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HISTORICAL

ENCYCLOPEDIA

ILLINOIS

-- fy j EDITED BY

Newton Bateman, LL. D.

Pall Selbv, A.M.

AND HISTORY OF

SCHUYLER COUNTY

KDIlF.n B\

Howard F, Dyson

ILLUSTRATED

C H I C A (i O :
M U N S E I. L r U B I. I S H I X G C O M 1' A N Y

r U 1! I. I S H E R S
I 9 i> S

I':nlcred according to act of Congicss in the years
1894, 1899 and 1900 by

WILLIAM VV. M UN'S ELL

In the office of the Libratian of Congress at Washington

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Wjl«AyLMA4sAtfV

'I'i^^e^"!^^'

ik^mnilCKy ^'"^

TERRITORY DRAINED BY THE 'ILLINOIS RIVER.

THE NE'vV YoKii

PUBLIC LIBRAP>Y

ASTOR, LKNOX
TTLDEN FO"Nr)AT;'-'N-

J^J7^^«.c^fewte^<

PREFACE.

Why publish this book? There should be many and strong reasons to warrant such an
undertaking. Are there such reasons? What considerations are weighty enough to have
induced the publishers to make this venture? and what special claims has Illinois to such a
distinction? These are reasonable and inevitable inquiries, and it is fitting they should
receive attention.

In the first place, good State Histories are of great importance and value, and there is
abundant and cheering evidence of an increasing popular interest in them. This is true of
all such works, whatever States may be their subjects; and it is conspicuously true of Illi-
nois, for the following, among many other reasons : Because of its great prominence in the
early history of the West as the seat of the first settlements of Europeans northwest of the
Ohio River — the unique character of its early civilization, due to or resulting from its early
French population brought in contact with the aborigines — its political, military, and educa-
tional prominence — its steadfast loyalty and patriotism — the marvelous development of its
vast resources — the number of distinguished statesmen, generals, and jurists whom it has
furnished to the Government, and its grand record in the exciting and perilous conflicts on
the Slavery question.

This is the magnificent Commonwealth, the setting forth of whose history, in all of its
essential depai'tments and features, seemed to warrant the bringing out of another volume
devoted to that end. Its material has been gathered from every available source, and most
carefully examined and sifted before acceptance. Especial care has been taken in collecting
material of a biographical character ; facts and incidents in the personal history of men identi-
fied with the life of the State in its Territorial and later periods. This material has been
gathered from a great variety of sources widely scattered, and much of it quite inaccessible
to the ordinary inquirer. The encyclopedic form of the work favors conciseness and com-
pactness, and was adopted with a view to condensing the largest amount of information
within the smallest practicable space.

And so the Historical Encyclopedia of Elinois was conceived and planned in the belief
that it was needed; that no other book filled the place it was designed to occupy, or fur-
nished the amount, variety and scope of information touching the infancy and later life of
Illinois, that would be found in its pages. In that belief, and in furtherance of those ends,
the book has been constructed and its topics selected and written. Simplicity, perspicuity,
conciseness and accuracy have been the dominant aims and rules of its editors and writers.
The supreme mission of the book is to record, fairly and truthfully, historical facts; facts of
the earlier and later history of the State, and di-awn from tlie almost innumerable source'
connected with that history ; facts of interest to the great body of our people, as well as to
scholars, officials, and other special classes; a book convenient for reference in the school,
the nffice, and the home. Hence, no attempt at fine writing, no labored, irrelevant and

4 PREFACE.

long-drawn accounts of matters, persons or things, which really need but a few plain words
for then- adequate elucidation, will be found in its pages. On the other hand, perspicuity
and fitting development are never intentionally sacrificed to mere conciseness and brevity.
Whenever a subject, from its nature, demands a more elaborate treatment — and there are
many of this character — it is handled accordingly.

As a rule, the method pursued is the separate and topical, rather than the chronological,
as being more satisfactory and convenient for reference. That is, each topic is considered
separately and exhaustively, instead of being blended, chronologically, with others. To pass
from subject to subject, in the mere arbitrary order of time, is to sacrifice simplicity and
order to complexity and confusion.

Absolute freedom from error or defect in all cases, in handling so many thousands of
items, is not claimed, and could not reasonably be expected of any finite intelligence; since,
in complicated cases, some element may possibly elude its sharpest scrutiny. But every
statement of fact, made herein without qualification, is believed to be strictly correct, and
the statistics of the volume, as a whole, are submitted to its readers with entire confidence.

Considerable space is also devoted to biographical sketches of persons deemed worthy of
mention, for their close relations to the State in some of its varied interests, political, gov-
ernmental, financial, social, religious, educational, industrial, commercial, economical, mili-
tary, judicial or otherwise; or for their supposed personal deservings in other respects. It
is believed that the extensive recognition of such individuals, by the publishers, will not be
disapproved or regi-etted by the public; that personal biography has an honored, useful and
legitimate place in such a history of Illinois as this volume aims to be, and that the omission
of such a department would seriously detract from the completeness and value of the book.
Perhaps no more delicate and difficult task has confronted the editors and publishers than
the selection of names for this part of the work.

While it is believed that no unworthy name has a place in the list, it is freely admitted
that there may be many others, equally or possibly even more worthy, whose names do not
appear, partly for lack of definite and adequate information, and partly because it was not
deemed best to materially increase the space devoted to this class of topics.

And so, with cordial thanks to the publishers for the risks they have so cheerfully
assumed in this enterprise, for their business energy, integrity, and determination, and their
uniform kindness and courtesy ; to the many who have so generously and helpfully promoted
the success of the work, by their contributions of valuable information, interesting reminis-
cences, and rare incidents; to Mr. Paul Selby, the very able associate editor, to whom
especial honor and credit are due for his most efficient, intelligent and scholarly services ; to
Hon. Harvey B. Ilurd, Walter B. Wines, and to all others who have, by word or act,
encouraged us in this enterprise — with grateful recognition of all these friends and helpers,
the Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois, with its thousands of topics and many thousands of
details, items and incidents, is now respectfully submitted to the good people of the State,
for whom it has been prepared, in the earnest hope and confident belief that it will be found
instructive, couveuient and useful for the purposes for which it was designed.

THE NEW YO'='K
PUBLIC LIBRARY

iTrLDE-.. ■ "■

PREFATORY STATEMENT.

Since the bulk of the matter contained in this volume was practically completed and
ready for the press, Dr. Newton Bateman, who occupied the relation to it of editor-in-chief,
has passed beyond the sphere of mortal existence. In jilacing the work before the public, it
therefore devolves upon the undersigned to make this last prefatory statement.

As explained by Dr. Bateman in his preface, the object had in view in the preparation
of a "Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois" has been to present, in compact and concise form,
the leading facts of Territorial and State history, from the arrival of the earliest French
explorers in Illinois to the present time. This has included an outline history of the State,
under the title, "Illinois," supplemented by special articles relating to various crises and eras
in State history; changes in form of government and administration; the history of Consti-
tutional Conventions and Legislative Assemblies ; the vaa-ious wars in which Illinoisans have
taken part, with a summary of the principal events in the history of individual military
organizations engaged in the Civil War of 1861-65, and the War of 1898 with Spain; lists of
State officers. United States Senators and Members of Congress, with the terms of each; the
organization and development of political divisions; the establishment of charitable and
educational institutions ; the growth of public improvements and other enterprises which
have marked the progress of the State ; natural features and resources ; the history of early
newspapers, and the growth of religious denominations, together with general statistical
information and unusual or extraordinary occurrences of a local or general State cliaracter —
all arranged under topical heads, and convenient for ready reference by all seeking informa-
tion on these subjects, whether in the family, in the office of the professional or business
man, in the teacher's study and the school-room, or in the public library.

While individual or collected biogi-aphies of the public men of Illinois have not been
wholly lacking or few in number — and those already in existence have a present and con-
stantly increasing value — they have been limited, for the most part, to special localities and
^particular periods or classes. Rich as the annals of Illinois are in the records and chaj-acter
of its distinguished citizens who, by their services in the public councils, upon the judicial
bench and in the executive chair, in the forum and in the field, have reflected honor upon
the State and the Nation, there has been hitherto no comprehensive attempt to gather
together, in one volume, sketches of those who have been conspicuous in the creation and
upbuilding of the State. The collection of material of this sort has been a task requiring
patient and laborious research ; and, while all may not have been achieved in this direction
that was desirable, owing to the insufficiency or total absence of data relating to the lives of
many men most prominent in public affairs during the period to which tliey belonged, it is
still believed that what has been accomplished will be found of permanent value and be
appreciated by those most deeply interested in this phase of State history.

The large number of topics treated has made brevity and conciseness an indispensable
feature of the work ; consequently there has been no attempt to indulge in graces of style or

6 P li E F A T E Y S T A T E M E N T .

elaboration of narrative. The object has been to present, in simple language and concise
form, facts of history of interest or value to those who may choose to consult its pages.
Absolute inerrancy is not claimed for every detail of the work, but no pains hjis been
spared, and every available authority consulted, to arrive at complete accuracy of statement.

In view of the important bearing which railroad enterprises have had upon the extraor-
dinary development of the State within the past fifty years, considerable space has been given
to this department, especially with reference to the older lines of railroad whose history has
been intimately interwoven with that of the State, and its progress in wealth and population.

In addition to the acknowledgments made by Dr. Bateman, it is but proper that I
should express my personal obligations to the late Prof. Samuel M. Inglis, State Superin-
tendent of Public Instruction, and his assistant, Prof. J. II. Freeman; to ex-Senator John
M. Palmer, of Springfield ; to the late Hon. Joseph Medill, editor of "The Chicago Tribune" ;
to the Hon. James B. Bradwell, of "The Chicago Legal News"; to Gen. Green B. Kaum,
Dr. Samuel Willard, and Dr. Garrett Newkirk, of Chicago (the latter as author of the [irin-
cipal portions of the article on the "Underground Railroad") ; to the Librarians of the State
Historical Library, the Chicago Historical Library, and the Chicago Public Library, for
special and valuable aid rendered, as well as to a large circle of correspondents in different
parts of the State who have courteously responded to requests for information on special
topics, and have thereby materially aided in securing whatever success may have been
attained in the work.

In conclusion, I cannot omit to pay this final tribute to the memory of my friend aud
associate. Dr. Bateman, whose death, at his home in Galesburg, elsewhere 'recorded, was
deplored, not only by his associates in the Faculty of Knox College, his former pupils and
immediate neighbors, but by a large circle of friends in all parts of the State.

Although his labors as editor of this volume had been substantially finished at the time
of his death (and they included the reading and revision of every line of copy at that time
prepared, comprising tlie larger proportion of the volume as it now goes into tlie hands of
the public), the enthusiasm, zeal and kindly appreciation of the labor of others which he
brought to the discharge of his duties, have been sadly missed in the last stages of prepara-
tion of the work for the press. In the estimation of many who have held his scholarship
and his splendid endowments of mind and character in the highest admbation, his con-
nection with the work will be its strongest commendation and the surest evidence of its
merit.

With myself, the most substantial satisfaction I have in dismissing the volume from my
hands and submitting it to the judgment of the public, exists in the fact that, in its prepara-
tion, I have been associated with such a co-laborer— one whose abilities commanded uni-
versal respect, and whose genial, scliolarly character and noble qualities of mind and heart
won the love and confidence of all with whom he came in contact, and whom it had been my
privilege to count as a friend from an early period in his long and useful career.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE

Abraham Lincoln {Frontispiece) 1

Annex Central Hospital for Insane, Jacksonville 84

Asylum for Feeble-Minded Children, Lincoln 237

Bateman, Newton (Portrait) 3

Board of Trade Building, Chicago 277

"Chenu Mansion," Kaskaskia (1898), where La Fayette was entertained in 1825 .... 315

Chicago Academy of Sciences 394

Chicago Drainage Canal 94

Chicago Historical Society Building 394

Chicago Post Office (U. S. Gov. Buihling) 88

Chicago Public Buildings 395

( Chicago Thoroughfare-! 80

Chicago Thoroughfares 93

Chief Chicagou (Portrait) 246

Comparative Size of Cf reat Canals 95

Day after Chicago Fire 92

Early Historic Scenes, Chicago 170

Early Historic Scenes, Chicago (No. 2) 171

Engineering Hall, University of Illinois 280

Experiment Farm, University of Illinois 12

Experiment Farm, University of Illinois — The Vineyard 13

Experiment Farm, University of Illinois — Orchard Cultivation 13

First Illinois State House, Kaskaskia (1818) 314

Fort Dearborn from the West (1808) 246

Fort Dearborn from Southeast (1808) 247

Fort Dearborn (1853) 247

General John Edgar's House, Kaskasia 315

Henry de Tonty (Portrait) 246

House of Governor Bond, Old Kaskaskia (1891) 315

House of Chief Ducoign, the last of the Kaskaskias (1893) 314

Home for Juvenile Female Offenders, Geneva 2^^'

Illinois Eastern Hospital for Insane, Kankakee ^^

Ilhnois Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, Quincy *38

Illinois State Normal University, Normal ^^'^

Illinois State Capitol (First), Kaskaskia ■^■*"

Illinois State Capitol (Second), Vandalia ■'"^•'

lUinois State Capitol (Third), Springfield '^•i''

Illinois State Capitol (Present), Springfield ^^1

Illinois State Building, World's Columbian Exposition, 1893 601

Illinois State Penitentiary, Joliet ' '

Illinois State Penitentiary— Cell Honse and Women's Prison ^07

Illinois State Reformatory, Pontiac

8 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE

Institution for Deaf and Dumb, Jacksonville 300

Interior of Koom, Kaskaskia Hotel (1893) where La Fayette Banquet was held in 1825 314

Institution for the Blind, Jacksonville 301

Kaskaskia Hotel, where La Fayette was feted in 1835 (as it appeared, 1893) 314

La Salle (Portrait) 246

Library Building, University of Illinois 334

Library Building — Main Floor — University of Illinois 335

Lincoln Park Vistas, Chicago 120

Map of Burned District, Chicago Fire, 1871 276

Map of Grounds, World's Columbian Exposition, 1893 600

Map of Illinois FoUoivmg Title Page

Map of Illinois River Valley

McCormick Seminary, Chicago 362

Monuments in Lincoln Park, Chicago 90

Monuments in Lincoln Park, Chicago 206

Monuments in Lincoln Park, Chicago 207

Natural History Hall, University of Illinois 151

Newberry Library, Chicago 394

Northern Hospital for the Insane, Elgin 402

Old Kaskaskia, from Garrison Hill (as it appeared in 1893) 314

Old State House, Kaskaskia (1900) 315

Pierre Menard Mansion, Kaskaskia (1893) 314

Eemnant of Old Kaskaskia (as it appeared in 1898) 315

Scenes in South Park, Chicago 604

Selby, Paul (Protrait) 5

Slieridan Road and on the Boulevards, Chicago 121

Soldiers' Widows' Home, Wilmington 439

Southern Illinois Normal, Carbondale 505

Southern Illinois Penitentiary and Asylum for Incurable Insane, Chester 492

University Hall, University of Illinois 150

University of Chicago 363

University of Illinois, Urbana. (Group of Buildings) 540

University of Illinois, Urbana. (Group of Buildings) 541

View from Engineering Hall, University of Illinois 281

View on Principal Street, Old Kaskaskia (1891) 315

Views in Lincoln Park, Chicago 91

Views of Drainage Canal 96

Views of Drainage Canal 97

War Eagle (Portrait) 246

Western Hospital for the Insane, Watertown 403

World's Fair Buildings 605

PREFACE

The History of Schuyler County here presented was prepared for publication
in connection with an edition of the "Encyclopedia of Illinois" and the biographical
department of the former, and while written independently of each of these, it is,
in a way, a connecting link between them.

It has been our purp(.se to embody in this history of the county all the essential
facts regarding the early settlement of Schuyler County, the mode of life of the
early pioneers, and a detailed account of the civil history to the present time.

In this endeavor to faitlifully chronicle the history of the county we have made
use of such material as has previously been published, but whenever possible we
have verified facts by consulting original documents, and have added much new
material gleaned from the files of old county papers and dusty court records. We
have also received valuable aid from many of the old pioneer residents, and it
grieves us to know that a number of them are not now alive to read the printed
page ; but the chronicle of facts given us will serve to enlighten future genera-
tions in the noble qualities of the pioneer residents of Schuyler County.

The record of events in the lives of the pioneer settlers, their trials, struggles
and triumphs is well worthy of careful study by the youth of the present day, for
these noble patriots unconsciously framed the destiny of our imperial State and
their memory should ever be revered.

The business management of this publication rests solely with the publishers,
who have had long and successful experience i.n the publication of works of this
character, and to whom credit is due for the thoroughly excellent form of a com-
bined history of the State and Schuyler County, and the interesting biographical
chapter in connection therewith.

INDEX

CHAPTER I.

PERIOD OF EXPLORATION.

First Exploration in Illinois— The Mission Not One of Conquest— Louis
Joliet and Father Jacques Marquette First to Visit the Illinois Coun-
try in 1673 — The Illinois River Found to Be the Indian Elysium-
Military Occupation Made by La Salle, Tonti and Father Hennepin,
at Fort Creve Coeur. in i68(>-Lapse of More than a Century Before
Settlements Were Made in Schuyler County 617-618

CHAPTER II.

ABORIGINAL OCCUPANTS.

Iqdian Tribes in the Illinois Country — Characteristics and Tribal Rela-
tions — Archaeological Conditions as Described by Dr. J. F. Snyder —
The Mound Builders — Indian Relics Found Along the Illinois River
— Tribes Composing the Illinois Confederacy — Kindly Greeting Ex-
tended to Joliet and Marquette — Illinois as a Battle Ground in the
War of i8i2 — Region Between the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers
Invaded by Illinois and Missouri Rangers— Kickapoo Indians in
Possession When First Settlers Came Towards Schuyler County —
Their Friendly Attitude to the New Comers — Rev. Chauncey Ho-
bart's Description of an Indian Visit — ^His Story of Be-kik-a-nin-ee —
Indian \'illage on the Site of the Present City of Rushville — The
Indians' Farewell Journey to the North in 1826 618-622

CHAPTER III.

EVOLUTION OF THE COUNTY.

Prehistoric Inhabitants of the Illinois Country— Region Coveted by
Spain, France and England— -De Soto Discovery of the Mississippi
Basis of the Spanish Claim— Destiny of Illinois Country Determined
on European Battlefields, the Plains of Abraham and by the George
Rogers Clark Conquest— Kaskaskia, Cahokia and Prairie du Rocher,
the Center of French Colonization— County of Illinois Created by
Act of Virtjinia in 1778— The Northwest Territory Organized by
Ordinance "of 1787— Subsequent Geographical Changes— Illinois
Admitted as a State in 1818— Northern Boundary Question— Won-
derful Foresight Shown by Delegate Nathaniel Pope— The Military

Tract — County Organizations — Schuyler County Successively Parts
of Pike and Fulton Counties — The County Created by Act of the
Legislature January 13, 1825 — Its Boundaries and Area — Brown
County Detached in 1839 — ^McDonough County Created by Act of
1826, but Remains Under Jurisdiction of Schuyler County until 1830. 622-625

CHAPTER IV.

PHYSICAL FEATURES— TOPOGRAPHY.

Natural Characteristics of the General Land Surface — Geographical
Location and Topography — 'Area and Elevation — Extent of Tillable
and Untillable Land — The Alluvian Bottom Lands — Rich Silt De-
posits Made by Inland Streams — Natural Beauty and Fertility of the
Soil— Inland Lakes and Marshes — Reclaiming the Prairie — Water
Courses — History of Crooked Creek — Climatic Conditions — Rainfall. 625-627

CHAPTER V.

GEOLOGY AND FLORA.

Geological Reports of the County Compiled by A. H. Worthen, State
Geologist, in 1858 — Geological Formations — Mineral Resources of
Schuyler County Include Coal and Zinc — The Latter Not Developed
— Valuable Deposits of Stone and Clay — ^List of Trees, Shrubs and
Flowers of Schuyler County 627-633

CHAPTER VI.

WILD ANIMALS, BIRDS AND REPTILES.

Indian Tradition of the Destruction of Many Species of Animals That
Once Roamed the Prairies of Schuyler — Early Settlers Found Deer,
Wolves and Fur-Bearing Animals Plentiful — Constant Warfare Ex-
terminated Many Species — Reptiles a Scourge that the Pioneers had
to Contend With — Snake Dens Raided and Thousands of Reptiles
Killed — Bird Life in Schuyler County — Song and Game Birds 633-639

CHAPTER MI.

PIONEER SETTLERS.

Joliet and Marquette I'irst White \isitors to Schuyler County in 1673 —
First Record of White Men in the County Furnished by Government
Surveyors in 181 5-17 — Schuyler County a Honey and Bees-Wa.x
Producing Region — First Permanent Settlement Made b\- Calvin Ho-
bart, February ig, 1823 — Story of His Migration to Schuyler County
— Pioneer Hospitality in a Crowded Cabin — Six Cabins iUiilt in the
County in 1823 — Coming of a Backwoods Methodist Preacher and
First Religious Services — Settlers Who Arrived in 1824 and 1825 —
Foreign Settlers in the County — Indians Still in the County, but
Peaceful — ^Tlie\ are Driven Out by Settlers Without Combat — Some
First Events 639-643

CHAPTER Vlir.

CIVIL HISTORY.

Ten New Counties in the Alilitary Tract Created by Act of January 13,
1825 — Original Area and Boundaries of Schuyler County— Other
Territory Under Temporary Jurisdiction of the New County — First
County-Seat Named Beardstown — First Election and First Board of
Commissioners — Other County Officers — County-Seat Changed to
Rushville in 1826 — Early County Revenues — Financial Statement of
1827 — First Election Precincts — Elections in 1828 — Brown Countv
Set Oiif in 1839 — ^A County-Seat Contest — Changes Under Constitu-
tion of 1848 — County Court Holds Jurisdiction Over County, 1849-
54 — Township Organization Adopted in 1853 — List of Townships.. 643-648

CHAPTER IX.

LAND TITLES— SURVEYS AND SURVEYORS.

Methods Under French and British Control — Origin of Land Titles in
America — Fraudulent Land Grants — Days of British Rule — A Dis-
credited Indian Land Grant of 1773 — Land Titles Made a Political
Issue in 1828 — The Military Tract Bounty Lands — Original Survey
Made in Schuyler County in 18 15-17 — Litigation Over Land Titles —
State Laws Passed to Make Titles Valid — Location of Records —
System of Government Surveys — Early Surveyors and Hardships
They Met — Errors in Original Surveys — Perpetuating Monuments —
Swamp Lands, Surveys and Sales — Plans for Drainage and Present
Conditions 648-654

CHAPTER X.

PIONEER LIFE.

Hardships and Privations Encountered by the Early Settler — Whence
He Came and Routes of Travel — St. Louis the Nearest Cash Market
— 'Nearest Postoffice and Physician — Importance of the Rifle in
Pioneer Life — Bee-Hunting as a Source of Revenue — Early Indus-
tries and Business Enterprises — First Settlers Shun the Prairies —
First Steamer Ascends the Illinois in 1828 — Farming as the First
Industry — Furs and Peltries as a Substitute for Money — Early Farm
Implements — Methods of Cultivation and Harvesting of Crops — ^Days
of the Corn Grater and Wooden Mortar— Where the First Mills
Were Located — Part Borne bv the Pioneer Women in Early Domes-
tic and Industrial Life— Two Tvpes of Societ) — Sports and Pastimes
—An Early Wedding and the Infair— Coming of the Preacher and
Days of the Camp-Meeting 654-658

CHAPTER XL

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT.

Some Pioneer Manufacturing Industries of Schuyler County — Hat and
Chair Factories — Tanneries and Importance of Their Products to the
Early Settler— First Carding- Mill in Rushville— A Wagon Factory
Established in the Early 'Forties— The Ramsey Flouring Mill — The
Coopering Industry — Woolen Mills, Knitting and Spinning Factory
— Brick-Making — Cigar Factories — Coal Mining a Prospective
Industry — Fisheries and Their Products — Manufactures from Mus-
sel-Shells a Growing Industry 658-661

CHAPTER XII.

MERCANTILE AND BANKING INTERESTS.

Commercial and Industrial Conditions at an Early Day — Methods of
Barter and Trade — St. Louis an Early Market — Furs, Honey and
Bees- Wax as a Legal Tender — -First Merchant in Schuyler County-
Others of a Later Period — The Career of Thomas W. Scott — Busi-
ness Houses in Rushville in 1834 — Coming of the First Steamboat up
the Illinois — Spanish and French Currency — Rapid Progress Be-
tween 1830 and 1835 — The Panic of 1837 — Prices of Agricultural
Products and Dry Goods — Statistics of the Packing Industry — Bank-
ing History — Uncertain Values of Paper Currency — First Bank
Established in Rushville in 1861 — Its Founders and Officers —
Changes and Present Officers — Other Banking Institutions in Schuy-
ler County — Officers and Principal Stock-Holders 661-666

CHAPTER XIII.

COUNTY BUILDINGS.

Evolution of Present County Buildings — Advancement From the Primi-
tive Log Cabin to the Handsome Structures of Today — First Court
House, a One-Room Log Building, Erected in 1826 — First Jail
Building— Second Court House Erected in 1830 — Second County
Jail of 1838 Replaced by a Stone Structure in 1857 — The Present
Court Flouse Completed in 1882 — Fourth Jail Built in 1902 — De-
scription of Present Court House — List of Documents Deposited in
Corner Stone — County Farm Purchased in 1855 — Its Present Value
Estimated at $25,000 666-669

CHAPTER XIV.

COLTRTS OF SCHUYLER COUNTY.

Schuyler County Organized in the Formative Period of State Histon.' —
Type of Early Judges and Members of the Bar — First Circuit Court
Held in Cabin of Samuel Turner at the Original Beardstown in No-
vember, 1825 — John York Sawyer First Presiding Judge — Promi-
nent Attorneys Present — List of Grand and Petit Jurors — Some of

the Cases Tried — A Barrel of Honey Serves as Lawyer's Fee in First
Case — Court Customs of Those Days — Some Reminiscences of
Second Court Term — Changes Made in Judicial Circuit — List of
Judges Who Have Presided in Schuyler County Courts— Judge
Richard M. Young, Stephen A. Douglas, T. Lyle Dickey and Others
— Prominent Lawyers Who Have Practiced at Schuyler County Bar
— Probate Court and Judges .' 660-672

CHAPTER XV.

POLITICS AXD PUBLIC OFFICERS.

Early Politics in Illinois — Formation of New Political Parties — Senti-
ment in Schuyler County Favorable to Gen. Jackson in 1828 — Whigs
Carry the County in 1840 and 1848 — Birth of the "Know Nothing"
Party — Organizers of Republican Party in Schuyler County — Sena-
torial Campaign of 1858 — Lincoln's Visit to Rushville — Presidential
\"ote From i860 to 1904 — Congressional Representatives — State
Senators and Representatives — Delegates Who Have Represented
Schuyler County in Constitutional Conventions — 'County Officers
from 1823 to 1906 672-678

CHAPTER XVI.

HIGHWAYS— POST ROUTES— RAILROADS.

Development of Highways — Laying Out of Road from Rushville to
Rock Island — Early Reads in Schuyler County — First Post Routes
— Inauguration of Rural Mail Routes — Ferries and Bridge Sites — ■
Mill-Seats — Their History and Location — First County Bridge Over
Crooked Creek Completed in 1830 — First Railroad Planned in 1836
— County Voted $150,000 in Railroad Bonds — Railroad Built to
Rushville in iS(x) — Telephone Construction — List of Telephone Lines
Now m Operation 678-683

CHAPTER XVII.

TOWN-SITE BOOMS— ABANDONED VILLAGES.

Town-Site Boomers in Schuyler County Active in 183C)— Towns Platted
and Advertised in Eastern Cities— Attractions Furnished to Emi-
grants from the East— Check Produced by the Panic of 1837— A
Specimen of Town Advertising— Importance Attributed to the La
Moine River as a Navigable Stream— The Brooklyn of Today-
Long List of Abandoned Towns and Villages— Interesting Remnus-
cences of Seventy Years ago 683-687

CHAPTER XVIII.
CITY OF RUSHNILLE— DE\ELOPiMEi\T.

Village Founded in 1826 — First County-Seat Named Beardstown— Seat
of Justice Changed to Rushville February 20, 1826— Is First Named
Rushton— First Sale of Lots — Town Incorporated as a Village -May
10, 1831— Hearty Welcome Extended to Newcomers — Rev. John
Scripps' Contribution to Village History— First Election and First
Village Officers — Three Epochs of Twenty-Five Years Each in Rush-
ville History— First Residents and First Industries— Business
Houses in 1834— Impressions of a \'isitor in 1833 — Growth Re-
tarded by Panic of 1836-37— Early Stage Routes— Failure of Inter-
nal Improvement Sclieme— Mercantile and Manufacturing Enter-
prises 1850-75— Former Citizens of Rushville Who Rose to Distinc-
tion Rushville of Today — Municipal History — City Incorporated

Under General Charter Law in May, 1898— List of Mayors From

1898 to Present Time 687-692

CHAPTER XIX.

TOWNSHIP HISTORY.

Sketches of Individual Townships in Schuyler County— Bainbridge,
Birmingham, Brooklvn, Browning, Buena Vista, Camden. Frederick,
Hickory, Huntsville, Littleton, Oakland, Rushville and Woodstock
Townships — Geographical Location and Characteristics — First Set-
tlers, Whence They Came and Where They Located- Fiwt Churches
and First Schools — Local Improvements and Important Events —
Population in 1900 692-707

CHAPTER XX.

GENERAL CHURCH HISTORY.

Christian Character of Early Settlers in Schuyler County — Levin Green
Preaches the First Sermon in the County in November, 1823 —
Sketch of Flis Career— Rev. John Scripps, One of the First Meth-
odist Ministers in Illinois, Located in Rushville in 1831— A Metho-
dist Church Organized in Rushville in 1828— Session of Illinois Con-
ference Held in Rushville in 1836— Episcopal Convention of Illinois
Meets Here in 1838 and 1842— Early History of Church Denomi-
nations and Prominent Clerg\men Who Have Officiated in Schuyler
Countj' 707-712

CHAPTER XXI.

SCHUYLER COUNTY PUBLIC SCHOOLS.

First School District in Schuyler County Laid Out July 22, 1825— First
Free School Law Enacted the Same Year— \Vm. H. Taylor the First
Teacher in the County— Attempt to Establish Free Schools in 1826
Proves a Failure— Jonathan D. Manlove's Reminiscences of an Early

Pioneer School — The Period of Subscription Schools and Their
Early Teachers — Some Christmas-Day Lockouts — State Charter
Granted Rushville Union School District March 30, 1869 — History of
Rushville Schools — List of School Superintendents — Township
School History — Growth and Development of Education in the
County 712-717

CHAPTER XXn.

SCHUYLER PRESS— PAST AND PRESENT.

Prominent Part Played by the Newspaper Press in Connection With
History — Its Value as a Record of Local Facts and Events — Type
of Men Who Were Early Editors and Difficulties Which Confronted
Them — Rushville's First Newspaper — The Rushville Journal and
Military Tract Advertiser Established in 1835 — Its Founders and
First Editor — Subsequent Changes in Name, Ownership and Edi-
torial Management — Topics Which Absorbed the Attention of the
Early Editor — Prominence Given to Politics and General News —
Prairie Telegraph Rushville's First Permanent Paper — Established
July 8, 1848 — Its Subsequent History — The Times and Citizen
Founded in 1856 — History of Other Local Journals 717-720

CHAPTER XXIII.

Rushville Lodge A. F. & A. M. Organized in 1842— Is the First Fra-
ternal Organization in Schuyler County and Ninth of the Order in
the State— Other Fraternities in the County— Knights Templar, In-
dependent Order of Odd Fellows, Willard Encampment, Knights of
Pythias, Grand Armv of the Republic, Modern Woodmen, Royal
Knights, Mystic Workers and Order of Eagles— Dates of Organiza-
tionf Charter Members and First Officers— Other Items of Personal
and Lodge History 720-723

CHAPTER XXIV.

MILITARY AFFAIRS— STATE MILITIA.
Place of Militarism in History— Soldiers' Bounty Lands— Citizens of
Schuyler County Who Served in Wars of the Revolution and 1812—
Some Earlv Applications for Pensions-Schuyler County Mihtia and
Reminiscences of Muster Days-Some Militia Officers-First Inde-
pendence Day Celebration-Toasts and Responses-Effort to Organ- _
ize an Artillery Company m 1858 /-.W-

CHAPTER XXV.

THE BLACK HAWK WAR.

The Militarv Tract a Field of Military Operations-The Black Hawk
InvS-of i83.-It is Brought to a Speedv ^Tountv" Who Took
Government Action-Some Citizens of Schuvler County Who Took
Part in the Campaign-Second Commg of Black Hawk n 1832-
Gov Reynolds' Call for Volunteers is Promptly Met-Ltardstown

the Rendezvous of Troops — O. H. Browning's Diary — Rushville on
the Line of ^larch — Panic Caused by the Stilhnan Defeat — Rev.
Chauncey Hobarts Account — Two Companies from Schuyler
County — Story of the Lincoln-Moore Wrestling Match — A Military
Order — iVIuster Roll of Schuyler County Volunteers 726-731

CHAPTER XXVL

THE MEXICAX WAR.

War Due to .\nne.xation of Te.xas Approved by Citizens of Schuyler
County — Gov. Ford's Call for Volunteers is Answered by Double the
Xumber Called for — Schuyler and Brown County Volunteers Unite
to Form Company E, First Regiment Illinois, LInder Command of
Col. John J. Hardin — The Regiment, After Being Mustered in at
Alton, BL, Removes Successively to Xew Orleans, Matagorda Bay
and San Antonio, Texas — Advance to the Rio Grande Preceding the
Battle of Euena Vista — List of Schu\ler County Soldiers Killed in
That Battle — Muster Rolls of Company E and Independent Cavalry
Company — Members of the Latter Who Died in the Service 73^-734

CHAPTER XX\"11.

WAR OF THE REBELLIOX.

Patriotism of Schuyler County Citizens Shown in Struggle for Preser-
vation of the L'nion — Causes Which Led to the Conflict — Schuyler
County Politically Democratic — Party Prejudice Wiped Out by the
Firing on Fort Sumter — Senator Douglas' Eloquent Appeal for the
Union and its Effect on the Democratic Party — The County Fills its
Quota of Troops — Attempted Assassination of Provost-^Iarshal Dr.
Slack — Service Rendered by Ladies' Soldiers' Aid Societies — Muster
Roll of \'olunteers from Schuyler County, with Regiments and Com-
panies in Which they Served — Some Thrilling Experiences of the
War Period — Brilliant Defense of Buzzard's Roost Gap by Capt.
Hymer's Little Band — Col. Leonidas Horney's Gallantry and Heroic
Death 734-748

CHAPTER XXVIII.

SPAXISH-AMERICAX WAR.

American Sympathy for the \'ictims of Spanish Oppression in Cuba —
Destruction of American Battleship Maine, in Havana Harbor, Results
in Declaration of War — Organization of a Company of X'olunteers in
Schuyler County — It Becomes a Part of Col. J. O. Anderson's Pro-
visional Regiment, but Fails to See Active Service — List of Officers
- — A Schuyler County Graduate of West Point Who Saw Service in
Cuba, China and the Philippines — Career of Lieut. Harold Hammond
— Other Citizens of Schuyler County who Rendered Active Service in
Cuba, Porto Rico and the Philippines 748-750

CHAPTER XXIX.

THE MORMONS IN ILLINOIS.

Coming of the Mormons to Illinois in 1839 — They Locate at Commerce
and Change the Name to Nauvoo — ^Sketch of Joe Smith and the
Founding of the Sect — ^Expulsion from _Missouri Precedes their
Coming to Illinois — Their Entrance Into and Influence in State Poli-
tics — Extraordinary Powers Granted in Nauvoo City Charter Serve
as Protection to Criminals — Clash with "the Gentiles" — Summoning
of Troops from Schuyler and McDonough Counties — Gov. Ford's
Account of the Situation — Arrest of the Smiths and their Assassina-
tion in Hancock County Jail — Panic in Western Illinois — -Deputy
U. S. Marshal Benson's Statement — Gov. Ford's Experience as Vio-
lator of a Rushville Village Ordinance — Mormons Expelled from
Illinois in 1846, Found a New Community at Salt Lake 750-755

CHAPTER XXX.

CRIMINAL TRIALS AND EXECUTIONS.

David Morgan Executed for Murder on Jan. 31, 1832 — Thomas Ford,
Afterwards Governor of Illinois, First Prosecuting Attorney — -
Character Sketch of the Murderer by Rev. John Scripps — David and
Elias McFadden, of jMcDonough County, Executed July 6, 1835 —
The Execution a Public One — Prisoners Borne to the Gallows on
their Coffins Attended by a Military Guard— Fielding Frame, a •
Schuyler County Murderer, Executed at Carthage, 111., May i8„ 1839. 755-758

CHAPTER XXXI.

PHENOMENA— CALAMITOUS EVENTS.

Storms, Floods and Epidemics— The Deep Snow of 1830-31— Central
and Northern Illinois Covered with Frozen Crystals to a Depth of
Four Feet— Hardships Endured by the Settlers and Destructive
Effects on Domestic Animals and Wild Game— A Contemporaneous
Description by a Jacksonville Paper— Sudden Freeze of 1836— The
Flood of 1844— \'niage of Erie Wiped Out of Existence— Disastrous
Tornadoes of 1856 and 1881— Other Earlier and Later Visitations—
The Falling Stars of 1833, and a Memorable Meteoric Scene of 1876
—Cholera Epidemics of" 1834 and 1841— List of Victims of Each Vis-
itation

CHAPTER XXXII.

BIOGRAPHICAL.

