome
at the close of the war, he began the study of
law at Janesville, spending six years there as a
student. Clerk of the Circuit Court and in prac-
tice. From there he went to Kansas and, between
1871 and "74, practiced his profession at Independ-
ence, when he was appointed by President Grant
United States District Attorney for the Kansas
District, but resigned this position, in 1879, to
return to general practice. In 1881 he became
General Solicitor of the Atchison, Topeka &
Santa Fe Railroad, removing to Chicago in
1893. In ISO.") he resigned his position with the
Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad to accept
a, similar position with the Chicago, Milwaukee
& St. Paul Railway Company, which (1898) he
still holds. Mr. Peck is recognized as one of the
most gifted orators in the West, and, in 1897, was
chosen to deliver the principal address at the un-
veiling of the Logan equestrian statue in Lake
Front Park, Chicago ; has al.so officiated as orator
on a number of other important public occasions,
always acquitting himself with distinction.
PECK, John Mason, D.D., clergyman and edu-
cator, was born in Litchfield, Conn., Oct. 31. 1789;
removed to Greene County, N. Y., in 1811, vrhere
he united with the Baptist Church, the same
year entering on pastoral work, while prosecuting
his studies and supporting himself by teaching.
In 1814 he became pastor of a church at Amenia,
N. Y., and. in 1817, was sent west as a mission-
ary, arriving in St. Louis in the latter part of the
same year. During the next nine years he trav-
eled extensively through Missouri and Illinois, as
an itinerant preacher and teacher, finallj' locating
at Rock Spring, St. Clair Count}-, where, in 1826,
he established the Rook Spring Seminary for the
education of teachers and ministers. Out of this
grew Shurtleff College, founded at Upper Alton
in 183.5, in securing the endowment of which Dr.
Peck traveled many thousands of miles and col-
lected $20,000, and of which he served as Trustee
for many years. Up to 1843 he devoted much
time to aiding in the establishment of a theolog-
ical institution at Covington, Kj'., and, for two
J ears following, was Corresponding Secretary and
Financial Agent of the American Baptist Publi-
cation Society, with headquarters in Pliiladelphia.
Returning to the West, he served as pastor of sev-
eral important churches in Missouri, Illinois and
Kentucky. A man of indomitable will, unflag-
ging industry and thoroughly upright in conduct,
for a period of a quarter of a century, in the early
history of the State, probably no man exerted a
larger influence for good and the advancement
of the cause of education, among the pioneer citi-
zens of all classes, than Dr. Peck. Though giving
his attention so constantly to preaching and
teaching, he fovmd time to write much, not only
for the various publications with which he was,
from time to time, connected, but also for other
periodicals, besides publishing "A Guide for Emi-
grants" (1831), of which a new edition appeared
in 1836, and a "Gazetteer of Illinois" (Jackson-
ville, 1834. and Boston, 1837), which continue to
be valued for the information they contain of the
condition of the country at that time. He was
an industrious collector of historical records in
the form of newspapers and pamphlets, which
were unfortunately destroyed by fire a few years
before his death. In 18.52 he received the degree
of D.D. from Harvard University. Died, at Rock
Spring, St. Clair County, March 15, 1858.
PECK, Philip F. W., pioneer merchant, was
born in Providence, R. I., in 1809, the son of a
wholesale merchant who had lost his fortune by
indorsing for a friend. After some years spent
in a mercantile house in New York, he came to
Chicago on a prospecting tour, in 1830; the fol-
lowing year brought a stock of goods to the
embrj-o emporium of the Northwest — then a small
backwoods hamlet — and. by trade and fortunate
investments in real estate, laid the foundation of
what afterwards became a large fortune. He
died, Oct. 23, 1871, as the result of an accident
occui'ring about the time of the great fire of two
weeks previous, from which he was a heavy
sufferer pecuniarily. Three of his sons, Walter L. ,
Clarence I. and Ferdinand W. Peck, p.re among
Chicago's most substantial citizens.
PEKIN, a flourishing city, the county-seat of
Tazewell County, and an important railway cen-
ter, located on the Illinois River, 10 miles south
of Peoria and 56 miles north of Springfield.
Agriculture and coal-mining are the chief occu-
pations in the surrounding country, but the city
itself is an important grain market with large
418
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
general shipping interests. It has several distill-
eries, besides grain elevators, malt-houses, brick
and tile works, lumber yards, planing mills,
marble works, plow and wagon works, and other
important manufacturing industries. Its bank-
ing facilities are adequate to its large trade, and
its religious and educational advantages are ex-
cellent. The city has a public library, and sup-
ports three daily and four weekly papers.
Population (1890), 6,347; (1900), 8.420.
PEKIX, LIXCOL> & DECITUR RAILROAD.
(See Peoria. Decatur & EraxxviHe RaiJwaij.)
PELL, Gilbert T,, Representative in the Third
Illinois General Assembly (1822) from Edwards
County, and an opponent of the resolution for a
State Convention adopted by the Legislature at
that session, designed to open the door for the
admission of slavery. Jlr. Pell was a son-in-law
of ilorris Birkbeck. who was one of the leaders
in opposition to the Convention scheme, and very
naturally sympathized with his father-in-law.
He was elected to the Legislature, for a second
term, in 1828, but subsequently left the State,
dying elsewhere, when his widow removed to
Australia.
PE>>STLVAjVIA railroad. As to oper-
ations of this corporation in Illinois, see Calumet
River; Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago; South
Chicago & Southern, and Pittsburg, Cincinnati,
Chicago & St. Louis Railways. The whole num-
ber of miles owned, leased and operated by the
Pennsylvania System, in 1898, was 1,987.21. of
which only 61.34 miles were in Illinois. It owns,
however, a controlling interest in the stock of
the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railway (which
see).
PEORIA, the second largest city of the State
and the county-seat of Peoria County, is 160 miles
southwest of Chicago, and at the foot of an expan-
sion of the Illinois River known as Peoria Lake.
The site of the town occupies an elevated plateau,
having a water frontage of four miles and extend-
ing back to a bluflf. which rises 2C0 feet above the
river level and about 120 feet above the highest
point of the main site. It was settled in 1778 or
'79, although, as generally believed, the French
missionaries had a station there in 1711. There
was certainly a settlement there as early as 1725,
when Renault received a grant of lands at Pimi-
teoui, facing the lake then bearing the same
name as the village. From that date until 1812,
the place was continuously occupied as a French
village, and is said to have been the most impor-
tant point for trading in the Mississippi Valley.
The original village was situated about a mile and
a half above the foot of the lake ; but later, tlie pres-
ent site was occupied, at first receiving the name
of "La Ville de Maillet,'' froma French Canadian
who resided in Peoria, from 1765 to 1801 (the time
of his death), and who commanded a company of
volunteers in the Revolutionary War. The popu-
lation of the old town removed to the new site,
and the present name was given to the place by
American settlers, from the Peoria Indians, who
were the occupants of the country when it was
first discovered, but who had followed their cog-
nate tribes of the Illinois family to Cahokia and
Kaskaskia, about a century before American
occupation of this region. In 1812 the town is
estimated to have contained about seventj' dwell-
ings, with a population of between 200 and
300, made up largely of French traders,
hunters and voyageurs, with a considerable
admixture of half-breeds and Indians, and a few
Americans. Among the latter were Thomas
Forsyth. Indian Agent and confidential adviser
of Governor Edwards; Michael La Croix, son-in-
law of Julian Dubuque, founder of the city of
Dubuque; Antoine Le Claire, founder of Daven-
port, and for whom Le Claire, Iowa, is named;
William Arundel, afterwards Recorder of St.
Clair County, and Isaac Darnielle, the second law-
yer in Illinois. — In November, 1812, about lialf
the town was burned, by order of Capt. Thomas
E. Craig, who had been directed, by Governor
Edwards, to proceed up the river in boats with
materials to build a fort at Peoria. At the same
time, the Governor himself was at the head of a
force marching against Black Partridge's vil-
lage, which he destroyed. Edwards had no com-
munication with Craig, who appears to have
acted solely on his own responsibility. That the
hitter's action was utterh- unjustifiable, there can
now be little doubt. He alleged, by way of
excuse, that his boats had been fired upon from
the shore, at night, by Indians or others, who
were harbored by the citizens. The testimonj'
of the French, however, is to the effect that it
was an unprovoked and cowardly assault, insti-
gated by wine which the soUliers had stolen from
the cellars of the inhabitants. The bulk of those
who remained after the fire were taken by Craig
to a point below Alton and put ashore. This
occurred in the beginning of winter, and the
people, being left in a destitute condition, were
subjected to great suffering. A Congressional
investigation followed, and the French, having
satisfactorily established the fact that they were
not hostile, were restored to tlieir possessions. — In
1813 a fort, designed for permanent occupancy,
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
419
■was erected and named Fort Clark, in honor of
Col. George Rogers Clark. It had one (if not
two) block-houses, with magazines and quarters
for officers and men. It was finally evacuated in
1818, and was soon afterwards burned by the
Indians. Although a trading-post had been
maintained here, at intervals, after the affair of
1812, there was no attempt made to rebuild the
town until 1819, when Americans began to
arrive. — In 1834 a post of the American Fur Com-
pany was established here by John Hamlin, tlie
company having already had, for five years, a
station at Wesley City, three miles farther down
the river. Hamlin also traded in pork and other
products, and was the first to introduce keel-
boats on the Illinois River. By transferring his
cargo to lighter draft boats, when necessary, he
made the trip from Peoria to Chicago entirel}- by
water, going from the Des Plaines to Mud Lake,
and thence to the South Branch of the Chicago
River, without unloading. In 1834 the town had
but seven frame houses and twenty-one log
cabins. It was incorporated as a town in 1835
(Rudolphus Rouse being the first President), and,
as the City of Peoria, ten years later (Wm. Hale
being the first Mayor). — Peoria is an important
railway and business center, eleven railroad lines
concentrating here. It presents many attractive
features, such as handsome residences, fine views
of river, bluff and valley scenery, with an elab-
orate system of parks and drives. An excellent
school system is liberally supported, and its public
buildings (national, county and city) are fine and
costly. Its churches are elegant and well
attended, the leading denominations being
Methodist Episcopal, Congregational, Presby-
terian, Baptist, Protestant and Reformed Episco-
pal, Lutheran, Evangelical and Roman Catholic.
It is the seat of Bradley Polytechnic Institute, a
young and flourishing scientific school affiliated
with the University of Chicago, and richly en-
dowed through the munificence of Mrs. Lydia
Bradley, who devotes her whole estate, of at
least a million dollars, to this object. Right Rev.
John L. Spaulding, Bishop of the Roman Catho-
lic diocese of Peoria, is erecting a handsome and
costly building for the Spaulding Institute, a
school for the higher education of young men. —
At Bartonville, a suburb of Peoria, on an eleva-
tion commanding a magnificent view of the Illi-
nois River valley for many miles, the State has
located an asylum for the incurable insane. It is
now in process of erection, and is intended to be
one of the most complete of its kind in the world.
Peoria lies in a corn and coal region, is noted for
the number and extent of its distilleries, and, in
1890, ranked eighth among the grain markets of
the country. It also has an extensive commerce
with Chicago, St. Louis and other important
cities; was credited, by the census of 1890, with
5.54 manufacturing establishments, representing
90 different branches of industry, with a capital
of $15,072,567 and an estimated annual product of
$55,504,523. Its leading industries are the manu-
facture of distilled and malt liquors, agricultural
implements, glucose and machine-shop products.
Its contributions to the internal revenue of the
country are second only to those of the New York
district. Population (1870). 22,849; (1880). 29,259;
(1890), 41, 024; (1900), 56.100.
PEORIA COUNTY, originally a part of Fulton
County, but cut oflf in 1825. It took its name
from the Peoria Indians, who occupied that region
when it was first discovered. As first organized,
it included the present counties of Jo Daviess and
Cook, with many others in the northern part of
the State. At that time there were less than
1,500 inhabitants in the entire region ; and John
Hamlin, a Justice of the Peace, on his return
from Green Bay (whither he had accompanied
William S. Hamilton, a son of Alexander Hamil-
ton, with a drove of cattle for the fort there),
solemnized, at Chicago, the marriage of Alex-
ander Wolcott, then Indian Agent, with a
daughter of John Kinzie. The original Peoria
County has been subdivided into thirt}' counties,
among them being some of the largest and rich-
est in the State. The first county officer was
Norman Hyde, who was elected Judge of the
Probate Court bj' the Legislature in January,
1825. His commission from Governor Coles was
dated on the eighteenth of that month, but he
did not qualify until June 4, following, when he
took the oath of oflSce before John Dixon, Circuit
Clerk, who founded the city that bears his name.
Meanwhile, Mr. Hyde had been appointed the
first Clerk of the County Commissioners" Court,
and served in that capacity until entering upon
his duties as Probate Judge. The first election
of county ofiicers was held, March 7, 1825, at the
house of William Eads. Nathan Dillon, Joseph
Smith, and William Holland were chosen Com-
missioners; Samuel Fulton Sheriff, and William
Phillips Coroner. The first County Treasurer
was Aaron Hawley, and the first general election
of officers took place in 1826. The first court
house was a log cabin, and the first term of
the Circuit Court began Nov. 14, 1825, John
York Sawyer sitting on the bench, with John
Dixon, Clerk; Samuel Fulton, Sheriff; and John
420
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Twiney, the Attorney-General, present. Peoria
County is, at present, one of the wealtliiest and
most populous counties in the State. Its soil is
fertile and its manufactures numerous, especially
at Peoria, the county-seat and principal city
(which see) . The area of the county is 615 square
miles, and its population (1880), s's.SSS; (1890),
70.378; (lf»0O), SS.COS.
PEORIA LAKE, an expansion of the Illinois
River, forming the eastern boundary of Peoria
County, which it separates from the counties of
Woodford and Tazewell. It is about 20 miles
long and 2j4 miles broad at the widest part.
PEORIA, ATLANTA & DECATUR RAIL-
ROAD. (See Terre Haute d- Peoria Railroad.)
PEORIA, DECATUR & EA'A>SVILLE RAIL-
WAY. The total length of this line, extending
from Peoria, 111., to Evansville, Ind., is 330.87
miles, all owned by the company, of which 273
miles are in Illinois. It extends from Pekin,
southeast to Grayville, on the Wabash River — is
single track, unballasted, and of standard gauge.
Between Pekin and Peoria the company uses the
tracks of the Peoria & Pekin Union Railway, of
which it is one- fourth owner. Between Hervey
City and Midland Junction it has trackage privi
leges over the line owned jointly by the Peoria,
Decatur & Evansville and the Terre Haute &
Peoria Companies (7.5 miles). Between Midland
Junction and Decatur (2.4 miles) the tracks of
the Illinois Central are used, the two lines having
terminal facilities at Decatur in common. The
rails are of fifty-two and sixty-pound steel. —
(History. ) The main line of the Peoria, Decatur
& Evansville Railway is the result of the consoli-
dation of several lines built under separate cliar-
ters. (1) The Pekin, Lincoln & Decatur Railroad,
chartered in 1867, built in 1869-71, and operated
the latter year, was leased to the Toledo, Wabash
& Western Railway, but sold to representatives
of tlie bond-holders, on account of default on
interest, in 1876, and reorganized as the Pekin,
Lincoln & Decatur Railway. (2) The Decatur,
Sullivan & Mattoon Railroad, (projected from
Decatur to Mattoon), was incorporated in 1871,
completed from Mattoon to Hervey City, in 1872,
and, the same year, consolidated with the Chi-
cago & Great Southern: in January, 1874, the
Decatur line passed into the hands of a receiver,
and, in 1877, having been sold under foreclosure,
was reorganized as the Decatur, Mattoon & South-
ern Railroad. In 1879 it was placed in the hands
of trustees, but the Pekin, Lincoln & Decatur
Railway having acquired a controlling interest
during the same year, the two lines were con-
solidated under the name of the Peoria, Decatur
& Evansville Railway Company. (3) The Gray-
ville & Mattoon Railroad, chartered in 1857, was
consolidated in 1872 with the Mount Vernon &
Grayville Railroad (projected), the new corpo-
ration taking the name of the Chicago & Illinois
Southern (already mentioned). In 1872 the latter
corporation was consolidated with the Decatur,
Sullivan & Mattoon Railroad, under the name of
the Chicago & Illinois Southern Railway. Both
consolidations, however, were set aside bj- decree
of the United States District Court, in 1876, and
the partially graded road and franchises of the
Grayville & Mattoon lines sold, under foreclosure,
to the contractors for the construction ; 20 miles
of the line from Olney to Newton, were completed
during the month of September of that year, and
the entire line, from Grayville to Mattoon, in
1878. In 1880 this line was sold, under decree of
foreclosure, to the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville
Railway Company, which had already acquired
the Decatur & Mattoon Division— thus placing
the entire line, from Peoria to Grayville, in the
hands of one corporation. A line under the name
of the Evansville & Peoria Railroad, chartered in
Indiana in 1880, was consolidated, the same year,
with the Illinois corporation under the name of
the latter, and completed from Grayville to
Evansville in 1883. (4) The Chicago & Ohio
River Railroad — chartered, in 1869, as the Dan-
ville, Olney & Ohio River Railroad — was con-
structed, as a narrow-gauge line, from Kansas to
West Liberty, in 1878-81 ; in the latter j'ear was
changed to standard gauge and completed, in
1883, from Sidell to Olney (86 miles). The same
year it went into the hands of a receiver, was sold
under foreclosure, in February, 1886, and reorgan-
ized, in Maj- following, as the Chicago & Ohio
River Railroad ; was consolidated with the Peoria,
Decatur & Evansville Railway, in 1893, and used
as the Chicago Division of that line. The property
and franchises of the entire line passed into the>
hands of receivers in 1894, and are still (1898)
under their management.
PEORIA, PEKIIV & JACKSONVILLE RAIL-
ROAD. (See Chicago, Peoria d- St. Louis Rail-
7-oa<l of rilinois.)
PEORIA & BUREAU VALLEY RAILROAD, a
short line, 46.7 miles in length, operated by the
Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway Com-
pany, extending from Peoria to Bureau Junction,
111. It was incorporated, Feb. 12, 1853, com-
pleted the following year, and leased to the Rock
Island in perpetuity, April 14, 1854, the annual
rental being §125,000. The par value of the
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
421
capital stock is §1,500,000. Annual dividends of
8 per cent are guaranteed, payable semi-annu-
ally. (See Chicago, Mock Island <£■ Pacific
Railway.)
PEORIA & EASTERN RAILROAD. Of this
line the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St.
Louis Railroad Company is the lessee. Its total
length is 350>< miles, 133 of which lie in Illinois
— 123 being owned by the Company. That por-
tion within this State extends east from Pekin to
the Indiana State line, in addition to whicli the
Company has trackage facilities over the line of
the Peoria & Pekin Union Railway (9 miles) to
Peoria. The gauge is standard. The track is
single, laid with sixty and sixty-seven-pound
steel rails and ballasted almost wholly with
gravel. The capital stock is .510,000,000. In 1895
it had a bonded debt of §13,603,000 and a floating
debt of 81,361,130, making a total capitalization
of §24,864,130.— (History.) The original of this
corporation was the Danville, Urbana, Blooming-
ton & Pekin Railroad, which was consolidated,
in July, 18G9, with the Indianapolis, Crawfords-
ville & Danville Raih-oad — the new corporation
taking the name of the Indianapolis, Blooming-
ton & Western — and was opened to Pekin tlie
same year. In 1874 it passed into the hands of a
receiver, was sold under foreclosure in 1879, and
reorganized as the Indiana, Bloomington &
Western Railway Company. The next change
occurred in 1881, when it was consolidated with
an Ohio corporation (the Ohio, Indiana & Pacific
Railroad), again undergoing a slight cliange of
name in its reorganization as the Indiana, Bloom-
ington & Western Railroad Company. In 1886
it again got into financial straits, was placed in
charge of a receiver and sold to a reorganization
committee, and, in January, 1887, took the name
of the Ohio, Indiana & Western Railway Com-
pany. The final reorganization, under its present
name, took place in February, 1890, when it was
leased to the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago &
St. Louis Railway, by which it is operated.
(See Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis
Railiray. )
PEORIA & HANNIBAL RAILROAD. (See
Chicago, Burlington & Quincij Railroad.)
PEORIA & OQUAWKA RAILROAD. (See
Chicago, Burlington & Quincij Railroad.)
PEORIA & PEKIN UNION RAILWAY. A line
connecting the cities of Peoria and Pekin, which
are only 8 miles apart. It was chartered in 1880,
and acquired, by purchase, the tracks of the Peoria,
Pekin & Jacksonville and the Peoria & Spring-
field Railroads, between the two cities named in
its title, giving it control of two lines, which are
used by nearly all the railroads entering both
cities from the east side of the Illinois River. The
mileage, including both divisions, is 18.14 miles,
second tracks and sidings increasing the total to
nearly 60 miles. The track is of standard gauge,
about two-thirds being laid with steel rails. The
total cost of construction was §4,350,987. Its
total capitalization (1898) was §4,177,763, includ-
ing §1,000,000 in stock, and a funded debt of
§3,904,000. The capital stock is held in equal
amounts (each 2,500 shares) by the Wabash, the
Peoria, Decatur & Evansville, the Chicago,
Peoria & St. Louis and the Peoria & Eastern com-
panies, with 1,000 shares by the Lake Erie &
Western. Terminal charges and annual rentals
are also paid by the Terre Haute & Peoria and
the Iowa Central Railways.
PEORIA & SPRINGFIELD RAILROAD. (See
Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railroad of Illinois.)
PEOTONE, a village of Will County, on the
Illinois Central Railroad, 41 miles south-southwest
from Chicago; lias some manufactures, a bank
and a newspaper. The surrounding country is
agricultural. Population (1890), 717; (1900), 1,003.
PERCY, a village of Randolph County, at the
intersection of the Wabash, Chesapeake & West-
ern and the Mobile & Ohio Railways. Population
(1890), 3G0; (1900), 660.
PERROT, Nicholas, a French explorer, wno
visited the vallej' of the Fox River (of Wisconsin)
and the country around the great lakes, at various
times between 1670 and 1090. He was present,
as a guide and interpreter, at the celebrated con-
ference held at Sault Ste. Marie, in 1671, which
was attended by fifteen Frenchmen and repre-
sentatives from seventeen Indian tribes, and at
which the Sieur de Lusson took formal possession
of Lakes Huron and Superior, with the surround-
ing region and "all the country southward to the
sea," in the name of Louis XIV. of France.
Perrot was the first to discover lead in the West,
and, for several years, was Commandant in the
Green Bay district. As a chronicler he was
intelligent, interesting and accurate. His writ-
ings were not published until 1864. but have
always been higlily prized as authority.
PERRY, a town of Pike County ; has a bank
and a newspaper. Population (1880), 770; (1890),
705; (1900), 043.
PERRY COUNTY, lies in the soutiiwest quarter
of the State, witli an area of 440 square miles and
a population (1900) of 19,830. It was organized
as a county in 1837, and named for Com. Oliver
H. Perry. The general surface is rolling.
422
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
although flat prairies occupy a considerable por-
tion, interspersed with "post-oak flats. '" Limestone
is found in the southern, and sandstone in the
northern, sections, but the chief mineral wealth
of the county is coal, which is abundant, and, at
several points, easily mined, some of it being of
a superior quality. Salt is manufactured, to some
extent, and the chief agricultural output is
wheat. Pinckneyville. the county-seat, has a
central position and a population of about 1,300.
Duquoip is the largest city. Beaucoup Creek is
the principal stream, and the county is crossed
by several lines of railroad.
PERU, a city in La Salle County, at the head
of navigation on the Illinois River, which is here
spanned by a handsome bridge. It is distant 100
miles southwest from Chicago, and the same dis-
tance north-northeast from Springfield. It is
connected by street cars vpith La Salle, one mile
distant, which is the terminus of the Illinois &
Michigan Canal. It is .situated in a ricli coal-
mining region, is an important trade center, and
has several manufacturing establishments, includ-
ing zinc smelting works, plow, scale and patent-
pump factories, foundries and machine shops,
flour and saw-mills, clock factory, etc. Consider-
able ice is cut here every winter for the Southern
market. Two National banks, with a combined
capital of .?200,000, are located at Peru, and
two daily and weekly pajjers are published.
Population (1870), 3,650; (1880), 4,682; (1890),
5..5.'i0; (1900), 0,863.
PESOTUM, a village in Champaign County, on
the Illinois Central Railroad, 5 miles south of
Tolono. Population (1890), 575.
PETERSBURG, a city of Menard County, and
the county-seat, situated on the bank of the San-
gamon River, at the intersection of the Jackson-
ville Division of the Chicago & Alton with the
Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railway. It is 23
miles northwest of Springfield and 28 miles north-
east of Jacksonville. It has banks, two weekly
papers and seven churches. The manufactures
include woolen goods, brick and drain-tile, bed-
springs and mattresses. There are also machine
shops located here. Population (1880), 2,332;
(1890), 2,342; (1900), 2,807.
PETERS, Onslow, lawyer and jurist, was born
in Massachusetts, graduated at Brown Univer-
sity, and was admitted to the bar and practiced
law in his native State until 1837, when he set-
tled at Peoria, 111. He served in the Constitu-
tional Convention of 1847, was elected to the
bench of the Sixteenth Judicial Circuit in 1853,
and re-elected in 1855. Died, Feb. 28, 1856.
PHILLIPS, David L , journalist and politician,,
was born where the town of Marion, Williamson
County, III, now stands, Oct. 28, 1823; came to
St. Clair Count}- in childhood, his father settling
near Belleville; began teaching at an early age,
and, when about 18, joined the Baptist Church,
and, after a brief course with the distinguished
Dr. Peck, at his Rock Spring Seminary, two years
later entered the ministry, serving churches in
Washington and other Southern Illinois counties,
finally taking charge of a church at Jonesboro.
Though originally a Democrat, his advanced
views on slavery led to a disagreement with his
church, and he withdrew ; then accepted a posi-
tion as paymaster in the construction department
of the Illinois Central Railroad, finall}- being
transferred to that of Land Agent for tlie South-
ern section, in this capacity visiting different
parts of the State from one end of the main line
to the other. About 1854 he became associated
witli the management of "The Jonesboro Ga-
zette," a Democratic paper, whicli, during his con-
nection with it (some two j'ears), he made an
earnest opponent of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill.
At the Anti-Nebraska Editorial Convention
(which see), held at Decatur, Feb. 22, 1856, he
was appointed a member of their State Central
Committee, and, as such, joined in the call for the
first Republican State Convention, held at Bloom-
ington in May following, where he served as
Vice-President for his District, and was nomi-
nated for Presidential Elector on tlie Fremont
ticket. Two years later (18.58) he was the
unsuccessful Republican candidate for Congress
in the Southern District, being defeated by John
A. Logan; was again in the State Convention of
1860, and a delegate to the National Convention
which nominated Abraham Lincoln for President
the first time; was appointed by Mr. Lincoln
United States Marshal for the Southern District
in 1801, and re-appointed in 1865, but resigned
after Andrew Johnson's defection in 1866. Dur-
ing 1863 Mr. Phillips became jmrt projirietor of
"The State Journal" at Springfield, retaining
this relation until 1878, at intervals performing
editorial .service; also took a prominent part in
organizing and equipping the One Hundred and
Ninth Regiment Illinois Volunteers (sometimes
called the "Phillips Regiment"), and, in 1865,
was one of the committee of citizens sent to
escort the remains of President Lincoln to
Springfield. He joined in the Liberal Republican
movement at Cincinnati in 1872, but, in 1876,
was in line with his former party associates, and
served in that year as an unsuccessful candidate
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
423
for Congress, in the Springfield District, in oppo-
sition to William M. Springer, early the following
year receiving the appointment of Postmaster
for the city of Springfield from President Hayes.
Died, at Springfield, June 19, 1880.
PHILLIPS, George S., author, was born at
Peterborough, England, in January, 1816 ; gradu-
ated at Cambridge, and came to the United
States, engaging in journalism. In 1845 he
returned to England, and, for a time, was editor
of "The Leeds Times," still later being Principal
of the People's College at Iluddersfield. Return-
ing to the United States, he came to Cook County,
and, about 1866-68, was a writer of sketches over
the nom de plume of "January Searle" for "The
Chicago Republican" — later was literary editor
of "The New York Sun" for several years. His
mind becoming impaired, he was placed in an
asylum at Trenton, N. J., finally dying at IMorris-
town, N. J., Jan. 14, 1889. Mr. Phillips was the
author of several volumes, chiefly sketches of
travel and biography.
PHILLIPS, Jesse J., Iaw3'er, soldier and
jurist, was born in Montgomery County, 111.,
May 22, 1837. Shortly after graduating from the
Hillsboro Academy, he read law, and was
admitted to the bar in 1860. In 1861 he organized
a company of volunteers, of which he was
chosen Captain, and which was attached to the
Ninth Illinois Infantry. Captain Phillips was
successively advanced to the rank of Major,
Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel; resigned on
account of disability, in August, 1864, but was
brevetted Brigadier-General at the close of the
war. His military record was exceptionally
brilliant He was wounded three times at
Shiloh, and was personally thanked and compli-
mented by Generals Grant and Oglesby for gal-
lantry and efficient service. At the termination
of the struggle he returned to Hillsboro and
engaged in practice. In 1866, and again in 1868,
he was the Democratic candidate for State Treas-
urer, but was both times defeated. In 1879 he
was elected to the bench of the Fifth Judicial
Circuit, and re-elected in 1885. In 1890 he was
assigned to the bench of the Appellate Court of
the Fourth District, and, in 1893, was elected a
Justice of the Supreme Court, to fill the vacancy
created by the death of Justice John M. Scholfield,
his term expiring in 1897, when he was re-elected
to succeed himself. Judge Phillips' present term
will expire in 1906.
PHILLIPS, Joseph, early jurist, was born in
Tennessee, received a classical and legal edu-
cation, and served as a Captain in the War of
1813; in 1816 was appointed Secretary of Illinois
Territory, serving until the admission of Illinois
as a State, when he became the first Chief Jus-
tice of the Supreme Court, serving until July,
1822, when he resigned, being succeeded on the
bench by John Reynolds, afterwards Governor.
In 1822 he was a candidate for Governor in the
interest of the advocates of a pro-slavery amend-
ment of the State Constitution, but was defeated
by Edward Coles, the leader of the anti-slavery
party. (See Coles, Edward, and Slavery and Slave
Laws.) He appears from the "Edwards Papers"
to have been in Illinois as late as 1832, but is
said eventually to have returned to Tennessee.
The date of his death is unknown.
PIAiXKKSHAWS, THE, a branch of the Miami
tribe of Indians. Their name, like those of their
brethren, underwent many mutations of orthog-
raphy, the tribe being referred to,, variously, as
the "Pou-an-ke-kiahs," tlie "Pi-an-gie-shaws,"
the "Pi-an-qui-shaws," and the "Py-an-ke-
shaws. " They were less numerous than the
Weas, their numerical strength ranking lowest
among the bands of the Miamis. At the time La
Salle planted his colony around Starved Rock,
their warriors numbered 150. Subsequent to the
dispersion of this colony they (alone of the Miamis)
occupied portions of the present territory of Illi-
nois, having villages on the Vermilion and
Wabash Rivers. Their earliest inclinations
toward the whites were friendly, the French
traders having intermarried with women of the
tribe soon after the advent of the first explor-
ers. Col. George Rogers Clark experienced little
difficulty in securing their allegiance to the new
government which he proclaimed. In the san-
guinary raids (usually followed by reprisals),
which marked Western history during the years
immediately succeeding the Revolution, the
Piankeshaws took no part ; yet the outrages, per-
petrated upon peaceable colonists, had so stirred
the settlers' blood, that all Indians were included
in the general thirst for vengeance, and each was
unceremoniously dispatched as soon as seen. The
Piankeshaws appealed to Washington for protec-
tion, and the President issued a special procla-
mation in their belialf. After the cession of the
last remnant of the Miami territory to the United
States, the tribe %vas removed to a Kansas reser-
vation, and its last remnant finally found a home
in Indian Territory. (See also Miamis: Weas.)
"PIASA BIRD," LEGEND OF THE. When
the French explorers first descended the Upper
Mississippi River, they found some remarkable
figures depicted upon the face of the bluff, just
424
IIISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
above the site of the present city of Alton, which
excited their wonder and continued to attract
interest long after the country was occupied by
the whites. Tlie account given of the discov-
ery by Marquette, who descended the river from
the mouth of the Wisconsin, in June, 1673, is as
follows: "As we coasted along" (after passing
the mouth of the Illinois) "rocks frightful for
their height and length, we saw two monsters
painted on one of the rocks, which startled us at
first, and upon which the boldest Indian dare not
gaze long. They are as large as a calf, with horns
on the head like a deer, a frightful look, red
eyes, bearded like a tiger, the face somewhat
like a man"s, the body covered with scales, and
the tail so long that it twice makes the turn of
the body, passing over the head and down be-
tween the legs, ending at last in a fish's tail.
Green, red and black are the colors employed.
On the whole, these two monsters are so well
painted that we could not believe any Indian to
have been the designer, as good painters in
France would find it hard to do as well. Besides
this, they are painted so high upon the rock that
it is hard to get conveniently at them to jiaint
them." As the Indians could give no account of
the origin of these figures, but had their terror
even more excited at the sight of them than Mar-
quette himself, they are supposed to have been
the work of some prehistoric race occupying the
country long before the arrival of the aborigines
whom Marquette and his companions found in
Illinois. There was a tradition that tlie figures
were intended to represent a creature, part beast
and part bird, which destroyed immense numbers
of tlie inhabitants by swooping down upon them
from its abode upon the rocks. At last a chief is
said to have offered himself a victim for his
people, and when the monster made its appear-
ance, twenty of his warriors, concealed near by,
discharged their arrows at it, killing it just
before it readied its prey. In this manner the
life of the chief was saved and his people were
preserved from further depredations; and it was
to commemorate this event that the figure of the
bird was painted on the face of the cliff on whose
summit the chief stood. This story, told in a
paper by Mr. John Russell, a pioneer author of
Illinois, obtained wide circulation in this country
and in Europe, about the close of the first
quarter of the present century, as the genuine
"Legend of the Piasa Bird." It is said, however,
that Mr. Russell, who was a popular writer of
fiction, acknowledged that it was drawn largely
from his imagination. Many prehistoric relics
and human remains are said, by the late William
McAdams, the antiquarian of Alton, to have
been found in caves in the vicinity, and it seems
a well authenticated fact that the Indians, when
passing the spot, were accustomed to discharge
their arrows — and, later, their firearms — at the
figure on the face of the cliff. Traces of this
celebrated pictograph were visible as late as 1840
to 184.5, but have since been entirely quarried
away.
PIATT COUNTY, organized in 1841, consist-
ing of parts of Macon and Dewitt Counties. It»
area is 440 square miles; population (1900), 17,706.
The first Commissioners were John Hughes, W.
Bailey and E. Peck. John Piatt, after whose
family the county was named, was the first
Sheriff. The North Fork of the Sangamon River
flows centrally through the county from north-
east to southwest, and several lines of railroad
afford transportation for its products. Its re-
sources and the occupation of the people are
almost wholly agricultural, the surface being
level prairie and the soil fertile. Jlonticello, the
county-seat, has a population of about 1,700.
Other leading towns are Cerro Gordo (939) and
Bement (1,129).
PICKETT, Thomas Johnson, journalist, was
born in Louisville, Ky., March 17, 1.S21; spent
six years (1830-36) in St. Louis, when his family
removed to Peoria ; learned the printer's trade in
the latter city, and, in 1840, began the publica-
tion of "The Peoria News," then sold out and
established "The Republican'' (afterwards "The
Transcript") ; was a member of the Anti-Nebraska
Editorial Convention held at Decatur, Feb. 22,
1856, serving on the Committee on Resolutions,
and being appointed on the State Central Com-
mittee, which called the first Republican State
Convention, held at Bloomington, in May follow-
ing, and was there appointed a delegate to the
National Convention at Philadelphia, which
nominated General Fremont for President.
Later, he published papers at Pekin and Rock
Island, at the latter place being one of the first to
name Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency ; was
elected State Senator in 1860, and, in 1863, com-
missioned Lieutenant-Colonel of the Sixty-ninth
Illinois 'Volunteers, being transferred, as Colonel,
to the One Hundred and Thirty-second Illinois
(100-days' men), and serving at Camp Douglas
during the "Conspiracy" excitement. After the
war, Colonel Pickett removed to Paducah, Ky.,
published a paper there called "The Federal
Union," was appointed Postmaster, and, later,
Clerk of the United States District Court, and
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
425
was the Republican nominee for Congress, in that
District, in 1874. Removing to Nebraska in 1879,
he at different times conducted several papers in
that State, residing for the most part at Lincoln.
Died, at Ashland, Neb., Dec. 24, 1891.
PIERSOJf, David, pioneer banker, was born at
Cazenovia, N. Y., July 9, 1806; at the age of 13
removed west with his parents, arriving at St.
Louis, June 3, 1820. The family soon after set-
tled near CoUinsville, Madison County, 111. , where
the father having died, they removed to the vi-
cinity of Carrollton, Greene County, in 1821. Here
they opened a farm, but, in 1827, Mr. Pierson
went to the lead mines at Galena, where he re-
mained a year, then returning to Carrollton. In
1834, having sold his farm, he began merchandis-
ing, still later being engaged in the pork and
grain trade at Alton. In 1854 he added the bank-
ing business to his dry-goods trade at Carrollton,
also engaged in milling, and, in 1862-03, erected
a woolen factory, which was destroyed by an
incendiary fire in 1872. Originally an anti-slavery
Clay Whig, Mr. Pierson became a Republican on
the organization of that party in 1856, served for
a time as Collector of Internal Revenue, was a
delegate to the National Republican Convention
at Philadelphia in 1872, and a prominent candi-
date for the Republican nomination for Lieuten-
ant-Governor in 1876. Of high integrity and
unswerving patriotism, Mr. Pierson was generous
in his benefactions, being one of the most liberal
contributors to the establishment of the Langston
School for the Education of Freedmen at Holly
Springs, Miss., soon after the war. He died at
Carrollton, May 8, 1891.— Oman (Pierson), a son
of the subject of this sketch, was a member of
the Thirty -second General Assembly (1881) from
Greene County, and is present cashier of the
Greene County National Bank at Carrollton.
PIGGOTT, Isaac N., early politician, was born
about 1792; served as an itinerant Methodist
preacher in Missouri and Illinois, between 1819
and 1824, but finally located southwest of Jerse)--
ville and obtained a license to run a ferry be-
tween Grafton and Alton; in 1828 ran as a
candidate for the State Senate against Thomas
Cariin (afterwards Governor) ; removed to St.
Louis in 1858, and died there in 1874.
PIKE COUNTY, situated in the western por-
tion of the State, lying between the Illinois and
Mississippi Rivers, having an area of 795 square
miles — named in honor of tlie explorer, Capt.
Zebulon Pike The first American settlers came
about 1820, and, in 1821, the county was organ-
ized, at first embracing all the country north and
west of the Illinois River, including the present
county of Cook. Out of this territory were finally
organized about one fourth of the counties of the
State. Coles' Grove (now Gilead, in Calhoun
County) was the first county-seat, but the seat of
justice was removed, in 1824, to Atlas, and to
Pittsfield in 1833. The surface is undulating, in
some portions is hilly, and diversified with prai
ries and hardwood timber. Live-stock, cereals
and hay are the staple products, while coal and
Niagara limestone are found in abundance.
Population (1890), 31,000; (1900), 31,595.
PILLSBURY, Nathaniel Joy, lawyer and
judge, was born in York County, Maine, Oct. 21,
1834; in 1855 removed to Illinois, and, in 1858,
began farming in Livingston County. He began
the study of law in 1863, and, after admission to
the bar, commenced practice at Pontiac. He
represented La Salle and Livingston Counties in
the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, and, in
1873, was elected to the bench of the Thirteenth
Judicial Circuit. He was re-elected in 1879 and
again in 1885. He was assigned to the bench of
the Appellate Court in 1877, and again in 1879
and "85. He was severely wounded by a shot
received from strikers on the line of the Chicago
& Alton Railroad, near Chicago, in 1880, resulting
in his being permanently disabled physically, in
consequence of which he declined a re-election to
the bench in 1891
PINCKXEYTIILE, a city and the county-seat
of Perry County, situated at the intersection of
the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute and the
Wabasli, Chester & Western Railways, 10 miles
west-northwest of Duquoin. Coal-mining is
carried on in the immediate vicinity, and flour,
carriages, plows and dressed lumber are among
the manufactured products. Railway car sliops
are located here. Pinckneyville has a bank, a
weekly newspaper, seven churches, a graded and
a high school. Population (1880), 964; (1890),
1,298; (1900), 3,357.
PITTSBURG, CINCINNATI, CHICAGO &
ST. LOUIS RAILROAD, one of the Pennsyl-
vania Company's lines, operating 1,403 miles of
road, of which 1,090 miles are owned and the
remainder leased — length of line in Illinois, 28
miles. The Company is the outgrowtli of a con-
solidation, in 1890, of the Pittsburg, Cincinnati &
St. Louis Railway with the Chicago, St. Louis &
Pittsburg, the Cincinnati & Richmond and the
Jeffersonville, Madison & Indianapolis Railroads.
The Pennsylvania Railroad Company controls
tlie entire line through ownership of stock.
Capital stock outstanding, in 1898, $47,791,601;
420
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
funded debt, $48,433,000; floating debt, $3,214,703
—total capital $98,500,584, — (History.) The
Chicago, St. Louis & Pittsburg Railroad, em-
bracing the Illinois division of this line, was made
up of Tarious corporations organized under the
laws of Illinois and Indiana. One of its compo-
nent parts was the Chicago & Great Eastern
Railway, organized, in 1865, b}- consolidation of
the Galena & Illinois River Railroad (chartered
in 1857), the Chicago & Great Eastern Railway
of Indiana, the Cincinnati & Chicago Air-Line
(organized 1860), and the Cincinnati, Logans-
port & Chicago Railway. In 1869, the consoli-
dated line was leased to the Pittsburg, Cincinnati
& St. Louis Railway Company, and operated
under the name of the Columbus, Chicago &
Indiana Central between Bradford, Ohio, and
Chicago, from 1869 until its consolidation, under
the present name, in 1890. (See Pennsylvania
Railroad.)
PITTSBURG, FORT WAYNE & CHICAGO
RAILROAD. (See Pittsburg. Fort Wayite & Chi-
cago Railwai/.)
PITTSBURG, FORT WAYNE & CHICAGO
RAILWAY. The total length of this line is
nearly 470 miles, but only a little over 16 miles
are within Illinois. It was operated by the Penn-
sylvania Railroad Company as lessee. The entire
capitalization in 1898 was $52,549,990; and the
earnings in Illinois, $472,228, — (History.) The
Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railway is the
result of the consolidation, August 1. 1856, of the
Ohio & Pennsylvania, the Ohio & Indiana and
the Fort "Wayne & Chicago Railroad Companies,
under the name of the Pittsburg, Fort AVayne &
Chicago Railroad. The road was opened through
its entire length, Jan. 1, 1859; was sold under
foreclosure in 1861 ; reorganized under its present
title, in 1862, and leased to the Pennsylvania
Railroad Company, for 909 years, from July 1,
1869. (See Pennsylvania Railroad.)
PITTSFIELD, the county -seat of Pike County,
situated on the Hannibal & Xaples branch of the
Waliash Railway, some 40 miles southeast of
Quincy, and about the same distance south of
west from Jacksonville. Its public buildings
include a handsome court house and a graded
school building. Banking facilities are furnished
by a National and one other bank; and it has
nine churches, four weekly newspapers and a
woolen factory. Population (1880), 2,104; (1890),
2,295; (1900), 2,293.
PLAINFIELD, a village of Will County, on
the Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Railroad, 8 miles
northwest of Joliet ; is in a dairying section ; has
a bank and one local newspaper. Population
(1880), 686; (1890), 852; (1900), 920.
PLANO, a city in Kendall County, situated
near the Fox River, and on the Chicago, Burling-
ton & Quincy Railroad, 14 miles west-southwest
of Aurora. There is a large manufactory of
agricultural implements here. The city has
banks, several churches, graded and high schools,
and a weekly newspaper. Population (1880),
1,783; (1890), 1,825; (1900), 1,634.
PLEASANT PLAINS, a village of Sangamon
County, on the Springfield Division of the Balti-
more & Ohio Southwestern Railroad. 16 miles
northwest of Springfield ; has a bank and a news-
paper; is surrounded by a rich farming region.
Population (1890), 518; (1900), 675.
PLEASANTS, George Washington, jurist, was
born in Harrodsburg, Ky., Nov. 24, 1823; received
a classical education at Williams College, Mass.,
graduating in 1842 ; studied law in New York
City, and was admitted to the bar at Rochester,
N. Y., in 1845, establishing himself in practice at
Williamstown, Mass., where he remained until
1849. In 1851 he removed to Washington, D. C,
and, after residing there two years, came to Illi-
nois, locating at Rock Island, which has since
been his home. In 1861 he was elected, as a
Republican, to the State Constitutional Conven-
tion which met at Springfield in January follow-
ing, and, in 1867, was chosen Judge for the Sixth
(now Tenth) Judicial Circuit, having served by
successive re-elections until June, 1897, retiring
at the close of his fifth term— a record for length
of service seldom paralleled in the judicial his-
tory of the State. The last twenty years of this
period were spent on the Appellate bench. For
several years past Judge Pleasants has been a
sufferer from failing eyesight, but has been faith-
ful in attendance on his judicial duties. As a
judicial ofl^cer and a man, his reputation stands
among the highest.
PLUMB, Ralph, soldier and ex-Congressman,
was born in Chautauqua County, N. Y., March 29,
1816. After leaving school he became a mer-
chant's clerk, and was himself a merchant for
eighteen years. From New Y'ork he removed to
Ohio, where he was elected a member of the
Legislature in 1855, later coming to Illinois.
During the Civil War he served four years in the
Union army as Captain and Quartermaster, being
brevetted Lieutenant-Colonel at its close. He
made his home at Streator, where he was elected
Mayor (1881-1883). There he engaged in coal-
mining and has been connected with several
important enterprises. From 1885 to 1889 he
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS.
427
represented the Eighth Illinois District in Con-
gress, after which he retired to private life.
PLYMOUTH, a village of Hancock County, on
the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway, 51
miles northeast of Quincy ; is the trade center of
a rich farming district. It has a bank and two
weekly papers. Population (1890), 710; (1900), 854.
POIXTE DE SAIBLE, Jean Baptiste, a negro
and Indian-trader, reputed to have been the first
settler on the present site of the city of Chicago.
He is said to have been a native of San Domingo,
but is described by his contemporaries as "well
educated and handsome," though dissipated. He
appears to have been at the present site of Chi-
cago as early as 1794, his house being located on
the north side near the junction of the North and
South branches of the Chicago River, where he
carried on a considerable trade with the Indians.
About 1796 he is said to have sold out to a French
trader named Le Mai, and joined a countryman
of his, named Glamorgan, at Peoria, where he died
soon after. Glamorgan, who was the reputed
owner of a large Spanish land-grant in the vicin-
ity of St. Louis, is said to have been associated
with Point de Saible in trade among the Peorias,
before the latter came to Chicago.
POLO, a city in Ogle County, at intersection
of the Illinois Central and the Chicago, Burling-
ton & Northern Railways, 23 miles south of Free-
port and 13 miles north of Dixon. The
surrounding region is devoted to agriculture and
stock-raising, and Polo is a shipping point for
large quantities of cattle and hogs. Agricultural
implements (including harvesters) and buggies
are manufactured here. The city has banks and
two weekly newspapers, seven churches, a graded
public and high school, and a public library.
Population (1880), 1,819; (1S90), 1,728; (lUOO), 1,869.
POXTIAC, an Ottawa chief, born on the
Ottawa River, in Canada, about 1720. While yet
a young man he became the principal Chief of
the allied Ottawas, Ojibways and Pottawatomies.
He was always a firm ally of the French, to
whose interests he was devotedly attached,
defending them at Detroit against an attack of
the Northern tribes, and (it is generally believed)
leading the Ottawas in the defeat of Braddock.
He reluctantly acquiesced in the issue of the
French and Indian War, although at first strongly
disposed to dispute the progress of Major Rogers,
the British officer sent to take possession of the
western forts. In 1763 he dispatched emissaries
to a large number of tribes, whom he desired to
unite in a league for the extermination of the
English. His proposals were favorably received.
and thus was organized what is commonly
spoken of as the "Conspiracy of Pontiac." He
himself undertook to lead an assault upon Detroit.
The garrison, however, was apprised of his inten-
tion, and made preparations accordingly. Pontiac
thereupon laid siege to the fort, but was unable
to prevent the ingress of provisions, tlie Canadian
settlers furnishing supplies to both besieged and
besiegers with absolute impartiality. Finally a
boat-load of ammunition and supplies was landed
at Detroit from Lake Erie, and the English made
an unsuccessful sortie on July 31, 1763. After a
desultory warfare, lasting for nearly three
months, the Indians withdrew into Indiana,
where Pontiac tried in vain to organize another
movement. Although Detroit had not been
taken, the Indians captured Forts Sandusky, St.
Joseph, Miami, Ouiatanon, LeBoeuf and Venango,
besides the posts of Mackinaw and Presque Isle.
The garrisons at all these points were massacred
and innumerable outrages perpetrated elsewhere.
Additional British troops were sent west, and
the Indians finally brought under control.
Pontiac was present at Oswego when a treaty was
signed with Sir William Johnson, but remained
implacable. His end was tragic. Broken in
heart, but still proud in spirit and relentless in
purpose, he applied to the former (and last)
French Governor of Illinois, the younger St.
Ange, who was then at St. Louis, for co-operation
and support in another raid against the British.