The Part of Biography in General History— Citizens of Schuyler County
and Outlines of Personal History— Personal Sketches Arranged in
Encyclopedic Order ' 5-97s

758-763

PORTRAITS

Avery. Philander 022

Avery, Mrs. Philander 628

Ball. Amos W 634

Ballou. .John A 640

Ballou, Mrs. John A 646

Bottenberg. Thomas E 652

Brines, Elizabeth C 604

Brines, John T 658

Darnell. John M 672

Demaree. Wm. L. and Family 078

DeWitt, Cyrus L 690

DeWitt, James 0S4

Dieterich. William H 006

Dyson, Edwin 702

Dyson, George 718

Dyson, Howard F 010

Foote, George H 724

Haber, Thomas and Family 730

Hunter, George R 736

Lawler, George E 742

Lawler, Mrs. George E 742

Logsdon, Jacob 748

Logsdon, Mrs. Jacob 748

Logsdon, Perry 754

Manyx, Mary 700

McKee. William 760

Miller. John H 772

Miller, Mrs. John II 778

Moore. James 784

Moore. John D 790

Moore, Mrs. John D 790

Jloore, Lewis R 802

Rebman, Benjamin F SOS

Rebraan, Mrs. B. F 814

Rodewald, Adolphus P 820

R.van, Edward J 826

Snyder, Madison 832

Snyder, Mrs. Madison 832

Steele. George B 838

Teel, Hersehel V 844

Thompson, Charles W 850

Thompson. Delia K 856

Thompson, J. Arthur 886

Thompson, James D 862

Thompson. Mrs. James D 868

Thompson, Margaret J 880

Thompson, William J 874

l^son, William 892

Ynrbrough, James 898

Yarbrough, J. Edwena 904

I L L U S T R A T 1 O X S

Christian Church 710

Court House (Old) 712

Court House (1882) 6(5,-,

Map of Schuyler County 016

Methodist Episcopal Church '..... 708

Old High School Building 712

Presbyterian Church 710

Washington School -jo

Webster High School 7jo

Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois.

ABBOTT, (Lient..GoT.) Edward, a British
officer, who was commandant at Post Vincennes
(called by the British, Fort Sackville) at the
time Col. George Rogers Clark captured Kaskas-
kia in 1778. Abbott's jurisdiction extended, at
least nominally, over a part of the "Illinois
( 'ountry . ' ' Ten days after the occupation of Kas-
kaskia, Colonel Clark, having learned that
Abbott had gone to the British headquarters at
Detroit, leaving the Post without any guard
except that furnished by the inhabitants of the
village, took advantage of his absence to send
Pierre Gibault. the Catholic Vicar-General of Illi-
nois, to win over the people to the American
cause, which he did so successfully that they at
once took the oath of allegiance, and the Ameri-
can flag was run up over the fort. Although
Fort Sackville afterwards fell into the hands of
the British for a time, the manner of its occupa-
tion was as much of a surprise to the British as
that of Kaskaskia itself, and contributed to the
completeness of Clark's triumph. (See Clark,
Col. George Rogers, also, Gibault, Pierre.) Gov-
ernor Abbott seems to have been of a more
humane character than the mass of British
officers of his day, as he wrote a letter to General
Carleton about this time, protesting strongly
against the employment of Indians in carrying
on warfare against the colonists on the frontier,
on the ground of humanity, claiming that it was
a detriment to the British cause, although he
was overruled by his superior officer. Colonel
Hamilton, in the steps soon after taken to recap-
ture Vincennes.

ABINGDON, second city in size in KnoxCounty,
at the junction of the Iowa Central and the
Cliicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroads; 10
miles .south of Galesburg, with which it is con-
nected by electric car line ; has city waterworks,
electric light plant, wagon works, brick and tile
works, sash, blind and swing factories, two banks.

three weekly papers, public library, fine high
school building and two ward schools. Hedding
College, a flourisliing institution, under auspices
of the M. E. CImrch, is located here. Population
(1900). 3,023; (est. 1904), 3.000.

ACCAULT, Michael (Ak-ko), French explorer
and companion of La Salle, who came to the
■"Illinois Country" in 1780, and accompanied
Hennepin when the latter descended the lUiuous
River to its mouth and then ascended the Mis-
sissippi to the vicinity of the present city of St.
Paul, where they were captured by Sioux. They
were rescued by Greysolon Dulhut (for whom
the city of Duluth was named), and having dis-
covered the Falls of St. Anthony, returned to
Green Bay. (See Hennepin.)

ACKERMAN, WilUam K., RaUway President
and financier, was born in New York City, Jan.
29, 1833, of Knickerbocker and Revolutionary
ancestry, his grandfather, Abraham D. Acker-
man, having served as Captain of a company of
the famous "Jersey Blues," participating with
"Mad" Anthony Wayne in the storming of Stonj'
Point during the Revolutionary War, while his
father served as Lieutenant of Artillery in the
War of 1813. After receiving a high school edu-
cation in New York, Mr. Ackermau engaged in
mercantile busine.ss, but in lSr>2 became a clerk
in the financial department of the Illinois Central
Railroad. Coming to Chicago in tlie service of
the Company in 1860, he successively filled the
positions of Secretary, Auditor and Treasurer,
imtil July, 1876, when he was elected Vice-Presi-
dent and a year later promoted to the Presidency,
voluntarily retiring from this position in August,
1883, though serving some time longer in the
capacity of Vice-President. During the i)rogress
of the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago
(1893-93) Mr. Ackerman served as Auditor of the
Exposition, and was City Comptroller of (Chicago
under the administration of Mayor Hopkins

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

(1893-95). He is an active member of the Chicago
Historical Society, ami lias rendered valuable
service to railroad history by the issue of two bro-
chures on the "Early History of Illinois Rail-
roads," and a "Historical Sketch of the Illinois
Central Railroad."

ADAMS, John, LL.l)., educator and pnilan-
thropist, -vvas born at Canterbury, Conn., Sept. 18,
1773; graduated at Yale College in 1795; taught
for several years in his native place, in Plain-
field, N. J., and at Colchester, Conn. In 1810 he
became Principal of Phillips Academy at An-
dover, Mass., remaining tliere twenty-three
years. In addition to his educational duties he
participated in the organization of several great
charitable associations which attained national
importance. On retiring fi-om Phillips Academy
in 1833, he removed to Jacksonville, 111., where,
four years afterward, he became the third Prin-
cipal of Jacksonville Female Academy, remaining
six j-ears. He then became Agent of the Ameri-
can Sunday School Union, in the course of the
next few years founding several hundred Sun<lay
Schools in different parts of the State. He re-
ceived the degree of LL.D. from Yale College in
1854. Died in Jacksonville, April 24, 1863. The
subject of this sketch was father of Dr. William
Adams, for forty years a prominent Presbyterian
clergyman of New York and for seven years (1873-
80) President of Union Tlieological Seminary.

ADAMS, John MeGreg:or, manufacturer, was
born at Londonderrj', N. H., March 11, 1834, the
son of Rev. Jolm R. Adams, who served as Chap-
lain of the Fifth Maine and One Hundred and
Twenty- first New York Volunteers during the
Civil War. Mr. Adams was educated at Gorham,
Me., and Andover, Mass., after which, going to
New Y'ork City, he engaged as clerk in a dry-
goods house at §150 a year. He next entered the
ofRce of Clark & Jessup, hardware manufacturers,
and in 1858 came to Chicago to represent the
house of Morris K. Jessup & Co. He thus became
associated with the late John Crerar, the firm of
Jessup & Co. being finally merged into that of
Crerar, Adams & Co., which, with the Adams &
Westlake Co., have done a large business in the
manufacture of railway supplies. Since the
death of Mr. Crerar, Mr. Adams has been princi-
pal manager of the concern's vast manufacturing
business.

ADAMS, (Dr.) Sanuiel, physician and edu-
cator, was born at Brunswick, Me., Dec. 19, 1806,
and educated at Bowdoin College, where he
graduated in both the dejiartments of literature
and of medicine. Then, having practiced as a

physician several years, in 1838 he assumed the
chair of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry and
Natural History in Illinois College at Jackson-
ville, 111. From 1843 to 1845 he was also Pro-
fessor of Materia Jledica and Therapeutics in the
Medical Department of the same institution, and,
during his connection with the College, gave
instruction at different times in nearly every
branch embraced in the college curriculum,
including the French and German languages.
Of uncompromising firmness and invincible cour-
age in his adherence to principle, he was a man
of singular modesty, refinement and amiability
in private life, winning the confidence and esteem
of all with whom he came in contact, especially
the students who came under his instruction. A
profound and thorough scholar, he possessed a
refined and exalted literary taste, which was
illustrated in occasional contributions to scien-
tific and literary periodicals. Among productions
of his pen on philosoi)hic topics may be enumer-
ated articles on "The Natural History of Man in
his Scrii)tural Relations;" contributions to the
"Biblical Rejxjsitory" (1844); "Auguste Comte
and Positivism" ("New Englander," 1873), and
"Herbert Spencer's Proposed Reconciliation be-
tween Religion and Science" ("New Englander,"
1875). His connection with Illinois College con-
tinued until his death, April, 1877 — a period of
more than thirty -eight years. A monument to
his memory has been erected through the grate-
ful donations of his former pupils.

ADAMS, George Everett, lawyer and ex-Con-
gressman, born at Keene, N. H., Jime 18, 1840;
was educated at Harvard College, and at Dane
Law School, Cambridge, Mass., graduating at the
former in 1860. Early in life he settled in Chi-
cago, where, after some time spent as a teacher
in the Chicago High School, he engaged in the
practice of his profession. His first post of pub-
lic responsibility was that of State Senator, to
which he was elected in 1880. In 1882 he was
chosen, as a Republican, to represent the Fourth
Illinois District in Congress, and re-elected in
1884, "86 and '88. In 1890 he was again a candi-
date, but was defeated by Walter C. Newberry.
He is one of the Trustees of the Newberry
Library.

ADAMS, James, pioneer lawyer, was born in
Hartford, Conn., Jan. 26, 1803; taken to Oswego
Coimty, N. Y., in 1809, and, in 1821, removed to
Springfield, 111., being the first lawyer to locate
in the future State capital. He enjoyed an ex-
tensive practice for the time ; in 1823 was elected
a Justice of the Peace, took part in the Winne-

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

bago and Black Hawk wars, was elected Probate
Judge in 1841, and died in office, August 11, 1843.

ADAMS COUNTY, an extreme westerly county
of the State, situated about midway between its
northern and southern extremities, and bounded
on the west by the Mississippi River. It was
organized in 1825 and named in honor of John
Quincy Adams, tlie name of Quincy being given
to the county seat. The United States Census of
1890 places its area at 830 sq. m. and its popula-
tion at 61,888. The soil of the county is fertile
and well watered, the surface diversified and
hilly, especially along the Mississippi bluffs, and
its climate equable. The wealth of the county is
largely derived from agriculture, although a
large amount of manufactui-ing is carried on in
Quincy. Population (1900), 67,058.

ADDAMS, John Huy, legislator, was born at
Sinking Springs, Berks County, Pa., July \2,
1833; educated at Traj^peand Upper Dublin, Pa.,
and learned the trade of a miller in his youth,
which he followed in later life. In 1844, Mr.
Addams came to Illinois, settling at Cedarville,
Stephenson County, purchased a tract of land
and built a saw and grist mill on Cedar Creek.
In 18.54 he was elected to the State Senate from
Stephenson County, serving continuously in that
body by successive re-elections until 1870 — first as
a Whig and afterwards as a Republican. In 186.5
he established the Second National Bank of Free-
port, of which he continued to be the president
until his death, August 17, 1881. — Miss Jane
(Addams), philanthropist, the founderof tlie "Hull
Hoase, " Cliicago, is a daughter of Mr. Addams.

ADDISON, village, Du Page County; seat of
Evangelical Lutheran College, Normal School
and Oi-phan Asylum ; has State Bank, stores and
public school Pop. (1900), 091; (1904), 014.

ADJUTAXTS-OENERAL. The office of Adju-
tant-General for the State of Illinois was first
created by Act of the Legislature, Feb. 2, 180.5.
Previous to the War of tlie Rebellion the position
was rather honorary than otherwise, its duties
(except during the Black Hawk War) and its
emoluments being alike unimportant. The in-
cumljent was simply the Chief of the Governor's
Staff. In 1861, the post became one of no small
importance. Those who held the office during
the Territorial period were: Elias Rector, Robert
Morrison, Benjamin Stephenson and Wm. Alex-
ander. After the admission of Illinois as a State
up to the beginning of the Civil War, the duties
(which were almost wholly nominal) were dis-
charged by Wm. Alexander, 1819-21 ; Elijah C.
Berry, 1821-28; James W. Berry, 1828-30; Mases

K. Anderson, 1839-57; Thomas S. Mather, 1838-61.
In November, 1861, Col. T. S. Mather, who had held
the position for three years previovis, resigned to
enter active service, and Judge Allen C. Fuller
was appointed, remaining in office until January
1, 1805. The first appointee, un<ler the act of
1865, was Isham N. Haynie, who lield office
until his death in 1869. The Legislature of 1.SI19,
taking into consideration that all the Illinois
volunteers had been mustered out, and that the
duties of the Adjutant-General had been materi-
ally le.ssened, reduced the proportions of the
department and curtailed the appropriation for
its support. Since the adoption of the military
code of 1877, the Adjutant-General's office has
occupied a more important and conspicuous posi-
tion among the departments of the State govern-
ment. The following is a list of those who have
held office since General Haynie, with the date
and duration of their respective terms of office :
Hubert Dilger, 1869-73; Edwin L. Higgins,
1873-75; Hiram Hilliard, 1875-81; Isaac H. Elliot,
1881-84; Joseph W. Vance, 1884-93; Albert Oren-
dorff, 1893-90, C. C. Hilton, 1896-97; Jasper N.
Reece, 1897 — .

AGRICULTURE. Illinois ranks high as an
agricultural State. A large area in the eastern
portion of the State, because of the absence of
timber, was called by the early settlers "the
Grand Prairie." Upon and along a low ridge
lieginning in Jackson County and running across
the State is the prolific fruit-growing district of
Southern Illinois. Tlie bottom lands extending
from Cairo to the mouth of the Illinois River are
of a fertility seemingly inexhaustible. The cen-
tral portion of the State is best adapted to corn,
and the southern and southwestern to the culti-
vation of winter wheat. Nearly three-fourths of
the entire State — some 42,000 square miles — is up-
land prairie, well suited to the rai.sing of cereals.
In the value of its oat crop Illinois leads all the
States, that for 1891 being 831,100,674, with 3,068,-
930 acres under cultivation. In the production
of corn it ranks next to Iowa, the last cen.sus
(1890) showing 7,014,336 acres under cultivation,
and the value of the crop being estimated at
§86,905,510. In wheat-raising it ranked seventh,
although the annual average value of the crop
from 1880 to 1890 was a little less than 920.000,-
000. As a live-stock State it leads in the value ol
horses ($83,000,000), ranks second in the produc-
tion of swine ($30,000,000), third in cattle-growing
(§32,000,000), and fourth in dairy products, the
value of milch cows being estimated at .$24,000,-
000. (See also Farmers' Institute.)

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

AGRICULTURE, DEPARTMENT OF. A

department of the State administration wliich
grew out of the organization of the Illinois Agri-
cultural Society, incoriX)rated by Act of the
Legislature in 1853. The first appropriation from
the State treasury for its maintenance was .51,000
per annum, "to be expended in the promotion of
mechanical and agricultural arts." The first
President was James N. Brown, of Sangamon
County. Simeon Francis, also of Sangamon, was
the first Recording Secretary ; John A. Kennicott
of Cook, first Corresponding Secretary ; and John
Williams of Sangamon, first Treasurer. Some
thirty volumes of reports have been issued, cover-
ing a variety of topics of vital interest to agri-
culturists. The department has well equipped
offices in the State House, and is charged with
the conduct of State Fairs and the management
of annual exhibitions of fat stock, besides the
collection and dissemination of statistical and
other information relative to the State's agri-
cultural interests. It receives annual reports
from all County Agricultural Societies. The
State Board consists of three general oftic^ers
(President, Secretary and Treasurer) and one
representative from each Congressional district.
The State appropriates some $20,000 annually for
the prosecution of its work, besides which there
is a considerable income from receipts at State
Fairs and fat stock shows. Between §20,000 and
§2.^,000 per annum is disbursed in premiums to
competing exhibitors at the State Fairs, and some
$10, 000 divided among County Agricultural
Societies holding fairs.

AKERS, Peter, D. 1)., Methodist Episcopal
clergyman, born of Presbyterian parentage, in
Campbell County, Va., Sept. 1, 1790; was edu-
cated in the common schools, and, at the age
of IG, began teaching, later pursuing a classical
course in institutions of Virginia and North
Carolina. Having removed to Kentucky, after a
brief season spent in teaching at Mount Sterling
in that State, he began the study of law and was
admitted to the bar in 1817. Two years later he
began the publication of a paper called "The
Star,'' which was continued for a short time. In
1831 he was converted and joined the Methodist
church, and a few months later began preaching.
In 1832 he removed to Illinois, and, after a year
spent in work as an evangelist, he assumed the
Presidency of McKendree College at Lebanon,
remaining during 1833-34; then established a
"manual labor school" near Jacksonville, which
he maintained for a few years. From 1837 to
18.52 was spent as stationed minister or Presiding

Elder at Springfield, Quincy and Jacksonville. In
the latter year he was again apixiinted to the
Presidency of McKendree College, where he
remained five years. He was then (18.")7) trans-
ferred to the Slinnasota Conference, but a year
later was compelled by declining health to assume
a superannuated relation. Returning to Illinois
about 186.5, he served as Presiding Elder of the
Jacksonville and Pleiusant Plains Districts, but
was again compelled to accept a superannuated
relation, making Jacksonville his home, where
he died, Feb. 21. 1886. While Presiilent of Mc-
Kendree College, he published his work on "Bib-
lical Chronology," to which he had devoted many
previous years of his life, and which gave evi-
dence of great learning and viist researcli. Dr.
Akers was a man of profound convictions, exten-
sive learning and great ekxjuence. As a pulpit
orator- and logician he probably had no superior
in the State during the time of his most active
ser\-ice in the denomination to which he telonged.

AKIX, Edward C, lawyer and Attorney -Gen-
eral, was born in Will County, 111., in 18.52, and
educated in the public schools of Joliet and at Aiui
Arbor, Mich. For four years he was ])aying and
receiving teller in the First National Bank of
Joliet, but was admitted to the bar in 1878 and
has continued in active practice since. In 1887 he
entered upon his political career as tlie Republi-
can candidate for City Attorney of Joliet, and was
elected by a majority of over 700 votes, although
the city was usuallj' Democratic. The follow-
ing year he was the canilidate of his party for
State's Attorney of Will County, and was again
elected, leading the State and county ticket by
800 votes — being re-elected to the same office in
1892. In 1895 he was the Republican nominee
for Mayor of Joliet, and, although opposed by a
citizen's ticket headed by a Republican, was
elected over his Democratic competitor by a deci-
sive majority. His greatest popular triumph was
in 1896, when he was elected Attorney-General
on the Republican State ticket by a plurality
over his Democratic opponent of 132,2-18 and a
majority over all competitors of 111,2.55. His
legal abilities are recognized as of a very high
order, while his personal popularity is indicated
by his uniform succe.ss as a candidate, in the
face, at times, of strong political majorities.

ALBAXY, a village of Whiteside County, lo-
cated on the Mississippi River and the Chicago,
Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway (Rock Island
branch). Population (1890), 611; (1900), 621.

ALBION, county-.seat of Edwards County,
on Southern Railway, midway between St. Louis

\9i^i0^^i^^^^^^^^^ '^^'^^^

KXl'KKnilOXT FAKM I THE VINEYAKI ) i IM VEKSI IV OK 1 l.i.I Xd IS.

EXPERIMENT FARM (ORCHARD CLLTIVATIO.X) UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS.

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

aud Louisville; seat of Southern Collegiate In-
stitute; has plant for manufacture of vitrified
shale paving brick, two newspapers, creamery,
flouring mills, and is important shipping point
for live stock; is in a rich fruit-growing district;
has five churches and splendid public schools.
Population (1900), 1,162; (est. 1904), 1,500.

ALCORN, James Lusk, was born near Gol-
oonda. 111., Nov. 4, 1816; early went South and
held various offices in Kentucky and Mississippi,
including member of the Legislature in each;
was a member of the Mississippi State Conven-
tions of 1851 and 1861, and by the latter appointed
a Brigadier-General in the Confederate service,
but refused a commission by Jefferson Davis
because his fidelity to the rebel cause was
doubted. At the close of the war he was one of
the first to accept the reconstruction policy ; was
elected United States Senator from Mississippi in
1865, but not admitted to his seat. In 1869 he
was chosen Governor as a Republican, and two
years later elected United States Senator, serving
until 1877. Died, Dec. 20, 1894.

ALDRICH, J. Frank, Congressman, was born
at Two Rivers, Wis., April 6, 1853, the son of
William Aldrich, who afterwards became Con-
gressman from Chicago ; was brought to Chicago
in 1861, attended the public schools and the Chi-
cago University, and graduated from the Rensse-
laer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N. Y., in 1877,
receiving the degree of Civil Engineer. Later he
engaged in the linseed oil business in Chicago.
Becoming interested in politics, he was elected a
member of the Board of County Commissioners
of Cook Count}-, serving as President of that body
during the reform period of 1887; was also a
member of the County Board of Education and
Chairman of the Chicago Citizens' Committee,
appointed from the various clubs and commer-
cial organizations of the city, to promote the for-
mation of the Chicago Sanitary District. From
May 1, 1891, to Jan. 1. 1893, he was Commissioner
of Public Works for Chicago, when he resigned
his office, having been elected (Nov., 1892) a
member of the Fifty third Congress, on the
Republican ticket, from the First Congressional
District; was re-elected in 1894, retiring at the
close of the Fifty -fourth Congress. In 1898 he
was appointed to a position in connection with
the office of Comptroller of the Currency at
Washington.

ALDRICH, William, merchant and Congress-
man, was born at Greenfield, N. Y., Jan. 20, 1820.
His early common school training was supple-
mented by private tuition in higher branches of

mathematics and in surveying, and by a term in
an academy. Until he had reached the age of 26
years he was engaged in farming and teaching,
but, in 1846, turned his attention to mercantile
pursuits. In 1851 he removed to Wisconsin,
where, in addition to merchandising, he engaged
in the manufacture of furniture and woodenware,
and where he also held several important offices,
being Superintendent of Schools for three years.
Chairman of the County Board of Supervisors
one year, besides serving one term in the Legisla-
ture. In 1860 he removed to Cliicago, where he
embarked in the wholesale grocery biLsiness. In
1875 he was elected to the Cit}' Council, and, in
1876, chosen to represent his district (the First) in
Congress, as a Republican, being re elected in 1878,
and again in 1880. Died in Fond du Lafl, Wi3.,
Dec. 3, 1885.

ALEDO, county-seat of Mercer County; is in
the midst of a rich farming and bituminous coal
region; fruit-growing and stock-raising are abio
extensively carried on, and large quantities of
these commodities are shipped here; has two
newspapers and ample school facilities. Popula-
tion (1890), 1,601; (1900), 2,081.

ALEXANDER, John T., agriculturist and
stock-grower, was born in Western Virginia,
Sept. 15, 1820; removed with his father, at six
years of age, to Ohio, and to Illinois in 1848.
Here he bought a tract of several thousand acres
of land on the Wabash Railroad, 10 miles east of
Jacksonville, which finally developed into one of
the richest stock-farms in the State. After the
war he became the owner of the celebrated
"SuUivant farm," comprising some 20,000 acres
on the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroad in
Champaign County, to which he transferred his
stock interests, and although overtaken by re-
verses, left a large estate. Died, August 22, 1876.

ALEXANDER, Milton K., pioneer, was born in
Elbert County, Ga., Jan. 23, 1796; emigrated
with his father, in 1804, to Tennessee, and, while
still a boy, enlisted as a soldier in the War of 1812,
serving under the command of General Jackson
until the capture of Pensacola, when he entered
upon the campaign against the Seminoles in
Florida. In 1823 he removed to Edgar County,
111., and engaged in mercantile and agricultural
pursuits at Paris; serving also as Postmaster
there some twenty-five years, and as Clerk of the
County Commissioners' Court from 1826 to '37.
In 1826 he was commissioned by Governor Coles,
Colonel of the Nineteenth Regiment, Illinois
State Militia; in 1830 was Aide-de-Camp to Gov-
ernor Reynolds, and, inl832, tiwk part in the Black

HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

Hawk War as Brigadier-General of the Second
Brigade, IlUnois Volunteers. On the inception of
the internal improTement scheme in 183T he was
elected by the Legislature a member of the first
Board of Commissioners of Public Works, serving
until the Board was abolished. Died, July 7, 1856.
ALEXANDER, (Dr.) William M., pioneer,
came to Southern Illinois previous to the organi-
zation of Union County (1818), and for some time,
while practicing his profession as a physician,
acted as agent of the proprietors of the town of
America, which was located on the Ohio River,
on the first high ground above its junction with
the Mississippi. It became the first county-seat
of Alexander County, which was organized in
1819, and named in his honor. In 1820 we find
him a Representative in the Second General
Assembly from Pope County, and two years later
Representative from Alexander County, when he
became Speaker of the House during the session
of the Third General Assembly. Later, he
removed to Kaskaskia, but finally went South,
where he died, though the date and place of his
death are unknown.

ALEXANDER COUNTY, the extreme southern
county of the State, being bounded on the west
by the Mississipppi, and south and east by the
Ohio and Cache rivers. Its area is about 230
square miles and its population, in 1890, was 16,-
563. The first American settlers were Tennessee-
ans named Bird, who occupied the delta and gave
it the name of Bird's Point, wliich. at the date of
the Civil War (1861-65), had been transferred to
the Missouri shore opposite the mouth of tlie Ohio.
Other early settlers were Clark, Kennedy and
Philips (at Mounds), Conyer and Terrel (at Amer-
ica), and Humphreys (near Caledonia). In 1818
Shadrach Bond (afterwards Governor), John G.
Comyges and others entered a claim for 1800 acres
in the central and northern part of the county,
and incorporated the "City and Bank of Cairo."
The history of this enterprise is interesting. In
1818 (on Comyges' death) the land reverted to the
Government; but in 1835 Sidney Breese, David J.
Baker and Miles A. Gilbert re-entered the for-
feited bank tract and the title thereto became
vested in the "Cairo City and Canal Company,"
which was chartered in 1837, and, by purchase,
extended its holdings to 10,000 acres. The
county was organized in 1819; the first county-
seat being America, wliich was incorporated in
18-20. Poimlation (1900). 19,384.

ALEXIAN BROTHERS' HOSPITAL, located
at Chicago; established in 1860, and under the
management of the Alexian Brothers, a monastic

order of the Roman Catholic Church. It was
originally opened in a small frame building, but a
better edifice was erected in 1868, only to be de-
stroyed in the great fire of 1871. The following
year, through the aid of private benefactions and
an appropriation of $18,000 from the Chicago Re-
lief and Aid Society, a larger and better hospital
was built. In 1888 an addition was made, increas-
ing the accommodation to 150 beds. Only poor
male patients are admitted, and these are received
without reference to nationalitj' or religion, and
absolutely without charge. The present medical
staff (1896) comprises fourteen physicians and sur-
geons. In 1895 the close approach of an intra-
mural transit line having rendered the building
unfit for hospital purposes, a street railway com-
pany purchased the site and buildings for $2.50,-
000 and a new location has been selected.

ALEXIS, a village of Warren County, on the
Rock Island & St. Louis Division of the Chicago,
Burlington & Quincy Railway, 12 miles east of
north from Monmouth. It has manufactures of
brick, drain-tile, pottery and agricultural imple-
ments; is also noted for its Clydesdale horses.
Population (1880), 398; (1890), .562; (1900), 915.

ALGONqriNS, a group of Indian tribes.
Originally their territory extended from about
latitude 37° to 53° north, and from longitude 25°
east to 15° west of the meridian of Washington.
Branches of the stock were found by Cartier in
Canada, by Smith in Virginia, by the Puritiins in
New England and by Catholic missionaries in the
great basin of the Mi.ssi.ssippi. One of the prin-
cipal of their five confederacies embraced the
Illinois Indians, who were found within the
State by the French when the latter discovered
the country in 1673. They were hereditary foes
of the warlike Iroquois, by whom their territory
was repeatedly invaded. Besides the Illinois,
other tribes of the Algonquin family who origi-
nally dwelt within the present limits of Illinois,
were the Foxes, Kickapoos, Miamis, Menominees,
and Sacs. Although nomadic in their mode of
life, and subsisting largely on the sjxiils of the
chase, the Algonquins were to some extent tillers
of the soil and cultivated large tracts of maize.
Various dialects of their language have been
reduced to grammatical rules, and Eliot's Indian
Bible is published in their tongue. The entire
Algonquin stock extant is estimated at about
95,000, of whom some 35,000 are within the United
States.

ALLEN, William Joshua, jurist, was born
June 9, 1829, in AVilson County, Tenn. ; of Vir-
ginia ancestrv of Scotch-Irish descent. In early

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

infancy he was brougnt by his parents to South-
ern Illinois, where his father. Willis Allen, be-
came a Judge and member of Congress. After
reading law with his father and at the Louisville
Law School, young Allen was admitted to the
bar, settling at Metropolis and afterward (1853)
at his old home, Marion, in Williamson County.
In 1855 he was appointed United States District
Attorney for Illinois, but resigned in 1859 and re-
sumed private practice as partner of Jolin A.
Logan. The same year he was elected Circuit
Judge to succeed his father, who had died, but he
declined a re-election. He was a member of the
Constitutional Conventions of 1862 and 1869, serv-
ing in both bodies on the Judicial Committee and
as Chairman of the Committee on the Bill of
Rights. From 1864 to 1888 he was a delegate to
every National Democratic Convention, being
chairman of the Illinois delegation in 1876. He
has been four times a candidate for Congress, and
twice elected, serving from 1862 to 1865. During
this period he was an ardent opponent of the wai
policy of the Government. In 1874-75, at the
solicitation of Governor Beveridge, he undertook
the prosecution of the leaders of a bloody "ven-
detta" which had broken out among his former
neighbors in Williamson County, and, by his fear-
less and impartial efforts, brought the offenders to
justice and assisted in restoring order. In 1886,
Judge Allen removed to Springfield, and in 1887
was appointed by President Cleveland to succeed
Judge Samuel H. Treat (deceased) as Judge of the
United States District Court for the Southern
District of Illinois. Died Jan. 26, 1901.

ALLEN, Willis, a native of Tennessee, who
removed to Williamson Coimty, 111., in 1829 and
engaged in farming. In 1834 he was chosen
Sheriff of Franklin County, in 1838 elected Rep-
resentative in the Eleventh General Assembly,
and, in 1844, became State Senator. In 1841,
although not yet a licensed lawyer, he was chosen
Prosecuting Attorney for the old Third District,
and was shortly afterward admitted to the bar.
He was chosen Presidential Elector in 1844, a
member of the Constitutional Convention of 1847,
and served two terms in Congress (1851-55). On
March 2, 1859, he was commissioned Judge of the
Twenty-sixth Judicial Circuit, but died three
months later. His son, William Joslaua, suc-
ceeded him in the latter office.

ALLERTON, Samuel Waters, stock-dealer and
capitalist, was born of Pilgrim ancestry in
Dutchess County, N. Y., May 26, 1829. His
youth was spent with his father on a farm in
Yates Count V. N. Y.. but alwut 18.52 he engaged

in the live-stock business in Central and Western
New York. In 1856 he transferred his operations
to Illinois, shipping stock from various points to
New York City, finally locating in Chicago. He
was one of the earliest projectors of the Chicago
Stock-Yards, later .securing control of the Pitts-
burg Stock-Yards, also becoming interested in
yards at Baltimore, Philadelphia, Jer.sey City and
Omaha. Mr. Allerton is one of the founders and
a Director of the First National Bank of Chicago,
a Director and stockholder of tlie Cliicago City
Railway (the first cable line in that city), the
owner of an extensive area of highly improved
farming lands in Central Illinois, as also of large
tracts in Nebraska and Wyoming, and of valuable
and productive mining properties in the Black
Hills. A zealous Republican in politics, lie is a
liberal supporter of the measures of that party,
and, in 1893, was the unsuccessful Republican can-
didate for Mayor of Chicago in opposition to
Carter H. Harrison.

ALLOUEZ, Claude Jean, sometimes called
"The Apostle of the West," a Jesuit priest, was
born in France in 1620. He reached Quebec in
1658, and later explored the country around
Lakes Superior and Michigan, establishing the
mission of La Pointe, near where Ashland, Wis.,
now stands, in 1665, and St. Xavier, near Green
Bay, in 1669. He learned from the Indians the
existence and direction of the upper Mississippi,
and was the first to communicate the informa-
tion to the authorities at Montreal, which report
was the primary cause of Joliet's expedition. He
succeeded Marquette in charge of the mission at
Kaskaskia, on the Illinois, in 1677, where he
preached to eight tribes. From that date to 1690
he labored among the aborigines of Illinois and
Wisconsin. Died at Fort St. Joseph, in 1690.

ALLYN, (Rev.) Robert, clergyman and edu-
cator, was born at Ledyard, New London County,
Conn., Jan. 2.5, 1817, being a direct descend-
ant in the eighth generation of Captain Robert
Allyn, who was one of the fir.st settlers of New
London. He grew up on a farm, receiving his
early education in a country school, supple-
mented by access to a small public library, from
which he acquired a good degree of familiarity
with standard English writers. In 1837 he
entered the Wesleyan University at Middletown,
Conn., where he distinguished himself as a
mathematician and took a high rank as a linguist
and rhetorician, gradiiating in 1841. He im-
mediately engaged as a teacher of mathematics
in the Wesleyan Academy at Wilbraham, Ma.ss.,
and, in 1846, was elected principal of the school.

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

meanwhile (1843) becoming a licentiate of the
Providence Conference of the Methodist Episcopal
Church. From 1848 to 18.54 he served as Princi-
pal of the Providence Conference Seminary at
East Greenwich, R. I., when he was appointed
Commissioner of Public Schools of Rhode Island
— also serving the same year as a Visitor to West
Point Military Academy. Between 18.57 and 1859
he filled the chair of Ancient Languages in the
State University at Athens, Ohio, when he ac-
cepted the Presidency of the Wesleyan Female
College at Cincinnati, four years later (1803)
becoming President of McKendree College at
Lebanon, 111., where he remained until 1874.
That position he resigned to accept the Presi-
dency of the Southern Illinois Normal University
at Carbondale, whence he retired in 1892. Died
at Carbondale, Jan. 7, 1894. _

ALTAMONT, Effingham County, is intersecting
point of the Vandalia, Chicago & Eastern Illinois,
Baltimore & Ohio S. W., and Wabash Railroads,
being midway ami highest point between St.
Louis and Terre Haute, Ind. ; was laid out in
1870. The town is in the center of a grain, fruit-
growing and stock-raising district ; has a bank,
two grain elevators, flouring mill, tile works, a
large creamery, wagon, furniture and other fac-
tories, besides churches and good schools. Popu-
lation (1890), 1,044, 11900), 1,33.5.

ALTGELD, John Peter, ex-Judge and ex-Gov-
ernor, was born in Prussia in 1.848, and in boy.
hood accompanied his parents to America, the
family settling in Ohio. At the age of 16 he
enlisted in the One Hundred and Sixty-fourth
Ohio Infantry, serving until the close of the war
His legal education was acquired at St. Louis and
Savannah, Mo., and from 1874 to '78 he was
Prosecuting Attorney for Andrew Coimty in that
State. In 1878 he removed to Chicago, where he
devoted himself to professional work. In 1884 he
led the Democratic forlorn hope as candidate for
Congress in a strong Republican Congressional
district, and in 1886 was elected to the bench of
the Superior Court of Cook County, but resigned
in Augast, 1891. The Democratic State conven-
tion of 1892 nominated him for Governor, and he
was elected the following November, being the
first foreign-lxirn citizen to hold that office in the
history of the State, and the first Democrat
elected since 1852. In 1896 he was a prominent
factor in the Democratic National Convention
which nominated William J. Bryan for Presi-
dent, and was also a candidate for re-election to
the office of Governor, but was defeated by John
R. Tanner, the Republican nominee.

ALTON, principal city in Madison County
and important commercial and manufacturing
point on Mississippi River, 25 mileb north of
St. Louis; site was first occupied as a French
trading-post about 1807, the town' proper lieing
laid out by Col. Rufu.s Easton in 1817; principal
business houses are located in the valley along
the river, while the re.sidence portion occupies
the bluffs overlooking the river, sonietinie.s rising
to the height of nearly 250 feet. The city has
extensive glass works employ-ng (1903) 4,000
hands, flouring mills, iron foundries, manufac-
tories of agricultural implements, coal cars, min
ers' tools, shoes, tobacco, lime, etc., besides
several banks, numerous churches, schools, and
four newspajiers, three of them daily. A monu-
ment to tlie memory of Elijah P Lovejoy, who
fell while defending his press against a pro-slav-
ery mob in 1837. was erected in .\lton Cemetery,
1896-7, at a cost of §30,000. contributed by the
State and citizens of Alton. Population (1890),
10,294; (1900), 14,210.

ALTOX PEXITEXTIARY. The earliest pun-
ishments imposed upon public offenders in Illi-
nois were by public flogging or imprisonment for
a short time in jails rudely constructed of logs,
from which escape was not difficult for a prisoner
of nerve, strength and mental resource. The
inadequacy of such places of confinement was
soon perceived, but popular antipathy to anj'
increase of taxation prevented the adoption of
any other policy until 1827. A grant of 40,000
acres of saline lands was made to the State by
Congre.ss, aiul a considerable portion of the money
received from their sale was appropriated to the
establishment of a State penitentiary at Alton.
The sum set apart proved insufficient.and, in 1831,
an additional appropriation of §10,000 was made
from the State treasury. In 1833 the prison was
ready to receive its first inmates. It was built of
stone and had but twenty-four cells. Additions
were made from time to time, but by 1857 the
State determined ujiou building a new peniten-
tiary, which was located at Joliet (see Xorthem
Penitentiary), and, in 1860, the last convicts were
transferred thither from Alton. Tlie Alton prison
was conducted on what is known as "the Auburn
plan" — associated labor in silence by day and
separate confinement by night. The manage-
ment was in the hands of a "lessee," who fur-
nished supplies, employed guards and exercised
the general powers of a warden luider the super-
vision of a Commissioner appointed by the State,
and who handled all the products of convict
labor.

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

ALTON RIOTS. (See Lovejoij. Elijah Par-
risli.)

ALTONA, town of Knox County, on C, B. & Q.
R. R , 16 miles northeast of Galesburg; has an
endowed pubh'c library, electric light system,
cement sidewalks, four churches and good school
system. Population (1900), 633.

ALTON & SAN(;AM0N RAILROAD. (See
Chicago <& Alton Railroad.)

AMBOY, city in Lee County on Green River, at
junction of Illinois Central and C, B. & Q. Rail-
roads, 95 miles south by west from Chicago; has
artesian water with waterworks and fire protec-
tion, city park, two telephone systems, electric
lights, railroad repair shops, two banks, two
newspapers, seven churches, graded and high
schools; is on line of Northern Illinois Electric
Ry. from De Kalb to Dixon ; extensive bridge
and iron works located here. Pop. ( 1900), 1,836.

AMES, Edward Raymond, Methodist Episcopal
Bishop, born at Aniesville, Athens County, Ohio,
May 30, 1806; was educated at the Ohio State
University, where he joined the M. E. Church.
In 1828 he left college and became Principal of
the Seminary at Lebanon, 111., which afterwards
became McKendree College. While there he
received a license to preach, and, after holding
various charges and positions in the church, in-
cluding membership in the General Conference
of 1840, '44 and '53, in the latter year was elected
Bishop, serving until his death, which occurred
in Baltimore, April 25, 1879.

ANDERSON, Galusha, clergyman and edu-
cator, was born at Bergen, N. Y., March 7, 1S33;
graduated at Rocliester University in 1854 and at
the Theological Seminary there in 1856; spent
ten years in Baptist pastoral work at Janes vi lie,
Wis. , and at St. Louis, and seven as Professor in
Newton Theological Institute, Mass. From 1873
to '80 he preached in Brooklyn and Chicago; was
then chosen President of the old Chicago Univer-
sity, remaining eight years, when he again be-
came a pastor at Salem, Mass., but soon after
assumed the Presidency of Denison University,
Ohio. On the organization of tlie new Chicago
University, he accepted the chair of Homiletics
and Pastoral Theology, which he now liolds

ANDERSON, George A., lawyer and Congress-
man, was bom in Botetourt County, Va., March
11, 1853. Wlien two years old he was brought by
his parents to Hancock County, 111 He re-
ceived a collegiate education, and, after studying
law at Lincoln, Neb., and at Sedalia, Mo., settled
at Quincy, 111., where he began practice in 1880.
In 1884 he was elected City Attorney on the

Democratic ticket, and re-elected in 1885 without
opposition. The following year he was the suc-
cessful candidate of his party for Congress, which
was his last public service. Died at Quincy,
Jan. 31, 1896.

ANDERSON, James C, legislator, was bom in
Henderson County, 111., August 1, 1845; raised on
a farm, and after receiving a common-school
education, entered Monmouth College, but left
early in the Civil War to enlist in the Twentieth
Illinois Volunteer Infantry, in which he attained
the rank of Second Lieutenant. After the war he
served ten years as Sheriff of Henderson County,
was elected Representative in the General
Assembly in 1888, "90, '93 and '96, and served on
the Republican "steering committee" during the
session of 1893. He also served as Sergeant-at-
Arms of the Senate for the session of 1895, and
was a delegate to the Republican National Con-
vention of 1896. His home is at Decorra.

ANDERSON, Stinson H., Lieutenant-Gover-
nor, was born in Sumner County, Tenn., in 1800;
came to Jefferson County, 111., in liis youth, and,
at an early age, began to devote his attention to
breeding fine stock; served in the Black Hawk
War as a Lieutenant in 1832, and the same year
was elected to the lower branch of the Eighth
General Assembly, being reelected in 1834. In
1838 he was chosen Lieutenant-Governor on the
ticket with Gov. Thomas Carlin, and soon after
the close of his term entered the United States
Army as Captain of Dragoons, in this capacity
taking part in the Seminole War in Florida.
Still later he served imder President Polk as
United States Marshal for Illinois, and also held
the position of Warden of the State Penitentiary
at Alton for several years. Died,September, 1857. —
William B. (Anderson), son of the preceding,
was born at Mount Vernon, 111., April 30, 1830;
attended the common schools and later studied
surveying, being elected Surveyor of Jefferson
County, in 1851. He studied law and was admit-
ted to the bar in 1858, but never practiced, pre-
ferring the more quiet life of a farmer. In 1856
he was elected to the lower house of the General
Assembly and re-elected in 1858. In 1861 he
entered the volunteer service as a private, was
promoted through the grades of Captain and
Lieutenant-Colonel to a Colonelcy, and, at the
close of the -.rar, was brevetted Brigadier-Gen-
eral. In 1868 he was a candidate for Presidential
Elector on the Democratic ticket, was a member
of the State Constitutional Convention of 1869-70,
and, in 1871, was elected to the State Senate, to
fill a vacancv. In 1874 he was electeil to the Forty

HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

fourth Congress on the Democratic ticket. lu
1893 General Anderson was appointed b}- Presi-
dent Cleveland Pension Agent for Illinois, con-
tinuing in that position four years, when he
retired to private life.

ANDRUS, Rev. Reuben, clergyman and edu-
cator, was born at Rutland, Jefferson County,
N. Y., Jan. 29, 1834; early came to Fulton
County, 111., and spent three years (1844-47) as a
student at Illinois College, Jacksonville, but
graduated at McKendree College. Lebanon, in
1849; taught for a time at Greenfield, entered the
Methodist ministry, and, in 18."iO, founded the Illi-
nois Wesleyan University at Bloomington, of
which he became a Professor; later re-entered
the ministry and held charges at Beardstown,
Decatur, Quincy, Springfield and Bloomington,
meanwhile for a time being President of Illinois
Conference Female College at Jacksonville, and
temporary President of Quincy College. In 1867
he was transferred to the Indiana Conference and
stationed at Evansville and Indianapolis; from
1873 to "7.5 was President of Indiana Asbury Uni-
versity at Greencastle. Died at Indianapolis,
Jan. 17, 1887.

ANNA, a city in Union County, on the Illinois
Central Railroad, 36 miles from Cairo; is center
of extensive fruit and vegetable-growing district,
and largest .shipping-point for these commodities
on the Illinois Central Railroad. It has an ice
plant, pottery and lime manufactories, two banks
and two ne\v.spapers. The Southern (111.) Hos-
pital for the Insane is located here. Population
(1890), 3,39.-); (1900), 3,018; (est. 1904), 3,000.

ANTHONY, Elliott, jurist, was born of New
England Quaker ancestry at Spafford, Onondaga
County, N. Y., June 10, 1.S37; was related on
the maternal side to the Chases and Phelps (dis-
tinguished lawyers) of Vermont. His earlj- years
were spent in labor on a farm, but after a course
of preparatory study at Cortland Academy, in
1847 he entered the sophomore class in Hamilton
College at Clinton, graduating with honors in
1850. The next year he began the study of law,
at the same time giving instruction in an Acad-
emy at Clinton, where he had President Cleve-
land as one of his pupils. After admission to the
bar at Oswego, in 18.-)1, he removed West, stop-
ping for a time at Sterling. 111., but the following
year located in Chicago. Here he compiled "A
Digest of Illinois Reports" ; in 1858 was elected
City Attorney, and, in 1863, became solicitor of
the Galena & Chicago Union Railroad (now the
Chicago & Northwestern). Judge Anthony
served in two State Constitutional Conventions —

those of 1862 and 1869-70— lieing chairman of the
Committee on Executive Department and mem-
ber of the Committee on Judiciary in the latter.
He was delegate to the National Republican Con-
vention of 1880, and was the same year elected a
Judge of the Superior Court of Chicago, and was
re-elected in 1886, retiring in 1892, after which he
resumed the practice of his profession, being
chiefly eniploj'ed as consulting counsel. Judge
Anthonj' was one of the founders and incoq)o-
rators of the Chicago Law Institute and a member
of the first Board of Directors of the Chicago
Public Library; also served as President of the
State Bar Association (1894-95), and delivered
several iiniK)rtant historical addresses before that
body. His other most important productions
are volumes on "The Constitutional History of
Illinois," "The Story of the Empire State" and
"Sanitation and Navigation." Near the close of
his last term upon the bench, he spent several
months in an extended tour through the princi-
pal countries of Europe. His death occurred,
after a protracted illness, at his home at Evans-
ton. Fob. 34, 1898.

ANTI-NKKKASKA EDITORIAL CONVEPf-
TIOX, a jKilitical body, which convened at
Decatur, Feb. 22, 1856, pursuant to the suggestion
of "The Morgan Journal," then a weekly paper
published at Jacksonville, for the purpose of for-
mulating a policy in opix)sition to the principles
of the Kansas- Nebraska bill. Twelve editors
were in attendance, as follows: Charles H. Ray
of "The Chicago Tribune"; V. Y. Ralston of
"The Quincy Whig"; O. P. Wharton of "The
Rock Island Advertiser"; T. J. Pickett of "The
Peoria Reimblican" ; George Schneider of "The
Chicago Stiiats Zeitung" ; Charles Faxon of "The
Princeton Post"; A. N. Ford of "The Lacon Ga-
zette"; B. F. Shaw of "The Dixon Telegraph" ; E.
C. Daugherty of "The Rockford Register" ; E. W.
Blaisdell of "The Rockford Gazette"; W. J.
Usrey of "The Decatur Chronicle"; and Paul
Selby of "The Jacksonville Journal." Paul Selby
was chosen Chairman and W. J. Usrey, Secre-
tary. The convention adopted a platform and
recommended the calling of a State convention
at Bloomington on May 29, following, appointing
the following State Central Committee to take the
matter in charge : W. B. Ogden, Chicago ; S. M.
Church, Rockford ; G. D. A. Parks, Joliet ; T. J
Pickett, Peoria; E. A. Dudley, Quincy; William
H. Herndon, Springfield; R. J. Oglesby, Deca-
tur; Joseph Gillespie, Edwardsrille; D. L. Phil-
lips, Jonesboro; and Ira O. Wilkinson and
Gustavus Koerner for the State-at- large. A bra-

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

ham Lincoln was present and participated in the
consultations of the committees. All of these
served except Messrs. Ogden, Oglesby and Koer-
uer, the two former declining on account of ab-
sence from the State. Ogden was succeeded by
the late Dr. John Evans, afterwards Territorial
Governor of Colorado, and Oglesby by Col. Isaac
C. Pugh of Decatur. (See Bloomington Conven-
tion of isse. )

APPLE RIVER, a village of Jo Daviess
County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 31 miles
east-northeast from Galena. Population (1880),
636; (1890), 573; (1900), 576.

APPLINGTON, (Maj.) Zenas, soldier, was born
in Broome County, N. Y., Dec. 34, 1815; in 1837
emigrated to Ogle County, 111., where he fol-
lowed successively the occupations of farmer,
blacksmitli, carpenter and merchant, finally
becoming the founder of the town of Polo. Here
he became wealthy, but lost much of his property
in the financial revulsion of 1857. In 1858 he
was elected to the State Senate, and, during the
session of 1859, was one of the members of that
body appointed to investigate the "canal scrip
fraud" (which see), and two years later was one of
the earnest supporters of the Government in its
preparation for the War of the Rebellion. The
latter year he assisted in organizing the Seventh
Illinois Cavalry, of which he was commissioned
Major, being some time in command at Bird's
Point, and later rendering important service to
General Pope at New Madrid and Island No. 10.
He was killed at Corinth, Miss., May 8, 1863,
while obeying an order to charge upon a band of
rebels concealed in a wood.

APPORTIONMENT, a mode of distribution of
the counties of the State into Districts for the
election of members of the General Assembly
and of Congress, which will be treated under
separate heads:

Leqisl.\tive. — The first legislative apportion-
ment was provided for by the Constitution of
1818. That instrument vested the Legislature
with power to divide the State as follows: To
create districts for the election of Representatives
not less than twenty seven nor more than thirty-
six in number, until the population of the State
should amount to 100,000; and to create sena-
torial districts, in number not less than one-third
nor more than one-half of the representative dis-
tricts at the time of organization.

The schedule appended to the first Constitution
contained the first legal apportionment of Sena-
tors and Representatives. The first fifteen
counties were allowed fourteen Senators and

twenty-nine Representatives. Each county
formed a distinct legislative district for repre-
sentation in the lower house, with the number of
members for each varying from one to three;
while Johnson and Franklin were combined in
one Senatorial district, the other counties being
entitled to one Senator each. Later apportion-
ments were made in 1831, '36, '31, '36, '41 and '47.
Before an election was held under the last, how-
ever, the Constitution of 1848 went into effect,
and considerable changes were effected in this
regard. The number of Senators was fixed at
twenty-five and of Representatives at seventy-
five, until the entire population should equal
1,000,000, when five members of the House were
added and five additional members for each 500,-
000 increase in population until the whole num-
ber of Representatives reached 100. Tliereafter
the number was neither increased nor dimin-
ished, but apportioned among the several coun-
ties according to the number of white inhabit-
ants. Should it be found necessary, a single
district might be formed out of two or more
counties.

The Constitution of 1848 estabhshed fifty-four
Representative and twenty-five Senatorial dis-
tricts. By the apportionment law of 1854, the
number of the former was increased to fifty-eight,
and, in 1861, to sixty-one. The number of Sen-
atorial districts remained unchanged, but their
geographical limits varied under each act, while
the number of members from Representative
districts varied according to population.

The Constitution of 1870 provided for an im-
mediate reapportionment (subsequent to its
adoption) by the Governor and Secretary of
State upon the basis of the United States Census
of 1870. Under the apportionment thus made,
as prescribed by the schedule, the State was
divided into twenty-five Senatorial districts (each
electing two Senators) and ninety-seven Repre-
sentative districts, with an aggregate of 177 mem-
bers varying from one to ten for the several
districts, according to poi)ulation. This arrange-
ment continued in force for only one Legislature
—that clio.sen in 1870.

In 1873 this Legislature proceeded to reappor-
tion the State in accordance with the ])riiiciple of
"minority representation," which had teen sub-
mitted as an independent section of the Constitu-
tion and adopted on a separate vote. This
provided for apportioning the State into fifty-one
districts, each being entitled to one Senator and
three Representatives. Tlie ratio of representa-
tion in the lower house was ascertained hv divid-

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

ing the entire population by 153 and each county
to be allowed one Representative, provided its
population reached three-fifths of the ratio ; coun-
ties having a population equivalent to one and
three-fifths times the ratio were entitled to two
Representatives; while each county with a larger
population was entitled to one additional Repre-
sentative for each time the full ratio was repeated
in the number of inhabitants. Apportionments
were made on this principle in 1872, '83 and "93.
Members of the lower house are elected bienni-
ally; Senators for four years, those in odd and
even districts being chosen at each alternate
legislative election. The election of Senators for
the even (numbered) districts takes place at the
same time with that of Governor and other State
officers, and that for the odd districts at the inter-
mediate periods.

Congressional. — For the first fourteen years
of the State's history, Illinois constituted but one
Congressional district. The census of 1830 show-
ing sufficient population, the Legislature of 1831
(by act, approved Feb. 13) divided the State into
three districts, the first election under this law
being held on the first Monday in August, 1832.
At that time Illinois comprised fifty-five coun-
ties, which were apportioned among the districts
as follows; First — Gallatin, Pope, Johnson,
Alexander, Union, Jackson, Franklin, Perry,
Randolph, Monroe, Washington, St. Clair, Clin-
ton, Bond, Madison, Macoupin; Second — White,
Hamilton, Jefferson, Wayne, Edwards, Wabash,
Clay, Marion. Lawrence, Fayette, Montgomery,
Shelby, Vermilion, Edgar, Coles, Clark. Craw-
ford; Third — Greene, Morgan, Sangamon,
Macon, Tazewell, McLean, Cook, Henry, La
Salle, Putnam, Peoria, Knox, Jo Daviess, Mercer,
MoDonough, Warren, Fulton, Hancock, Pike,
Schuyler, Adams, Calhoun.

The reapportionment following the census of
1840 was made by Act of March 1, 1843, and the
first election of Representatives thereunder
occurred on the first Monday of the following
August. Forty-one new counties had been cre-
ated (making ninety -six in all) and the nmnber
of districts was increased to seven as follows:
First — Alexander, Union, Jackson, Monroe,
Perry, Randolph, St. Clair, Bond, Washington,
Madison; Second — Johnson, Pope, Hardin,
Williamson, Gallatin. Franklin, White, Wayne,
Hamilton. Wabash, Massac. Jefferson. Edwards,
Marion; Third — Lawrence. Richland, Jasper,
Fayette, Crawford, Effingham, Christian, Mont-
gomery, Shelby, Moultrie. Coles. Clark, Clay,
Edgar, Piatt, Jlacon, De Witt; Fourth— Lake,

McHenry, Boone, Cook, Kane, De Kalb, Du Page,
Kendall, Will, Grundy, La Salle, Iroquois,
Livingston, Champaign, Vermilion, McLean,
Bureau; Fifth — Greene, Jersey, Calhoun, Pike,
Adams, Marquette (a part of Adams never fully
organized). Brown, Schuyler, Fulton Peoria,
Macoupin; Sixtli — Jo Daviess, Stephenson,
Winnebago, Carroll, Ogle, Whiteside, Henry,
Lee, Rock Island, Stark, Mercer, Henderson,
Warren, Knox, McDonough, Hancock; Seventh
— Putnam, Marshall, Woodford, Cass, Tazewell,
Mason, Menard, Scott, Morgan, Logan, Sangamon.

The next Congressional apportionment (August
22, 18.")2) divided the State into nine districts, as
follows — the first election under it being held the
following November: First — Lake, McHenry,
Boone, "Winnebago, Stephenson, Jo Daviess, Car-
roll, Ogle; Second — Cook, Du Page, Kane, De
Kalb, Lee, Whiteside, Rock Island; Third —
Will, Kendall, Grundy, Livingston, La Salle,
Putnam, Bureau, Vermilion, Iroquois, Cham-
paign, JIcLean, De Witt; Fourth — Fulton,
Peoria, Knox, Henry, Stark, Warren, Mercer,
Marshall, Mason, Woodford, Tazewell; Fifth
— Adams, Calhoun, Brown, Schuyler, Pike, Mc-
Donough, Hancock, Henderson; Sixth — Morgan,
Scott, Sangamon, Greene, Macoupin, Montgom-
ery, Shelby, Christian, Cass, Menard, Jersey;
Seventh— Logan, Macon, Piatt, Coles, Edgar,
Moultrie, Cumberland, Crawford, Clark, Effing-
ham, Jasper, Clay, Lawrence, Richland, Fayette;
Eighth — R;indolph, Monroe, St. Clair, Bond,
Madison, Clinton, Washington. Jefferson, Mar-
ion; Ninth — Alexander, Pulaski, Ma.ssac, Union,
Johnson, Pope, Hardin, Gallatin, Saline, Jack-
son, Perry, Franklin, Williamson, Hamilton,
Edwards, White, Wayne, AVabash.

The census of 1860 showed that Illinois was
entitled to fourteen Representatives, but through
an error the apportionment law of April 24, 1861,
created onh- thirteen districts. Tliis wa,s com-
pensated for by providing for the election of one
Congressman for the State-at-large. The districts
were as follows: First— Cook, Lake; Second—
McHenry, Boone, Winnebago, De Kalb, and
Kane; Third— Jo Daviess, Stephenson, White-
side, Carroll, Ogle, Lee; Fourth— Adams, Han-
cock, Warren, Mercer, Henderson, Rock Island;
Fifth— Peoria, Knox, Stark, ilarshaU, Putnam.
Bureau, Henry; Sixth— La Salle, Grundy, Ken-
dall, Du Page. Will, Kankakee; Seventh —
Macon, Piatt, Champaign, Douglas, Jloultrie,
Cumberland, Vermilion. Coles, Edgar, Iroquois,
Ford; Eighth— Sangamon, Logan. De Witt. Mc-
Lean, Tazewell, Woodford, Livingston ; Ninth —

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

Fulton, Mason, Menard, Cass, Pike, McDonough,
Schuyler, Brown ; Tenth — Bond, Morgan, Cal-
lioun, Macoupin, Scott, Jersey, Greene, Christian,
Montgomery, Slielby ; Eleventh — Marion, Fay-
ette, Richland, Jasper, Clay, Clark, Crawford,
Franklin, Lawrence, Hamilton, Effingham,
Wayne, Jefferson; Twelftli— St. Clair, Madison,
Clinton, Monroe, Washington, Randolph;
Thirteenth — Alexander, Pulaski, Union, Perry,
Johnson, Williamson, Jackson, Massac, Pope,
Hardin, Gallatin, Saline, White, Edwards,
Wabash.

The next reapportionment was made July 1,
1872. The Act created nineteen districts, as fol-
lows: First — The first seven wards in Chicago
and thirteen towns in Cook County, with the
county of Du Page; Second — Wards Eighth to
Fifteenth (inclusive) in Chicago; Third — Wards
Sixteenth to Twentieth in Chicago, the remainder
of Cook County, and Lake County; Fourth —
Kane, De Kalb, McHenry, Boone, and Winne-
bago; Fifth — Jo Daviess, Stephenson, Carroll,
Ogle, Whiteside; Sixth — Henry, Rock Island,
Putnam, Bureau, Lee; Seventh — La Salle, Ken-
dall, Grundy, Will ; Eiglith — Kankakee, Iroquois,
Ford, Marshall, Livingston, Woodford; Ninth-
Stark, Peoria, Knox, Fulton; Tenth — Mercer,
Henderson, Warren, McDonough, Hancock,
Schuyler: Eleventh — Adams, Brown, Calhoun,
Greene, Pike, Jersey ; Twelfth — Scott, Morgan,
Slenard, Sangamon, Cass, Christian ; Thirteenth —
Mason, Tazewell, McLean, Logan, De Witt; Four-
teenth — Macon, Piatt, Champaign, Douglas, Coles,
Vermilion; Fifteenth — Edgar, Clark, Cumber-
land, Shelby, Moultrie, Effingham, Lawrence,
Jasper, Crawford; Sixteenth — Montgomery,
Fayette, Washington, Bond, Clinton, Marion,
Clay; Seventeenth — JIacoupin, Madison, St.
Clair, Monroe ; Eigliteenth — Randolph, Perry,
Jackson, Union, Johnson, Williamson, Alex-
ander, Pope, Massac, Pulaski; Nineteentli —
Richland, Wayne, Edwards, White, Wabash,
Saline, Gallatin, Hardin, Jeilerson, Franklin,
Hamilton.

In 1883 (by Act of April 39) the number of dis-
tricts was increased to twenty, and the bound-
aries determined as follows : First — Wards First
to Fourth (inclusive) in Chicago and thirteen
towns in Cook County; Second — Wards 5th to
7th and part of 8th in Chicago; Third— Wards
Otli to 14th and part of 8th in Cliicago ; Fourth
—The remainder of the City of Chicago and of
the county of Cook; Fifth — Lake, McHenry,
Boone, Kane, and De Kalb ; Sixth— Winnebago,
Stephenson, Jo Daviess, Ogle, and Carroll;

Seventh — Lee, Wliiteside, Henry, Bureau, Put-
nam; Eiglith— La Salle, Kendall Grundy, Du
Page, and Will; Ninth — Kankakee, Iroquois,
Ford, Livingston, Woodford, Marshall: Tenth—
Peoria, Knox, Stark, Fulton ; Eleventh— Rock
Island, Mercer, Henderson, Warren, Hancock,
McDonough, Schuyler; Twelfth —Cass, Brown,
Adams, Pike, Scott, Greene, Calhoun, Jersey;
Thirteenth — Tazewell, Mason, Menard, Sanga-
mon, Morgan, Christian; Fourteenth — McLean,
De Witt, Piatt, Macon, Logan ; Fifteenth —
Coles, Edgar, Douglas, Vermilion, Champaign;
Sixteenth — Cumberland, Clark, Jasper, Clay,
Crawford, Richland, Lawrence, Wayne, Edwards,
Wabash ; Seventeenth — Macoupin, Montgomery,
Moultrie, Shelby, Effingham, Fayette; Eight-
eenth — Bond, Madison, St. Clair, Monroe, Wash-
ington; Nineteenth — Marion, Clinton. Jefferson,
Saline, Franklin, Hamilton, White, Gallatin, Har-
din ; Twentieth — Perry, Randolph, Jackson,
Union, Williamson, Johnson, Alexander, Pope,
Pulaski, Massac.

The census of 1890 showed the State to be entit-
led to twenty -two Representatives. No reap-
portionment, however, was made until June,
1893, two members from the State-at-large being
elected in 1892. The existing twenty-two Con-
gressional districts are as follows: The first
seven districts comprise the counties of Cook and
Lake, the latter lying wholly in the Seventh dis-
trict; Eighth — McHenry, De Kalb, Kane, Du
Page, Kendall, Grundy; Ninth — Boone, Winne-
bago, Stephenson, Jo Daviess, Carroll, Ogle, Lee :
Tenth — Whiteside, Rock Island, Mercer, Henry,
Stark, Knox ; Eleventh — Bureau, La Salle,
Livingston, Woodford; Twelfth— Will, Kanka-
kee, Iroquois, Vermilion: Thirteenth — Ford, Mc-
Lean, DeWitt, Piatt, Chami)aign, Douglas; Four-
teenth — Putnam, Marshall, Peoria, Fulton,
Tazewell, Mason; Fifteenth— Henderson, War-
ren, Hancock, McDonough, Adams, Brown,
Schuyler ; Sixteenth — Cass, Morgan, Scott,
Pike, Greene, Macoupin, Calhoun, Jersey;
Seventeenth— Menard, Logan, Sangamon, Macon,
Christian ; Eighteenth— Madison, Montgomery,
Bond, Fayette, Shelby, Moultrie; Nineteenth-
Coles, Edgar, Clark, Cumberland, Effingham,
Jasper, Crawford, Richland, Lawrence; Twenti-
eth — Clay, Jefferson, Wayne, Hamilton, Ed-
wards, Wabasli, Franklin, White, Gallatin,
Hardin; Twenty- first— Marion, Clinton, Wash-
ington, St. Clair, Monroe, Randolpli, Perry;
Twenty-second — Jackson, Union, Alexander,
Pulaski, Johnson, Williamson, Saline, Pope,
Massac. (See also Representatives ii>. Congress. )

IIISTORK'AL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

ARCHER, William B., pioneer, was born in
Warren County, Ohio, in 1792, and talien to Ken-
tucky at an early day. where he remained until
1817, when his family removed to Illinois, finally
settling in what is now Clark County. Although
pursuing the avocation of a farmer, he became
one of the most prominent and influential men in
tliat part of the State. On the organization of
Clark County in 1819, he was appointed the first
County and Circuit Clerk, resigning the former
office in 1820 and the latter in 1822. In 1824 he
was elected to the lower branch of the General
Assembly, and two years later to the State
Senate, serving continuously in the latter eight
years. He was thus a Senator on the breaking
out of the Black Hawk War (1832), in which he
served as a Captain of militia. In 1834 he was an
unsuccessful candidate for Lieutenant-Governor;
>vas appointed by Governor Duncan, in 183.5, a
■nember of the first Board of Commissioners of
the Illinois & Michigan Canal; in 1838 was
returned a .second time to the House of Repre-
.sentatives and re-elected in 1840 and "46 to tlie
same body. Two years later (1848) he was again
elected Circuit Clerk, remaining until 18.52, and
In 1854 was an Anti-Nebraska Whig candidate
for Congress in opposition to James C. Allen.
Although Allen received the certificate of elec-
tion, Archer contested his riglit to the seat, with
the result that Congress declared the seat vacant
and referred the iiuestion back to tlie people. In
a. new election held in August. 1856, Archer was
defeated and Allen elected. He held no public
office of importance after this date, but in 1856
was a delegate to the first Republican National
Convention at Philadelphia, and in that body was
an enthusiastic supporter of Abraham Lincoln,
whose zealous friend and admirer he was. for the
office of Vice-President. He was also one of the
active promoters of various railroad enterprises
m that section of the State, especially the old
c'hicago & Vincennes Road, the first projected
southward from the City of Chicago. His con-
nection with the Illinois & Michigan Canal was
die means of giving his name to Archer Avenue,
a somewhat famous thorouglifare in Chicago
fle was of tall stature and great energy- of cliar-
dcter, with a tendency to entliusiasm that com-
municated itself to others. A local history has
said of him that "he did more for Clark Coimty
than any man in his day or since," although "no
consideration, pecuniary or otherwise, was ever
given him for his services." Colonel Archer was
one of the founders of Marsliall, the county-.seat
of Clark County, Governor Duncan being associ-

ated with him in the ownership of the land on
which the town was laid out. His death oc-
curred in Clark County, August 9, 1870, at the
age of 78 yeiirs.

ARCOLA, incorporated city in Douglas County,
158 miles south of Chicago, at junction of Illinois
Central and Terre Haute branch Vandalia Rail-
road ; is center of largest broom-corn producing
region in the world; has city waterworks, with
efficient volunteer fire department, electric lights,
telephone system, grain elevators and broom-
corn warehouses, two banks, three newsi)apers,
nine churches, library building and excellent free
school system. Pop. (1890), 1,733; (1900), 1,995.

ARENZ, Francis A., pioneer, was bom at
Blankenberg, in the Province of the Rhein,
Prussia, Oct. 31, 1800; obtained a good education
and, while a young man, engaged in mercantile
business in his native country. In 1827 he came
to the United States and, after sjjending two
years in Kentucky, in 1829 went to Galena, where
he was engaged for a short time in the lead
trade. He took an early opportunity to become
naturalized, and coming to Beardstovvn a few
months later, went into mercliandising and real
estate; also became a contractor for furnishing
supplies to the State troops during the Black Hawk
War. Beardstown being at the time a rendezvous
and sliipping point. In 1834 he began the publi-
cation of "Tlie Beardstown Clironicle and Illinois
Bounty Land Register," and was the projector of
the Beardstown & Sangamon Canal, extending
from the Illinois River at Beardstown to Miller's
Ferrj' on the Sangamon, for which he secured a
special charter from the Legislature in 1836. He
had a survey of the line made, but the hard times
prevented the beginning of the work and it was
finally abandoned. Retiring from the mercantile
business in 1835, he located on a farm six miles
southeast of Beardstown, but in 1839 removed to
a tract of land near the Morgan County line
which he had bought in 1833, and on which the
present village of Arenzville now stands. This
became the center of a thrift}- agricultural com-
munity composed largely of Germans, among
whom he exerci.sed a large influence. Resuming
the mercantile business here, he continued it
until about 1853, when he sold out a considerable
part of his possessions. An ardent Whig, he was
elected as such to the lower branch of the Four-
teenth General Assembly (1844) from Morgan
County, and during the following session suc-
ceeded in securing the passage of an act by which
a strip of territory three miles wide in the north-
ern part of Morgan County, including the village

HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

of Arenzville, and which had been in dispute,
was transferred by vote of the citizens to Cass
County. In 18.53 Mr. Arenz visited his native
land, by appointment of President Fillmore, as
bearer of dispatches to the American legations at
Berlin and Vienna. He was one of the founders
of the Illinois State Agricultural Society of 18.53,
and served as the Vice-President for his district
until his death, and was also the founder and
President of the Cass County Agricultiu-al Soci-
ety. Died, April 2, 18.5fi.

ARLINGTON, a village of Bureau County, on
the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 92
miles west of Chicago. Population (1880), 447;
(189n), 436: (1900), 400.

ARLINCiTON HEIGHTS (formerly Dunton), a
village of Cook County, on the Chicago & North-
western Railway, 22 miles northwest of Chicago ;
is in a dairying district and has several cheese
factories, besides a sewing machine factory,
hotels and churches, a graded school, a bank and
one newspaper. Population (1880), 995; (1890),
1,424; (1900), 1,380.

ARMOUR, Philip Danforth, packer. Board of
Trade operator and capitalist, was born at Stock-
bridge, Madison County, N. Y., May 16, 1832.
After receiving the benefits of such education as
the village academy afforded, in 1852 he set out
acro.ss the Plains to California, where he re-
mained four years, achieving only moderate suc-
cess as a miner. Returning east in 1856, he soon
after embarked in the commission business in
Milwaukee, continuing until 1863, when he
formed a partnership with Mr. John Plankinton
in the meat-packing business. Later, in conjunc-
tion with his brothers — H. O. Armour having
already built up an extensive grain commission
trade in Chicago — he organized the extensive
packing and commission firm of Armour &
Co., with branches in New York, Kan.sas City
and Chicago, their headquarters being removed
to the latter place from Milwaukee in 1875.
Mr. Armour is a most industrious and me-
thodical business man, giving as many hours
to the superintendence of business details as the
most industrious day-laborer, the result being
seen in the creation of one of the most extensive
and prosperous firms in the countr}'. Jlr.
Armour's practical benevolence has been demon-
strated in a munificent manner by his establish-
ment and endowment of the Armour Institute
(a manual training school) in Chicago, at a cost
of over $3,250,000, as an offshoot of the Armour
Mission founded on the bequest of his deceased
brother. Joseph F. Armour. Died Jan. 0, I'.IOl.

ARMSTRONG, John Strawn, pioneer, born in
Somerset County, Pa., May 29, 1810, the oldest of
a family of nine sons; was taken by his parents
in 1811 to Licking County, Ohio, where he .spent
his childhood and early youth. His father was a
native of Ireland and his mother a sister of Jacob
Strawn. afterwards a wealthy stock-grower and
dealer in Morgan County. In 1829, John S. came
to Tazewell County, 111., but two years later
joined the rest of his family in Putnam (now
Marshall) County, all finally removing to La
Salle County, where the}' were among the earli-
est settlers. Here he settled on a farm in 1834.
where he continued to reside over fifty years,
when he located in the village of Sheridan, but
early in 1897 went to reside with a daughter in
Ottawa. He was a soldier in the Black Hawk
War, has been a prominent and influential farm-
er, and, in the later years of his life, has been
a leader in "Granger" politics, being Master of his
local "Grange," and also serving as Treasurer of
the State Grange. — George Washington (Arm-
strong), brother of the preceding, was born upon
the farm of his parents, Joseph and Elsie (Strawn)
Armstrong, in Licking Coimty, Ohio, Dec. 9,
1812; learned the trade of a weaver with his
father (who was a woolen manufacturer), and at
the age of 18 was in charge of the factory
Early in 1831 he came with his mother's family
to Illinois, locating a few months later in La
Salle Coimty. In 1832 he served with his older
brother as a soldier in the Black Hawk "War, was
identified with the early steps for the constmc-
tion of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, finallj' be-
coming a contractor upon the section at Utica,
where he resided several years. He then returned
to the farm near the present village of Seneca,
where he had located in 1833, and where (with
the exception of his residence at Utica) he has
resided continuously over .sixty-five years. In
1844 Mr. Armstrong was elected to the lower
branch of the Fom-teenth General A.ssembly,
also served in the Constitutional Convention of
1847 and, in 18.58, was the unsuccessful Democratic
candidate for Congress in opposition to Owen
Love joy. Re-entering the Legislature in 1860 as
Representative from La Salle County, he servetl
in that body by successive re-elections until 1^*68.
proving t>ne of its ablest and most influential
members, as well as an accomplished parliamen-
tarian. Mr. Armstrong was one of the origuial
promoters of the Kankakee & Seneca Rialroad.—
William E. (Armstrong), third brother of this
family, was born in Licking County, Ohio, Oct.
25 1814; (%i,me to Illinois witli the rest of the

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

family in 1831, and resided in La Salle County
until 1841, meanwhile serving two or three terms
as Sheriff of the county. The latter year he was
appointed one of the Commissioners to locate the
county-seat of the newly-organized county of
Grundy, finally becoming one of the founders and
the first permanent settler of the town of Grundy
— later called Morris, in honor of Hon. I. N. Mor-
ris, of Quincy, 111, at that time one of the Com-
missioners of the Illinois & Michigan Canal.
Here Mr. Armstrong was again elected to the
oflSce of Sheriff, serving several terms. So ex-
tensive was his influence in Grundy County, that
he was popularly known as "The Emperor of
Grundy." Died, Nov. 1, 18.50.— Joel W. (Arm-
strong), a fourth brother, was born in Licking
County, Ohio, Jan. 6, 1817 ; emigrated in boyhood
to La Salle County, 111. ; served one term as
County Recorder, was member of the Board of
Supervisors for a number of years and the first
Postmaster of his town. Died, Dec. 3, 1871. —
Perry A. (Armstrong), the seventh brother of
this historic family, was born near Newark. Lick-
ing County, Ohio, April 1.5, 1823, and came to La
Salle County, 111., in 18151. His opportunities for
acquiring an education in a new country were
limited, but between work on the farm and serv-
ice as a clerk of his brother George, aided by a
short term in an academy and as a teacher in
Kendall County, he managed to prepare himself
for college, entering Illinois College at Jackson-
ville in 1843. Owing to failure of health, he was
compelled to abandon his plan of obtaining a col-
legiate education and returned home at the end
of his Freshman year, but continued his studies,
meanwhile teaching district schools in the winter
and working on his mother's farm dvu'ing the
crop .season, until 184.5, when he located in Mor-
ris, Grundy County, opened a general store and
was appointed Postmaster. He has been in pub-
lic position of some sort ever since he reached his
majorit)', including the offices of School Trustee,
Postmaster, Justice of the Peace, Supervisor,
County Clerk (two terms). Delegate to the Con-
stitutional Convention of 1862, and two terms as
Repi-e.sentative in the General Assembly (1862-64
and 1872-74). During his last session in the Gen-
eral Assembly he took a conspicuous part in the
revision of the statutes under the Constitution of
1870, framing some of the mo.st important laws
on the statute book, while participating in the
preparation of others. At an earlier date it fell
lo his lot to draw up the original charters of the
Chicago & Rock Island, the Illiaois Central, and
the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroads. He

has also been prominent in Odd Fellow and
Masonic circles, having been Grand Master of the
first named order in the State and being the old-
est 32d degree Mason in Illinois ; was admitted to
the State bar in 1864 and to that of the Supreme
Court of the United States in 1868, and has been
Master in Chancery for over twenty consecutive
years. Mr. Armstrong has also found time to do
some literary work, as shown by his history of
"The Sauks and Black Hawk War," and a num-
ber of poems. He takes much pleasure in relat-
ing reminiscences of jnoneer life in Illinois, one
of which is the story of his first trip from
Ottawa to Chicago, in December, 1831, when he
accompanied his oldest brother (William E.
Armstrong) to Chicago with a sled and ox-
team for salt to cure their mast-fed jxirk, the
trip requiring ten days. His recollection is, that
there were but three white families in Chicago
at that time, but a large number of Indians
mixed with half-breeds of French and Indian
origin.