Being refused aid or countenance, according to a
story long popularly received, he returned to the
vicinity of Cahokia, where, in 1769, he was mur-
dered by a Kaskaskia Indian in consideration of
a barrel of liquor. N. Matson, author of several
volumes bearing on early history in Illinois, cit-
ing Col. Joseph N. Bourassa, an educated half-
breed of Kansas, as authority for his statement,
asserts that the Indian killed at Cahokia was an
impostor, and that the true Pontiac was assassi-
nated by Kineboo, the Head Chief of the Illinois,
in a council held on the Des Plaines River, near
the present site of Joliet. So well convinced, it
is said, was Pierre Chouteau, the St. Louis Indian
trader, of the truth of this last story, that he
caused a monument, which he had erected over
the grave of the false Pontiac, to be removed.
Out of the murder of Pontiac, whether occurring
at Cahokia or Joliet, it is generally agreed,
resulted the extermination of the Illinois and the
tragedy of "Starved Rock. " (See Starved Rock. )
PONTIAC, an incorporated city, the county-
seat of Livingston County. It stands on the bank
of the Vermilion River, and is also a point of
428
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
intersection of the Chicago & Alton, the "Wabash
and the Illinois Central Railroads. It is 33 miles
north-northeast from Bloomington and 93 miles
south-southwest of Chicago. The surrounding
region is devoted to agriculture, stock-raising and
coalmining. Pontiac has two national banks,
and three weekly newspapers (one issuing a daily
edition), besides numerous churches and good
schools. Various kiuds of manufacturing are
conducted, among the principal establishments
being flouring mills, shoe factories, a straw paper
factory and a foundry. The State Reformatory
for Juvenile Offenders is located here. Popula-
tion (1880), 3,243; (1890), 2,784; (1900), 4,266.
POOL, Orvalj merchant and banker, was born
in Union County, Ky., near Shawneetcwn, 111.,
Feb. 17, 1809, but lived in Shawneetown from seven
years of age; in boyhood learned the saddler's
trade, but, in 1843, engaged in the dry-goods
business, J. McKee Peeples and Thomas S. Ridg-
wa^- becoming his partners in 1846. In 1850 he
retired from the dry-goods trade and became an
extensive dealer in produce, pork and tobacco.
In 1871 he established the Gallatin County
National Bank, of which he was the first Presi-
dent. Died, June 30, 1871.
POOLE, William Frederick, bibliographer,
librarian and historical writer, was born at
Salem, Mass., Dec. 24, 1821. graduated from Yale
College in 1849, and, at the close of his sophomore
year, was appointed assistant librarian of his col-
lege society, which owned a library of 10,000 vol-
umes. Here he prepared and published the first
edition of his now famous "Index to Periodical
Literature." A second and enlarged addition
was published in 1853. and secured for its author
wide fame, in both America and Europe. In 1852
he was made Librarian of the Boston Mercantile
Library, and, from 1856 to 1869, had charge of the
Boston Athena?um, then one of the largest li-
braries in the United States, which he relinquished
to engage in expert library work. He organized
libraries in several New England cities and
towns, at the United States Naval Academy, and
the Cincinnati Public Library, finally becoming
Librarian of the latter institution. In October,
1873, he assumed charge of the Chicago Public
Library, then being organized, and, in 1887,
became Librarian of the Newberry Library,
organizing this institution and remaining at its
head until his death, which occurred, March 1,
1894. The degree of LL. D. was conferred on him
by the Northwestern University in 1882. Dr.
Poole took a prominent part in the organization
of library associations, and was one of the Vice-
Presidents of the International Conference of
Librarians, held in London in 1871. His advice
was much sought in relation to library architec-
ture and management. He wrote much on topics
connected with his profession and on historical
subjects, frequently contributing to "The North
American Review." In 1874-75 he edited a liter-
ary paper at Chicago, called "The Owl," and %vas
later a constant contributor to "The Dial." He
was President of the American Historical Society
and member of State Historical Societies and of
other kindred associations.
POPE, Nathaniel, first Territorial Secretary of
Illinois, Delegate in Congress and jurist, was born
at Louisville, Ky., in 1774; graduated with high
honor from Transylvania University, at Lexing-
ton, Ky., read law with his brother, Senator John
Pope, and, in 1804, emigrated to New Orleans,
later living, for a time, at Ste. Genevieve, Mo. In
1808 he became a resident of Kaskaskia and, the
next year, was appointed the first Territorial
Secretary of Illinois. His native judgment was
strong and profound and his intellect quick and
far-reaching, while both were thoroughlj' trained
and disciplined by study. In 1816 he was elected
a Territorial Delegate to Congress, and proved
himself, not only devoted to the interests of his
constituents, but also a shrewd tactician. He was
largely instrumental in securing the passage of
the act authorizing the formation of a State
government, and it was mainly through his
efforts that the northern boundary of Illinois was
fixed at lat. 43' 30' north, instead of the southern
bend of Lake Michigan. Upon the admission of
Illinois into the Union, he was made United
States Judge of the District, which then embraced
the entire State. This office he filled with dig-
nity, impartiality and acceptability until his
death, at the hon>e of his daughter, Mrs. Lu-
cretia Yeatman, in St. Louis, Mo., Jan. 23, 1850.
Pope County was named in his honor. — Gen. Johu
(Pope), son of the preceding, was born in Louis-
ville, Ky. , March 16, 1822 ; graduated at the United
States Military Academy, 1842, and appointed
brevet Second Lieutenant of Topographical
Engineers: served in Florida (1842-44), on the
northeast boundary survey, and in the Mexican
War (1846-47), being promoted First Lieutenant
for bravery at Slonterey and Captain at Buena
Vista. In 1849 he conducted an exploring expe-
dition in Jlinnesota, was in charge of topograph-
ical engineering service in New Mexico (1851-53),
and of the survey of a route for the Union Pacific
Railway (1853-59), meanwhile experimenting on
the feasibility of artesian wells on the "Staked
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
429
Plains" in Northwestern Texas. He was a zeal-
ous friend of Abraham Lincoln in the political
campaign of 1860, and was court-martialed for
criticising the policy of President Buchanan, in a
paper read before a literary society in Cincinnati,
the proceedings being finally dropped on the
recommendation of tlie (then) Secretary of War,
Joseph Holt. In 1861 he was one of the officers
detailed by the War Department to conduct Mr.
Lincoln to the capital, and, in May following,
was made Brigadier-General of Volunteers and
assigned to command in Missouri, where he per-
formed valuable service in protecting railroad
communications and driving out guerrillas, gain-
ing an important victory over Sterling Price at
Blackwater, in December of that year; in 1863
had command of the land forces co-operating
with Admiral Foote, in the expedition against
New Madrid and Island No. 10, resulting in the
capture of that stronghold with 6.500 prisoners,
125 cannon and 7,000 small arms, thereby win-
ning a Major-General's commission. Later, hav-
ing participated in the operations against Corinth,
he was transferred to command of the Army of
Virginia, and soon after commissioned Briga-
dier-General in the regular army. Here, being
forced to meet a greatly superior force under
General Lee, he was subjected to reverses which
led to his falling back on Washington and a
request to be relieved of his command. For fail-
ure to give him proper support, Gen. Fitzjohn
Porter was tried by court-martial, and, having
been convicted, was cashiered and declared for-
ever disqualified from holding any office of trust
or profit under the United States Government —
although this verdict was finally set aside and
Porter restored to the army as Colonel, by act of
Congress, in August, 1886. General Pope"s sub-
sequent service was performed chiefly against
the Indians in the Northwest, until 1865, when he
took command of the military division of Mis-
souri, and, in June following, of the Department
of the Missouri, including all the Northwestern
States and Territories, from which he was
relieved early in 1866. Later, he held command,
under the Reconstruction Acts, in Georgia, Ala-
bama and Florida (1867-68) : the Department of the
Lakes (1868-70) ; Department of the Missouri (1870-
84) ; and Department of the Pacific, from 1884 to
his retirement, March 16, 1886. General Pope
published "Explorations from the Red River to
the Rio Grande'' and "Campaigns in Virginia''
(1863). Died, at Sandusky, Ohio, Sept 23, 1892.
POPE COUNTY, lies on the southern border of
the State, and contains an area of about 360
square miles — named in honor of Judge Nathaniel
Pope. It was erected in 1816 (two years before
the admission of Illinois as a State) from parts of
Gallatin and Johnson Counties. The comity-seat
was first located at Sandsville, but later changed
to Golconda. Robert Lacy, Benoni Lee and
Thomas Ferguson were the first Commissioners;
Hamlet Ferguson was chosen Sheriff; John Scott,
Recorder ; Thomas C. Browne, Prosecuting- Attor-
ney, and Samuel Omelveney, Treasurer. The
highest land in Southern Illinois is in the north-
eastern part of this county, reaching an elevation
of 1,046 feet. The bluff's along the Ohio River are
bold in outline, and the ridges are surmounted by
a thick growth of timber, notably oak and hick-
ory. Portions of the bottom lands are submerged,
at times, during a part of the year and are
covered with cypress timber. The remains of
Indian mounds and fortifications are found, and
some interesting relics have been exhumed. Sand-
stone is quarried in abundance, and coal is found
here and there. Jlineral springs (with copperas
as the chief ingredient) are numerous. Iron is
found in limited quantities, among the rocks
toward the south, while spar and kaolin clay are
found in the north. The chief agricultural
products are potatoes, corn and tobacco. Popu-
lation (1890), 1401G; (1900), 13,585.
PORT BYRON, a village of Rock Island
County, on the Mississippi River and the Chicago,
Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway, 6 miles above
Rock Island; has manufactures of lumber and
lime, one or two banks and a newspaper. Popu-
lation (1890), 775; (1900), 733. The (Illinois)
Western Hospital for the Insane is located at
Watertown, two miles above Port Byron.
PORTER, (Rev.) Jeremiah, pioneer clergy-
man, was born at Hadlej', Mass., in 1804; gradu-
ated from Williams College in 1825, and studied
theology at both Andover and Princeton semi-
naries, graduating from the latter in 1831. The
same year he made the (then) long and perilous
journey to Fort Brady, a military post at tlie
Sault Ste. Marie, where he began his work as a
missionary. In 1833 he came to Chicago, where
he remained for two years, organizing the First
Presbyterian Church of Chicago, with a member-
ship of twenty-six persons. Afterwards he had
pastoral charge of churches at Peoria and Farm-
ington. While in Chicago he was married to
Miss Eliza Chappell, one of the earliest teachers
in Chicago. From 1840 to '58 he was located at
Green Bay, Wis., accepting a call from a Chicago
Church in the year last named. In 1861 he was
commissioned Chaplain in the volunteer service
430
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
by Governor Yates, and mustered out in 1865.
The next five years were divided between labors
at Brownsville, Tex., in the service of the Sani-
tary Commission, and a pastorate at Prairie du
Chien. In 1870 he was commissioned Chaplain
in the regular army, remaining in the service
(with occasional leaves of absence) until 1882,
when he was retired from active service on
account of advanced age. His closing years were
spent at the homes of his children in Detroit and
Beloit; died at the latter city, July 25, 1893, at
the age of 89 years.
POSEY, (Oeii.) Thomas, Continental and
Revolutionary soldier, was born in Virginia, July
9, 1750 ; in 1774 took part in Lord Dunmore's expe-
dition against the Indians, and, later, in various
engagements of the Revolutionary War, being
part of the time under the immediate command
of Washington ; was with General Wayne in the
assault on Stony Point and present at Cornwallis'
surrender at Yorktown ; also served, after the war,
with Wayne as a Brigadier-General in the North-
west Territory. Removing to Kentucky, he
served in the State Senate, for a time being
presiding officer and acting Lieutenant-Governor ;
later (1812), was elected United States Senator
from Louisiana, and, from 1813 to "16, served as
Territorial Governor of Indiana. Died, at the
home of his son-in-law, Joseph M. Street, at
Shawneetown, III, March 18, 1818, where he lies
buried. At the time of his death General Posey
was serving as Indian Agent.
POST, Joel S., lawyer and soldier of the Mexi-
can War; was born in Ontario (now Wayne)
County, X. Y., April 27, 1816; in 1828 removed
with his father to Waslitenaw County, Mich.,
remaining there until 1839, when he came to
Macon County, 111. The following year, lie com-
menced the study of law with Judge Charles
Emmerson, of Decatur, and was admitted to the
bar in 1841. In 1846 he enlisted in the Mexican
War, and served as Quartermaster of the Fourth
Regiment (Col. E. D. Baker's) ; in 1856 was elected
to the State Senate, and, at the following session,
was a leading supporter of the measures which
resulted in the establishment of the State Nor-
mal School at Bloomington. Capt. Post's later
years were spent at Decatur, where he died,
June 7, 1886.
POST, Philip Sidney, soldier and Congress-
man, was born at Florida, Orange County, N. Y.,
March 19, 1833 ; at tlie age of 22 graduated from
Union College, studied law at Poughkeepsie Law
School, and, removing to Illinois, was admitted
to the bar in 1856 At the outbreak of the Civil
War lie enlisted, and was commissioned Second
Lieutenant in the Fifty-ninth Illinois Volunteers.
He was a gallant, fearless soldier, and was re-
peatedly promoted for bravery and meritorious
service, until he attained the rank of brevet
Brigadier-General. He participated in many
important battles and was severely wounded at
Pea Ridge and Nashville. In 1865 he was in com-
mand in Western Texas. After the close of the
war he entered the diplomatic service, being
appointed Consul-General to Austria-Hungary
in 1874, but resigned in 1879, and returned to his
home in Galesburg. From 1883 to 1886 he was a
member of the Republican State Central Com-
mittee, and, during 1886, was Commander of the
Department of Illinois, G. A. R. He was elected
to Congress from the Tenth District on the Repub-
lican ticket in 1886, serving continuously by re-
election until liis death, which occurred in
Washington, Jan. 6, 1895.
POST, Trnmaii Marcellus, D.D., clergyman,
was born at Middlebury. Vt., June 3, 1810; gradu-
ated at Middlebury College in 1829, was Principal
of Castleton Academy for a j'ear, and a tutor at
Middlebury two years, meanwhile studying law.
After a winter spent in Washington, listening to
tlie orators of the time in Congress and before the
Supreme Court, including Clay, Webster, Wirt
and their contemporaries, he went west in 1833,
first visiting St. Louis, but finally settling at
Jacksonville, 111., where he was admitted to the
bar, but soon after accepted the Professorship of
Classical Languages in Illinois College, and
later that of History; then began the study of
theology, was ordained in 1840, and assumed the
pastorship of the Congregational Church in Jack-
sonville. In 1847 lie was called to the pastorate
of the Third Presbyterian Church of St. Louis,
and, in 1851, to the First Congregational Churcli,
of which the former furnished the nucleus. For
a year or two after removing to St. Louis, he
continued his lectures on history at Illinois Col-
lege for a short period each year ; also held the
professorship of Ancient and Modern History in
Washington University, in St. Louis; in 1873-75
was Southworth lecturer on Congregationalism
in Andover Theological Seminary and, for sev-
eral years. Professor of Ecclesiastical History in
Chicago Tlieological Seminary. His splendid
diction and his noble style of oratory caused
him to be much sought after as a public lecturer
or platform speaker at college commencements,
while his piiritj' of life and refinement of charac-
ter attracted to him all with whom he came in
personal contact. He received the degree of
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
431
D.D. from Middlebury College in 1855; was a fre-
quent contributor to "The Biblical Repository"
and other religious publications, and, besides
numerous addresses, sermons and pamphlets, he
was the author of a volume entitled "The Skep-
tical Era in Modern History" (New York, 1856).
He resigned his pastorate in January, 1882, but
continued to be a frequent speaker, either in the
pulpit or on the lecture platform, nearly to the
period of his death, wliich occurred in St. Louis,
Dec. 31, 1886. For a quarter of a century he was
one of the Trustees of MonticeUo Female Semi-
nary, at Godfrey, 111., being, for a considerable
portion of the time, President of the Board.
POTTAWATOMIES, THE, an Indian tribe,
one of the three subdivisions of the Ojibwas (or
Ojibbeways), who, in turn, constituted a numer-
ous family of the Algonquins. The other
branches were the Ottawa and the Chippewas.
The latter, however, retained the family name,
and hence some writers have regarded the "Ojib-
beways" and the "Chippewas" as es.sentially
identical. This interchanging of names has been
a prolific source of error. Inherently, the dis-
tinction was analogous to that existing between
genus and species, although a confusion of
nomenclature has naturally resulted in errors
more or less serious. These three tribes early
separated, the Pottawatomies going south from
Green Bay along the western shore of Lake
Michigan. The meaning of the name is, "we are
making a fire, " and the word is a translation into
the Pottawatomie language of the name first
given to the tribe by the Miamis. These Indians
were tall, fierce and haughty, and the tribe was
divided into four branches, or clans, called by
names which signify, respectively, the golden
carp, the tortoise, the crab and the frog. Accord-
ing to the "Jesuit Relations," the Pottawatomies
were first met by the French, on the north of
Lake Huron, in 1639-40. More than a quarter of
a century later (1666) Father AUouez speaks of
them as dwellers on the shores of Lake Michigan.
The same Father described them as idolatrous
and polygamous, yet as possessing a rude civility
and as being kindly disposed toward the French.
This friendship continued unbroken until the
expulsion of the latter from the Northwest.
About 1678 they spread southward from Green
Bay to the head of Lake Michigan, a portion of
the tribe settling in Illinois as far south as the
Kankakee and Illinois Rivers, crowding the
Winnebagoes and the Sacs and Foxes on the west,
and advancing, on the east, into the country of
the Miamis as far as the Wabash and the
Maumee. They fought on the side of the
French in the French and Indian War, and
later took part in the conspiracy of Pontiac
to capture and reduce the British posts, and
were so influenced by Tecumseh and the Prophet
that a considerable number of their warri-
ors fought against General Harrison at Tippe-
canoe. During the War of 1812 they actively
supported the British. They were also prominent
at the Chicago massacre. Schoolcraft says of
them, "They were foremost at all treaties wliere
lands were to be ceded, clamoring for the lion's
share of all presents and annuities, particularly
where these last were the price paid for the sale
of other lands than their own." The Pottawato-
mies were parties to the treaties at Chicago in
1832 and 1833. and were among the last of the
tribes to remove beyond the Mississippi, their
final emigration not taking place until 1838. In
1846 the scattered fragments of this tribe coalesced
with those of the Chippewas and Ottawas, and
formed the Pottawatomie nation. Thej' ceded all
their lands, wherever located, to the United States,
for §850,000, agreeing to accept 576,000 acres in
Kansas in lieu of 587,000 of this amount. Through
the rapacity and trespasses of white settlers, this
reservation was soon dismembered, and the lands
passed into other hands. In 1867, under an ena-
bling act of Congress, 1,400 of the nation (then
estimated at 2,500) became citizens. Their pres-
ent location is in the southeastern part of Okla-
homa.
POWELL, John Wesley, Ph.D., LL.D., geolo-
gist and anthropologist, was born at Mount Morris
N. Y., March 24, 1884, the son of a Methodist
itinerant preacher, passing his early life at vari-
ous places in Ohio, Wisconsin and Illinois ; studied
for a time in Illinois College (Jacksonville), and
subsequently in Wheaton College, but, in 1854,
began a special course at Oberlin, Ohio, teaching
at intervals in public schools. Having a predi-
lection for the natural sciences, he spent much
time in making collections, which he placed in
various Illinois institutions. Entering the army
in 1861 as a private of the Twentieth Illinois
Volunteers, he later became a Captain of the
Second Illinois Artillery, being finally promoted
Major. He lost his right arm at the battle of
Shiloh, but returned to his regiment as soon as
sufficiently recovered, and continued in active
service to the close of the war. In 1865 he became
Professor of Geology and Curator of the Museum
in Illinois Wesleyan University at Bloomington,
but resigned to accept a similar position in the
State Normal University. In 1867 he began his
433
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
greatest work in connection with science by
leading a class of pupils to the mountains of
Colorado for the study of geology, which he fol-
lowed, a year later, by a more thorough survey of
the caiion of the Colorado River than had ever
before been attempted. This led to provision by
Congress, in 1870, for a topographical and geo-
logical survey of the Colorado and its tributaries,
which was appropriately placed under his direc-
tion. Later, he was placed in charge of the
Bureau of Ethnology in connection with the
Smithsonian Institute, and, again in 1881, was
assigned to the directorship of the United States
Geological Survey, later becoming Director of tlie
Bureau of Ethnology, in connection with the
Smithsonian Institute in Washington City,
where (1899) he still remains. In 1886 Major
Powell received the degree of Ph.D. from Heidel-
berg University, and that of LL.D. from Har-
vard the same year. He is also a member of the
leading scientific associations of the country,
while his reports and addresses fill numerous
volumes issued by the Government.
POWELL, William Henry, soldier and manu-
factm-er, was born in South Wales, May 10, 1835 ;
came to America in 1830, was educated in the
common schools of Tennessee, and (1856-Gl) was
manager of a manufacturing company at Iron-
ton, Ohio; in 1861, became Captain of a West
Virginia cavalry compan}', and was advanced
through the grades of JIajor, Lieutenant-Colonel
and Colonel ; was wounded while leading a charge
at Wytheville, Va. , left on the field, captured and
confined in Libby Prison six months. After ex-
change he led a cavalry division in the Army of
the Shenandoah ; was made Brigadier-General in
October, 1864 ; after the war settled in West Vir-
ginia, and was a Republican Presidential Elector
in 1868. He is now at the head of a nail mill and
foundry in Belleville, and was Commander of the
Grand Army of the Republic for the Department
of Illinois during 189.5-96.
PR.VIRIE CITY, a village in McDonough
County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quinoy
Railroad, 25 miles south by west from Galesburg
and 17 miles northeast of Macomb. It has a
carriage factory and a large nursery ; also has a
bank, five churches and two weekly papers. Pop-
ulation (1880), 944; (1890), 813; (1900), 818.
PRAIRIE DU POXT, (in English, Bridge
Prairie), an early French settlement, one mile
south of Cahokia. It was commenced about 1760,
located on the banks of a creek, on which was
the first mill, operatetl by water-power, in that
section, having been erected b}' missionaries
from St. Sulpice, in 1754. In 1765 the village
contained fourteen families. In 1844 it was
inundated and nearly destroyed.
PRAIRIE du ROCHER, (in English, Prairie of
the Rock), an early French village in what is
now Monroe County, which began to spring up
near Fort Chartres (see Fort Chartren), and by
1733 had grown to be a considerable settlement.
It stood at the foot of the Mississippi bluffs, about
four miles northeast of the fort. Like other
French villages in Illinois, it had its church and
priest, its common field and commons. Many of
the houses were picturesque cottages built of
limestone. The ancient village is now extinct;
yet, near the outlet of a creek which runs through
the bluff, may be seen the vestiges of a water mill,
said to have been erected by the Jesuits during
the days of French occupation.
PRENTICE, William S., Methodist Episcopal
clergyman, was born in St. Clair County, 111., in
1819; licensed as a Methodist preacher in 1849,
and filled pastorates at Paris, Danville, CarUn-
ville, Springfield, Jacksonville and other places —
the latter part of his life, serving as Presiding
Elder ; was a delegate to the General Conference
of 1860, and regularly re-elected from 1873 to the
end of his life. During the latter part of his life
his home was in Springfield. Died, June 38, 1887.
PRENTISS, Benjamin Mayberry, soldier, was
born at Belleville, Wood County, Va., Nov. 33,
1819; in 1835 accompanied his parents to Mis-
souri, and, in 1841, removed to Quincy, 111., where
he learned a trade, afterwards embarking in the
commission business. In 1844-45 he was Lieuten-
ant of a company sent against the Mormons at
Nauvoo, later serving as Captain of Volunteers in
the Mexican War. In 1860 he was an unsuccess-
ful Republican candidate for Congress; at the
outbreak of the Civil War tendered his services
to Governor Yates, and was commissioned Colonel
of the Tenth Illinois Volunteers, was almost
immediately promoted to Brigadier-General and
placed in command at Cairo, so continuing until
relieved by General Grant, in September, 1861.
At the battle of Shiloh, in April following, he
was captured with most of his command, after a
most vigorous fight with a superior rebel force,
but, in 1863, was exchanged and brevetted Major-
General of Volunteers. He was a member of the
court-martial that tried Gen. Fitzjohn Porter,
and, as commander at Helena, Ark. , defeated the
Confederate Generals Holmes and Price on July
3, 1863. He resigned his commission, Oct. 28,
1863. In 1869 he was appointed by President
Grant Pension Agent at Quincy, serving four
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
433
years. At present (1898) General Prentiss" resi-
dence is at Bethany, Mo., where he served as
Postmaster, during the administration of Presi-
dent Benjamin Harrison, and was reappointed by
President McKinley. Died Feb. 8, 1901.
PRESIDENTIAL ELECTORS. (See Elections.)
PRESBYTERIAN HOSPITAL, located at Chi-
cago, was organized in 1883 by a number of
wealthy and liberal Presbyterians, "for the pur-
pose of affording medical and surgical aid to sick
and disabled persons, and to provide them, wliile
inmates of the hospital, with the ministrations
of the gospel, agreeably to the doctrines and
forms of the Presbyterian Chvux-h.'' Rush Med-
ical College offered a portion of its ground as a site
(see Rush Medical College) , and througli generous
subscriptions, a well-planned building was
erected, capable of accommodating about 350
patients. A corridor connects the college and
hospital buildings. The medical staff comprises
eighteen of Chicago's best known physicians and
surgeons.
PRESBYTERIANS, THE. The first Presby
terian society in Illinois was organized bj' Rev.
James McGreadj^ of Kentucky, in 181G, at
Sharon, White County. Revs. Samuel J. Mills
and Daniel Smith, also Presbyterians, had visited
the State in 1814, as representatives of the Massa-
chusetts Missionary Society, but had formed no
.society. The members of the Sharon cliuroh
were almost all immigrants from the South, and
were largely of Scotch-Irish extraction. Two
other churches were established in 1819 — one at
Shoal Creek, Bond County, and the other at
Edwardsville. In 182.5 there were but three
Presbyterian ministers in Illinois — Revs. Stephen
Bliss, John Brich and B. F. Spilman. Ten years
later there were 80 churches, with a membership
of 3,500 and GO ministers. In 1880 the nmnber of
churches had increased to 487; but, in 1890, (as
shown by the United States census) there were
less. In the latter j^ear there were 405 ministers
and 53,945 members. The Synod of Illinois is the
highest ecclesiastical court of the denomination
in the State, and, under its jurisdiction, the
church maintains two seminaries; one (the Mc-
Cormick) at Chicago, and the other (the Black-
burn University) at CarlinviUe. The organ of
the denomination is "The Interior," founded by
Cyrus H. McCormick, and published weekly at
Chicago, with William C. Gray as editor. The
Illinois Synod embraced within its jurisdiction
(1895) eleven Presbyteries, to which were attached
483 churches, 464 ministers and a membership of
63,247. (See also Religious Denominations.)
PRICKETT, Abraham, pioneer merchant, was
born near Lexington, Ky. , came to Madison
County, 111. , in 1808 ; was employed for a time in
the drug business in St. Louis, tlien opened a
store at Edwardsville, where, in 1818, he received
from the first County Court of Madison County,
a license to retail merchandise. In 1818, he served
as one of the three Delegates from Madison
County to the Convention which framed the first
State Constitution, and, the same year, was
elected a Representative in the First General
Assembly; was also Postmaster of the town of
Edwardsville for a number of years. In 1825 he
removed to Adams County and laid out an addi-
tion to the city of Quincy; was also engaged
there in trade with the Indians. In 1836, while
engaged on a Government contract for the re-
moval of snags and other obstructions to the navi-
gation of Red River, he died at Natchitoches, La.
—George W. (Prickett) a son of the preceding,
and afterwards a citizen of Chicago, is said to
have been the first white child born in Edwards-
ville.—Lsaac (Prickett), a brother of Abraham,
came to St. Louis in 1815, and to Edwardsville in
1818, wliere he was engaged in mercantile busi-
ness with his brother and, later, on his own
account. He held the offices of Postmaster, Pub-
lic Administrator, Quartermaster-General of
State Militia, Inspector of the State Penitentiary,
and, from 1838 to '42, was Receiver of Public
Sloneys at Edwardsville, dj-ing in 1844.
PRICKETT, David, pioneer lawyer, was born
in Franklin County, Ga., Sept. 31, 1800; in early
childhood was taken by his parents to Kentuck3-
and from there to Edwardsville, lU. He gradu-
ated from Transylvania University, and, in 1821,
began the practice of law ; was the first Supreme
Court Reporter of Illinois, Judge of the Madison
County Probate Court, Representative in the
General Assembly (1826-28), Aid-de-Camp to
General Whiteside in the Black Hawk War,
State's Attorue}"^ for Springfield Judicial Circuit
(1837), Treasurer of the Board of Canal Commis-
sioners (1840), Director of the State Bank of Illi-
nois (1842), Clerk of the House of Representatives
for ten sessions and Assistant Clerk of the same
at the time of his death, Jlarch 1, 1847.
PRINCE, David, physician and surgeon, was
born in Brooklj-ne, Windham County, Conn.,
June 21, 1816; removed with his parents to
Canandaigua, N. Y., and was educated in the
academy there ; began the study of medicine in
the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New
York, finishing at the Ohio Medical College, Cin-
cinnati, where he was associated, for a year and a
434
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
half, with the celebrated surgeon, Dr. Muzzy. In
1843 he came to Jacksonville, 111., and, for two
years, was Professor of Anatomy in the Medical
Department of Illinois College; later, spent five
years practicing in St. Louis, and lecturing on
surgery in the St. Louis Medical College, when,
returning to Jacksonville in 18.53, he established
himself in practice there, devoting special atten-
tion to surgery, in which he had already won a
wide reputation. During the latter part of the
Civil War he served, for fourteen months, as
Brigade Surgeon in the Army of the Potomac,
and. on the capture of a portion of his brigade,
voluntarily surrendered himself that he might
attend the captives of his command in Libby
Prison. After the close of the war he %vas
employed for some months, by the Sanitary Com-
mission, in writing a medical history of the war.
He visited Europe twice, first in 1881 as a dele-
gate to the International Medical Congress in
London, and again as a member of the Copen-
hagen Congress of 1884 — at each visit making
careful inspection of the hospitals in London,
Paris, and Berlin. About 1867 he established a
Sanitarium in Jacksonville for the treatment of
surgical cases and chronic diseases, to which he
gave the closing years of his life. Thoroughly
devoted to his profession, liberal, public-spirited
and sagacious in the adoption of new methods, he
stood in the front rank of his profession, and his
death was mourned by large numbers who had
received the benefit of his ministrations without
money and without price. He was member of
a number of leading professional associations,
besides local literary and social organizations.
Died, at Jacksonville, Deo. 19, 1889.
PRINCE, Edward, lawyer, was born at West
Bloomfield, Ontario County, N. Y., Dec. 8, 1832;
attended school at Payson, 111., and Illinois Col-
lege, Jacksonville, graduating from the latter in
1852 ; studied law at Quincy, and after admission
to the bar in 18.53, began dealing in real estate.
In 1861 he offered his services to Governor Yates,
was made Captain and Drill-master of cavalry
and, a few months later, commissioned Lieuten-
ant-Colonel of the Seventh Illinois Cavalry, tak-
ing part, as second in command, in the celebrated
"Grierson raid"" through Mississippi, in 1863,
serving until discharged with the rank of Colonel
of his regiment, in 1864. After the war he gave
considerable attention to engineering and the
construction of a system of water-works for the
city of Quincy, where he now resides.
PRINCE, George W., la^vyer and Congressman,
born in Tazewell County, 111., March 4, 1854; was
educated in the public schools and at Knox Col-
lege, graduating from the latter in 1878. He
then studied law and was admitted to the bar in
1880; was elected City Attorney of Galesburg the
following year ; served as chairman of the Knox
County Republican Central Committee in 1884,
and, in 1888, was elected Representative in the
General Assembly and re-elected two years later.
In 1892 he was the Republican nominee for
Attorney-General of the State of Illinois, but was
defeated with the rest of the State ticket; at
a special election, held in April, 1895, lie was
chosen Representative in Congress from the
Tenth District to fill the vacancy caused by the
death of Col. Philip Sidney Post, which had
occurred in January preceding. In common with
a majority of his colleagues, Mr. Prince was
re-elected in 1896, receiving a plurality of nearly
16,000 votes, and was elected for a third term in
November, 1898.
PRINCETON, a city and the county-seat of
Bureau County, on the Chicago, Burlington &
Quincy Railroad, 22 miles west-southwest of
Mendota, and 105 miles west-southwest of Chi-
cago. It has a court house, gas-works, a good
sj'stem of graded schools (including a high
school), numerous churches, three weekly news-
papers and several banks. Coal is mined here,
and the manufactures include flour, carriages
and farm implements. Population (1890), 3.396;
(1900), 4.023. Princeton is populated with one of
the most intelligent and progressive communities
in the State. It was the home of Owen Lovejoy
during the greater part of his life in Illinois.
PRINCETON & WESTERN RAILWAY. (See
Chicago & Xorthwestern Railway.)
PRIXCEVILLE, a village of Peoria County, on
the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe and the Rock
Islaud & Peoria Railwaj-s, 22 miles northwest of
Peoria ; is a trade center for a prosperous agricul-
tural region. Population (1890), 641; (1900), 73.5.
PROPHETSTOWN, a town in Whiteside
County, on the Mendota & Fulton branch of the
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 45 miles
northwest of Mendota; has some manufactures,
a bank and two newspapers. Population (1880).
803; (1890), 694; (1900), 1,143.
PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION. (See
Minoritij Representation. )
PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH. The
pioneer Episcopal clergj-man in this State was the
Rt. Rev. Philander Chase, who was made Bishop
of Illinois in 1835, and was the founder of Jubi-
lee College. (See CJiase, Rev. Philander.) The
State at present is organized under the provincial
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
435
system, the province comprising the dioceses of
Chicago, Quincy and Springfield. At its head
(1898) is the Rt. Rev. William E. McLaren, Bishop
of Chicago. Rev. George F. Seymour of Spring-
field is Bishop of the Springfield Diocese, with
C. R. Hale, Coadjutor at Cairo, and Rev. Alex-
ander Burgess, Bishop of the Quincy Diocese, with
residence at Peoria. The numerical strength of
the church in Illinois is not great, although
between 1880 and 1890 its membership was almost
doubled. In 1840 there were but eighteen
parishes, with thirteen clergymen and a member-
ship of 267. By 1880 the number of parishes had
increased to 89, there being 127 ministers and
9,842 communicants. The United States Census
of 1890 showed the following figures: Parishes,
197; clergymen, 1.50, membership, 18,609. Total
contributions (1890) for general church and mis-
sion work, $373,798. The chief educational insti-
tution of the denomination in the West is the
Western Theological Seminary at Chicago. (See
also Religious Denominations.)
PRTOR, Joseph Everett, pioneer and early
steamboat captain, was born in Virginia, August
10, 1787 — the son of a non-commissioned oflicer of
the Revolution, who emigrated to Kentucky about
1790 and settled near Loviisville, which was then
a fort with some twenty log cabins. In 1813 the
son located where Golconda, Pope County, now
stands, and early in life adopted the calling of a
boatman, which he pursued some forty j-ears.
At this time he held a commission as a "Falls
Pilot," and piloted the first steamer that ascended
the Ohio River from New Orleans. During his
long service no accident happened to any steamer
for which he was responsible, although the Mis-
sissippi then bristled with snags. He owned and
commanded the steamer Telegraph, which was
sunk, in 1835, by collision with tlie Duke of
Orleans on the Mississippi, but, owing to his pres-
ence of mind and the good discipline of his crew,
no lives were lost. The salient features of his
character were a boundless benevolence mani-
fested to others, and his dauntless courage, dis-
played not only in the face of dangers met in his
career as a boatman, but in his encounters with
robbers who then infested portions of Southern
Illinois. He had a reputation as a skillful pilot
and popular commander not excelled by any of
his contemporaries. He died, at his home in Pope
County, Oct. 5, 1851, leaving one daughter, now
Mrs. Cornelia P. Bozman, of Cairo, 111.
PUBLIC INSTRUCTION, SUPERINTEND-
ENTS OF. (See Superintendents of Public
Instruction.)
PUGH, Isaac C., soldier, was born in Christian
County, Ky., Nov. 23, 1805; came to Illinois, in
1821, with his father, who first settled in Shelby
County, but, in 1829, removed to Macon County,
where the subject of this sketch resided until his
death, at Decatur, Nov. 14, 1874. General Pugh
served in three wars — first in the Black Hawk
War of 1832; then, with the rank of Captain and
Field Officer in the Fourth Regiment Illinois
Volunteers (Col. E. D. Baker's) in the war with
Mexico, and, during the Civil W^ar, entering upon
the latter as Colonel of the Forty-first Illinois
Volunteer Infantry, in September, 1861, and
being mustered out with the rank of full Briga-
dier-General in August, 1864, wlien his regiment
was consolidated with the Fifty-third. He took
part with his regiment in the battles of Fort
Donelson and Shiloh, and in the operations
around Vicksburg, being wounded at the latter.
In the year of his retirement from the army
(1864) he was elected a Representative in the
Twenty-fourth General Assembly, and, the fol-
lowing year, was chosen County-Clerk of Macon
County, serving four years.
PUGH, Jonathan H., pioneer lawyer, was born
in Bath County, Ky., came to Bond County, 111.,
finally locating at Springfield in 1823, and being
the second lawyer to establish liimself in practice
in that city. He served in the Third, Fifth,
Sixth and Seventh General Assemblies, and was
defeated for Congress by Joseph Duncan (after-
wards Governor), in 1831. Died, in 1833. Mr.
Pugh is described by his contemporaries as a man
of brilliant parts, an able lawyer and a great wit.
PULASKI COUNTY, an extreme southern
county and one of the smallest in the State,
bordering on the Ohio River and having an area
of 190 .square miles and a population (1900), of
14,554. It was cut off from Alexander County in
1843, and named in honor of a Polish patriot who
had aided the Americans dirring the Revolution.
The soil is generally rich, and the surface varied
with much low land along the Cache and the Ohio
Rivers. Wlieat, corn and fruit are tlie principal
crops, while considerable timber is cut upon the
bottom lands. Mound City is the county-seat
and was conceded a population, by the census of
1890, of 2,550. Only the lowest, barren portion of
the carboniferous formation extends under the
soil, the coal measures being absent. Traces of
iron have been found and sulphur and copperas
springs abound.
PULLMAN, a former suburb (now a part of
the South Division) of the city of Chicago, 13.8
miles south of the initial station of the Illinois
436
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Central Railroad. The Pullman Palace Car Com-
pany began the erection of buildings here in 1880,
and, on the 1st of January, 1881, the first family
settled in the future manufacturing city. Within
the next few years, it became the center of the
largest manufacturing establishments in the
country, including the Pullman Car Works, the
Allen Paper Car Wheel Works and extensive
steel forging works, employing thousands of
mechanics. Large numbers of sleeping and din-
ing cars, besides ordinary passenger coaches and
freight cars, were manufactured here every year,
not only for use on the railroads of the United
States, but for foreign countries as well. The
town was named for the late George M. Pullman,
the founder of the car-works, and was regarded
as a model city, made up of comfortable homes
erected by the Palace Car Company for the use of
its employes. It was well supplied with school-
houses, and churches, and a public library was
established there and opened to the public in
1883. The town was annexed to the city of Chi-
cago in 1890.
PULLMAN, George Mortimer, founder of the
Pullman Palace Car Company, was born at Broc-
ton, N. Y., March 3, 1831, enjoyed ordinary edu-
cational advantages in his boyhood and, at
fourteen years of age, obtained employment as a
clerk, but a year later joined his brother in the
cabinet-making business at Albion. His father,
who was a house-builder and house-mover, hav-
ing died in 1853, young Pullman assumed the
responsibility of caring for the family and, hav-
ing secured a contract for raising a number of
buildings along the Erie Canal, made necessary
by the enlargement of that thoroughfare, in this
way acquired some capital and experience which
-w-as most valuable to him in after years. Com-
ing to Chicago in 1859, when the work of raising
the grade of the streets in the business portion of
the city had been in progress for a year or two,
he found a new field for the exercise of his
inventive skill, achieving some marvelous trans-
formations in a number of the principal business
blocks in that part of the city. As early as 1858,
Mr. Pullman had had his attention turned to
devising some means for increasing the comforts
of night-travel upon railways, and, in 1859, he
remodeled two old day-coaches into a species of
sleeping-cars, which were used upon the Alton
Road. From 1860 to 1863 he spent in Colorado
devoting his engineering skill to mining; but
returning to Chicago the latter year, entered
upon his great work of developing the idea of the
sleeping-car Into practical reality. The first
car was completed and received the name of the
"Pioneer." This car constituted a part of the
funeral train which took the remains of Abraham
Lincoln to Springfield, 111. , after his assassination
in April, 1865. The development of the "Pull-
man palace sleeping-car," the invention of the
dining-car, and of vestibule trains, and the build-
ing up of the great industrial town which bears
his name, and is now a part of the city of Chi-
cago, constituted a work of gradual development
which resulted in some of the most remarkable
achievements in the history of the nineteenth
century, both in a business sense and in promot-
ing the comfort and safety of the traveling pub-
lic, as well as in bettering the conditions of
workingmen. He lived to see the results of his
inventive genius and manufacturing skill in use
upon the principal railroads of the United States
and introduced upon a nmnber of important lines
in Europe also. Mr. Pullman was identified with
a number of other enterprises more or less closely
related to the transportation business, but tlie
Pullman Palace Car Company was the one with
which he was most closely connected, and by
which he will be longest remembered. He was
also associated with some of the leading educa-
tional and benevolent enterprises about the city
of Chicago, to which he contributed in a liberal
manner during his life and in his will. His
death occurred suddenly, from heart disease, at
his home in Chicago, Oct. 19, 1897.
PURPLE, Norman H., lawyer and jurist, was
born in Litchfield County, Conn., read law and
was admitted to the bar in Tioga County, Pa.,
settled at Peoria, III, in 1836, and the following
year was appointed Prosecuting Attorney for the
Ninth Judicial District, which then embraced
the greater portion of the State east of Peoria.
In 1844 he was a Presidential Elector, and, in
1845, Governor Ford appointed him a Justice of
the Supreme Court, vice Jesse B. Thomas, Jr.,
who had resigned. As required by law, he at the
same time served as Circuit Judge, his district
embracing all the counties west of Peoria, and
his home being at Quincy. After the adoption of
the Constitution of 1848 he returned to Peoria and
resumed practice. He compiled the Illinois
Statutes relating to real property, and, in 1857,
made a compilation of the general laws, gener-
ally known to the legal profession as the "Purple
Statutes." He subsequently undertook to com-
pile and arrange the laws passed from 1857 to "63,
and was engaged on this work when overtaken
by death, at Chicago, Aug 9, 1863. He was a
member of the Constitutional Convention of 1863,
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
437
and, during the last ten years of his life, promi-
nent at the Chicago bar.
PUTERBAUGH, Sabin D., judge and author,
was born in Miami County, Ohio, Sept. 28, 1834;
at 8 years of age removed with his parents to Taze-
well County, 111; settled in Pekin in 18.53, where
he read law, and was admitted 'to the bar in 1856.
At the outbreak of the rebellion he was commis-
sioned, by Governor Yates, Major of the Eleventh
Illinois Cavalry, and took part in numerous
engagements in Western Tennessee and Missis-
sipjji, including the battles of Shiloh and Corinth.
Resigning his commission in 18G3, he took up his
residence at Peoria, where he resumed practice
and began the preparation of his first legal work
— "Common Law Pleading and Practice." In
1864 he formed a partnership with Col. Robert G.
Ingersoll, which continued until 1867, when Mr.
Puterbaugh was elected Circuit Court Judge.
He retired from the bench in 1873 to resume pri-
vate practice and pursue his work as an author.
His first work, having already run through three
editions, was followed by "Puterbaugh's Chan-
cer}' Pleading and Practice," the first edition of
which appeared in 1874, and "Michigan Chancery
Practice," which appeared in 1881. In 1880 he
was chosen Presidential Elector on the Republi-
can ticket. Died, Sept. 25, 1893. Leslie D.
(Puterbaugh), a son of Judge Puterbaugh, is
Judge of the Circuit Court of the Peoria Circuit.
PUTNAM COUNTY, the smallest county in the
State, both as to area and population, containing
only 170 square miles; population (1900), 4,746.
It lies near the center of the north half of the
State, and was named in honor of Gen. Israel
Putnam. The first American to erect a cabin
within its limits was Gurdon S. Hubbard, who
was in business there, as a fvir-trader, as early as
1825, but afterwards became a prominent citizen
of Chicago. The county was created by act of
the Legislature in 1825, although a local govern-
ment was not organized until some years later.
Since that date. Bureau, Marshall and Stark
Counties have been erected therefrom. It is
crossed and drained by the Illinois River. The
surface is moderately undulating and the soil
fertile. Corn is the chief staple, although wheat
and oats are extensively cultivated. Coal is
mined and exported. Hennepin is the county-
QUINCY, the principal city of Western Illinois,
and the county-seat of Adams County. It was
founded in 1823 — the late Gov. John Wood erect-
ing the first log-cabin there — and was incorporated
in 1839. The site is naturally one of the most beauti-
ful in the State, the principal part of the city being
built on a limestone bluff having an elevation
of 125 to 150 feet, and overlooking the Mississippi
for a long distance. Its location is 112 miles west
of Springfield and 264 miles southwest of Chi-
cago. Besides being a principal shipping point
for the river trade north of St. Louis, it is the
converging point of several important railway
lines, including the Wabash, two branches of the
Chicago, Burlington & Quinoy, and the Quinc}',
Omaha & Kansas City, giving east and west, as
well as north and south, connections. At the
present time (1899) several important lines, or
extensions of railroads already constructed, are in
contemplation, which, when completed, will add
largely to the commercial importance of the city.
The city is regularly laid out, the streets inter-
secting each other at right angles, and being
lighted with gas and electricity. - Water is
obtained from the Mississippi. There are several
electric railway lines, four public parks, a fine
railway bridge across the Slississippi, to which a
wagon bridge has been added within the past two
years ; a fine railway dejjot and several elegant
public buildings, including a handsome county
court-house, a Government building for the use
of the Post-office and the United States District
Court. The Illinois Soldiers' and Sailors' Home
is located here, embracing a large group of cot-
tages occupied by veterans of the Civil War,
besides hosijital and administration buildings for
the use of the officers. The city has more than
thirty churches, three libraries (one free-public
and two college), with excellent schools and
other educational advantages. Among the
higher institutions of learning are the Ghaddock
College (Methodist Episcopal) and the St. Francis
Solanus College (Roman Catholic). There are
two or three national banks, a State bank with a
capital of 8300,000, beside two private banks, four
or five daily papers, with several weekly and one
or two monthly publications. Its advantages as a
shipping point by river and railroad have made it
one of the most important manufacturing cen-
ters west of Chicago. The census of 1890 showed
a total of 374 manufacturing establishments,
having an aggregate capital of 56,187,845, employ-
ing 5,058 persons, and turning out an annual
product valued at ?10, 160,492. The co.st of
material used was §5,597,990, and the wages paid
$3,383,571. The number of different industries
reported aggregated seventy-six, the more impor-
tant being foundries, carriage and %vagon fac-
tories, agTicultural implement works, cigar and
438
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
tobacco factories, flour-mills, breweries, brick-
yards, lime works, saddle and harness shops,
paper mills, furniture factories, organ works, and
artificial-ice factories. Population (1880), 37,268;
(1890), 31,494; (1890), 31,494; (1900), 86,353.
QUINCY, ALTON & ST. LOUIS RAILROAD.
(See Cliicago, Burlington &• Quincy Railroad.)
QUINCY & CHICAGO RAILROAD, (See Chi-
cago. Burlington d- Quincy Railroad.)
QUINCY & TOLEDO RAILROAD. (See
Waba.'ili Railroad. )
QUINCY & WARSAW RAILROAD. (See
Chicago. Burlington d- Quincy Railroad.)
RAAB, Henry, ex-State Superintendent of
Public Instruction, was born in Wetzlar. Rhen-
ish Prussia, June 20, 1837 ; learned the trade of a
currier with his father and came to the United
States in 1853, finally locating at Belleville, 111. ,
where, in 1857, he became a teacher in the pub-
lic schools; in 1873 was made Superintendent of
schools for that city, and, in 1882, was elected
State Superintendent of Public Instruction on
the Democratic ticket, declined a renomination
in 1886; was nominated a second time in 1890,
and re-elected, but defeated by S. M. Inglis in
1894. In the administration of his office, Pro-
fessor Raab showed a commendable freedom from
partisanship. After retiring from the office of
State Superintendent, he resumed a position in
connection with the public schools of Belleville.
RADISSON, Pierre Esprit, an early French
traveler and trader, who is said to have reached
the Upper Mississippi on his third voyage to the
West in 1658-09. The period of his explorations
extended from 1652 to 1684, of which he prepared
a narrative which was published by the Prince
Society of Boston in 1885, under the title of
"Radisson's Voyages." He and his brother-in-
law, Medard Chouart, first conceived the idea of
planting a settlement at Hudson's Bay. (See
Chouart. Medard.)
RAILROAD AND WAREHOUSE COMMIS-
SION, a Board of three Commissioners, appointed
by the executive (by and with the advice and con-
sent of the Senate) , under authority of an act ap-
proved, April 13, 1871, for the enforcement of the
provisions of the Constitution and laws in relation
to railroads and warehouses. The Commission's
powers are partly judicial, partly executive. The
following is a summary of its powers and duties:
To establish a schedule of maximum rates, equi-
table to shipper and carrier alike; to require
yearly reports from railroads and warehouses;
to hear and pass upon complaints of extortion and
unjust discrimination, and (if necessary) enforce
prosecutions therefor; to secure the safe condi-
tion of railway road-beds, bridges and trestles ; to
hear and decide all manner of complaints relative
to intersections and to protect grade-crossings;
to insure the adoption of a safe interlocking sys-
tem, to be approved by the Commission ; to
enforce proper rules for the inspection and regis-
tration of grain throughout the State. The prin-
cipal offices of the Comnrission are at the State
capital, where monthly sessions are held. For
the purpose of properly conducting the grain
inspection department, monthly meetings are
also held at Chicago, where the offices of a Grain
Inspector, appointed by the Board, are located.
Here all business relating to this department is
discussed and necessary special meetings are
held. The inspection department has no revenue
outside of fees, but the latter are ample for its
maintenance. Fees for inspection on arrival
("inspection in") are twenty-five cents per oar-
load, ten cents per wagon-load, and forty cents
per 1,000 bushels from canal-boat or vessels. For
inspection from store ("inspected out") the fees
are fifty cents per 1,000 bushels to vessels;
thirty-five cents per carload, and ten cents per
wagon-load to teams. While there are never
wanting some cases of friction between the trans-
portation companies and warehousemen on the
one hand, and the Commission on the other,
there can be no question that the formation of
the latter has been of great value to the receiv-
ers, shippers, forwarders and tax-payers of the
State generally. Similar regulations in regard to
the inspection of grain in warehouses, at East St.
Louis and Peoria, are also in force. The first
Board, created under the act of 1871, consisted of
Gustavus Koerner, Richard P. Morgan and David
S. Hammond, holding office until 1873. Other
Boards have been as follows ; 1873-77 — Henry D.
Cook (deceased 1873, and succeeded by James
Steele), David A. Brown and John M. Pearson;
1877-83— William M. Smith, George M. Bogue and
John H. Oberly (retired 1881 and succeeded by
William H. Robinson) ; 1883-85— Wm. N. Brain-
ard, E. C. Lewis and Charles T. Stratton ; 1885-89
— John I. Rinaker, Benjamin F. Marsh and Wm. T.
Johnson (retired in 1887 and succeeded by Jason
Rogers); 1889-93— John R. Wheeler, Isaac N.
Phillips and W. S. Crim (succeeded, 1891, by John
R. Tanner) ; 1893-97— W. S. Cantrell, Thomas F.
Gahan and Charles F. Lape (succeeded, 1895, by
George W. Fithian) ; 1897-99— Cicero J. Lindley,
Charles S. Rannells and James E. Bidwell. (See
also Orain Inspection.)
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
439
RAILROADS (IX GENERAL). The existing
railroad system of Illinois had its inception in the
mania for internal improvement which' swept
over the comitry in 1836-37, the basis of the plan
adopted in Illinois (as in the Eastern States) being
that the State should construct, maintain, own
and operate an elaborate system. Lines were to
be constructed from Cairo to Galena, from Alton
to Mount Carmel, from Peoria to Warsaw, from
Alton to the Central Railroad, from Belleville
to Mount Carmel, from Bloomington to Mack-
inaw Town, and from Meredosia to Springfield.
The experiment proved extremely unfortunate
to the financial interests of the State, and laid the
foundation of an immense debt under which it
staggered for many years. The Northern Cross
Railroad, extending from Meredosia to Spring-
field, was the only one so far completed as to be in
operation. It was sold, in 1847, to Nicholas H.
Ridgely, of Springfield for §21,100, he being the
highest bidder. This line formed a nucleus of
the existing Wabash system. The first road to
be operated by private parties (outside of a prim-
itive tramway in St. Clair County, designed for
the transportation of coal to St. Louis) was the
Galena & Chicago Union, chartered in 1836. This
was the second line completed in the State, and
the first to run from Chicago. The subsequent
development of the railway system of Illinois
was at first gradual, then steady and finally
rapid. A succinct description of the various
lines now in operation in the State may be found
under appropriate headings. At present Illinois
leads all the States of the Union in the extent of
railways in operation, the total mileage (1897) of
main track being 10,785.43 — or 19 miles for each
100 square miles of territory and 25 miles for each
10,000 inhabitants — estimating the population
(1898) at four and a quarter millions. Every one
of the 102 counties of the State is traversed by at
least one railroad except three — Calhoun, Hardin
and Pope. The entire capitalization of the 111
companies doing business in the State in 1896,
(including capital stock, funded debt and current
liabiUties), was 52,669,164,142— equal to §67,556
per mile. In 1894, fifteen owned and ten leased
lines paid dividends of from four to eight per
cent on common, and from four to ten per cent
on preferred, stock — the total amount thus paid
aggregating $25,321,752. The total earnings and
income, in Illinois, of all lines operated in the
State, aggregated §77,508,537, while the total
expenditure within the State was §71,463,367.
Of the 58,263,860 tons of freight carried, 11,611,-
798 were of agricultural products and 17,179,366
mineral products. The number of passengers
(earning revenue) carried during the year, was
83,281,655. The total number of railroad em-
ployes (of all classes) was 61,200. The entire
amount of taxes paid by railroad companies for
the year was §3,846,379. From 1836, when the
first special charter was granted for the con-
struction of a railroad in Illinois, until 1869 —
after which all corporations of this character
came under the general incorporation laws of the
State in accordance with the Constitution of 1870
— 393 special charters for the construction of
railroads were granted by the Legislature, besides
numerous amendments of charters already in
existence. (For the history of important indi-
vidual lines see each road under its corporate
name. )
RALSTON, Virgil Yonng, editor and soldier,
was born, July 16, 1828, at Vancebui'g, Ky. ; was
a student in Illinois College one year (1846-47),
after which he studied law in Quincy and prac-
ticed for a time ; also resided some time in Cali-
fornia; 1855-57 was one of the editors of "The
Quincy Whig," and represented that paper in the
Editorial Convention at Decatur, Feb. 22, 1856.
(See Anti-Nebraska Editorial Convention.) In
1861, he was commissioned a Captain in the Six-
teenth Illinois Volunteers, but soon resigned on
account of ill-health ; later, enlisted in an Iowa
regiment, but died in hospital at St. Louis, from
wounds and exposure, April 19, 1864.
RAMSAY, Rufns N., State Treasurer, was born
on a farm in CUnton County, 111., May 20, 1838;
received a collegiate education at Illinois and
McKendree Colleges, and at Indiana State Uni-
versity; studied law with ex-Gov. A. C. French,
and was admitted to the bar in 1865, but soon
abandoned the law for banking, in which he was
engaged both at Lebanon and Carlyle, limiting
his business to the latter place about 1890. He
served one term (from 1865) as County Clerk, and
two terms (1889 and '91) as Representative in the
General Assembly, and. in 1892, was nominated
as a Democrat and elected State Treasurer. Died
in office, at Carlyle, Nov. 11, 1894.
RAMSEY, a village of Fayette County, at the
intersection of the Illinois Central Railroad by
the Toledo, St. Louis & Kansas City, 12 miles
north of Vandalia; the district is agricultural;
has one newspaper. Population (1900), 747.
RANDOLPH COUNTY, hes in the southwest
section of the State, and borders on the Missis-
sippi River; area 560 square miles; named for
Beverly Randolph. It was set off from St. Clair
County in 1795, being the second county organ-
440
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
ized in the territory wliich now constitutes the
State of Illinois. From the earliest period of Illi-
nois history, Randolph Count}' has been a pi%-otal
point. In the autumn of 1700 a French and
Indian settlement was established at Kaskaskia,
which subsequently became the center of French
influence in the Mississippi Valley. In 1723
Prairie du Rocher was founded by the French.
It was in Randolph County that Fort Chartres
was built, in 1720, and it was here that Col.
George Rogers Clark's expedition for the seizure
of the "IlUnois Country" met with success in the
capture of Kaskaskia. American immigration
began with the close of the Revolutionary War.
Among the early settlers were the Cranes (Icha-
bod and George), Gen. John Edgar, the Dodge
family, the Morrisons, and John Rice Jones.
Toward the close of the century came Shadrach
Bond (afterwards the first Governor of the State)
with his uncle of the same name, and the
Menards (Pierre and Hippolyte), the first of
whom subsequently became Lieutenant - Gov-
ernor. (See Bond, Shadrach; Menard, Pierre.)
In outline, Randolph Count}" is triangular, while
its surface is diversified. Timber and building
stone are abundant, and coal underlies a consid-
erable area. Chester, the county-seat, a city of
3,000 inhabitants, is a place of considerable trade
and the seat of the Southern Illinois Penitentiary.
The county is crossed by several railroad Unes,
and transportation facilities are excellent. Pop-
ulation (1890), 25,049; (1900), 28,001.
EANSOM, (Gen.) Thomas Edward Greenfield,
soldier, was born at Norwich, Vt. , Nov. 29, 1834 ;
educated at Norwich University, an institution
under charge of his father, %vho was later an
officer of the Mexican War and killed at Chapul-
tepec. Having learned civil engineering, he
entered on his profession at Peru, 111., in 1851;
in 1855 became a member of the real-estate firm
of A. J. Galloway & Co., Chicago, soon after
removing to Fayette County, where he acted as
agent of the IlUnois Central Railroad. Under
the first call for volunteers, in April, 1861, he
organized a company, which having been incor-
porated in the Eleventh Illinois, he was elected
Major, and, on the reorganization of the regiment
for the three-years" service, was commissioned
Lieutenant-Colonel, in this capacity having com-
mand of his regiment at Fort Donelson, where he
was severely wounded and won deserved pro-
motion to a colonelcy, as successor to Gen. W. H.
L. Wallace, afterwards killed at Shiloh. Here
Colonel Ransom again distinguished himself by
his bravery, and though again wounded while
leading his regiment, remained in command
through the day. His service was recognized by
promotion as Brigadier - General. He bore a
prominent part in the siege of Vicksburg and in
the Red River campaign, and, later, commanded
the Seventh Army Corps in the operations about
Atlanta, but finally fell a victim to disease and
his numerous wounds, dying in Chicago, Oct. 29,
1864, having previously received the brevet rank
of Major-General. General Ransom was con-
fessedly one of the most brilliant oflScers contrib-
uted by Illinois to the War for the Union, and
was pronounced, by both Grant and Sherman, one
of the ablest volunteer generals in their com-
mands.
RAXTOUL, a city in Champaign County, at
the junction of the main line of the Illinois Cen-
tral Railroad, with its West Lebanon and Leroy
branch, 14 miles north-northeast of Champaign
and 114 miles soutli by west of Chicago. It has
a bank, five churches, a graded school, two
weekly papers, machine shops, flouring and flax
mills, tile factories, and many handsome resi-
dences. Population (1890), 1.074; (1900), 1,207.
RASLE, Sebastian, a Jesuit missionary, born
in France, in 1658; at his own request was
attached to the French missions in Canada in
1689, and, about 1691 or "92, was sent to the Illi-
nois Country, where he labored for two years,
traveling much and making a careful study of
the Indian dialects. He left many manuscripts
descriptive of his journeyings and of the mode of
life and character of the aborigines. From Illi-
nois he was transferred to Norridgewock, Maine,
where he prepared a dictionary of the Abenaki
language in three volumes, which is now pre-
served in the library of Harvard College. His
influence over his Indian parishioners was great,
and his use of it. during the French and Indian
War, so incensed the English colonists in Massa-
chusetts that the Governor set a price upon his
head. On August 12, 1724, he was slain, with
seven Indian chiefs who were seeking to aid his
escape, during a night attack upon Norridge-
wock by a force of English soldiers from Fortr
Richmond, his mutilated body being interred the
next day by the Indians. In 1833, the citizens of
Norridgewock erected a monument to his mem-
ory on the spot where he fell.
R.VSTER, Herman, journalist, was born in Ger-
many in 1828; entered journalism and came to
America in 1851, being employed on German
papers in Buffalo and New York City ; in 1867
accepted the position of editor-in-chief of "The
Chicago Staats Zeitung, "" which he continued to
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPFDIA OF ILLINOIS.
441
fill until June, 1890, when he went to Europe for
the benefit of his health, dying at Dresden, July
24, 1891. While employed on papers in this
country during the Civil War, he acted as the
American correspondent of papers at Berlin,
Bremen, Vienna, and other cities of Central
Europe. He served as delegate to both State and
National Conventions of the Republican party,
and, in 1869, received from President Grant the
appointment of Collector of Internal Revenue for
the Chicago District, but, during the later years
of his life, cooperated with the Democratic
party.
RAUCH, John Henry, physician and sanitary
expert, born in Lebanon, Pa., Sept. 4, 1828, and
graduated in medicine at tlie University of Penn-
sylvania, in 1849. The following year he removed
to Iowa, settling at Burlington. He was an
active member of the Iowa State Medical Society,
and, in 1851, prepared and published a "Report
on the Medical and Economic Botanj' of Iowa,"
and, later, made a collection of ichthyologic
remains of the Upper Mississippi and Missouri for
Professor Agassiz. From 1857 to 1860 he filled
the chair of Materia Medica and Medical Botany
at Rush Medical College, Chicago, occupying the
same position in 1859 in the Chicago College of
Pharmacy, of which he was one of the organ-
izers. During the Civil War he served, until
1864, as Assistant Medical Director, first in the
Army of the Potomac, and later in Louisiana,
being brevetted Lieutenant-Colonel at the close of
the struggle. Returning to Chicago, he aided in
reorganizing the city's liealth service, and, in
1867, was appointed a member of the new Board
of Health and Sanitary Inspector, serving until
1876. The latter year he was chosen President of
the American Public Health Association, and,
in 1877, a member of the newly created State
Board of Health of Illinois, and elected its first
President. Later, he became Secretary, and con-
tinued in that office during his connection with
the Board. In 1878-79 he devoted much attention
to the yellow-fever epidemic, and was instru-
mental in the formation of the Sanitary Council
of the Mississippi, and in securing the adoption
of a sj'stem of river inspection by the National
Board of Health. He was a member of many
scientific bodies, and the author of numerous
monographs and printed addresses, chiefly in the
domain of sanitary science and preventive med-
icine. Among them may be noticed "Intra-
mural Interments and Their Influence on Health
and Epidemics," "Sanitary Problems of Chi-
cago," "Prevention of Asiatic Cholera in North
America," and a series of reports as Secretary of
the State Board of Health. Died, at Lebanon,
Pa., March 34, 1894.
RAUM, (Gen.) Green Berry, soldier and author,
was born at Golconda, Pope County, 111., Dec. 3.
1839, studied law and was admitted to the bar in
1853, but, three years later, removed with his
family to Kansas. His Free-State proclivities
rendering him obnoxious to the pro-slavery party
there, he returned to Illinois in 1857, settling at
Harrisburg, Saline County. Early in the Civil
War he was commissioned a Major in the Fifty-
sixth Illinois Volunteers, was subsequently pro-
moted to a Lieutenant-Colonelcy, and, later,
advanced to a Brigadier-Generalship, resigning
his commission at the close of the war (May 6,
1865). He was with Rosecrans in the Mississippi
campaign of 1863. took a conspicuous part in the
battle of Corinth, participated in the siege of
Vicksburg and was wounded at Missionary Ridge.
He also rendered valuable service during the
Atlanta campaign, keeping lines of communi-
cation open, re-enforcing Resaca and repulsing an
attack by General Hood. He was with Sherman
in the "March to the Sea," and with Hancock, in
tlie Shenandoah Valley, when the war closed. In
1866 General Raum became President of the pro-
jected Cairo & Vincennes Railroad, an enterprise
of which he had been an active promoter. He
was elected to Congress in 1866 from the South-
ern Illinois District (then the Thirteenth), serv-
ing one term, and the same year presided over the
Republican State Convention, as he did again in
1876 and in 1880 — was also a delegate to the
National Conventions at Cincinnati and Chicago
the last two years just mentioned. From August
2, 1876, to May 31, 1888, General Raum served as
Commissioner of Internal Revenue at Washing-
ton, in that time having superintended the col-
lection of §800,000,000 of revenue, and the
disbursement of .530,000,000. After retiring from
the Commissionership, he resumed the practice
of law in Washington. In 1889 lie was appointed
Commissioner of Pensions, remaining to the
close of President Harrison's administration,
when he removed to Chicago and again engaged
in practice. During the various political cam-
paigns of the past thirty years, his services have
been in frequent request as a campaign speaker,
and he has canvassed a number of States in the
interest of the Republican party. Besides his
official reports, he is author of "The Existing
Conflict Between Republican Government and
Southern Oligarchy" (Washington, 1884), and a
number of magazine articles.
442
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
RAUM, John, pioneer and early legislator, was
born in Hummelstown. Pa., July 14, 1793, and
died at Golconda, 111., March U, 1869. Having
received a liberal education in his native State,
the subject of this sketch settled at Shavvneeton-n,
111., in 1823, but removed to Golconda, Pope
County, in 1826. He had previously served three
years in the War of 1812, as First Lieutenant of
the Sixteenth Infantry, and, while a resident of
Illinois, served in the Black Hawk War of 1832 as
Brigade Major. He was also elected Senator
from the District composed of Pope and Johnson
Counties in the Eighth General Assembly (1833),
as successor to Samuel Alexander, who had
resigned. The following j'ear he was appointed
Clerk of the Circuit Court of Pope County, and
was also elected Clerk of the County Court the
same year, holding both offices for many years,
and retaining the Countj- Clerkship up to his
death, a period of thirty-five years. He was
married March 32, 1827. to Juliet C. Field, and
was father of Brig. -Gen. Green B. Raum, and
Maj. John M. Raum. both of whom served in the
volunteer army from Illinois during the Civil
War.
RAWLINS, John Aaron, soldier, Secretary of
War, was born at East Galena, Feb. 13, 1831, the
son of a small farmer, who was also a charcoal-
burner. The son, after irregular attendance on
the district schools and a year passed at Jlount
Morris Academy, began the study of law. He
was admitted to the bar at Galena in 18o4, and at
once began practice. In ls,'57 he was elected City
Attorney of Galena, and nominated on the Doug-
las electoral ticket in 1860. At the outbreak of
the Civil War he favored, and publicly advocated,
coercive measures, and it is said that it was
partly through his influence that General Grant
early tendered his services to the Government.
He served on the staff of the latter from the time
General Grant was given command of a brigade
until the close of the war, most of the time being
its chief, and rising in rank, step by step, until,
in 1863, he became a Brigadier-General, and, in
1865, a Major-General. His long service on the
staff of General Grant indicates the estimation
in which he was held by his chief. Promptly on
the assumption of the Presidency by General
Grant, in March, 1869, he was appointed Secre-
tary of War, but consumption had already
obtained a hold upon his constitution, and he sur-
vived only six months, dying in office, Sept. 6,
1869.
RAT, Charles H., journalist, was born at Nor-
wich, Chenango County, N. Y., March 12, 1821;
came \vest in 1843, studied medicine and began
practice at Muscatine, Iowa, afterwards locating
in Tazewell County, 111., also being associated,
for a time, with the publication of a temperance
paper at Springfield. In 1847 he removed to
Galena, soon after becoming editor of "The
Galena Jeffersonian, " a Democratic paper, with
which he remained until 1854. He took strong
ground against the Kansas-Xebraska Bill, and, at
the session of the Legislature of 1855, served as
Secretary of the Senate, also acting as corre-
spondent of ''The New York Tribune"; a few
months later became associated with Joseph
Medill and John C. Vaughan in the purchase and
management of "The Chicago Tribune, '" Dr. Ray
assuming the position of editor-in-chief. Dr.
Ray was one of the most trenchant and powerful
writers ever connected with the Illinois press,
and his articles exerted a wide influence during
the period of the organization of the Republican
party, in which he was an influential factor. He
was a member of the Convention of Anti-Neb-
raska editors held at Decatur, Feb. 22, 1856, and
served as Chairman of the Committee on Reso-
lutions. (See Anti-Xebraska Editorial Conven-
tion.) At the State Republican Convention held
at Bloomington, in May following, he was
appointed a member of the State Central Com-
mittee for that year ; was also Canal Trustee by
appointment of Governor Bissell, serving from
1857 to 1861. In November, 1863, he severed his
connection with "The Tribune" and engaged in
oil speculations in Canada which proved finan-
cially disastrous. In 1865 he returned to the paper
as an editorial writer, remaining only for a short
time. In 1868 he assumed the management of ■
"The Chicago Evening Post," with which he
remained identified until his death, Sept. 23,
1870.
RAT, Lyman Beeeher, ex-Lieutenant-Gov-
ernor, was born in Crittenden County, Vt.,
August 17, 1831 ; removed to Illinois in 1852, and
has since been engaged in mercantile business in
this State. After filling several local offices he
was elected to represent Grundy County in the
lower house of the Twenty-eighth General
Assembly (1872), and, ten years later, was chosen
State Senator, serving from 1883 to 1887, and
being one of the recognized party leaders on the
floor. In 1888, he was elected Lieutenant-Gov-
ernor on the Republican ticket, his term expiring
in 1893. His home is at Morris, Grundy County.
RAT, William H., Congressman, was born in
Dutchess County, N. Y., Dec. 14, 1812; grew to
manhood in his native State, receiving a limited
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
443
education; in 1834 removed to Rushville, 111.,
engaging in business as a merchant and, later, as
a banker ; was a member of the first State Board
of Equalization (1867-69), and, in 1872, was
elected to Congress as a Republican, representing
his District from 1873 to 1875. Died, Jan. 25,
1881.
RAYMOND, a village of Montgomery County,
on the St. Louis Division of the Wabash Railway,
5 miles southwest of Decatur ; has some manufac-
tures and a weekly paper. Considerable coal is
mined here and grain and fruit grown in the sur
rounding country. Population (1880), 543;
(1890), 841; (1900), 906.
RAYMOND, (Rev.) Miner, D.D., clergyman
and educator, was born in New York City,
August 29, 1811, being descended from a family
of Huguenots (known by the name of "Rai-
monde"'), who were expelled from France on
account of their religion. In his youth he
learned the trade of a shoemaker with his father,
at Rensselaerville, N. Y. He united with the
Methodist Episcopal Church at the age of 17,
later taking a course in the Wesleyan Academy
at Wilbraham, Mass., where he afterwards
became a teacher. In 1838 he joined the New
England Conference and, three years later, began
pastoral work at Worcester, subsequently occu-
pying pulpits in Boston and Westfield. In 1848,
on the resignation of Dr. Robert AUyn (after-
wards President of McKendree College and of the
Southern Illinois Normal University at Carbon-
dale), Dr. Raymond succeeded to the principalship
of the Academy at Wilbraham, remaining there
until 1864, when he was elected to the chair of
systematic theology in the Garrett Biblical Insti-
tute at Evanston, 111., his connection with the
latter institution continuing until 1895, wlien he
resigned. For some three years of this period he
served as pastor of the First Metliodist Chiirch
at Evanston. His death occurred, Nov. 25, 1897.
REAVIS, Logan Uriah, journalist, was bom
in the Sangamon Bottom, Mason County, 111.,
March 26, 1831; in 1853 entered the office of "The
Beardstown Gazette," later purchased an interest
in the paper and continued its publication under
the name of "The Central Illinoian, " until 1857,
when he sold out and went to Nebraska. Return-
ing, in 1860, he repurchased his old paper and
conducted it until 1866, when he sold out for the
last time. The remainder of his life was devoted
chiefly to advocating the removal of the National
Capital to St. Louis, which he did by lectures and
the publication of pamphlets and books on the
subject; also published a "Life of Horace
Greeley," another of General Harney, and two
or three other volumes. Died in St. Louis,
April 25, 1889.
RECTOR, the name of a prominent and influ-
ential family who lived at Kaskaskia in Terri-
torial days. According to Governor Reynolds,
who has left the most detailed account of them in
his "Pioneer History of Illinois," they consisted
of nine brothers and four daughters, all of wliom
were born in Fauquier County, "Va., some of
them emigrating to Ohio, while others came to
Illinois, arriving at Kaskaskia in 1806. Reynolds
describes them as passionate and impulsive, but
possessed of a high standard of integrity and a
chivalrous and patriotic spirit. — William, the
oldest brother, and regarded as the head of the
family, became a Deputy Surveyor soon after
coming to Illinois, and took part in the Indian
campaigns between 1812 and 1814. In 1816 he
was appointed Surveyor-General of Illinois, Mis-
souri and Arkansas, and afterwards removed to
St. Louis. — Stephen, another of the brothers,
was a Lieutenant in Captain Moore's Company
of Rangers in the War of 1812, while Charles
commanded one of the two regiments organized
by Governor Edwards, in 1813, for the expedition
against the Indians at the head of Peoria Lake.
— Nelson, still another brother, served in the
same expedition on the stall of Governor
Edwards. Stephen, already mentioned, was a
member of the expedition sent to strengthen
Prairie du Chien in 1814, and showed great cour-
age in a fight with the Indians at Rock Island.
During the same year Nelson Rector and Captain
Samuel Whiteside joined Col. Zachary Taylor
(afterwards President) in an expedition on the
Upper Mississippi, in which they came in conflict
with the British and Indians at Rock Island, in
which Captain Rector again displayed the cour-
age so characteristic of his family. On the 1st of
March, 1814, while in charge of a surveying party
on Saline Creek, in Gallatin County, according to
Reynolds, Nelson was ambushed by the Indians
and, though severely wounded, was carried away
by his horse, and recovered. — Elias, another mem-
ber of the family, was Governor Edwards' first
Adjutant-General, serving a few months in 1809,
when he gave place to Robert Morrison, but was
reappointed in 1810, serving for more than three
years.— Thomas, one of the younger members,
had a duel with Joshua Barton on "Bloody
Island," sometime between 1812 and 1814, in
which he killed his antagonist. (See Duels.) A
portion of this historic family drifted into Arkan-
sas, where they became prominent, one of their
444
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
descendants serving as Governor of that State
during tlie Civil War period.
RED BUD, a city in Randolph County, on the
Mobile & Ohio Railroad, some 37 miles south-
southeast of St. Louis, and 21 miles south of
Belleville. The place has a carriage factory and
two flouring mills, a bank, four chvirches, a
graded school and a weekly newspaper. Popu-
lation (1S80), 1,;)38; (1890), 1,176; (1900), 1.169.
REEA'ES, Owen T., lawyer and jurist, was
born in Ross County, Ohio, Dec. 18, 1829 ; gradu-
ated at the Ohio Wesleyan University, at Dela-
ware, in 1850, afterwards serving as a tutor in
that institution and as Principal of a High
School at Chillicothe. In 1854 he came to Bloom-
ington. 111., and, as a member of the School
Board, assisted in reorganizing the school system
of that city; also has served continuously, for
over 40 years, as one of the Trustees of the Illi-
nois Wesleyan University, being a part of the
time President of the Board. In the meantime, he
had begun the practice of law, served as City
Attorney and member of the Board of Supervis-
ors. July 1, 1862, he enlisted in the Seventieth
Illinois Volunteers (a 100-days" emergency regi-
ment), was elected Colonel and mustered out,
with his command, in October, 1862. Colonel
Reeves was subsequently connected with the
construction of the Lafayette, Bloomington &
Mississippi Railroad (now a part of the Illinois
Central), and was also one of the founders of the
Law Department of the Wesleyan University.
In 1877 lie was elected to the Circuit bench, serv-
ing continuously, by repeated re-elections, until
1891 — during the latter part of his incumbency
being upon the Appellate bench.
REEVES, Walter, Jlember of Congress and
lawyer, was born near Brownsville, Pa., Sept. 25.
1848; removed to Illinois at 8 years of age and
was reared on a farm; later became a teacher
and lawyer, following his profession at Streator;
in 1894 he was nominated by the Republicans of
the Eleventh District for Congress, as successor to
the Hon. Thomas J. Henderson, and was elected,
receiving a majority over three competitors.
Mr. Reeves was re-elected in 1896, and again in
1898.
REFORMATORY, ILLINOIS STATE, a prison
for the incarceration of male offenders under 21
years of age, who are believed to be susceptible of
reformation. It is the successor of the "State
Reform School," which was created by act of
the Legislature of 1867, but not opened for the
admission of inmates until 1871. It is located at
Pontiac. The number of inmates, in 1872, was 165,
which was increased to 324 in 1890. The results,
while moderately successful, were not altogether
satisfactory. The appropriations made for con-
struction, maintenance, etc.. were not upon a
scale adequate to accomplish what was desired,
and, in 1891, a radical change was effected.
Previous to that date the Umit, as to age, was 16
years. The law establishing the present reforma-
tory provides for a system of indeterminate sen-
tences, and a release upon parole, of inmate&
wlio, in the opinion of the Board of Managers,
may be safely granted conditional liberation.
The inmates are divided into two classes. (1)
those between the ages of 10 and 16, and (2) those
between 16 and 21. The Board of Managers is
composed of five members, not more than three of
%vhom shall be of the same part}', their term of
office to be for ten years. The course of treat-
ment is educational (intellectually, morally and
industrially), schools being conducted, trades
taught, and the inmates constantly impressed
with the conviction that, only through genuine
and unmistakable evidence of improvement, can
they regain their freedom. The reformatory
influence of the institution may be best inferred
from the results of one year's ojjeration. Of 146
inmates paroled, 15 violated their parole and
became fugitives, 6 were returned to the
Reformatory. 1 died, and 124 remained in
emploj-ment and regularly reporting. Among
the industries carried on are painting and glaz-
ing, masonry and plastering, gardening, knit-
ting, chair-caning, broom-making, carpentering,
tailoring and blacksmithing. The grounds of the
Reformatory contain a vein of excellent coal,
which it is proposed to mine, utilizing the clay,
thus obtained, in the manufacture of brick,
which can be employed in the construction of
additional needed buildings. The average num-
ber of inmates is about 800, and the crimes for
which they are sentenced range, in gravity, from
simple assault, or petit larceny, to the most seri-
ous offenses known to the criminal code, with
the exception of homicide. The number of
inmates, at the beginning of the year 1895. was
812. An institution of a similar character, for
the confinement of juvenile female offenders, was
established under an act of the Legislature
passed at the session of 1893. and located at Gen-
eva. Kane County. (See Home for Juvenile
Female Offenders.)
RELIGIOUS DESOMIXATIONS. The State
constitution contains the familiar guaranty of
absolute freedom of conscience. The chief
denominations have grown in like ratio with the
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
445
population, as may be seen from figures given
below. The earliest Christian services held were
conducted by Catholic missionaries, wlio attested
the sincerity of their convictions (in many
instances) by the sacrifice of their lives, either
through violence or exposure. The aborigines,
however, were not easily Christianized; and.
shortly after the cession of Illinois by France to
Great Britain, the Catholic missions, being gener-
ally withdrawn, ceased to exert much influence
upon the red men, although the French, who
remained in the ceded territory, continued to
adhere to their ancient faith. (See Early Mis-
sionaries. ) One of the first Protestant sects to
hold service in Illinois, was the Metliodist Epis-
copal; Rev. Joseph Lillard coming to Illinois in
1793, and Rev. Hosea Riggs settling in the
American Bottom in 1796. (For history of
Methodism in Illinois, see Metliodist Episcopal
Church.) The pioneer Protestant preacher,
however, was a Baptist — Elder James Smith —
who came to New Design in 1787. Revs. David
Badgley and Joseph Chance followed him in
1796, and the first denominational association
was formed in 1807. (As to inception and growth
of this denomination in Illinois, see also Bap-
tists.) In 1814 the Massachusetts Missionary
Society sent two missionaries to Illinois — Revs.
Samuel J. Mills and Daniel Smith. Two years
later (1816), the First Presbyterian Church was
organized at Sharon, by Rev. James McGready,
of Kentucky. (See also Presbyterians. ) The
Congregationalists began to arrive with the tide
of immigration that set in from the Eastern
States, early in the '30's. Four churches were
organized in 1833, and the subsequent growth of
the denomination in the State, if gradual, has
been steady. (See Congregationalists.) About
the same time came the Disciples of Christ (some-
times called, from their founder, "Campbellites").
They encouraged free discussion, were liberal and
warm hearted, and did not require belief in any
particular creed as a condition of membership.
The sect grew rapidly in numerical strength.
(See Disciples of Christ.) The Protestant Episco-
palians obtained their first foothold in Illinois, in
1835, when Rev. Philander Chase (afterward con-
secrated Bishop) immigrated to the State from
the East. (See Protestant Episcopal Church.)
The Lutherans in Illinois are chiefly of German
or Scandinavian birth or descent, as may be
inferred from the fact that, out of sixty-four
churches in Chicago under care of the Missouri
Synod, only four use the English language. They
are the only Protestant sect maintaining (when-
ever possible) a system of parochial schools. (See
Lutherans. ) There are twenty -six other religious
bodies in the State, exclusive of the Jews, who
have twelve synagogues and nine rabbis. Ac-
cording to the census statistics of 1890, these
twenty-six sects, with their numerical strength,
number of buildings, ministers, etc., are as fol-
lows: Anti-Mission Baptists, 2,800 members, 78
churches and 63 ministers; Church of God, 1,200
members, 39 churches, 34 ministers; Dunkards,
121,000 members, 155 churches, 83 ministers;
Friends ("Quakers") 3,655 members, 25 churches;
Free Methodists, 1,805 members, 38 churches, 84
ministers; Free-Will Baptists, 4,694 members, 107
churches, 72 ministers; Evangelical Association,
15,904 members, 143 churches, 152 ministers;
Cumberland Presbyterians, 11.804 members, 198
churches, 149 ministers; Methodist Episcopal
(South) 3,927 members, 34 churches, 33 minis-
ters; Moravians, 720 members, 3 churches, 3
ministers ; New Jerusalem Church (Swedenborgi-
ans), 662 members, 14 churches, 8 ministers;
Primitive Methodist, 230 members, 2 churches, 2
ministers; Protestant Methodist, 5,000 members,
91 churches, 106 ministers ; Reformed Church in
United States, 4,100 members, 34 churches, 19
ministers; Reformed Church of America, 2,200
members, 24 churches, 23 ministers; Reformed
Episcopalians, 2,150 members, 13 churches, 11
ministers; Reformed Presbyterians, 1,400 mem-
bers, 7 churches, 6 ministers; Salvation Army,
1,980 members; Second Adventists, 4,500 mem-
bers, 64 churches, 35 ministers; Seventh Day
Baptists, 320 members, 7 churches, 11 ministers;
Universalists, 3,160 members, 45 churches, 37
ministers; Unitarians, 1,225 members, 19
churches, 14 ministers; United Evangelical,
30,000 members, 129 churches, 108 ministers;
United Brethren, 16,500 members, 275 churches,
260 ministers; United Presbyterians, 11,250 mem-
bers, 203 churches, 199 ministers; Wesleyan
Methodists, 1,100 members, 16 churches, 33 min-
isters. (See various Churches under their proper
names ; also Boman Catholic Church. )
REND, William Patricli, soldier, capitalist,
and coal-operator, was born in County Leitrim,
Ireland, Feb. 10, 1840, brought to Lowell, Mass.,
in boyhood, and graduated from the high school
there at 17; taught for a time near New York
City and later in Maryland, where he began a
course of classical study. The Civil War coming
on, he enlisted in the Fourteenth Regiment New
York Volunteers, serving most of the time as a
noncommissioned officer, and participating in the
battles of the second Bull Run, Malvern HiU,
446
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS.
Antietam, Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville.
After the war he came to Chicago and secured
employment in a railway surveyor's office, later
acting as foreman of the Northwestern freight
depot, and finally embarking in the coal business,
which was conducted with such success that he
became the owner of some of the most valuable
mining properties in the country. Meanwhile
he has taken a deep interest in the welfare of
miners and other classes of laborers, and has
sought to promote arbitration and conciliation
between employers and employed, as a means of
averting disastrous strikes. He was especially
active during the long strike of 1897, in efforts to
bring about an understanding between the
miners and the operators. For several years
he held a commission as Lieutenant-Colonel of
the Illinois National Guard until compelled, by
the demands of his private business, to tender
his resignation.
REPRESENTATIVES IN CONGRESS.
The foUowtnp; table presents the names, residence, Districts represented, poUtics (except as to earlier ones), and length of
term or terms of service of Illinois Representatives in the lower House of Congress, from the organization of Illinois
as a Territory down to the present time; (D. Democrat; W, Whig; R, Kepublican; G-B, Greenback; P, Popuhst).
Name.
Residence.
Dtst.
Term.
Remabks.
Kaskaskia
Territory
Territory
Territory
State
1S12-14
1814-16
Benjamin Stephenson
1818-19
Joseph Duncan
Third
18:i3-34
1S34-.19
1833-34
Springtield
Third
First
Charles Slade...
Died; term completed by Reynolds.
Zadoc Casey, D
Adam W. Snyder. D
Second
First
Third
Eighth
Belleville
Shawneetown
Second
Sixtn
18.5y-(i2
Resigned, Dec, '61 ; succeeded by A. L. Enapp.
Orlando B. Ficklia, V
Orlando B. Ficklin, D
John Wentworth, D
Charleston
Third
Fourth
lN5:!-r>-)
John Wentworth.R
Stephen A. Douglas, D
William A. Richardson, D.
Chicago
Fifth
Fifth
Sixth
SLxth
Seventh
Seventh
El'd U.S. Sen„Apr..'47 ;suc.by W.A.Richardson
Bes'd,Aug., '56 ; term tilled by Jacob C. Davis.
Rushville and Quincy
1847-51)
I8t51-(i3
1843-45
1845-l(i
Seventh
Feb. to Mar., 1847.
Served Baker's unexpired term.
Seventh
Timothy R. Young, D
Marshall
Petersbui^
Died. Nov. 24, '58; sue. by Chas. D. Hodges.
Marion
Belvidere
Thompson Campbell, D —
Seventh
E. B. Wasbburne.R
E. B. Washburne, R
Jesse O. Norton, R
Third
18fi3-69...
t Resignd, March 9, '69 to accept French mis-
Third
Fourth
Seventh
State-at-large .
second
1855-57
Dyman Trumbull, B
Belleville
Belleville
Eighth
Eighth
Chosen U. S. Senator; resigned.
Filled Trumbull's unexpired term.
McLeansboro
McLeansboro
Chicago
Eleventh
Nineteenth....
Second
Samuels. Marshall, D
John F. Farnsworth, R ....
Princeton
1863-65
Died, Mar., '64; term filled by E.C.IngersoU.
William Kellogg, R
Quincy
CarroUton
Lawrenceville
Fifth
Charles D. Hodges. D ....
Aaron Shaw, D
Seventh
1857-59
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
447
Nahb.
Residence.
Aaron Shaw, D
James C. Robinson, D
James C. Robinson, D
James C. Robinson, D
James C. Robinson, D
Philip B. Fouke, D..
Lawrenceville
Springfield
William J. Allen, D
William J. Allen, D
Jersey ville
A T Kiiann d' '
Charles M.Harris, R
Ebon C. IngersoU, R
Lewis W. Rosf}, D
William R. Morrison, D....
William R. Morrison, D ...
William R. Morrison, D....
Abner C. Harding, R
H. P. H. Bromwell. R
Shelby M. Cullom, R
Anthony Thornton, D
Charleston
Springfield
Jehu Baker. R
Jehu Baker, P
A. J. Kuvkendall, R
Norman B. Judd, R
Chicago
Aioert w. Burr, ..
Horatio C. Burchard, R —
HoralioC. Burchard, R....
Frppnort
Rock Island
II til,.
Six
Seventh
Eleventh
Eighth
Twelfth
Eighth
Ninth
State-at-large
Second
First
Ninth
Thirteenth. . .
Firth
Tenth
Fourth
Fifth
Seventh
Fifteenth
Seventeenth..
Ninth..
John B. Hawley, B Rock Island
Jeise H. Moore, R Decatur
Thomas W. McNeeley, D.. Petersburg.
JohnB. Hay, B Belleville.
John M. Crebs, D Carmi.
John L. Beveridge, R Evanslon .
Charles B. Farwell, R Chicago.
Charles B. Farwell, E Chicago.
Charles B. Farwell, E Chicago .
Brad. N. Stevens, R Princeton.
Henry Snapp, E Joliet .
Edvvard Y. Elce, D Hillsboro.
John B. Bice, R
B. G. Caulfleld, D
Jasper D. Ward, B
Stephen A. Hurlbut, E
Franklin Corwin, R
Greenbury L. Fort, R
Granville Barriere, E
William H. Ray, R
Robert M. Knapp, D
Robert M. K napp, B
John McNulta, E
Joseph G. Cannon, R
Joseph G. Cannon, R
Joseph G. Cannon, B
Joseph G. Cannon, B
James S. Martin, B
Isaac Clements, B
Carter H. Harrison, D
John V. Le Moyne, D
T. J, Henderson, B
T. J. Henderson, B
Alexander Campbell, G.B.
Eichard H. Whiting, R....
JohnC. Bagbv,D
Scott Wike, D
Scott Wike, D
William M. Springer, D.. .
William M. Springer. D.
Adlai E. Stevenson, D
Adlai E. Stevenson, D
Will iam A. J. Sparks, D . . .
William Hartzell, D .. .
William B. Anderson, D .
William Aldrich. E
Carter H Harrison, D ...
Lorenz Brentano, R
William Lathrop. B
Philip C
1883-So..
1859.63..
181)3-65..
1871-73..
1873-75 .
1859-63..
1859-62..
1669-71..
1861-63..
1863-65..
1863-63..
1863-65..
1861-63..
1863-65..
1863-65.
1864-71..
1863-65.,
1873-79.,
1885-87.
Chicago IF'rst
Chicago
Chicago
Belvldere
Peru
Lacon
Canton
Bushville
Jerseyville
Jersey ville
Bloomington
Tuscola and Danville
Danville
Danville
Danville
Salem
Carbondale
Chicago
Chicago
Princeton & Genesee.
Princeton
La Salle
Peoria
Bushville
Pittsfield
Pittsfleld
Springfield
Springfield
Bloomington
Bloomington
Carlyle
Chester
Mt. Vernon
Chicago
Chicago
Chicago
Bockford
Morris
Lewiston
Warsaw ■. ■
Twelfth
Seventeenth...
Eighteenth —
State-at-large.
Fifteenth
Seventeenth . . .
Fourth
Si.xth
Seventh
Eighth
Tenth
Twelfth
Eighteenth —
Twentv-first .
Thirteentii
First
Tenth
Thirteenth
Third
Fifth
Fourth
Sixth
Seventh
Ninth
Twelfth
Thirteenth
State-at-large
First
Third
Third
Fifth
Sixth
Tenth
First
Second
Fourth
Seventh
Eighth
" th
Tenth
Eleventh
Eleventh
Thirteenth...
Fourteenth ...
Fifteenth
Fif.eenth
Twelfth
Sixteenth
Eighteenth ...
Second
Third
Sixth
Seventh
Seventh
Ninth
Tenth
Eleventh
Twelfth
Twelfth
Thirteenth. .
Thirteenth...
Thirteenth.,
Sixteenth —
Eighteenth ..
Nineteenth..
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Seventh
Ninth
Tenth
1863-65...
1873-83. .
1883-87...
1S65-67...
1881-83...
1883-85...
1865-69...
1865-71...
1865-69...
1865-71...
1865-67..
1865-69...
1867-71 ,
r-69..
1869-73...
1873-79...
1869-73...
1873-75.. ,
1869-73..
1869-73..
1869-73....
1871-73
1871-73
1873-76
1881-83....
|l871-73...,
1871-73....
1871-73...,
1873-74...,
1874-77
1873-75....
1873-77....
1873-75....
1873-81....
1873-75....
1873-75....
1873-75....
1877-79....
1873-75....
1873-83....
1883-91 ..,
1893-95....
1873-75..
1873-75..
1875-79.
1876-77.
1.S75-83.
1883-95.
1875-77.
1S75-77..
. 1875-77..
1877-79....
. 1877-79....
l,S77-70....
1877-81...
1877-81...
, 1877-83..,.
Bes'd, Apr, '62; term filled by W. J. Allen.
Chosen U. S. Senator, 1871; resigned; term
filled by John L. Beveridge.
■ed Logan's unexpired term.
Served McClernand'3 unexpired term.
1864-'65 filled Lovejoy 's unexpired term .
Ee-elected, '70 but res'd before beg'ng of term.
Filled unexpired term of Washburne.
Served unexpired term of Logan.
May,''76,seat awarded' to J, V. Le Moyne.
xpired term of B. C. Cook.
Awarded seat, i
448
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Residence.
Benjamin F. Marsh, 1{
Benjamin F. Marsh, R.
TLoma.s F. Tipton, R..,
R. W. Townshend, D.. .
GoorgeR. Davis. R
George R. Davis. R
Hiram Barber, R
John C. Slierwin, R
R. JSr. A. Hawk.R
James W. Singleton, D.,
A. P. Forsvthe. G. B
JoliiiK, TiK.nuis. R
I H Thomas, R
Will]
R.
Ji.liii Jl. I..
Uletrlcll C. Sluitll,R
R. W. Dunham, R
John F. Finerty. R
George E. Adams, R
Reuben Ellvvood, R
Robert R. Hitt, R
Robert R. Hitt, R
N. E. WorthlDgton, D
William H. Neece, D
James M. Riggs, D
Jonathan H. Rowell, R. . .
Prank Dawler, D
James H. Ward, D
Albert J. Hopkins, R
Albert J. Hopkins, R
Ralph Plumb, R
SilasO. Landes, D
William E. Mason, R
Philip Sidney Post, R
William H. Gest, R
George A. Anderson, D
Edward Lane, D
Abner Taylor, R
Charles A. Hill, R
Geo. W. Fithian, D
William S. Forman, D
James R. Williams. D
James R. Williams. D
George W. Smith, R
George W. Smi th, R
Lawrence B. McQann.D. .
Allan V. Durborow, Jr.. D,
Walter C. Newberry, D...
Xiewis Steward, Ind
Herman W. Snow. R
Benjamin T. Cable, D
Owen Sontt, '
rl T. Hu
. I'.l
>•, D..
Anclr'
J. Fr:
.1. Iliniter,!
J. lluiiter, I
Aldrich.R,
i Goldzier, D .
Robert A. Childs, R
Hamilton K. Wheeler, I
John J. McDannold. D.
Benjamin F. Funk. R...
William Lorimer, B
HuETh R. RelK-nap. R ...
<'ll;ir!i-.j \\' \\-,,..<h,i:r;
Warsaw
Warsaw
Bloomington
.Shawneetown
Chicago
Chicago
Chicago
Geneva and Elgin
Mt. Carroll
Quincy
Isabel
Metropolis
Metropolis... ..
Ottawa
Ottawa
Pontiac
Pontiac
Knoxville
Pekin
Chicago
Chicago
Chicago
Sycamore
Mt. Morris
Mt. Morris
Peoria
Macomb
Winchester
Bloomington
Chicago
Chicago
Aurora
.4.urora
Streator
Mt. Carmel
Chicago
Galesbnrg
Joliet
Newton
Nashville
Carmi
Carmi
Murphysboro .
Murphysboro .
Chicago,
Chicago
Chicago
Piano
Sheldon
Rock Island..
Bloomington..
Urbana
Chicago
Paris
Paris
Chicago
Chicago
Hinsdale
Kankakee
Mt. Sterling ..
Bloomington..
l.:hicago
Chicago
J V.Grafr.R Pekin
Finis E. Downing, D I Virginia
Jame.s A. Connolly, R Springlield
Frederick Remann, R Vandalia
Wm, F. L. Hadley, R Edwardsville ..
Benson Wood, R Effingham
Orlando Burrell, R Carmi
Everett J. Murphy, R East St. Louis.
James R. Maim, R Chicago
Daniel W. Mills, R Chicago
Thomas M. Jett, D HiUsboro
James R. Campbell, D McLeansboro...
George P. Foster, R Chicago
Thomas Cugack, D Chicago
Edgar T, Noonan, D Chicago
Henry S. Boutell, R Chicago
W, E.Williams, D Ipittsfleld
B, F. Caldwell, D iChatham
Joseph B. Crowley, D iRohinsnn
W. A. Rodeuberg, R I East St. Louis .
Eleventh
Fifteenth
Thirteenth...
Nineteenth ...
Second
Third
Third
Fourth
Fifth
Eleventh
Fifteenth
Eighteenth...
Twentieth
Seventh
Eighth
Eighth
Ninth
Ninth
Thirteenth —
First
Second
Fourth
Fifth
Sixth
Ninth
Tenth
Eleventh
Twelfth
Fourteenth —
Second
Third
Fifth
Eighth
Eighth
Sixteenth
Third
Tenth
Eleventh
Twelfth
Seventeenth . . ,
First
Eighth
Sixteenth
Eighteenth...,
Eighteenth
steenth —
Twentieth
nty-sec'nc
Second
Third
Fourth
Eighth
Ninth
Eleventh
Fourteenth....
Fifteenth
e-at-large,
State-at-large.
Bteenth —
First
Fourth
Eighth
Ninth
Twelfth
iFourteenth ....
.Second
iThird
, Fourth
.'Fifth
,|Sixth
.'seventh
.iTenth
.Eleventh
.iThirteenth...,
. , Fourteenth . . .
.(sixteenth
. Seventeenth. .
, 'Eiijhti
. Eight.
1879-81..
1879-S3..
1879-82..
1879-8:).
1881-83.
1S83 91.
1881-83..
1881-83..
1833-89..
1883-85.
1883-91..
1882-85..
1882-95..
1895—...
1883-87..
1883-87 .
1883-87..
1883-91..
1885-91..
1885-87..
1885-95..
1895—..
Died, '82; succeeded by R. R. Hitt.
, Succeeded R. M. A. Hawk, deceased.
i-S9..
1SS5-S9..
■-91..
1887-95 Died, Jan. 6,
1887-91 1
1887-89 I
1887-95 I
18i9-93
18,89-91 I
1889-95
1.8,S!)-95
1889-95
1899-
1889-95
1895-
1891-95
1891-95
1891-93
1891-93
U91-U3
1-91-93
1891-93
1891-93
lt9,3-9,5
1893-95
1897-99
1893-97
1893-95
189.3-95
i-95..
iMilh.
Ni
Twe
Twenty-first ..
First
.Second
.Eighteenth...
.iTwentieth....
.Third
.Fourth
.(Fifth
.|Sixth
. Sixteenth....
. iSeventeenth.
. ^Nineteenth ..
1893-95..
1895-99..
1895-97..
1895-99..
1805-93..
1895—.,
1895—..
1895—..
1895—..
1897—..
1897—..
1897-99..
1899-..
1899—..
1899—..
1898-..
1899—..
Awardedseat after con. with L. E. McGann.
Died, June 4, '98; suc'd. by Henry S. Boutell.