ARNOLD, Isaac "S., lawyer and Congressman,
was born near Cooperstown. N. Y., Nov. 30, IS13,
being descended from one of the companions of
Roger Williams. Thrown upon his own resources
at an early age, he was largely "self-made."'
He read law at Cooperstown, and was admitted
to the bar in 183.5. The next year he removed to
Chicago, was elected the first City Clerk in 1837,
but resigned before the close of the year and was
admitted to the bar of Illinois in 1841. He soon
established a reputation as a lawyer, and served
for three terms (the Thirteenth, Fourteenth and
Twentieth) in the lower house of the Legisla-
ture. In 1844 he was a Presidential Elector on
the Polk ticket, but the repeal of the Missouri
Compromise, with the legislation regarding Kan-
sas and Nebraska, logically forced him, as a free-
soiler, into the ranks of the Republican party, by
which he was sent to Congress from 1801 to 186.5.
While in Congress he prepared and delivered an
exhaustive argument in support of the right of
confiscation by the General Government. After
the expiration of his last Congressional term, Mr.
Arnold returned to Chicago, where he resided
until his death, April 24, 1884. He was of schol-
arly instincts, fond of literature and an author of
repute. Among his best known works are his
"Life of Abraham Lincoln" and his "Life of
Benedict Arnold."

ARRIXGTON, Alfred W., clergyman, lawyer
and author, was born in Iredell County, N. C,
September, ISIO, being the son of a Whig mem-
ber of Congress from that State. In 1829 he was

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

received on trial as a Methodist preacher and
became a circuit-rider in Indiana ; during 1833-33
served as an itinerant in Missouri, gaining much
celebrity by his eloquence. In 1834 he began the
study of law, and having been admitted to the
bar, practiced for several years in Arkansas,
where he was sent to the Legislature, and, in 18-14,
was the Whig candidate for Presidential Elec-
tor. Later he removed to Texas, where he served
as Judge for six years. In 1856 he removed to
Madison, Wis., but a year later came to Chicago,
where he attained distinction as a lawyer, dying
in that city Dec. 31, 1867. He was an accom-
plished scholar and gifted writer, having written
much for "The Democratic Review" and "The
Southern Literary Messenger, " over the signature
of "Charles Summerfield, " and was author of an
"Apostrophe to Water," which he put in the
mouth of an itinerant Methodist preacher, and
which John B. Gough was accustomed to quote
with great effect. A volume of his poems with a
memoir was published in Chicago in 1869.

ARROWSMITH, a village of McLean County,
on the Lake Erie & Western Railwaj', 30 miles
east of Bloomington ; is in an agricultural and
stock region; has one newspaper. Population
(1890), 430; (1900), 317.

ARTHURj village in Moultrie and Douglas
Counties, at junction of Chicago & Eastern Illi-
nois and Terre Haute & Peoria Division Vandalia
Line; is center of broom-corn belt; has two
banks, a weekly newspaper. Population (1900),
858; (est. 1904), 1,000.

ASAY, Edward (i., lawyer, was born in Phila-
delphia, Sept. 17, 1835; was educated in private
schools and entered the ministry of the Methodist
Episcopal Church ; later spent some time in the
South, but in 1S53 retired from the ministry and
began the study of law, meantime devoting a part
of his time to mercantile business in New York
City. He was admitted to the bar in 1856, remov-
ing the same year to Chicago, where he built up
a lucrative practice. He was a brilliant speaker
and became eminent, especially as a criminal
lawyer. Politically he was a zealous Democrat
and was the chief attorney of Buckner S. Morris
and others during their trial for conspiracy in
connection with the Camp Douglas affair of No-
vember, 1864. During 1871-73 he made an ex-
tended trip to Europe, occupying some eighteen
months, making a second visit in 1883. His later
years were spent chiefly on a farm in Ogle
County. Died in Chicago, Nov. 24, 1898.

ASBURY, Henry, lawyer, was born in Harri-
son (now Robertson) County, Ky., August 10,

1810 ; came to Illinois in 1834, making the jour-
ney on horseback and finally locating in Quincy,
where he soon after began the study of law with
the Hon. O. H. Bro vning; was admitted to the
bar in 1837, being lor a time the partner of Col.
Edward D. Bak3r, afterwards United States
Senator from Oregon and finally killed at Ball's
Bluff in 1863. In 1849 Mr. Asbury was appointed
by President Taylor Register of the Quincy Land
Office, and, in 1864-65, served by appointment of
President Lincoln (wlio was his close per.sonal
friend) as Provost-Marshal of the Quincy dis-
trict, thereby obtaining the title of "Captain,"
by which he was widely known among his
friends. Later he served for several years as
Registrar in Bankruptcy at Quincy, which was
his last official position. Originally a Kentucky
Whig, Captain Asbury was one of the founders
of the Republican party in Illinois, acting in co-
operation with Abram Jonas, Archibald Williams,
Nehemiah Bushnell, O. H. Browning and others
of his immediate neighbors, and with Abraliam
Lincoln, with whom he was a frequent corre-
spondent at that period. Messrs. Nicolay and
Hay, in their Life of Lincoln, award him the
credit of having suggested one of the famous
questions propounded by Lincoln to Dougla.s
which gave the latter so much trouble during
the memorable debates of 1858. In 1886 Captain
Asbury removed to Chicago, where he continued
to reside until his death, Nov. 19, 1896.

ASHLAND, a town in Cass County, at the
intersection of the Chicago & Alton and the
Baltimore & Oliio South-Western Railroad, 31
miles west-northwest of Springfield and 300
miles southwest of Chicago. It is in the midst of
a rich agricultural region, and is an important
shipping point for grain and stock. It has a
bank, three churches and a weekly newspaper.
Coal is mined in the vicinity. Population (1880),
609; (1890), 1,045; (1900), 1,301.

ASHLEY, a city of Washington County, at
intersection of Illinois Central and Louisville &
Nashville Railways, 63 miles east by soutlieast of
St. Louis; is in an agricultural and fruit growing
region; has some manufactures, electric liglit
plant and excellent granitoid sidewalks. Popu-
lation (1890), 1,035; (1900), 953.

ASHMORE, a village of Coles County, on the
Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Rail-
way, 9 miles east of Charleston ; lias a newspaper
and considerable local trade. Population (1890),
446, (1900), 487; (1903), 530.

ASHTON, a village of Lee Coimty, on the Chi-
cago & North-Western Railroad, 84 miles west of

IIISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

Cliicago; has one newspaper. Population (1880),
646; (1890), 680; (1900), 776.

ASPIXW.\LL, Homer F., farmer and legisla-
tor, was born in Stephenson Connty, 111., Nov. 15,
1846, educated in the Freeport high school, and,
in early life, spent two years in a wholesale
notion store, later resuming the occupation of a
farmer. After holding various local offices, in-
cluding that of member of the Board of Supervis-
ors of Stephenson County, in 1893 Mr. Aspinwall
was elected to the State Senate and re-elected in
1896. Soon after the beginning of the Sijanish-
American War in 1898, he was appointed by
President McKinley Captain and Assistant
Quartermaster in the Volunteer Army, but
before being assigned to dutj- accepted the Lieu-
tenant-Colonelcy of tiie Twelfth Illinois Pro-
visional Regiment. When it became evident that
the regiment would not be called into the service,
he was a.ssigned to the command of the "Mani-
toba," a large transport steamer, which carried
some 12,000 soldiers to Cuba and Porto Rico with-
out a single accident. In view of the approach-
ing session of the Forty-first General Assembly,
it being ajtparent that the war was over, Mr.
Aspinwall applied for a discharge, which was
refused, a 20-days" leave of absence being granted
instead. A discharge was finally granted about
the middle of February, when he resumed his
seat in the Senate. 5Ir. Aspinwall owns and
operates a large farm near Freeport.

ASSUMPTION, a town in Christian County, on
the Illinois Central Railroad, 23 miles south by
west from Decatur and 9 miles north of Pana.
It is situated in a rich agricultural and coal min-
ing district, and has two banks, five churches, a
public scliool, two weekly papers and coal mines.
Population (1880), 706; (1890), 1,076; (1900), 1,702.
ASTORIA, town in Fulton County, on Rock
Island & St. Louis Division C, B. & Q. R. R. ;
has city waterworks, electric light plant, tele-
phone exchange, three large grain elevators,
pressed brick works; six churches, two banks,
two weekly papers, city hall and park, and good
schools; is in a coal region; business portion is
built of brick. Pop. (1890), 1,357; (1900), 1,684.

ATCHISOX, TOPEKA & SANTA FE RAIL-
WAT COMPANY. This Company operates three
subsidiary lines in Illinois— the Chicago, Santa
Fe & Califoi-nia, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa
Fe in Chicago, and the Jlississippi River Rail-
road & Toll Bridge, whicli are operated as a
through line between Chicago and Kansas City,
with a branch from Ancona to Pekin, 111., hav-
ing an aggregate operated mileage of 515 miles, of

which 295 are in Illinois. The toUil earnings and
income for the yejir ending June 30, 1895, were
§1,298,600, while tlie openiting expenses and fixed
charges amounted to §2,360,706. The accumu
lated deficit on the whole line amounted, June 30,
1894, to more thar. §4,500,000. The total capitali
zation of the whole line in 1895 was §52,775,251.
Tlie parent road was cliartered in 1859 ivnder the
name of the Atchison & Topeka Railroad ; but in
1863 was changed to the Atchison, Topeka &
Santa Fe Railroad. The construction of the main
line was begun in 1859 and completed in 1873.
The largest number of miles operated was in
1893, being 7,481.65. January 1, 1896, the road
was reorganized under the name of The Atchison,
Topeka & Santa Fe Riiilway Company (its present
name), whicli succeeded by purchase under fore-
closure (Dec. 10, 1895) to the property and fran-
chises of the Atchison, To])eka and Santa Fe
Rivilroad Comijany. Its mileage, in 1895, was
6,481.65 miles. The executive and general officers
of the system (1898) are:

Aldace F. Walker, Chairman of the Board.
New York; E. P. Ripley, President, Chicago; C.
M. Higginson, Ass"t to the President, Chii^go;
E. D. Kenua, 1st Vice-President and General
Solicitor, Chicago; Paul Morton, 2d Vice-Presi-
dent, Chicago; E. Wilder, Secretary and Treas-
urer, Topeka; L. C. Deming, Assistant Secretarj",
New York ; II. W. Gardner, Assistant Treasurer,
New York; Victor Morawetz, General Counsel,
New York; Jno. P. Whitehead, Comptroller,
New York; H. C. Whitehead, General Auditor,
Chicago; W. B. Biddle, Freight Traffic Manager,
Chicago; J. J. Frey, General Manager, Topeka;
H. W. Mudge, General Sui)erintendent, Topeka;
W. A. Bissell, Assistant Freight Traffic Manager,
Chicago: W. F. Wliite, Passenger Traffic
Manager, Chicago; Geo. T. Nicholson, Assistant
Passenger Traffic Manager, Chicago; W. E.
Hodges, General Purchasing Agent, Cliicago;
James A. Davis, Industrial Commissioner, Chi-
cago ; James Dun, Chief Engineer, Topeka, Kan. ;
John Player, Superintendent of Machinery,
Topeka. Kan. ; C. W. Kouns, Superintendent Car
Service. Topeka, Kan. ; J. S. Hobson, Signal
Engineer. Topeka; C. G. Sholes, Superintendent
of Telegraph, Topeka, Kan. ; C. W. Ryus, General
Claim Agent, Topeka; F. C. Gay, General Freight
Agent, Topeka; C. R. Hudson, Assistant General
Freight Agent, Topeka; W. J. Black, General
Passenger Agent, Cliicago; P. Walsh, General
Baggage Agent, Chicago.

ATHENS, an incorporated city and coal mining
town in Menard County, on the Chicago, Peoria

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

& St. Louis R. R., north by northwest of Spring-
field. It is also the center of a prosperous agri-
cultural and stock-raising district, and large
numbers of cattle are shipped there for the Chi-
cago market. The place has an electric lighting
plani, brickyards, two machine shops, two grain
elevators, five churches, one newspaper, and good
schools. Athens is one of the oldest towns in
Central Illinois. Pop. (1890), 944; (1900), 1,535.
ATKINS, Smith D., soldier and journalist, was
born near Elmira, N. Y. , June 9, 1836 ; came with
liis father to Illinois in 1846, and lived on a farm
till 18.50; was educated at Rock River Seminary,
Mount Morris, meanwhile learning the printer's
trade, and afterwards established "The Savanna
Register" in Carroll County. In 1854 he began
the study of law, and in 1860, while practicing at
Freeport, was elected Prosecuting Attorney, but
resigned in 1861, being the first man to enlist as a
private soldier in Stephenson County. He served
as a Captain of the Eleventh Illinois Volunteers
(three-months' men), re-enlisted with the same
rank for three years and took part in the capture
of Fort Donelson and the battle of Shiloh, serv-
ing at the latter on the staff of General Hurlbut.
Forced to retire temporarily on account of his
health, he next engaged in raising volunteers in
Northern Illinois, was finally commissioned Col-
onel of the Ninety-second Illinois, and, in June,
1863, was assigned to command of a brigade in
the Army of Kentucky, later serving in the Army
of the Cumberland. On the organization of Sher-
man's great "March to the Sea," he efficiently
cooperated in it, was brevetted Brigadier-General
for gallantry at Savannah, and at the close of the
war, by special order of President Lincoln, was
brevetted Major-General. Since the war. Gen-
eral Atkins" chief occupation has been that of
editor of "The Freeport Journal," though, for
nearly twenty-four years, he served as Post-
master of that city. He took a prominent part
in the erection of the Stephenson County Sol-
diers' Monument at Freeport, has been President
of the Freeport Public Library since its organiza-
tion, member of the Board of Education, and since
1895, by appointment of the Governor of Illinois,
one of the Illinois Commissioners of the Chicka-
mauga and Cliattanooga Military Park.

ATKINSON, village of Henry County, on the
Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway, 39 miles
east of Rock Island ; has an electric light plant, a
bank and a newspaper. Pop. (1890), 534; (1900), 762.

ATLANTA, a city of Logan County, on the
Chicago & Alton Railroad, 20 miles .southwest of
Blooraington. It stands on a high, fertile prairie

and the surrounding region is rich in coal, as.
well as a productive agricultural and stock-rais-
ing district. It has a water-works .system, elec-
tric liglit plant, five churches, a graded school, a
weekly paper, two banks, a flouring mill, and is
the headquarters of the Union Agricultural So-
ciety established in 1860. Population (f90()). 1 ,270.

ATLAS, a hamlet in the southwestern part of
Pike County, 10 miles southwest of Pittsfiekl and
three miles from Rockport, the nearest station on
the Quincy & Louisiana Division of the Chicago,
Biirlington & Quincy Railroad. Atlas has an in-
teresting history. It was settled by Col. William
Ross and four brothers, who came here from
Pittsfleld, Mass., in the latter part of 1819, or
early in 1820, making there the first settlement
within the present limits of Pike County. The
town was laid out by the Rosses in 1833, and the
next year the county-seat was removed thither
from Coles Grove — now in Calhoun County — but
which had been the first county-seat of Pike
County, when it comprised all the territorj' lying
north and west of the Illinois River to the Mis-
sissippi River and the Wisconsin State line.
Atlas remained the county-seat until 1833, when
the seat of justice was removed to PittsfieH.
During a part of that time it was one of the
most important points in the western part of the
State, and was, for a time, a rival of Quincy.
It now has only a postoffice and general store.
The population, according to the census of 1890,
was 52.

ATTORNEYS-GENERAL. The following is a
list of the Attorneys- General of Illinois imder the
Territorial and State Governments, down to the
present time (1899), with the date and duration of
the term of each incumbent:

Territori.\Ij — Benjamin H. Doyle, July to De-
cember, 1809; John J. Crittenden, Dec. 30 to
April, 1810; Thomas T. Crittenden, April to
October, 1810; Benj. M. Piatt, October, 1810-13;
William Mears, 181.3-18.

State— Daniel Pope Cook, March 5 to Dec. 14,
1819; William Mears, 1819-21; Samuel D. Lock-
wood, 1821-23; James Turney, 1823-29; George
Forquer, 1829-33; James Semple, 1833-34; Niuian
W. Edwards, 1834-35; Jesse B. Thomas, Jr.,
183.5-30; Walter B. Scates, 1836-37; Usher F.
Linder. 1837-38; George W. Ohiey. 1838-39; V.'ick-
liffe Kitchell, 1839-40; Josiah Lamborn, 1840-43;
James Allen McDougal, 1843-46; David B. Camp-
bell, 1846-48.

The Constitution of 1848 made no provision for
the continuance of the office, and for nineteen
years it remained vacant. It was re-created,

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

however, by legislative enactment in 1S67, and
on Feb. 28 of that year Governor Oglesby
appointed Robert G. IngersoU, of Peoria, to dis
charge tlie duties of the position, which he con-
tinued to do until 1869. Subsequent incumbents
of the office have been : Wasliington Buslmell,
1869-73; James K. Ed.sall, 18T3-81 ; James McCart-
ney, 1881-85; George Hunt, 1880-93; M. T. Moloney,
1893-97; Edward C. Akin, 1897 — . Under the
first Constitution (1818) the office of Attorney-
General was filled by appointment by the Legisla-
ture; under the Constitution of 1848, as already
stated, it ceased to exist until created by act of
the Legislature of 1867, but, in 1870, it was made
a constitutional office to be filled by popular
election for a term of four years.

ATWOOD, a village lying partlj' in Piatt and
partly in Douglas County, on the Cincinnati,
Hamilton & Dayton R. R., 37 miles east of Deca-
tur. The region is agricultural and fruit-grow-
ing; the town has two banks, an excellent school
and a newspaper. Pop (1890), 530; (1900), 698.

ATWOOD, Charles B., architect, was born at
Millbury, Mass., May 18, 1849; at 17 began a full
course in architecture at Harvard Scientific
School, and, after graduation, received prizes for
public buildings at San Francisco, Hartford and
a number of other cities, besides furnishing
designs for some of the finest private residences
in the country. He was associated with D. H.
Burnham in preparing plans for the Columbian
Exposition buildings, at Chicago, for the World's
Fair of 1893, and distinguished himself by i)ro-
ducing plans for the "Art Building," the "Peri-
stj'le," the "Terminal Station" and other
prominent structures. Died, in the midst of his
highest successes as an architect, at Chicago,
Dec. 19, 1895.

AUBURN, a village of Sangamon County, on
tlie Chicago & Alton Railroad, 15 miles south of
Springfield ; has some manufactories of flour and
farm implements, besides tile and brick works,
two coal mines, electric light plant, two banks,
several churches, a graded school and a weekly
newspaper. Pop. (1890), 874; (1900), 1,281.

AUDITORS OF PUBLIC ACCOUNTS. The
Auditors of Public Accounts under the Terri-
torial Government were H. H. Maxwell, 1813-16;
Daniel P. Cook, 181G17; Robert Blackwell, (April
to August), 1817; Elijah C. Berry, 1817-18. Under
the Constitution of 1818 the Auditor of Public
Accounts was made appointive by the legislature,
without limitation of term ; but by the Constitu-
tions of 1848 and 1870 the office was made
elective by the people for a term of four years.

The following is a list of the State Auditors
from the date of the admission of the State into
the Union down to the present time (1899), witli
the date and duration of the term of each:
Elijah C. Berry, 1818-31; James T. B. Stapp,
183135; Levi Davis, 1835-41; James Shields,
184143; William Lee D. Ewiug x843-46; Thomas
H Campbell, 1846-57; Jesse K. Dubois, 1857-64;
Orlin H. Minei, 186469; Charles E. Lippincott,
1869 77; Thomas B. Needles, 1877-81; Cliarles P.
Swigert, 1881-89; C. W. Pavey, 1889-93; David
Gore. 1893-97 ; James S .McCuUough, 1897 — .

AUGUSTA, a village in Augusta township,
Hancock County, on the Chicago, Burlington &
Quincy Railroad. 36 miles northeast of Quincry.
Wagons and brick are the principal manufac-
tures. The town has one newspaper, two banks,
three churches and a graded school. The sur
rounding country is a fertile agricultural region
and aboun<ls in a good quality of bituminous
coal. Fine qualities of potter's clay and mineral
paint are obtained here. Population (1890),
1,077; (1900), 1,149.

AUGUSTANA COLLEGE, an educational insti-
tution controlled by the Evangelical Lutheran
denominatiorr, located at Rock Island and founded
in 1863. Besides preparatory and collegiate de-
partments, a theological school is connected with
the institution. To the two first named, young
women are admitted on an equality with
nren. More than 500 students were reported in
attendance in 1896, about one-fourth being
%vomen. A majority of the latter were in the
preparatorj' (or academic) department. The col-
lege is not endowed, but owns property (real
and i>ersonal) to the value of $250,000. It has a
library of 12,000 volumes.

ALTRORA, a city and important railroad cen-
ter, Kane County, on Fo.\ River, 39 miles south-
west of Chicago; is location of principal shops of
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy R. R., has fine
water-[)0wer and many successful manufactories,
including extensive boiler works, iron foundries,
cotton and woolen mills, flour mills, silver-plat-
ing works, corset, saslr and door and carriage
factories, stove and smelting works, establish-
ments for turning out road-scrapers, buggy tops,
and wood-working machinery. The city owns
water- works and electric light plant; has six
banks, four daily and several weekly papers,
some twenty-five churches, excellent schools and
handsome public library building; is connected
by interurban electric lines with the principal
towns and villages in the Fox River valley.
Population (1890), 19,688; (1900), 24,147.

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

AUSTIN, a suburb of Chicago, in Cook County.
It is accessible from that city by either the Chi-
cago & Northwestern Railway, or by street
railway lines. A weekh- newspaper is issued, a
graded school is supported (including a high
school department) and there are numerous
churches, representing the various religious
denominations. Population (1880), 1,3.59; (1890),
4,031. Annexed to City of Chicago, 1899.

AUSTI\ COLLEGE, a mi.xed school at Effing-
ham. 111., founded in 1890. It has eleven teachers
and reports a total of 312 pupils for 1897-98—163
males and 1.50 females. It has a library of 2,000
volumes and reports propertj- valued at §37,000.

AUSTRALIAN BALLOT,' a form of ballot for
popular elections, thus named because it was
first brouglit into use in Australia. It was
adopted by act of the Legislature of Illinois in
1891, and is applicable to the election of all public
officers except Trustees of Schools, School Direct-
ors, members of Boards of Education and officers
of road districts in counties not under township
organization. Under it, all ballots for the elec-
tion of '. Sicers (except those just enumerated)
are required to be printed and distributed to the
election officers for use on the day of election, at
public cost. These ballots contain the names.
on the same sheet, of all candidates to be voted
for at such election, such names having been
formally certified previouslj' to the Secretary of
State (in the case of candidates for offices to be
voted for by electors of the entire State or any
district greater than a single county) or to the
County Clerk (as to all others), bj' the presiding
ofiicer and secretary' of the convention or caucus
making such nominations, when the party repre-
sented cast at least two per cent of the aggregate
vote of the State or district at the preceding gen-
eral election. Other names may be added to the
ballot on the petition of a specified number of the
legal voters under certain prescribed conditions
named in the act. The duly registered voter, on
presenting himself at the poll, is given a copy of
the official ticket by one of the judges of election,
upon which he proceeds to indicate his prefer
ence in a temporary booth or closet set apart for
his use, by making a cross at the head of the col-
umn of candidates for whom he wishes to vote, it
he desires to vote for all of the candidates of the
.same party, or by a similar mark before the name
of each individual for whom he wishes to vote, in
case he desires to distribute his support among
the candidates of different parties. The object of
the law is to secure for the voter secrecy of the
ballot, with independence and freedom from dic-

tation or interference by others in the exercise of
his right of suffrage.

AVA, a town in Jackson County (incorporated
as a city, 1901), on the Mobile & Ohio Railroad
(Cairo & St. Louis Division), 75 miles south-
southeast from St. Louis. It has two banks and
two newspapers. Pop. (1890), 807; (1900), 984.

AVON, village of Fulton County, on C, B & Q.
R. R. , 20 miles south of Galesburg; has drain-
pipe works, two factories for manufacture of
steam- and hot-water heaters, two banks and two
newspapers, agricultural fair Iield here amm-
ally. Population (1900), 809; (1904, est.), 1.000.

ATER, Benjaiiiin F., lawyer, was born in
Kingston, N. H., April 23, 182.5, graduated at
Dartmouth College in 1846, studied law at Dane
Law School (Harvard University), was admitted
to the bar and began practice at Manchester,
N. H. After serving one term in the New Hamp-
shire Legislature, and as Prcsecuting Attorney
for Hillsborough County, in 18.57 became to Chica-
go, soon advancing to the front rank of lawyers
then in practice there ; became Corporation Counsel
in 1861, and, two years later, drafted the revised
city charter. After the close of his official career,
he was a member for eight years of the law firm of
Beckwith, Aver & Kales, and afterwards of the
firm of Ayer & Kales, until, retiring from general
practice, Mr. Ayer became Solicitor of the Illinois
Central Railroad, then a Director of the Companj-,
and is at present its General Counsel and a potent
factor in its management.

AYERS, Marshall Paul, banker, Jacksonville,
was born in Philadelphia, Pa., July 27, 1823;
came to Jacksonville, 111., with his parents, in
1830, and was educated there, graduating from
Illinois College, in 1843, as the classmate of Dr.
Newton Bateman. afterwards President of Knox
College at Galesburg, and Rev. Thomas K.
Beecher, now of Elmira, N.Y. After leaving col-
lege he became the partner of his father (David
B. Ayers) as agent of Mr. John Grigg, of Philadel-
phia, who was the owner of a large body of Illi-
nois lands. His father dying in 1850, Mr. Ayers
succeeded to the management of the business,
about 75,000 acres of Mr. Grigg's unsold lands
coming under his charge. In December, 1852,
with the assistance of Messrs. Page & Bacon, bank-
ers, of St. Louis, he opened the first bank in Jack-
sonville, for the sale of exchange, but which
finally grew into a bank of deposit and lias been
continued ever since, being recognized as one of
the most solid institutions in Central Illinois. In
1870-71, aided by Philadelphia and New York
capitalists, he built the "Illinois Farmers" Rail-

HISTOPiK'AL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

road" between Jacksonville and Waverlj, after-
wards extended to Virden and finallj- to Centralia
and Mount Vernon. This was the nucleus of the
Jacksonville Southeastern Railwaj', though Sir.
Ayers has had no connection with it for several
years. Other business enterprises with which he
has been connected are the Jacksonville Gas Com-
pany (now including an electric light and power
plant), of which he has been President for forty
years; the "Home Woolen Mills" (early wiped
out by fire), sugar and paper-barrel manufacture,
coalmining, etc. About 1877 he purchased a
body of 33,600 acres of land in Champaign County,
known as "Broadlands." from John T. Alexander,
an extensive cattle-dealer, who had become
heavily involved during the years of financial
revulsion. As a result of this transaction, Mr.
Alexander's debts, which aggregated §1,000,000,
were discharged within the next two years. Mr.
Ayers has been an earnest Republican since the
organization of that party and, during the war,
rendered valuable service in assisting to raise
fimds for the support of the operations of the
Christian Commission in the field. He has also
been active in Sunday School, benevolent and
educational work, having been, for twenty years,
a Trustee of Illinois College, of which he has
been an ardent friend. In 1846 he was married
to Miss Laura Allen, daughter of Rev. John
Allen, D. D., of Huntsville, Ala., and is the father
of four sons and four daughters, all living.

BABCOCK, Amos C, was born at Penn Yan,
N. Y., Jan.20, 1828, the son of a member of Con-
gress from that State ; at the age of 18, having
lost his father by death, came West, and soon
after engaged in mercantile business in partner-
ship with a brother at Canton, 111. In 1854 he
was elected by a majority of one vote, as an Anti-
Nebraska ^Vhig, to the lower branch of the Nine-
teenth General Assembly, and, in the following
session, took part in the election of United States
Senator which resulted in the choice of Lyman
Trumbull. Although a personal and political
friend of Mr. Lincoln, Mr. Babcock, as a matter
of policy, cast his vote for his townsman, William
Kellogg, afterwards Congressman from that dis-
trict, until it was apparent that a concentration
of the Anti-Nebraska vote on Trumbull was
necessary to defeat the election of a Democrat.
In 1862 he was appointed by President Lincoln
the first Assessor of Internal Revenue for the
Fourth District, and, in 1863. was commissioned
by Governor Yates Colonel of the One Hundred
and Third Illinois Volunteers, but soon resigned.
Colonel Babcock served as Delegate-at large in

the Republican National Convention of 1868.
which nominated General Grant for the Presi-
dency, and the same year was made Chairman of
the Republican State Central Committee, also
conducting the campaign two years later. He
identified himself with the Greeley movement in
1872, but, in 1876, was again in line with his
party and restored to his old position on the State
Central Committee, serving until 1878. Among
business enterprises with which he was con-
nected was the extension, about 1854, of the Buda
branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy
Railroad from Yates City to Canton, and the
erection of the State Capitol at Aastin, Tex.,
which was undertaken, in conjunction with
Abner Ta\-lor and J. V. and C. B. Farwell, about
1881 and completed in 1888, for which the firm
received over 3,000,000 acres of State lands in the
"Pan Handle" portion of Texas. In 1889 Colonel
Babcock took up his residence in Chicago, which
continued to be his home until his death from
apoplexy, Feb. 25, 1899.

BABCOCK, Andrew J., soldier, was born at
Dorchester, Norfolk Countj'. Mass., Jul}- 19, 1830;
began life as a coppersmith at Lowell; in 1851
went to Concord, N. H., and, in 18.56, removed to
Springfield, 111., where, in 18.59, he joined a mili-
tary company called the Springfield Greys, com-
manded bj' Capt. (afterwards Gen. ) John Cook, of
which he was First Lieutenant. This company
became the nucleus of Company I, Seventh Illi-
nois Volunteers, which enlisted on Mr. Lincoln's
first call for troops in April, 1861. Captain Cook
having been elected Colonel, Babcock succeeded
him as Captain, on the re-enlistment of the regi-
ment in July following becoming Lieutenant-
Colonel, and, in March, 1862, being promoted to
the Colonelcy "for gallant and meritorious service
rendered at Fort Donelson." A year later he was
compelled to resign on account of impaired
health. His home is at Springfield.

BACON, George E., lawyer and legislator, born
at Madison, Ind., Feb. 4, 1851; was brought to
Illinois b}- his parents at three years of age, and,
in 1876, located at Paris, Edgar County; in 1879
was admitted to the bar and held various minor
offices, including one term as State's Attorney.
In 1886 he was elected as a Republican to the
State Senate and re-elected four years later, but
finally removed to Aurora, where he died, July "
6, 1896. Mr. Bacon was a man of recognized
ability, as shown by the fact that, after the death
of Senator John A. Logan, he was selected by his
colleagues of the Senate to pronounce the eulogy
un the deceased statesman.

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

BAGBT, John C, jurist and Congressman, was
born at Glasgow, Ky., Jan. 3-1, 1819. After pas-
sing through the common schools of Barren
County, Ky., he studied civil engineering at
Baoon College, graduating in 1840. Later he
read law and was admitted to the bar in 1845.
In 1846 he commenced practice at Rushville, 111.,
confining himself exclusively to professional work
until nominated and elected to Congress in 1874,
by the Democrats of the (old) Tenth District. In
188.1 he was elected to the Circuit Bench for the
Sixth Circuit. Died, April 4, 1896.

BAILEY, Joseph Mead, legislator and jurist,
was bom at Middlebury, Wyoming Coimty, N. Y.,
June 32, 1833, graduated from Rochester (N. Y.)
University in 1854, and was admitted to the
bar in that city in 1855. In August, 1856, he
removed to Freeport, 111., where he soon built up
a profitable practice. In 1866 he was elected a
Representative in the Twenty fifth General
Assembly, being re-elected in 1868. Here he was
especially prominent in securing restrictive legis-
lation concerning railroads. In 1876 he was
chosen a Presidential Elector for his district on
the Republican ticket. In 1877 he was elected a
Judge of the Thirteenth judicial district, and
reelected in 1879 and in 1885. In January,
1878, and again in June, 1879, he was assigned to
the bench of the Appellate Court, being presiding
Justice from June, 1879, to June, 1880, and from
June, 1881, to June, 1882. In 1879 he received
the degree of LL.D. from the Universities of
Rochester and Chicago. In 1888 he was elected
to the bench of the Supreme Court. Died in
office. Oct. 16. 1895.

BAILHACHE, John, pioneer journalist, was
born in the Island of Jersey, Ma^- 8, 1787; after
gaining the rudiments of an education in his
mother tongue (the French), he acquired a knowl-
edge of English and some proficiency in Greek
and Latin in an academy near bis paternal home,
when he spent five years as a printer's apprentice.
In 1810 he came to the United States, first locat-
ing at Cambridge. Ohio, but, in 1813, purchased a
half interest in "The Fredonian" at Chillicothe
(then the State Capital), soon after becoming sole
owner. In 1815 he purchased "The Scioto Ga-
zette" and consolidated the two papers imder the
name of "The Scioto Gazette and Fredonian
Chronicle." Here he remained until 1828, mean-
time engaging temporarily in the banking busi-
ness, also serving one term in the Legislature
(1820), and being elected Associate Jastice of the
Court of Common Pleas for Ross County. In
1828 he removed to Columbus, assuming charge

of "The Ohio State Journal," served one term as
Mayor of the city, and for three consecutive
years was State Printer. Selling out "The Jour-
nal" in 1836, he cauie west, the next year becom-
ing part owner, and finally sole proprietor, of "The
Telegraph" at Alton, 111., which he conducted
alone or in association with various partners until
1854, when lie retired, giving his attention to the
book and job branch of the business. He served as
Representative from Madison County in the Thir-
teenth General Assembly (1843-44). As a man
and a journalist Judge Bailhache commanded the
highest respect, and did much to elevate the
standard of journalism in Illinois, "Tlie Tele-
graph," during the period of his connection with
it, being one of the leading papers of the State.
His death occurred at Alton, Sept. 3, 1857, as tlie
result of injuries received the day previous, by
being thrown from a carriage in which lie was
riding.— Maj. William Henry (Bailhache), son of
the pi'eceding, was born at Chillicothe, Ohio,
August 14, 1836, removed with his fatlier to Alton,
111., in 1836, was educated at Shurtleff College,
and learned the printing trade in the office of
"The Telegraph," under the direction of his
father, afterwards being associated \vith the
business department. In 1855, in partnership
with Edward L. Baker, he became one of the
proprietors and business manager of "The State
Journal" at Springfield. Dming the Civil War
he received from President Lincoln the appoint-
ment of Captain and Assistant Quartermaster,
serving to its close and receiving the brevet rank
of Major. After the war he returned to journal-
ism and was associated at different times with
"The State Journal" and "The Quincy Whig,"
as business manager of each, but retired in 1873 ;
in 1881 was appointed by President Arthur,
Receiver of Public Moneys at Santa Fe., N. M.,
remaining four years. He is now (1899) a resi-
dent of San Diego, Cal., where he has been
engaged in newspaper work, and, under the
administration of President McKinley, has been
a Special Agent of the Treasury Department. —
Preston Heath (Bailhache), another son, was
born in Columbus, Ohio, Feb. 21, 1835, served as
a Surgeon during the Civil War, later became a
Surgeon in the regular army and has held posi-
tions in marine hospitals at Baltimore, Washing-
ton and New York, and has visited Eiu-ope in the
interest of sanitaiy and liospital .service. At
present (1899) he occupies a prominent position
at the headquarters of the United States Marino
Hospital Sei-vice in Washington.— Arthur Lee
(Bailhache), a tliird son, born at Alton. 111., April

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

12, 1839; at the beginning of the Civil War was
employed in the State commissary service at
Camp Yates and Cairo, became Adjutant of the
Thirty-eighth Illinois Volunteers, and died at
Pilot Knob, Mo., Jan. 9, 1862, as the result of
disease and exposure in the service.

BAKER, David Jewett, lawyer and United
States Senator, was born at East Haddam, Conn. ,
Sept. 7, 1792. His family removed to New York
in 1800, where he worked on a farm during boy-
hood, but graduated from Hamilton College in
1816, and three years later was admitted to the
bar. In 1819 he came to Illinois and began prac-
tice at Kaskaskia, where he attained prominence
in his profession and was made Probate Judge of
Eandolph County. His opposition to the intro-
duction of slavery into the State was so aggres-
Bive that his life was frequently threatened. In
1830 Governor Edwards appointed him United
States Senator, to fill the unexpired term of
Senator McLean, but he served only one month
when he was succeeded by John M. Robinson,
who was elected by the Legislature. He was
United States District Attorney from 1833
to 1841 (the State then constituting but
one district), and thereafter resumed private
practice. Died at Alton, August 6, 1869.
—Henry Southard (Baker), son of the pre-
ceding, was born at Kaskaskia, 111., Nov. 10,
182-i, received his preparatory education at Shurt-
leff College, Upper Alton, and, in 1843, entered
Brown University, R. I., graduating therefrom
in 1847; was admitted to the bar in 1849, begin-
ning practice at Alton, the home of his father,
Hon. David J. Baker. In 1854 he was elected as an
Anti-Nebraska candidate to the lower branch of
the Nineteenth General Assemblj-, and, at the
subseciuent session of the CJeneral As,sembly, was
one of the five Anti -Nebraska members whose
uncompromising fidelity to Hon. Lyman Trum-
b\ill resulted in the election of the latter to the
United States Senate for the first time — the others
being his colleague. Dr. George T. Allen of the
House, and Hon. John M. Palmer, afterwards
United States Senator, Burton C. Cook and Nor-
man B. Judd in the Senate. He served as one of the
Secretaries of the Republican State Convention
held at Bloomington in May, 18.56, was a Repub-
lican Presidential Elector in 1864, and, in 180.5,
became Judge of the Alton City Court, serving
until 1881. In 1876 he presided over the Repub-
lican State Convention, served as delegate to the
Republican National Convention of the same
year and was an imsuccessful candidate for
Congress in opposition to William R. Morrison.