. Succeeded E. D. Cooke, deceased.
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
449
REYNOLDS, John, Jvistice of Supreme Court
and fourth Governor of Illinois, was born of Irish
ancestry, in Montgomery County, Pa., Feb. 26,
1789, and brought by his parents to Kaskaskia,
111., in 1800, spending the first nine years of his
life in Illinois on a farm. After receiving a com-
mon school education, and a two years" course of
study in a college at Knoxville, Tenn., he studied
law and began practice. In 1812-13 he served as
a scout in the campaigns against the Indians,
winning for himself the title, in after life, of "The
Old Ranger." Afterwards he removed to
Cahokia, where he began the practice of
law, and, in 1818, became Associate Justice of the
first Supreme Court of the new State. Retiring
from the bench in 1825, he served two terms in
the Legislature, and was elected Governor in
1830, in 1832 personally commanding the State
volunteers called for service in the Black Hawk
War. Two weeks before the expiration of his
term (1834), he resigned to accept a seat in Con-
gress, to which he had been elected as the suc-
cessor of Charles Slade, who had died in office,
and was again elected in 1838, always as a Demo-
crat. He also served as Representative in the
Fifteenth General Assembly, and again in the
Eighteenth (1852-54), being chosen Speaker of the
latter. In 1858 he was the administration (or
Buchanan) Democratic candidate for State Su-
perintendent of Public Instruction, as opposed to
the Republican and regular (or Douglas) Demo-
cratic candidates. For some years he edited a
daily paper called "The Eagle," which was pub-
lished at Belleville. While Governor Reynolds
acquired some reputation as a "classical scholar,"
from the time spent in a Tennessee College at
that early day, this was not sustained by either
his colloquial or written style. He was an
ardent champion of slavery, and, in the early
days of the Rebellion, gained unfavorable notori-
ety in consequence of a letter written to Jefferson
Davis expressing sympathy with the cause of
"secession." Nevertheless, in spite of intense
prejudice and bitter partisanship on some ques-
tions, he possessed many amiable qualities, as
shown by his devotion to temperance, and his
popularity among persons of opposite political
opinions. Although at times crude in style, and
not always reliable in his statement of historical
facts and events, Governor Reynolds has rendered
a valuable service to posterity by his writings
relating to the early history of the State, espe-
cially those connected with his own times. His
best known works are: "Pioneer History of Illi-
nois" (Belleville, 1848); "A Glance at the Crystal
Palace, and Sketches of Travel" (1854); and "My
Life and Times" (1855). His death occurred at
Belleville, May 8, 1865.
REYNOLDS, John Parker, Secretary and
President of State Board of Agriculture, was born
at Lebarjon, Ohio, March 1, 1830, and graduated
from the Miami University at the age of 18. In
1840 he graduated from the Cincinnati Law
School, and soon afterward began practice. He
removed to Illinois in 1854, settling first in Win-
nebago County, later, successively in Marion
County, in Springfield and in Chicago. From
1860 to 1870 he was Secretary of the State Agri-
cultural Society, and, upon the creation of the
State Board of Agriculture in 1871, was elected
its President, filling that position imtil 1888,
when he resigned. He has also occupied numer-
ous other posts of honor and of trust of a public
or semi-public character, having been President
of the Illinois State Sanitary Commission during
the War of the Rebellion, a Commissioner to the
Paris Exposition of 1867, Chief Grain Inspector
from 1878 to 1882, and Secretary of the Inter-
State Industrial Exposition Company of Chicago,
from the date of its organization (1873) until its
final dissolution. His most important public
service, in recent years, was rendered asDirector-
in-Chief of the Illinois exhibit in the World's
Columbian Exposition of 1893.
REYNOLDS, Joseph Smith, soldier and legis-
lator, was born at New Lenox, 111., Dec. 3, 1839;
at 17 years of age went to Chicago, was educated
in the high school there, within a month after
graduation enlisting as a private in the Sixty-
fourth Illinois Volunteers. From the ranks he
rose to a colonelcy through the gradations of
Second-Lieutenant and Captain, and, in July,
1865, was brevetted Brigadier-General. He was
a gallant soldier, and was thrice wounded. On
his return home after nearly four years' service,
he entered the law department of the Chicago
University, graduating therefrom and beginning
practice in 1866. General Reynolds has been
prominent in public life, having served as a
member of both branches of the General Assem-
bly, and having been a State Commissioner to the
Vienna Exposition of 1873. He is a member of
the G. A. R., and, in 1875, was elected Senior
Vice-Commander of the order for the United
States.
REYNOLDS, William Morton, clergyman, was
born in Fayette County, Pa., March 4, 1812; after
graduating at Jefferson College, Pa., in 1832, was
connected with various institutions in that State,
as well as President of Capital University at
450
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Columbus, Ohio, ; then, coining to Illinois, was
President of the Illinois State University at
Springfield, 1857-60, after which he became Prin-
cipal of a female seminary in Chicago. Previ-
ously a Lutheran, he took orders in the Protestant
Episcopal Church in 1864, and served several
parishes until his death. In his early life he
founded, and, for a time, conducted several reli-
gious publications at Gettysburg, Pa., besides
issuing a number of printed addresses and other
published works. Died at Oak Park, near Chi-
cago, Sept. 5, 1876.
RHOADS, (Col.) Franklin Lawrence, soldier
and steamboat captain, was born in Harrisburg,
Pa., Oct. 11, 1824; brought to Pekin, Tazewell
Count}', 111., in 1836, where he learned the print-
er's trade, and, on the breaking out of the
Mexican War, enlisted, serving to the close.
Returning home he engaged in the river trade,
and, for fifteen years, commanded steamboats on
the Illinois, Mississippi and Ohio Rivers. In
April, 1861, he was commissioned Captain of a
company of three months' men attached to tlie
Eighth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and, on the
reorganization of the regiment for the three-
years' service, was commissioned Lieutenant-
Colonel, soon after being promoted to the colo-
nelcy, as successor to Col. Richard J. Oglesby , who
had been promoted Brigadier-General. After
serving through the spring campaign of 1863 in
Western Kentucky and Tennessee, he was com-
pelled by rapidly declining health to resign, when
he located in Shawneetown, retiring in 1874 to
his farm near that city. During the latter years
of his life he was a confirmed invalid, dying at
Shawneetown, Jan. 6, 1879.
RHOADS, Jcsluia, M.D., A.M., physician and
educator, was born in Philadelphia, Sept. 14,
1806; studied medicine and graduated at the
University of Pennsylvania with the degree of
M.D., also receiving the degree of A.M., from
Princeton ; after several years spent in practice
as a physician, and as Principal in some of the
public schools of Philadelphia, in 1839 he was
elected Principal of the Pennsylvania Institution
for the Blind, and, in IS.^O, took charge of the
State Institution for the Blind at Jacksonville,
111., then in its infancy. Here he remained until
1874, when he retired. Died, February 1, 1876.
RICE, Edward Y., lawyer and jurist, born in
Logan Count}-, Ky., Feb. 8, 1820, was educated in
the common schools and at Sliurtleff College,
after which he read law with John M. Palmer at
Carlinville, and was admitted to practice, in 184.'5,
at Hillsboro; in 1847 was elected County Recorder
of Montgomery County, and, in 1848, to the Six-
teenth General Assembly, serving one term.
Later he was elected County Judge of Montgom-
ery County, was Master in Chancery from 1853 to
1857, and the latter year was elected Judge of the
Eighteenth Circuit, being re-elected in 1861 and
again in 1867. He was also a member of the
Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, and, at the
election of the latter year, was chosen Repre-
sentative in the Forty-second Congress as a
Democrat. Died, April 16, 1883.
RICE, John B., theatrical manager. Mayor of
Chicago, and Congressman, was born at Easton,
Md., in 1809. By profession he was an actor,
and, coming to Chicago in 1847, built and opened
there the first theater. In 1857 he retired from
the stage, and, in 1865, was elected Mayor of
Chicago, the city of his adoption, and re-elected
in 1867. He was also prominent in the early
stages of the Civil War in the measures taken to
raise troops in Chicago. In 1872 he was elected
to the Forty -third Congress as a Republican, but,
before the expiration of his term, died, at Nor-
folk, Va. , on Dec. 6, 1874. At a special election
to fill the vacancy, Bernard G. Caulfield was
chosen to succeed him.
RICHARDSO\, William A., lawyer and poli-
tician, born in Fayette County, Ky., Oct. 11,
1811, was educated at Transylvania University,
came to the bar at 19, and settled in Schuyler
County, 111., becoming State's Attorney in 1835;
was elected to the lower branch of the Legislature
in 1836, to the Senate in 1838, and to the House
again in 1844, from Adams County — the latter
year being also chosen Presidential Elector on
the Polk and Dallas ticket, and, at the succeeding
session of the General Assembly, serving as
Speaker of the House. He entered the Jlexican
War as Captain, and won a Majority through
gallantry at Buena Vista. From 1847 to 1856
(when he resigned to become a candidate for
Governor), he was a Democratic Representative
in Congress from the Quincy District ; re-entered
Congress in 1861, and, in 1863, was chosen
United States Senator to fill the unexpired term
of Stephen A. Douglas. He was a delegate to the
National Democratic Convention of 1868, but
after that retired to private life, acting, for a
short time, as editor of "The Quincy Herald."
Died, at Quincy, Dec. 37, 1875.
RICHLAND COUNTY, situated in the south-
east quarter of the State, and has an area of 361
square miles. It was organized from Edwards
County in 1841. Among the early pioneers may
be mentioned the Evans brothers, Thaddeus
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
451
Morehouse, Hugh Calhoun and son, Thomas
Gardner, James Parker, Cornelius De Long,
James Gilmore and Elijah Nelson. In 1820
there were but thirty families in the district.
The first frame houses — the Nelson and More-
house homesteads — were built in 1821, and, some
years later, James Laws erected the first brick
house. The pioneers traded at Vincennes, but,
in 182,5, a store was opened at Stringtown by
Jacob May ; and the same year the first school was
opened at Watertown, taught by Isaac Cliaun-
cey. The first church was erected by the Bap-
tists in 1822, and services were conducted by
William Martin, a Kentuckian. For a long time
the mails were carried on liorseback by Louis
and James Beard, but, in 1824, Slills and Whet-
sell established a line of four-horse stages. The
principal road, known as the "trace road," lead-
ing from Louisville to Cahokia, followed a
buffalo and Indian trail about where the main
street of Olney now is. Olney was selected as
the county-seat upon the organization of the
county, and a Mr. Lilly built the first house
there. The chief branches of industry followed
by the inhabitants are agriculture and fruit-
growing. Population (1880), 15,545; (1890),
15,019; (1900), 10,391.
RIDGE FARM, a village of Vermilion County,
at the crossing of the Cleveland, Cincinnati,
Chicago & St. Louis and the Toledo, St. Louis &
Kansas City Railroads, 17 miles south of Danville.
The town has a bank and two newspapers ; the
district is agricultural. Population (1900), 933
RIDGELY, a manufacturing and mining sub-
urb of the city of Springfield. An extensive
rolling mill is located there, and there are several
coal-shafts in the vicinity. Population(1900), 1,169.
RIDGELY, Charles, manufacturer and capi-
talist, born in Springfield, 111., Jan. 17, 1836; was
educated in private schools and at Illinois Col-
lege; after leaving college spent some time as a
clerk in his father's bank at Springfield, finally
becoming a member of the firm and successively
Cashier and Vice-President. In 1870 he was
Democratic candidate for State Treasurer, but
later has affiliated with the Republican party.
About 1872 he became identified with the Spring-
field Iron Company, of which he has been Presi-
dent for many years; has also been President of
the Consolidated Coal Company of St. Louis and,
for some time, was a Director of the Wabash Rail-
road. Mr. Ridgely is also one of the Trustees of
Illinois College.
RIDGELY, Nicholas H., early banker, was
born in Baltimore, Md., April 27, 1800; after
leaving school was engaged, for a time, in the
dry-goods trade, but, in 1829, came to St. Louis
to assume a clerkship in the branch of the
United States Bank just organized there. In
1835 a branch of the State Bank of Illinois was
established at Springfield, and Mr. Ridgely
became its cashier, and, when it went into liqui-
dation, was appointed one of the trustees to wind
up its affairs. He subsequently became Presi-
dent of the Clark's Exchange Bank in that city,
but this liaving gone into liquidation a few years
later, he went into the private banking business
as head of the "Ridgely Bank," which, in 1806,
became the "Ridgely National Bank," one of the
strongest financial institutions in the State ovit-
side of Chicago. After the collapse of the inter-
nal improvement scheme, Mr. Ridgely became
one of the purchasers of the "Northern Cross
Railroad" (now that part of the Wabash system
extending from the Illinois river to Springfield),
when it was sold by the State in 1847, paying
therefor $21,100. He was also one of the Spring-
field bankers to tender a loan to the State at the
beginning of the war in 1861. He was one of the
builders and principal owner of the Springfield
gas-light system. His business career was an
eminently successful one, leaving an estate at
his death, Jan. 31, 1S88, valued at over $2,000,000.
RIDGWAY, a village of Gallatin County, on
the Shawneetown Division of the Baltimore &
Ohio Southwestern Railway, 12 miles northwest
of Shawneetown ; has a bank and one newspaper.
Population (1890), 523; (1900), 839.
RIDGWAY, Thomas S., merchant, banker and
politician, was born at Carmi, 111., August 30,
1826. His father having died when he was but 4
years old and his mother when he was 14, his
education was largely acquired through contact
with tlie world, apart from such as he received
from his mother and during a year's attendance
at a private school. When he was 6 years of age
the family removed to Shawneetown, where he
ever afterwards made liis home. In 1845 lie em-
barked in business as a merchant, and the firm
of Peeples & Ridgway soon became one of the
most prominent in Southern Illinois. In 1865 the
partners closed out their business and organized
tlie first National Bank of Shawneetown, of
which, after the death of Mr. Peeples in 1875,
Mr. Ridgway was President. He was one of
the projectors of the Springfield & Illinois South-
eastern Railway, now a part of the Baltimore &
Ohio Southwestern system, and, from 1867 to
1874, served as its President. He was an ardent
and active Republican, and served as a delegate
453
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
to every State and National Convention of his
party from 1808 to 1896. In 1874 he was elected
State Treasurer, the candidate for Superintendent
of Public Instruction on the same ticket being
defeated. In 1876 and 1880 he was an unsuccess-
ful candidate for his party's nomination for Gov-
ernor. Three times he consented to lead the
forlorn hope of the Republicans as a candidate
for Congress from an impregnably Democratic
stronghold. For several years he was a Director
of the McCormick Theological Seminary, at Chi-
cago, and, for nineteen years, was a Trustee of the
Southern Illinois Normal University at Carbon-
dale, resigning in 1893. Died, at Shawneetown,
Nov. 17, 1897.
RIGGS, James M., ex-Congressman, was born
in Scott County, 111., April 17, 1839, where he
received a common school education, supple-
mented by a partial collegiate course. He is a
practicing lawyer of Winchester. In 1864 he was
elected Sheriff, serving two years. In 1871-72 he
represented Scott County in the lower house of
the Twentj'-seventh General Assembly, and was
State's Attorney from 1873 to 1876. In 1883, and
again in 1884, he was the successful Democratic
candidate for Congress in the Twelfth Illinois
District.
RIGGS, Scott, pioneer, was born in North
Carolina about 1790; removed to Crawford
County, 111, early in 1815, and represented that
county in the First General Assembly (1818-20).
In 1825 he removed to Scott County, where he
continued to reside until his deatli, Feb. 24, 1872.
RIJiAKER, John I., lawyer and Congressman,
born in Baltimore, Md., Nov. 18, 1830. Left an
orphan at an early age, he came to Illinois in
1886, and, for several years, lived on farms in
Sangamon and Jlorgan Counties; was educated
at Illinois and SIcKendree Colleges, graduating
from the latter in 1851 ; in 1852 began reading
law with John JI. Palmer at Carlinville, and was
admitted to the bar in 1854. In August, 1862, he
recruited the One Hundred and Twenty-second
Illinois Volunteers, of which he was commis-
sioned Colonel. Four months later he was
wounded in battle, but served with liis regiment
through the war, and was brevetted Brigadier-
General at its close. Returning from the war he
resumed the practice of his profession at Carlin-
ville. Since 1858 he has been an active Repub-
lican; has twice (1872 and '76) served his party
as a Presidential Elector — the latter year for the
State-at-large — and, in 1874, accepted a nomina-
tion for Congress against 'William R. Morrison,
largely reducing the normal Democratic major-
ity. At the State Republican Convention of 1880
lie was a prominent, but unsuccessful, candidate
for the Republican nomination for Governor. In
1894 he made the race as the Republican candi-
date for Congress in the Sixteenth District and,
although his opponent was awarded the certifi-
cate of election, on a bare majority of 60 votes on
the face of the returns, a re-count, ordered by the
Fifty-fourth Congress, showed a majority for
General Rinaker, and he was seated near the
close of the first session. He was a candidate
for re-election in 1896, but defeated in a strongly
Democratic District.
RIPLEY, Edward Payson, Raihvay President,
was born in Dorchester (now a part of Boston),
Mass. , Oct. 30, 1845, being related, on his mother's
side, to the distinguished author. Dr. Edward
Payson. After receiving his education in the
high school of his native place, at the age of 17
he entered upon a commercial life, as clerk in a
wliolesale dry-goods establishment in Boston.
About the time he became of age, he entered into
the service of the Pennsylvania Railroad as a
clerk in the freight department in the Boston
office, but, a few j-ears later,a3sumed a responsible
position in connection with the Chicago, Burling-
ton & Quincy line, finally becoming General
Agent for the business of that road east of
Buffalo, though retaining his headquarters at
Boston. In 1878 he removed to Chicago to accept
the position of General Freight Agent of the Chi-
cago, Burlington & Quincy System, with which
he remained twelve years, serving successively as
General Traffic Manager and General Manager,
luitil June 1, 1890, when he resigned to become
Third Vice-President of the Chicago, Jlihvaukee
& St. Paul hue. This relation was continued
until Jan. 1, 1896, when Mr. Riplej' accepted
the Presidency of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa
Fe Railroad, which (1899) he now holds. Mr.
Ripley was a prominent factor in securing the
location of the AVorld's Columbian Exposition at
Chicago, and, in April, 1891, was chosen one of
the Directors of the Exposition, serving on the
Executive Committee and the Committee of
Ways and Sleans and Transportation, being Chair-
man of the latter.
RIVERSIDE, a suburban town on the Des
Plaines River and the Chicago, Burlington &
Quincy Railway, 11 miles west of Chicago ; has
handsome parks, several churches, a bank,
two local papers and numerous fine residences.
Population (1890), 1,000; (1900), 1,.551.
RIVERTON, a village in Clear Creek Town-
ship, Sangamon County, at the crossing of the
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
455
Wabash Railroad over the Sangamon River,
6>2 miles east - northeast of Springfield. It
has three churches, a distillery, a paper mill
and a coal mine. Population (1880), 705; (1890),
1,137; (1900), 1,511.
RITES, John Cook, early banker and journal-
ist, was born in Franklin County, Va., May 24,
1795; in 1806 removed to Kentucky, where he
grew up under care of an uncle, Samuel Casey.
He received a good education and was a man of
high character and attractive manners. In his
early manhood he came to Illinois, and was con-
nected, for a time, with the Branch State Bank
at Edwardsville, but, about 1824, removed to
Shawneetown and held a position in the bank
there; also studied law and was admitted to
practice. Finally, having accepted a clerkship
in the Fourth Auditor's Office in Washington,
he removed to that city, and, in 1830, became
associated with Francis P. Blair, Sr., in the
establishment of "The Congressional Globe" (the
predecessor of "The Congressional Record"), of
which he finally became sole proprietor, so
remaining until 1864. Like his partner, Blair,
although a native of Virginia and a life-long
Democrat, he was intensely loyal, and contrib-
uted liberally of his means for the equipment of
soldiers from the District of Columbia, and for
the support of their families, during the Civil
War. His expenditures for these objects have
been estimated at some §30,000. Died, in Prince
George's County, Md., April 10, 1864.
KOANOKE, a village of Woodford Count}', on
the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway, 26
miles northeast of Peoria; is in a coal district;
has a bank and two newspapers. Population
(1880), 8.55; (1890), 881; (1900), 966.
ROBB, Thomas Patten, Sanitary Agent, was
born in Bath, Maine, in 1819; came to Cook
County, 111., in 1838, and, after arriving at man-
hood, established the first exclusive wholesale
grocery house in Chicago, remaining in the busi-
ness until 1850. He then went to California,
establishing himself in mercantile business at
Sacramento, where he remained seven years,
meanwhile being elected Mayor of that city.
Returning to Chicago on the breaking out of the
war, he was appointed on the staff of Governor
Yates with the rank of Major, and, while serv-
ing in this capacity, was instrumental in giving
General Grant the first duty he performed in the
office of the Adjutant-General after his arrival
from Galena. Later, he was assigned to duty as
Inspector-General of Illinois troops with the rank
of Colonel, having general charge of sanitary
affairs until the close of the war, when he was
appointed Cotton Agent for the State of Georgia,
and, still later. President of the Board of Tax
Commissioners for that State. Other positions
held by him were those of Postmaster and Col-
lector of Customs at Savannah, Ga. ; he was also
one of the publishers of "The New Era," a
Republican paper at Atlanta, and a prominent
actor in reconstruction affairs. Resigning the
Collectorship, he was appointed by the President
United States Commissioner to investigate Mexi-
can outrages on the Rio Grande border ; was sub-
sequently identified with Texas railroad interests
as the President of the Corpus Christi & Rio
Grande Railroad, and one of the projectors of the
Chicago, Texas & Mexican Central Railway, being
thus engaged until 1873. Later he returned to
California, dying near Glenwood, in that State,
April 10, 1895, aged 75 years and 10 nionths.
ROBERTS, William Charles, clergyman and
educator, was born in a small village of Wales,
England., Sept. 23, 1832; received his primary
education in that country, but, removing to
America during his minority, graduated from
Princeton College in 1855, and from Princeton
Theological Seminary in 1858. After filling vari-
ous pastorates in Delaware, New Jersey and Ohio,
in 1881 he was elected Corresponding Secretary
of the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions,
the next year being offered the Presidency of
Rutgers College, which he declined. In 1887 he
accepted the presidency of Lake Forest Univer-
sity, which he still retains. From 1859 to 1863
he was a Trustee of Lafayette College, and, in
1866, was elected to a trusteeship of his Alma
Mater. He has traveled extensively in the
Orient, and was a member of the first and third
councils of the Reformed Churches, held at Edin-
burgh and Belfast. Besides occasional sermons
and frequent contributions to English, Ameri-
can, German and Welsh periodicals. Dr. Roberts
has published a Welsh translation of the West-
minster shorter catechism and a collection of
letters on the great preachers of Wales, which
appeared in L^tica, 18C8. He received the degree
of D.D., from Union College in 1872. and that of
LL.D., from Princeton, in 1887.
ROBI>'SON, an incorporated city and the
county-seat of Crawford County, 25 miles north-
west of Vincennes, Ind., and 44 miles south of
Paris, Edgar County ; is on two lines of railroad
and in the heart of a fruit, corn, wheat and wool-
growing region. The city has a private bank and
two weekly newspapers. Population (1880),
1,380; (1890), 1,387; (1900), 1,683.
454
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
ROBINSON, James C, lawyer and former
Congressman, was born in Edgar County, 111., in
1822, read law and was admitted to the bar in
1850. He served as a private during the Mexican
"War, and, in 1858, was elected to Congress as a
Democrat, as he was again in 1860, "63, "70 and
'73. In 1864 he was the Democratic nominee for
Governor. He was a fluent speaker, and attained
considerable distinction as an advocate in crimi-
nal practice. Died, at Springfield, Nov. 3, 1886.
EOBIXSON, John M., United States Senator,
born in Kentuck}' in 1793, was liberally educated
and became a lawj-er by profession. In early life
he settled at Carmi, 111., where he married. He
was of fine physique, of engaging manners, and
personally popular. Through his association
with the State militia he earned the title of
"General. " In 1830 he was elected to the United
States Senate, to fill the unexpired term of John
McLean. His immediate ijredecessor was David
Jewett Baker, appointed by Governor Edwards,
who served one month but failed of election by
the Legislature. In 1834 Mr. Robinson was re-
elected for a full term, which expired in 1841.
In 1843 he was elected to a seat upon the Illinois
Supreme bench, but died at Ottawa, April 27, of
the same year, within three months after his
elevation.
ROCHELLE, a city of Ogle County and an
intersecting point of the Chicago & Northwestern
ana the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railways.
It is 75 miles west of Chicago, 27 miles south of
Rockford, and 23 miles east by north of Dixon.
The surrounding country is a rich agricultural
and stock-raising region, rendering Rochelle an
important shipping point. Among its industrial
establishments are two foundries and a flouring
mill. The city has two banks, five churches and
three weekly newspapers. Population (1880),
1,893; (1890), 1,789; (1900), 2,073.
ROCHESTER, a village, and one of the oldest
settlements in Sangamon County, having been
laid out in 1819 ; situated in a rich agricultural
district, on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern
Railroad, 712 miles southeast of Springfield. It
has one newspaper. Population (1900), 365.
ROCK FALLS, a city in Whiteside County, on
the Rock River, and a station on the Chicago,
Burlington & Quincy Railroad. It has excellent
water-power, a good public school system (includ-
ing a high school), banks and a weekly newspaper.
Agricultural implements, barbed wire, furniture,
flour and paper are its chief manufactures.
There are also railway machine shops located
here. Population (1890), 1,900; (1900), 2,176.
KOCKFORD, a flourishing manufacturing
city, the county-seat of Winnebago County ; lies
on both sides of the Rock River, 92 miles west of
Chicago. Four trunk lines of railroad — the Chi-
cago, Burlington & Quincy, the Chicago & North-
western, the Illinois Central and the Chicago,
Milwaukee & St. Paul — intersect here. Excellent
water-power is secured by a dam across the river,
and communication between the two divisions of
the city is facilitated by three railway and three
highway bridges. Water is provided from five
artesian wells, a reserve main leading to the
river. The city is wealthy, prosperous and pro-
gressive. The assessed valuation of property, in
1893, was 86,531,235. Churches are numerous and
schools, both public and private, are abundant
and well conducted. The census of 1890 showed
.$7,715,069 capital invested in 246 manufacturing
establishments, which employed 5,223 persons and
turned out an annual product valued at .$8,888,-
904. The principal industries are the manufac-
ture of agricultural implements and furniture,
though watches, silver-plated ware, paper, fiour
and grape sugar are among the other products.
Pop. (1880), 13.129; (1890). 23,584; (1900), 31.051.
ROCKFORD COLLEGE, located at Rockford,
111., incorporated in 1847; in 1898 had a faculty
of 21 instructors with 161 pupils. The branches
taught include the classics, music and fine arts.
It has a library of 6,150 volumes, funds and en-
dowment aggregating §50,880 and property
valued at S240,880, of which $150,000 is real
estate.
ROCK ISLAND, the principal city and county-
seat of Rock Island County, on the Mississippi
River, 182 miles west by south of Chicago. It is
the converging point of five lines of railroad.
The name is derived from an island in the Mis-
sissippi River, opposite the city. 3 miles long,
which belongs to the United States Government
and contains an arsenal and armory. The river
channel west of the island is navigable, the east-
ern channel having been dammed by the Govern-
ment, thereby giving great water-power to Rock
Island, Milan and Moline. A combined railway
and highway bridge spans the river from Rock
Island to Davenport, Iowa, crossing the island,
while another bridge connects the city with
Moline. The island was the site of Fort Arm-
strong (consisting of a group of block-houses)
during the Black Hawk War, and was also a
place for the confinement of Confederate prisoners
during the W^ar of the Rebellion. Rock Island
has extensive manufactures of lumber, agricul-
tural implements, glass, iron, carriage and wagon
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
455
•works, with several banks, four newspapers, two
issuing daily editions. Population (1880),
11,659; (1890), 13,634; (1900), 19,493.
ROCK ISLAND COUNTY, in the northwestern
section of the State bordering upon the Missis-
sippi River (which constitutes its northwestern
boundary for more than 60 miles), and liaving an
area of 440 square miles. In 1816 the Govern-
ment erected a fort on Rock Island (an island in
tlie Mississippi, 3 miles long and one-half to
three-quarters of a mile wide), naming it Fort
Armstrong. It has always remained a military
post, and is now the seat of an extensive arsenal
and work-shops. In the spring of 1838, settle-
ments were made near Port Byron by John and
Thomas Kinney, Archibald Allen and George
Harlan. Other early settlers, near Rock Island
and Rapids City, were J. W. Spencer, J. W. Bar-
riels, Benjamin F. Pike and Conrad Leak; and
among the pioneers were Wells and Michael Bart-
lett, Joel Thompson, the Simms brothers and
George Davenport. The country was full of
Indians, this being the headquarters of Black
Hawk and the initial point of the Black Hawk
War. (See Black Haick, and Black Haick War. )
By 1829 settlers were increased in number and
county organization was effected in 183,'5, Rook
Island (then called Stephenson) being made the
county-seat. Joseph Conway was the first
County Clerk, and Joel Wells. Sr., the first Treas-
urer. The first court was held at the residence
of John W. Barriels, in Farnhamsburg. The
county is irregular in shape, and the soil and
scenery greatly varied. Coal is abundant, the
water-power inexhaustible, and the county's
mining and manufacturing interests are very
extensive. Several lines of railway cross the
county, affording admirable transportation facili-
ties to both eastern and western markets. Rock
Island and Moline (which see) are the two prin-
cipal cities in the county, though there are
several other important points. Coal Valley is
the center of large mining interests, and Milan is
also a manufacturing center. Port Byron is one
of the oldest towns in the county, and has con-
siderable lime and lumber interests, while Water-
town is the seat of the Western Hospital for the
Insane. Population of the count}' (1880), 38,302;
(1890), 41,917; (1900), 55,249.
ROCK ISLAND & PEORIA RAILWAY, a
standard-guage road, laid with steel rails, extend-
ing from Rock Island to Peoria, 91 miles. It is
lessee of the Rook Island & Mercer County Rail-
road, running from Milan to Cable. 111. , giving it
a total length of 118 miles — with Peoria Terminal,
121.10 miles. — (History.) The company is a
reorganization (Oct. 9, 1877) of the Peoria &
Rock Island Railroad Company, whose road was
sold under foreclosure, April 4, 1877. The latter
Road was the result of the consolidation, in 1869,
of two corporations — the Rock Island & Peoria
and the Peoria & Rock Island Railroad Compa-
nies— the new organization taking the latter
name. The road was opened through its entire
length, Jan. 1, 1873, its sale under foreclosure and
reorganization under its present name taking
place, as already stated, in 1877. The Cable
Branch was organized in 1876, as the Rock Island
& Mercer County Railroad, and opened in De-
cember of the same year, sold under foi'eclosure in
1877, and leased to the Rock Island & Peoria Rail-
road, July 1, 1885, for 999 years, the rental for
the entire period being commuted at §450,000. —
(Financial.) The cost of the entire road and
equipment was 52,654,487. The capital stock
(1898) is 81,500.000; funded debt, §600,000; other
forms of indebtedness increasing the total capital
invested to §3,181,066.
ROCK RIVER, a stream which rises in Wash-
ington County, Wis., and flows generally in a
southerly direction, a part of its course being very
sinuous. After crossing the northern boundary
of Illinois, it runs southwestward, intersecting
the counties of Winnebago, Ogle, Lee, Whiteside
and Rook Island, and entering the Mississippi
three miles below the city of Rook Island.
It is about 375 miles long, but its navigation is
partly obstructed by rapids, whicli, however,
furnish abundant water-power. The principal
towns on its banks are Rockford, Dixon and
Sterling. Its valley is wide, and noted for its
beauty and fertility.
ROCKTON, a village in Winnebago County, at
the junction of two branches of the Chicago, Mil-
waukee & St. Paul Railroad, on Rock River, 13
miles north of Rockford; has manufactures of
paper, flour and agricultural implements and a
local paper. Population (1890), 892; (1900), 936.
ROE, Edward Reynolds, A.B., M.D., physician,
soldier and author, was born at Lebanon, Ohio,
June 22, 1813; removed with his father, in 1819,
to Cincinnati, and graduated at Louisville Med-
ical Institute in 1843 ; began practice at Anderson,
Ind., but soon removed to Shawneetown, 111.,
where he gave much attention to geological
research and made some extensive natural his-
tory collections. From 1848 to '53 he resided at
Jacksonville, lectured extensively on his favorite
science, wrote for the press and, for two years
(1850-53), edited "The Jacksonville Journal, " still
456
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
later editing the newly established "Constitu-
tionalist" for a few months. During a part of
this period he was lecturer on natural science at
Shurtleflf College ; also delivered a lecture before
the State Legislature on the geology of Illinois,
which was immediately followed by the passage
of the act establishing the State Geological
Department. A majority of both houses joined
in a request for his appointment as State Geolo-
gist, but it was rejected on partisan grounds —
he, then, being a Whig. Removing to Blooming-
ton in 18.52, Dr. Roe became prominent in educa-
tional matters, being the first Professor of Natural
Science in the State Mormal University, and also
a Trustee of the Illinois Wesleyan University.
Having identified himself with the Democratic
party at this time, he became its nominee for
State Superintendent of Public Instruction in
1860, but, on the inception of the war in 18C1, he
promptly espoused the cause of the Union, raised
three companies (mostly Normal students) which
were attached to the Thirty -third Illinois (Nor-
mal) Regiment ; was elected Captain and succes-
sively promoted to Major and Lieutenant-Colonel.
Having been dangerouslj' wounded in the assault
at Vicksburg, on May 23, 1863, and compelled to
return home, he was elected Circuit Clerk by the
combined vote of both parties, was re-elected
four j-ears later, became editor of "The Bloom-
ington Pantagraph" and, in 1870, was elected to
the Twenty-seventh General Assembly, where
he won distinction by a somewhat notable
humorous speech in opposition to removing the
State Capital to Peoria. In 1871 he was ap-
pointed Marshal for the Southern District of Illi-
nois, serving nine years. Dr. Roe was a somewhat
prolific author, having produced more than a
dozen works which have appeared in book form.
One of these, "Virginia Rose; a Tale of Illinois
in Early Days," first appeared as a prize serial in
"The Alton Courier" in 18.52. Others of his more
noteworthy productions are : ' 'The Gray and the
Blue"; "Brought to Bay"; "From the Beaten
Path"; "G. A. R. ; or How She Married His
Double"; "Dr. Caldwell; or the Trail of the
Serpent"; and "Prairie-Land and Other Poems."
He died in Chicago, Nov 6, 1893.
ROGERS, George Clarke, soldier, was born in
Grafton County, N H., Nov. 22, 1838; but was
educated in Vermont and Illinois, having re-
moved to the latter State early in life. While
teaching he studied law and was admitted to the
bar in 1860; was the first, in 1861, to raise a com-
jjany in Lake County for the war, which was
mustered into the Fifteenth Illinois Volunteers ;
was chosen Second- Lieutenant and later Captain ;
was wounded four tihies at Shiloh, but refused to
leave the field, and led his regiment in the final
charge; was promoted Lieutenant-Colonel and
soon after commissioned Colonel for gallantry at
Hatchie. At Champion Hills he received three
wounds, from one of which he never fullj- re-
covered ; took a prominent part in the operations
at AUatoona and commanded a brigade nearly
two years, including the Atlanta campaign,
retiring with the rank of brevet Brigadier-Gen-
eral. Since the war has practiced law in Illinois
and in Kansas.
ROGERS, Henry Wade, educator, lawyer and
author, was born in Central New York in 1853;
entered Hamilton College, but the following
year became a student in Michigan University,
graduating there in 1874, also receiving the
degree of A.M., from the same institution, in
1877. In 1883 he was elected to a professorship
in the Ann Arbor Law School, and, in 1885, was
made Dean of the Faculty, succeeding Judge
Cooley, at the age of 32. Five years later he was
tendered, and accejited, the Presidency of the
Northwestern University, at Evanston, being the
first la3'man chosen to the position, and succeed-
ing a long line of Bishops and divines. The same
year (1890), Wesleyan University conferred upon
him the honorary degree of LL. D. He is a mem-
ber of the American Bar Association, has served
for a number of years on its Committee on Legal
Education and Admission to the Bar, and was
the first Chairman of the Section on Legal Edu-
cation. President Rogers was the General Chair-
man of the Conference on the Future Foreign
Policy of the United States, held at Saratoga
Springs, N. Y., in August, 1898. At the Con-
gress held in 1893, as auxiliary to the Columbian
Exposition, he was chosen Chairman of the Com-
mittee on Law Reform and Jurisprudence, and
was for a time associate editor of "The American
Law Register," of Philadelphia. He is also the
author of a treatise on "Expert Testimony,"
which has passed through two editions, and has
edited a work entitled "Illinois Citations,"
besides doing much other valuable literary work
of a similar character.
ROGERS, John Gorin, jurist, was born at
Glasgow, Ky., Dec. 28. 1818, of English and early
Virginian ancestrj' ; was educated at Center Col-
lege, Danville, Ky., and at Transylvania Univer-
sity, graduating from the latter institution in
1841, with the degree of Bachelor of Laws. For
sixteen years he practiced in his native town,
and, in 1857, removed to Chicago, where he soon-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
457
attained professional prominence. In 1870 he
was elected a Judge of the Cook County Circuit
Court, continuing on the bench, through repeated
re-elections, until his death, which occurred
suddenly, Jan. 10, 1887, four years before the
expiration of the term for which he had been
elected.
ROGERS PARK, a village and suburb 9 miles
north of Chicago, on Lake Michigan and the
Chicago & Northwestern and the Chicago, Mil-
waukee & St. Paul Railways ; has a bank and two
weekly newspapers ; is reached by electric street-
car line from Chicago, and is a popular residence
suburb. Annexed to City of Chicago, 1893.
ROLL; John E., pioneer, was born in Green
Village, N. J., June 4, 1814; came to Illinois in
1830, and settled in Sangamon County. He
assisted Abraham Lincoln in the construction of
the flat-boat with which the latter descended the
Mississippi River to New Orleans, in 1831. Mr.
Roll, who was a mechanic and contractor, built
a number of houses in Springfield, where he has
since continued to reside.
ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH. The earliest
Christians to establish places of worship in Illi-
nois were priests of the Catholic faith. Early
Catholic missionaries were explorers and histori-
ans as well as preachers. (See Allouez; Bergier;
Early Missionaries; Oravier; Marquette.) The
church went hand in hand with the represent-
atives of the French Government, carrying in
one hand the cross and in the other the flag of
France, simultaneously disseminating the doc-
trines of Christianity and inculcating loyalty to
the House of Bourbon. For nearly a hundred
years, the self-sacrificing and devoted Catholic
clergy of the seventeenth and eighteenth cen-
turies ministered to the spiritual wants of the
early French settlers and the natives. They were
not without factional jealousies, however, and a
severe blow was dealt to a branch of them in the
order for the banishment of the Jesuits and the
confiscation of their property. (See Early Mis-
sionaries.) The subsequent occupation of the
country by the EngUsh, with the contemporane-
ous emigration of a considerable portion of the
French west of the Mississippi, dissipated many
congregations. Up to 1830 Illinois was included
in the diocese of Missouri ; but at that time it was
constituted a separate diocese, under the episco-
pal control of Rt. Rev. Joseph Rosatti. At that
date there were few, if any, priests in Illinois.
But Bishop Rosatti was a man of earnest purpose
and rare administrative ability. New parishes
were organized as rapidly as circiunstances
would permit, and the growth of the church has
been steady. By 1840 there were thirty-one
parishes and twenty priests. In 1896 there are
reported 698 parishes, 764 clergymen and a
Catholic population exceeding 850,000. (See also
Religious Denominations. )
ROODHOUSE, a city in Greene County, 111.,
21 miles south of Jacksonville, and the intersect-
ing point of the Chicago & Alton and the Chicago,
Burlington & Quiney Railroads. The surround-
ing territory is a fertile agricultural region, and
the city contains a flouring mill, grain-elevator,
stock yards, railway shops, water works, two
private banks, one daily and two weekly news-
papers. Population (1890), 2,360; (1900), 2,851.
ROODHOUSE, John, farmer and founder of
the town of Roodhouse, in Greene County, 111.,
was born in Yorkshire, England, brought to
America in childhood, his father settling in
Greene County, 111., in 1831. In his early man-
hood he opened a farm in Tazewell County, but
finally returned to the paternal home in Greene
County, where, on tlie location of the Jackson-
ville Division of the Chicago & Alton Railroad,
he laid out the town of Roodhouse, at the junc-
tion of the Louisiana and Kansas City branch
with the main line.
ROOT, tJeorge Frederick, musical composer
and author, was born at Sheffield, Slass. , August
30, 1820. He was a natural musician, and, while
employed on his father's farm, learned to play on
various instruments. In 1838 he removed to Bos-
ton, where he began his life-work. Besides
teaching niusic in the public schools, he was
employed to direct the musical service in two
churches. From Boston he removed to New
York, and, in 1850, went to Paris for purposes of
musical study. In 1853 he made his first public
essay as a composer in the song, "Hazel Dell,"
which became popular at once. From this time
forward his success as a song-writer was assured.
His music, while not of a high artistic character,
captivated the popular ear and appealed strongly
to the heart. In 1860 he took up liis residence in
Chicago, where he conducted a musical journal
and wrote those "war songs" which created and
perpetuated his fame. Among tlie best known
are "Rally Round the Flag"; "Just Before the
Battle, Mother"; and "Tramp, Tramp, Tramp."
Other popular songs by him are "Rosalie, the
Prairie Flower"; "A Hundred Years Ago" ; and
"The Old Folks are Gone." Besides songs he
composed several cantatas and much sacred
music, also publishing many books of instruction
and numerous collections of vocal and instru-
458
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
mental music. In 1872 the University of Chicago
conferred on liim the degree of Mus. Doc. Died,
near Portland, Maine, August 6, 189.5.
ROOTS, Benajah Guernsey, civil engineer,
and educator, was born iu Onondaga County
N. Y., April 20, 1811, and educated in the schools
and academies of Central New York; began
teaching in 1827, and, after spending a year at
sea for the benefit of his health, took a course iu
law and civil engineering. He was employed as
a civil engineer on the Western Railroad of
Massachusetts until 1838, when he came to Illi-
nois and obtained employment on the railroad
projected from Alton to Shawneetown, under
the "internal improvement system" of 1837.
When that was suspended in 1839, he settled on
a farm near the present site of Taiiiaroa, Perry
County, and soon after opened a boarding school,
continuing its management until 184G, when he
became Principal of a seminary at Sparta. In
1851 he went into the service of the Illinois Cen-
tral Railroad, first as resident engineer in
charge of surveys and construction, later as land
agent and attorney. He was prominent in the
introduction of the graded school system in Illi-
nois and in the establishment of the State Nor-
mal School at Bloomington and the University of
Illinois at Champaign ; was a member of the
State Board of Education from its organization,
and served as delegate to the National Repub-
lican Convention of 1808. Died, at his home in
Perry County, III, May 9, 1888.— Philander Keep
(Roots), son of the preceding, born in Tolland
County. Conn., June 4, 1838, brought to Illinois
the same year and educated in his father's school,
and in an academy at CarroUton and the Wes-
leyan Universit}' at Bloomington ; at the age of
17 belonged to a corps of engineers employed on
a Southern railroad, and, during the war, served
as a civil engineer in the construction and repair
of military roads. Later, he was Deputy Sur-
veyor-General of Nebraska; in 1871 became Chief
Engineer on the Cairo & Fulton (now a part of
the Iron Mountain) Railway; then engaged in
the banking business in Arkansas, first as cashier
of a bank at Fort Smith and afterwards of the
Merchants' National Bank at Little Rock, of
which his brother, Logan H., was President. —
Logan H. (Roots), another son, born near Tama-
roa. Perry County, 111., March 22, 1841, was edu-
cated at home and at the State Normal at
Bloomington, meanwhile serving as principal
of a high school at Duquoin ; in 1862 enlisted in
the Eighty-first Illinois Volunteers, serving
through the war and acting as Chief Commissary
for General Sherman on the "March to the Sea,"
and participating in the great review in Wash-
ington, in May, 1865. After the conclusion of
the war he was appointed Collector of Internal
Revenue for the First Arkansas District, was
elected from that State to the Fortieth and
Forty-first Congresses (1868 and 1870) — being, at
the time, the youngest member in that body — and
was appointed United States Marshal by Presi-
dent Grant. He finally became President of the
Merchants' National Bank at Little Rock, with
which he remained nearly twenty years. Died,
suddenly, of congestion of the brain. May 30,
1893, leaving an estate valued at nearly one and
a half millions, of which he gave a large share to
charitable purposes and to the city of Little
Rock, for the benefit of its hospitals and the im-
provement of its parks.
ROSE, James A., Secretary of State, was born
at Golconda. Pope County, 111., Oct. 13, 18.50.
The foundation of his education was secured in
the i^ublic schools of his native place, and, after
a terra in the Normal University at Normal. 111.,
at the age of 18 he took charge of a countrj'
school. Soon he was chosen Principal of the
Golconda graded schools, was later made County
Superintendent of Schools, and re-elected for a
second term. During his second term he was
admitted to the bar, and, resigning the office of
Superintendent, was elected State's Attorney
without opposition, being re-elected for another
term. In 1889, by appointment of Governor
Fifer, he became one of the Trustees of the
Pontiac Reformatory, serving until the next
year, when he was transferred to the Board of
Commissioners of the Southern Illinois Peniten-
tiary at Chester, which position he continued to
occupy until 1893. In 1896 he was elected Secre-
tary of State on the Republican ticket, his term
extending to January, 1901.
ROSEVILLE, a village of Warren County, on
the Rock Island & St. Louis Division of the Chi-
cago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 17 miles
northwest of Bushnell ; has banks and two news-
papers; is in an agricultural and coal-mining
district. Population (1890). 898; (1900), 1,014.
ROSS, Leonard Fulton, soldier, born in Fulton
County, IU., July 18, 1823; was educated in the
common schools and at Illinois College, Jackson-
ville, studied law and admitted to the bar in 1845;
the following year enlisted in the Fourth Illinois
Volunteers for the Mexican War, became First
Lieutenant and was commended for services at
Vera Cruz and Cerro Gordo ; also performed im-
portant service as bearer of dispatches for Gen-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
459
eral Taylor. After the war he served six years
as Probate Judge. In May, 1861, he enlisted in
the war for the Union, and was chosen Colonel
of the Seventeenth Illinois Volunteers, serving
with it in Missouri and Kentucky ; was commis-
sioned Brigadier-General a few weeks after the
capture of Fort Donelson, and, after tlie evacu-
ation of Corinth, was assigned to the command
of a division with headquarters at Bolivar, Tenn.
He resigned in July, 186.3, and, in 1867, was
appointed by President Johnson Collector of
Internal Revenue for the Ninth District; has
been three times a delegate to National Repub-
lican Conventions and twice defeated as a candi-
date for Congress in a Democratic District.
Since the war he has devoted his attention
largely to stock-raising, having a large stock-
farm in Iowa. In his later years was President
of a bank at Lewistown, 111. Died Jan. 17, 1901.
ROSS, (Col.) William, pioneer, was born at
Monson, Hampden County, Mass., April 24, 1792;
removed with his fatlier's family, in 180.5, to
Pittsfield, Mass., where lie remained until his
twentieth year, wlien he was commissioned an
Ensign in the Twenty-first Regiment United
States Infantry, serving tlirough the War of
1812-14, and participating in the battle of Sack-
ett's Harbor. During the latter part of his serv
ice he acted as drill-master at various points.
Then, returning to Pittsfield, he carried on the
business of blacksmithing as an employer, mean
while filling some local offices. In 1820, a c6m
pany consisting of himself and four brothers
with their families and a few others, started for
the West, intending to settle in Illinois. Reach-
ing the head-waters of the Allegheny overland,
they transferred their wagons, teams and other
property to flat-boats, descending that stream
and the Ohio to Shawneetowu, 111. Here they
disembarked and, crossing the State, reached
Upper Alton, where they found only one house,
that of Maj. Charles W. Hunter. Leaving their
famihes at Upper Alton, the brothers proceeded
north, crossing the Illinois River near its mouth,
until they reached a point in the western part of
the present county of Pike, where the town of
Atlas was afterwards located. Here they
erected four rough log-cabins, on a beautiful
prairie not far from the Mississippi, removing
their families thither a few weeks later. They
suffered the usual privations incident to life in a
new country, not excepting sickness and death
of some of their number. At the next session of
the Legislature (1820-21) Pike County was estab-
lished, embracing all that part of the State west
and north of the Illinois, and including the
present cities of Galena and Chicago. The Ross
settlement became the nucleus of the town of
Atlas, laid out by Colonel Ross and his associates
in 1823, at an early day the rival of Quincy, and
becoming the second county-seat of Pike County,
so remaining from 1824 to 1833, when the seat of
justice was removed to Pittsfield. During this
period Colonel Ross was one of the most promi-
nent citizens of the county, holding, simultane-
ously or successively, the offices of Probate
Judge, Circuit and County Clerk, Justice of the
Peace, and others of a subordinate character.
As Colonel of Militia, in 1832, he was ordered by
Governor Reynolds to raise a company for the
Black Hawk War, and, in four days, reported at
Beardstown with twice the number of men
called for. In 1834 he was elected to the lower
branch of the General Assembly, also serving in
the Senate during the three following sessions, a
part of the time as President pro tern, of the last-
named body. While in the General Assembly he
was instrumental in securing legislation of great
importance relating to Military Tract lands.
The year following the establishment of the
county-.seat at Pittsfield (1834) he became a citi-
zen of that place, which he had the privilege of
naming for his early home. He was a member
of the Republican State Convention of 1856, and a
delegate to the National Republican Convention
of 1860, which nominated Mr. Lincoln for Presi-
dent the first time. Beginning life poor he
acquired considerable property ; was liberal, pub-
lic-spirited and patriotic, making a handsome
donation to the first company organized in Pike
County, for the suppression of the Rebellion.
Died, at Pittsfield, May 31. 1873.
ROSSVILLE, a village of Vermilion County,
on the Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroad, 19
miles north of Danville; has shoe and canning
factories, tile and brick-works, banks and two
newspapers. Population(1890), 879; (1900), 1,43.5.
ROUXDS, Sterling Parker, public printer,
was born in Berkshire, Vt., Jvme 27, 1828; about
1840 began learning the printer's trade at Ken-
osha, Wis., and, in 1845, was foreman of the State
printing office at Madison, afterward working in
offices in Milwaukee, Racine and Buffalo, going
to Chicago in 1851. Here he finally established
a printer's warehouse, to which he later added an
electrotype foundry and the manufacture of
presses, also commencing the issue of "Round's
Printers' Cabinet," a trade-paper, which was
continued during his life. In 1881 he was ap-
pointed by President Garfield Public Printer at
460
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Washington, serving until 1885, when he removed
to Omaha, Neb., and was identified with "The
Republican," of that city, until his death, Dec.
17, 1887.
ROUNTREE, Hiram, County Judge, born in
Rutherford County, N. C, Dec. 22, 1794; was
brought to Kentuclsy in infancy, wliere he grew
to manhood and served as an Ensign in the War
of 1812 under General Slielby. In 1817 he re-
moved to Illinois Territory, first locating in
Madison County, where he tauglit school for two
years near Edwardsville, but removed to Fayette
County about the time of the removal of the
State capital to Vandalia. On the organization
of Montgomery County, in 1821, he was appointed
to office there and ever afterwards resided at
Hillsboro. For a number of years in the early
history of the county, he held (at the same time)
the offices of Clerlt of the County Commissioners
Court, Clerk of the Circuit Court, County
Recorder, Justice of the Peace, Notary Public,
Master in Chancery and Judge of Probate, besides
that of Postmaster for the town of Hillsboro. In
1826 he was elected Enrolling and Engrossing
Clerli of the Senate and re-elected in 1830 ; served
as Delegate in the Constitutional Convention of
1847, and the next year was elected to the State
Senate, serving in the Sixteenth and Seven-
teenth General Assemblies. On retiring from
the Senate (1852), he was elected County Judge
without opposition, was re-elected to the same
office in 1861, and again, in 1865, as the nominee
of the Republicans. Judge Rountree was noted
for his sound judgment and sterling integrity.
Died, at Hillsboro, March 4, 1873.
ROUTT, John L., soldier and Governor, was
born at Eddyville, Ky., April 25, 1826, brought
to Illinois in infancy and educated in the com-
mon schools. Soon after coming of age he was
elected and served one term as Sherifi: of McLean
County ; in 1862 enlisted and became Captain of
Company E, Ninety-fourth Illinois Volunteers.
After the war lie engaged in business in Bloom-
ington, and was appointed by President Grant,
successively. United States Marshal for the
Southern District of Illinois, Second Assistant
Postmaster-General and Territorial Governor of
Colorado. On the admission of Colorado as a
State, he was elected tlie first Governor imder the
State Government, and re-elected in 1890 — serv-
ing, in all, three years. His home is in Denver.
He has been extensively and successfully identi-
fied witli mining enterprises in Colorado.
ROWELL, Jonathan H., ex-Congressman, was
born at HaverhiU, N. H. , Feb. 10, 1833. He is a
graduate of Eureka College and of the Law
Department of the Chicago University. During
the War of the Rebellion he served three years as
company officer in the Seventeenth Illinois
Infantry. In 1868 he was elected State's Attor-
ney for the Eighth Judicial Circuit, and, in 1880,
was a Presidential Elector on the Republican
ticket. In 1883 he was elected to Congress from
the Fourteenth Illinois District and three times
re-elected, serving until March, 1891. His home
is at Bloomington.
EOWETT, Richard, soldier, was born in Corn-
wall, England, in 1830, came to the United
States in 1851, finally settling on a farm near
Carlinville, 111., and becoming a breeder of
thorough-bred horses. In 1861 he entered the
service as a Captain in the Seventli Illinois
Volunteers and was successively promoted
Major, Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel; was
wounded in the battles of Shiloh, Corinth and
Allatoona, especially distinguishing himself at the
latter and being brevetted Brigadier-General for
gallantry. After the war he returned to his
stock-farm, but later held the positions of Canal
Commissioner, Penitentiary Commissioner, Rep-
resentative in the Thirtieth General Assem-
bly and Collector of Internal Revenue for the
Fourth (Quincy) District, until its consolidation
with the Eighth District by President Cleveland.
Died, in Chicago, July 13, 1887.
RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE, located in Chi-
cago ; incorporated by act of March 2, 1837, the
charter having been prepared the previous year
by Drs. Daniel Brainard and Josiah C. Goodliue.
The extreme financial depression of the following
year prevented the organization of a faculty
until 1843. The institution was named in honor
of Dr. Benjamin Rush, the eminent practitioner,
medical author and teacher of Pliiladelphia in the
latter half of the eighteenth century. The first
faculty consisted of four professors, and the first
term opened on Dec. 4, 1848, with a class of
twenty-two students. Three years' study was
required for graduation, but only two annual
terms of sixteen weeks each need be attended at
the college itself. Instruction was given in a
few rooms temporarily opened for that purpose.
The next year a small building, costing between
$3,000 and $4,000, was erected. This was re-ar-
ranged and enlarged in 1855 at a cost of $15,000.
The constant and rapid growth of the college
necessitated the erection of a new building in
1867, the cost of which was §70,000. This was
destroyed in the fire of 1871, and another, costing
§54,000, was erected in 1876 and a free dispen.sary
niSTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
461
added. In 1844 the Presbyterian Hospital was
located on a portion of the college lot, and the
two institutions connected, thus insuring abun-
dant and stable facilities for clinical instruction.
Shortly afterwards, Rush College became the
medical department of Lake Forest University.
The present faculty (1898) consists of 95 profes-
sors, adjunct professors, lecturers and instructors
of all grades, and over 600 students in attend-
ance. The length of the annual terms is six
months, and four years of study are required for
graduation, attendance upon at least three col-
lege terms being compulsory.
RUSHVILLE, the county-seat of Schuyler
County, 50 miles northeast of Quincy and 11
miles northwest of Beardstown ; is the southern
terminus of the Buda and Rushville branch of the
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad. The
town was selected as the county-seat in 1826,
the seat of justice being removed from a place
called Beardstown, about five miles eastward
(not the present Beardstown in Cass County),
where it had been located at tlie time of the
organization of Schuyler County, a year previous.
At first the new seat of justice was called Rush-
ton, in honor of Dr. Benjamin Rush, but after-
wards took its present name. It is a coal-mining,
grain and fruit-growing region, and contains
several manufactories, including flour-mills, brick
and tile works; also has two banks (State and
private) and a public library. Tlii-ee periodicals
(one daily) are published here. Population
(1880), 1,663; (1890), 2,031; (1900), 2,293.
KUSSELL, John, pioneer teacher and author,
was born at Cavendish, Vt., July 31, 1798, and
educated in the common schools of his native
State and at Middlebury College, where he gradu-
ated in 1818 — having obtained means to support
himself, during his college course, by teaching
and by the publication, before he had reached his
30th year, of a volume entitled "The Authentic
History of Vermont State Prison. " After gradu-
ation he taught for a short time in Georgia; but,
early in the following year, joined his father on
the way to Missouri. The next five years he
spent in teaching in the "Bonhommie Bottom"
on the Missouri River. During this period he
published, anonymously, in "The St. Charles Mis-
sourian," a temperance allegory entitled "The
Venomous Worm" (or "The Worm of the Still"),
which gained a wide popularity and was early
recognized by the compilers of school-readers as
a sort of classic. Leaving tliis locality he taught
a year in St. Louis, when he removed to Vandalia
(then the capital of Illinois), after wliich he spent
two years teaching in the Seminary at Upper
Alton, which afterwards became Sliurtleff College.
In 1838 he removed to Greene County, locating
at a point near the Illinois River to which he
gave the name of Bluffdale. Here he was li-
censed as a Baptist preacher, officiating in this ca-
pacity only occasionally, while pursuing his
calling as a teacher or writer for the press, to
which he was an almost constant contributor
during the last twenty-five years of his life.
About 1837 or 1838 he was editor of a paper called
"The Backwoodsman" at Grafton— then a part
of Greene County, but now in Jersey County— to
which he afterwards continued to be a contribu-
tor some time longer, and, in 1841-43, was editor
of "The Advertiser, ' at Louisville, Ky. He was
also, for several years, Principal of the Spring
Hill Academy in East Feliciana Parish, La.,
meanwhile serving for a portion of the time as
Superintendent of Public Schools. - He was the
author of a number of stories and sketches, some
of which went through several editions, and, at
the time of his death, liad in preparation a his-
tory of "The Black Hawk War," "Evidences of
Christianity" and a "History of Illinois." He
was an accomplished linguist, being able to read
with fluency Greek, Latin, French, Spanish and
Italian, besides having considerable familiarity
with several other modern languages. In 1863
he received from the University of Chicago the
degree of LL.D. Died, Jan. 3, 1863, and was
buried on the old homestead at Bluffdale.
RUSSELL, Martin J., politician and journal-
ist, born in Chicago, Dec. 30, 1845. He was a
nephew of Col. James A. Mulligan (see Mulligan,
James A. ) and served with credit as Adjutant-
General on the staff of the latter in the Civil
War. In 1870 he became a reporter on "The
Chicago Evening Post," and was advanced to
the position of city editor. Subsequently he was
connected with "The Times," and "The Tele-
gram" ; was also a member of the Board of Edu-
cation of Hyde Park before the annexation of
that village to Chicago, and has been one of the
South Park Commissioners of the city last named.
After the purchase of "The Chicago Times" by
Carter H. Harrison he remained for a time on
the editorial staff. In 1894 President Cleveland
appointed him Collector of the Port of Chicago.
At the expiration of his term of office he resumed
editorial work as editor-in-chief of "The Chron-
icle," the organ of the Democratic party in
Chicago. Died June 35, 1900.
RUTHERFORD, Friend S., lawyer and sol-
dier, was born in Schenectady, N. Y., Sept. 25,
463
HISToiilCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
1820 ; studied law in Troy and removed to Illi-
nois, settling at Edwardsville, and finally at
Alton; was a Republican candidate for Presi-
dential Elector in 1856, and, in 1860, a member of
the National Republican Convention at Chicago,
wliich nominated Mr. Lincoln for the Presidency.
In September, 1863, he was commissioned Colonel
of the Ninety-seventh Illinois Volunteers, and
participated in the capture of Port Gibson and in
the operations about Vicksburg— also leading in
the attack on Arkansas Post, and subsequently
serving in Louisiana, but died as the result of
fatigue and exposure in the service, June 20,
1864, one week before his promotion to the rank
of Brigadier-General.— Reuben C. (Rutherford),
brother of the preceding, was born at Troy, N. Y.,
Sept. 29, 1823, but grew up in Vermont and Nevi-
Hampshire ; received a degree in law when quite
young, but afterwards fitted himself as a lec-
turer on physiology and hygiene, upon which lie
lectured extensively in Micliigan, Illinois and
other States after coming west in 1849. During
1854-55, in co-operation with Prof. J. B. Turner
and others, he canvassed and lectured extensively
throughout Illinois in support of the movement
which resulted in the donation of public lands,
by Congress, for the establishment of "Industrial
Colleges" in the several States. The establish-
ment of the University of Illinois, at Champaign,
was the outgrowth of this movement. In 1856 he
located at Quincy, where he resided some thirty
years; in 1861, served for several months as the
first Commissary of Subsistence at Cairo; was
later associated witli the State Quartermaster's
Department, finally entering the secret service of
the War Department, in which he remained until
1867, retiring with the rank of brevet Brigadier-
General. In 1886, General Rutherford removed
to New York City, where he died, June 24, 1895.—
(ieorge V. (Rutherford), another brother, was
born at Rutland, Vt. , 1830 ; was first admitted to
the bar, but afterwards took charge of the con-
struction of telegraph lines in some of the South-
ern States; at the beginning of the Civil War
became Assistant Quartermaster-General of the
State of Illinois, at Springfield, under ex-Gov.
John Wood, but subsequently entered the
Quartermaster's service of the General Govern-
ment in Washington, retiring after the war witli
the rank of Brigadier-General. He then returned
to Quincy, 111., where he resided until 1872, when
he engaged in manufacturing business at North-
ampton, Mass., but finally removed to California
for the benefit of his failing health. Died, at St.
Helena, Cal. , August 28, 1872.
RUTLAND, a village of La Salle County, on
the Illinois Central Railroad, 25 miles south of La
Salle ; has a bank and a local newspaper, with
coal mines in the vicinity. Population (1890),
509; (1900\ 893.
RUTLEDGE, (Rev.) WilUam J., clergyman,
Army Chaplain, born in Augusta County, Va. ,
June 24, 1820; was converted at the age of 12
j'ears and, at 21, became a member of the Illinois
Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church,
serving various churches in the central and west-
ern parts of the State — also acting, for a time, as
Agent of the Illinois Conference Female College
at Jacksonville. From 1861 to 1863 he was Chap-
lain of the Fourteenth Regiment Illinois Volun-
teers. Returning from the war, he served as
pastor of churches at Jacksonville, Bloomington,
Quincy, Rushville, Springfield, Griggsville and
other points; from 1881 to '84 was Chaplain of
the Illinois State Penitentiary at Joliet. Mr.
Rutledge was one of the founders of the Grand
Army of the Republic, and served for many years
as Chaplain of the order for the Department of
Illinois. In connection with the ministry, he
has occupied a supernumerary relation since
1885. Died in Jacksonville, April 14, 1900.
RUTZ, Edward, State Treasurer, was born in
a village in the Duchy of Baden, Germany, May
5, 1829; came to America in 1848, locating on a
farm in St. Clair County, 111. ; went to California
in 1857, and, early in 1861, enlisted in the Third
United States Artillery at San Francisco, serving
with the Army of the Potomac until his discharge
in 1864, and taking part in every battle in which
his command was engaged. After his return in
1865, he located in St. Clair County, and was
elected County Surveyor, served three consecu-
tive terms as County Treasurer, and was elected
State Treasurer three times — 1872, '76 and '80.
About 1892 he removed to California, where he
now resides.
RYAN, Edward G., early editor and jurist,
born at Newcastle House, County Meath, Ireland,
Nov. 13, 1810; was educated for the priesthood,
but turned his attention to law, and, in 1830,
came to New York and engaged in teaching
while prosecuting his legal studies; in 1836 re-
moved to Chicago, where he was admitted to the
bar and was, for a time, associated in practice
with Hugh T. Dickey. In April, 1840, Mr. Ryan
assumed the editorship of a weekly paper in Clii-
cago called "The Illinois Tribune," which he
conducted for over a year, and which is remem-
bered chiefl)' on account of its bitter assaults on
Judge John Pearson of Danville, who had
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS.
463
aroused the hostility of some members of the
Chicago bar by his rulings upon the bench.
About 1843 Ryan removed to Milwaukee, Wis.,
where he was, for a time, a partner of Matthew
H. Carpenter (afterwards United States Senator),
and was connected with a number of celebrated
trials before the courts of that State, including
the Barstow-Bashford case, which ended with
Bashford becoming the first Republican Governor
of Wisconsin. In 1874 he was appointed Chief
Justice of Wisconsin, serving until his death,
which occurred at Madison, Oct. 19, 1880. He
was a strong partisan, and, during the Civil War,
was an intense opponent of the war policy of the
Government. In spite of infirmities of temper,
he appears to have been a man of much learning
and recognized legal ability.
RYAN, James, Roman Catholic Bishop, born
in Ireland in 1848 and emigrated to America in
childhood; was educated for the priesthood in
Kentucky, and, after ordination, was made a pro-
fessor in St. Joseph's Seminary, at Bard.stown,
Ky. In 1878 he removed to Illinois, attaching
himself to the diocese of Peoria, and having
charge of parishes at Wataga and Danville. In
1881 he became rector of the Ottawa parish,
within the episcopal jurisdiction of the Arch-
bishop of Chicago. In 1888 he was made Bishop
of the see of Alton, the prior incumbent (Bishop
Baltes) having died in 1886.
SACS AND FOXES, two confederated Indian
tribes, who were among the most warlike and
powerful of the aborigines of the Illinois Country.
The Foxes called themselves the Musk-wah-ha-
kee, a name compounded of two words, signify-
ing "those of red earth." The French called
them Ou-ta-ga-mies, that being their spelling of
the name given them by other tribes, the mean-
ing of which was "Foxes," and which was
bestowed upon them because their totem (or
armorial device, as it may be called) was a fox.
They seem to have been driven westward from
the northern shore of Lake Ontario, by way of
Niagara and Mackinac, to the region around
Green Bay, Wis. — Concerning their allied breth-
ren, the Sacs, less is known. The name is vari-
ously spelled in the Indian dialects — Ou-sa-kies,
Sauks, etc. — and the term Sacs is unquestionably
an abbreviated corruption. Black Hawk be-
longed to this tribe. The Foxes and Sacs formed
a confederation according to aboriginal tradition,
on what is now known as the Sac River, near
Green Bay. but the date of the alliance cannot
be determined. The origin of the Sacs is equally
uncertain. Black Hawk claimed that his tribe
originally dwelt around Quebec, but, as to the
authenticity of this claim, historical authorities
differ widely. Subsequent to 1670 the history of
the allied tribes is tolerably well defined. Their
characteristics, location and habits are described
at some lengtli by Father Allouez, who visited
them in 1606-67. He says that they were numer-
ous and warlike, but depicts them as "penurious,
avaricious, thievish and quarrelsome." That
they were cordially detested by their neighbors
is certain, and Judge James Hall calls tliem "the
Ishmaelites of the lakes. " They were unfriendly
to the French, who attached to themselves other
tribes, and, through the aid of the latter, had
well-nigh exterminated them, when the Sacs and
Foxes sued for peace, which was granted on
terms most humiliating to the vanquished. By
1718, however, they were virtually in possession
of the region around Rock River in Illinois, and,
four years later, through the aid of the Mascou-
tins and Kickapoos, tliey had exjielled the Illinois,
driving the last of that ill-fated tribe across the
Illinois River. They abstained from taking part
in the border wars that marked the close of the
Revolutionary War, and therefore did not par-
ticipate in the treaty of Greenville in 1795. At
that date, according to Judge Hall, they claimed
the country as far west as Council Bluffs, Iowa,
and as far north as Prairie du Chien. They
offered to co-operate with the United States
Government in the War of 1813, but this offer
was declined, and a portion of tlie tribe, under
the leadership of Black Hawk, enlisted on the
side of the British. The Black Hawk War proved
their political ruin. By the treaty of Rock Island
they ceded vast tracts of land, including a large
part of the eastern half of Iowa and a large body
of land east of the Mississippi. (See Black Hawk
War; Indian Treaties.) In 1843 tiie Government
divided the nation into two bands, removing both
to reservations in tlie farther Vv'est. One was
located on the Osage River and the other on the
south side of the Nee-ma-ha River, near the
northwest corner of Kansas. From these reser-
vations, there is little doubt, many of them have
silently emigrated toward the Rocky Mountains,
where the hoe might be laid aside for the rifle,
the net and the spear of the hunter. A few
years ago a part of these confederated tribes
were located in the eastern part of Oklahoma.
SAILOR SPRINGS, a village and health resort
in Clay County, 8 miles northeast of Louisville;
has a bank and a local paper. Population (esti-
mated), 300; (1900), 419.
464
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
SALEM, an incorporated city, the county-seat
of Marion County, situated on the Baltimore &
Ohio Southwestern Railroad, 71 miles east of St.
Louis, and 16 miles northeast of Centralia. The
surrounding country is agricultural and rich in
coal. A leading industry of Salem is the culture,
evaporation and shipment of fruit. The city has
flour-mills, a national bank and three weekly
newspapers. Population (1880), 1,327; (1890),
1,493; (1900), 1,0-12.
SALINE COUNTY, a southeastern county,
organized in 18-17, having an area of 380 square
miles. It derives its name from the salt springs
which are found in every part of the county.
The northern portion is rolling and yields an
abundance of coal of a quality suitable for smith-
ing. The bottoms are swampy, but heavily
timbered, and savr-mills abound. Oak, hickory,
sweet gum, mulberry, locust and sassafras are
the prevailing varieties. Fruit and tobacco are
extensively cultivated. The climate is mild and
humid, and the vegetation varied. The soil of
the low lands is rich, and, when drained, makes
excellent farming lands. In some localities a
good gray sandstone, soft enough to be worked,
is quarried, and millstone grit is frequently found.
In the southern half of the county are the Eagle
Mountains, a line of hills having an altitude of
some 450 to 500 feet above the level of the Mis-
sissippi at Cairo, and believed by geologists to
have been a part of the upheaval that gave birth
to the Ozark Mountains in Missouri and Arkan-
sas. The highest land in the county is 864 feet
above sea-level. Tradition says that these hills
are rich in silver ore, but it has not been found
in paying quantities. .Springs strongly impreg-
nated with sulphur are found on the slopes. The
county-seat was originally located at Raleigh,
which was platted in 1848, but it was subse-
quently removed to Harrisburg, which was laid
out in 1859. Population of the county (1880),
l.'5,940; (1890), 19,342; (1900). 21,685.
SALINE RITER, a stream formed by the con-
fluence of two branches, both of which flow
through portions of Saline County, uniting in
Gallatin County. The North Fork rises in Hamil-
ton County and runs nearly south, while the
South Fork drains part of Williamson County,
and runs east through Saline. The river (which
is little more than a creek), thus formed, runs
southeast, entering the Ohio ten miles below
Shawneetown.
SALT MANUFACTURE. There is evidence
going to show that the saline springs, in Gallatin
County, were utilized by the aboriginal inhabit-
ants in the making of salt, long before the advent
of white settlers. There have been discovered, at
various points, what appear to be the remains of
evaporating kettles, composed of hardened clay
and pounded shells, varying in diameter from
three to four feet. In 1812, with a view to en-
couraging the manufacture of salt from these
springs. Congress granted to Illinois the use of
36 square miles, the fee still remaining in the
United States. These lands were leased by the
State to private parties, but the income derived
from them was comparatively small and fre-
quently difficult of collection. The workmen
were mostly slaves from Kentucky and Tennes-
see, who are especially referred to in Article VI. ,
Section 2, of the Constitution of 1818. The salt
made brought 85 per 100 pounds, and was shipped
in keel-boats to various points on the Ohio, Mis-
sissippi, Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers, wliile
many purchasers came hundreds of miles on
horseback and carried it away on pack animals.
In 1827, the State treasury being empty and the
General Assembly having decided to erect a peni-
tentiary at Alton, Congress was petitioned to
donate these lands to the State in fee, and per-
mission was granted "to sell 30,000 acres of the
Ohio Salines in Gallatin County, and apply the
proceeds to such purposes as the Legislature
might by law direct." The sale was made, one-
half of the proceeds set apart for the building of
the penitentiary, and one-half to the improve-
ment of roads and rivers in the eastern part of
the State. The manufacture of salt was carried
on, however — for a time by lessees and subse-
quently by owners — until 1873, about which time
it was abandoned, chiefly because it had ceased
to be profitable on account of competition with
otlier districts possessing superior facilities.
Some salt was manufactured in Vermilion County
about 1824. The manufacture has been success-
fully carried on in recent years, from the product
of artesian wells, at St. John, in Perrj- County.
SANDOVAL, a village of Marion Coimt}-, at
the crossing of the western branch of the Illinois
Central Railroad, and the Baltimore & Ohio
Southwestern, 6 miles north of Centralia. The
town has coal mines and some manufactures,
with banks and two newspapers. Population
(1880), .564; (1890), 834; (1900), 1,258.
SANDSTONE. The quantity of sandstone quar-
ried in Illinois is comparatively insignificant, its
value being less than one-fifth of one per cent of
the value of the output of the entire country.
In 1890 the State ranked twenty-fifth in the list
of States producing this mineral, the total value
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
465
of the stone quarried being but §17,896, repre-
senting 141,605 cubic feet, taken fi-om ten quar-
ries, which employed forty-six hands, and liad an
aggregate capital invested of $49,400.
SANDWICH, a city in De Kalb County,
incorporated in 1873, on the Chicago, Burling-
ton & Quincy Railroad, 58 miles southwest of
Chicago. The principal industry is the manu-
facture of agricultural implements, though there
are also factories of pumps and wind-mills.
Sandwich has two private banks and two
weekly papers. Population (1880), 2,353; (1890),
3,516; (1900), 2,520.
SANGAMON COUNTY, a central county,
organized under act of June 30, 1821, from parts
of Bond and Madison Counties, and embracing
the present counties of Sangamon, Cass, Menard,
!Mason. Tazewell, Logan, and parts of Morgan,
McLean, Woodford, Marshall and Putnam. It
was named for the river flowing through it.
Though reduced in area somewhat, four years
later, it extended to the Illinois River, but was
reduced to its present limits by the setting apart
of Menard. Logan and Dane (now Christian)
Counties, in 1839. Henry Funderburk is believed
to have been the first white settler, arriving
there in 1817 and locating in what is now Cotton
Hill Township, being followed, the next year, by
William Drennan, Joseph Dodds, James McCoy,
Robert Pulliam and others. John Kelly located
on the present site of the city of Springfield in
1818, and was there at the time of the selection
of that place as the temporary seat of jvistice in
1821. Other settlements were made at Auburn,
Island Grove, and elsewhere, and population
began to flow in rapidly. Remnants of the Potta-
watomie and Kickapoo Indians were still tliere,
bvit soon moved north or west. County organi-
zation was effected in 1821, the first Board of
County Commissioners being composed of Wil-
liam Drennan, Zaehariah Peter and Samuel Lee.
John Reynolds (afterwards Governor) held the
first term of Circuit Court, with John Taylor,
Sheriff ; Henry Starr, Prosecuting Attorney, and
Charles R. Matheny, Circuit Clerk. A United
States Land Office was established at Springfield
in 1823, with Pascal P. Enos as Receiver, the
first sale of lands taking place the same year.
The soil of Sangamon County is exuberantl3- fer-
tile, with rich underlying deposits of bituminous
coal, which is mined in large quantities. The
chief towns are Springfield, Auburn, Riverton,
lUiopolis and Pleasant Plains. The area of the
county is 860 square miles. Population (1880),
52,894; (1890), 61,195; (1900), 71,693.
SANGAMON RIVER, formed by the union of
the North and South Forks, of which the former
is the longer, or main branch. The North Fork
rises in the northern part of Champaign County,
whence it runs southwest to the city of Decatur,
thence westward through Sangamon County,
forming the north boundary of Christian County,
and emptying into the Illinois River about 9 miles
above Beardstown. The Sangamon is nearly 240
miles long, including the North Fork. The
South Fork flows through Christian County, and
joins the North Fork about 6 miles east of
Springfield. In the early history of the State the
Sangamon was regarded as a navigable stream,
and its improvement was one of the measures
advocated by Abraham Lincoln in 1832, when he
was for the first time a candidate (though unsuc-
cessfully) for the Legislature. In the spring of
1832 a small steamer from Cincinnati, called the
"Talisman," ascended the river to a point near
Springfield. The event was celebrated with
great rejoicing by the people, but the vessel
encountered so much difficulty in getting out of
the river that the experiment was never
repeated.
SANGAMON & MORGAN RAILROAD. (See
Wabash Railroad.)
SANGER, Lorenzo P., railway and canal con-
tractor, was born at Littleton, N. H., March 2,
1809 ; brought in childhood to Livingston County.
N. Y., where his father became a contractor on
the Erie Canal, the son also being employed upon
the same work. The latter subsequently became
a contractor on the Pennsylvania Canal on his
own account, being known as "the boy contract-
or." Then, after a brief experience in mercantile
business, and a year spent in the construction of a
canal in Indiana, in 1836 he came to Illinois, and
soon after became an extensive contractor on the
Illinois & Michigan Canal, having charge of rock
excavation at Lockport. He was also connected
with the Rock River improvement scheme, and
interested in a hue of stages between Chicago
and Galena, which, having been consolidated
with the Hue managed by tlie firm of Fink &
Walker, finally became the Northwestern Stage
Company, extending its operations throughout
Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa
and Missouri— Mr. Sanger having charge of the
Western Division, for a time, with headquarters
at St. Louis. In 1851 he became the head of the
firm of Sanger, Camp & Co., contractors for the
construction of the Western (or Illinois) Division
of the Ohio & Mississippi (now the Baltimore &
Ohio Southwestern) Railway, upon which he
466
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
was employed for several years. Other works
with wliich he was connected were the North
Missouri Railroad and the construction of the
State Penitentiary at Joliet, as member of the
firm of Sanger & Casey, for a time, also lessees of
convict labor. In 1862 Mr. Sanger received from
Governor Yates, by request of President Lincoln,
a commission as Colonel, and was assigned to
staff duty in Kentucky and Tennessee. After
the war he became largelj- interested in stone
quarries adjacent to Joliet ; also had an extensive
contract, from the City of Chicago, for deepening
the Illinois & Michigan Canal. Died, at Oakland,
Cal. , March 23, 1875, whither he had gone for the
benefit of his health. — James Young (Sanger),
brother of the preceding, was born at Sutton,
Vt., March 14, 1814; in boyhood spent some time
in a large mercantile establishment at Pittsburg,
Pa., later being associated with his father and
elder brother in contracts on the Erie Canal and
similar works in Pennsylvania, Ohio and Indi-
ana. At the age of 22 he came with his father's
family to St. Joseph, Mich., where they estab-
lished a large supply store, and engaged in
bridge-building and similar enterprises. At a
later period, in connection with his father and
his brother, L. P. Sanger, he was prominently
connected with the construction of the Illinois &
Michigan Canal — the aqueduct at Ottawa and
the locks at Peru being constructed by them.
About 1850 the Construction Company, of wluch
he and his brother, L. P. Sanger, were leading
members, undertook the construction of the Ohio
& Mississippi (now Baltimore & Ohio Southwest-
ern) Railroad, from St. Louis to Vincennes, Ind.,
and were prominently identified with other rail-
road enterprises in Southern Illinois, Missouri and
California. Died. July 3. 1867. when consum-
mating arrangements for the performance of a
large contract on the Union Pacific Railroad.
SANITARY COMMISSION. (See nUnois Sol-
itary Conimisnion.)
SANITARY DISTRICT OF CHICAGO. (See
Chicago Drainage Canal.)
SAUGANASH, the Indian name of a half-breed
known as Capt. Billy Caldwell, the son of a
British officer and a Pottawatomie woman, born
in Canada about 1780; received an education
from the Jesuits at Detroit, and was able to
speak and write English and French, besides
several Indian dialects ; was a friend of Tecum-
seh's and, during the latter part of his life, a
devoted friend of the whites. He took up his
residence in Chicago about 1820, and, in 1826.
was a Justice of the Peace, while nominally a
subject of Great Britain and a Chief of the Otta-
was and Pottawatomies. In 1828 the Govern-
ment, in consideration of his services, built for
him the first frame house ever erected in Chicago,
which he occupied until his departure with his
tribe for Council Bluffs in 1836. By a treaty,
made Jan. 2, 1830, reservations were granted by
the Government to Sauganash, Shabona and
other friendly Indians (see Shabona). and 1.340
acres on the North Branch of Chicago River set
apart for Caldwell, which he sold before leaving
the country. Died, at Council Bluffs, Iowa,
Sept. 28, 1841.
SAVAGE, George S. F., D.D., clergyman, was
born at Cromwell, Conn., Jan. 29, 1817; gradu-
ated at Yale College in 1844 ; studied theology at
Andover and New Haven, graduating in 1847;
was ordained a home missionary the same year
and spent twelve years as pastor at St. Charles.
111. , for four years being corresponding editor of
"The Prairie Herald" and "The Congregational
Herald." For ten years he was in the service of
the American Tract Society, and. during the Civil
War, was engaged in sanitary and religious work
in the army. In 1870 he was appointed Western
Secretary of the Congregational Publishing
Society, remaining two years, after whicli he be-
came Financial Secretary of the Chicago Theo-
logical Seminary. He has also been a Director
of the institution since 1854, a Trustee of Beloit
College since 1850, and, for several years, editor
and publisher of "The Congregational Review."
SAVANNA, a city in Carroll County, situated
on the Mississippi River and the Chicago, Bur-
lington & Northern and the Chicago, Milwaukee
& St. Paul Railways; is 10 miles west of Mount
Carroll, and about 30 miles north of Clinton,
Iowa. It is an important shipping point and
contains several manufactories of machinery,
lumber, flour, etc. It has a State bank, several
churches, two graded schools and two daily and
weekly newspapers. Population (1880), 1,0U0;
(1890), 3,097; (1900), 3,325.
SAYBROOK, a village of McLean County, on
the Lake Erie & Western Railroad, 16 miles east
of Bloomington. The district is agricultural;
the town has a bank and two newspapers.
Population (1880), 734; (1890), 851; (1900), 879.
SCATES, Walter Bennett, jurist and soldier,
was born at South Boston, Halifax Count}', \^a. ,
Jan. 18, 1808; was taken in infancy to Hopkins-
ville, Ky., where he resided until 1831, having
meanwhile learned the printer's trade at Nash-
ville and studied law at Louisville. In 1831 he
removed to Frankfort, Franklin County, 111.,
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
467
where, for a time, he was County Surveyor. In
1836, having been appointed Attorney-General,
he removed to Vandalia, then the seat of govern-
ment, but resigned at the close of the same year
to accept the judgeship of the Third Judicial
Circuit, and took up his residence at Shawnee-
town. In 1841 he was one of five new Judges
added to the Supreme Court bench, the others
being Sidney Breese, Stephen A. Douglas,
Thomas Ford and Samuel H. Treat. In that
year he removed to Mount Vernon, Jefferson
County, and, in January, 1847, resigned his seat
upon the bench to resume practice. The same
year he was a member of the Constitutional Con-
vention and Chairman of the Committee on
Judiciary. In June, 1854, he again took a seat
upon the Supreme Court bench, being chosen to
succeed Lyman Trumbull, but resigned in May,
1857, and resumed practice in Chicago. In
1863 he volunteered in defense of the Union,
received a Major's commission and was assigned
to duty on the staff of General McClernand ; was
made. Assistant Adjutant-General and mustered
out in January, 1866. In July, 1866, President
Johnson appointed him Collector of Customs at
Chicago, which position he filled until July 1,
1869, when he was removed by President Grant,
during the same period, being ex-oflficio custodian
of United States funds, the office of Assistant
Treasurer not liaving been tlien created. Died,
at Evanston, Oct. 26, 1886.
SCAMMON, Jonathan Young, lawyer and
banker, was born at Whitefield, Maine, July 27,
1812; after graduating at Waterville (now Colby)
University in 1831, he studied law and was
admitted to the bar at Hallowell, in 1835 remov-
ing to Chicago, where he spent tlie remainder of
liis life. After a year spent as deputy in the
office of the Circuit Clerk of Cook County, during
which he prepared a revision of the Illinois stat-
utes, he was appointed attorney for the State
Bank of Illinois in 1837, and, in 1839, became
reporter of the Supreme Court, whicli office he
held until 1845. In the meantime, he was associ-
ated with several prominent lawyers, his first
legal firm being that of .Scammon, McCagg &
Fuller, which was continued up to the fire of
1871. A large oi5erator in real estate and identi-
fied with many enterprises of a public or benevo-
lent character, his most important financial
venture was in connection with the Chicago
Marine & Fire Insurance Company, which con-
ducted an extensive banking business for many
years, and of which he was the President and
leading spirit. As a citizen he was progressive,
public-spirited and liberal. He was one of the
main promoters and organizers of the old Galena
& Chicago Union Railway, the first railroad to
run west from Lake Michigan ; was also promi-
nently identified with the founding of the Chi-
cago public school system, a Trustee of the (old)
Chicago University, and one of the founders of
the Chicago Historical Society, of the Chicago
Academy of Sciences and the Chicago Astro-
nomical Society — being the first President
of the latter body. He erected, at a cost of
§30,000, the Fort Dearborn Observatory, in
which he caused to be placed the most power-
ful telescope which had at that time been brought
to the West. He also maintained the observatory
at his own expense. He was the pioneer of
Svvedenborgianism in Chicago, and, in politics, a
staunch Whig, and, later, an ardent Republican.
In 1844 he was one of the founders of "The Chi-
cago American," a paper designed to advance
the candidacy of Henry Clay for the Presidency;
and, in 1872, when "The Chicago Tribune"
espoused the Liberal Republican cause, he started
"The Inter-Ocean" as a Republican organ, being,
for some time, its sole proprietor and editor-in-
chief. He was one of the first to encourage the
adoption of the homeopathic system of medicine
in Chicago, and was prominently connected with
the founding of the Hahnemann Medical College
and the Hahnemann Hospital, being a Trustee in
both for many years. As a member of the Gen-
eral Assembly he secured the passage of many
important measures, among them being legisla-
tion looking toward the bettering of the currency
and the banking system. He accumulated a
large fortune, but lost most of it by the fire of
1871 and the panic of 1873. Died, in Chicago,
March 17, 1890.
SCARRITT, Nathan, pioneer, was born in Con-
necticut, came to Edwardsville, 111., in 1820, and,
in 1821, located in Scarritt's Prairie, Madison
County. His sons afterward became influential
in business and Methodist church circles. Died,
Dec. 12, 1847.
SCEiVEBY, NATURAL. Notwithstanding the
uniformity of surface which characterizes a.
country containing no mountain ranges, but.
which is made up largely of natural prairies,
there are a number of localities in Illinois where
scenery of a picturesque, and even bold and
rugged character, may be found. One of the
most striking of these features is produced by a
spur or low range of hills from the Ozark Moun-
tains of Missouri, projected across the southern
part of the State from the vicinity of Grand
468
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Tower in Jackson Count}-, tlirougli tlie northern
part of Union, and through portions of William-
son, Johnson, Saline, Pope and Hardin Counties.
Grand Tower, the initial point in the western
part of the State, is an isolated cliff of limestone,
standing out in the channel of the Mississippi,
and forming an island nearly 100 feet above low-
water level. It has been a conspicuous landmark
for navigators ever since the discoveiy of the
Mississippi. "Fountain Bluff," a few miles
above Grand Tower, is another conspicuous point
immediately on the river bank, formed by some
isolated hills about three miles long by a mile
and a half wide, which have withstood the forces
that excavated the valley now occupied by the
Mississippi. About half a mile from the lower
end of this hill, with a low valley between them,
is a smaller eminence known as the "Devil's
Bake Oven." The main chain of bluffs, known
as the "Back Bone," is about five miles from the
river, and rises to a height of nearly 700 feet
above low-tide in the Gulf of Mexico, or more
than 400 feet above the level of the river at
Cairo. "Bald Knob" is a very prominent inland
bluff promontory near Alta Pass on the line of
the Mobile & Ohio Railroad, in the northern part
of Union County, with an elevation above tide-
water of 985 feet. The highest point in this
range of hills is reached in the nortlieastern part
of Pope County — the elevation at that point (as
ascertained by Prof. Rolfe of the State University
at Champaign) being 1,046 feet. — There is some
striking scenery in the neighborhood of Grafton
between Alton and the mouth of the Illinois, as
well as some distance up the latter stream —
though the landscape along the middle section of
the lUinois is generally monotonous or only
gently undulating, except at Peoria and a few
other points, where bluiis rise to a considerable
height. On the Upper Illinois, beginning at
Peru, the scenery again becomes picturesque,
including the celebrated "Starved Rock," the
site of La Salle's Fort St. Louis (which see).
This rock rises to a perpendicular height of
about 125 feet from the surface of the river at the
ordinary stage. On the opposite side of the river,
about four miles below Ottawa, is "Buffalo
Rock," an isolated ridge of rock about two miles
long by fort}' to sixty rods wide, evidently once
an island at a period when the Illinois River
occupied the whole valley. Additional interest
is given to both these localities by their associ-
ation with early history. Deer Park, on the Ver-
milion River — some two miles from where it
empties into the Illinois, just below "Starved
Rock" — is a peculiar grotto-like formation, caused
by a ravine which enters the Vermilion at this
point. Ascending this ravine from its mouth,
for a quarter of a mile, between almost perpen-
dicular walls, the road terminates abruptly at a
dome-like overhanging rock which widens at this
point to about 150 feet in diameter at the base,
with a height of about 75 feet. A clear spring
of water gushes from the base of the cliff, and, at
certain seasons of the year, a beautiul water-fall
pours from the cliffs into a little lake at the bot-
tom of the chasm. There is much other striking
scenery higher up, on both the Illinois and Fox
Rivers. — A point which arrested the attention of
the earliest explorers in this region was Mount
Joliet, near the city of that name. It is first
mentioned by St. Cosme in 1G98, and has been
variously known as Monjolly, Mont Jolie, Mount
Juliet, and Mount Joliet. It had an elevation, in
early times, of about 30 feet with a level top
1,300 by 325 feet. Prof O. H. Marshall, in "The
American Antiquarian," expresses the opinion
that, originally, it was an island in the river,
which, at a remote period, swept down the valley
of the Des Plaines. Mount Joliet was a favorite
rallying point of Illinois Indians, who were
accustomed to hold their councils at its base. —
The scenery along Rock River is not striking
from its boldness, but it attracted the attention
of early explorers by the picturesque beauty of
its groves, undulating plains and sheets of water.
The highest and most abrupt elevations are met
with in Jo Daviess County, near the Wisconsin
State line. Pilot Knob, a natural mound about
three miles south of Galena and two miles from
the Mississippi, has been a landmark well known
to tourists and river men ever since the Upper
3Iississippi began to be navigated. Towering
above the surrounding bluffs, it reaches an alti-
tude of some 430 feet above the ordinary level of
Fever River. A chain of some half dozen of these
mounds extends some four- or five miles in a north-
easterly direction from Pilot Knob, Waddel's and
Jackson's Mounds being conspicuous among
them. There are also some castellated rocks
around the city of Galena which are very strik-
ing. Charles Mound, belonging to the system
already referred to, is believed to be the highest
elevation in the State. It stands near the Wis
consin State line, and, according to Prof. Rolfe,
has an altitude of 314 feet above the Illinois Cen-
tral Railroad at Scales' Mound Station, and, 1,257
feet above the Gulf of Mexico.
SCHAUMBERG, a village in Schaumberg
Township, Cook County. Population, 573.
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
46»
SCHNEIDER, George, journalist and banker,
was born at Pirmasens, Bavaria, Dec. 13, 1833.
Being sentenced to death for his participation in
the attempted rebellion of 1848, he escaped to
America in 1849, going from New York to Cleve-
land, and afterwards to St. Louis. There, in con-
nection with his brother, he established a German
daily — "The New Era" — which was intensely
anti-slavery and exerted a decided political influ-
ence, especially among persons of German birth.
In 1851 lie removed to Chicago, where he became
editor of "The Staats Zeitung," in which he
vigorously opposed the Kansas-Nebraska bill on
its introduction by Senator Douglas. His attitude
and articles gave such offense to the partisan
friends of this measure, that "The Zeitung" was
threatened with destruction by a mob in 1855.
He early took advanced ground in opposition to
slavery, and was a member of the convention of
Anti-Nebraska editors, held at Decatur in 1856,
and of the first Republican State Convention, held
at Bloomington the same year, as well as of the
National Republican Conventions of 1856 and
1860, participating in the nomination of both
John C. Fremont and Abraham Lincoln for the
Presidency. In 1861 he was a member of the
Chicago Union Defense Committee, and was
appointed, by Mr. Lincoln, Consul-General at
Elsinore, Denmark. Returning to America in
1862, he disposed of his interest in "The Staats
Zeitung" and was appointed the first Collector of
Internal Revenue for the Chicago District. On
retiring from this office he engaged in banking,
.subsequently becoming President of the National
Bank of Illinois, with wliicb he was associated
for a quarter of a century. In 1877 President
Hayes tendered him the ministry to Switzerland,
wliich he declined. In 1880 he was chosen Presi-
dential Elector for the State-at-large, also serving
for a number of years as a member of the Repub-
lican State Central Committee.
SCHOFIELD, John McAllister, Major-General,
was born in Chautauqua County, N. Y., Sept 29,
1831; brought to Bristol, Kendall County, 111., in
1843, and, two years later, removed to Freeport ;
graduated from the United States Military Acad-
emy, in 1853, as classmate of Generals McPherson
and Sheridan ; was assigned to the artillery ser-
vice and served two years in Florida, after which
he spent five years (1855-60) as an instructor at
West Point. At the beginning of the Civil War
he was on leave of absence, acting as Professor
of Physics in Washington University at St.
Louis, but, waiving his leave, he at once returned
to duty and was appointed mustering officer;
then, by permission of the War Department,
entered the First Missouri Volunteers as Major,
serving as Chief of Staff to General Lyon in the
early battles in Missouri, including Wilson's
Creek. His subsequent career included the
organization of the Missouri State Militia (1862),
command of the Army of the Frontier in South-
west Missouri, command of the Department of
the Missouri and Ohio, participation in the
Atlanta campaign and co-operation with Sher-
man in the capture of the rebel Gen. Joseph E.
Johnston in North Carolina — his army having
been transferred for this purpose, from Tennessee
by way of Washington. After the close of the
war he went on a special mission to Mexico
to investigate the French occupation of that
country ; was commander of the Department of
the Potomac, and served as Secretary of War, by
appointment of President Johnson, from June,
1868, to March, 1869. On retiring from the Cabi-
net he was commissioned a full JIajor-General
and held various Division and Department com-
mands until 1886, when, on the death of General
Sherman, he succeeded to the command of the
Armj', with headquarters at Washington.
He was retired under the age limit, Sept. 29,
1895. His present home is in Washington.
SCHOLFIELD, John, jurist, was born in Clark
Covmty, 111., in 1834; acquired the rudiments of
an education in the common schools during boy-
hood, meanwliile gaining some knowledge of the
higher branches through toilsome application to
text-books without a preceptor. At the age of
20 he entered the law school at Louisville, Ky.,
graduating two years later, and beginning prac-
tice at Marshall, 111. He defrayed his expenses
at the law school from the proceeds of the sale of
a small piece of land to which he had fallen heir.
In 1856 he was elected State's Attorney, and, in
1860, was chosen to represent his county in the
Legislature. After serving one term he returned
to his professional career and succeeded in build-
ing up a profitable practice. In 1869-70 he repre-
sented Clark and Cumberland Counties in the
Constitutional Convention, and, in 1870, became
Solicitor for the Vandalia Railroad. In 1873 he
was elected to fill the vacancy on the bench of the
Supreme Court of the State for the Jliddle Grand
Division, caused by the resignation of Judge
Anthony Thornton, and re-elected without oppo-
sition in 1879 and 1888. Died, in ofl^ice, Feb. 13,
1893. It has been claimed that President Cleve-
land would have tendered him the Chief Justice-
ship of the United States Supreme Court, had he
not insistently declined to accept the honor.
470
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
SCHOOL-HOUSES, EARLY. The primitive
school-houses of Illinois were built of logs, and
were extremely rude, as regards both structure
and furnishing. Indeed, the earliest pioneers
rarely erected a special building to be used as a
school-house. An old smoke-house, an abandoned
dwelling, an old block-house, or the loft or one
end of a settler's cabin not unf requently answered
the purpose, and the church and the court-house
were often made to accommodate the school.
When a school-house, as such, was to be built, the
men of the district gathered at the site selected,
bringing their axes and a few other tools, with
their ox-teams, and devoted four or five days to
constrxicting a house into which, perhaps, not a
nail was driven. Trees were cut from the public
lands, and, without hewing, fashioned into a
cabin. Sixteen feet square was usually con-
sidered the proper dimensions. In the walls
were cut two holes, one for a door to admit light
and air, and the other for the open fireplace, from
which rose a chimney, usually built of sticks and
mud, on the outside. Danger of fire was averted
by thickly lining the inside of the chimney with
clay mortar. Sometimes, but only with great
labor, stone was substituted for mortar made
from the clay soil. The chimnej's were always
wide, seldom less than six feet, and sometimes
extending across one entire end of the building.
The fuel used was wood cut directly from the
forest, frequently in its green state, dragged to
the spot in the form of logs or entire trees to be
cut by the older pupils in lengths suited to the
width of the chimney. Occasionally there was
no chimney, the fire, in some of the most primi-
tive structures, being built on the earth and the
smoke escaping through a hole in the roof. In
such houses a long board was set up on the wind-
ward side, and shifted from side to side as the
wind varied. Stones or logs answered for
andirons, clapboards served as shovels, and no
one complained of the lack of tongs. Roofs were
made of roughly split clapboards, held in place
by "weight poles" laid on the boards, and by sup-
ports starting from "eaves poles.^" The space
between the logs, which constituted the walls of
the building, was filled in with blocks of wood
or "chinking," and the crevices, both exterior
and interior, daubed over with clay mortar, in
■which straw was sometimes mixed to increase its
adhesiveness. On one side of the structure one
or two logs were sometimes cut out to allow the
admission of light ; and, as glass could not always
be procured, rain and snow were excluded and
light admitted by the use of greased paper. Over
this space a board, attached to the outer wall by-
leather hinges, was sometimes suspended to keep'
out the storms. The placing of a glass window
in a country school-house at Edwardsville, in
1824, was considered an important event. Ordi-
narily the floor was of the natural earth, although
this was sometimes covered with a layer of clay,
firmly packed down. Only the more pretentious
school-houses had "puncheon floors"; i. e., floors
made of split logs roughly hewn. Few had
"ceilings" (so-called), the latter being usually
made of clapboards, sometimes of bark, on which
was spread earth, to keep out the cold. The
seats were also of puncheons (without backs)
supported on four legs made of pieces of poles
inserted through augur holes. No one had a desk,
except the advanced pupils who were learning to
^^•Tite. For their convenience a broader and
smoother puncheon was fastened into the wall
by wooden pins, in such a way that it would
slope downward toward the pupil, the front being-
supported by a brace extending from the wall.
When a pupil was writing he faced the wall.