Judge Baker was the orator selected to deliver
the address on occasion of the unveiling of the
statue of Lieut. -Gov. Pierre Menard, on the
capitol grounds at Springfield, in January, 1888.
About 1888 he retired from practice, dying at
Alton, March 5, 1897. — Edward L. (Baker),
second son of David Jewett Baker, wjis bom at
Kaskaskia, 111., June 3, 1829; graduated at Shurt-
leff College in 1847 ; read law with his father two
years, after which he entered Harvard Law
School and was admitted to the bar at Spring-
field in 1855. Previous to this date Jlr. Bjiker had
become associated with William H. Bailhache, in
the management of '"The Alton Dailj- Telegraph,"
and, in July, 1855, they purcha-sed "The Illinois
State Journal," at Springfield, of which Mr.
Baker assumed the editorship, remaining until
1874. In 1869 he was ap|X)inted United States
Assessor for the Eighth District, serving until
the abolition of the office. In 1873 he received
the app<jintment from President Grant of Consul
to Buenos Ayres. South America, and, a.ssuming
the duties of the office in 1874, remained there
for twenty-three years, proving himself one of
the most capable and eflicient officers in the con-
sular service. On the evening of the 20th of
June, 1897, when Jlr. Baker was about to enter a
railway train already in motion at the station in
the city of Buenos Ayres. he fell under the cars,
receiving injuries which necessitated the ampu-
tation of his right arm, finally re.sulting in his
death in the hospital at Buenos Ayres, July 8,
following. His remains were brought home at
the Government expense and interred in Oak
Ridge Cemetery, at Springfield, where a monu-
ment has since been erected in his honor, bearing
a tablet contributed by citizens of Buenos Ayres
and foreign representatives in that city express-
ive of their respect for his memorj'. — David
Jewett (Baker), Jr., a third son of David Jewett
Baker, Sr., was bom at Kaskaskia, Nov. 20,1834;
graduated from Shurtlefl College in 1854, and was
admitted to the bar in 1856. In November of
that year he removed to Cairo and began prac-
tice. He was Mayor of that city in 1864-65, and,
in 1809, was elected to the bench of the Nineteenth
Judicial Circuit. The Legislature of 1873 (by Act
of March 28) having divided the State into
twenty-six circuits, he was elected Judge of the
Twenty -sixth, on June 2, 1873. In August, 1878,
he resigned to accept an appointment on the
Supreme Bench as successor to Judge Breese,
deceased, but at the close of his term on the
Supreme Bench (1879), was re-elected Circuit
Judge, and again in 1885. During this period he

HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

served for several years on the Appellate Bench.
In 1888 lie retired from the Circuit Bench by
resignation and was elected a Justice of the
Supreme Court for a term of nine years. Again,
in 1897, he was a candidate for re-election, but
was defeated by Carroll C. Boggs. Soon after
retiring from the Supreme Bench he removed to
Cliicago and engaged in general practice, in
partnership with his son, John W. Baker. He
fell dead almost in.stantly in his ofBce, March 13,
1899. In all. Judge Baker had spent some thirty
years almost continuously on the bench, and had
attained eminent distinction both as a lawyer and
a jurist.

BAKER, Edward Dickinson, soldier and
United States Senator, was born in London,
Eng., Feb. 24, 1811; emigrated to Illinois while
yet in his minority, first locating at Belleville,
afterwards removing to Carrollton and finally to
Sangamon County, the last of which he repre-
sented in the lower house of the Tenth General
Assembly, and as State Senator in the Twelfth
and Thirteenth. He was elected to Congress as
a Whig from the Springfield District, but resigned
in December, 184G, to accept the colonelcy of the
Fourth Regiment, Illinois Volunteers, in the
Mexican War, and succeeded General Shields in
command of the brigade, when the latter was
wounded at Cerro Gordo. In 1848 he was elected
to Congress from the Galena District; was also
identified with the construction of the Panama
Railroad; went to San Francisco in 18.53, but
'ater removed to Oregon, where he was elected
to the United States Senate in 1860. In 1861 he
resigned the Senatorship to enter the Union
army, commanding a brigade at the battle of
Ball's Bluff, where he was killed, October 21. 1861.

BAKER, Jeliu, lawyer and Congressman, was
born in Fayette Coimty, Ky., Nov. 4. 1822. At
an early age he removed to Illinois, making his
home in Belleville, St. Clair County. He re-
ceived his early education in the common schools
and at McKendree College. Although he did
not graduate from the latter institution, he
received therefrom the honorary degree of A. M.
in 18.>S, and that of LL. D. in 1882. For a time
he studied medicine, but abandoned it for the
study of law. From 1861 to 186.5 he was Master
in Chancery for St. Clair County. From 186.5 to
1869 he represented the Belleville District as a
Republican in Congress. From 1876 to 1881 and
from 1882 to 1885 he was Minister Resident in
Venezuela, during the latter portion of his term
of service acting also as Consul-General. Return-
ing home, he was again elected to Cougi'ess (1886)

from the Eigliteenth District, but was defeated
for re-election, in 1888, by William S. Forman,
Democrat. Again, in 1896, having identified
himself with the Free Silver Democracy and
People's Party, he was elected to Congress from
the Twentieth District over Everett J. Murphy,
the Republican nominee, serving until March 3,
1899. He is the author of an annotated edition
of Montesquieu's "Grandeur and Decadence of
the Romans."

BALDWI\, Elmer, agriculturist and legisla-
tor, was born in Litchfield County, Conn., Marcli
8, 1806; at 16 years of age began teaching a coun-
try school, continuing this occupation for several
years during the winter months, while working
on his fatlier's farm in the summer. He then
started a store at New Milford, which he man-
aged for three years, when he sold out on account
of his health and began farming. In 1833 he
came west and purchased a considerable tract of
Government land in La Salle County, where the
village of Farm Ridge is now situated, removing
thither with his family the following year. He
served as Justice of the Peace for fourteen con-
secutive terms, as Postmaster twenty years and
as a member of the Board of Supervisors of La
Salle County six years. In 1856 he was elected
as a Republican to tlie House of Representatives,
was re-elected to the same office in 1866, and to
the State Senate in 1872, serving two years. He
was also appointed, in 1869, a member of the first
Board of Public Charities, serving as President of
the Board. Mr. Baldwin is author of a "Hi.s-
tory of La Salle County," which contains much
local and biogi-aphical history. Died, Nov. 18,
1895.

BALDWIN, Tlieron, clergyman and educa-
tor, was born in Goshen, Conn., July 21, 1801;
graduated at Yale College in 1827; after two
years" study in the theological school there, was
ordained a home missionary in 1829, becoming
one of the celebrated "Yale College Band," or
"Western College Society," of which he was Cor-
responding Secretary during most of his life. He
was settled as a Congregationalist minister at
Vandalia for two years, and was active in pro-
curing tlie charter of Illinois College at Jack.son-
ville, of which he was a Trustee from its
organization to his death. He served for a
number of years, from 1831, as Agent of the
Home Missionary Society for Illinois, and, in
1838, became the first Principal of Monticello
Female Seminary, near Alton, which he con-
ducted five years. Died at Orange, N. J., April
10, 1870.

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

BALLARD, Addison, merchant, was born of
Quaker parentage in Warren County, Ohio, No-
vember, 1833. He located at La Porte, Ind.,
about 1841, where he learned and pursued the
carpenter's trade; in 1849 went to California,
remaining two years, when he returned to La
Porte; in IS.'JS removed to Chicago and embarked
in the lumber trade, which he prosecuted until
1887, retiring with a competency. Mr. Ballard
served several years as one of the Commissioners
of Cook County, and, from 1876 to 1883, as Alder-
man of the City of Chicago, and again in the
latter office, 1894-9G.

BALTES, Peter Joseph, Roman Catholic Bishop
of Alton, was born at Ensheim, Rhenish Ba-
varia, April 7, 1837; was educated at the colleges
of the Holy Cross, at Worcester, Mass. , and of St.
Ignatius, at Chicago, and at Lavalle University,
Montreal, and was ordained a priest in 18.53, and
consecrated Bishop in 1870. His diocesan admin-
istration was successful, but regarded by lu«
priests as .somewhat arbitrary. He wrote numer-
ous pastoral letters and brochures for the guidance
of clergy and laity. His most important literary
work was entitled "Pastoral Instruction," first
edition, N. Y., 187.5; second edition (revised and
enlarged), 1880. Died at Alton, Feb. 1.5, 1886.

BALTIMORE & OHIO SOUTHWESTERN
RAILWAY. This road (constituting a part of the
Baltimore & Ohio system) is made up of two
principal divisions, the first extending across the
State from East St. Louis to Belpre, Ohio, and the
second (known as the Springfield Division) extend-
ing from Beardstown to Shawneetown. The total
mileage of the former (or main line) is .537
miles, of which 147,'/2 are iy Illinois, and of the
latter (wholly within Illinois) 338 miles. The
main line (originally known as tlie Ohio & Mis-
sissippi Railwaj') was chartered in Indiana in
1848, in Ohio in 1849, and in Illinois in 1851. It
was constructed by two companies, the section
from Cincinnati to the Indiana and Illinois State
line being known as the Eastern Division, and
that in Illinois as the Western Division, the
gauge, as originally built, being six feet, but
reduced in 1871 to standard. The banking firm
of Page & Bacon, of St. Louis and San Francisco,
were the principal financial backers of the enter-
prise. The line was completed and opened for
traffic. May 1, 1857. Tlie following year the road
became financiall_v embarrassed; the Eastern Di-.
vision was placed in the hands of a receiver in
1860. while the Western Division was sold under
foreclosure, in 1863, and reorganized as the Ohio
& Mississippi Railway under act of the Illinois

Legislature passed in February, 1861. The East-
ern Division was sold in January, 1867; and, in
November of the .same year, the two divisions
were consolidated under the title of the Ohio &
Mississippi Railway. — The Springfield Division
was the result of the consolidation, in December,
1869, of the Pana, Springfield & Northwestern
and the Illinois & Southeastern Railroad — each
having been chartered in 1867 — the new corpo-
ration taking the name of the Springfield & Illi-
nois Southeastern Rtiilroad, under which name
the road was built and oi)ened in March, 1871. In
1873, it was placed in tlio hamls of receivers; in
1874 was sold under foreclosure, and, on March
1, 1875, pas.sed into the hands of the Oliio & Mis-
sissippi Railway Company. In Novemlwr, 1876,
the road was again placed in the liantLs of a
receiver, but was restored to the Company in 1884.
— In November, 1893, the Ohio & Mississippi was
consolidated with the Baltimore & Ohio South-
western Railroad, which was the suct^essor of the
Cincinnati, Washington & Baltimore Riiilroad,
the reorganized Company taking the name of the
Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern R^iilway Com-
pany. The total capitalization of the road, as
organized in 1898, was $84,770,531. Several
brandies of the main line in Indiana and Ohio go
to increase the aggregate mileage, but being
wholly outside of Illinois are not taken into ac-
count in this statement.

BALTIMORE & OHIO & CHICAGO RAIL-
ROAD, part of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad
System, of which only 8.31 out of 365 miles are in
Illinois. The principal oljject of the company's
incorporation was to secure entrance for the
Baltimore & Oliio into Chicago. The capital
stock outstanding exceeds §1,. 500,000. The total
capital (including stock, funded and floating debt)
is §30,339,166 or §76,728 per mile. The gross
earnings for the year ending June 30, 1898, were
$3,38 ".,016 and the operating expenses §2,493,452.
The income and earnings for the portion of the
line in Illinois for the same period were $209,208
and the e.xpenses $208,096.

BANGS, Mark, lawyer, was born in Franklin
County, Mass., Jan. 9, 1822; spent his boy-
hood on a farm in Western New York, and, after
a year in an institution at Rochester, came to
Chicago in 1844, later spending two j-ears in farm
work and teaching in Central Illinois. Return-
ing east in 1847, he engaged in teaching for
two j'ears at Springfield, Ma-ss., then spent
a year in a dry goods store at Lacon, 111.
meanwhile jirosecuting his legal studies, lii
1851 he began practice, was elected a Judgi

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

of the Circuit Court in 1859; served one session
as State Senator (1870-73) ; in 1873 was ap-
pointed Circuit Judge to fill the unexpired
term of Judge Richmond, deceased, and, in 1875,
was appointed by President Grant United States
District Attorney for the Northern District,
remaining in office four years. Judge Bangs was
also a member of the first Anti-Nebraska State
Convention of Illinois, held at Springfield in 18.54;
in 1803 presided over the Congressional Conven-
tion which nominated Owen Lovejoy for Congress
for the first time ; was one of the charter members
of the "Union League of America," serving as its
President, and, in 1868, was a delegate to the
National Convention which nominated General
Grant foi President for the first time. After
retiring from the ofl5ce of District Attorney in
1879, he removed to Chicago, where he is still
(1898) engaged in the practice of his profession.

B.VNKSOX, .Andrew, pioneer and early legis-
lator, a native of Tennessee, settled on Silver
Creek, in St. Clair County, 111., four miles south
of Lebanon, about 1808 or 1810, and subsequently
removed to Washington County. He was a Col-
onel of "Rangers" during the War of 1813, and a
Captain in the Black Hawk War of 1833. In
1833 he was elected to the State Senate from
Washington County, serving four years, and at
the session of 1832-33 was one of tliose who voted
agamst the Convention resolution which had for
its object to make Illinois a slave State. He sub-
sequently removed to Iowa Territory, but died, in
1853, while visiting a son-in-law in Wi.sconsin.

BAPTISTS. The first Baptist minister to set-
tle in Illinois was Elder James Smith, who
located at New Design, in 1787. He was fol-
lowed, about 1796-97, by Revs. David Badgley and
Joseph Chance, who organized the first Baptist
church within the limits of the State. Five
churches, having four ministers and 111 mem-
bers, formed an association in 1807. Several
causes, among them a difference of views on the
slavery question, resulted in the division of the
denomination into factions. Of these perhaps
the most numerous was the Regular (or Jlission-
ary) Baptists, at the head of which was Rev. John
M. Peck, a resident of tlie State from 1833 imtil
his death (1858). By 1835 the sect had grown,
until it had some 350 churches, with about 7,500
members. These were under the ecclesiastical
care of twenty-two Associations. Rev. Isaac
McCoy, a Baptist Indian missionary, preached at
Fort Dearborn on Oct. 9, 1835, and, eight years
later. Rev. Allen B. Freeman organized the first
Baptist society in what was then an infant set-

tlement. By 1890 the number of Associations
had gi-own to forty, with 1010 churches 891
ministers and 88,88-4 members. A Baptist Theo-
logical Seminary was for some time supported at
Morgan Park, but, in 1895, was absorbed by the
University of Chicago, becoming the divinity
school of that institution. The chief organ of the
denomination in Illinois is "Tlie Standard." pub-
lished at Chicago.

BARBER, Hiram, was bom in Warren County,
N. Y., March 34, 1835. At 11 years of age he
accompanied his family to Wisconsin, of which
State he was a resident until 1866. After gradu-
ating at the State University of Wisconsin, at
Madison, he studied law at the Albany Law
School, and was admitted to practice. After
serving one term as District Attorney of his
county in Wisconsin (1861-63), and Assistant
Attorney-General of the State for 1865-66, in
the latter year he came to Cliicago and, in 1878,
was elected to Congress by the Republicans of
the old Second Illinois District. His home is in
Chicago, where he holds the position of Master in
Chancery of the Superior Court of Cook County.

BARDOLPH, a village of McDonough County,
on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 7
miles northeast of Macomb; lias a local paper.
Population (1880), 409; (1890), 447; (1900), 387.

BARXSBACK, (Jeorgre Frederick Julius, pio-
neer, was born in Germany, July 35, 1781 ; came
to Philadelphia in 1797, and soon after to Ken-
tucky, where he became an overseer; two or
three years later visited his native country, suf-
fering shipwreck en route in the English Channel ;
returned to Kentucky in 1802, remaining imtil
1809, when he removed to what is now Madison
(then a part of St. Clair) County, 111. ; served in
the War of 1813, farmed and raised stock until
1834, when, after a second visit to Germany, he
bought a plantation in St. Francois County, Mo.
Subsequently becoming disgusted with slavery,
he manumitted his slaves and returned to Illinois,
locating on a farm near EdwardsviUe, where lie
resided until his death in 1869. Mr. Barnsback
served as Representative in the Fourteenth Gen-
eral Assembly (1844-46) and, after returning from
Springfield, distributed his salary among the poor
of Madison County.— Julius A. (Barnsback), his
son, was born in St. Francois Coimty, Mo., May
14, 1836; in 1846 became a merchant at Troy,
Madison Coimty; was elected Sheriff in 1860; in
1804 entered the service as Captain of a Company
in the One Hundred and Fortieth Illinois Vohin-
teers (100-days' men); also served as a member or
the Twenty -fourth General .Vssembly (1865).

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

BARNUM, William H., lawyer and ex-Judge,
was born in Onondaga County, N. Y., Feb. 13,
1840. When he was but two years old his family
removed to St. Clair County, 111., where he passed
his boyhood and youtli. His preliminary educa-
tion was obtained at Belleville. III., Ypsilanti,
Mich., and at the Michigan State University' at
Ann Arbor. After leaving the institution last
named at the end of the sophomore year, he
taught school at Belleville, still pursuing his clas-
sical studies. In 1863 he was admitted to the bar
at Belleville, and soon afterward opened an office
at Chester, wliere, for a time, he held the office
of Master in Chancery. He removed to Chicago
in 1867, and, in 1879, was elevated to the bench
of the Cook County Circuit Court. At the expi-
ration of his term he resumed private practice.

BARRERE, firanville, was born in Highland
County, Ohio. After attending the common
schools, he acquired a higher education at Au-
gusta, Ky., and Marietta, Ohio. He was admitted
to the bar in his native State, but began the prac-
tice of law in Fulton County, 111., in 1856. In
1873 he received the Republican nomination for
Congress and was elected, representing his dis-
trict from 1873 to 187,'5, at the conclusion of his
term retiring to private life. Died at Canton,
111., Jan. 13, 1889.

BARRIXfiTON, a village located on the north-
ern border of Cook County, and partly in Lake,
at the intersection of the Chicago & Northwestern
and the Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Railway, 33 miles
northwest of Chicago. It has banks, a local paper,
and several cheese factories, being in a dairying
district. Population (1890), 848; (I'JOO), 1,162.

BARROWS, John Henry, D. D., clergyman
and educator, was born at Meiiina, Mich., July
11, 1847; graduated at Mount Olivet College in
1867, and studied theology at Yale, Union and
Andover Seminaries. In 1869 he went to Kansas,
where he spent two and a half years in mission-
ary and educational work. He then (in 1873)
accepted a call to the First Congregational
Church at Springfield, 111., where he remained a
year, after which he gave a year to foreign travel,
visiting Europe, Egypt and Palestine, during a
part of the time supplying the American cliapel
in Paris. On his return to the United States he
spent six years in pastoral work at Lawrence and
East Boston, Mass., when (in November, 1881) he
assumed the pastorate of the First Presbyterian
Church of Chicago. Dr. Barrows achieved a
world-wide celebrity by his services as Chairman
of the "Parliament of Religions,'' a branch of the
"World's Congress Auxiliary," held during the

World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago in
1893. Later, he was appointed Professorial Lec-
turer on Comparative Religions, under lectureships
in connection with tlie University of Cliicago en-
dowed by Mrs. Caroline E. Haskell. One of these,
established in Dr. Barrows' name, contemplated
a series of lectures in India, to be delivered on
alternate years with a similar course at the Uni-
versity. Courses were delivered at the University
in 1895-96, and, in order to carry out the purposes
of the foreign lectureship, Dr. Barrows found it
necessary to resign his pastorate, wliich he did in
the spring of 1896. After spending the summer
in (iermany, the regular itinerary of the round-
the-world tour began at London in the latter part
of November, 1896, ending with his return to the
United States by way of San Francisco in May,
1897. Dr. Barrows was accompanied by a party
of personal friends from Chicago and elsewhere,
the tour embracing visits to the principal cities
of Southern Europe, Egypt, Palestine, China and
Japan, with a somewhat protracted stay in India
during the winter of 1896-97. After his return to
the United States he lectured at the University
of Chicago and in many of the principal cities of
the country, on the moral and religious condition
of Oriental nations, but, in 1898, was offered
the Presidency of Oberlin College, Ohio, which
he accepted, entering upon his duties early in
1899.

BARRY, a city in Pike County, founded in
1836, on tlie Wabash Railroad, 18 miles east of
Hannibal, Mo., and 30 miles southeast of Quincy.
The surrounding country is agricultural. The
city contains flouring mills, porkpacking and
poultry establishments, etc. It has two local
papers, two banks, tliree churches and a high
school, besides schools of lower grade. Popula-
tion (1880). 1,393; (1890), 1,3.54; (1900), 1,643.

BARTLETT, Adolplius Clay, merchant, was
born of Revolutionary ancestry at Stratford,
Fulton County, N. Y. , June 33, 1844 ; was educated
in the common schools and at Danville Academy
and Clinton Liberal Institute, N. Y., and, coming
to Chicago in 1863, entered into the employment
of the hardware firm of Tuttle, Hibbard & Co.,
now Hibbard, Spencer, Bartlett & Co., of which,
a few years later, he became a partner, and later
Vice-President of the Company. Mr. Bartlett
has also been a Trustee of Beloit College, Presi-
dent of the Chicago Home for the Friendless and
a Director of the Chicago & Alton Railroad and
the Metropolitan National Bank, besides being
identified with various other business and benevo-
lent associations.

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

BASCOM, (Rev.) Flavel, D. D., clergyman,
was born at Lebanon. Conn., June 8, 1804; spent
his boyhood on a farm until 17 years of age, mean-
while attending the common schools; prepared
for college under a private tutor, and, in 1824,
entered Yale College, graduating in 1828. After a
year as Principal of the Academy at New Canaan,
Conn., he entered upon the study of theology
at Yale, was licensed to preach in 1831 and, for
the next two years, served as a tutor in the liter-
ary department of the college. Then coming to
Illinois (1833), he cast his lot with the "Yale
Band," organized at Yale College a few years
previous ; spent five years in missionary work in
Tazewell County and two years in Northern Illi-
nois as Agent of the Home Missionary Society,
exploring new settlements, founding churches
and introducing missionaries to new fields of
labor. In 1839 lie became pastor of the First
Presbyterian Church of Chicago, remaining until
1849, when he assumed the pastorship of the First
Presbj'terian Church at Galesburg, this relation
continuing until 1856. Then, after a year's serv-
ice as the Agent of the American Missionary
Association of the Congregational Church, he
accepted a call to the Congregational Church at
Princeton, where he remained until 1869, when
he took charge of the Congregational Church at
Hinsdale. From 1878 he served for a consider-
able period as a member of the Executive Com-
mittee of the Illinois Home Missionary Society;
was also prominent in educational work, being
one of the founders and, for over twenty-five
years, an officer of the Chicago Theological
Seminary, a Trustee of Knox College and one of
the founders and a Trustee of Beloit College,
Wis., from which he received the degree of D. D.
in 1869. Dr. Bascom died at Princeton, II! ,
August 8, 1890.

BATAVIA, a city in Kane County, on Fox
River and branch lines of tlie Chicago & North-
western and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy
Railroads, 35 miles west of Chicago; has water
power and several prosperous manufacturing
establishments employing over 1,000 operatives.
The city has fine water-works supplied from an
artesian well, electric lighting plant, electric
street car lines with interurban connections, two
weekly papers, eight churches, two public
schools, and private hospital for insane women.
Population (1900), 3,871; (1903, est.), 4,400.

BATEMAN, Newton, A. M., LL.B., educator
and Editor-in-Chief of the "Historical Encyclo-
pedia of Illinois." was born at Fairfield, N. J.,
July 27. 1823. of mixed English and Scotch an-

cestry; was brouglit by his parents to Illinois in
1833; in his youth enjoyed only limited educa-
tional advantages, l)ut graduated from Illinois
College at Jacksonville in 1843, supporting him-
self during his college course who''y by his own
labor. Having contemplated entering the Cluis-
tian ministry, he spent the following year at Lane
Theological Seminary, but was com[)elled to
withdraw on account of failing health, wlien he
gave a year to travel. He then entered upon liis
life-work as a teacher by engaging as Princijjal
of an English and Classical School in St. Louis,
remaining there two years, when he accepted tlie
Professorship of Mathematics in St. Charles Col-
lege, at St. Charles, Mo., continuing in that
position four years (1847-51). Returning to Jack-
sonville, III, in the latter year, he assumed the
principalship of the main public school of that
city. Here he remained seven years, during four
of them discharging the duties of County Super-
intendent of Schools for Morgan County. In the
fall of 1857 he became Principal of Jacksonville
Female Academy, but the following year was
elected State Superintendent of Public Instruc-
tion, having been nominated for the ofl^ice by the
Republican State Convention of 1858, which put
Abraham Lincoln in nomination for the United
States Senate. By successive re-elections he con-
tinued in this office fourteen years, serving con-
tinuously from 1859 to 1875, except two years
(1863-05), as tlie result of his defeat for re-election
in 1802. He was also endorsed for the same office
by the State Teachers' Association in 1856, but
was not formally nominated by a State Conven-
tion. During his incumbency the Illinois com-
mon school system was developed and brought to
the state of efficiency which it has so well main-
tained. He also prepared some seven volumes of
biennial reports, portions of which have been
republished in five different languages of Europe,
besides a volume of "Common Scliool Decisions,"
originally published by authority of the General
Assembly, and of wliich several editions have
since been issued. This volume has been recog-
nized by the courts, and is still regarded as
authoritative on the subjects to which it relates.
In addition to his official duties during a part of
this period, for three years he served as editor of
"The Illinois Teacher," and was one of a com-
mittee of three which prepared the bill adopted
by Congi-ess creating the National Bureau of
Education. Occupying a room in the old State
Capitol at Springfield adjoining that used as an
office by Abraham Lincoln during the first candi-
dacy of tlie latter for the Presidency, in 1860, a

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

close intimacy sprang u]) between the two men,
which enabled tlie "School-master," as Mr. Lin-
coln playfully called the Doctor, to acquire an
insight into the character of the future emanci-
pator of a race, enjoyed by few men of that time,
and of which he gave evidence by his lectures
full of interesting reminiscence and eloquent
appreciation of the high character of the "Martyr
President." A few months after his retirement
from the State Superintendency (1875), Dr. Bate-
man was offered and accepted the Presidency of
Knox College at Galesburg, remaining until 1^93,
when he voluntarily tendered his resignation.
This, after having been repeatedly urged upon
the Board, was finally accepted ; but that body
immediately, and by unanimous vote, appointed
him President Emeritus and Professor of Mental
and Moral Science, under which he continued to
discharge his duties as a special lecturer as his
health enabled him to do so. During his incum-
bency as President of Knox College, he twice
received a tender of the Presidency of Iowa State
University and the Chancellorship of two other
important State institutions. He also served, by
appointment of successive Governors between 1877
and 1891, as a member of the State Board of
Health, for four years of this period being Presi-
dent of the Board. In February, 1878, Dr. Bate-
man, unexpectedly and without solicitation on his
part, received from President Hayes an appoint-
ment as "Assay Commissioner" to examine and
test the fineness and weight of United States
coins, in accordance with the provisions of the
act of Congress of June 22, 1874, and discharged
the duties assigned at the mint in Pliiladelphia.
Never of a very strong physique, which was
rather weakened bj' his privations while a stu-
dent and his many years of close confinement to
mental labor, towards the close of his life Dr.
Bateman suffered much from a chest troul)le
which finally developed into "angina pectoris,"
or heart disease, from which, as the result of a
most painful attack, he died at his home in Gales-
burg, Oct. 21, 1897. The event produced the
most profound sorrow, not only among his associ-
ates in the Faculty and among the students of
Knox College, but a large number of friends
throughout the State, who had known him offi-
cially or personall}', and had learned to admire
his many noble and beautiful traits of character.
His funeral, which occurred at Galesburg on
Oct. 25, called out an immense concourse of
sorrowing friends. Almost the last labors per-
formed by Dr. Bateman were in the revision of
matter for this volume, in which he manifested

the deepest interest from the time of his assump-
tion of the duties of its Editor-in-Chief. At the
time of his death he had the satisfaction of know-
ing that his work in this field was practically
complete. Dr. Bateman had been twice married,
first in 1850 to Miss Sarah Dayton of Jacksonville,
who died in 1857, and a second time in October,
1859. to Miss Annie N. Tyler, of Massachusetts
(but for some time a teacher in Jacksonville
Female Academy), who died. May 28, 1878.—
Clifford Kiish (Bateman), a son of Dr. Bateman
by his first marriage, was born at Jacksonville,
March 7, 1854, graduated at Amherst College and
later from the law department of Columbia Col-
lege, New York, afterwards jirosecuting his
studies at Berlin, Heidelberg and Paris, finally
l>ecoming Profes.sor of Administrative Law and
Government in Columbia College — a position
especially created for him. He had filled this
position a little over one year wlien his career —
which was one of great promise — was cut short by
death, Feb. 0, 1883. Three daughters of Dr. Bate-
man survive — all the wives of clergj-men. — P. S.

BATES, Clara Doty, author, was torn at Ann
ArlKjr, Mich., Dec. 22, 193ft; published her first
book in 1868; the next year married Morgan
Bates, a Chicago publisher; wrote much for
juvenile periodicals, l)esides stories and poems,
.some of the most popular among the latter being
"Blind Jakey" (1868) and ".5:sop"s Fables" in
verse (1873). She was the collector of a model
library for children, for the World's Columbian
Exposition, 1«93. Died in Chicago, Oct. 14, 1895.

B.\TES, Erastiis Newton, soldier and State
Treasurer, was born at Plainfield, JIass., Feb. 29,
1828, being descended from Pilgrims of the Ma}'-
flower. When 8 years of age he was brought by
his father to Ohio, where the latter soon after-
ward died. For several years he lived with an
uncle, ])reparing himself for college and earning
money by teaching and manual Labor. He gradu-
ated from Williams College, Mass., in 1853, and
commenced the study of law in New York City,
but later removed to Jliunesota, where he served
as a member of the Constitutional Convention of
1856 and was elected to the State Senate in 1857.
In 1859 he removed to Centralia, 111., and com-
menced practice there in August, 1862; was com-
mis.sioned Major of the Eightieth Illinois
Volunteers, being successively promoted to the
rank of Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel, and
finally brevetted Brigadier-General. For fifteen
months he was a prisoner of war, escaping from
Libby Prison only to be recaptured and later
exposed to the fire of the Union batteries at Mor-

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

ris Island, Charleston harbor. In 1866 he was
elected to the Legislature, and, in 1868, State
Treasurer, being re-elected to the latter office
under the new Constitution of 1870, and serving
until January, 1873. Died at Minneapolis,
Minn., May 29, 1898, and was buried at Spring-
field.

BATES, tileorg'e C, lawyer and politician, was
born in Canandaigua, N. Y., and removed to
Michigan in 1834; in 1849 was appointed United
States District Attorney for that State, but re-
moved to Cahfornia in 1H'>0. where he became a
member of the celebrated "Vigilance Committee"
at San Francisco, and, in 1856, delivered the first
Republican speech there. From 1861 to 1871, he
practiced law in Chicago; the latter year was
appointed District Attorney for Utah, serving
two years, in 1878 removing to Denver, Colo.,
where he died, Feb. 11, 1886. Mr. Bates was an
orator of much reputation, and was selected to
express the thanks of the citizens of Chicago to
Gen. B. J. Sweet, commandant of Camp Douglas,
after the detection and defeat of the Camp Doug-
las conspiracy in November, 1864 — a duty which
he performed in an address of gieat eloquence.
At an early day he married the widow of Dr.
Alexander Wolcott, for a number of years previ-
ous to 1830 Indian Agent at Chicago, his wife
being a daughter of John Kinzie, the first white
settler of Chicago.

BATH, a village of Mason County, on the
Jacksonville branch of the Chicago, Peoria & St.
Louis Railway, 8 miles south of Havana. Popu-
lation (1880), 439; (1890), 384; (1900), 330.

BAYLIS, a corpoiate village of Pike County,
on the main line of the Wabash Railway, 40 miles
southeast of Quinc-y ; lias one newspaper. Popu-
lation (1890), 368; (1900), 340.

BAYLISS, Alfred, Superintendent of Public
Instruction, was born about 1840, served as a
private in the First Michigan Cavalry the last
two years of the Civil War, and graduated from
Hillsdale College (Mich.), in 1870, supporting
himself during his college course by work upon a
farm and teaching. After serving three years as
County Superintendent of Schools in La Grange
County, Ind., in 1874 he came to Illinois and
entered upon the vocation of a teacher in the
nortliern i)art of the State. He served for some
time as Superintendent of Schools for the city of
Sterling, afterwards becoming Principal of the
Township Higii School at Streator. where he was,
in 1898, when he received the nomination for the
office of State Superintendent of Public Instruc-
tion, to which he was elected in November follow-

ing by a plurality over his Democratic opponent
of nearly 70,000 votes.

BEARD, Thomas, pioneer and founder of the
city of Beardstown, 111., was born in Granville,
Washington County, N. Y., in 1795, taken to
Northeastern Ohio in 1800, and, in 1818, removed
to Illinois, hving for a time about Edwardsville
and Alton. In 1820 he went to the locality of
the present city of Beardstown, and later estab-
;ished there the first ferry across tlie Illinois
River. In 1827, in conjunction with Enoch
March of Morgan County, he entered the land on
which Beardstown was platted in 1829. Died, at
Beardstown. in November, 1849.

BEARDSTOWN, a city in Cass County, on the
Illinois River, being the intersecting point for
the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern and the Chi-
cago, Burhngton & yuincy Railways, and tlie
northwestern terminus of the former. It is 1 1 1
miles north of St. Louis and 90 miles south of
Peoria. Tliomas Beard, for whom the town was
named, settled here about 1820 and soon after-
wards established the first ferry across the Illi-
nois River. In 1827 the land was patented by
Beard and Enoch March, and the town platted,
and, during the Black Hawk War of 1832, it
became a principal base of supplies for the Illi-
nois volunteers. The city has six churches and
three schools (including a high school), two banks
and two daily newspapers. Several branches of
manufacturing are carried on here — flouring and
saw mills, cooperage works, an axe-handle fac-
tory, two button factories, two stave factories,
one shoe factory, large machine shops, and others
of less importance. The river is spanned here by
a fine railroad bridge, costing some §300,000.
Population (1890), 4,226; (1900), 4,827.

BEAUBIEN, Jean Baptiste, the second per-
manent settler on the site of Chicago, was bora
at Detroit in 1780, became clerk of a fur-trader 0:1
Grand River, married an Ottawa woman for hir-
first wife, and, in 1800, had a trading-post at Mil-
waiikee, which he maintained until 1818. Ha
visited Chicago as early as 1804, bought a cabin
there soon after the Fort Dearborn massacre of
1813, married the daughter of Francis La Fran--
boise, a French trader, and, in 1818, became)
agent of the American Fur Company, having
charge of trading posts at Mackinaw and else-
where. After 1823 he occupied the buildin;.;
known as "the factory," just outside of Fort Dear-
born, which had belonged to the Government,
but removed to a farm on the Des Plaines in 1840.
Out of the ownership of this building grew his
claim to the right, in 18.35, to enter .seventy-five

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

acres of land belonging to the Fort Dearborn
reservation. The claim was allowed by the Land
Office officials and sustained by the State courts,
but disallowed by the Supreme Court of the
United States after long litigation. An attempt
was made to revive this claim in Congress in
1878, but it was reported upon adversely by a
Senate Committee of which the late Senator
Tlioinas F. Bayard was chairman. Mr. Beaubien
was evidently a man of no little prominence in
his day. He led a companj' of Chicago citizens
to the Black Hawk War in 1832, was appointed
by the Governor the first Colonel of Jlilitia for
Cook County, and, in 18.")0, was commissioned
Brigadier-General. In 18.18 he removed to Nash-
ville, Tenn., and died there, Jan. .'), 186:!.— Mark
(Beaubien), a 5-ounger brother of Geu. Beaubien,
was born in Detroit in 1800, came to Chicago in
182G, and bought a log house of James Kinzie, in
which he kept a hotel for some time. Later, he
erected the first frame building in Chicago, which
was known as the "Sauganash," and in which he
kept a hotel until 1834. He also engaged in mer-
chandising, but was not successful, ran the first
ferry across the South Branch of the Chicago
River, and served for many years as lighthouse
keeper at Chicago. About 1834 the Indians trans-
ferred to him a reservation of 640 acres of land on
the Caluinet, for which, some forty years after-
wards, he received a patent which had been
signed by Martin Van Buren — he having previ-
ously been ignorant of its existence. He was
married twice and had a family of twenty-two
children. Died, at Kankakee, 111., April 16, 1881.
— Madore B. (Beaubien), the second son of
General Beaubien by his Indian wife, was born
on Grand River in Michigan, July 1,5, 1809, joined
his father in Chicago, was educated in a Baptist
Mission School where Niles, Mich., now stands;
was licensed as a merchant in Chicago in 1831,
but failed as a business man; served as Second
Lieutenant of the Maperville Company in the
Black Hawk War, and later was First Lieutenant
of a Chicago Company. His first wife was a
white woman, from whom he separatsd, after-
wards marrying an Indian woman. He left Illi-
nois with the Pottawatomies in 1840, resided at
Council Bluffs and, later, in Kansas, being for
many years the official interpreter of the tribe
and, for some time, one of six Commissioners
employed by the Indians to look after their
affairs with the United States Government. —
Alexander (Beaubien), son of General Beau-
bien by his wliite wife, was born in one of the
buildings belonging to Fort Dearborn, Jan. 28,

1822. In 1840 he accompanied his father to his
farm on the Des Plaines, but returned to Chicago
in 1862, and for years ])ast has been employed on
the Chicago |>olice force.