When he had finished this task, he "reversed him-
self" and faced the teacher and his schoolmates.
These adjuncts completed the furnishings, with
the exception of a split-bottomed chair for the
teacher (who seldom had a desk) and a pail, or
"piggin," of water, with a gourd for a drinking
cup. Rough and uncouth as these structures
were, they were evidences of public spirit and of
appreciation of the advantages of education.
They were built and maintained by mutual aid
and sacrifice, and, in them, some of the great men
of the State and Nation obtained that primary
training which formed the foundation of their
subsequent careers. (See Education.)
SCHUYLER COUNTY, located in the western
portion of the State, has an area of 430 square
miles, and was named for Gen. Philip Schuyler.
The first American settlers arrived in 1823, and,
among the earliest pioneers, were Calvin Hobart,
William H. Taylor and Orris McCartney. The
county was organized from a portion of Pike
County, in 1825, the first Commissioners being
Thomas Blair, Thomas McKee and Samuel Hor-
ney. The Commissioners appointed to locate the
county-seat, selected a site in the eastern part of
the county about one mile west of the present
village of Pleasant View, to which the name of
Beardstown was given, and where the earliest
court was held. Judge John York Sawyer presid-
ing, with Hart Fellows as Clerk, and Orris Mc-
Cartney, Sherifl^. This location, however, proving^
unsatisfactory, new Commissioners were ap-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
471
pointed, who, in the early part of 1826, selected
the present site of the city of Rushville, some
five miles west of the point originally chosen.
The new seat of justice was first called Rushton,
in honor of Dr. Benjamin Rush, but the name
was afterwards changed to Rushville. Ephraim
Eggleston was the pioneer of Rushville. The
surface of the county is rolling, and the region
contains excellent farming land, which is well
watered by the Illinois River and numerous
creeks. Population (1890), 16,013; (1900), 16,129.
SCHWATKA, Frederick, Arctic explorer, was
born at Galena, 111., Sept. 29, 1849; graduated
from the United States Military Academy in 1871 ,
and was commissioned Second Lieutenant in the
Third Cavalry, serving on the frontier until 1877,
meantime studying law and medicine, being
admitted to the bar in 1875, and graduating in
medicine in 1876. Having his interest excited by
reports of traces of Sir John Franklin's expedi-
tion, found by the Esquimaux, he obtained leave
of absence in 1878, and, with Wm. H. Gilder as
second in command, sailed from New York in the
"Eothen," June 19, for King William's Land.
The party returned, Sept. 22, 1880, having found
and buried the skeletons of many of Franklin's
party, besides discovering relics which tended to
clear up the mystery of their fate. During this
period he made a sledge journey of 3,251 miles.
Again, in 1883, he headed an exploring expedition
up the Yiikon River. After a brief return to
army duty he tendered his resignation in 1885,
and the next year led a special expedition to
Alaska, under the auspices of "The New York
Times," later making a voyage of discovery
among the Aleutian Islands. In 1889 he con-
ducted an expedition to Northern Mexico, where
he found many interesting relics of Aztec civili-
zation and of the cliff and cave-dwellers. He
received the Roquette Arctic Medal from the
Geographical Society of Paris, and a medal from
the Imperial Geographical Society of Russia ; also
published several volumes relating to his re-
searches, under the titles, "Along Alaska's
Great River"; "The Franklin Search Under
Lieutenant Schwatka" ; "Nimrod of the North" ;
and "Children of the Cold." Died, at Portland,
Ore., Nov. 2. 1892.
SCOTT, James W., journalist, was born in
Walworth County, Wis., June 26, 1849, the son
of a printer, editor and publisher. While a boy
he accompanied his father to Galena, where the
latter established a newspaper, and where he
learned the printer's trade. After graduating
from the Galena high school, he entered Beloit
College, but left at the end of his sophomore year.
Going to New York, he became interested in flori-
culture, at the same time contributing short
articles to horticultural periodicals. Later he
was a compositor in Washington. His first news-
paper venture was the pubhcation of a weekly
newspaper in Maryland in 1872. Returning to
Illinois, conjointly with his father he started
"The Industrial Press" at Galena, but, in 1875,
removed to Chicago. There he purchased "The
Daily National Hotel Reporter," from which he
withdrew a few years later. In May, 1881, in
conjunction with others, he organized The Chi-
cago Herald Company, in which he ultimately
secured a controlling interest. His journalistic
and executive capability soon brought additional
responsibilities. He was chosen President of the
American Newspaper Publishers' Association, of
the Chicago Press Club, and of the United Press
— the latter being an organization for the collec-
tion and dissemination of telegraphic news to
journals throughout the United States and Can-
ada. He was also conspicuously connected with
the preliminary organization of the World's
Columbian Exposition, and Chairman of the
Press Committee. In 1893 he started an evening
paper at Chicago, which he named "The Post."
Early in 1895 he purchased "The Chicago Times,"
intending to consolidate it with "The Herald,"
but before the final consummation of his plans,
he died suddenly, while on a business visit in
New York, April 14, 1895.
SCOTT, John M., lawyer and jurist, was born
in St. Clair County, 111., August 1, 1824; his
father being of Scotch-Irish descent and his
mother a Virginian. His attendance upon dis-
trict schools was supplemented by private tuition,
and his early education was the best that the
comparatively new country afforded. He read
law at Belleville, was admitted to the bar in
1848, removed to McLean County, which con-
tinued to be his home for nearly fifty years. He
served as County School Commissioner from 1849
to 1852, and. in the latter year, waselected County
Judge. In 1856 he ^vas an unsuccessful Repub-
lican candidate for the State Senate, frequently
speaking from the same platform with Abraham
Lincoln. In 1862 he was elected Judge of the
Circuit Court of the Eighth Judicial Circuit, to
succeed David Davis on the elevation of the
latter to the bench of the United States Supreme
Court, and was re-elected in 1867. In 1870, a
new judicial election being rendered necessary
by the adoption of the new Constitution, Judge
Scott was chosen Justice of the Supreme Court
472
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
for a term of nine years ; was re-elected in 1879,
but declined a renomination in 1888. The latter
years of his life were devoted to his private
affairs. Died, at Bloomington, Jan. 21, 1898.
Shortly before his death Judge Scott published a
volume containing a History of the Illinois
Supreme Court, including brief sketches of the
early occupants of the Supreme Court bench and
early lawyers of the State.
SCOTT, Matthew Thompson, agriovdturist
and real-estate operator, was born at Lexington,
Ky., Feb. 24, 1838; graduated at Centre College
in 18-16, then spent several years looking after his
father's landed interests in Ohio, when he came
to Illinois and invested largely in lands for him-
self and others. He laid out the town of Chenoa
in 1856; lived in Springfield in 1870-72, when he
removed to Bloomington. where he organized the
McLean County Coal Company, remaining as its
head until his death; was also the founder of
"The Bloomington Bulletin," in 1878. Died, at
Bloomington, May 21, 1891.
SCOTT, Owen, journalist and ex-Congressman,
was born in Jackson Township, Effingham
County. 111. , July 6, 1848, reared on a farm, and,
after receiving a thorough common-school edu-
cation, became a teacher, and was, for eight
years. Superintendent of Schools for his native
county. In January. 1874, he was admitted to
the bar, but abandoned practice, ten years later,
to engage in newspaper work. His first publi-
cation was "The Effingham Democrat, " which he
left to become proprietor and manager of "The
Bloomington Bulletin." He was also publisher
of "The Illinois Freemason," a monthly periodi-
cal. Before removing to Bloomington he filled
the offices of City Attorney and Mayor of Effing-
ham, and al.so served as Deputy Collector of
Internal Revenue. In 1890 he was elected as a
Democrat from the Fourteenth Illinois District
to the Fifty-second Congress. In 1892 he was a
candidate for re-election, but was defeated by his
Republican opponent, Benjamin F. Funk. Dur-
ing the past few years, Mr. Scott has been editor
of "The Bloomington Leader.''
SCOTT COUNTY, lies in tlie western part of
the State adjoining the Illinois River, and has an
area of 248 square miles. The region was origi-
nally owned by the Kickapoo Indians, who
ceded it to the Government b}- the treaty of
Edwardsville, July 30, 1819. Six months later
(in January, 1820) a party of Kentuckians settled
near Lynnville (now in Morgan County), their
names being Thomas Stevens, James Scott,
Alfred Miller, Thomas Allen, John Scott and
Adam Miller. Allen ei-ected the first house in the
county, John Scott the second and Adam Miller
the third. About the same time came Stephen
M. Umpstead, whose wife was the first white
woman in the count}'. Other pioneers were
Jedediah Webster, Stephen Pierce, Joseph Dens-
more, Jesse Roberts, and Samuel Bogard. The
country was rough and the conveniences of civi-
lization few and remote. Settlers took their corn
to Edwardsville to be ground, and went to Alton
for their mail. Turbulence early showed itself,
and, in 1822, a band of "Regulators" was organized
from the best citizens, who meted out a rough
and ready sort of justice, until 1830, occasionally
shooting a desperado at Iiis cabin door. Scott
County was cut off from Jlorgan and organized
in 1839. It contains good farming land, much of
it being originally timbered, and it is well
watered by the Illinois River and numerous
small streams. Winchester is the county-seat.
Population of the county (1880), 10.741; (1890),
10,304; (1900), 10,455.
SCRIPPS, John L., journalist, was born near
Cape Girardeau, Mo., Feb. 18, 1818; was taken to
Rushville, 111., in childhood, and educated at
McKendree College ; studied law and came to
Chicago in 1847, with the intention of practicing,
but, a year or so later, bought a third interest in
"The Chicago Tribune," which had been estab-
lished during the previous year. In 1852 he
withdrew from "The Tribune," and, in conjunc-
tion with William Bross (afterwards Lieuten-
ant-Governor), established "The Daily Demo-
cratic Press," wliich was consolidated with "The
Tribune" in July, 1858, under the name of "The
Press and Tribune," Mr. Scripps remaining one
of the editors of the new concern. In 1861 he
was appointed, by Mr. Lincoln, Postmaster of the
city of Chicago, serving until 1865, when, having
sold his interest in "The Tribune," he engaged in
the banking business as a member of the firm of
Scripps, Preston & Kean. His health, however,
soon showed signs of failure, and he died. Sept.
21, 1866. at Minneapolis, Minn., whither he had
gone in hopes of restoration. Mr. Scripps was a
finished and able writer who did much to elevate
the standard of Chicago journalism.
SCROOGS, George, journalist, was born at
Wilmington, Clinton, Count}', Ohio, Oct. 7, 1842
— the son of Dr. John W, Scroggs, who came to
Champaign County, 111., in 1851, and, in 1858,
took charge of "The Central Illinois Gazette." In
186i!-67 Dr. Scroggs was active in securing the
location of the State University at Champaign,
afterwards serving as a member of the first Board
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
473
of Trustees of that institution. The son, at the
age of 15, became an apprentice in his father's
printing office, continuing until 1862, when he
enlisted as a private in the One Hundred and
Twenty-fifth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, being
promoted through the positions of Sergeant-Major
and Second Lieutenant, and finally serving on
the staffs of Gen. Jeff. C. Davis and Gen. James
D. Morgan, but declining a commission as Adju-
tant of the Sixtieth Illinois. He participated in
the battles of Perryville, Cluckamauga, Mission
Ridge and the march with Sherman to the sea, in
the latter being severely wounded at Bentonville,
N. C. He remained in the service until July,
1865, when he resigned; then entered the Uni-
versity at Champaign, later studied law, mean-
while writing for "The Champaign Gazette and
Union," of which he finally became sole propri-
etor. In 1877 he was appointed an Aid-de-Camp
on the staff of Governor CuUom, and, the follow-
ing year, was elected to the Thirty-first General
Assembly, but, before the close of the session
(1879), received the appointment of United States
Consul to Hamburg, Germany. He was com-
pelled to surrender this position, a year later, on
account of ill-health, and, returning home, died,
Oct. 15, 1880.
SEATOXVILLE, a village in Hall Township,
Bureau County. Population (1900), 909.
SECRETARIES OF STATE. The following is
a list of the Secretaries of State of Illinois from
its admission into the Union down to the present
time (1899), with the date and duration of the
term of each incumbent: Elias Kent Kane,
1818-33; Samuel D. Lockwood, 1823-33; David
Blackwell, 1823-24; Morris Birkbeck, October,
1824 to January, 1825 (failed of confirmation by
the Senate) ; George Forquer, 1835-38; Alexander
Pope Field, 1838-40; Stephen A. Douglas, 1840-41
(served three months — resigned to take a seat on
the Supreme bench); Lyman Trumbull, 1841-43;
Thompson Campbell, 1843-46; Horace S. Cooley,
1846-50; David L. Gregg. 1850-53; Alexander
Starne, 1853-57 ; Ozias M. Hatch, 1857-65 ; Sharon
Tyndale, 186.5-69; Edward Rummel, 1869-73;
George H. Harlow, 1873-81; Henry D. Dement,
1881-89; Isaac N. Pearson, 1889-93; WilUam H.
Hinrichsen, 1893-97; James A. Rose, 1897 .
Nathaniel Pope and Joseph Phillips were the only
Secretaries of Illinois during the Territorial
period, the former serving from 1809 to 1816, and
the latter from 1816 to 1818. Under the first Con-
stitution (1818) the oflice of the Secretary of
State was filled by appointment by the Governor,
by and with the advice and consent of the
Senate, but without limitation as to term of
office. By the Constitution of 1848, and again by
that of 1870, that officer was made elective by
the people at the same time as the Governor, for
a term of four j^ears.
SECRET TREASO>'ABLE SOCIETIES. Early
in the War of the Rebellion there sprang up, at
various points in the Northwest, organizations of
persons disaffected toward the National Govern-
ment. They were most numerous in Ohio, Indi-
ana, Illinois, Kentucky and Missouri. At first
they were known bj' such titles as "Circles of
Honor," "Mutual Protective Associations," etc.
But they had kindred aims and their members
were soon united in one organization, styled
"Knights of the Golden Circle." Its secrets
having been partially disclosed, this body ceased
to exist — or, it would be more correct to say,
changed its name — being soon succeeded (1863)
by an organization of similar character, called
the "American Knights." These societies, as
first formed, were rather political than military.
The "American Knights" had more forcible
aims, but this, in turn, was also exposed, and the
order was re-organized under the name of "Sons
of Liberty." The last named order started in
Indiana, and, owing to its more perfect organi-
zation, rapidly spread over the Northwest,
acquiring much more strength and influence than
its predecessors had done. The ultimate author-
ity of the organization was vested in a Supreme
Council, whose officers were a "supreme com-
mander." "secretary of state, "and "treasurer."
Each State represented formed a division, under a
"deputy grand commander." States were divided
into military districts, under "major-generals."
County lodges were termed "temples." The
order was virtuallj' an officered arm}-, and its
aims were aggressive. It had its commander-in-
chief, its brigades and its regiments. Tliree
degrees were recognized, and the oaths of secrecy
taken at each initiation surpassed, in binding
force, either the oath of allegiance or an oath
taken in a court of justice. The maintenance of
slavery, and forcible opposition to a coercive
policy by the Government in dealing with seces-
sion, were the pivotal doctrines of the order. Its
methods and pm-poses were to discourage enlist-
ments and resist a draft ; to aid and protect
deserters ; to disseminate treasonable literature ;
to aid the Confederates in destroying Government
property. Clement L. Vallandigham, the expat-
riated traitor, was at its head, and, in 1864,
claimed that it had a numerical strength of 400,-
000, of whom 65,000 were in Illinois. Many overt
474
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
acts were committed, but the organization, hav-
ing been exposed and defeated in its objects, dis-
banded in 1865. (See Cam]) Douglas Conspiracy.)
SELBY, Paul, editor, was born in Pickaway
County, Ohio, July 20, 1825; removed with his
parents, in 1837, to Van Buren County, Iowa, but,
at the age of 19, went to Southern Illinois, where
he spent four years teaching, chiefly in Madison
Covmty. In 1848 he entered the preparatory
department of Illinois College at Jacksonville,
but left the institution during his junior year to
assume the editorship of ''The Morgan Journal,"
at Jacksonville, with which he remained until
the fall of 1858, covering the period of the
organization of the Republican party, in which
"The Journal" took an active part. He was a
member of the Anti-Nebraska (afterwards known
as Republican) State Convention, which met at
Springfield, in October, 1854 (the first ever held in
the State), and, on Feb. 22, 1856, attended and
presided over a conference of Anti-Nebraska
editors of the State at Decatur, called to devise a
line of policy for the newly organizing Repub-
lican party. (See Anti-Nehraska Editorial
Convention.) This body appointed the first
Republican State Central Committee and desig-
nated the date of the Bloomington Convention
of May 29, following, which put in nomination
the first Repviblican State ticket ever named in
Illinois, which ticket was elected in the following
November. (See Bloomington Convention.) In
1859 he prepared a pamphlet giving a history of
the celebrated Canal scrip fraud, which was
widely circulated. (See Canal Scri]} Fraud.)
Going South in the fall of 1859, he was engaged
in teaching in the State of Louisiana until the
last of June, 1861. Just two weeks before the
fall of Fort Sumter he was denounced to his
Southern neighbors as an "abolitionist" and
falsel)- charged with having been connected with
the "underground railroad," in letters from
secession sympathizers in the North, whose per-
sonal and political enmity he had incurred while
conducting a Republican paper in Illinois, some
of whom referred to Jefferson Davis, Senator
Slidell, of Louisiana, and other Southern leaders
as vouchers for their characters. He at once
invited an investigation by the Board of Trus-
tees of the institution, of which he was the
Principal, when that body — although composed,
for the most part, of Southern men — on the basis
of testimonials from prominent citizens of Jack-
sonville, and other evidence, adopted resolutions
declaring the charges prompted by personal hos-
tility, and delivered the letters of his accusers into
his hands. Returning North with his family in
July, 1861, he spent some nine months in the com-
missary and transportation branches of the ser-
vice at Cairo and at Paducah, Ky. In July, 1862,
he became associate editor of "The Illinois State
Journal" at Springfield, remaining until Novem-
ber, 1865. The next six months were spent as
Assistant Deputy Collector in the Custom House
at New Orleans, but, returning North in June,
1866, he soon after became identified with the
Chicago press, serving, first upon the staff of "The
Evening Journal" and, later, on "The Repub-
lican." In May, 1868, he assumed the editorship
of "The Quincy Whig," ultimately becoming
part proprietor of that paper, but, in Januarj,
1874, resumed his old place on "The State Jour-
nal," four years later becoming one of its propri-
etors. In 1880 he was appointed by President
Hayes Postmaster of Springfield, was reappointed
by Arthur in 1884, but resigned in 1886. Mean-
while he had sold his interest in "The Journal,"
but the following year organized a new company
for its purchase, when he resumed his former
position as editor. In 1889 he disposed of his
holding in "The Journal," finally removing to
Chicago, where he has been emploj'ed in literary
work. In all he has been engaged in editorial
work over thirty-five years, of which eighteen
were spent upon "The State Journal." In 1860
Mr. Selby was complimented by his Alma Mater
with the honorary degree of A. M. He has been
twice married, first to Miss Erra Post, of Spring-
field, who died in November, 1865, leaving two
daughters, and, in 1870, to Mrs. Mary J. Hitch-
cock, of Quincy, by whom he had two children,
both of whom died in infancy.
SEMPLE, James, United States Senator, was
born in Green County, Ky., Jan. 5, 1798, of Scotch
descent ; after learning the tanner's trade, studied
law and emigrated to Illinois in 1818, removing
to Missouri four years later, where he was ad-
mitted to the bar. Returning to Illinois in 1828,
he began practice at Edwardsville, but later
became a citizen of Alton. During the Black
Hawk War he served as Brigadier-General. He
was thrice elected to the lower house of the
Legislature (1832, '34 and '36), and was Speaker
during the last two terms. In 1833 he was
elected Attorney-General by the Legislature, but
served only until the following year, and, in
1837, was appointed Minister to Granada, South
America. In 1843 he was appointed, and after-
wards elected, United States Senator to fill the
unexpired term of Samuel McRoberts, at the
expiration of his term (1847) retiring to private
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
475
life. He laid out the town of Elsah, in Jersey
County, just south of which he owned a large
estate on the Mississippi bluffs, where he died.
Dec. 20, 1866.
SENECA (formerly Crotty), a village of La
Salle County, situated on the Illinois River, the
Illinois & Michigan Canal and the Chicago, Rock
Island & Pacific and the Cleveland, Cincinnati,
Chicago & St. Louis Railways, 13 miles east of
Ottawa. It has a graded school, several churches,
a bank, some manufactures, grain warehouses
and one newspaper. Population (1880), 738;
(1890), 1,190; (1900), 1,036.
SENN, (Dr.) Nicholas, physioan and surgeon,
was born in the Canton of St. Gaul, Switzerland,
Oct. 31, 1844; was brought to America at 8 years
of age, his parents settling at Washington, Wis.
He received a grammar school education at Fond
du Lac, and, in 1864, began the study of medi-
cine, graduating at the Chicago Medical College
in 1868. After some eighteen months spent as
resident physician in the Cook County Hospital,
he began practice at Ashford, Wis., but removed
to Milwaukee in 1874, where lie became attending
physician of the Milwaukee Hospital. In 1877 he
visited Europe, graduated the following year from
the University of Munich, and, on his return,
became Professor of the Principles of Surgery
and Surgical Pathology in Rush Medical College
in Chicago — also has held the chair of the Prac-
tice of Surgery in the same institution. Dr.
Senn has achieved great success and won an
international reputation in the treatment of
difficult cases of abdominal surgery. He is the
author of a number of volumes on different
branches of surgery which are recognized as
standard authorities. A few years ago he pur-
chased the extensive library of the late Dr. Will-
iam Baum, Professor of Svirgery in the University
of Gottingen, which he presented to the New-
berry Library of Chicago. In 1893, Dr. Senn was
appointed Surgeon-General of the Illinois
National Guard, and has also been President of
the Association of Military Surgeons of the
National Guard of the United States, besides
being identified with various other medical
bodies. Soon after the beginning of tlie Spanish-
American War, he was appointed, by President
McKinley, a Surgeon of Volunteers with the rank
of Colonel, and rendered most efficient aid in the
military branch of the service at Camp Chicka-
mauga and in the Santiago campaign.
SEXTON, (Col.) James A., Commander-in-
Chief of Grand Army of the Republic, was born
in the city of Chicago, Jan. 5, 1844 ; in April,
1861, being then only a little over 17, enlisted as a
private soldier under the first call for troops
issued by President Lincoln; at the close of his
term was appointed a Sergeant, with authority to
recruit a company which afterwards was attached
to the Fifty-first Volunteer Infantry. Later, he
was transferred to the Sixty-seventh witli the
rank of Lieutenant, and, a few months after, to
the Seventy -second with a commission as Captain
of Company D, which he had recruited. As com-
mander of his regiment, then constituting a part
of the Seventeenth Army Corps, he participated
in the battles of Columbia, Duck Creek, Spring
Hill, Franklin and Nashville, and in the Nash-
ville campaign. Both at Nashville and Franklin
he was wounded, and again, at Spanish Fort, by a
piece of shell which broke his leg. His regiment
took part in seven battles and eleven skirmishes,
and, while it went out 967 strong in officers and
men, it returned with only 332, all told, although
it had been recruited by 234 men. He was known
as "The boy Captain," being only 18 years old
when he received his first commission, and 21
when, after participating in the Mobile cam-
paign, he was mustered out with the rank of
Lieutenant-Colonel. After the close of the war
he engaged in planting in the South, purchasing
a plantation in Lowndes County, Ala., but, in
1867, returned to Chicago, where he became a
member of the firm of Cribben, Sexton & Co.,
stove manufacturers, from which he retired in
1898. In 1884 he served as Presidential Elector
on the Republican ticket for the Fourth District,
and, in 1889, was appointed, by President Harrison,
Postmaster of the city of Chicago, serving over
five years. In 1888 he was chosen Department
Commander of the Grand Army of the Republic
for the State of Illinois, and, ten years later, to
the position of Commander-in-Chief of the order,
which he held at the time of his death. He had
also been, for a number of years, one of the Trus-
tees of the Soldiers' and Sailors' Home at Quincy,
and, during most of the time. President of the
Board. Towards the close of the year 1898, lie
was appointed by President McKinley a member
of the Commission to investigate the conduct of
the Spanish-American War. but, before the Com-
mission had concluded its labors, was taken with
"the grip," which developed into pneumonia,
from which he died in Washington, Feb. ,5, 1899.
SEYMOUR, George Franklin, Protestant Epis-
copal Bishop, was born in New York City, Jan. .'),
1829; graduated from Columbia College in 1850,
and from the General Theological Seminary
(New York) in 1854. He received both minor
476
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
and major orders at the hands of Bishop Potter,
being made deacon in 1854 and ordained priest in
1855. For several years lie was engaged in mis-
sionary work. During this period he was promi-
nently identified with the founding of St.
Stephen's College. After serving as rector in
various parislies, in 1865 he was made Professor
of Ecclesiastical History in the New York Semi-
nary, and, ten years later, was chosen Dean of
the institution, still retaining his professorship.
Racine College conferred upon him the degree of
S.T.D., in 1867, and Columbia that of LL.D. in
1878. In 1874 he was elected Bishop of Illinois,
but failed of confirmation in the House of Depu-
ties. Upon the erection of the new diocese of
Springfield (1877) he accepted and was conse-
crated Bishop at Trinity Church, N. Y., June 11,
1878. He was a prominent member of the Third
Pan- Anglican Council (London, 1885), and has
done much to foster the growth and extend the
influence of his church in his diocese.
SHABBOXA, a village of De Kalb County, on
the Iowa Division of the Chicago, Burlington &
Quincy Railroad, 25 miles west of Aurora.
Population (1890), 503; (1900), 587.
SHABOiVA (or Shabbona). an Ottawa Chief,
was born near the Maumee River, in Ohio, about
1775, and served imder Tecumseh from 1807 to
the battle of the Thames in 1813. In 1810 he
accompanied Tecumseh and Capt. Billy Caldwell
(see Satigan((sh) to the homes of the Pottawato-
mies and other tribes within the present limits of
Illinois and Wisconsin, to secure their co-oper-
ation in driving the white settlers out of the
country. At the battle of the Thames, he was by
the side of Tecumseh when he fell, and both he
and Caldwell, losing faith in their British allies,
soon after submitted to the United States through
General Cass at Detroit. Shabona was opposed
to Black Hawk in 1833, and did much to thwart
the plans of the latter and aid the whites. Hav-
ing married a daughter of a Pottawatomie chief,
who had a village on the Illinois River east of
the present city of Ottawa, he lived there for
some time, but finally removed 25 miles north to
Shabona's Grove in De Kalb County. Here he
remained till 1837, when he removed to Western
Missouri. Black Hawk's followers having a
reservation near by, hostilities began between
them, in which a son and nephew of Shabona
were killed. He finally returned to his old home
in Illinois, but found it occupied by whites, who
drove him from the grove that bore his name.
Some friends then bought for him twenty acres
of land on Mazon Creek, near Morris, where he
died, July 27, 1859. He is described as a noble
specimen of his race. A life of him has been
published by N. Matson (Chicago, 1878).
SHANNON, a village of Carroll County, on the
Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway, 18 miles
southwest of Freeport. It is an important trade
center, has a bank and one newspaper. Popu-
lation (1890), 591; (1900), 678.
SHAW, Aaron, former Congressman, born in
Orange County, N. Y., in 1811; was educated at
the Montgomery Academy, studied law and was
admitted to the bar at Goshen in that State. In
1833 he removed to Lawrence County. 111. He
has held various important public offices. He
was a member of the first Internal Improvement
Convention of the State; was chosen State's
Attorney by the Legislature, in which body he
served two terms ; served four years as Judge of
the Twenty-fifth Judicial Circuit ; was elected to
the Thirty-fifth Congress in 1856, and to the
Forty -eighth in 1882, as a Democrat.
SHAW, James, lawj-er, jm-ist, was born in Ire-
land, May 3, 1832, brought to this country in in-
fancy and grew up on a farm in Cass County, 111. ;
graduated from Illinois College in 1857, and, after
admission to the bar, began practice at Mount
Carroll. In 1870 he was elected to the lower
house of the General Assembly, being re-elected
in 1872, '76 and '78. He was Speaker of the
House during the session of 1877, and one of the
Republican leaders on the floor during the suc-
ceeding session. In 1872 he was chosen a Presi-
dential Elector, and, in 1891, to a seat on the
Circuit bench from the Thirteenth Circuit,
and, in 1897 was re-elected for the Fifteenth
Circuit.
SHAWNEETOWN, an incorporated city, the
county-seat of Gallatin Count}-, 183 miles south-
east of Springfield; situated on the Ohio River
and the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern and the
Louisville & Nashville Railroads. It is one of
the oldest towns in the State, having been laid
out in 1808, and a place of importance in Terri-
torial and earl}' State history — noted for the
number of prominent men who resided there.
About 1818 it was one of the largest towns in the
State. Coal and lead are mined in the surround-
ing country, and the city is a shipping point for
both coal and farm products. Pork-packing and
manufacturing are carried on to a moderate
extent. Shawneetown has several mills, a
foundry and machine shop, two or three banks
and two weekly newspapers. The town has
suffered severely from floods in the Ohio River,
within the last few years, the most disastrous
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
477
being those of 1883 and 1898. Population (1880),
1,851; (1890), 3,100; (1900), 1,698.
SHEAHAN, James W., journalist, was born in
Baltimore, Md., spent his early life, after reaching
manhood, in Wasliington Citj' as a Congressional
Reporter, and, in 1847, reported the proceedings
of the Illinois State Constitutional Convention at
Springfield. Through the influence of Senator
Douglas he was induced, in 1854, to accept the
editorship of "The Young America" newspaper
at Chicago, wliich was soon after changed to
"The Chicago Times." Here he remained until
the fall of 1860, when, "The Times" having been
sold and consolidated with "The Herald," a
Buchanan-Breckenridge organ, he establislied a
new paper called "The Morning Post." This he
made representative of tlie views of the "War
Democrats" as against "The Times," which was
opposed to tlie war. In May, 1865, he sold the
plant of "The Post" and it became "The Chicago
Republican" — now "Inter Ocean." A few
montlis later. Mr. Sheahan accepted a position as
chief writer on the editorial staff of "The Chicago
Tribune," wliich he retained until his death,
June 17, 1883.
SHEFFIELD, a village of Bureau County, on
tlie Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, 44
miles east of Rock Island; lias valuable coal
mines, a bank and two newspapers. Population
(1880), 905; (1890), 993; (1900), 1,205.
SHELBY COUNTY, lies south of the center of
tlie State, and contains an area of 776 square
miles. The tide of immigration to tliis county
was at first from Kentucky, Tennessee and Nortli
Carolina, although later it began to set in from
the Northern States. The first cabin in the
county was built by Simeon Wakefield on what is
now the site of Williamsburg, first called Cold
Spring. Joseph Daniel was tlie earliest settler in
what is now Shelbyville, pre-emjiting ten acres,
which he soon afterward sold to Joseph Oliver,
the pioneer merchant of the county, and father
of the first white child born within its limits.
Other pioneers were Shimei Wakefield, Levi
. Casey and Samuel Hall. In lieu of hats the early
settlers wore caps made of squirrel or coon skin,
witli tlie tails dangling at the backs, and he was
regarded as well dressed who boasted a fringed
buckskin shirt and trousers, with moccasins.
The county was formed in 1827, and Shelbyville
made the county-seat. Both county and town
are named in honor of Governor Shelby, of Ken-
tucky. County Judge Joseph Oliver held the
first court in the cabin of Barnett Bone, and
Judge Theophilus W. Smith presided over the
first Circuit Court in 1828. Coal is abundant,
and limestone and sandstone are also found. The
surface is somewhat rolling and well wooded.
The Little Wabash and Kaskaskia Rivers flow
through the central and southeastern portions.
The county lies in the very heart of the great
corn belt of the State, and has excellent transpor-
tation facilities, being penetrated by four lines of
railway. Population (1880), 30,270; (1890), 31,-
191; (1900), 32,126.
SHELBYVILLE, the county-seat and an incor-
porated city of Shelby County, on the Kaskaskia
River and two Hnes of railway, 23 miles south-
west of Mattoon and 32 miles southeast of
Decatur. Agriulture, coal-mining, and lumber-
ing are all carried on in the surrounding region.
In the city are a foundry, several large flouring
mills, a woolen mill, agricultural implement
works and other factories, besides a national
bank (capital §75,000) one daily, fo"ur weekly and
one monthly periodicals. Population (1880),
2,939; (1890), 3,162; (1895), 3,330; (1900), 3,.546.
SHELDON, a village of Iroquois County, at the
intersection of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chi-
cago & St. Louis and the Toledo, Peoria & West-
ern Railwa3's, 9 miles east of Watseka ; has banks
and a newspajier. The region is agricultural.
Population (1880), 947; (1890), 910; (1900), 1,10;!.
SHELDON, Benjamin R., jurist, was born in
Massachusetts in 1813, graduated from Williajjis
College in 1831, studied law at the Yale Law
School, and was admitted to practice in 1836.
Emigrating to Illinois, he located temporarily at
Hennepin, Putnam County, but soon removed to
Galena, and finally to Rockford. In 1848 he was
elected Circuit Judge of tlie Sixth Circuit, which
afterwards being divided, he was assigned to the
Fourteenth Circuit, remaining until 1870, when
he was elected a Justice of the Supreme Court,
presiding as Chief Justice in 1877. He was re-
elected in 1879, but retired in 1888, being suc-
ceeded by the late Justice Bailey. Died, April
13, 1897.
SHEPPAED, Nathan, author and lecturer, was
born in Baltimore, Md., Nov. 9, 1834; graduated
at Rochester Theological Seminary in 1859; dur-
ing the Civil War was special correspondent of
"The New York World" and "The Chicago Jour-
nal" and "Tribune," and, during the Franco-
German War, of "The Cincinnati Gazette;" also
served as special American correspondent of
"The London Times," and was a contributor to
"Frazer's Magazine" and "Temple Bar." In 1873
he became a lecturer on Modern English Liter-
ature and Rhetoric in Chicago University and,
478
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
four years later, accepted a similar position in
Allegheny College; also spent four years in
Europe, lecturing in the principal towns of Great
Britain and Ireland. In 1884 he founded the
"Athenaeum" at Saratoga Springs, N. Y., of
which he was President until his death, early in
1888. "The Dickens Reader, " "Character Read-
ings from George Eliot" and "Essays of George
Eliot" were among the volumes issued by him
between 1881 and 1887. Died in New York City,
Jan. 24, 1888.
SHERMAN, Alson Smith, early Chicago Mayor,
was born at Barre, Vt., April 31, 1811, remaining
there until 1836, when he came to Chicago and
began business as a contractor and builder. Sev-
eral years later he opened the first stone quarries
at Lemont, 111. Mr. Sherman spent many years
in the service of Chicago as a public official.
From 1840 to 1843 he was Captain of a company
of militia ; for two years served as Chief of the
Fire Department, and was elected Alderman in
1843, serving again in 1840. In 1844, he was
chosen Mayor, his administration being marked
by the first extensive public improvements made
in Cliicago. After his term as Mayor he did
much to secure a better water supply for the
city. He was especially interested in promoting
common school education, being for several years
a member of the City School Board. He was
Vif e-President of the first Board of Trustees of
Northwestern University. Retired from active
pursuits, Mr. Sherman is now (1899) spending a
serene old age at Waukegan, 111. — Oren (Sherman)
brother of the preceding and early Cliicago mer-
chant, was born at Barre, Vt., March 5, 1816.
After spending several years in a mercantile
house in Montpelier, Vt., at the age of twenty he
came west, first to New Buffalo, Mich., and, in
1836, to Chicago, opening a dry -goods store there
the next spring. With various jj^rtners Mr.
Sherman continued in a general mercantile busi-
ness until 18.")3, at the same time being extensively
engaged in the provision trade, one-half the entire
transactions in pork in the citj' passing tlirough
Lis hands. Next he engaged in developing stone
quarries at Lemont, 111. ; also became extensively
interested in tlie marble business, continuing in
this until a few years after the panic of 1873,
when he retired in consequence of a sliock of
paralysis. Died, in Chicago, Dec. 15, 1898.
SHERMAN, Elijah B., lawyer, was born at
Fairfield, Vt., June 18, 1833— his family being
distantly related to Roger Sherman, a signer of
the Declaration of Independence, and the late
Gan. W. T. Sherman; gained his education in the
common schools and at Middlebury College,
where he graduated in 1860 ; began teaching, but
soon after enlisted as a private in the war for the
Union ; received a Lieutenant's commission, and
served until captured on the eve of the battle at
Antietam, when he was paroled and sent to Camp
Douglas, Chicago, awaiting exchange. During
this period he commenced reading law and, hav-
ing resigned his commission, graduated from the
law department of Chicago University in 1864
In 1876 he was elected Representative in the
General Assembly from Cook County, and re-
elected in 1878, and the following year appointed
Master in Chancery of the United States District
Court, a position which he still occupies He has
repeatedly been called upon to deliver addresses
on political, literary and patriotic occasions, one
of these being before the alumni of his alma
mater, in 1884, when he was complimented with
the degree of LL.D.
SHIELDS, James, soldier and United States
Senator, was born in Ireland in 1810, emigrated
to the United States at the age of sixteen, and
began the practice of law at Kaskaskia in 1833.
He was elected to the Legislature in 1836, and
State Auditor in 1839. In 1843 he became a
Judge of the Supreme Court of the State, and, in
184.'), was made Commissioner of the General
Land Office. In Julj', 1846, he was commissioned
Brigadier-General in the Mexican War gaining
the brevet of Major-General at Cerro-Gordo,
where he was severely wounded. He was again
wounded at Chapultepec, and mustered out in
1848. The same year he was appointed Governor
of Oregon Territory. In 1849 the Democrats in
the Illinois Legislature elected him Senator, and
he resigned his office in Oregon. In 1850 he
removed to Minnesota, and, in 1858, was chosen
United States Senator from that State, his term
expiring in 1859, when he established a residence
in California. At the outbreak of the Civil War
(1861) he was superintending a mine in Mexico,
but at once hastened to Washington to tender his
services to the Governmnet. He was commis-
sioned Brigadier-General, and served with dis- .
tinction until March, 1863, when the effect of
numerous wouuds caused him to resign. He sub-
sequently removed to Missouri, practicing law at
CarroUton and serving in the Legislature of that
State in 1874 and 1879. In the latter year he was
elected United States Senator to fill out the unex-
pired term of Senator Bogy, who had died in
office — serving only six weeks, but being the only
man in the history of the country who filled the
office of United States Senator from three differ-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
479
ent States. Died, at Ottumwa, Iowa, June 1,
1879.
SHIPMAN, a town of Macoupin County, on the
Chicago & Alton Railway, 19 miles north-north-
east of Alton and 14 miles southwest of Carlin-
ville. Population (1890), 410: (1900), 396.
SHIPMAN, George E., M.D., physician and
philanthropist, born in New York City, March 4,
1830 ; graduated at the University of New York
in 1839, and took a course in the College of Phy-
sicians and Surgeons; practiced for a time at
Peoria, 111., but, in 1840, located in Chicago, where
he assisted in organizing the first Homeopathic
Hospital in that city, and, In 1855, was one of the
first Trustees of Hahnemann College. In 1871 he
established, in Chicago, the Foundlings' Home at
his own expense, giving to it the latter years of
his life. Died, Jan. 20, 1893.
SHORET, Daniel Lewis, lawyer and philan-
thropist, was born at Jonesborough, Washington
County, Maine, Jan. 81, 1824; educated at Phil-
lips Academy, Andover, Mass., and at Dartmouth
College, graduating from the latter in 1851 ;
taught two years in Washington City, meanwhile
reading law, afterwards taking a course at Dane
Law School, Cambridge ; was admitted to the bar
in Boston in 1854, the next year locating at
Davenport, Iowa, where he remained ten years.
In 1865 he removed to Chicago, where he prose-
cuted his profession until 1890, when he retired.
Mr. Shorey was prominent in the establishment
of the Chicago Public Library, and a member of
the first Library Board; was also a prominent
member of the Chicago Literary Club, and was a
Director in the new University of Chicago and
deeply interested in its prosperity. Died, in Chi-
cago, March 4, 1899.
SHORT, (Rev.) William F., clergyman and
educator, was born in Ohio in 1829, brought to
Morgan County, 111., in childhood, and lived upon
a farm until 20 years of age, when he entered
McKendree College, spending his senior year,
however, at Wesleyan University, Bloomington,
where he graduated in 1854. He had meanwhile
accepted a call to the Missouri Conference Semi-
nary at Jackson, Mo. ; where he remained three
years, when he returned to Illinois, serving
churches at Jacksonville and elsewhere, for a
part of the time being Presiding Elder of the
Jacksonville District. In 1875 he was elected
President of Illinois Female College at Jackson-
ville, continuing in that position until 1893, when
lie was appointed Superintendent of the Illinois
State Institution for the Blind at the same place,
but resigned earlj' in 1897. Dr. Short received
the degree of D.D., conferred upon him by Ohio
Wesleyan University.
SHOUP, George L., United States Senator,
was born at Kittanning, Pa., June 15, 1836; came
to Illinois in 1852, his father locating on a stock-
farm near Galesburg; in 1859 removed to Colo-
rado, where he engaged in mining and mercantile
business until 1861, when he enlisted in a com-
pany of scouts, being advanced from the rank of
First Lieutenant to the Colonelcy of the Third
Colorado Cavalry, meanwhile serving as Delegate
to the State Constitutional Convention of 1864.
Retiring to private Ufe, he again engaged in mer-
cantile and mining business, first in Nevada and
then in Idaho ; served two terms in the Terri-
torial Legislature of the latter, was appointed
Territorial Governor in 1889 and, in 1890, was'
chosen the first Governor of the State, in October
of the same year being elected to the United
States Senate, and re-elected in 1895 for a second
term, which ends in 1901. Senator Shoup is one
of the few Western Senators who remained faith-
ful to the regular Republican organization, during
the political campaign of 1896.
SHOW ALTER, John W., jurist, was born in
Mason Count)', Ky., Feb. 8, 1844; resided some
years in Scott County in that State, and was
educated in the local schools, at Maysville and
Ohio University, finally graduating at Yale Col-
lege in 1867; came to Chicago in 1869, studied
law and was admitted to the bar in 1870. He
returned to Kentucky after the fire of 1871, but,
in 1872, again came to Chicago and entered the
employment of tlie firm of Moore & Caulfield,
with whom he had been before the fire. In 1879
he became a member of the firm of Abbott,
Oliver & Showalter (later, Oliver & Showalter),
where he remained until his appointment as
United States Circuit Judge, in March, 1895.
Died, in Chicago, Dec. 13, 1898.
SHUMAN, Andrew, journalist and Lieutenant-
Governor, was born at Manor, Lancaster County,
Pa., Nov. 8, 1830. His father dying in 1837, he
was reared by an uncle. At the age of 15 he
became an apprentice in the office of "The Lan-
caster Union and Sentinel." A year later he ac-
companied his employer to Auburn, N.Y. .working
for two years on "The Daily Advertiser" of that
city, then known as Governor Seward's "home
organ." At the age of 18 he edited, published
and distributed — during his leisure hours — a
small weekly paper called "The Auburnian." At
the conclusion of his apprenticeship he was em-
ployed, for a year or two, in editing and publish-
ing "The Cayuga Chief," a temperance journal.
480
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
In 1851 he entered Hamilton College, but, before
the completion of his junior year, consented, at
the solicitation of friends of William H. Seward,
to assume editorial control of "The Syracuse
Daily Journal." In July, 1856, he came to Chi-
cago, to accept an editorial position on "The
Evening Journal" of that city, later becoming
editor-in-chief and President of the Journal Com-
pany. From 1865 to 1870 (first by executive
appointment and afterward by popular election)
he was a Commissioner of the Illinois State Peni-
tentiary at Joliet, resigning the ofiice four years
before the expiration of his term. In 1876 he
was elected Lieutenant-Governor on the Repub-
lican ticket. Owing to declining health, he
abandoned active journalistic work in 1888,
dying in Chicago, May 5, 1890. His home during
the latter years of his life was at Evanston.
Governor Shuman was author of a romance
entitled "Loves of a Lawyer," besides numerous
addresses before literary, commercial and scien-
tific associations.
SHUMWAY, Dorice Dwight, merchant, was
born at Williamsburg, Worcester County, Mass.,
Sept. 28, 1813, descended from French Huguenot
ancestry; came to Zauesville, Ohio, in 1837, and
to Montgomery County, 111., in 1841; married a
daugliter of Hiram Rountree, an early resident
of Hillsboro, and, in 1843, located in Christian
County ; was engaged for a time in merchandis-
ing at Taylorville, but retired in 1858, thereafter
giving his attention to a large landed estate. In
1846 he was chosen Representative in the General
Assembly, served in the Constitutional Conven-
tion of 1847, and four years as County Judge of
Christian County. Died, May 9, 1870.— Hiram
P. (Shumway), eldest son of the preceding, was
born in Montgomery County, 111., June. 1842;
spent his boyhood on a farm in Christian County
and in his father's store at Taylorville; took an
academy course and, in 1864, engaged in mercan-
tile business ; was Representative in the Twenty-
eiglith General Assembly and Senator in the
Thirty-sixth and Thirty -seventh, afterwards
removing to Springfield, where he engaged in
the stone business.
SHURTLEFF COLLEGE, an institution
located at L'pper Alton, and the third estab-
lished in Illinois. It was originally incorporated
as the "Alton College" in 1831, under a special
charter which was not accepted, but re-incorpo-
rated in 1835, in an "omnibus bill" with Illi-
nois and McKendree Colleges. (See Early Col-
leges.) Its primal origin was a school at Rock
Spring in St. Clair County, founded about 1824,
by Rev. John M. Peck. This became the "Rock
Spring Seminary" in 1827, and, about 1831, was
united with an academy at Upper Alton. This
was the nucleus of "Alton" (afterward "Shurt-
lefT") College. As far as its denominational
control is concerned, it has always been domi-
nated by Baptist influence. Dr. Peck's original
idea was to found a school for teaching theology
and Biblical literature, but this project was at
first inhibited by the State. Hubbard Loomis
and John Russell were among the first instruc-
tors. Later, Dr. Benjamin Shurtleff donated the
college §10,000, and the institution was named in
his honor. College classes were not organized
until 1840, and several years elapsed before a class
graduated. Its endowment in 1898 was over
§126,000, in addition to §125,000 worth of real and
personal property. About 255 students were in
attendance. Besides preparatory and collegiate
departments, the college also maintains a theo-
logical school. It has a faculty of twenty
instructors and is co-educational.
SIBLEY, a village of Ford County, on the Chi-
cago Division of the Wabash Railway, 105 miles
south-southwest of Chicago ; has banks and a
weekly newspaper. The district is agricultural.
Population (1890), 404; (1900), 444.
SIBLEY, Joseph, lawyer and jurist, was born
at Westfield, Mass., in 1818; learned the trade of
a whip- maker and afterwards engaged in mer-
chandising. In 1843 he began the study of law
at Syracuse, N. Y., and, upon admission to the
bar. came west, finally settling at Nauvoo. Han-
cock County. He maintained a neutral attitude
during the Mormon troubles, thus giving offense
to a section of the community. In 1847 he was
an unsuccessful candidate for the Legislature,
but was elected in 1850. and re-elected in 18.52.
In 1853 he removed to Warsaw, and, in 1855. was
elected Judge of the Circuit Court, and re-elected
in 1861, '67 and "73, being assigned to the bench
of the Appellate Court of the Second District, in
1877. His residence, after 1805, was at Quincy,
where he died. June 18, 1897.
SIDELL, a village of Vermilion Count}-, at the
Junction of the Chicago & Eastern Illinois and
the Peoria & Evansville Railroads; has a bank
and a newspaper. Population (1900), 776.
SIDNEY, a village of Champaign County, on
the main line of the Wabash Railway, at tlie junc-
tion of a branch to Champaign, 48 miles east-north-
east of Decatur. It is in a farming district ; has a
bank and a newspaper. Population. (1900), 564.
SIM, (Dr.) TVilliam, pioneer physician, was
born at Aberdeen, Scotland, in 1795, came to
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
481
America in early manhood, and was the first phy-
sician to settle at Golconda, in Pope County,
which he represented in the Fourth and Fifth
General Assemblies (1824 and '38). He married
a Miss Elizabeth Jack of Philadelphia, making
the journey from Golconda to Philadelphia for
that purpose on horseback. He had a family of
five children, one son. Dr. Francis L. Sim, rising
to distinction as a physician, and, for a time,
being President of a Medical College at Memphis,
Tenn. The elder Dr. Sim died at Golconda, in
1868.
SIMS, James, early legislator and Methodist
preacher, was a native of South Carolina, but
removed to Kentucky in early manhood, thence
to St. Clair County, 111., and, in 1820, to Sanga-
mon County, where he was elected, in 1832, as the
first Representative from that county in the
Third General Assembly. At the succeeding ses-
sion of the Legislature, he was one of those who
voted against the Convention resolution designed
to prepare the way for making Illinois a slave
State. Mr. Sims resided for a time in Menard
County, but finally removed to Morgan.
SIXGER, Horace M., capitalist, was born in
Schnectady, N. Y., Oct. 1, 1823; came to Chicago
in 1836 and found emplo3'ment on the Illinois &
Michigan Canal, serving as superintendent of
repairs upon the Canal until 18.53. While thus
employed he became one of the proprietors of
the stone-quarries at Lemont, managed by the
firm of Singer & Talcott until about 1890, when
they became the property of the Western Stone
Company. Originally a Democrat, he became a
Republican during the Civil War, and served as a
member of the Twenty-fifth General Assembly
(1867) for Cook County, was elected County Com-
missioner in 1870, and was Chairman of the
Republican County Central Committee in 1880.
He was also associated with several financial
institutions, being a director of the First National
Bank and of the Auditorium Companj' of Chi-
cago, and a member of the Union League and
Calumet Clubs. Died, at Pasadena, Cal., Dec.