BEIJB, William, Governor of Ohio, was l)orn
in Hamilton Cciunty in tliat State in 1S02; taught
school at North Bend, the home of William Henry
Harrison, studied law and practiced at Hamilton ;
served as Governor of Ohio, 1846-48; later led a
Welsh colony to Tennes-see, but left at the out-
break of the Civil War, removing to Winnebago
County, III, where he had purcduused a large
body of land. He was a man of unc-ompromising
loyalty and high principle ; serveil as Examiner
of Pensions by appointment of President Lincoln
and, in 1868, took a prominent jiart in the cam-
paign which resulted in (Jraut's first election to
the Presidency. Died at Rockford, Oct. 23, 1873.
A daughter of Governor Bebb married Hon.
John P. Reynolds, for many years the Secretary
of the Illinois State Agricultural Society, and,
during the World's Columbian Exposition,
Director-in-Chief of the Illinois Board of World's
Fair Commis,sioners.

BECKER, Charles St. >'., ex State Treasurer,
was born in Crcrmany. June 14. 1840, and brought
to this country by his parents at the age of 11
years, the family settling in St. Clair County, 111.
Early in the Civil War he enlisted in the Twelfth
Missouri regiment, and, at the battle of Pea
Ridge, was so severe!)- wounded tliat it was
found nece.ssary to amputate one of his legs. In
1806 he was elected Sheriff of St. Clair County,
and, from 1872 to 1880, he served as clerk of the
St. Clair Circuit Court. He also served several
terms as a City Councilman of Belleville. In 1888
he was elected State Treasurer on the Republican
ticket, serving from Jan. 14, 1889, to Jan. 12, 1891.

BECKWITH, Corydon, lawyer and jurLst, was
born in Vermont in 1823, and educated at Provi-
dence, R. I., and Wrentham, Mass. He read law
and was admitted to the bar in St. Albans, Vt.,
where he pra<'tioed for two years. In 18.53 he
removed to Chicago, and, in January, 1864, was
appointed by Governor Yates a Justice of the
Supreme Court, to fill the five remaining months
of the unexpired term of Judge Caton, who had
resigned. On retiring from the iK-nch he re-
.sumed private practice. Died, August 18, 1890.

BECKWITH, Hiram Williams, lawyer and
author, was born at Danville, 111., March 5. 1833.
Mr. Beckwith's father, Dan W. Beckwith, a pio-
neer settler of Eastern Illinois and one of the
founders of the city of Danville, was a native of
Wvalusiug, Pa., where he vvas born about 1789,

HISTOIUCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OE ILLINOIS.

his mother being, in her girlhood, Hannah York,
one of the survivors of the famous Wyoming
massacre of 17T8. In 1817, the senior Beckvvith,
in company with liis brother George, descended
the Ohio River, afterwards ascending tiie Wabash
to where Terre Haute now stands, but finally
locating in what is now a part of Edgar County,
111. A j-ear later he removed to the vicinity of
the present site of the city of Danville. Having
been emploj'ed for a time in a surveyor's
corps, he finally became a surveyor himself, and,
on the organization of Vermilion County, served
for a time as County Surveyor by appointment of
the Governor, and was also employed by the
General Government in surveying lands in the
eastern part of the State, some of the Indian
reservations in that section of the State being
set off by him. In connection with Guy W.
Smith, then Receiver of Putilic Moneys in the
Land Office at Palestine, 111., he donated the
ground on which the county-seat of Vermilion
County was located, and it took the name of Dan-
ville from his first name — '"Dan." In 1830 he
was elected Representative in the State Legisla-
ture for the District composed of Clark, Edgar,
and Vermilion Counties, then including all that
section of the State between Crawford County
and the Kankakee River. He died in 183.5.
Hlrani, the subject of this sketch, thus left
fatherless at less than three years of age, received
only such education as was afforded in the com-
mon schools of that period. Nevertheless, he
began the study of law in the Danville office of
Lincoln & Lamon, and was admitted to practice
in 18.54, about the time of reaching his majority.
He continued in their office and, on the removal
of Lamon to Bloomington in 18.59, he succeeded
to the business of the firm at Danville. Mr.
Lamon — who, on Mr. Lincoln's accession to the
Presidency in 1861, became Marshal of the Dis-
trict of Columbia — was distantly related to Mr.
Beckwith by a second marriage of the mother of
the latter. While engaged in the practice of his
profession, Mr. Beckwith has been over thirty
years a zealous collector of records and other
material bearing upon the early history of Illinois
and the Northwest, and is probably now the
owner of one of the most complete and valuable
collections of Americana in Illinois. He is also
the autlior of several monographs on historic
themes, including "The Winnebago War," "The
Illinois and Indiana Indians," and "Historic
Notes of the Northwest," published in the "Fer-
gus Series," besides having edited an edition of
"Reynolds' History of Illinois" (published by the

same firm), which he has enriched by the addition
of valuable notes. During 1895-96 he contributed
a series of valuable articles to "The Chicago
Tribime" on various features of early Illinois and
Northwest history. In 1890 he was appointed by
Governor Fifer a member of the first Board of
Trustees of the Illinois State Historical Library,
serving until the expiration of his term in 1894,
and was re-appointed to the same position by
Governor Tanner in 1897, in each case being
chosen President of tlie Board.

BEECHER, Charles A., attorney and railway
solicitor, was born in Herkimer County, N. Y.,
August 37, 1829, but, in 1836, removed with his
family to Licking County, Ohio, where he lived
upon a farm until he reached the age of 18 years.
Having taken a course in the Ohio Wesleyan
University at Delaware, in 1854 he removed to
Illinois, locating at Fairfield, Wayne County,
and began the study of law in the office of his
brother, Edwin Beecher, being admitted to prac-
tice in 1855. In 1867 he united with others in the
organization of the Illinois Southeastern Rail-
road projected from Shawneetown to Edgewood
on the Illinois Central in Effingham County.
Tliis enterprise was consolidated, a year or two
later, with the Pana, Springfield & Northwest-
ern, taking the name of the Springfield & Illinois
Southeastern, under which name it was con-
structed and opened for traffic in 1871. (This
line — wliich Mr. Beecher served for some time
as Vice-President — now con.stitutes the Beards-
town & Shawneetown Division of the Baltimore
& Ohio Southwestern.) The Springfield & Illi-
nois Southeastern Company having fallen into
financial difficulty in 1873, Mr. Beecher was
appointed receiver of the road. and. f<ir a time,
had control of its operation as agent for the l)oncl-
holders. In 1875 the line was conveyed to the
Ohio & Mississippi Railroad (now a part of the
Baltimore & Oliio), when Mr. Beecher became
General Counsel of the controlling corporation,
so remaining until 1888. Since that date lie lias
been one of the assistant counsel of the Baltimore
& Ohio system. His present home is in Cincin-
nati, although for over a quarter of a century he
has been prominently identified with one of the
most important railway enterprises in Southern
Illinois. In politics Mr. Beecher has always been
a Republican, and was one of the few in Wayne
County who voted for Fremont in 1856. and for
Lincoln in 1860. He was also a member of
the Republican State Central Committee of
Illinois from 1860 for a period of ten or twelve
years.

IIISTOIIK'AL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

BEECHER, Edward, D. D., clergyman and
educator, was born at East Hampton, L. I.,
August 27, 1803— the son of Rev. Lyman Beecher
and the elder brother of Henry Ward ; graduated
at Yale College in 1823, taught for over a year at
Hartford, Conn., studied theology, and after a
year's service as tutor in Yale College, in
1826 was ordained pastor of the Park Street
Congregational Church in Boston. In 1830
he became President of Illinois College at
Jacksonville, remaining until 18-14, when he
resigned and returned to Boston, serving as
pastor of the Sjilem Street Church in that
city until IS.jli, also acting as .senior editor of
"The Congregationalist" for four years. In 1850
he returned to Illinois as pastor of the First Con-
gregational Church at Galesburg. continuing
imtil 1871, when he removed to Brooklj'n, where
he resided without pastoral charge, except 1885-
89, when he was pastor of the Parkville Congre-
gational Church. While President of Illinois
College, that institution was exposed to mucli
hostile criticism on account of his outspoken
opposition to slavery, as shown by his particijja-
tion in founding the first Illinois State Anti-
Slavery Society and his eloquent denunciation of
the murder of Elijah P. Lovejoy. Next to his
brother Henry Ward, he was probably the most
powerful orator belonging to that gifted family,
and, in connection with his able associates in the
faculty of the Illinois College, assisted to give
that institution a wide reputation as a nurserj'
of independent thought. Up to a short time
before his death, he was a prolific writer, his
productions (besides editorials, reviews and con-
tributions on a variety of subjects) including
nine or ten volumes, of which the most impor-
tant are: "Statement of Anti Slavery Principles
and Address to the People of Illinois" (1837);
"A Plea for Illinois College"; "History of the
Alton Riots" (1838); "The Concord of Ages"
(1853); "The Conflict of Ages" (1854); "Papal
Conspiracy Exposed" (1854), besides a number
of others invariably on religious or anti-slavery
topics. Died in Brooklyn, July 28, 1895.

BEECHER, William H., clergyman — oldest
son of Rev. Lyman Beecher and brother of
Edward and Henry Ward — was born at East
Hampton, N. Y., educated at home and at An-
dover, became a Congregationalist clergyman,
occupying pulpits at Newport, R. I., Batavia,
N. Y., and Cleveland, Ohio; came to Chicago in
his later years, dying at the home of his daugh-
ters in that city, June 23. 1889.

BEGfiS, (Rev.) Stephen R., pioneer Methodist

Episcopal preacher, was born in Buckingham
County, Va., March 30, 1801. HLs father, who
was opposed to slavery, moved to Kentucky in
1805. but remained there only two years, when he
removed to Clark County, Ind. The son enjoyed
but poor educational advantages here, obtaining
his education chiefly by his own effort.s in what
he called "Brush College." At the age of 21 he
entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal
Church, during the next ten years traveling
difl'erent circuits in Indiana. In 1831 he was
appointed to Chicago, but the Black Hawk War
coming on immediately thereafter, he retired to
Plainfield. Later he traveled various circuits in
Illinois, until 1868, when he was superannuated,
occupying his time thereafter in writing remi-
niscences of his early hi.story. A volume of this
character published by him, was entitled "Pages
from the Early History of the West and North-
west." He died at Plainfield, 111., Sept. 9, 1895.
in the 95th year of his age.

BEIDLER, Henry, early settler, was born of
German extraction in Bucks County. Pa., Nov.
27, 1812; came to Illinois in 1843, settling first at
Springfielil, where he carried on the grocery
business for five j-ears, tljen removed to Chicago
and engageil in the lumber trade in connection
with a brother, afterwards carrying on a large
lumber manufacturing business at Muskegon,
Mich., which proved very profitable. In 1871
Mr. Beidler retired from the lumber trade, in-
vesting largely in west side real estate in the city
of Chicago, which appreciated rapidly in value,
making him one of the most wealthy real estate
owners in Chicago. Died, March 16, 1893. — Jacob
(Beidler), brother of the preceding, was born in
Bucks County, Penn., in 1815; came west in
1842, first began working as a carpenter, but
later engaged in the gr(x;erj' business with his
brother at Springfield, 111. ; in 1844 removed to
Chicago, where he was joined by his brother four
years later, when they engaged largely in the
lumber trade. Mr. Beidler retired from business
in 1891, devoting his attention to large real estate
investments. He was a liberal contributor to
religious, educational and benevolent institutions.
Died in Cliicago, March 15. 1898.

BELFIELD, Henry Holmes, educator, was
born in Philadelphia, Nov. 17. 1837; was educated
at an Iowa College, and for a time was tutor in
the same ; during the War of the Rebellion served
in the army of the Cumberland, first as Lieuten-
ant and afterwards as Adjutant of the Eighth
Iowa Cavalry, still later teing upon the staff of
Gen. E. M. McCook. an<l taking i)art in the

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

Atlanta and Nashville campaigns. While a
prisoner in the hands of the rebels he was placed
under fire of the Union batteries at Charleston.
Coming to Chicago in 1866, he served as Principal
in various public schools, including the North
Division High School. He was one of the earli-
est advocates of manual training, and, on the
establishment of the Chicago Manual Training
Scliool in 1884, was appointed its Director — a
position which he has continued to occupy.
During 1891-92 he made a trip to Europe by
appointment of the Government, to investigate
the school systems in European countries.

BELKNAP, Hugh Rei(l,e.\-Member of Congress,
was born in Keokuk, Iowa, Sept. 1, 1860, being
the son of W. W. Belknap, for some time Secre-
tary of War under President Grant. After
attending the public schools of his native city,
he took a course at Adams Academy, Quincy,
Mass., and at Phillips Academy, Andover, when
he entered the service of the Baltimore & Ohio
Railroad, where he remaine<l twelve years in.
various departments, finally becoming Chief
Clerk of the General Manager. In 1892 he retired
from this position to become Superintendent of
the South Side Elevated Raih-oad of Chicago.
He never held any political position until nomi-
nated (1894) as a Repubhcan for the Fifty-fourth
Congress, in the strongly Democratic Third Dis-
trict of Chicago. Although the returns showed
a plurality of thirty-one votes for his Democratic
opponent (Lawrence McGann), a recount proved
him elected, when, Mr. McGann having volun-
tarily withdrawn, Mr. Belknap was unanimously
awarded the seat. In 1896 he was re-elected
from a District usually strongly Democratic,
receiving a plurality of 590 votes, but was
defeated by his Democratic opponent in 1898, retir-
ing from Congress, JIarch 3, 1899, when he re-
ceived an appointment as Paymaster in the Army
from President McKinley, with the rank of Major.
BELL, Robert, lawyer, was born in Lawrence
County, 111. , in 1829, educated at Mount Carmel
and Indiana State University at Bloomington,
graduating from the law department of the
latter in 185.'); while yet in his minority edited
"The Mount Carmel Register," during 1851-52
becoming joint owner and editor of the same
with his brother, Victor D. Bell. After gradu-
ation he opened an office at Fairfield, Wayne
County, but, in 1857, returned to Mount Carmel
and from 1864 was the partner of Judge E. B.
Green, imtil the appointment of the latter Chief
Justice of Oklahoma by President Harrison in
1890. In 1869 Mr. Bell was apjjointed County

Judge of Lawrence County, being elected to tlie
same office in 1894. He was also President
of the Illinois Southern Railroad Company
until it was merged into the Cairo & Vincennes
Road in 1867; later became President of the St.
Louis & Mt. Carmel Railroad, now a i)art of the
Louisville, Evan.sville & St. Louis line, and
secured the construction of the division from
Princeton, Ind., to Albion, 111. In 1876 he vi.sited
California as Special Agent of the Treasury
Department to investigate alleged frauds in the
Revenue Districts on the Pacific Coast; in 1878
was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress on
the Republican ticket in the strong Democratic
Nineteenth District; was appointed, the same
year, a member of the Republican State Central
Committee for the State-at-large, and, in 18S1,
officiated by appointment of President Garfield,
as Commissioner to examine a section of the
Atlantic & Pacific Railroad in New Mexico.
Judge Bell is a gifted stump-speaker and is known
in the southeastern jiart of the State as the
"Silver-tongued Orator of tlie Wabash."

BELLEVILLE, the county-seat of St. Clair
County, a city and railroad center, 14 miles south
of east from St. Louis. It is one of the oldest
towns in the State, having been selected as tlie
county-seat in 1814 and platted in 1815. It lies
in tlie center of a rich agricultural and coal-bear-
ing district and contains numerous factories of
various descriptions, including flouring mills, a
nail mill, glass works and shoe factories. It has
five newspaper establishments, two being Ger-
man, which issue daily editions. Its commercial
and educational facilities are exceptionally good.
Its population is largely of German descent.
Population (1890), 15,361; (1900), 17,484.

BELLEVILLE, CENTRALIA & EASTERN
RAILROAD. (See Lonisrille. Emnsnlle & St.
Louis (Consolidated) Railroad.)

BELLEVILLE & CAROM)ELET RAILROAD,
a short line of road extending from Belleville to
East Carondelet, 111., 17.3 miles. It was cliartered
Feb. 20, 1881, and leased to the St. Louis, Alton
& Terre Haute Railroad Company, Jime 1, 1883.
The annual rental is §30,000, a sum equivalent to
the interest on the bonded debt. Tlie cajiital
stock (1895) is §500,000 and the lionded delit §485,-
000. In addition to tlie.se sums the floating debt
swells tlie entire capitalization to S995,054 or $57,-
317 per mile.

BELLEVILLE & ELDORADO RAILROAD,
a road 50.4 miles in length running from Belle-
ville to Duquoin, 111. It was chartered Feb. 22,
1861, and completed Oct. 31, 1871. On July 1,

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

1880, it was leased to tlie St Louis, Alton &
Terra Haute Railroad Company for 4S6 years, and
has since been operated by tliat corporation in
connection with its Bellerille brancli, from East
St. Louis to Belleville. At Eldorado the road
intersects the Cairo & Vincennes Railroad and
the Shawneetown brancli of the St. Louis &
Southeastern Railroad, operated by the Louisville
& Npshville Railroad Company. Its capital
stock (189.")) is 81,000,000 and its bonded debt
§.5.'iO,000. The corporate office is at Belleville.

BELLEVILLE & ILLINOISTOWN RAILROAD.
(See St. Liiiiis. Alton d- Tern- Haute Hailroad.)

BELLEVILLE & SOUTHERN ILLINOIS
RAILROAD, a road (laid with steel rails) run-
ning from Belleville to Du(|uoin, 111., 56.4 miles
in length. It was chartered Feb. 15, 1857, and
completed Deo. 15, 1873. At Duquoin it connects
with the Illinois Central and forms a short line
between St. Louis and Cairo. Oct. 1. 186(3, it was
leased to the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute
Railroad Company for 999 years. The capital
stock is §1,693,000 and the bonded debt §1,000,-
000. The corpoiate office is at Belleville.

BELLJIONT, a village of Wabash County, on
the Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis Riiilway, 9
miles west of Mount Carmel. Population (1880),
350; (1890), 487; (1900), 624.

BELT RAILWAY COMPANY OF CHICAGO,
THE, a corporation chartered, Nov. 22, 1882, and
the lessee of the Belt Division of the Chicago &
Western Indiana Railroad (which see). Its total
trackage (all of standard gauge and laid with 06-
pound steel rails) is 93.26 miles, distributed as fol-
lows: Auburn Junction to Chicago, Jlilwaukee &
St. PaulJunction, 15.9 miles; branches from Pull-
man Junction to Irondale, 111., etc., 5.41 miles;
second track, 14.1 miles; sidings, 57.85 miles.
The cost of construction has been 8524, 549 ; capi-
tal stock, 81,200,000. It has no funded debt.
The earnings for the year ending June 30, 1895,
were 8556,847, the operating expenses 8378,012,
and the ta.xes 851,009.

BELVIDERE,an incorporated city, the county-
seat of Boone County, situated on the Kishwau-
kee River, and on two divisions of the Chicago &
Northwestern Railroad. 78 miles west-northwest
of Chicago and 14 miles east of Rockford; is con-
nected with the latter city by electric railroad.
The city has twelve churches, five graded schools,
and three banks (two national). Two daily and
two semi-weekly papers are published here. Bel-
videre also has very eonsideral)le manufacturing
interests, including manufactories of sewing ma-
chines, bicycles, automobiles, besides a large

milk-conden.sing factory and two creameries.
Population (1890), 3,867; (1900), 6,937.

BEMENT, a village in Piatt County, at inter-
section of main line and Chicago Division of
Wabash Railroad, 20 miles east of Decatur and
166 miles southsouthwe.sl of Chicago; in agri-
cultural and stock-raising district; has three
grain elevators, broom factory, water-works, elec-
tric-light plant, four churches, two banks and
weekly paper. Pop. (1890), 1,129; (1900), 1,484.

BEXJ.VJIIN, Renben Moore, lawyer, born at
Chatham Centre, Columbia County, N. Y., June
29, 1833; was educated at Amherst College, Am-
herst, Mass. ; spent one year in the law depart-
ment of Uarvanl, another as tutor at Amherst
and, in 18.56, came to Bloomington, 111., where, on
an examination certificate furnished by Abraham
Lincoln, lie was licensed to practice. The first
public office held by Mr. Benjamin was that of
Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention
of 1869-70, in which he took a prominent part in
shaping the provisions of the new Constitution
relating to corporations. In 1873 he was chosen
County Judge of McLean County, by reiieated
re-elections holding the position until 1886, when
he resumed private practice. For more than
twenty years he has been connected with the law
department of Wesleyan University at Blooming-
ton, a part of the time being Dean of the Faculty ;
is also the author of several volumes of legal
text-lKjoks.

BENNETT MEDICAL COLLEGE, an Eclectic
Medical School of Chicago, incorporated by
special charter and opened in the autumn of
1868, Its first sessions were held in two large
rooms; its faculty consisted of seven professors,
and there were thirty matriculates. More com-
modious quarters were secured the following
year, and a still better home after the fire of 1871,
in which all the college property was destroyed.
Another change of location was made in 1874.
In 1890 the projierty then owned was sold and a
new college building, in connection with a hos-
pital, erected in a more quiet quarter of the city.
A free dispensary is conducted bj' the college.
The teaching faculty (1896) consists of nineteen
professors, with four assistants and demonstra-
tors. Women are admitted as pupils on etjual
terms with men.

BENT, Charles, journalist, was bom in Chi-
cago, Dec. 8, 1844, but removed with his family,
in 1856, to Morrison, Whiteside County, where,
two years later, he became an apprentice to the
printing business in the office of "The Whiteside
Sentinel." In June, 1864, he enlisted as a soldier

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

in the One Hundred and Fortietli Illinois (100-
days' regiment) and, on the expiration of his term
of service, re-enlisted in the One Hundred and
Forty -seventh Illinois, being mustered out at
Savannah, Ga., in January, 1866, with the rank
of Second Lieutenant. Then resuming his voca-
tion as a printer, in July, 18(>7, he purchased the
office of "The Whiteside Sentinel," in which he
learned his trade, and has since been the editor of
that paper, except during 1877-79 while engaged
in writing a "History of Whiteside County."
He is a charter member of the local Grand Army
Post and served on the staff of the Department
Commander ; was Assistant Assessor of Internal
Revenue during 1870-73, and, in 1878, was elected
as a Republican to the State Senate for White-
side and Carroll Counties, serving four years.
Other positions held by him include the office of
City Alderman, member of the State Board of
Canal Commissioners (1883-85) and Commissioner
of the Joliet Penitentiary (1889-93). He has also
been a member of the Republican State Central
Committee and served as its Chairman 1886-88.

BENTON, county-seat of Franklin County, on
III. Cent, and Chi. & E. 111. Railroads; has electric-
light plant, water-works, saddle and harness fac-
tory, two banks, two flouring mills, shale brick
and tile works (projected), four churclies and
three weekly papers. Pop. (1890), 939; (1900), 1,341.

BERDAN, James, lawyer and County Judge,
was born in New York City, July 4, 1805, and
educated at Columbia and Yale Colleges, gradu-
ating from the latter in the class of 1834. His
father, James Berdan, Sr. , came west in the fall
of 1819 as one of the agents of a New York
Emigration Society, and, in January, 18'20, visited
the vicinity of the pre.sent site of Jacksonville,
111., but died soon after his return, in part from
exposure incurred during his long and arduous
winter journey. Thirteen years later (1832) his
son, the subject of this sketch, came to the same
region, and Jacksonville became his home for the
remainder of his life. Mr. Berdan was a well-
read lawyer, as well as a man of high principle
and sound culture, with pure literary and social
tastes. Althougli possessing unusual capabilities,
his refinement of character and dislike of osten-
tation made him seek rather the as.sociation and
esteem of friends than public office. In 1849 he
was elected County Judge of Morgan County,
serving by a second election imtil 1857. Later
lie was Secretary for several years of the Tonica
& Petersburg Railroad (at that time in course of
construction), serving until it was merged into
the St. Louis, Jacksonville & Chicago Railroad,

now constituting a part of the Jacksonville di-
vision of the Chicago & Alton Railroad; also
served for many years as a Trustee of Illinois
College. In the latter years of his life he was, for
a considerable period, the law partner of ex-Gov-
ernor and ex-Senator Richard Yates. Judge
Berdan was the ardent political friend and
admirer of Abraham Lincoln, as well as an inti-
mate friend and frequent correspondent of tlie
I)oet Longfellow, besides being the correspondent,
during a long period of his life, of a number of
other prominent literary men. Pierre Irving,
the nephew and biographer of Washington Irving,
was his brother-in-law tlirough tlie marriage of a
favorite sister. Judge Berdan died at Jackson-
ville, August 24. 1884.

BERGEN, (Rev.) John (J., pioneer clergyman,
was born at Hightstown, N. J., Nov. 27, 1790;
studied theologj-, and, after two years' service as
tutor at Princeton and sixteen years as pastor of
a Presbyterian church at Madison, N. J., in 1828
came to Springfield, 111., and assisted in the
erection of the first Protestant church in the
central part of the State, of which he remained
pastor until 1848. Died, at Springfield, Jan.
17, 1872.

BERGOREN, Augrustus W., legislator, born in
Sweden, August 17, 1840; came to the United
States at 16 years of age and located at Oneida,
Knox County. 111., afterwards removing to Gale.s-
burg; held various offices, including that of
Sheriff or Knox County (1873-81), State Senator
(1881-89) — serving as President X)ro tern, of the
Senate 1887-89, and was Warden of the State
penitentiary at Joliet, 1888-91. He was for many
years the very able and efficient President of the
Covenant Mutual Life Association of Illinois, and
is now its Treasurer.

BERCilER, (Rev.) J, a secular priest, born in
France, and an early missionary in Illinois. He
labored among the Tamaroas, being in charge of the
mission at Caliokia from 1700 to his death in 1710,

BERRY, Orville F., lawyer and legislator, was
born in McDonough County, 111., Feb. 16, 18.52;
early left an orphan and. after working for some
time on a farm, removed to Carthage, Hancock
County, where he read law and was ailmitted to
the bar in 1877; in 1883 was elected Mayor of
Carthage and twice re-elected ; was elected to the
State Senate in 1888 and '93, and, in 1891, took a
prominent part in securing the enactment of the
compulsory education clause in the common
school law. Mr. Berry presided over the Repub-
lican State Convention of 1S96, the same year was
a candidate for re-election to the State Senate,

HISTOIilCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

but the certificate was awarded to his Democratic
competitor, who was declared elected by 104
plurality. On a contest before the Senate at the
first session of the Fortieth General Assembly,
the seat was awarded to Mr. Berry on the ground
of illegality in the rulings of the Secretary of
State aflfecting the vote of his opponent.

BERRY, (Col.) William W., lawyer and sol-
dier, was born in Kentucky. Feb. 22, 1834, and
educated at Oxford, Ohio. His home being ther
in Covington, he studied law in Cincinnati, and,
at the age of 23, began practice at Louisville, Ky. ,
being married two years later to Miss Georgie
Hewitt of Frankfort. Early in 1861 he entered
the Civil War on the Union side as Major of the
Louisville Legion, and subsequently' served in
the Army of the Cumberland, marcliing to the
sea with Sherman and, during the period of his
service, receiving four wounds. After the close
of the war he was offered the position of Gov-
ernor of one of the Territories, but, determining
not to go further west than Illinois, declined.
For three years he was located and in practice at
Winchester, 111., but removed to Quincy in 1874,
where he afterwards resided. He always took a
warm interest in politics and, in local affairs,
was a leader of his party. He was an organizer of
the G. A. R. Post at Quincy and its first Com-
mander, and, in 1884-85, served as Commander of
the State Department of the G. A. R. He organ-
ized a Young Men's Republican Club, as he
believed that the young minds should take an
active part in politics. He was one of the com-
mittee of seven appointed by the Governor to
locate the Soldiers' and Sailors' Home for Illinois,
and, after spending six months inspecting vari-
ous sites offered, the institution was finally
located at Quincy; was also Trustee of Knox
College, at Galesburg, for several years. He was
freqviently urged by his party friends to run for
public office, but it was so much against his
nature to ask for even one vote, that he would
not consent. He died at his home in Quincy,
much regretted. May 6, 1805.

BESTOR, (ieorge C, legislator, born in Wash-
ington City, April 11, 1811; was assistant docu-
ment clerk in the House of Representatives eight
years; came to Illinois in 1835 and engaged in
real-estate business at Peoria; was twice ap-
pointed Postmaster of that city (1842 and 1861)
and three times elected Mayor ; served as finan-
cial agent of the Peoria & Oquawka (now Chicago,
Burlington & Quincy Railroad), and a Director of
the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw ; a delegate to the
Whig National Convention of 1852; a State

Senator (18,58-62), and an ardent friend of Abra-
ham Lincoln. Died, in Wa.shington. May 14,

1872, while prosecniting a claim against the
Government for the construction of gunboats
during the war.

BETHALTO, a village of Madison County, on
the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis
Railway, 25 miles north of St. Louis. Popula-
tion (1880), 028; (1890), 879; (1900), 477.

BETHANY, a village of Moultrie County, on
Peoria Division HI. Cent. Railroad, 18 miles south-
east of Decatur ; in farming district ; lias one news-
paper and four churches. Pop. , mostly American
born, (1890), 088; (1900), 873; (1903, est.), 900.

BETTIE STl ART INfSTITLTE, an institu
tion lor young ladies at Springfield, 111., founded
in 1808 by Mrs. Mary McKee Homes, who con-
ducted it for some twenty years, until her death.
Its report for 1898 shows a faculty often instruct-
ors and 125 pupils. Its property is valued at
$23,500. Its course of instruction embraces the
preparatory and classical branches, together with
music, oratory and fine arts.

BEVERIIKJE, James H., State Treasurer,
was born in Washington Comity, N. Y., in 1828;
served as State Treasurer, 1805-67, later acted as
Secretary of the Commission which built the
State Cai)itol. His later years were spent in
.superintending a large dairy farm near Sandwich,
De Kalb County, where he died in January, 1896.

BEVERHMiE, John L., ex-Governor, was bom
in Greenwich N. Y., July 6, 1824; came to Illi-
nois, 1842, and, aft«r spending some two years in
Granville Academy and Rock River Seminary,
went to Tenne.ssee, where he engaged in teaching
while studying law. Having been admitted to
the bar, he returned to Illinois in 1851, first locat-
ing at Sycamore, but three years later established
himself in Chicago. During the first year of the
war he assisted to raise the Eighth Regiment Illi-
nois Cavalry, and was commissioned first as Cap-
tain and still later Major; two years later
became Colonel of the Seventeenth Cavalry,
which he c^ommanded to the close of the war,
being mustered out, Februarj-, 1860, with the
rank of brevet Brigadier-General. After the war
he held the office of Sheriff of Cook County four
years; in 1870 was elected to the State Senate.
and, in the following year. Congressman-at-large
to succeed General Logan, elected to the United
States Senate; resigned this office in Januarj-.

1873, having been elected Lieutenant-Governor,
and a few weeks later succeeded to the govern-
orship by the election of Governor Oglesby to the
United States Senate. In 1881 he was appointed

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

by President Arthur, Assistant United States
Treasurer for Chicago, serving until after Cleve-
land's first election. His present home (1898), is
neiir Los Angeles, Cal.

BIENVILLE, Jean Baptiste le Moyne, Sieur
de, wiis born at Montreal, Canada, Feb. 23, 1680,
and was the French Governor of Louisiana at the
time the Illinois country vras included in that
province. He had several brothers, a number of
wliom played important parts in the early history
of the province. Bienville first visited Louisi-
ana, in company with his brother Iberville, in
1698, their object being to establish a French
colony near the mouth of the Mississippi. The
first settlement was made at Biloxi, Dec. 6, 1699,
and SanvoUe, another brother, was placed in
charge. The latter was afterward made Governor
of Louisiana, and, at his death (1701), he was
succeeded by Bienville, wlio transferred the seat
of government to Mobile. In 1704 he was joined
by his brother Chateaugay, who Ijrouglit seven-
teen settlers from Canada. Soon afterwards
Iberville died, and Bienville was recalled to
France in 1707, but was reinstated the following
year. Finding the Indians worthless as tillers of
the soil, he seriously suggested to the home gov-
ernment the expediency of trading off the copper-
colored aborigines for negroes from the West
Indies, three Indians to be reckoned as equiva-
lent to two blacks. In 1713 Cadillac was sent out
as Governor, Bienville being made Lieutenant-
Governor. The two quarreled. Cadillac was
superseded by Epinay in 1717, and, in 1718, Law's
first expedition arrived (see Company of the
West), and brought a Governor's commission for
Bienville. The latter soon after founded New
Orleans, which became the seat of government
for the province (which then included Illinois), in
1723. In January, 1724, he was again summoned
to France to answer charges; was removed in
disgrace in 1736, but reinstated in 1733 and given
the rank of Lieutenant-General. Failing in vari-
ous expeditions against the Chickasaw Indians,
he was again superseded in 1743, returning to
France, wliere he died in 17G8.

BlttGS, William, pioneer. Judge and legislator,
was born in Maryland in 1753, enlisted in the
Revolutionary army, and served as an officer
under Colonel George Rogers Clark in the expe-
dition for the capture of Illinois from the British
in 1778. He settled in Bellefontaine (now Monroe
County) soon after the close of the war. He was
Sheriff of St. Clair County for many years, and
later Justice of the Peace and Judge of the Court
of Common Pleas. He also represented his

county in the Territorial Legislatures of In-
diana and Illinois. Died, in St. Clair County,
in 1827.

BIGGSVILLE, a village of Henderson County,
on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad,
15 miles northeast of Burlington ; has a hank and
two newspapers; considerable grain and live-
stock are shipped here. Population (1880), 358;
(1890), 487; (1900), 417.

BIG MUDDY RIVER, a stream formed by the
union of two branches which rise in Jefferson
County. It runs south and southwest through
Franklin and Jackson Counties, and enters the
Mississippi about five miles below Grand Tower.
Its length is estimated at 140 miles.

BILLINGS, Albert Merritt, capitalist, was
born in New Hampsliire, April 19, 1814, educated
in the common schools of his native State and
Vermont, and, at the age of 22, became Slieriff of
Windsor County, Vt., Later he was proprietor
for a time of the mail stage coach line between
Concord, N. H. , and Boston, but, liaving sold out.
invested his means in the securities of the Chi-
cago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway and became
identified with the business interests of Chicago.
In the '50's he became associated witli Cornelius
K. Garrison in the People's Gas Company of Chi-
cago, of whicli he served as President from 1859
to 1888. In 1890 Mr. Billings became extensiveh-
interested in the street railway enterprises of Sir.
C. B. Holmes, resulting in his lieooming the pro-
prietor of the street railway system at Memphis,
Tenn., valued, in 1897, at .$3,000,000. In early
life he had been associated with Commodore
Vanderbilt in the operation of the Hud.son River
steamboat lines of the latter. In addition to his
other business enterprises, he was principal
owner and, during the last twenty-five years of
his life, Pre.sident of the Home National and
Home Savings Banks of Chicago. Died, Feb. 7,
1897, leaving an estate valued at several millions
of dollars.

BILLINGS, Henry W., was born at Conway,
Ma.ss., July 11, 1814, graduated at Amherst Col-
lege at twenty years of age, and began the study
of law with Judge Foote, of Cleveland, Ohio, was
admitted to the bar two years later and practiced
there some two years longer. He then removed
to St. Louis, Mo., later resided for a time at
Waterloo and Cairo. 111., but. in 1S45. settled at
Alton; was elected Mayor of that city in 1851,
and the first Judge of the newly organized City
Court, in 1859, .serving in this position six years.
In 1869 he was elected a Delegate from Madison
County to the State Constitutional Convention of

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

1869-70, but died before tbe expiration of the ses-
sion, on April 19, 1870.

BIRKBECK, Morris, earlj' colonist, was born
in England about 1762 or 1763, emigrated to
America in 1817, and settled in Edwards County,
111. He purchased a large tract of land and in-
duced a large colony of English artisans, laborers
and farmers to settle upon the same, founding
the town of New Albion. He was an active, un-
corapromLsing opponent of slavery, and was an
important factor in defeating the scheme to make
Illinois a slave State. He was appointed Secre-
tary of State by Governor Coles in October, 1824,
but resigned at the end of three months, a hostile
Legislature having refused to confirm him. A
strong writer and a frequent contributor to the
press, his letters and published works attracted
attention both in this country and in Europe.
Principal among the latter were: "Notes on a
Journey Through France" (1815); "Notes on a
Journey Through America" (1818), and "Letters
from Illinois" (1818). Died from drowning in
1825, aged about 63 years. (See Slavery and
Slave Laws )

BISSELL, William H., first Republican (iov-
ernor of Illinois, was born near Cooperstown,
N. Y., on April 25, 1811, graduated in medicine at
Philadelphia in 1835, and, after practicing a short
time in Steuben County, N. Y., removed to Jlon-
roe County, 111. In 1840 he was elected a Repre-
sentative in the General Assembly, where he soon
attained high rank as a debater. He studied law
and practiced in Belleville, St. Clair County, be-
coming Prosecuting Attorney for that county in
1844. He served as Colonel of the Second Illinois
Volunteers during the Mexican War, and achieved
distinction at Buena Vista. He represented Illi-
nois in Congress from 1849 to 1855. being first
elected as an Independent Democrat. On the pas-
sage of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, he left the Demo-
cratic party and, in 1856, was elected Governor on
the Republican ticket. Wliile in Congress he was
challenged by JeSerson Davis after an inter-
change of heated words respecting the relative
courage of Northern and Southern soldiers,
spoken in debate. Bissell accepted the challenge,
naming muskets at thirty paces. Mr. Davis's
friends objected, and the duel never occurred.
Died in office, at Sprin.gfield, 111., March 18, 1860.

BLACK, John Charles, lawyer and soldier,
born at Lexington, Miss., Jan. 29, 1839, at eight
years of age came with his widowed mother to
Illinois; while a student at Wabash College, Ind,,
in April, 1861, enUsted in the Union army, serv-
ing gallantl}- and with distinction until Aug. 15,

1865, when, as Colonel of the 37th III. Vol. Inf., he
retired with the rank of BrevetBrigadier-tieneral ;
was admitted to tlie bar in 1857, and after i)ractic-
ing at Danville, Champaign and Urbana. in 1885
was appointed Commissioner of Pensions, serving
until 1889. when he removed to Chicago; served as
Congressman-at-large (1893-95), and U. S. District
Attomej' (1895-99); Commander of the Loyal
Legion and of the G. A. R. (Department of
Illinois); was elected Commander-in-Chief of the
Grand Army at the Grand Encampment, 1903.
Gen. Black received the honorary degree of A.M.
from his Alma Mater and that of LL. D, from Knox
College; in January, 1904, was appointed by
President Roosevelt member of the U. S. Civil
Service Commission, and cho.sen its President.

BLACK BIRX IMVEKSITV, located at Car-
linville, Macoupin County. It owes its origin to
the ellorts of Dr. Gideon Blackburn, who, having
induced friends in the East to unite with him in
the purchase of Illinois lands at Government
price, in 1837 conveyed 16,056 acres of these
lands, situated in ten different counties, in trust
for the founding of an institution of learning,
intended particularly "to qualify young men for
the gospel mini.stry." The citizens of Carlinville
donateil funds wherewith to purchase eighty
acres of hind, near that city, as a site, which was
included in the deed of trust. The enterprise
lay dormant for many years, and it was not until
1857 that the institution was formally incorpo-
rated, and ten j-ears later it was little more tlian
a high school, giving one course of instruction
considered particularly adapted to prospective
students of theolog)'. At present (1898) there
are about 110 students in attendance, a faculty
of twelve instructors, and a theological, as well as
preparatory and collegiate departments. The
institution owns property valued at §110,000, of
which §.50,000 is represented by real estate and
§40,000 by endowment funds.

BLACK HAWK, a Chief of the Sac tribe of
Indians, reputed to have been born at Kaskaskia
in 1707. (It is aLso claimed that he was born on
Rock River, as well as within the present limits
of Hancock County.) Conceiving that his people
had been wrongfully despoiled of lands belonging
to them, in 1832 he inaugurated what is com-
monl}- known as the Black Hawk War. His
Indian name was Makabainiishekiakiak, signifj--
ing Black Sparrow Hawk. He was ambitious, but
susceptible to flattery, and while ha\-ing many of
the qualities of leadership, was lacking in moral
force. He was always attached to British inter-
ests, and unquestionably received British aid of a

HISTORKAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

substantial sort. After his defeat he was made
the ward of Keokuk, another Chief, which
humiliation of liis pride broke his heart. He died
on a reservation set apart for him in Iowa, in
1838, aged 71. His body is said to have been
exhumed nine months after death, and his articu-
lated skeleton is alleged to have been preserved
in the rooms of the Burlington (la.) Historical
Society until 18.55, wlien it was destroyed by fire.
(See also Black Ilavk War: Aj)i>endix.)

BLACKSTONE, Timothy B., Railway Presi-
dent, was born at Branford, Conn., March 28,
1829. After receiving a common school educa-
tion, supplemented by a course in a neigliboring
academy, at 18 he began the practical study of
engineering in a corps employed by the New
York & New Hampshire Railway Company, and
the same year became assistant engineer on the
Stockbridge & Pittsfield Railway. While tluis
employed he applied himself diligently to the
study of the tlieoretical science of engineering,
and, on coming to Illinois in 1851, was qualified
to accept and fill the position of division engineer
(from Bloomington to Dixon) on the Illinois Cen-
tral Railway. On the completion of the main
line of that road in 1855, he was appointed Chief
Engineer of the Joliet & Chicago Railroad, later
becoming financially interested therein, and
being chosen President of the corporation on the
completion of the line. In January, 1864, the
Chicago & Joliet was leased in perpetuity to the
Chicago & Alton Railroad Company. Mr. Black-
stone tlien became a Director in the latter organi-
zation and, in April following, was chosen its
President. This office he filled uninterruptedly
until April 1,1899, when the road passed into the
hands of a syndicate of other lines. He was also
one of the original incorporators of tlie Union
Stock Yards Company, and was its President from
1864 to 1868. His career as a railroad man was con-
spicuous for its long service, tlie uninterrupted
success of his management of the enterprises
entrusted to his Iiands and his studious regard for
the interests of stockliolders. This was illustrated
by the fact that, for some thirty years, the Chicago
& Alton Railroad paid dividends on its preferreil
and common stock, ranging from 6 to 8 J.j per cent
per annum, and, on disposing of his stock conse-
quent on the transfer of the line to a new corpora-
tion in 1899, Mr. Blackstone rejected offers for his
stock — aggregating nearly one-tliirdof the whole
—which would have netted him $1,000,000 in
excess of the amount received, because lie was
unwilling to use his position to reap an advantage
over smaller stockholders. Died, Mav 20, 1900.

BLACKWELL, Robert S., lawyer, was born
at Belleville, 111., in 1823. He belonged to a
prominent family in the early history of the
State, his father, David Blackwell, who was also
a lawyer and settled in Belleville about 1819,
having been a member of the Second General
Assembly (1820) from St. Clair County, and also
of the Fourth and Fifth. In April, 1823, lie was
appointed by Governor Coles Secretary of State,
succeeding Judge Samuel D. Lockwood, after-
wards a Justice of the Supreme Court, wlio liad
just received from President Monroe the apiioint-
ment of Receiver of Pulilic Moneys at the
Edwardsville Land Office. Mr. Blackwell served
in the Secretary's office to October, 1824, during
a part of the time acting as editor of "The Illinois
Intelligencer," which liad been removed from
Kaskaskia to Vandalia, and in which he strongly
opposed the policy of making Illinois a slave
State. He finally died in Belleville. Robert
Blackwell, a brother of David and the uncle of
tlie subject of this sketch, was joint owner with
Daniel P. Cook, of "The Illinois Herald"'— after-
wards "The Intelligencer" — at Kaskaskia, in
1816, and in April, 1817, succeeded Cook in the
office of Territorial Auditor of Public Accounts,
being himself succeeded by Elijah C. Berry, who
had become his partner on "The Intelligencer,"'
and served as Auditor until the organization of
the State Government in 1818. Blackwell & Berry
were chosen State Printers after the removal of
the State capital to Vandalia in 1820, serving in
this capacity for some years. Robert Blackwell
located at "Vandalia and .served as a member of
the House from Fayette County in the Eighth
and Ninth General Assemblies (1832-36) and in
the Senate, 1840-42. Robert S.— the son of David,
and the yoimger member of this somewhat
famous and historic family — whose name stands at
the head of this paragraph, attended the common
schools at Belleville in his boj'hood, but in early
manhood removed to Galena, where he engaged
in mercantile pursuits. He later studied law
with Hon. O. H. Browning at Quincy, beginning
practice at Rushville. where he was associated
for a time with Judge Minshall. In 1832 lie
removed to Chicago, having for liis first partner
Corydon Beckwith. afterwards of the Supreme
Court, still later being associated with a number
of prominent lawyers of that day. He is de-
scribed by his liiographers as "an able lawyer, an
eloquent advocate and a brilliant scholar."
"Blackwell on Tax Titles, "from his pen, has been
accepted by tlie profession as a high authority on
that branch of law. He also published a revision

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

of the Statutes in 1858, and began an "Abstract
of Decisions of the Supreme Court," wliich had
reached the third or fourth volume at his deatli,
May 16, 1863.

BLAIR, William, merchant, was born at
Homer, Cortland County, N. Y., May 20, 1818,
being descended through five generations of New
England ancestors. After attending school in
the town of Cortland, which became his father's
residence, at the age of 14 he obtained employ-
ment in a stove and hardware store, four years
later (1836) coming to Joliet, III., to talce charge
of a branch store whicli the firm liad established
there. The next year he purcliased the stock and
continued the business on his own account. In
August, 1842, he removed to Chicago, where he
established the earliest and one of the most
extensive wholesale hardware concerns in that
city, with which he remained connected nearlj-
fifty years. During this period he was associated
with various partners, including C. B. Nelson,
E. G. Hall, O. W. Belden, James H. Horton and
others, besides, at times, conducting the business
alone. He suffered by the fire of 1871 in common
with other business men of Chicago, but promptly
resumed business and, within tlie next two or
three years, liad erected business blocks, succes-
sively, on Lake and Randolph Streets, but retired
from business in 1888. He was a Director of the
Merchants' National Bank of Chicago from its
organization in 186.5, as also for a time of the
Atlantic & Pacific Telegraph Company and the
Chicago Gaslight & Coke Company, a Trustee of
Lake Forest University, one of the Managers of
the Presbyterian Hospital and a member of the
Chicago Historical Society. Died in Chicago,
May 10, 1899.

BLAKELT, David, journalist, was born in
Franklin County, Vt., in 1834; learned the print-
er's trade and graduated from the University of
Vermont in 1857. He was a member of a musical
family which, under the name of "Tlie Blakely
Family," made several successful tours of the
"West. He engaged in journalism at Rochester,
Minn., and, in 1862, was elected Secretary of
State and ex-oflficio Superintendent of Scliools,
serving until 1865, wlien lie resigned and, in
partnership with a brother, bought "The Chicago
Evening Post," with which he was connected at
the time of the great fire and for some time after-
ward. Later, he returned to Minnesota and
became one of the proprietors and a member of
the editorial staff of "The St. Paul Pioneer-Press."
In his later years Mr. Blakely was President of
the Blakely Printing Company, of Chicago, also

conducting a large printing busin&ss in New
York, which was his residence. He was manager
for several years of the celebrated Gilmore Band
of mu-sicians, and also instrumental in organizing
the celebrated Sousa's Band, of which he was
manager >ip to the time of his decease in New
York, Nov. 7, 1S96.

BLAKEMAN, Curtiss, sea-captain, and pioneer
settler, came from New England to Madison
County, 111., in 1819, and settled in what was
afterwards known as the "Marine Settlement," of
which he was cne of the founders. TliLs settle-
ment, of which the present town of Marine (first
called Madison) was the outcome, took its name
from the fact tliat several of the earlj- settlers, like
Captain Blakeman, were sea-faring men. Captain
Blakeman became a prominent citizen and repre-
sented Madi-son County in the lower branch of
the Tliird and Fourth General Assemblies (1822
and 1824), in the former being one of the opponents
of the pro-slavery amendment of the Constitution.
A son of his, of tlie same name, was a Represent-
ative in tlie Thirteenth, Fifteenth and Sixteenth
General As.semblies from Madison County.

BLANCHARD, Jonathan, clergyman and edu
cator, was born in Rockingham, Vt., Jan. 19,
1811; graduated at Middlebury College in 1832;
then, after teaching some time, spent two years
in Andover Theological Seminarj', finally gradu-
ating in theolog}- at I^ne Seminary, Cincinnati,
in 1838, where lie remained nine years as pastor
of the Sixth Presbyterian Church of that city.
Before this time he liad become interested in
various reforms, and, in 1843, was sent as a
delegate to the second 'World's Anti-Slavery
Convention in London, serving as the American
Vice-President of that body. In 1846 he assumed
the Presidency of Knox College at Galesburg,
remaining until 1858, during his connection
with that institution doing much to increase its
capacity and resources. After t%vo years spent in
pastoral work, lie accepted (1860) the Presidency
of 'Wheaton College, which he continued to fill
until 1882, when he was chosen President Emer-
itus, remaining in this position until liis death,
May 14, 1892.

BLAyDIXSVILLE, a toivn in McDonough
County, on the Toledo, Peoria & 'Warsaw Rail-
road, 26 miles southeast of Burlington, Iowa, and
64 miles west by south from Peoria. It Ls a .ship-
ping point for the grain grown in the surrovind-
ing country, and has a grain elevatoi and steam
flour and saw mills. It also has banks, two
weekly newspapers and several churches. Popu-
lation ()°"'''" 877; (1900). 995.

llISTOlilCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

BLANET, Jerome Van Zandt, early physician,
borji at Newcastle, Del., May 1, 1820; was edu-
cated at Princeton and graduated in medicine at
Philadelphia when too young to receive his
diploma ; in 1843 came west and joined Dr. Daniel
Brainard in founding Rush Medical College at
Chicago, for a time filling three chairs in that
institution ; also, for a time, occupied the chair of
Chemistry and Natural Philosophy in Northwest-
ern University. In 1861 he was appointed Sur-
geon, and afterwards Medical Director, in the
army, and was Surgeon-iu-Chief on the staff of
General Sheridan at the time of the battle of
Winchester ; after the war was delegated by the
Government to pay off medical officers in the
Northwest, in this capacity disbvu-sing over §600,-
000 ; finally retiring with the rank of Lieutenant-
Colonel. Died, Dec. 11, 1874.

BLATCHFORD, Eliphalet Wickes, LL.D.,
son of Dr. John Blatchford, was born at Stillwater,
N. Y. , May 31, 1836; being a grandson of Samuel
Blatchford, D.D., who came to New York from
England, in 1795. He prepared for college at Lan-
singburg Academy. New York, and at Marion
College, Mo., finally graduating at Illinois College,
Jacksonville, in the class of 1845. After graduat-
ing, he was employed for several years in the law
oflSces of his uncles, R. M. and E. H. Blatchford,
New York. For considerations of health he re-
turned to the West, and, in 1850, engaged in b\isi-
ness for himself as a lead manufacturer in St.
Louis, Mo. , afterwards associating with him the
late Morris Collins, imder the firm name of Blatch-
ford & Collins. In 1854 a branch was established
in Chicago, knowm as Collins & Blatchford. After
a few years the firm was dissolved, Mr. Blatch-
ford taking the Chicago business, which has
continued as E. W. Blatchford & Co to the pres-
ent time. While Mr. Blatchford has invariably
declined political offices, he has been recognized
as a staunch Republican, and the services of few
men have been in more frequent request for
positions of trust in connection with educational
and benevolent enterprises. Among the numer-
ous positions of this character which he has been
called to fill are those of Treasurer of the North-
western Branch of the United States Sanitary
Commission, during the Civil War, to which he
devoted a large part of his time ; Trustee of Illi-
nois College (1866-75); President of the Cliicago
Academy of Sciences ; a member, and for seven-
teen years President, of the Board of Trustees of
the Chicago Eye and Ear Infirmary ; Trustee of
the Chicago Art Institute ; Executor and Trustee
of the late Walter L. Newberry, and, since its

incorporation. President of the Board of Trustees
of The Newberry Library; Trustee of the John
Crerar Library; one of the founders and Presi-
dent of the Board of Trustees of the Chicago
Manual Training School; life member of the
Chicago Historical Society; for nearly forty
years President of the Board of Directors of the
Chicago Theological Seminary; during his resi-
dence in Chicago an officer of the New England
Congregational Church; a corporate member of
the American Board of Commissioners for For-
eign Missions, and for fourteen years its Vice-
President; a charter member of the City
Missionary Society, and of the Congregational
Club of Chicago; a member of the Chicago
Union League, the University, the Literary and
the Commercial Clubs, of which latter he has
been President. Oct. 7, 1858, Mr. Blatchford was
man-ied to Miss Mary Emily Williams, daughter
of John C.Williams, of Chicago. Seven children —
four sons and three daughters — have blessed this
union, the eldest son, Paul, being to day one of
Chicago's valued business men. Mr. Blatchford's
life has been one of ceaseless and successful
activity in business, and to him Chicago owes
much of its prosperity. In the giving of time
and money for Christian, educational and benevo-
lent enterprises, he has been conspicuous for hLs
generosity, and noted for his valuable counsel and
executive ability in carrying these enterprises to
success.

BLATCHFORD, John, D.D., was born at Now-
field (now Bridgeport), Conn., May 24, 1799;
removed in childhood to Lansingburg, N. Y.,
and was educated at Cambridge Academy and
Union College in that State, graduating in 1820.
He finished his theological course at Princeton,
N. J., in 1823, after which he ministered succes-
sively to Presbyterian churches at Pittstown and
Stillwater, N. Y., in 1830 accepting the pastorate
of the First Congregational Church of Bridge-
port. Conn. In 1836 he came to the We.st. spend-
ing the following winter at Jacksonville, 111., and,
in 1837, was installed the first pastor of the First
Presbyterian Church of Chicago, where he
remained until compelled by faiUng health to
resign and return to the East. In 1841 he ac-
cepted the chair of Intellectual and Moral Phi-
losophy at Marion College, Mo., subsequently
assmning the Presidency. The institution having
been purchased by the Free Masons, in 1844. he
removed to West Ely, Mo., and thence, in 1847.
to Quincy, 111., where he resided during the
remainder of his life. His death occurred in St.
Louis, April 8, 1855. The chm-ches he serve.l

HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

testified strongly to Dr. Blatohford's faithful,
acceptable and successful performance of his
ministerial duties. He was married in 1825 to
Frances Wickes, daughter of Eliplialet Wickes,
Esq., of Jamaica, Long Island, N, Y.

BLEDSOE, Albert Taylor, teacher and law-
yer, was born in Frankfort, Ky., Nov, 9, 1809;
graduated at West Point Military Academy in
1830, and, after two years' service at Fort Gib-
son, Indian Territory, retired from the army in
1833. During 1833-34 he was Adjunct Professor
of Mathematics and teacher of French at Kenyon
College, Oliio, and, in 1835-36, Professor of
Mathematics at Miami University. Then, hav-
ing studied theolog}', he served for several years
as rector of Episcopal churches in Ohio. In 1838
he settled at Springfield, 111., and began the prac-
tice of law, remaining several years, when lie
removed to Washington, D. C. Later he became
Professor of Matliematics, first (1848-54) in the
University of Mississippi, and (1854-61) in the
University of Virginia. He then entered the
Confederate service with the rank of Colonel,
but soon became Acting Assistant Secretary of
War; in 1863 visited England to collect material
for a work on the Constitution, which was pub
lished in 1866, when he settled at Baltimore,
where he began the publication of "The Southern
Review," which became the recognized organ of
the Methodist Episcopal Church South. Later
he became a minister of the Methodist Church.
He gained considerable reputation for eloquence
during his residence in Illinois, and was tlie
author of a number of works on religious and
political subjects, the latter maintaining the
right of secession; was a man of recognized
ability, but lacked stability of character. Died
at Ale.xandria, Va., Dec. 8. 1877.

BLODGETT, Henry Williams, jurist, was born
at Amherst, Mass., in 1831. At the age of 10
years he removed with his parents to Illinois,
where he attended the district schools, later
returning to Amherst to spend a year at the
Academy. Returning home, he spent the years
1839-42 in teaching and survej'ing. In 1842 he
began the study of law at Cliicago, being
admitted to the bar in 1845, and beginning prac-
tice at Waukegan, III, where he has continued
to reside. In 1853 he was elected to the lower
house of the Legislature from Lake County, as
an anti-slavery candidate, and, in 1858, to the
State Senate, in the latter serving four years.
He gained distinction as a railroad solicitor, being
employed at different times by the Chicago &
Nortliwestern, the Cliicago, Milwaukee & St.

Paul, the Michigan Southern and the Pittsburg
& Fort Wayne Companies. Of the second naoned
road lie was one of the projectors, procuring its
charter, and being identified with it in the sev-
eral capacities of Attorney, Director and Presi-
dent. In 1870 President Grant appointed him
Judge of the United States District Court for the
Northern District of Illinois. This jxisition he
continued to occu])y for twenty-two years, resign-
ing it in 1892 to accept an appointment by Presi-
dent Cleveland as one of the counsel for tlie
United States before the Behring Sea Arbitrators
at Paris, wliicli was his last official service.

BLOOML\(iDALE, a vilUvge of Du Page County,
30 miles west by north from Chicago. Population
(1880), 326; {1S90), 463; (1900), 335.

BLOOMINGTON, the county -seat of McLean
County, a flourishing city and railroad renter, 69
miles northeast of Springfield ; is in a rich agri-
cultural and coal-mining district. Besides car
shops and repair works employing some 2,000
hands, there are manufactories of stoves, fur-
naces, plows, flour, etc. Nurseries are numerous
in the vicinity and horse breeding receives much
attention. The city is the seat of Illinois Wes-
leyan University, has fine public schools, several
newspapers (two published daily), besides educa-
tional and other publications. The business sec-
tion suffered a disastrous fire in 1900, but has been
rebuilt more substantially than before. The prin-
ci])al streets are [Jitved and electric street cars con-
nect with Normal (two miles distant), the site of
the "State Normal University" and "Soldiers' Or-
phans' Home. " Pop. (1890). 20,284 ; (1900), 23.286.

BL00MI\(;T0> COWEXTION OF ISoB.
Althougli not formally called as sucli, this was
the first Republican State Convention held in
Illinois, out of wliicli grew a permanent Repub-
lican organization in the State. A mass conven-
tion of those opposed to the repeal of the Missouri
Compromise (known as an "Anti-Nebraska
Convention") was held at Springfield during the
week of the State Fair of 18.54 (on Oct. 4 and 5),
and, althougli it adopted a platform in harmony
with the i)rinciples which afterwards became the
foundation of the Republican party, and appointed
a State Central Committee, besides putting in
nomination a candidate for State Treasurer— the
only State officer elected that year — the organi-
zation was not perpetuated, the State Central
Committee failing to organize. The BkMjmington
Convention of 18.56 met in accordance with a call
issued by a State Central Committee appointed
by the Convention of Anti-Nebraska editors held
at Decatur on February 32, 1856. (See Anti^^eb-

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

raska Editorial Convention.) The call did not
even contain the word "Republican," but was
addressed to those opposed to the principles of
the Nebraska Bill and the policy of the existing
Democratic administration. The Convention
met on May 29, 185(5, the date designated by the
Editorial Convention at Decatur, but was rather
in the nature of a mass than a delegate conven-
tion, as party organizations existed in few coun-
ties of the State at that time. Consequently
representation was very unequal and followed no
systematic rule. Out of one hundred counties
into which the State was then divided, only
seventy were represented by delegates, ranging
from one to twenty-flve each, leaving thirty
counties (embracing nearly the whole of the
southern part of the State) entirely unrepre-
sented. Lee County had the largest representa-
tion (twenty-five), Morgan County (the home of
Richard Yates) coming next with twenty dele-
gates, while Cook County had seventeen and
Sangamon had five. The whole number of
delegates, as shown by the contemporaneous
record, was 269. Among the leading spirits in
the Convention were Abraham Lincoln, Archi-
bald Williams, O. H. Browning, Richard Yates,
John M. Palmer, Owen Lovejoy, Norman B.
Judd, Burton C. Cook and others who afterwards
became prominent in State politics. The delega-
tion from Cook County included the names of
John Wentworth, Grant Goodrich, George
Schneider, Mark Skinner, Charles H. Ray and
Charles L. Wilson. The temporary organization
was effected with Archibald Williams of Adams
County in the chair, followed by the election of
John M. Palmer of Macoupin, as Permanent
President. The other officers were: Vice-Presi-
dents — John A. Davis of Stephenson; William
Ross of Pike; James McKee of Cook; John H.
Bryant of Bureau; A. C. Harding of Warren;
Richard Yates of Morgan; Dr. H. C. Johns of
Macon; D. L. Phillips of Union; George Smith
of Madison; Thomas A. Marshall of Coles; J. M.
Ruggles of Mason ; G. D. A. Parks of Will, and John
Clark of Schuyler. Secretaries — Henry S. Baker
of Madison; Charles L. Wilson of Cook; John
Tillson of Adams; Washington Bushnell of La
Salle, and B. J. F. Hanna of Randolph. A State
ticket was put in nomination consisting of
William H. Bissell for Governor (by acclama-
tion) ; Francis A. Hoffman of Du Page County,
for Lieutenant-Governor; Ozias M. Hatch of
Pike, for Secretary of State ; Jesse K. Dubois of
Lawrence, for Auditor; James Miller of McLean,
for Treasurer, and William H. Powell of Peoria,

for Superintendent of Public In.struction. Hoff-
man, having been found ineligible by lack of resi-
dence after the date of naturalization, withdrew,
and his place was subsequently filled by the
nomination of John Wood of Quincy. The plat-
form adopted was outspoken in its pledges of
unswerving loyalty to the Union and opposition
to the extension of slavery into new territory. A
delegation was appointed to the National Con-
vention to be held in Philadelphia on June 17,
following, and a State Central Committee was
named to conduct the State campaign, consisting
of James C. Conkling of Sangamon County;
Asahel Gridley of McLean; Burton C. Cook of
La Salle, and Charles H. Ray and Norman B.
Judd of Cook. The principal speakers of the
occasion, before the convention or in popular
meetings held while the members were present in
Bloomington, included the names of O. H. Brown-
ing, Owen Lovejoy, Abraham Lincoln, Burton
C. Cook, Richard Yates, the venerable John
Dixon, founder of the city bearing his name, and
Governor Reeder of Pennsylvania, who had been
Territorial Governor of Kansas by appointment
of President Pierce, but had refused to carry out
the policy of the administration for making
Kansas a slave State. None of the speeches
were fully reported, but that of Mr. Lincoln has
been universally regarded by those who heard it
as the gem of the occasion and the most brilliant
of his life, foreshadowing his celebrated "house-
divided-against-itself" speech of June 17, 1858.
John L. Scripps, editor of "The Chicago Demo-
cratic Press," writing of it, at the time, to his
paper, said: "Never has it been our fortune to
listen to a more eloquent and masterly presenta-
tion of a subject. . . . For an hour and a half he
(Mr. Lincoln) held the assemblage spellbound by
the power of his argument, the intense irony of
his invective, and the deep earnestness and fervid
brilliancy of his eloquence. When he concluded,
the audience sprang to their feet and cheer after
cheer told how deeply their hearts liad teen
touched and their souls warmed up to a generous
entliusiasm." At the election, in November
following, although the Democratic candidate
for President carried the State by a plurality of
over 9,000 votes, the entire State ticket put in
nomination at Bloomington was successfid by
majorities ranging from 3,000 to 20,000 for the
several candidates.

BLUE ISLAND, a village of Cook County, on
the Calumet River and the Chicago, Rock Island
& Pacific, the Chicago & Grand Trunk and
the Illinois Central Railways, 15 miles .south of

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

Chicago. It has a liigh scliool, clmrches and two
newspapers, besides brick, smelting and oil works.
Population (1890). 3.521; (1900), 6,114.

BLUE ISL.VND RAILROAD, a short line 3.96
miles in length, lying wholly within Illinois;
capital stock §35,000; operated by the Illinois
Central Railroad Company. Its funded debt
(1895) was $100,000 and its floating debt, §3,779.

BLUE MOUND, a town of Macon County, on
the Wabash Railway, 14 miles southeast of De-
catur; in rich grain and live-stock region; has
three grain elevators, two banks, tile factory and
one newspaper. Pop. (1890), 696; (1900), 714.

BLUFFS, a village of Scott County, at the
junction of the Quincy and Hannibal branches of
the Wabash Railway, 52 miles west of Spring-
field; has a bank and a newspaper. Population
(1880), 162; (1890). 421; (1900), 539.

BOAL, Robert, M.D., physician and legis-
lator, born near Harrisburg, Pa,, in 1806; was
brought by his parents to Ohio when fi\Te years
old and educated at Cincinnati, graduating from
the Ohio Medical College in 1828; settled at
Lacon, III., in 1836, practicing there until 1862,
when, having been appointed Surgeon of the
Board of Enrollment for that District, he re-
moved to Peoria. Other public positions held by
Dr. Boal have been those of Senator in the
Fourteenth and Fifteenth General Assemblies
(1844-48), Representative in the Nineteenth and
Twentieth (1854-58), and Trustee of the Institu-
tion for the Deaf and Dumb at Jacksonville,
remaining in the latter position seventeen years
under the successive administrations of Gov-
ernors Bi.ssell, Yates, Oglesby, Palmer and Bever-
idge — the last five years of his service being
President of the Board. He was also President
of the State Jledical Board in 1882. Dr. Boal
continued to practice at Peoria until about 1890,
when he retired, and, in 1893, returned to Lacon
to reside with his daughter, the widow of the
late Colonel Greenbury L. Fort, for eight years
Representative in Congress from the Eighth
Di.strict.

BOARD OF ARBITRATION, a Bureau of the
State Government, created by an act of the Legis-
lature, approved August 2, 1895. It is appointed
by the E.xecutive and is composed of three mem-
bers (not more than two of wliom can belong to
the same political party), one of whom must be
an employer of labor and one a member of some
labor organization. The term of oflSce for the
members first named was fixed at two years;
after March 1, 1897, it is to be three years, one
member retiring annually. A compensation of

•§1,500 per annum is allowed to each member of
the Board, while the Secretary, who must also be
a stenographer, receives a salary of §1,200 per
annum. When a controversj' arises between an
individual, firm or corporation employing not less
than twenty-five per.sons, and his or its employes,
application may be made by the aggrieved
party to the Board for an inquiry into the
nature of the disagreement, or both parties may
unite in the submission of a case. The Board is
required to visit the locality, carefully investi-
gate the cause of the dispute and render a deci-
cion as soon as practicable, the same to be at once
made public. If the application be filed by the
employer, it must be accompanied by a stipula-
tion to continue in business, and order no lock-out
for the space of three weeks after its date. In
like manner, complaining employes must promise
to continue peacefully at work, under existing
conditions, for a like period. The Board is
granted power to send for persons and papers and
to admini.ster oaths to witnes.ses. Its decisions
are binding upon applicants for six months after
rendition, or until either party shall have given
the other sixty days' notice in writing of his or
their intention not to be bound thereby. In case
tlie Board shall learn that a disagreement exists
between employes and an employer having less
than twenty-five persons in his employ, and that
a strike or lock-out is serioiLsly threatened, it is
made the duty of the body to put it-self into
communication with both employer and employes
and endeavor to effect an amicable settlement
between them by mediation. The absence of any
provision in the law prescribing jjenalties for its
violation leaves the observance of the law, in its
present form, dependent upon the voluntary
action of the parties interested.

BOARD OF EQUALIZATION, a body organ-
ized under act of the General Assembly, approved
March 8, 1867. It first consisted of twenty-five
members, one from each Senatorial District.
The first Board was appointed by the Governor,
holding office two years, afterwards becoming
elective for a term of four years. In 1872 the
law was amended, reducing the number of mem-
bers to one for each Congressional District, the
whole number at that time becoming nineteen,
with the Auditor as a member ex-officio, who
usually presides. From 1884 to 1897 it consisted
of twenty elective members, but, in 1897, it was
increased to twenty-two. The Board meets
annually on the second Tuesday of Aagu.st. The
abstracts of the property assessed for taxation in
the several counties of the State ara laid before

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

it for examination and equalization, but it may
not reduce the aggi'egate valuation nor increase
it more than one per cent. Its powers over the
returns of the assessors do not extend beyond
equalization of assessments between counties.
The Board is required to consider the various
classes of property separately, and determine
such rates of addition to or deduction from the
listed, or assessed, valuation of each class as it
may deem equitable and just. The statutes pre-
scribe rules for determining the value of all the
classes of property enumerated — personal, real,
railroad, telegraph, etc. The valuation of the
capital stock of railroads, telegraph and other
corporations (except newspapers) is fixed by the
Board. Its consideration having been completed,
the Board is required to summarize the results of
its labors in a comparative table, which must be
again examined, compared and perfected.
Reports of each annual meeting, with the results
reached, are printed at the expense of the State
and distributed as are other public documents.
The present Board (1897-1901) consists by dis-
tricts of (1) George F. McKnight, (3) John J.
McKenna, (3) Solomon Simon, (4) Andrew Mc-
Ansh, (.')) Albert Oberndorf, (6) Henry Severin,
(7) Edward S. Taylor, (8) Theodore S. Rogers,
(9) Charles A. Works, (10) Thomas P. Pierce, (11)
Samuel M. Barnes, (12) Frank P. Martin, (13)
Frank K. Robeson, (14) W. O. Cadwallader, (15)
J. S. Cruttenden, (16) H. D. Hirshheimer, (17)
Thomas N. Leavitt, (18) Joseph F. Long, (19)
Richard Cadle, (20) Charles Emerson, (21) John
W. Larimer, (22) William A. Wall, besides the
Auditor of Public Accounts as ex-officio member
— the District members being divided politically
in the proportion of eighteen Republicans to four
Democrats.

BOARD OF PUBLIC CHARITIES, a State
Bureau, created by act of the Legislature in
1869, upon the recommendation of Governor
Oglesby. The act creating the Board gives the
Commissioners supervisory oversight of the
financial and administrative conduct of all the
charitable and correctional institutions of the
State, with the exception of the penitentiaries,
and they are especially charged with looking
after and caring for the condition of the paupers
and the insane. As originally constituted the
Board consisted of five male members who em-
ployed a Secretary. Later provision was made
for the appointment of a female Commissioner.
The office is not elective. The Board has always
carefully scrutinized the accounts of the various
State charitable institutions, and, under its man-

agement, no charge of peculation against any
otficial connected with the same has ever been
substantiated ; there have been no scandals, and
only one or two isolated charges of cruelty to
inmates. Its supervi.sion of tlie county jails and
almshouses has been careful and conscientious,
and has resulted in benefit alike to the tax-payers
and the inmates. Tlie Board, at the close of the
year 1898, consisted of the following five mem-
bers, their terms ending as indicated in paren-
thesis: J. C. Corbus (1898), R. D. Lawrence
(1899), Julia C. Lathrop (1900), William J. Cal-
houn (1901), Ephraim Banning (1902). J. C. Cor-
bus was President and Frederick H. Wines.
Secretary.

BOtfABDUS, Charles, legislator, was born
in Cayuga County, N. Y., March 28, 1841, and
left an orphan at six years of age ; was educated
in the common schools, began working in a store
at 12, and, in 1862, enlisted in the One Hundred
and Fifty-first New York Infantry, being elected
First Lieutenant, and retiring from the service
as Lieutenant-Colonel "for gallant and meritori-
ous service" before Petersburg. While in the
service he participated in some of the most
important battles in Virginia, and was once
wounded and once captured. In 1872 he located
in Ford County, 111., where he has been a success-
ful operator in real estate. He has been twice
elected to the House of Representatives (1884 and
'86) and three times to the State Senate (1888,
'92 and '96), and has served on the most important
committees in each house, and has proved him-
self one of the most useful members. At tlie
session of 1895 he was chosen President pro tern.
of the Senate.

BOGGS, Carroll C, Justice of the Supreme
Court, was born in Fairfield, Wayne County,
III., Oct. 19, 1844, and still resides in his native
town; has held the offices of State's Attorney,
County Judge of Wayne County, and Judge of
the Circuit Court for the Second Judicial Circuit,
being assigned also to Appellate Court duty. In
June. 1897, Judge Boggs was elected a Justice of
the Supreme Court to succeed Judge David J.
Baker, his term to continue until 1906.

BOLTWOOD, Henry L., the son of WiUiam
and Electa (Stetson) Boltwood, was born at Am-
herst, Mass., Jan. 17, 1831; fitted for college at
Amherst Academy and graduated from Amherst
College in 1853. While in college he taught
school every winter, commencing on a salary of
S4 per week and "boarding round" among the
scholars. After graduating he taught in acad-
emies at Limerick, Me., and at Pembroke and

IILSTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

Derry, N. H., and in the high school at Law-
rence, Mass. ; also served as School Commissioner
for Rockingham County, N. H. In 1864 lie went
into the service of the Sanitary Commission in
the Department of the Gulf, remaining until the
close of the war ; was also ordained Chaplain of a
colored regiment, but was not regularly mustered
in. After the close of the war he was employed
as Superintendent of Schools at Griggsville, 111.,
for two years, and, while there, in 1867, organ-
ized the first township high school ever organized
in the State, where he remained eleven years. He
afterwards organized the township high school at
Ottawa, remaining there five years, after which,
in 1883, he organized and took charge of the
township high school at Evanston, where he has
since been employed in his profession as a teacher.
Professor Boltwood has been a member of the State
Board of Education and has served as President
of the State Teachers' A.ssociation. As a teacher
he has given special attention to English language
and literature, and to history, being the author
of an English Grammar, a High School Speller
and "Topical Outlines of General History,"
liesides many contributions to eilncational jour-
nals. He has done a great deal of institute work,
both in Illinois and Iowa, and has been known
somewhat as a tariff reformer.

BOND, Lester L., lawyer, was born at Raven-
na, Ohio, Oct. 27, 1829; educated in the common
schools and at an academy, meanwhile laboring
in local factories; studied law and was admitted
to the bar in 18.'>3, the following year coming to
Chicago, where he has given his attention chiefly
to practice in connection with patent laws. Mr.
Bond .served several terms in the Cliicago City
Council, was Republican Presidential Elector in
18G8, and served two terms in the General Assem-
bly— 1866-70.

BOND, Shadrach, first Territorial Delegate in
Congress from Illinois and first Governor of the
State, was born in Maryland, and, after being
liberally educated, removed to Kaskaskia while
Illinois was a part of the Northwest Territory.
He served as a member of the first Territorial
Legislature (of Indiana Territory) and was the
first Delegate from the Territory of Illinois in
Congress, serving from 1812 to 1814. In the
latter year he was appointed Receiver of Public
Moneys; he also held a commission as Captain in
the War of 1812. On the admission of the State,
in 1818, he was elected Governor, and occupied
the executive chair until 1822. Died at Kaskas-
kia, April 13, 1832.— Shadrach Bond, Sr., an uncle
of the preceding, came to Illinois in 1781 and was

elected Delegate from St. Clair County (then
comprehending all Illinois) to the Territorial
Legislature of Northwest Territory, in 1799, and,
in 1804, to the Legislative Council of the newly
organized Territory of Indiana.

BOND COUNTY, a small county lying north-
east from St. Louis, liaving an area of 380 square
miles and a population 1000) of 10,078. The
first American settlers located here in 1807, com-
ing from the South, and building Hill's and
Jones's forts for protection from the Indians.
Settlement was slow, in 1816 there being scarcelj'
twenty-five log cabins in the county. The
county seat is Greenville, where the first cabin
was erected in 181.5 by George Davidson. The
county was organized in 1818, and named in
honor of Gov. Shadrach Bond. Its original
limits included the present comities of Clinton,
Fayette and Montgomery. The first court was
held at Perryville, and, in May, 1817, Judge
Jesse B. Thomas presided over the first Circuit
Court at Hill's Station. The first court house
was erected at Greenville in 1822. The county
contains good timber and farming lands, and at
some points, coal is found near the surface.