38, 1896.
SINGLETON, James Vf,, Congressman, born
at Paxton, Va., Nov. 23, 1811; was educated at
the Winchester (Va. ) Academy, and removed to
Illinois in 1833, settling first at Slount Sterling,
Brown County, and, some twenty years later,
near Quincy. By profession he was a lawyer,
and was prominent in political and commercial
affairs. In his later years he devoted consider-
able attention to stock-raising. He was elected
Brigadier-General of the Illinois militia in 1844,
being identified to some extent with the "Mor-
mon War"; was a member of the Constitutional
Conventions of 1847 and 1863, served six terms in
the Legislature, and was elected, on the Demo-
cratic ticket, to Congress in 1878, and again in
1880. In 1883 he ran as an independent Demo-
crat, but was defeated by the regular nominee of
his party, James M. Riggs. During the War of
the Rebellion he was one of the most conspicuous
leaders of the "peace party." He constructed
the Quincy & Toledo (now part of the Wabash)
and the Quincy, Alton & St. Louis (now part of
the Chicago, Burlington & Quinc}-) Railways,
being President of both companies. His death
occurred at Baltimore, Md., April 4, 1892.
SINNET, John S., pioneer, was born at Lex-
ington, Ky., March 10, 1796; at three years of age,
taken by his jiarents to Missouri ; enlisted in the
War of 1813, but, soon after the war, came to
Illinois, and, about 1818, settled in what is now
Christian County, locating on land constituting
a part of the present city of Taylorville. In 1840
he removed to Tazewell County, dying there, Jan.
13, 1873.
SKINNER, Mark, jurist, was born at Manches-
ter, Vt., Sept. 13, 1813; graduated from Middle-
bury College in 1833, studied law, and, in 1836,
came to Chicago; was admitted to the bar in
1839, became City Attorney in 1840, later Master
in Chancery for Cook County, and finally United
States District Attorney under President Tjder.
As member of the House Finance Committee in
the Fifteenth General Assembly (1846-48), he
aided influentially in securing the adoption of
measures for refunding and paying the State
debt. In 1851 he was elected Judge of the Court
of Common Pleas (now Superior Court) of Cook
County, but declined a re-election in 1853. Origi-
nally a Democrat, Judge Skinner was an ardent
opponent of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill and a
liberal supporter of the Government policy dur-
ing the rebellion. He liberally aided the United
States Sanitary Commission and was identified
with all the leading charities of the city.
Among the great business enterprises with which
he was officially associated were the Galena & Chi-
cago Union and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy
Railways (in each of which he was a Director),
the Chicago JIarine & Fire Insurance Company,
the Gas-Light and Coke Company and others.
Died, Sept. 16, 1887. Judge Skinner's onty sur-
viving son was killed in the trenches before
Petersburg, the last year of the Civil War.
SKINNER, Otis Ainsworth, clergyman and
author, was born at Royalton, Vt., July 3, 1807;
482
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
taught for some time, became a Universalist
minister, serving churches in Baltimore, Boston
and New York between 1831 and 1857; then
came to Elgin, 111., was elected President of Lom-
bard University at Galesburg, but the following
year took charge of a church at Joliet. Died, at
Naperville, Sept. 18, 1861. He wrote several vol-
umes on religious topics, and, at different times,
edited religious periodicals at Baltimore, Haver-
hill, Mass.. and Boston.
SKINNER, Ozias C, lawyer and jurist, was
born at Floyd, Oneida Coimty, N. Y., in 1817; in
1836, removed to Illinois, settling in Peoria
County, where he engaged in farming. In 1838
he began the study of law at Greenville, Ohio,
and was admitted to the bar of that State in 1840.
Eighteen months later he returned to Illinois,
and began practice at Carthage, Hancock County,
removing to Quinoy in 1844. During the "Mor-
mon War" he served as Aid-de-camp to Governor
Ford. In 1848 he was elected to the lower house
of the Sixteenth General Assembly, and, for a
short time, served as Prosecuting Attorney for
the district including Adams and Brown Coun-
ties. In 1851 he was elected Judge of the (then)
Fifteenth Judicial Circuit, and, in 1855, suc-
ceeded Judge S. H. Treat on the Supreme bench,
resigning this position in April, 1858, two months
before the expiration of his term. He was a
large land owner and had extensive agricultural
interests. He built, and was the first President
of the Carthage & Quincy Railroad, now a part
of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy system. He
was a prominent member of the Constitutional
Convention of 1869, serving as Chairman of the
Committee on Judiciary. Died in 1877.
SLADE, Charles, early Congressman; his early
history, including date and place of birth, are
unknown. In 1820 he was elected Representative
from Washington County in the Second General
Assembly, and, in 1826, was re-elected to the
same body for Clinton and Washington. In 1833
he was elected one of the three Congressmen
from Illinois, representing the First District.
After attending the first session of the Twenty-
third Congress, while on his way home, he was
attacked with cholera, dying near Vincennes,
Ind., July 11, 1834.
SLADE, James P., ex-State Superintendent of
Public Instruction, was born at Westerlo, Albany
County, N. Y., Feb. 9, 1837, and spent his boy-
hood with his parents on a farm, except while
absent at school ; in 1856 removed to Belleville,
111., where he soon became connected with the
public scliools, serving for a number of years as
Principal of the Belleville High School. While
connected with the Belleville schools, he was
elected County Superintendent, remaining in
office some ten years ; later had charge of Almira
College at Greenville, Bond County, served six
years as Superintendent of Schools at East St.
Louis and, in 1878, was elected State Superintend-
ent of Public Instruction as the nominee of the
Republican party. On retirement from the
office of State Superintendent, he resumed his
place at the head of Almira College, but, for the
past few years, has been Superintendent of
Schools at East St. Louis.
SLAVERY AGITATION OF 1823-24. (See
Slavery and Slave Laws.)
SLAVERY AND SLAVE LAWS. African slaves
were first brought into the Illinois country by a
Frenchman named Pierre F. Renault, about
1723. At that time the present State formed a
part of Louisiana, and the traffic in slaves was
regulated by French royal edicts. When Great
Britain acquired the territory, at the close of the
French and Indian War, the former subjects of
France were guaranteed secm-ity for their per-
sons "and effects," and no interference with
slavery was attempted. Upon the conquest of
Illinois by Virginia (see Clark, George Rogers),
the French very generally professed allegiance to
that commonwealth, and, in her deed of cession
to the United States, Virginia expressly stipulated
for the protection of the "rights and liberties"
of the French citizens. This was construed as
recognizing the right of property in negro
slaves. Even the Ordinance of 1787, while pro-
hibiting slavery in the Northwest Territory, pre-
served to the settlers (reference being especially
made to the French and Canadians) "of the Kas-
kaskias, St. Vincents and neighboring villages,
their laws and customs, now (then) in force,
relative to the descent and conveyance of prop-
erty. ' ' A conservative construction of this clause
was, that while it prohibited the extension of
slavery and the importation of slaves, the status
of those who were at that time in involuntary
servitude, and of their descendants, was left un-
changed. There were those, however, who denied
the constitutionality of the Ordinance in toto,
on the ground that Congress had exceeded its
powers in its passage. There was also a party
which claimed that all children of slaves, born
after 1787, were free from birth. In 1794 a con-
vention was held at Vincennes, pursuant to a call
from Governor Harrison, and a memorial to Con-
gress was adopted, praying for the repeal — or. at
least a modification — of the sixth clause of the
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
483
Ordinance of 1787. The first Congressional Com-
mittee, to which this petition was referred,
reported adversely upon it ; but a second commit-
tee recommended the suspension of the operation
of the clause in question for ten years. But no
action was taken by the National Legislature,
and, in 1807, a counter petition, extensively
signed, was forwarded to that body, and Congress
left the matter in statu quo. It is worthy of note
that some of the most earnest opponents of the
measure were Representatives from Southern
Slave States, John Randolph, of Virginia, being
one of them. The pro-slavery party in the State
then prepared what is popularly known as the
"Indenture Law," which was one of the first acts
adopted by Governor Edwards and his Council,
and was re-enacted by the first Territorial Legis-
lature in 1812. It was entitled, "An Act relating
to the Introduction of Negroes and Mulattoes into
this Territory," and gave permission to bring
slaves above 15 years of age into the State, when
they might be registered and kept in servitude
within certain limitations. Slaves under that
age might also be brought in, registered, and held
in bondage until they reached the age of 3.5, if
males, and 30, if females. The issue of registered
slaves were to serve their mother's master until
the age of 30 or 38, according to sex. The effect
of this legislation was rapidly to increase the
number of slaves. The Constitution of 1818 pro-
hibited the introduction of slavery thereafter —
that is to say, after its adoption. In 1823 the
slave-holding party, with their supporters, began
to agitate the question of so amending the
organic law as to make Illinois a slave State. To
effect such a change the calling of a convention
was necessary, and, for eighteen months, the
struggle between "conventionists" and their
opponents was bitter and fierce. The question
was submitted to a popular vote on August 2,
1834, the result of the count showing 4,972 votes
for such convention and 6,640 against. This
decisive result settled the question of slave-hold-
ing in Illinois for all future time, though the
existence of slavery in the State continued to be
recognized by the National Census until 1840.
The number, according to the census of 1810, was
108; in 1820 they had increased to 917. Then
the number began to diminish, being reduced in
1830 to 747, and, in 1840 (the last census which
shows any portion of the population held in
bondage), it was 331.
Hooper Warren — who has been mentioned else-
where as editor of "The Edwardsville Spectator,"
and a leading factor in securing the defeat of the
scheme to make Illinois a slave State in 1822 — in
an article in the first number of "The Genius of
Liberty" (January, 1841), speaking of that con-
test, says there were, at its beginning, onlj- three
papers in the State — "The Intelligencer" at Van-
dalia, "The Gazette" at Shawneetown, and "The
Spectator" at Edwardsville. The first two of
these, at the outset, favored the Convention
scheme, while "The Spectator" opposed it. The
management of the campaign on the part of the
pro-slavery party was assigned to Emanuel J.
West, Theophilus W. Smith and Oliver L. Kelly,
and a paper was established by the name of "The
Illinois Republican," with Sn^ith as editor.
Among the active opponents of the measure were
George Churchill, Thomas Lippincott, Samuel D.
Lockwood, Henry Starr (afterwards of Cincin-
nati), Rev. John M. Peck and Rev. .James
Lemen, of St. Clair County. Others who con-
tributed to the cause were Daniel P. Cook, Morris
Birkbeck, Dr. Hugh Steel and Burton of
Jackson County, Dr. Henry Perrine of Bond ;
William Leggett of Edwardsville (afterwards
editor of "The New York Evening Po.st"), Ben-
jamin Lundy (then of Missouri), David Blackwell
and Rev. John Dew, of St. Clair County. Still
others were Nathaniel Pope (Judge of the United
States District Court), William B. Archer, Wil-
liam H. Brown and Benjamin Mills (of Vandalia),
John Tillson, Dr. Horatio Newhall, George For-
quer. Col. Thomas JIather, Thomas Ford, Judge
David J. Baker, Charles W. Hunter and Henry H.
Snow (of Alton). This testimony is of interest
as coming from one who probably had more to do
with defeating the scheme, with the exception of
Gov. Edward Coles. Outside of the more elabor-
ate Histories of Illinois, the most accurate and
detailed accounts of this particular period are to
be found in "Sketch of Edward Coles" by the late
E. B. Washburne, and "Early Movement in Illi-
nois for the Legalization of Slavery," an ad-
dress before the Chicago Historical Society
(1864), by Hon. William H. Brown, of Chicago.
(See also. Coles. Edward; Warren, Hooper ; Broum,
William H.; ChurcliiU, George; Lippincott,
niomas/and Newspapers, Early, elsewhere in this
volume. )
SLOAN, Wesley, legislator and juri.st, was
born in Dorchester County, Md., Feb. 20,, 1806.
At the age of 17, having received a fair academic
education, he accompanied his parents to Phila-
delphia, where, for a year, he was employed in a
wholesale grocery. His father dying, he returned I
to Maryland and engaged in teaching, at the
same time studying law, and being admitted to
484
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
the bar in 1831. He came to Illinois in 1838,
going first to Chicago, and afterward to Kaskas-
kia, finally settling at Golconda in 1839, which
continued to be his home the remainder of his
life. In 1848 lie was elected to the Legislature,
and re-elected in 1850, '52, and "56, serving tliree
times as Chairman of the Judiciary Committee.
He was one of the members of the first State
Board of Education, created by Act of Feb. 18,
1857, and took a prominent part in the founding
and organization of the State educational in.sti-
tutions. In 1857 he was elected to the bench of
the Nineteenth Judicial Circuit, and re-elected in
1861, but declined a re-election for a third term.
Died, Jan. 15, 1887.
SMITH, Abner, jurist, was born at Orange,
Franklin County, Mass., August 4, 1843, of an
old New England family, whose ancestors came
to Massachusetts Colony about 1630; was edu-
cated in tlie public schools and at Middlebury
College, Vt., graduating from the latter in 1866.
After graduation he spent a year as a teacher in
Newton Academy, at Shoreham, Vt., coming to
Chicago in 1867, and entering upon the study of
law, being admitted to the bar in 1868. The next
twenty-five years were spent in the practice of
his profession in Chicago, within that time serv-
ing as tlie attorney of several important corpo-
rations. In 1893 he was elected a Judge of the
Circuit Court of Cook County, and re-elected
in 1897, his term of service continuing until
1903.
SMITH, (Dr.) Charles Gilman, physician, was
born at Exeter, N. H., Jan. 4, 1838, received his
early education at Phillips Academy, in his native
place, finally' graduating from Harvard Univer-
sity in 1847. He soon after commenced the study
of medicine in the Harvard Medical School, but
completed his coiu-se at the University of Penn-
sylvania in 1851. After two years spent as
attending physician of the Alms House in South
Boston, Mass., in 1853 he came to Chicago, where
he soon acquired an extensive practice. During
the Civil War he was one of six physicians
employed by the Government for the treatment
of prisoners of war in hospital at Camp Douglas.
In 1868 he visited Europe for the purpose of
observing the management of hospitals in Ger-
many, France and England, on his return being
invited to lecture in the Woman's Medical College
in Chicago, and also becoming consulting phy-
sician in the Women's and Children's Hospital,
as well as in the Presbyterian Hospital — a position
which he continued to occupj' for the remainder
of his life, gaining a wide reputation in the treat-
ment of women's and children's diseases. Died,
Jan. 10, 1894,
SMITH, David AUeu, lawyer, was born near
Richmond, Va., June 18, 1809; removed with his
father, at an early day, to Pulaski, Tenn. ; at 17
went to Courtland, Lawrence County, Ala.,
where he studied law with Judge Bramlette and
began practice. His father, dying about 1831, left
him the owner of a number of slaves whom, in
1837, he brought to Carlinville, 111. , and emanci-
pated, giving bond that they should not become
a charge to the State. In 1839 he removed to
Jacksonville, where he practiced law until his
death. Col. John J. Hardin was his partner at
the time of his death on the battle-field of Buena
Vista. Mr. Smith was a Trustee and generous
patron of Illinois College, for a quarter of a cen-
tury, but never held any political office. As a
lawyer he was conscientious and faithful to the
interests of his clients ; as a citizen, liberal, pub-
lic-spirited and patriotic. He contributed liber-
ally to the support of the Government dur-
ing the war for the Union. Died, at Anoka,
Minn., July 13, 1865, where he had gone to
accompany an invalid son. — Thomas William
(Smith), eldest son of the preceding, born at
Courtland, Ala., Sept. 27, 1832; died at Clear-
water, Minn., Oct. 29, 1865. He gi-aduated at
lUinois College in 1852, studied law and served
as Captain in the Tenth Illinois Volunteers,
until, broken in health, he returned home to
die.
SMITH, Dietrich C, ex-Congressman, was
born at Ostfrieslaud, Hanover, April 4, 1840, in
boyhood came to the L^nited States, and, since
1849, has been a resident of Pekin, Tazewell
Coimty. In 1861 he enlisted in the Eighth Illi-
nois Volunteers, was promoted to a Lieutenancy,
and, wliile so serving, was severely wounded at
Shiloh. Later, he was attached to the One Hun-
dred and Thirty-ninth Illinois Infantry, and was
mustered out of service as Captain of Company C
of that regiment. His business is that of banker
and manufacturer, besides which he has had con-
siderable experience in the construction and
management of railroads. He was a member of
the Thirtieth General Assembh-, and, in 1880, was
elected Representative in Congress from what
was then the Tliirteenth District, on the Repub-
lican ticket, defeating Adlai E. Stevenson, after-
wards Vice-President. In 1882, his county (Taze-
well) having been attached to the district for
many years represented by Wm. M. Springer, he
was defeated by the latter as a candidate for re-
election.
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
485
SMITH, George, one of Chicago's pioneers and
early bankers, was born in Aberdeenshire, Scot-
land, March 8, 1808. It was his early intention
to study medicine, and he entered Aberdeen Col-
lege with this end in view, but was forced to quit
the institution at the end of two years, because
of impaired vision. In 1833 he came to America,
and, in 1834, settled in Chicago, where he resided
until 1861, meanwhile spending one year in Scot-
land. He invested largely in real estate in Chi-
cago and Wisconsin, at one time owning a
considerable portion of the present site of Mil-
waukee. In 1837 he secured the charter for the
Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insurance Company,
whose headquarters were at Milwaukee. He was
really tlie owner of the company, although Alex-
ander Mitchell, of Milwaukee, was its Secretary.
Under this charter Mr. Smith was able to issue
51,500,000 in certificates, which circulated freely
as currency. In 1839 he founded Chicago's first
private banking house. About 1843 he was inter-
ested in a storage and commission business in
Chicago, with a Mr. Webster as partner. He
was a Director in the old Galena & Chicago
Union Railroad (now a part of the Cliicago &
Northwestern), and aided it, while in course of
construction, by loans of money; was also a
charter member of the Chicago Board of Trade,
organized in 1848. In 18.54, the State of Wiscon-
sin liaving prohibited the circulation of the Wis-
consin Marine and Fire Insurance certificates
above mentioned, Mr. Smith sold out the com-
pany to his partner, Mitchell, and bought two
Georgia bank charters, which, together, em-
powered him to issue $3,000,000 in cui-rency. The
notes were duly issued in Georgia, and put into
circulation in Illinois, over tlie counter of George
Smith & Co.'s Chicago bank. About 1856 Mr.
Smith began winding up his affairs in Chicago,
meanwhile spending most of his time in Scotland,
but. returning in 1860, made extensive invest-
ments in railroad and other American securities,
wliich netted him large profits. The amount of
capital which he is reputed to have taken with
him to his native land has been estimated at
§10,000,000, though he retained considerable
tracts of valuable lands in Wisconsin and about
Chicago. Among those who were associated
with him in business, either as employes or
otherwise, and who have since been prominently
identified %vith Chicago business aiiairs, were
Hon. Charles B. Farwell, E. I. Tinkham (after-
wards a prominent banker of Chicago), E. W.
Willard, now of Newport, R. I., and others. Mr.
Smith made several visits, during the last forty
years, to the United States, but divided his time
chiefly between Scotland (where he was the
owner of a castle) and London. Died Oct. 7, 1899.
SMITH, Cieorge W., soldier, lawyer and State
Treasurer, was born in Brooklyn, N. Y., Jan.
8, 1837. It was his intention to acquire a col-
legiate education, but liis father's business
embarrassments having compelled the abandon-
ment of his studies, at 17 of years age he went
to Arkansas and taught school for two years. In
1856 he returned to Albany and began the study
of law, graduating from the law school in 1858.
In October of that year he removed to Chicago,
where he remained continuously in practice, with
the exception of the years 1863-65, when he was
serving in the Union army, and 1867-68, when he
filled the office of State Treasurer. He was mus-
tered into service, August 27, 1863, as a Captain in
the Eighty-eighth Illinois Infantry— the second
Board of Trade regiment. At Stone River, he
was seriously wounded and captured. After
four days' confinement, he was aided by a negro
to escape. He made his way to the Union lines,
but was granted leave of absence, being incapaci-
tated for service. On his return to duty he
joined his regiment in the Chattanooga cam-
paign, and was officially complimented for his
bravery at Gordon's Mills. At Mission Ridge he
was again severely wounded, and was once more
personally complimented in the official report.
At Kenesaw Mountain (June 37, 1864), Capt.
Smith commanded tlie regiment after the killing
of Lieutenant-Colonel Chandler, and was pro-
moted to a Lieutenant-Colonelcy for bravery on
the field. He led the charge at Franklin, and
was brevetted Colonel, and thanked by the com-
mander for his gallant service. In the spring of
1865 he was brevetted Brigadier-General, and, in
June following, was mustered out. Returning
to Chicago, he resumed the practice of his pro-
fession, and gained a prominent position at the
bar. In 1866 lie was elected State Treasurer, and,
after the expiration of his term, in January,
1869, held no public office. General Smith was,
for many years, a Trustee of the Chicago Histor-
ical Society, and "Vice-President of the Board.
Died, in Chicago, Sept. 16, 1898.
SMITH, (ieorge W., lawyer and Congressman,
was born in Putnam County, Ohio, August 18,
1846. When he was four years old, his father
removed to Wayne County, 111., settling on a
farm. He attended the common schools and
graduated from the literary department of Mc-
Kendree College, at Lebanon, in 1868. In his
youth he learned the trade of a blacksmith, but>
486
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
later determined to study law. After reading for
a time at Fairfield, III., he entered the Law
Department of the Bloomington (Ind.) Univer-
sity, graduating there in 1870. The same year he
was admitted to the bar in Illinois, and has since
practiced at Murphysboro. In 1880 he was a
Republican Presidential Elector, and, in 1888, was
elected a RepuljUcau Representative to Congress
from the Twentieth Illinois District, and has
been continuously re-elected, now (1899) serving
his sixth consecutive term as Representative
from tlie Twenty-second District.
SMITH, Giles Alexander, soldier, and Assist-
ant Postmaster-General, was born in Jefferson
County, N. Y., Sept. 29, 1829; engaged in dry-
goods business in Cincinnati and Bloomington,
111., in 1861 being proprietor of a hotel in the
latter place; became a Captain in tlie Eiglith
Missouri Volunteers, was engaged at Forts Henry
and Donelson. Shiloh and Corintli, and promoted
Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel in 1862; led his
regiment on the first attack on Viclisburg, and
was severely wounded at Arkansas Post ; was pro-
moted Brigadier-General in August, 1863, for
gallant and meritorious conduct; led a brigade
of the Fifteenth Army Coi-ps at Chattanooga and
Missionary Ridge, as also in the Atlanta cam-
paign, and a division of the Seventeentli Corps in
the "March to tiie Sea." After the surrender of
Lee he was transferred to the Tvvent3'-fifth Army
Corps, became JIajor-General in 1865, and
resigned in 1866, having declined a commission
as Colonel in the regular army ; about 1869 was
appointed, by President Grant, Second Assistant
Postiuaster-General, but resigned on account of
failing health in 1872. Died, at Bloomington,
Nov. 8, 1876. General Smith was one of the
founders of the Society of the Army of the
Tennessee.
SMITH, Gustarus Adolphns, soldier, was born
in Philadelphia, Dec. 26, 1820; at 16 joined two
brothers who had located at Springfield, Ohio,
where he learned the trade of a carriage-maker.
In December, 1837, he arrived at Decatur, 111.,
but soon after located at Springfield, where he
resided some six years. Then, returning to
Decatur, he devoted his attention to carriage
manufacture, doing a large business witli the
South, but losing heavily as the result of the
war. An original Whig, he became a Democrat
on the dissolution of the Whig party, but early
took ground in favor of the Union after the firing
on Fort Sumter; was offered and accepted the
colonelcy of the Thirty-fifth Regiment Illinois
Volunteers, at the same time assisting Governor
Yates in the selection of Camp Butler as a camp
of recruiting and instruction. Having been
assigned to duty in Missouri, in the summer of
1861, he proceeded to Jefferson City, joined Fre-
mont at Carthage in tliat State, and made a
forced march to Springfield, afterwards taking
part in the campaign in Arkansas and in tiie
battle of Pea Ridge, where he had a horse sliot
under him and was severely (and, it was supposed,
fatally) wounded, not recovering until 1868.
Being compelled to return home, he received
authority to raise an independent brigade, but
was unable to accompany it to the field. In Sep-
tember, 1862, he was commissioned a Brigadier-
General by President Lincoln, "for meritorious
conduct,"' but was unable to enter into active
service on account of his wound. Later, he was
assigned to the command of a convalescent camp
at Murfreesboro, Tenn., under Gen. George H.
Thomas. In 1864 he took part in securing the
second election of President Lincoln, and, in the
early part of 1865, was commissioned by Gov-
ernor Oglesby Colonel of a new regiment (the
One Hundred and Fifty-fifth Illinois), but, on
account of his wounds, was assigned to court-
martial duty, remaining in tl)e service until
January, 1866, when lie was mustered out with
the brevet rank of Brigadier-General. During
the second year of his service he was presented
with a magnificent sword by the rank and file of
his regiment (the Thirty-fifth), for brave and gal-
lant conduct at Pea Ridge. After retiring from
the army, he engaged in cotton planting in Ala-
bama, but was not successful ; in 1868, canvassed
Alabama for General Grant for President, but-
declined a nomination in his own favor for Con-
gress. In 1870 he was appointed, by General
Grant, United States Collection and Disbursing
Agent for the District of New Mexico, where he
continued to reside.
SMITH, John Corson, soldier, ex-Lieutenant-
Governor and ex-State Treasurer, was born in
Philadelphia. Feb. 13, 1832. At the age of 16 he
was apprenticed to a carpenter and builder. In
185-1 he came to Chicago, and worked at his trade,
for a time, but soon removed to Galena, where he
finally engaged in business as a contractor. In
1862 he enlisted as a private in the Seventy-fourth
Illinois Volunteers, but, having received author-
ity from Governor Yates, raised a company, of
which lie was chosen Captain, and which was
incorporated in the Ninety-sixth Illinois Infan-
try. Of tills re,ginient he was soon elected Major.
After a short service about Cincinnati, Oliio,
and Covington and Newport, Ky., the Ninety-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
487
sixth was sent to the front, and took part (among
other battles) in the second engagement at Fort
Donelson and in the bloody figlit at Franklin,
Tenn. Later, Major Smith was assigned to staff
duty under Generals Baird and Steedman, serv-
ing through the Tullahoma campaign, and par-
ticipating in the battles of Chickamauga, Lookout
Mountain and Missionary Ridge. Being promoted
to a Lieutenant-Colonelcy, he rejoined his regi-
ment, and was given command of a brigade. In
the Atlanta campaign he served gallantlj', tak-
ing a conspicuous part in its long series of bloody
engagements, and being severely wounded at
Kenesaw Mountain. In February, 186.'), he was
brevetted Colonel, and, in June, 1865, Brigadier-
General. Soon after his return to Galena he was
appointed Assistant Assessor of Internal Revenue,
but was legislated out of office in 1872. In 1873
he removed to Chicago and embarked in business.
In 1874-76 he was a member (and Secretary) of
the Illinois Board of Commissioners to the Cen-
tennial Exposition at Philadelphia. In 1875 he
was appointed Chief Grain-Inspector at Chicago,
and held the office for several years. In 1872 and
"76 he was a delegate to the National Republican
Conventions of those years, and, in 1878, was
elected State Treasurer, as he was again in 1882.
In 1884 he was elected Lieutenant-Governor, serv-
ing until 1889. He is a prominent Mason, Knight
Templar and Odd Fellow, as well as a distin-
guished member of the Order of Nobles of the
Mystic Shrine, and was prominently connected
with the erection of the "Masonic Temple Build-
ing'" in Chicago.
SMITH, John Eugene, soldier, was born in
Switzerland, August 3, 1816, the son of an officer
who had served under Napoleon, and after the
downfall of the latter, emigrated to Philadelphia.
The subject of this sketch received an academic;
education and became a jeweler ; in 1861 entered
the volunteer service as Colonel of the Fortj'-fifth
Illinois Infantry ; took part in the capture of
Forts Henry and Donelson, in the battle of Shiloh
and siege of Corinth ; was promoted a Brigadier-
General in November, 1863, and placed in com-
mand of a division in the Sixteenth Army Corps ;
led the Third Division of the Seventeenth Army
Corps in the Vicksburg campaign, later being
transferred to the Fifteenth, and taking part in
the battle of Missionarj' Ridge and the Atlanta
and Carolina campaigns of 1864-65. He received
the brevet rank of Major-General of Volunteers
in January, 186.5, and, on his muster-out from the
volunteer service, became Colonel of the Twenty-
seventh United States Infantry, being transferred,
in 1870, to the Fourteenth. In 1867 his services
at Vicksburg and Savannah were further recog-
nized by conferring upon him the brevets of Brig-
adier and Major-General in the regular army.
In May, 1881, he was retired, afterwards residing
in Chicago, where he died, Jan. 39, 1897.
SMITH, Josep]i, the founder of the Mormon
sect, was born at Sharon, Vt., Dec. 33, 18(J."). In
1815 his parents removed to Palmyra, N. Y., and
still later to Manchester. He early showed a
dreamy mental cast, and claimed to be able to
locate stolen articles by means of a magic stone.
In 1830 he claimed to have seen a vision, but his
pretensions were ridiculed by his acquaintances.
His story of the revelation of the golden plates
by the angel Moroni, and of the latter"s instruc-
tions to him, is well known. With the aid of
Martin Harris and Oliver Cowdery he prepared
the "Book of Mormon," alleging that he had
deciphered it from heaven-sent characters,
through the aid of miraculous spectacles. This
was published in 1830. In later years Smith
claimed to have received supplementary reve-
lations, which so taxed the credulity of his fol-
lowers that some of them apostatized. He also
claimed supernatural power, such as exorcism,
etc. He soon gained followers in considerable
numbers, whom, in 18.33, he led west, a part
settling at Kirtland, Ohio, and the remainder in
Jackson County, Mo. Driven out of Ohio five
years later, the bulk of the sect found the way to
their friends in Missouri, whence they were
finally expelled after many conflicts with the
authorities. Smith, with the other refugees, fled
to Hancock County, 111., founding the city of
Nauvoo, which was incorporated in 1840. Here
was begun, in the following year, the erection of a
great temple, but again he aroused the hostility
of the authorities, although soon wielding con-
siderable political power. After various unsuc-
cessful attempts to arrest him in 1844, Smith and
a number of his followers were induced to sur-
render themselves under the promise of protection
from violence and a fair trial. Having been
taken to Carthage, the county-seat, all were dis-
charged under recognizance to ajjpear at court
except Smith and his brother Hyrum, who were
held under the new charge of "treason, "' and were
placed in jail. So intense had been the feeling
against the Mormons, that Governor Ford called
out the militia to preserve the peace ; but it is
evident that the feeling among the latter was in
sympathy with that of the populace. Most of
the militia were disbanded after Smith's arrest,
one company being left on duty at Carthage,
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
from whcm only eight men were detailed to
guard the jail. In this condition of affairs a mob
of 150 disguised men, alleged to be from Warsaw,
ajjpeared before the jail on the evening of June
27, and, forcing the guards — who made only a
feeble resistance, — Joseph Smith and his brother
Hyrum were both shot down, while a friend, who
had remained with them, was wounded. The fate
of Smith undoubtedly went far to win for liim
the reputation of mart3-r, and give a new impulse
to the Mormon faith. (See Mormons; Xauvoo. )
SMITH, Justin Almerin, D,D., clergyman
and editor, was born at Ticonderoga, N. Y., Dec.
39, 1819, educated at New Hampton Literary and
Theological Institute and Union College, gradu-
ating from the latter in 1843 ; served a year as
Principal of the Union Academy at Bennington,
Vt., followed by four years of pastoral work,
when he assumed the pastorate of the First Bap-
tist church at Rochester, N. Y., where he
remained five years. Then (1853) he removed to
Chicago to assume the editorship of "The Chris-
tian Times" (now "The Standard"), with which
he was associated for the remainder of his life.
Meanwhile he assisted in organizing three Baptist
churches in Chicago, serving two of them as
pastor for a considerable period; made an ex-
tended tour of Europe in 1869, attending the
Vatican Council at Rome; was a Trustee and
one of the founders of the old Chicago Univer-
sity, and Trustee and Lecturer of the Baptist
Theological Seminary ; was also the author of
several religious works. Died, at Morgan Park,
near Chicago, Feb. 4, 1896.
SMITH, Perry H., lawyer and politician, was
born in Augusta. Oneida County, N. Y., March
18, 1828 ; entered Hamilton College at the age of
14 and graduated, second in his class, at 18 ; began
reading law and was admitted to the bar on com-
ing of age in 1849. Then, removing to Appleton,
Wis., when 23 years of age he was elected a
Judge, served later in both branches of the
Legislature, and, in 1857, became Vice-President
of the Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac Railway,
retaining the same position in the reorganized
corporation when it became the Chicago &
Northwestern. In 1856 Mr. Smith came to Chi-
cago and resided there till his death, on Palm
Sunday of 1885. He was prominent in railway
circles and in the councils of the Democratic
party, being the recognized representative of Mr.
Tilden's interests in the Northwest in the cam-
paign of 1876.
SMITH, Robert, Congressman and lawyer,
■was born at Petersborough, N. H., June 12, 1802;
was educated and admitted to the bar in his
native town, settled at Alton, 111., in 1832, and
engaged in practice. In 1836 he was elected to
the General Assembly from Madison County,
and re-elected in 1838. In 1842 he was elected to
the Twenty-eighth Congress, and twice re-elected,
serving three successive terms. During the Civil
War he was commissioned Paymaster, with the
rank of Major, and was stationed at St. Louis.
He was largely interested in the construction of
water power at Minneapolis, Minn., and also in
railroad enterprises in IlUnois. He was a promi-
nent Mason and a public-spirited citizen. Died,
at Alton, Dec. 20. 1867.
SMITH, Samuel Lisle, lawyer, was born in
Philadelphia, Pa., in 1817, and, belonging to a
wealthy family, enjoyed superior educational
advantages, taking a course in the Yale Law
School at an age too early to admit of liis receiv-
ing a degree. In 1836 he came to Illinois, to look
after some lauded interests of his father's in the
vicinity of Peru. Returning east within the next
two years, he obtained his diploma, and, again
coming west, located in Chicago in 1838, and,
for a time, occupied an office with the well-known
law firm of Butterfield & Collins. In 1839 he was
elected City Attorney and, at the great W^hig
meeting at Springfield, in June, 1840, was one of
the principal speakers, establishing a reputation
as one of the most brilliant campaign orators in
the West. As an admirer of Henry Clay, he was
active in the Presidential campaign of 1844, and
was also a prominent speaker at the River and
Harbor Convention at Chicago, in 1847. With a
keen sense of humor, brilliant, witty and a mas-
ter of repartee and invective, he achieved popu-
larity, both at the bar and on the lecture
platform, and had the promise of future success,
which was unfortunately marred by his convivial
habits. Died of cholera, in Chicago, July 30, 1854.
Mr. Smith married the daughter of Dr. Potts, of
Philadelphia, an eminent clergyman of the
Episcopal Church.
SMITH, Sidney, jurist, was born in Washing-
ton County, N. Y., May 12, 1829; studied law and
was admitted to the bar at Albion, in that State,
in 1851 ; came to Chicago in 1856 and entered
into partnership with Grant Goodrich and Will-
iam W. Farwell, both of whom were afterwards
elected to places on the bench — the first in the
Superior, and the latter in the Circuit Court. In
1879 Judge Smith was elected to the Superior
Court of Cook County, serving until 1885, when
he became the attorney of the Chicago Board of
Trade. He was the Republican candidate for
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
489
Mayor, in opposition to Carter H. Harrison, in
1885, and is believed by many to have been
honestly elected, though defeated on the face of
the returns. A recount was ordered by the court,
but so much delay was incurred and so many
obstacles placed in the way of carrying the order
into effect, that Judge Smith abandoned the con-
test in disgust, although making material gains
as far as it had gone. During his professional
career he was connected, as counsel, with some of
the most important trials before the Chicago
courts; was also one of the Directors of the Chi-
cago Public Library, on its organization in 1871.
Died suddenly, in Chicago, Oct. 6, 1898.
SMITH, Theophilns Washington, Judge and
politician, was born in New York City, Sept. 28,
1784, served for a time in the United States navy,
was a law student in the ofBce of Aaron Burr,
was admitted to the bar in his native State in
1805, and, in 1816, came west, finally locating at
Edwardsville, where he soon became a prominent
figure in early State history. In 1820 he was an
unsuccessful candidate before the Legislature for
the office of Attorney-General, being defeated by
Samuel D. Lockwood, but was elected to the
State Senate in 1822, serving four years. In 1823
he was one of the leaders of the "Conventionist"
party, whose aim was to adopt a new Constitution
which would legalize slavery in Illinois, during
this period being the editor of the leading organ
of the pro-slavery party. In 1825 he was elected
one of the Associate Justices of the Supreme
Court, but resigned, Dec. 36, 1842. He was im-
peached in 1832 on charges alleging oppressive
conduct, corruption, and other high misdemean-
ors in office, but secured a negative acquittal, a
two-thirds vote being necessary to conviction.
The vote in the Senate stood twelve for convic-
tion (on a part of the charges) to ten for acquittal,
four being excused from voting. During the
Black Hawk War he served as Quartermaster-
General on the Governor's staff. As a jurist, he
was charged by his political opponents with
being unable to divest himself of his partisan
bias, and even with privately advising counsel, in
political causes, of defects in the record, which
they (the counsel) had not discovered. He was
also a member of the first Board of Commission-
ers of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, appointed in
1823. Died, in Chicago, May 6, 1846.
SMITH, William Henry, journalist. Associ-
ated Press Manager, was born in Columbia
County, N. Y., Dec. 1, 1833; at three years of age
was taken by his parents to Ohio, where lie
enjoyed the best educational advantages that
State at the time afforded. After completing his
school course he began teaching, and, for a time,
served as tutor in a Western college, but soon
turned his attention to journalism, at first as
assistant editor of a weekly publication at Cincin-
nati, still later becoming its editor, and, in 1855,
city editor of "The Cincinnati Gazette," with
which he was connected in a more responsible
position at the beginning of the war, incidentally
doing work upon "The Literary Review." His
connection with a leading paper enabled him to
exert a strong influence in support of the Govern-
ment. This he used most faithfully in assisting
to raise troops in the first years of the war, and,
in 1863, in bringing forward and securing the
election of John Brough as a Union candidate for
Governor in opposition to Clement L. Vallandi-
gham, the Democratic candidate. In 1864 he was
nominated and elected Secretary of State, being
re-elected two years later. After' retiring from
office he returned to joiu-nalism at Cincinnati, as
editor of "The Evening Chronicle," from which
he retired in 1870 to become Agent of the West-
ern Associated Press, with headquarters, at first
at Cleveland, but later at Chicago. His success
in this line was demonstrated by the final union
of the New York and Western Associated Press
organizations under his management, continuing
until 1893, when he retired. Mr. Smith was a
strong personal friend of President Hayes, by
whom he was appointed Collector of the Port of
Chicago in 1877. While engaged in official duties
he found time to do considerable literary work,
having published, several years ago, "The St. Clair
Papers," in two volumes, and a life of Charles
Hammond, besides contributions to periodicals.
After retiring from the management of the
Associated Press, he was engaged upon a "His-
tory of American Politics" and a "Life of Ruther-
ford B. Hayes," which are said to have been well
advanced at the time of his death, which took
place at his home, at Lake Forest, 111., July 27,
189G.
SMITH, William M., merchant, stock- breeder
and politician, was born near Frankfort. Ky.,
May 23, 1827; in 1846 accompanied his father's
family to Lexington, McLean County, 111., where
they settled. A few years later he bought forty
acres of government land, finally increasing his
holdings to 800 acres, and becoming a breeder of
fine stock. Still later he added to his agricultural
pursuits the business of a merchant. Having
early identified himself with the Republican
party, he remained a firm adherent of its prin-
ciples during the Civil War, and, while declining
490
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
a commission tendered him by Governor Yates,
devoted his time and means liberally to the re-
cruiting and organization of regiments for serv-
ice in the field, and pj-ocuring supplies for the
sick and wounded. In 1866 he was elected to the
lower house of the Legislature, and was re-elected
in 1868 and '70, serving, during his last term, as
Speaker. In 1877 he was appointed by Governor
Cullom a member of the Railroad and Warehouse
Commi.ssion. of which body he served as President
until 1883. He was a man of remarkably genial
temperament, liberal impulses, and wide popu-
larity. Died, March 25, 1886.
SMITH, William Sooy, soldier and civil engi-
neer, was born at Tarlton, Pickaway County,
Ohio, July 23, 1830 ; graduated at Ohio University
in 1849, and, at the United States Military Acad-
em}', in 1853, having among his classmates, at the
latter. Generals McPherson, Schofield and Sheri-
dan. Coming to Chicago the following year, he
first found employment as an engineer on tlie
Illinois Central Railroad, but later became assist-
ant of Lieutenant-Colonel Graham in engineer
service on the lakes ; a year later took charge of
a select school in Buffalo ; in 1S57 made the first
surveys for the International Bridge at Niagara
Falls, then went into the service of extensive
locomotive and bridge-works at Trenton, N. J.,
in their interest making a visit to Cuba, and also
superintending the construction of a bridge
across the Savannah River. Tlie war intervening,
he returned North and was appointed Lieutenant-
Colonel and assigned to duty as Assistant Adju-
tant-General at Camp Denison, Ohio, but, in
June, 1862, was commissioned Colonel of the
Thirteenth Ohio Volunteers, participating in the
West Virginia campaigns, and later, at Shiloh and
Perryville. In April, 1862, he was promoted
Brigadier-General of volunteers, commanding
divisions in the Army of the Ohio until the fall
of 1862, when he joined Grant and took part in
the Vicksburg campaign, as commander of the
First Division of the Sixteenth Army Corps.
Subsequently he was made Chief of the Cavalry
Department, serving on the staffs of Grant and
Sherman, until compelled to resign, in 1864, on
account of impaired health. During the war
General Smith rendered valuable service to the
Union cause in great emergencies, by his knowl-
edge of engineering. On retiring to private life
he resumed his profession at Chicago, and since
has been employed by the Government on some
of its most stupendous works on the lakes, and
has also planned several of the most important
railroad bridges across the Missouri and other
streams. He has been much consulted in refer-
ence to municipal engineering, and his name is
connected with a number of the gigantic edifices
in Chicago.
SMITHBORO, a village and railroad junction
in Bond County, 3 miles east of Greenville.
Population, 393; (1900), 314.
SNAPP, Henry, Congressman, born in Livings-
ton County, N. Y., June 30, 1822, came to Illinois
with his father when 11 years old, and, having
read law at Joliet, was admitted to the bar in
1847. He practiced in Will County for twenty
years before entering public life. In 1868 he was
elected to the State Senate and occupied a seat in
that body until his election, in 1871, to the Forty-
second Congress, by the Republicans of the (then)
Sixth Illinois District, as successor to B. C. Cook,
who had resigned. Died, at Joliet, Nov. 23, 1895.
SNOW, Herman W., ex-Congressman, was born
in La Porte County, Ind., July 3, 1836, but was
reared in Kentucky, working upon a farm for
five years, while yet in his minoritj- becoming a
resident of Illinois. For several years he was a
school teacher, meanwhile studying law and
being admitted to the bar. Early in the war he
enlisted as a private in the One Hundred and
Thirty-ninth Illinois Volunteers, rising to the
rank of Captain. His term of service having
expired, he re-enlisted in the One Hundred and
Fifty-first Illinois, and was mustered out with
the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. After the close
of the war he resumed teaching at the Chicago
High School, and later served in the General
Assembly (1873-74) as Representative from Wood-
ford County. In 1890 he was elected, as a Demo-
crat, to represent the Ninth Illinois District in
Congress, but was defeated by his Republican
opponent in 1892.
SNOWHOOK, William B., first Collector of
Customs at Chicago, was born in Ireland in 1804 ;
at the age of eight years was brought to New
York, where he learned the printer's trade,
and worked for some time in the same office
with Horace Greeley. At 16 he went back to
Ireland, remaining two years, but, returning to
the United States, began tlie study of law ; was
also employed on the Passaic Canal; in 1836,
came to Chicago, and was soon after associated
with William B. Ogden in a contract on the Illi-
nois & Michigan Canal, which lasted until 1841.
As early as 1840 he became prominent as a leader
in the Democratic party, and, in 1846, received
from President Polk an appointment as first Col-
lector of Customs for Chicago (Iiaving previously
served as Special Surveyor of the Port, while
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
491
attached to the District of Detroit) ; in 1853, was
re-appointed to the CoUectorship by President
Pierce, serving two years. During the "Mormon
War" (1844) he organized and equipped, at his
own expense, the Montgomery Guards, and was
commissioned Colonel, but the disturbances were
brought to an end before the order to march.
From 1856 he devoted his attention chiefly to his
practice, but, in 1863, was one of the Democrats
of Chicago who took part in a movement to sus-
tain the Government by stimulating enlistments ;
was also a member of the Convention which
nominated Mr. Greeley for President in 1872.
Died, in Chicago, May 5, 1882.
SNYDER, Adam Wilson, pioneer lawyer, and
early Congressman, was born at Connellsville,
Pa., Oct. 6, 1799. In early life lie followed the
occupation of svool-curling for a livelihood,
attending school in the winter. In 1815, he emi-
grated to Colmnbus, Ohio, and afterwards settled
in Ridge Prairie, St. Clair County, 111. Being
offered a situation in a wool-curling and fulling
mill at Cahokia, he removed thither in 1817. He
formed the friendship of Judge Je.sse B. Thomas,
and, through the latter's encouragement and aid,
studied law and gained a solid professional, poli-
tical, social and financial position. In 1830 he
was elected State Senator from St. Clair County,
and re-elected for two successive terms. He
served through the Black Hawk War as private.
Adjutant and Captain. In 1833 he removed to
Belleville, and, in 1834, was defeated for Congress
by Governor Reynolds, whom he, in turn, defeated
in 1836. Two years later Reynolds again defeated
him for the same position, and, in 1840, he was
elected State Senator. In 1841 he was the Demo-
cratic nominee for Governor. The election was
held in August, 1842, but, in May preceding, he
died at his home in Belleville. His place on the
ticket was filled by Thomas Ford, who was
elected.— William H. (Snyder), son of the pre-
ceding, was born in St. Clair County, 111., July
12, 1825 ; educated at McKendree College, studied
law with Lieutenant-Governor Koerner, and was
admitted to practice in 1845; also served for a
time as Postmaster of the city of Belleville, and,
during the Mexican War, as First-Lieutenant and
Adjutant of the Fifth Illinois Volunteers. From
1850 to '54 he represented his county in the Legis-
lature ; in 1855 was appointed, by Governor Mat-
teson. State's Attorney, which position he filled
for two years. He was an unsuccessful candidate
for the office of Secretary of State in 1856, and,
in 1857, was elected a Judge of the Twenty-
fourth Circuit, was re-elected for the Third Cir-
cuit in '73, '79 and "85. He was also a member of
the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70. Died,
at Belleville, Dec. 24, 1892.
SOLDIERS' AXD SAILORS' HOME, a State
charitable institution, founded by act of the
Legislature in 1885, and located at Quincy,
Adams County. The object of its establish-
ment was to provide a comfortable home for
such disabled or dependent veterans of the
United States land or naval forces as had
honorably served during the Civil War. It
was opened for the reception of veterans on
March 3, 1887, the first cost of site and build-
ings having been about $350,000. The total num-
ber of inmates admitted up to Jxme 30, 1894, was
2,813; the number in attendance during the two
previous years 988, and the whole number present
on Nov. 10, 1894, 1,088. The value of property at
that time was $393,686.08. Considerable appro-
priations have been made for additions to the
buildings at subsequent sessions of the Legisla-
ture. The General Government pays to the State
§100 per year for each veteran supported at the
Home.
SOLDIERS' ORPHANS' HOME, ILLINOIS, an
institution, created by act of 1865, for the main-
tenance and education of children of deceased
soldiers of the Civil War. An eighty-acre tract,
one mile north of Normal, was selected as the
site, and the first principal building was com-
pleted and opened for the admission of benefici-
aries on June 1, 1869. Its first cost was §135,000,
the site having been donated. Repairs and the
construction of new buildings, from time to
time, have considerably increased this sum. In
1875 the benefits of the institution were extended,
by legislative enactment, to the children of sol-
diers who had died after the close of the war.
The aggregate number of inmates, in 1894, was
572, of whom 323 were males and 249 females.
SOLDIERS' WIDOWS' HOME. Provision was
made for the establishment of this institution by
the Thirty-ninth General Assembly, in an act,
approved, June 13, 1895, appropriating §20,000 for
the purchase of a site, the erection of buildings
and furnishing the same. It is designed for the
reception and care of the mothers, wives, widows
and daughters of such honorably discharged
soldiers or sailors, in the United States service, as
may have died, or may be physically or men-
tally unable to provide for the families natu-
rally dependent on them, provided that such
persons have been residents of the State for
at least one year previous to admission, and
are without means or ability for self-support.
492
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
The affairs of the Home are managed by a
board of five trustees, of whom two are men and
three women, the former to be members of the
Grand Army of the Republic and of different
political parties, and the latter members of the
Women's Relief Corps of this State. The institu-
tion was located at Wilmington, occupying a
site of seventeen acres, where it was formally
opened in a house of eighteen rooms, March 11,
1896, with twenty-six applications for admit-
tance. The plan contemplates an early enlarge-
ment by the erection of additional cottages.
SORENTO, a village of Bond County, at the
intersection of the Joliet & St. Louis and the
Toledo, St. Louis & Kansas City Railways, 14
miles southeast of Litchfield ; has a bank and a
newspaper. Its interests are agricultural.
Population (1890), 538; (1900), 1,000.
SOULARD, James Gaston, pioneer, born of
French ancestry in St. Louis, Mo., July 15, 1798;
resided there until 1821, when, having married
the daughter of a soldier of the Revolution, he
received an appointment at Fort Snelling, near
the present city of St. Paul, then under command
of Col. Snelling, who was his wife's brother-in-
law. The Fort was reached after a tedious jour-
ney by flat-boat and overland, late in the fall of
1821, his wife accompanying him. Three years
later they returned to St. Louis, where, being an
engineer, he was engaged for several years in
surveying. In 1827 he removed with his family
to Galena, for the next six years had charge of a
store of the Gratiot Brothers, early business men
of that locality. Towards the close of this period
he received the appointment of County Recorder,
also holding the position of County Surveyor and
Postmaster of Galena at the same time. His
later years were devoted to farming and horti-
culture, his death taking place, Sept. 17, 1878.
Mr. Soulard was probably the first man to engage
in freighting between Galena and Chicago.
"The Galena Advertiser" of Sept. 14, 1829, makes
mention of a wagon-load of lead sent by him to
Chicago, liis team taking back a load of salt, the
paper remarking: "This is the first wagon that
has ever passed from the Mississippi River to
Chicago." Great results were predicted from
the exchange of commodities between the lake
and the lead mine district. — Mrs. Eliza M.
Hunt (Soulard), wife of the preceding, was born
at Detroit, Dec. 18, 1804, her father being Col.
Thomas A. Hunt, who had taken part in the
Battle of Bunker Hill and remained in the army
until his death, at St. Louis, in 1807. His descend-
ants have maintained their connection with the
army ever since, a son being a prominent artillery
officer at the Battle of Gettysburg. Mrs. Soulard
was married at St. Louis, in 1820, and survived
her husband some sixteen years, dying at Galena,
August 11, 1894. She had resided in Galena
nearly seventy years, and at the date of her
death, in the 90th year of her age, she was that
city's oldest resident.
SOUTH CHICAGO & WESTERN INDIANA
RAILROAD. (See Chicago & Westerti Indiana
Railroad. )
SOUTH DANTILLE, a .suburb of the city of
Danville, Vermilion County. Population (1890),
799; (1900), 898.
SOUTHEAST & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY. (See
LouiaviUe &■ Nashville Railroad.)
SOUTH ELGIN, a viUage of Kane County,
near the city of Elgin. Population (1900), 515.
SOUTHERN COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE,
located at Albion, Edwards County, incorporated
in 1891 ; had a faculty of ten teachers witli 219
pupils (1897-98) — about equally male and female.
Besides classical, scientific, normal, music and
fine arts departments, instruction is given in pre-
paratory studies and business education. Its
property is valued at §16,500.
SOUTHERN HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE,
located at Anna, Union County, founded by act
of the Legislature in 1869. The original site com-
prised 290 acres and cost a little more than
822,000, of which one-fourth was donated Vij- citi-
zens of the county. The construction of build-
ings was begun in 1869, but it was not until
March, 1875, that the north wing (the first com-
pleted) was ready for occupancy. Other portions
were completed a year later. The Trustees pur-
chased 160 additional acres in 1883. The first
cost (up to September, 1876) was nearly §635,000.
In 1881 one wing of the main building was de-
stroyed by fire, and was subsequently rebuilt ; the
patients being, meanwhile, cared for in temporary
wooden barracks. Tlie total value of lands and
buildings belonging to the State, June 30, 1894.
was estimated at $738,580, and, of property of all
sorts, at §833,700. The wooden barracks were
later converted into a permanent ward, additions
made to the main buildings, a detached building
for the accommodation of 300 patients erected,
numerous outbuildings put up and general im-
provements made. A second fire on the night of
Jan. 3, 1895, destroyed a large part of the main
building, inflicting a loss upon the State of
§175,000. Provision was made for rebuilding by
the Legislature of that year. The institution has
capacity for about 750 patients.
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
493
SOrTHERN ILLINOIS NORMAL LNIYER-
SITY, established in 1869, and located, after
competitive bidding, at Carbondale, which offered
lands and bonds at first estimated to be of the
value of §229,000, but which later depreciated,
through shrinkage, to §75,000. Construction was
commenced in May, 1870, and the first or main
building was completed and appropriately dedi-
cated in July, 1874. Its cost was §26.5,000, but it
was destroyed by fire, Nov. 26, 1883. In Febru-
ary, 1887, a new structure was completed at a cost
of §150,000. Two normal courses of instruction
are given — classical and scientific — each extend-
ing over a period of four years. The conditions
of admission require that the pupil shall be 16
years of age, and shall possess the qualifications
enabling him to pass examination for a second-
grade teacher's certificate. Those unable to do so
may enter a preparatory department for six
months. Pupils who pledge themselves to teach
in the public schools, not less than half the time
of their attendance at the University, receive
free tuition with a small charge for incidentals,
while others pay a tuition fee. The number of
students in attendance for the year 1897-98 was
720, coming from forty-seven counties, chiefly in
the southern half of the State, with represent-
atives from eight other States. The teaching
faculty for the same year consisted, besides the
President, of sixteen instructors in the various
departments, of whom five were ladies and
eleven gentlemen.
SOUTHERN PENITENTIARY, THE, located
near Chester, on the Mississippi River. Its erec-
tion was rendered necessary by the overcrowding
of the Northern Penitentiary. (See Northern
Penitentiary.) The law providing for its estab-
lishment required the Commissioners to select a
site convenient of access, adjacent to stone and
timber, and having a high elevation, with a never
failing supply of water. In 1877, 123 acres were
purchased at Chester, and the erection of build-
ings commenced. The first appropriation was of
§200,000, and §300,000 was added in 1879. By
March, 1878, 200 convicts were received, and
their labor was utilized in the completion of the
buildings, which are constructed upon approved
modern principles. The prison receives convicts
sent from the southern portion of the State, and
has accommodation for some 1.200 prisoners. In
connection with this penitentiary is an asylum
for insane convicts, the erection of which was
provided for by the Legislature in 1889.
SOUTH GROYE, a village of De Kalb County.
Population (1890), 730.
SPALDING, Jesse, manufacturer. Collector of
Customs and Street Railway President, was born
at Athens, Bradford County, Pa., April 15, 1833;
early commenced lumbering on the Susquehanna,
and, at 23, began dealing on his own account. In
1857 he removed to Chicago, and soon after bought
the property of the New York Lumber Company
at the mouth of the Menominee River in Wiscon-
sin, where, with different partners, and finally
practically alone, he has carried on the business
of lumber manufacture on a large scale ever
since. In 1881 he was appointed, by President
Arthur, Collector of the Port of Chicago, and, in
1889, received from President Harrison an
appointment as one of tlie Government Directors
of the Union Pacific Railway. Mr. Spalding was
a zealous supporter of the Government during
the War of the Rebellion and rendered valuable
aid in the construction and equipment of Camp
Douglas and the barracks at Chicago for the
returning soldiers, receiving Auditor's warrants
in payment, when no funds in the State treasury
were available for the purpose. He was associ-
ated with William B. Ogden and others in the
project for connecting Green Bay and Sturgeon
Bay by a ship canal, which was completed in
1882, and, on the death of Mr. Ogden, succeeded
to the Presidency of the Canal Company, serving
until 1893, when the canal was turned over to the
General Government. He has also been identified
with many other public enterprises intimately
connected with the development and prosperity
of Chicago, and, in July, 1899, became President
of the Chicago Union Traction Company, having
control of tlie North and West Chicago Street
Railway Systems.
SPALDING, John Lancaster, Catholic Bishop,
was born in Lebanon, Ky., June 2, 1840; educated
in the United States and in Europe, ordained a
priest in the Catholic Church in 1863, and there-
upon attached to the cathedral at Louisville, as
assistant. In 1869 he organized a congregation
of colored people, and built for their use the
Church of St. Augustine, having been assigned
to that parish as pastor. Soon afterwards he was
appointed Secretary to the Bishop and made
Chancellor of the Diocese. In 1873 he was trans-
ferred from Louisville to New York, where he
was attached to the missionary parish of St.
Michael's. He had, by this time, achieved no little
fame as a pulpit orator and lecturer. When
the diocese of Peoria, 111., was created, in 1877, the
choice of the Pope fell upon him for the new see,
and he was consecrated Bishop, on May 1 of that
year, by Cardinal McCloskey at New York. His
494
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
administration has been characterized by both
energy and success. He has devoted much atten-
tion to the subject of emigration, and has brought
about the founding of many new settlements in
the far West. He was also largely instrumental
in bringing about the founding of the Catholic
Universit}' at Washington. He is a frequent
contributor to the reviews, and the author of a
number of religious works.
SPANISH INVASION OF ILLINOIS. In the
month of June, 1T79, soon after the declaration
of war between Spain and Great Britain, an expe-
dition was organized in Canada, to attack the
Spanish posts along the Mississippi. Simultane-
ously, a force was to be dispatched from Pensa-
cola against New Orleans, then commanded by
3, young Spanish Colonel, Don Bernardo de
Galvez. Secret instructions had been sent to
British Commandants, all through the Western
country, to co-operate with both expeditions. De
Galvez, having learned of the scheme through
intercepted letters, resolved to forestall the attack
by becoming the assailant. At the head of a
force of 670 men, he set out and captured Baton
Rouge, Fort Manchac and Natchez, almost with-
out opposition. The British in Canada, being
ignorant of what had been going on in the South,
in February following dispatched a force from
Mackinac to support the expedition from Pensa-
cola, and, incidentally, to subdue the American
rebels while en route. Cahokia and Kaskaskia
were contemplated points of attack, as well as
the Spanish forts at St. Louis and St. Genevieve.
This movement was planned by Capt. Patrick
Sinclair, commandant at Mackinac, but Captain
Hesse was placed in charge of the expedition,
which numbered some 7.50 men, including a force
of Indians led by a chief named Wabasha. The
British arrived before St. Louis, early on the
morning of May 26, 1780, taking the Spaniards
by surprise. Meanwhile Col. George Rogers
Clark, having been apprised of the project,
arrived at Cahokia from the falls of the Ohio,
twenty-four hours in advance of the attack, his
presence and readiness to co-operate with the
Spanish, no doubt, contributing to the defeat of
the expedition. The accounts of what followed
are conflicting, the number of killed on the St.
Louis shore being variously estimated from seven
or eight to sixty-eight — the last being the esti-
mate of Capt. Sinclair in his official report. All
agree, however, that the invading party was
forced to retreat in great haste. Colonel Mont-
gomery, who had been in command at Cahokia,
with a force of 350 and a party of Spanish allies,
pursued the retreating invaders as far as the
Rock River, destroying many Indian villages on
the way. This movement on the part of the
British served as a pretext for an attempted re-
prisal, undertaken by the Spaniards, with the aid
of a number of Cahokians, early in 1781. Starting
early in January, this latter expedition crossed
Illinois, with the design of attacking Fort St.
Joseph, at the head of Lake Michigan, which had
been captured from the English by Thomas Brady
and afterwards retaken. The Spaniards were com-
manded by Don Eugenio Pourre, and supported
by a force of Cahokians and Indians. The fort
was easily taken and the British flag replaced by
the ensign of Spain. The affair was regarded as
of but little moment, at the time, the post being
evacuated in a few days, and the Spaniards
returning to St. Louis. Yet it led to serious
international complications, and the "conquest"
was seriously urged by the Spanish ministry as
giving that country a right to the territory trav-
ersed. This claim was supported by France
before the signing of the Treaty of Paris, but
was defeated, through the combined eff^orts of
Messrs. Jay, Franklin and Adams, the American
Commissioners in charge of the peace negoti-
ations with England.
SPARKS, (Capt.) David R., manufacturer and
legislator, was born near Lanesville, Ind. , in
1823; in 1836, removed with his parents to Ma-
coupin County, 111. ; in 1847, enlisted for the
Mexican War, crossing the plains to Santa Fe,
New Jlexico. In IS.'iO he made the overland trip
to California, returning the next year by the
Isthmus of Panama. In 18.5.5 he engaged in the
milling business at Staunton, Macoupin County,
but, in 1860, made a third trip across the plains
in search of gold, taking a quartz-mill which was
erected near where Central City, Colo., now is,
and which was the second steam-engine in that
region. He returned home in time to vote for
Stephen A. Douglas for President, the same year,
but became a stalwart Republican, two weeks
later, when the advocates of secession began to
develop their policy after the election of Lincoln.
In 1801 he enlisted, under the call for 500,000 vol-
unteers following the first battle of Bull Run, and
was commissioned a Captain in the Third Illinois
Cavalry (Col. Eugene A. Carr), serving two and a
half years, during which time he took part in
several hard-fought battles, and being present at
the fall of Vicksburg. At the end of his service
he became associated with his former partner in
the erection of a large flouring mill at Litchfield,
but, in 1869, the firm bought an extensive flour-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
495
ing mill at Alton, of which he became the princi-
pal owner in 1881, and which has since been
greatly enlarged and improved, until it is now one
of the most extensive establishments of its kind
in the State. Capt. Sparks was elected to the
House of Representatives in 1888, and to the State
Senate in 1894, serving in the sessions of 1895 and
'97; was also strongly supported as a candidate
for the Republican nomination for Congress in
1896.
SPARKS, William A. J., ex-Congressman, was
born near New Albany, Ind., Nov. 19, 1828, at 8
years of age was brought by his parents to Illi-
nois, and shortly afterwards left an orphan.
Thrown on his own resources, he found work
upon a farm, his attendance at the district
schools being limited to the winter months.
Later, he passed through McKendree College,
supporting himself, meanwhile, bj' teaching,
graduating in 18.50. He read law with Judge
Sidney Breese, and was admitted to the bar in
1851. His first public office was that of Receiver
of the Land Office at Edwardsville, to which he
was appointed by President Pierce in 1853, re-
maining until 1856, when he %vas chosen Presi-
dential Elector on the Democratic ticket. The
same year he was elected to the lower house of
the General Assembly, and, in 1863-64, served in
the State Senate for the unexpired term of James
M. Rodgers, deceased. He was a delegate to the
National Democratic Convention in 1868, and a
Democratic Representative in Congress from 1875
to 1883. In 1885 he was appointed, by President
Cleveland, Commissioner of the General Land
Office in Washington, retiring, by resignation, in
1887. His home is at Carlyle.
SPARTA & ST. GENETIETE RAILROAD.
(See Centralia & Chester Railroad.)
SPEED, Joshua Fry, merchant, and intimate
friend of Abraham Lincoln; was educated in the
local schools and at St. Joseph's College, Bards-
town, Ky., after which he spent some time in a
wholesale mercantile establishment in Louisville.
About 1835 he came to Springfield, 111. , where he
engaged in the mercantile business, later becom-
ing the intimate friend and associate of Abraham
Lincoln, to whom he offered the privilege of
sharing a room over his store, when Mr. Lincoln
removed from New Salem to Springfield, in 1836.
Mr. Speed returned to Kentucky in 1843, but the
friendship with Mr. Lincoln, which was of a
most devoted character, continued until the
death of the latter. Having located in Jefferson
County, Ky., Mr. Speed was elected to the Legis-
lature in 1848, but was never again willing to
accept office, though often solicited to do so. In
1851 he removed to Louisville, where he acquired
a handsome fortune in the real-estate business.
On the breaking out of the rebellion in 1801, he
heartily embraced the cause of the Union, and,
during the war, was entrusted with many deli-
cate and important duties in the interest of the
Government, by Mr. Lincoln, whom he frequently
visited in Washington. His death occurred at
Louisville, May 29, 1882.— James (Speed), an
older brother of the preceding, was a prominent
Unionist of Kentucky, and, after the war, a
leading Republican of that State, serving as dele-
gate to the National Republican Conventions of
18T2 and 1876. In 1864 he was appointed Attor-
ney-General by Mr. Lincoln and served until 1866,
when he resigned on account of disagi'eement
with President Johnson. He died in 1887, at the
age of 75 years.
SPOOjV RIVER, rises in Bureau County, flows
southward through Stark County into Peoria,
thence southwest through Knox, and to the south
and southeast, through Fulton Count}', entering
the Illinois River opposite Havana. It is about
150 miles long.
SPRIXGER, (Rev.) Francis, D.D., educator
and Arm}- Chaplain, born in Franklin County,
Pa., March 19, 1810; was left an orphan at an
early age, and educated at Pennsylvania College,
Gettysburg; entered the Lutheran ministry in
1836, and, in 1839, removed to Springfield, 111.,
where he preached and taught school; in 1847
became President of Hillsboro College, which, in
1852, was removed to Springfield and became Illi-
nois State University, now known as Concordia
Seminary. Later, he served for a time as Super-
intendent of Schools for the city of Springfield,
but, in September, 1861, resigned to accept the
Chaplaincy of the Tenth Illinois Cavalry ; by suc-
cessive resignations and appointments, held the
positions of Chaplain of the First Arkansas Infan-
try (1863-64) and Post Chaplain at Fort Smith,
Ark., serving in the latter position until April,
1867, when he was commissioned Cliaplain of the
United States Army. This position he resigned
while stationed at Fort Harker, Kan., August 23,
1867. During a considerable part of his incimi-
benoy as Chaplain at Fort Smith, he acted as
Agent of the Bureau of Refugees and Freedmen,
performing important service in caring for non-
combatants rendered homeless by the vicissitudes
of war. After the war he served, for a time, as
Superintendent of Schools for Montgomery
County, 111. ; was instrumental in the founding
of Carthage (lU.) College, and was a member of
496
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
its Board of Control at the time of his death. He
was elected Chaplain of the IlUnois House of
Representatives at the session of the Thirty-fifth
General Assembly (1887), and Chaplain of the
Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of
Illinois for two consecutive terms (1890-"92).
He was also member of the Stephenson Post,
No. 30. G. A. R., at Springfield, and served as its
Chaplain from January, 1884, to his death, which
occurred at Springfield. Oct. 31, 18G3.
SPRINGrER, William McKendree, ex-Congress-
man. Justice of United States Court, was born in
Sullivan County. Ind., May 30, 1836. In 1848 he
removed with his parents to Jacksonville, 111.,
was fitted for college in the public high school at
Jacksonville, under the tuition of the late Dr.
Bateman, entered Illinois College, remaining
tliree years, when he removed to the Indiana
State University, graduating there in 1858. The
following year he was admitted to the bar and
commenced practice in Logan County, but soon
after removed to Springfield. He entered public
life as Secretary of the Constitutional Convention
of 1862. In 1871-73 he represented Sangamon
County in the Legislature, and, in 1874, was
elected to Congress from the Thirteenth Illinois
District as a Democrat. From that time until
the close of the Fifty-third Congress (1895), he
served in Congress continuously, and was recog-
nized as one of the leaders of his party on the
floor, being at the head of many important com-
mittees when that party was in the ascendancy,
and a candidate for the Democratic caucus nomi-
nation for Speaker, in 1893. In 1894 he was the
candidate of his party for Congress for the
eleventh time, but was defeated by his Repub-
lican opponent, James A. Connolly. In 1895
President Cleveland appointed him United
States District Judge for Indian Territory.
SPEIXGFIELD, the State capital, and the
county-seat of Sangamon County, situated five
miles south of the Sangamon River and 185 miles
southwest of Chicago ; is an important railway
center. The first settlement on the site of the
present city was made by John Kelly in 1819.
On April 10, 1831. it was selected, by the first
Board of County Commissioners, as the temporary
county-seat of Sangamon County, the organi-
zation of %vhich liad been authorized by act of
the Legislature in .January previous, and the
name Springfield was given to it. In 1833 the
selection was made permanent. The latter j-ear
the first sale of lands took place, the original site
being entered by Pascal P. Enos. Elijah lies and
Thomas Cox. The town was platted about the
same time, and the name "Calhoun" was given to
a section in the northwest quarter of the present
city — this being the "hey-day" of the South
Carolina statesman's greatest popularity — but
the change was not popularly accepted, and the
new name was soon dropped. It was incorpo-
rated as a town, April 3, 1833, and as a cit}', April
6, 1840; and re-incorporated, under the general,
law in 1883. It was made the State capital by
act of the Legislature, passed at the session of
1837, which went into effect, July 4, 1839, and the
Legislature first convened there in December of
the latter year. The general surface is flat,
though there is rolling ground to the west. The
city has excellent water-works, a paid fije-depart-
ment, six banks, electric street railways, gas and
electric lighting, commodious hotels, fine
churches, numerous handsome residences, beauti-
ful parks, thorough sewerage, and is one of the
best paved and handsomest cities in the State.
The city proper, in 1890, contained an area of four
square miles, but has since been enlarged by the
annexation of the following suburbs: North
Springfield, April 7, 1891 ; West Springfield, Jan.
4, 1898 ; and South Springfield and the village of
Laurel, April 5. 1898. These additions give to
the present city an area of 5.84 square miles.
The population of the original city, according to
the census of 1880, was 19,743, and, in 1890. 34,963,
while that of the annexed suburbs, at the last
census, was 2,109 — making a total of 39,072. The
latest school census (1898) showed a total popu-
lation of 33,375— population by census (1900),
34.159. Besides the State House, the city has a
handsome United States Government Building
for United States Court and post-ofiice purposes,
a county com'thouse (the former State capitol),
a city hall and (State) Executive Mansion.
Springfield was the home of Abraham Lincoln.
His former residence has been donated to the
State, and his tomb and monument are in the
beautiful Oak Ridge cemetery, adjoining the
city. Springfield is an important coal-mining
center, and has many important industries,
notably a watcli factory, rolling mills, and exten-
sive manufactories of agricultural implements
and furniture. It is also the permanent location
of the State Fairs, for which extensive buildings
have been erected on the Fair Grounds north of
the city. There are three daily papers — two morn-
ing and one evening — published here, besides
various other publications. Pop. (1900), 34,159.
SPRINGFIELD, EFFIXiHAM & SOUTH-
EASTERN R.4ILR0.VD. (See St. Louis, Indian-
apolis <& Eastern Railroad.)
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
497
SPRIXGFIELD & ILLINOIS SOUTHEAST-
ERN RAILROAD. (See Baltimore & Ohio
Southwestern Railroad. )
SPRINGFIELD & NORTHWESTERN RAIL-
ROAD. (See Chicago, Peoria & St Louis
Railroad of Illinois.)
SPRING VALLEY, an incorporated city in
Bureau County, at the intersection of the Chicago
& Northwestern, the Cliicago, Rock Island &
Pacific and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy
Railways, 100 miles southwest of Chicago. It
lies in a coal-mining region and has important
manufactui-ing interests as well. It has a
national bank, with a capital of §50,000, and
one daily and two weekly newspapers. Popula-
tion (1890), 3,837; (1900), 6,214.
ST. AGATHA'S SCHOOL, an institution for
young ladies, at Springfield, under the patronage
of the Bishop of the Episcopal Church, incorpo-
rated in 1889. It has a faculty of eight teachers
giving instruction in the preparatory and higher
branches, including music and fine arts. It
reported fifty-five pupils in 1894, and real estate
valued at §15,000.
ST. ALBAN'S ACADEMY, a boys' and young
men's school at Knoxville, 111., incorporated in
1896 under the auspices of the Episcopal Cliurch ;
in 1898 had a. faculty of seven teachers, with
forty-five pupils, and property valued at §61,100,
of which §54,000 was real estate. Instruction is
given in the classical and scientific branches,
besides music and preparatory studies.
ST. ANNE, a village of Kankakee County, at
the crossing of the Chicago & Eastern Illinois and
the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis
Railways, 67 miles south of Chicago. The dis-
trict is agricultural. The town has a bank and a
weekly newspaper. Population (1900), 1,000.
ST. CHARLES, a city in Kane County, on Fox
River, and the point of intersection of the Chi-
cago & Northwestern and the Chicago Great
Western Railways. It is situated 38 miles west of
Chicago and 8 miles south of Elgin. The river
furnishes excellent water po%ver, which is only
partially utilized. Manufacturing is carried on
to some extent, and there is a large dairy inter-
est. The city lies on both sides of the Fox River,
and has a number of handsome private resi-
dences. Population (1890), 1,C90; (1900), 2,675.
ST. CLAIR, Arthur, first Governor of the
Northwest Territory, was born of titled ancestry
at Thurso, Scotland, in 1734; came to ^Vmerica in
1757 as an ensign, having purchased his commis-
sion, participated in the capture of Louisburg,
Canada, in 1758, and fought under Wolfe at
Quebec. In 1764 he settled in Pennsylvania,
where he amassed a moderate fortune, and be-
came prominent in public affairs. He served with
distinction during the Revolutionary War, rising
to the rank of Major-General, and succeeding
General Gates in command at Tioonderoga, but,
later, was censured by Washington for his hasty
evacuation of the post, though finally vindicated
by a military court. His Revolutionary record,
however, was generally good, and even distin-
guished. He represented Pennsylvania in the
Continental Congress, and presided over that
body in 1787. He served as Governor of the
Northwest Territory (including the present State
of Illinois) from 1789 to 1803. As an executive
he was not successful, being unpopular because
of his arbitrariness. In November, 1791, he
suffered a serious defeat by the Indians in the
valley between the Miami and the Wabash. In
this campaign he was badly crippled by the gout,
and had to be carried on a litter ; he was again
vindicated by a Congressional investigation. His
first visit to the Illinois Country was made in
1790, when he organized St. Clair County, which
was named in his honor. In 1802 President Jef-
ferson removed him from the governorship of
Ohio Territory, of which he had continued to be
the Governor after its separation from Indiana
and Illinois. The remainder of his life was
spent in comparative penury. Shortly before his
decease, he was granted an annuity by the Penn-
sylvania Legislature and by Congress. Died, at
Greensburg, Pa., August 31, 1818.
ST. CLAIR COUNTY, the first county organ-
ized within the territory comprised in the pres-
ent State of Illinois — the whole region west
of the Ohio River having been first placed under
civil jurisdiction, under the name of "Illinois
County." by an act of the Virginia House of
Delegates, passed in October, 1778, a few months
after the capture of Kaskaskia by Col. George
Rogers Clark. (See Illinois; also Clark, George
Rogers.) St. Clair County was finally set off
by an order of Gov. Arthur St Clair, on occa-
sion of his first visit to the "Illinois Country, "'
in April, 1790 — more than two years after his
assumption of the duties of Governor of the
Northwest Territory, which then comprehended
the "Illinois Country" as well as the whole
region within tlae present States of Ohio, Indiana,
Michigan and Wisconsin. Governor St. Clair's
order, which bears date, April 37, 1790, defines
the boundaries of the new county — which took
his own name — as follows: "Beginning at the
mouth of the Little Michillimackanack River,
498
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS.
running thence southerly in a direct line to the
mouth of the little river above Fort Massac upon
the Ohio River ; thence with the said river to its
junction with the Mississippi; thence up the
Mississippi to the mouth of the Illinois, and so up
the Illinois River to the place of beginning, with
all the adjacent islands of said rivers, Illinois and
Mississippi." The "Little Michillimackanack,''
the initial point mentioned in this description —
also variously spelled "Makina" and "Macki-
naw," the latter being the name by which the
stream is now known — empties into the Illinois
River on the south side a few miles below
Pekin, in Tazewell County. The boundaries
of St. Clair County, as given by Gov. St. Clair,
indicate the imperfect knowledge of the topog-
raphy of the "Illinois Country" existing in
that day, as a line drawn south from the mouth
of the Mackinaw River, instead of reaching the
Ohio "above Fort Massac," would have followed
the longitude of the present city of Springfield,
striking the Mississippi about the northwestern
corner of Jackson County, twenty-five miles west
of the mouth of the Ohio. The object of Gov-
ernor St. Clair's order was, of course, to include
the settled portions of the Illinois Country in the
new county ; and, if it had had the effect intended,
the eastern border of the county would have fol-
lowed a line some fifty miles farther eastward,
along the eastern border of Marion, Jefferson,
Franklin, Williamson and Johnson Counties,
reaching the Ohio River about the present site of
Metropolis City in Massac County, and embracing
about one-half of the area of the present State of
Illinois. For all practical purposes it embraced
all the Illinois Country, as it included that por-
tion in which the white settlements were located.
(See St. Clair, Arthur; also Illinois Country.)
The early records of St. Clair County are in the
French language ; its first settlers and its early
civilization were French, and the first church to
inculcate the doctrine of Christianity was the
Roman Catholic. The first proceedings in court
under the common law were had in 1796. The
first Justices of the Peace were appointed in 1807,
and, as there was no penitentiary, the whipping-
post and pillory played an important part in the
code of penalties, these punishments being im-
partially meted out as late as the time of Judge
(afterwards Governor) Reynolds, to "the lame, the
halt and the blind," for such offenses as the lar-
ceny of a silk handkerchief. At first three
places — Cahokia, Prairie du Rocher and Kaskas-
kia — were named as county-seats by Governor St.
Clair; but Randolph County having been set off
in 1895, Cahokia became the county-seat of the
older county, so remaining until 1813, when
Belleville was selected as the seat of justice. At
that time it was a mere cornfield owned by
George Blair, although settlements had previously
been established in Ridge Prairie and at Badgley.
Judge Jesse B. Thomas held his first coui't in a
log-cabin, but a lude court house was erected in
1814, and, the same year, George E. Blair estab-
lished a hostelry, Joseph Kerr ojiened a store,
and, in 1817, additional improvements were
inaugurated by Daniel Murray and others, from
Baltimore. John H. Dennis and the Mitchells
and Wests (from Virginia) settled soon after-
ward, becoming farmers and mechanics. Belle-
ville was incorporated in 1819. In 183.5 Governor
Edwards bought the large landed interests of
Etienne Personeau, a large French land-owner,
ordered a new survey of the town and infused fresh
life into its development. Settlers began to arrive
in large numbers, mainly Virginians, who brought
with them their slaves, the right to hold which
was, for many years, a fruitful and perennial
source of strife. Emigrants from Germany
began to arrive at an early day, and now a large
proportion of the population of Belleville and St.
Clair County is made up of that nationality. The
county, as at present organized, lies on the west-
ern border of the south half of the State, immedi-
ately opposite St. Louis, and comprises some 680
square miles. Three-fourths of it are underlaid
by a vein of coal, six to eight feet thick, and
about one hundred feet below the surface. Con-
siderable wheat is raised. The princip.al towns
are Belleville, East St. Louis, Lebanon and Mas-
coutah. Population of the county (1880), 61,806;
(1890), 66,.571; (1900), 86,685.
ST. JOHN, a village of Perry County, on the
Illinois Central Railway, two miles north of
Duquoin. Coal is mined and salt manufactured
here. Population, 495.
ST. JOSEPH, a village of Champaign County,
on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St.
Louis Railway, 10 miles east of Champaign.
Population, (1900), 637.
ST. JOSEPH'S HOSPITAL, (Chicago), founded
in 1860, by the Sisters of Charity. Having been de-
stroyed in the fire of 1871, it was rebuilt in the
following year. In 1892 it was reconstructed, en-
larged and made thoroughly modern in its appoint-
ments. It can accommodate about 250 patientt,.
The Sisters attend to the nursing, and conduct the
domestic and financial affairs. The medical staff
comprises ten physicans and surgeons, among
whom are some of the most eminent in Chicago.
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
499
ST. LOUIS, ALTON & CHICAGO RAILROAD.
(See Chicago & Alton Railroad. )
ST. LOUIS, ALTON & SPRINGFIELD RAIL-
ROAD. (See St. Louis, Chicago & St. Paul
Railroad.)
ST. LOUIS, ALTON & TERRE HAUTE
RAILOAD, a corporation formerly operating an
extensive system of railroads in Illinois. The Terre
Haute & Alton Railroad Company (the original
corporation) was chartered in January, 1851,
work begun in 1852, and the main line from
Terre Haute to Alton (172.5 miles) completed,
March 1, 1856. The Belleville & lUinoistown
branch (from Belleville to East St. Louis) was
chartered in 1852, and completed between the
points named in the title, in the fall of 1854.
This corporation secured authority to construct
an extension from lUinoistown (now East St.
Louis) to Alton, which was completed in October,
1856, giving the first railroad connection between
Alton & St. Louis. Simultaneously with this,
these two roads (the Terre Haute & Alton and
the Belleville & lUinoistown) were consolidated
under a single charter by special act of the Legis-
lature in February, 1854, the consolidated line
taking the name of the Terre Haute, Alton & St.
Louis Railroad. Subsequently the road became
financially embarassed, was sold under foreclosure
and reorganized, in 1862, imder the name of the
St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad. June
1, 1867, the main line (from Terre Haute to St.
Louis) was leased for niety-nine years to the
Indianapolis & St. Louis Railway Company (an
Indiana corporation) guaranteed by certain other
lines, but the lease was subsequently broken by
the insolvency of the lessee and some of the
guarantors. The Indianapolis & St. Louis went
into the hands of a receiver in 1882, and was sold
under foreclosure, in July of the same year, its
interest being absorbed by the Cleveland, Cin-
cinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, by which
tlie main line is now operated. The properties
officially reported as remaining in the hands of
the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad,
June 30, 1895, beside the Belleville Branch (14.40
miles), included the following leased and subsidi-
ary lines: Belleville & Southern Illinois — "Cairo
Short Line" (56.40 miles) ; Belleville & Eldorado,
(50.20 miles); Belleville & Carondelet (17.30
miles); St. Louis Southern and branches (47.27
miles), and Chicago, St. Louis & Paducah Rail-
way (53.50 miles). All these have been leased,
since the close of the fiscal year 1895, to the Illi-
nois Central. (For sketches of these several
roads see headings of each. )
ST. LOUIS, CHICAGO & ST. PAUL RAIL-
ROAD, (Bluff Line), a line running from Spring-
field to Granite City, III., (opposite St. Louis),
102.1 miles, with a branch from Lock Haven to
Grafton, 111., 8.4 miles — total length of line in
Illinois, 110.5 miles. The track is of standard
gauge, laid with 56 to 70-pound steel rails. — (His-
tory.) The road was originally incorporated
under the name of the St. Louis, Jerseyville &
Springfield Railroad, built from Bates to Grafton
in 1882, and absorbed by the Wabash, St. Louis &
Pacific Railway Company ; was surrendered by the
receivers of the latter in 1886, and passed under
the control of the bond-holders, by whom it was
transferred to a corporation known as the St.
Louis & Central Illinois Railroad Company. In
June, 1887, tlie St. Louis, Alton & Springfield
Railroad Company was organized, with power to
Ijuild extensions from Newbern to Alton, and
from Bates to Springfield, which was done. In
October, 1890, a receiver was appointed, followed
by a reorganization under the present name (St.
Louis, Chicago & St. Paul). Default was made
on the interest and, in June following, it was
again placed in the hands of receivers, by whom
it was operated until 1898. The total earnings
and income for the fiscal year 1897-98 were
§318,815, operating expenses, §373,270; total
capitalization, $4,853,526, of which, §1,500,000
was in the form of stock and §1,235 000 in income
bonds.
ST. LOUIS, INDIANAPOLIS & EASTERN
RAILROAD, a railroad line 90 miles in length,
extending from Switz City, Ind., to Effingham,
111. — 56 miles being within the State of Illinois.
It is of standard gauge and the track laid chiefly
with iron rails. — (History.) The orginal corpo-
ration was chartered in 1869 as the Springfield,
Effingham & Quincy Railway Company. It was
built as a narrow-gauge line by the Cincinnati,
Effingham & Quincy Construction Company,
which went into the hands of a receiver in 1878.
The road was completed by the receiver in 1880,
and, in 1885, restored to the Construction Com-
pany by the discharge of the receiver. For a
short time it was operated in connection with
the Bloomfield Railroad of Indiana, but was
reorganized in 1886 as the Indiana & Illinois.
Southern Railroad, and the gauge changed to
standard in 1887. Having made default in the
payment of interest, it was sold under foreclosure
in 1890 and purchased in the interest of the bond-
holders, bj' whom it was conveyed to the St.
Louis, Indianapolis & Eastern Railroad Company,
in whose name the line is operated. Its business
500
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
is limited, and chieflj- local. The total earnings
in 1898 were §65,583 and the expenditures 669,112.
Its capital stock was .'5740,900; bonded debt.
§978.000, other indebtedness increasing the total
capital investment to §1,810,736.
ST. LOUIS, JACKSONVILLE & CHICAGO
RAILROAD. (See Chicago d- AUoti Ba ilroad. )
ST, LOUS, JERSEYVILLE & SPRINGFIELD
RAILROAD. (See St. Louis, Cliicago & St. Paul
BailrOLiil.)
ST. LOnS, MOUNT CARMEL & NEW AL-
BANY RAILROAD. (See Loulsrille. Evansvillt'
& St. Louis {Consolidated) Railroad.)
ST. LOUIS, PEORIA & NORTHERN RAIL-
WAY, known as "Peoria Short Line," a cori^o-
ration organized, Feb. 29, 1896, to take over and
unite the properties of the St. Louis & Eastern,
the St. Louis & Peoria and the North and South
Railways, and to extend the same due north
from Springfield to Peoria (60 miles), and thence
to Fulton or East Clinton, 111. , on the Upper Mis-
sissippi. The line extends from Springfield to
Glen Carbon (84.40 miles), with trackage facilities
over the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railroad
and the Merchants' Terminal Bridge (18 miles)
to St. Louis. — (HiSTOEY.) This road has been
made up of three sections or divisions. (1) The
initial section of the line was constructed under
the name of the St. Louis & Chicago Railroad of
Illinois, incorporated in 1885, and opened from
Mount Olive to Alhambra in 1887. It passed
into the hands of a receiver, was sold under fore-
closure in 1889, and reorganized, in 1890, as the St.
Louis & Peoria Railroad. The St. Louis & East-
ern, chartered in 1889, built the line from Glen
Carbon to Marine, which was opened in 1893 ; the
following j'ear, bought the St. Louis & Peoria
line, and, in 1895, constructed the link (8 miles)
between Alhambra and Marine. (3) The North
& South Railroad Company of Illinois, organized
in 1890, as successor to the St. Louis & Chicago
Railway Company, proceeded in the construction
of the line (50.46 miles) from Mt. Olive to Spring-
field, which was subsequently leased to the Chi-
cago, Peoria & St. Louis, then under the
management of the Jacksonville, Louisville & St.
Louis Railway. The latter corporation having
defaulted, the property passed into the hands of
a receiver. By expiration of the lease in Decem-
ber, 1896, the property reverted to the jiroprietary
Company, which took possession, Jan. 1, 1896.
The St. Louis & Southeastern then bought the
line outright, and it was incorporated as a part of
the new organization under the name of the St.
Louis, Peoria & Northern l.ailway, the North
& South Railroad going out of existence. In
May, 1899, the St. Louis, Peoria & Northern was
sold to the reorganized Chicago & Alton Railroad
Company, to be operated as a short line between
Peoria & St. Louis.
ST. LOUIS, ROCK ISLAND & CHICAGO
RAILROAD. (See Chicago, Burlington & Quincy
Ba ilroad.)
ST. LOUIS SOUTHERN RAILRO.iD, a line
running from Pinckneyville, 111., via Murphys-
boro, to Carbondale. The company is also tlie
lessee of the Carbondale & Shawneetown Rail-
road, extending from Carbondale to Marion, 17.5
miles — total, 50.5 miles. The track is of standard
gauge and laid with 56 and 60-pound steel rails.
The company was organized in August, 1886, to
succeed to the property of the St. Louis Coal Rail-
road (organized in 1879) and the St. Louis Central
Railway ; and was leased for 980 years from Dec.
1, 1886, to the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute
Railroad Company, at an annual rental equal to
thirty per cent of the gross earnings, with a mini-
mum guarantee of §32,000, which is suiHcient
to pay the interest on the first mortgage bonds.
During the year 1896 this line passed under lease
from tlie St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Rail-
road Company, into the hands of the Illinois
Central Railroad Company.
ST. LOUIS, SPRINGFIELD & VINCENNES
R.4ILR0AD COMPANY, a corporation organized
in July, 1899, to take over the property of the
Baltimoi-e & Ohio Southwestern Railway in the
State of Illinois, known as the Ohio & Mississippi
and the Springfield & Illinois Southeastern
Railways — the former extending from Vin-
ceunes, Ind., to East St. Louis, and the latter
from Beardstown to Shawneetown. The prop-
erty was sold under foreclosure, at Cincinnati,
July 10, 1899, and transferred, for purposes of
reorganization, into the hands of the new cor-
poration, July 38, 1899. (For history of the
several lines see Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern
Railway.)
ST. LOUIS, YANDALIA & TERRE HAUTE
RAILROAD. This line extends from East St.
Louis eastward across the State, to the Indiana
State line, a distance of 158.3 miles. The Terre
Haute & Indianapolis Railroad Company is the
lessee. The track is single, of standard gauge,
and laid with steel rails. The outstanding capi-
tal stock, in 1898, was §3,924,058, the bonded debt,
§4,496,000, and the floating debt, §218,480.— (His-
tory ) The St. Louis, Vandalia & Terre Haute
Railroad was chartered in 1865, opened in 1870
and leased to the Terre Haute & Indianapolis
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
501
Railroad, for itself and the Pittsburg, Cincinnati,
Chicago & St. Louis Railroad.
ST, LOUIS & CAIRO RAILROAD, extends
from East St. Louis to Cairo, 111., 151.6 miles, ivith
a branch from Millstadt Junction to High Prairie,
9 miles. The track is of standard gauge and laid
mainly with steel rails. — (Histoey.) The origi-
nal charter was granted to the Cairo & St. Louis
Railroad Company, Feb. 16, 1865, and the road
opened, March 1, 1875. Subsequently it passed
into the hands of a receiver, was sold under fore-
closure, July 14, 1881, and was taken charge of
by a new company under its present name, Feb.
1, 1883. On Feb. 1, 1886, it was leased to the
Mobile & Ohio Railroad Company for forty-five
years, and now constitutes the Illinois Division
of that line, giving it a connection with St.
Louis. (See Mobile & Ohio Railway. )
ST, LOUIS & CENTRAL ILLINOIS RAIL-
ROAD. (See St. Louis, Chicago <fc St. Paul
Railroad.)
ST, LOUIS & CHICAGO RAILROAD (of
Illinois). (See St. Louis, Peoria <& Northern
Railway. )
ST, LOUIS & EASTERN RAILROAD, (See
St. Louis, Peoria & Northern Railway.)
ST, LOUIS & PEORIA RAILWAY. (See
St. Louis. Peoria & Northern Railway.)
ST. LUKE'S HOSPITAL, located in Chicago.
It was chartered in 1865, its incorporators, in
their initial statement, substantially declaring
their object to be the establishment of a free hos-
pital under the control of the Protestant Epis-
copal Church, which should be open to the
afflicted poor, without distinction of race or
creed. The hospital was oi^ened on a small scale,
but steadily increased until 1879, when re-incor-
poration was effected under the general law. In
1885 a new building was erected on land donated
for that purpose, at a cost exceeding 8150,000,
exclusive of $20,000 for furnishing. While its
primary object has been to afford accommoda-
tion, with medical and siu'gical care, gratuitously,
to the needy poor, the institution also provides a
considerable number of comfortable, well-fur-
nished private rooms for patients who are able
and willing to pay for the same. It contains an
amphitheater for surgical operations and clinics,
and has a free dispensary for out-patients. Dur-
ing the past few years important additions
have been made, the number of beds increased,
and provision made for a training school for
nurses. The medical staff (1896) consists of
thirteen physicians and surgeons and two
pathologist.3.
ST. MART'S SCHOOL, a young ladies' semi-
nary, under the patronage of the Episcopal
Church, at Knoxville, Knox County, 111. ; was
incorporated in 1858, in 1898 had a faculty of four-
teen teachers, giving instruction to 113 pupils.
The branches taught include the classics, the
sciences, fine arts, music and preparatory studies.
The institution has a library of 2,200 volumes,
and owns property valued at §130,500, of which
$100,000 is real estate.
STAGER, Alison, soldier and Telegraph Super-
intendent, was born in Ontario County, N. Y.,
April 20, 1825 ; at 16 years of age entered the serv-
ice of Henry O'Reilly, a printer who afterwards
became a pioneer in building telegraph lines, and
with whom he became associated in various enter-
prises of this character. Having introduced
several improvements in the construction of bat-
teries and the arrangement of wires, he was, in
1852, made General Superintendent of the princi-
pal lines in the West, and, on the organization of
the Western Union Company, was retained in
this position. Early in the Civil War he was
entrusted with the management of telegraph
lines in Southern Ohio and along the Virginia
border, and, in October following, was appointed
General Superintendent of Government tele-
graphs, remaining in this position until Septem-
ber, 1868, his services being recognized in his
promotion to a brevet Brigadier-Generalship of
Volunteers. In 1869 General Stager retiirned to
Chicago and, in addition to his duties as General
Superintendent, engaged in the promotion of a
number of enterprises connected with the luanvi-
facture of electrical appliances and other
branches of the business. One of these was the
consolidation of the telephone companies, of
which he became President, as also of the West-
ern Edison Electric Light Company, besides being
a Director in several other corporations. Died,
in Chicago, March 26, 1885.
STANDISH, John Van Ness, a lineal descendant
of Capt. Miles Standish, the Pilgrim leader, was
born at Woodstock, Vt., Feb. 26, 1825. His early
years were spent on a farm, but a love of knowl-
edge and books became his ruling passion, and he
devoted several years to study, in the "Liberal
Institute" at Lebanon, N. H., finally graduating,
with the degree of A. B., at Norwich University
in the class of 1847. Later, he received the
degree of A.M., in due course, from his Alma
Mater in 1855; that of Ph.D. from Knox College,
in 1883, of LL.D from St. Lawrence University
in 1393, and from Norwich, in 1898. Dr. Standish
chose the profession of a teacher, and has spent
502
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
over fifty years in its pursuit in connection with
private and public schools and the College, of
which more than forty years were as Professor and
President of I,ombard University at Galesburg.
He has also lectured and conducted Teachers"
Institutes all over the State, and, in 1859, was
elected President of the State Teachers" Associ-
ation. He made three visits to the Old World —
in 1879, "83-83, and "91-93 — and, during his second
trip, traveled over 40,000 miles, visiting nearly
every country of Europe, including the "Land of
the Midnight Sun," besides Northern Africa
from the Mediterranean to the Desert of Sahara,
Egj'pt, Palestine. Sj'ria and Asia Minor. A lover
of art, he has visited nearly all the principal
museums and picture galleries of the world. In
politics he is a Republican, and, in opposition to
many college men, a firm believer in the doctrine
of protection. In religion, he is a Universalist.
STAPP, James T. B., State Auditor, was born
in Woodford County, Ky., April 13, 1804; at the
age of 13 accompanied his widowed mother to
Kaskaskia, 111. , where she settled ; before he was
20 years old, was employed as a clerk in the office
of the State Auditor, and. upon the resignation of
tliat officer, was appointed his successor, being
twice thereafter elected by the Legislature, serv-
ing nearly five years. He resigned the auditor-
ship to accept the Presidency of the State Bank
at Vandalia, which post he filled for thirteen
years; acted as Aid-de-camp on Governor Rey-
nolds staff in the Black Hawk War, and served
as Adjutant of the Third Illinois Volunteers dur-
ing the war with Mexico. President Taylor
appointed Mr. Stapp Receiver of the United
States Land Office at Vandalia, which office he
held during the Fillmore administration, resign-
ing in 1855. Two years later he removed to
Decatur, where he continued to reside until his
death in 1876. A liandsome Methodist chapel,
erected hj him in that city, bears his name.
STARK COUXTT, an interior county in the
northern half of the State, lying west of the Illi-
nois River ; has an area of 290 square miles. It
has a rich, alluvial soil, well watered by numer-
ous small streams. The principal industries are
agriculture and stock-raising, and the chief
towns are Toulon and Wyoming. The county
was erected from Putnam and KJnox in 1839, and
named in honor of General Stark, of Revolution-
ary fame. The earliest settler was Isaac B.
Essex, who built a cabin on Spoon River, in 1838,
and gave his name to a township. Of other pio-
neer families, the Buswells, Smiths, Spencers and
Eastmans came from New England ; the Thom-
ases, Moores, Holgates, Fullers and Whittakers
from Pennsylvania; the Coxes from Ohio, the
Perrys and Parkers from Virginia ; the McClana-
hans from Kentucky ; the Hendersons from Ten-
nessee ; the Lees and Hazens from New Jersey ;
the Halls from England, and the Turnbulls and
Olivers from Scotland. The pioneer church was
the Congregational at Toulon. Population (1880),
11,207; (1890), 9,983; (1900), 10,186.
STARTED ROCK, a celebrated rock or cliff on
the south side of Illinois River, in La Salle
County, upon which the French explorer, La
Salle, and his lieutenant, Tonty, erected a fort in
1682, which they named Fort St. Louis. It was
one mile north of the supposed location of the
Indian village of La Vantum, the metropolis, so
to speak, of the Illinois Indians about the time of
the arrival of the first French explorers. The
population of this village, in 1680, according to
Father Membre, was some seven or eight thou-
sand. Both La Vantum and Fort St. Louis were
repeatedly attacked by the Iroquois. The IlUnois
were temporarily driven from La Vantum, but
the French, for the time being, successfully
defended their fortification. In 1703 the fort was
abandoned as a military post, but continued to
be used as a French trading-post imtil 1718,
when it was burned by Indians. The Illinois
were not again molested until 1733, when the
Foxes made an unsuccessful attack upon them.
The larger portion of the tribe, however, resolved
to cast in their fortunes with other tribes on the
Mississippi River. Those who remained fell an
easy prey to the foes by whom they were sur-
rounded. In 1769 they %%-ere attacked from the
north by tribes who desired to avenge the murder
of Pontiac. Finding themselves hard pressed,
they betook themselves to the bluff where Fort
St. liOuis had formerly stood. Here they were
besieged for twelve days, when, destitute of food
or water, they made a gallant but hopeless sortie.
According to a tradition handed down among the
Indians, all were massacred by the besiegers in
an attempt to escape by night, except one half-
breed, who succeeded in evading his pursuers.
This sanguinary catastrophe has given the rock
its popular name. Elmer Baldwin, in his History
of La Salle County (1877), says: "The bones of
the victims lay scattered about the cliff in pro-
fusion after the settlement by the whites, and
are still found mingled plentifully with the soil."
(See La Salle, Robert Cavelier; Tonty; Fort St.
Louis. )