BONNEY, Charles Carroll, lawyer and re-
former, was born in Hamilton, N. Y., Sept. 4,
1831 ; eilucated at Hamilton Academy and settled
in Peoria, 111., in 18.50, where he pursued the
avocation of a teacher wliile studying law; was
admitted to the bar in 18.52, but removed to Chi-
cago in 1860, where he has since been engaged in
practice; served as President of the National
Law and Order League in New York in 1885,
being repeatedly re-elected, and has also been
President of the Illinois State Bar Association, as
well as a member of the Anierican Bar Associa-
tion. Among the reforms which he has advo-
cated are constitutional prohibition of special
legislation ; an extension of equity practice to
bankruptcy and other law proceedings; civil serv-
ice pensions; State Boards of labor and capital,
etc. He has also published some treatises in book
form, chiefly on legal questions, besides editing
a volume of "Poems by Alfred W. Arrington,
with a sketch of his Character" (1869.) As Presi-
dent of the World's ('ongresses Auxiliary, in 1893,
Mr. Bonney contributed largely to the success of
that very interesting and important feature of
the great Columbian Exposition in Chicago.

BOONE, Levi D., M. D., early physician, was
born near Lexington, Ky., December, 1808 — a
descendant of the celebrated Daniel Boone; re-
ceived the degree of M. D. from Transylvania
University and came to Edwardsville, 111., at an

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

early day, afterwards locating at Hillsboro and
taking part in the Black Hawk War as Captain of
a cavalry company; came to Chicago in 1836 and
engaged in the insurance business, later resuming
the practice of his profession; served several
terms as Alderman and was elected Mayor in
18.55 by a combination of temperance men and
Know- Nothings; acquired a large property by
operations in real estate. Died, February,
1883

BOOIVE COUNTY, the smallest of the "north-
ern tier" of counties, having an area of only 290
square miles, and a population (lUOO) of 15,791.
Its surface is chiefly rolling prairie, and the
principal products are oats and corn. The earli-
est settlers came from New York and New Eng-
land, and among them were included Medkiff,
Dunham, Caswell, Cline, Towner, Doty and
Whitney. Later (after the Pottawattomies had
evacuated the country), came the Shattuck
brothers, Maria Hollenbeck and Mrs. Bullard,
Oliver Hale, Nathaniel Crosby, Dr. Whiting, H.
C. Walker, and the Neeley and Mahoney families.
Boone County was cut off from Winnebago, and
organized in 1837. being named in honor of Ken-
tucky's pioneer. The first frame house in the
county was erected by S. F. Doty and stood for
fifty years in the village of Belvidere on the north
side of the Kishwaukee River. The county-seat
(Belvidere) was platted in 1837, and an academy
built soon after. The first Protestant church
was a Baptist society under the pastorate of Rev.
Dr. King.

BOURBONjVAIS, a village of Kankakee County,
on the Illinois Central Railroad, 5 miles north of
Kankakee. Population (1890), 510; (l'J(MI). .595.

BOUTELL, Henry Sherman, lawyer and Con-
gressman, was born in Boston, Mass., March 14,
1856, graduated from the Northwestern Univer-
sity at Evanston, 111., in 1874, and from Harvard
in 1876; was admitted to the bar in Illinois in
1879, and to that of the Supreme Court of the
United States in 188.5. In 1884 Mr. Boutell was
elected to the lower branch of the Thirty-fourth
General Assembly and was one of the "103" who,
in the long struggle during the following session,
participated in the election of Gen. John A.
Logan to the United States Senate for the last
time. At a special election held in the Sixth
Illinois District in November, 1897, he was
elected Representative in Congress to fill the
vacancy caused by the sudden death of his pred-
ecessor. Congressman Edward D. Cooke, and at
the regular election of 1898 was re-elected to the
same position, receiving a plurality of 1,116 over

his Democratic competitor and a majority of 719
over all.

BOUTON, Nathaniel fS., manufacturer, was
born in Concord, N, H., May 14, 18'38; in his
youth farmed and taught school in Connecticut,
but in 1852 came to Chicago and was employed
in a foundry firm, of which he soon afterwards
became a partner, in tlie manufacture of car-
wheels and railway castings. Later he became
associated with the American Bridge Company's
works, which was sold to the Illinois Central
Railroad Company in 1857, when he bought the
Union Car Works, which he operated until 1863.
He then became the head of the Union Foundry
Works, which liaving been consolidated with
the Pullman Car Works in 1886, he retired,
organizing the Bouton Foundry Company. Mr.
Bouton is a Republican, was Commissioner of
Public Works for the city of Chicago two terms
before the Civil War, and served as Assistant
Quartermaster in the Eiglity-eighth Illinois
Infantry (Second Board of Trade Regiment)
from 1863 until after the battle of Chickamauga.

BOYD, Thomas A., was born in Adams County,
Pa., June 35. 1830, and graduated at Marshall
College, Mercersburg, Pa., at the age of 18;
studied law at Chambersburg and was admitted
to the bar at Bedford in his native State, where
he practiced until 1856, when he removed to Illi-
nois. In 1861 lie abandoned his practice to enlist
in the Seventeenth Illinois Infantry, in which he
held the position of Captain. At the close of the
war he returned to his home at Levvistown, and
in 1866, was elected State Senator and re-elected
at the expiration of his term in 1870, serving in
the Twenty-fifth, Twenty-sixth and Twenty-
seventh General Assemblies. He was also a
Republican Representative from his District in
the Forty-fifth and Forty-sixth Congresses
(1877-81). Died, at Lewistown, May 28, 1897.

BRACEVILLE, a town in Grundy County, 61
miles by rail southwest of Chicago. Coal mining
is the principal industry. The town has two
banks, two churches and good public schools.
Population (1890), 3,150; (1900), 1,669.

BRADFORD, village of Stark County, on Buda
and Rusliville brancli Chicago, Burlington &
Quincy Railway; is in excellent farming region
and has large grain and live-stock trade, excel-
lent high school building, fine churches, good
hotels and one newspaper. Pop. (1900), 773.

BRADSBY, William H., pioneer and Judge,
was born in Bedford County, Va., July 13, 1787.
He removed to Illinois early in life, and was the
first postmaster in Washington County (at Cov-

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

ington), the first school-teacher and the first
Circuit and County Clerk and Recorder. At the
time of his death he was Probate and County
Judge. Besides being Clerk of all the courts, he
was virtually County Treasurer, as he had cus-
tody of all the county's money. For several
years he was also Deputy United States Surveyor,
and in that capacity surveyed much of tlie south
part of the State, as far east as Wayne and Clay
Counties. Died at Nashville, 111 , August 21,
1839.

BRADWELL, James Bolesworth, lawyer and
editor, was born at Loughborough, England, April
16, 1828, and brought to America in infancy, his
parents locating in 1829 or '30 at Utica, N. Y. In
1833 they emigrated to Jacksonville, 111., but the
following year removed to Wheeling, Cook
County, settling on a farm, where the younger
Bradwell received his first lessons in breaking
prairie, splitting rails and tilling the soil. His
first schooling was obtained in a country log-
school-house, but, later, he attended the Wilson
Academy in Chicago, where he had Judge Lo-
renzo Sawyer for an instructor. He also took a
course in Knox College at Galesburg, then a
manual-labor school, supporting himself by work-
ing in a wagon and plow shop, sawing wood,
etc. In May, 1853, he was married to Miss Myra
Colby, a teacher, with whom he went to Mem-
phis, Tenn., the same year, where the}- engaged
in teaching a select school, the subject of this
sketch meanwhile devoting some attention to
reading law. He was admitted to the bar there,
but after a stay of less than two years in Mem-
phis, returned to Chicago and began practice.
In 1861 he was elected County Judge of Cook
County, and reelected four years later, but
declined a re-election in 1869. The first half of
his term occurring during the progress of the
Civil War, he had the opportunity of rendering
some vigorous decisions which won for him the
reputation of a man of courage and inflexible
independence, as well as an incorruptible cham-
pion of justice. In 1872 lie was elected to the
lower branch of the Twentj-eighth General
Assembly from Cook County, and re-elected in
1874. He was again a candidate in 1882, and by
many believed to have been honestly elected,
though his opponent received the certificate. He
made a contest for the seat, and the majority of
the Committee on Elections reported in his
favor; but he was defeated through the treach-
ery and suspected corrujition of a professed polit-
ical friend. He is the author of the law making
women eligible to school offices in Illinois and

allowing them to become Notaries Public, and
has always been a champion for equal rights for
women in the professions and as citizens. He
was a Second Lieutenant of the One Hundred and
Fifth Regiment, Illinois Militia, in 1848; presided
over the American Woman's Suffrage Associa-
tion at its organization in Cleveland ; has been
President of the Chicago Press Club, of the Chi-
cago Bar Association, and, for a number of years,
the Historian of the latter; one of the founders
and President of the Union League Club, besides
being associated with many other social and
business organizations. At present (1899) he is
editor of "The Chicago Legal News," founded by
his wife thirty years ago, and with which he has
been identified in a bu-siness caj^acity from its
establishment. — Myra Colby (Bradwell), thew^ife
of Judge Bradwell, was born at Manchester, Vt.,
Feb. 12, 1831 — being descended on her mother's
side from the Chase family to which Bishop
Philander Chase and .Salmon P. Cha.se, the latter
Secretary of the Treasury and Chief Justice of
the Supreme Court by appointment of Abraham
Lincoln, belonged. In infancy she was brought
to Portage, N. Y., where she remained until she
was twelve years of age, when her family re-
moved west. She attended school in Kenosha,
Wis., and a seminary at Elgin, afterwards being
engaged in teaching. On May 18, 18.^2, she was
married to Judge Bradwell, almost immediately
going to Memphis, Tenn., where, with the assist-
ance of her husband, she conducted a select school
for some time, also teaching in the public schools,
when they returned to Chicago. In the early
part of the Civil War she took a deep interest in
the welfare of the soldiers in the field and their
families at home, becoming President of the
Soldiers' Aid Society, and was a leading spirit in
the Sanitary Fairs held in Chicago in 1863 and in
1865. After the war she commenced the study
of law and, in 1868, began the pubUcation of
"The Cliicago Legal News," with which she re-
mained identified until her death — also publishing
biennially an edition of the session laws after
each session of the General Assembly. After
passing a most creditable examination, applica-
tion was made for her admission to tlie bar in
1871, but denied in an elaborate decision rendered
by Judge C. B. Lawrence of the Supreme Court
of the State, on the sole ground of sex, as
was also done by the Supreme Court of the
United States in 1873, on the latter occasion
Chief Justice Chase dissenting. She was finally
admitted to the bar on March 28, 1892, and was
the first lady member of the State Bar Associ-

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

ation. Other organizations with wliich she was
identified embraced tlie Illinois State Press
Association, the Board of Managers of the Sol-
diers' Home (in war time), the "Illinois Industrial
School for Girls" at Evanston, the Washingtonian
Home, the Board of Lady Managers of the
World's Columbian Exposition, and Chairman of
the Woman's Committee on Jurisprudence of the
World's Congress Auxiliary of 1893. Although
much before the public during the latter years of
her life, she never lost the refinement and gi-aces
which belong to a true woman. Died, at her
home in Chicago, Feb. 14, 1894.

BRAIDWOOD, a city in Will County, incorpo-
rated in 18C0; is 58 miles from Chicago, on the
Chicago & Alton Railroad; an important coal-
mining point, and in the heart of a rich
agricultural region. It has a bank and a weekly
newspaper. Population (1890), 4,641 ; (1900), 3.279.

BRANSON, Nathaniel W., lawyer, was born in
Jacksonville, 111., May 29, 1837; was educated in
the private and public schools of that city and at
Illinois College, graduating from the latter in
1857 ; studied law with David A. Smith, a promi-
nent and able lawyer of Jacksonville, and was
admitted to the bar in January, 1800, soon after
establishing himself in practice at Petersburg,
Menard County, where he has ever since resided.
In 1867 Mr. Branson was appointed Register in
Bankruptcy for the Springfield District — a po-
sition which he held thirteen years. He was also
elected Representative in the General Assembly
in 1872, by re-election in 1874 serving four years
in the stormy Twenty-eighth and Twenty -ninth
General Assemblies ; was a Delegate from Illinois
to the National Republican Convention of 1876,
and served for several years most efficiently as a
Trustee of the State Institution for the Blind at
Jacksonville, part of the time as President of the
Board. Politically a conservative Republican,
and in no sense an office-seeker, the official po-
sitions which he has occupied have come to him
unsought and in recognition of his fitness and
capacity for the proper di.scharge of their duties.

ItRAYMAN, Mason, lawyer and soldier, was
born in Buffalo, N. Y., May 23, 1813; brought up
as a farmer, became a printer and edited "The
Buffalo Bulletin," 1834-35; studied law and was
admitted to the bar in 1836; removed west in
1837, was City Attorney of Monroe, Mich., in 1838
and became editor of "The Louisville Adver-
tiser" in 1841. In 1842 he opened a law office in
Springfield, 111., and the following year was
appointed by Governor Ford a commissioner to
adjust the Mormon troubles, in which capacity

he rendered valuable service. In 1844-45 he was
appointed to revise the statutes of the State.
Later he devoted much attention to railroad
enterprises, being attorney of the Illinois Central
Railroad, 1851-55; then projected the construc-
tion of a railroad from Bird's Point, ojiposite
Cairo, into Arkansas, which was partially com-
pleted before the war, and almost wholly de-
stroyed during that period. In 1861 he entered
tlie service as Major of the Twenty-ninth Illinois
Volunteers, taking part in a number of the e;irly
battles, including Fort Donelson and Shiloh;
was promoted to a colonelcy for meritorious con-
duct at the latter, and for a time served as
Adjutant-General on the staff of General McCler-
nand; was promoted Brigadier-General in Sep-
tember, 1862, at the close of the war receiving
the brevet rank of Major-General. After the
close of the war he devoted considerable atten-
tion to reviving his railroad enterprises in the
Soutli; edited "The Illinois State Journal,"
1872 73; removed to Wisconsin and was ap-
pointed Governor of Idaho in 1876, serving four
years, after which he returned to Ripon, Wis.
Died, in Kansas City, Feb. 27, 1895.

BREESE, a village in Clinton County, on
Baltimore & Ohio S. W. RaiKva}', 39 miles east of
St. Louis ; has coal mines, water system, bank and
weekly newspaper. Pop. (1890), 808, (1900), 1,571.

BREESE. Sidney, statesman and jurist, was
born at Whitesboro, N Y., (according to the
generally accepted authority) July 15, 1800.
Owing to a certain sensitiveness about his age in
his later years, it has been exceedingly difficult
to secure authentic data on the subject ; but his
arrival at Kaskaskia in 1818, after graduating at
Union College, and his admission to the bar in
1820, have induced many to believe that the date
of his birth should be placed somewhat earlier.
He was related to some of the most prominent
families in New York, including the Livingstons
and the Morses, and, after his arrival at Kaskas-
kia, began the study of law with his friend Elias
Kent Kane, afterwards United States Senator.
Meanwhile, having served as Postmaster at Kas-
kaskia, he became Assistant Secretary of State,
and, in December, 1820, superintended the re-
moval of the archives of that office to 'Vandalia,
the new State capital. Later he was appointed
Prosecuting Attorney, serving in that position
from 1822 till 1827, when he became United
States District Attorney for Illinois. He was
the first official reporter of the Supreme Court,
i.ssuing its first volume of decisions; served as
Lieutenant-Colonel of volunteers during the

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

Black Hawk "War (1832); in 1835 was elected to
the circuit bench, and, in 1841, was advanced to
the Supreme bench, serving less than two years,
when he resigned to accept a seat in the United
States Senate, to wliich he was elected in 1843 as
the successor of Richard M. Young, defeating
Stephen A. Douglas in the first race of the latter
for the office. While in the Senate (1843-49) he
served as Chairman of the Committee on Public
Lands, and was one of the first to suggest the
construction of a transcontinental railway to the
Pacific. He was also one of the originators and
active promoters in Congress of the Illinois Cen-
tral Railroad enterprise. He was Speaker of the
Illinois House of Representatives in 18.51 , again
became Circuit Judge in 1855 and returned to
the Supreme bench in 1857 and served more than
one term as Chief Justice, the last being in
1873-74. His home during most of his public life
in Illinois was at Carlyle. His death occurred
at Pinckneyville, June 28, 1878.

BRENTANO, Lorenzo, was bom at Mannheim,
in the Grand Duchy of Baden, Germany, Nov.
14, 1813; was educated at the Universities of
Heidelberg and Freiburg, receiving the degree of
LL.D., and attaining high honors, both profes-
sional and political. He was successively a
member of the Baden Chamber of Deputies and
of the Frankfort Parliament, and always a leader
of the revolutionist party. In 1849 he became
President of the Provisional Republican Gov-
ernment of Baden, but was, before long, forced
to find an asylum in the United States. He first
settled in Kalamazoo Count)-, Mich., as a farmer,
but, in 1859, removed to Chicago, where he was
admitted to the Illinois bar, but soon entered the
field of journalism, becoming editor and part
proprietor of "The Illinois Staats Zeitung." He
held various public offices, being elected to the
Legislature in 1862, serving five years as Presi-
dent of the Chicago Board of Education, was a
Republican Presidential Elector in 18C8, and
United States Consul at Dresden in 1872 (a gen-
eral amnesty having been granted to the
participants in the revolution of 1848), and
Representative in Congress from 1877 to 1879.
Died, in Chicago, Sept. 17, 1891.

BRIDGEPORT, a town of Lawrence County,
on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad,
14 miles west of Vincennes, Ind. It has a bank
and one weekly paper. Population (1900), 487.

BRIDGEPORT, a former suburb (now a part of
the city) of Cliicago, located at the junction of
the Illinois & Michigan Canal with the South
Branch of the Chicago River. It is now the

center of the large slaughtering and packing
industry.

BRIDGEPORT & SOUTH CHICAGO RAIL-
WAY. (See Chicago <£• Xortliern Pacific Railruad.)

BRIGHTON, a village of Macoupin County, at
the intersection of the Chicago & Alton and the
Rock Island and St. Louis branch of the Chicago,
Burlington & Quincy Railways; coal is mined
here; lias a newspaper. Population (1880), 691;
(1890), G97; (I'JlK)), 1)00.

BRIMFIELD, a town of Peoria County, on the
Buda and Ru.sli >ille branch of the Cliicago. Bur-
lington & Quincy Railway. 38 miles south of
Buda; coal-mining and farming are the chief
industries. It has one weekly paper and a bank.
Population (1880), 832; (1890), 719; (1900J, 077.

BRISTOL, Frank Milton, clergj-man, was bom
in Orleans County, N. Y., Jan. 4, 1851; came
to Kankakee, 111., in boyhood, and having lost
his father at 12 years of age, spent the following
years in various manual occupations until about
nineteen years of age, when, having been con-
verted, he determined to devote his life to the
ministry. Tlirough the aid of a benevolent lady,
he was enabled to get two years' (1870-72) instruc-
tion at the Northwestern University, at Evans-
ton, afterwards supporting himself by preaching
at various points, meanwliile continuing his
studies at the University until 1877. After com-
pleting his course he served ;is pastor of some of
the most prominent Methodist churches in Chi-
cago, his last charge in the State being at Evans-
ton. In 1897 he was transferred to Washington
City, becoming pastor of the Metroixjlitan M. E.
Clmrch, attended by President McKinley Dr.
Bristol is an author of some repute and an orator
of recognized ability.

BROADWELL, Norman M., lawyer, was born
in Morgan County, 111., August 1, 1825; was edu-
cated in the common schools and at McKendree
and Illinois Colleges, but compelled by failing
health to leave college without graduating; spent
some time in the book business, then began the
study of medicine with a view to benefiting his
own health, but finally abandoned this and, about
1850, commenced the study of law in the oflBce of
Lincoln & Herndon at Springfield. Having been
admitted to the bar, he practiced for a time at
Pekin, but, in 1854, returned to Springfield,
where he spent the remainder of his life. In 1860
he was elected as a Democrat to the House of
Representatives from Sangamon Coimty, serving
in the Twenty second General As.sembly. Other
offices held by him included those of Coimty
Judge (1863-65) and Mayor of the city of Spring-

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

field, to wliich last position he was twice elected
(1867 and again in 1869). Judge Broad well was
one of the most genial of men, popular, high-
minded and honorable in all his dealings. Died,
in Springfield, Feb. 28, 1893.

BROOKS, John Flavel, educator, was born
in Oneida County, New York, Dec. 3, 1801;
graduated at Hamilton College, 1838; studied
three years in the theological department of Yale
College; was ordained to the Presbyterian min-
istry in 1831, and came to Illinois in the service
of the American Home Missionary Society.
After preaching at Collinsville, Belleville and
other points, Mr. Brooks, who was a member of
the celebrated "Yale Band," in 18.37 assumed the
principalship of a Teachers' Seminary at Waverly,
Morgan County, but three years later removed to
Springfield, where he established an academy for
both sexes. Although finally compelled to
abandon this, he continued teaching with some
interruptions to within a few years of his death,
which occurred in 1886. He was one of the Trus-
tees of Illinois College from its foundation up to
his death.

BROSS, William, journalist, was born in Sus-
sex County, N. J., Nov. 14, 1813, and graduated
with honors from Williams College in 1838, hav-
ing previously developed his physical strength
by much hard work upon the Delaware and
Hudson Canal, and in the lumbering trade. For
five years after graduating he was a teacher, and
settled in Chicago in 1848. Th jre he first engaged
in bookselling, but later embarked in journalism.
His first publication was "The Prairie Herald," a
religious paper, which was discontinued after
two years. In 1852, in connection with John L.
Scripps, he founded "The Democratic Press,"
which was consolidated with "The Tribune" in
1858, Mr. Bross retaining his connection with the
new concern. He was always an ardent free-
soiler, and a firm believer in the great future of
Chicago and the Northwest. He was an enthusi-
astic Republican, and, in 1856 and 1860, served as
an effective campaign orator. In 1864 he was
the successful nominee of his party for Lieuten-
ant-Governor. This was his only official position
outside of a membership in the Chicago Common
Council in 1855. As a presiding officer, he was
dignified yet affable, and his impartiality was
shown by the fact that no appeals were taken
from his decisions. After quitting public life he
devoted nuich time to literary pursuits, deliver-
ing lectures in various parts of the country.
Among his best known works are a brief "His-
tory of Chicago," "History of Camp Douglas,"

and "Tom Quick." Died, in Chicago, Jan. 27,
1890.

BROWN, Henry, lawyer and historian, was
born at Hebron, Tolland County, Conn., May 13.
1789 — the son of a commissary in the army of
General Greene of Revolutionary fame; gradu
ated at Yale College, and, when of age, removed
to New York, later studying law at Albany,
Canandaigua and Batavia, and being admitted to
the bar about 1813, when he settled down in
practice at Cooperstown; in 1816 was appointed
Judge of Herkimer County, remaining on tlie
bench until about 1824. He tlien resumed prac-
tice at Cooperstown, continuing until 1S36, wlaen
he removed to Chicago. Tlie following year he
was elected a Justice of the Peace, serving two
years, and, in 1842, became Prosecuting Attorney
of Cook County. During this period he was
engaged in writing a "History of Illinois," which
was published in New York in 1844 This was
regarded at the time as the most voluminous and
best digested work on Illinois history that had as
yet been published. In 1846, on assuming the
Presidency of tlie Chicago Lyceum, he delivered
an inaugural entitled "Chicago, Present and
Future," which is still preserved as a striking
prediction of Chicago's future greatness. Origi-
nally a Democrat, he became a Freesoiler in 1848.
Died of cholera, in Chicago, May 16, 1849.

BROWN, James B., journalist, was bom in
Gilmanton, Belknap Coimty, N. H., Sept. 1,
1833 — his father being a member of the Legisla-
ture and Selectman for his town. The son was
educated at Gilmanton Academy, after which he
studied medicine for a time, but did not gradu-
ate. In 1857 he removed West, first settling at
Dunleith, Jo Daviess County, 111., where he
became Principal of the public schools; in 1861
was elected County Superintendent of Schools
for Jo Daviess County, removing to Galena two
years later and assuming the editorship of "The
Gazette" of that city. Mr. Brown al-so served as
Postmaster of Galena for several years. Died,
Feb. 13, 1896.

BROWN, James N., agriculturist and stock-
man, was born in Fayette County, Ky., Oct. 1,
1806; came to Sangamon County, 111., in 1833,
locating at Island Grove, where he engaged
extensively in farming and stock-raising. He
served as Representative in the General Assem-
blies of 1840, '42, '46, and '52, and in the last was
instrumental in securing the incorporation of the
Illinois State Agricultural Society, of %vhich he
was chosen the first Presiilent, being reelected in
1854. He was one of the most enterprising grow-

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

ers of blooded cattle in the State and did much to
introduce them in Central Illinois ; was also an
earnest and influential advocate of scientific
education for the agricultural classes and an
efficient colaborer with Prof. J. B. Turner, of
Jacksonville, in securing the enactment by Con-
gress, in 1863, of the law granting lands for the
endowment of Industrial Colleges, out of which
grew the Illinois State University and institu-
tions of like character in other States. Died,
Nov. 16, 1868.

BROWN, William, lawyer and jurist, was born
Jime 1, 1819, in Cumberland, England, his par-
ents emigrating to this country when he was
eight years old, and settling in Western New
York. He was admitted to the bar at Rochester,
in October, 1845, and at once removed to Rock-
ford, 111., where he commenced practice. In 18.53
he was elected State's Attorney for the Four-
teenth Judicial Circuit, and, in 1857, was chosen
Mayor of Rockford. In 1870 he was elected to
the bench of the Circuit Court as successor to
Judge Sheldon, later was promoted to the Su-
preme Court, and was re-elected successivelj" in
1873, in '79 and "85. Died, at Rockford, Jan. 1.5,
1891.

BROWN, William H., lawyer and financier,
was born in Connecticut, Dec. 20, 1796; spent
his boyhood at Auburn, N. Y., studied law, and,
in 1818, came to Illinois with Samuel D. Lock-
wood (afterwards a Justice of the State Supreme
Court), descending the Ohio River to Shawnee-
town in a flat-boat. Mr. Brown visited Kaskas-
kia and was soon after appointed Clerk of the
United States District Court by Judge Nathaniel
Pope, removing, in 1820, to Vandalia, the new
State capital, where he remained until 1835. He
then removed to Chicago to accept the position of
Cashier of the Chicago branch of the State Bank
of Illinois, wliich he continued to fill for many
years. He served the city as School Agent for
thirteen years (1840-53), managing the citj-'s
school fund through a critical period with great
discretion and success. He was one of the group
of early patriots who successfully resisted the
attempt to plant slavery in Illinois in 1823-24;
was also one of the projectors of the Chicago &
Galena Union Railroad, was President of the
Chicago Historical Society for seven years and
connected with many other local enterprises.
He was an ardent personal friend of President
Lincoln and served as Representative in the
Twenty -second General Assembly (1860-62).
While making a tour of Europe he died of paraly-
sis at Amsterdam, June 17, 1867.

BROWN COUNTY, situated in the western

part of the .State, with an area of 300 square
miles, and a population (1890) of 11,951; was cut
off from Schuyler and made a separate county in
May, 1839, being named in honor of Gen. Jacob
Brown. Among the pioneer settlers were the
Vandeventers and Hambaughs, John and David
Six, William McDaniel, Jeremiah Walker,
Willis O'Neil, Harry Lester, John Ausmus and
Robert H. Curry. Tlie county-seat is Mount
Sterling, a town of no little attractiveness.
Other prosperous villages are Jlound .Station and
Ripley. The chief occupation of the i)eoi)Ie is
farming, although there is some manufacturing
of lumber and a few potteries along the Illinois
River. Population (1900), 11,557.

BROWNE, Francis Fisher, editor and author,
was born in South Halifax, Vt., Dec. 1, 1843, tlie
son of William Goldsmith Browne, wlio was a
teacher, editor and author of the song "A Hun-
dred Years to Come." In childhood he was
brought by liis parents to Western Massachusetts,
where he attended the public schools and learned
tlie printing trade in his father's newspaper
office at Cliicopee, Mass. Leaving school in 1862,
he enlisted in the Forty-sixth Regiment Massa-
chusetts Volunteers, in which he ser\'ed one
year, chiefly in North Carolina and in the jVrmy
of the Potomac. On the discharge of his regi-
ment he engaged in the study of law at Roches-
ter, N. Y., entering the law department of the
University of Michigan in 1806, but abandoning
his intenton of entering the legal profession,
removed to Chicago in 1867, where he engaged in
journalistic and literary i)ursuits. Between 1869
and '74 he was editor of "The Lakeside Monthly,"
when lie became literary editor of "The Alliance,"
but, in 1880, he established and assumed the
editor.ship of "The Dial," a purely literary pub-
lication which has gained a high reputation, and
of which he has remained in control continuously
ever since, meanwhile serving as the literary
adviser, for many years, of the well-known p»ib-
lishing house of McClurg & Co. Besides his
joirrnaUstic work, Mr. Browne has contributed
to the magazines and literary anthologies a num-
ber of short lyrics, and is the author of "The
Everyday Life of Abraham Lincoln" (1886), and
a volume of poems entitled, "Volunteer Grain"
(1893). He also compiled and edited "Golden
Poems by British and ^Vnierican Authors" (1881);
"The Golden Treasury of Poetry and Prose"
(1886), and the "Laurel Crowned"series of stand-
ard poetry (1891-92). Mr. Browne was Chairman
of the Committee of the Congress of Authors in

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

the World's Congress Auxiliary held in con-
nection with The Columbian Exposition in
1893.

BROWNE, Thomas €., early jurist, was born in
Kentucky, studied law there and, coming to
Sliawneetown in 1812, served in the lower branch
of the Second Territorial Legislature (1814-10)
and in the Council (1816-18), being the first law-
yer to enter that body. In 1815 he was appointed
Prosecuting Attorney and, on the admission of
Illinois as a State, was promoted to tlie Supreme
bench, being re-elected by joint ballot of the
Legislature in 1825, and serving continuously
until the reorganization of the Supreme Court
under the Constitution of 1848, a period of over
thirty years. Judge Browne's judicial character
and abilities have been differently estimated.
Though lacking in industry as a student, he is
represented by the late Judge Jolm D. Caton,
who knew him personally, as a close thinker and
a good judge of men. While seldom, if ever,
accustomed to argue questions in the conference
room or write out his opinions, he had a capacity
for expressing himself in short, pungent sen-
tences, which indicated that he was a man of con-
siderable ability and had clear and distinct views
f)f his own. An attempt was made to impeach
him before the Legislature of 1843 "for want of
capacity to discharge the duties of his oflHce,"
but it failed by an almost unanimous vote. He
was a Whig in politics, but had some strong sup-
porters among Democrats. In 1822 Judge Browne
was one of the four candidates for Governor— in
the final returns standing tliird on the list and, by
dividing the vote of the advocates of a pro-slavery
clause in the State Constitution, contributing to
the election of Governor Coles and the defeat of
the pro-slavery party. (See Coles, Edward, and
Slavery and Slave Laws. ) In the latter part of
his official term Judge Browne resided at Ga-
lena, but, in 1853, removed with his son-in-law,
ex-Congressman Joseph P. Hoge, to San Fran-
cisco, Cal., where he died a few years later—
probably about 1856 or 1858.

BROWNING, Orville Hickman, lawyer. United
States Senator and Attorney-General, was born
in Harrison County, Ky., in 1810. After receiv-
ing a classical education at Augusta in his native
State, he removed to Quincy, 111., and was
admitted to the bar in 1831. In 1833 he served
in the Black Hawk War, and from 1836 to 1843,
was a member of the Legislature, serving in both
houses. A personal friend and political adherent
of Abraham Lincoln, he aided in the organization
of the Repuldican party at the memorable

Bloomington Convention of 1856. As a delegate
to the Chicago Convention in 1860, he aided in
securing Mr. Lincoln's nomination, and was a
conspicuous supporter of the Government in the
Civil War, In 1861 he was appointed by Gov-
ernor Yates United States Senator to fill Senator
Douglas' unexpired term, serving until 1863, In
1866 he became Secretary of the Interior by ap-
pointment of President Jolmson, also for a time
discharging the duties of Attorney-General.
Returning to Illinois, he was elected a member of
the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, wliich
was his last participation in public affairs, his
time thereafter being devoted to his profe.ssion.
He died at his home in Quincy, 111., August 10,
1881.

BRY.VN, Silas Llllard, legislator and jmist,
liiirn in Culpepper County, Va., Nov 4, 1822; was
left an orphan at an early age, and came west in
1840, living for a time with a brother near Troy,
Mo. Tlie following year he came to Marion
County, 111., where he attended school and
worked on a farm; in 1845 entered McKendree
College, graduating in 1849, and two years later
was admitted to the bar, supporting himself
meanwhile by teaching. He settled at Salem
111., and, in 1852, was elected as a Democrat t<3
tlie State Senate, in which body he served for
eight }-ears. being re-elected in 18.56. In 1861 lie
was elected to the bench of the Second Judicial
Circuit, and again chosen in 186T, his second
term expiring in 1873. While serving as Judge,
he was also elected a Delegate to the Constitu-
tional Convention of 1869-70. He was an unsuc-
cessful candidate for Congi-ess on the Greeley
ticket in 1872. Died at Salem, March 30, 1880.—
William Jenning.s (Bryan), son of the preceding,
was born at Salem, 111., March 19, 1860. The early
life of young Bryan was spent on his fatlier's
farm, but at the age of ten years he began to
attend the public school in town ; later spent two
years in Whipple Academy, .the preparatory
department of Illinois College at Jacksonville,
and, in 1881, graduated from the college proper as
the valedictorian of his class. Then he devoted
two years to the study of law in tlie Union Law
School at Chicago, meanwhile acting as clerk and
studying in the law oflice of ex-Senator Lyman
Trumbull. Having gi-aduated in law in 1883, he
soon entered upon the practice of his profession
at Jacksonville as the partner of Judge E. P.
Kirby, a well-known lawyer and prominent
Republican of that city. Fom- years later (1887)
found him a citizen of Lincoln, Neb., which has
since been his liome. He took a prominent part

IIISTOIUCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

in the politics of Nebraska, stumping the State
for the Democratic nominees in 1888 and '89, and
in 1890 received the Democratic nomination for
Congress in a district which had been regarded
as strongly' Republican, and was elected bj' a
large majority. Again, in 1893, he was elected
by a reduced majority, but two years later
declined a renomination, though proclaiming
himself a free-silver candidate for the United
States Senate, meanwhile officiating as editor of
"The Omaha World-Herald." In July, 1896, he
received the nomination for President from the
Democratic National Convention at Chicago, on
a platform declaring for the "free and unlimited
coinage of silver" at tlie ratio of sixteen of silver
(in weight) to one of gold, and a few weeks later
was nominated by the "Populists" at St. Louis
for the same office — being the youngest man ever
put in nomination for the Presidency in the his-
tory of the Government. He conducted an
active personal campaign, speaking in nearlj-
every Northern and Middle Western State, but
was defeated by liis Republican opponent, Maj.
William SIcKinley. 5Ir. Bryan is an easy and
fluent speaker, possessing a voice of miusual
compass and power, and is recognized, even by
his political opponents, as a man of pure personal
character.

BRYAN, Thomat< Barbour, lawyer and real
estate operator, was born at Alexandria, Va.,
Dec. 22, 1828, being descended on the maternal
side from the noted Barbour family of that
State; graduated in law at Harvard, and, at the
age of twenty-one, settled in Cincinnati. In
1852 he came to Chicago, where he acquired ex-
tensive real estate interests and built Bryan
Hall, which became a popular place for en-
tertainments. Being a gifted speaker, as well
as a zealous Unionist, Mr. Bryan was chosen
to deliver the address of welcome to Senator
Douglas, when that statesman returned to
Chicago a few weeks before his death in 1861.
During the progress of the war he devoted his
time and his means most generously to fitting out
soldiers for the field and caring for the sick and
wounded. His services as President of the great
Sanitary Fair in Chicago (186.5), where some
$300,000 were cleared for disabled soldiers, were
especially conspicuous. At this time he became
the purchaser (at 153,000) of the original copy of
President Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation,
which had been donated to the cause. He also
rendered valuable service after tlie fire of 1871,
though a heavy sufferer from that event, and was
a leading factor in securing the location of the

World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago ii: 1890,
later becoming Vice Presiilent of the Board of
Directors and making a vi.sit to Europe in tlie
interest of the Fair. After the war Mr. Bryan
resided in Washington for some time, and, by
apjiointment of President Hayes, served as Com-
missioner of the District of Columbia. Posses-sing
refined literary and artistic tastes, he has done
much for the encoui-agement of literature and
art in Chicago. His home is in the suburban
village of Elmhurst.— Charles Page (Bryan), son
of the preceding, lawyer and foreign minister,
was born in Cliioago, Oct. 2, 1855, and educated
at the University of Virginia and Columbia Law
Scliool; was admitted to practice in 1878, and
the following year removed to Colorado, wliere
he remained four years, while there serving in
both Houses of the State Legislature. In 1883 he
returned to Chicago and became a member of the
First Regiment of tlie Illinois National Guard,
serving upon tlie staff of both Governor Oglesby
and Governor Fifer; in 1890, was elected to the
State Legislature from Cook County, being re-
elected in 1892, and in 1894; was also the first
Commissioner to visit Europe in the interest of
the World's Columbian Exposition, on his return
serving as Secretary of the Exjwsition Commis-
sioners in 1891-92. In the latter part of 1897 he
was appointed by President McKinley Minister
to Cliina, but before being confirmed, early in
1898, was assigned to the United States mission to
the Republic of Brazil, where he now is. Hon.
E. n. Conger of Iowa, who had previously been
appointed to the Brazilian mission, being trans-
ferred to Pekin.

BRY.VM, John Howard, pioneer, brother of
William Cullen Bryant, the poet, was bom in
Cummington, Ma.ss., July 23, 1807, educated at
the Rensselaer Polyteclinic Institute in Troy,
N. Y, ; removed to Illinois in 1831, and lield vari-
ous offices in Bureau County, including that of
Representative in the General ^Vssembly, to which
he was elected in 1842, and again in 1858. A
practical and enterprising farmer, he was identi-
fied with the Illinois State Agricultural Society
in its early history, as also with the movement
which resulted in the establishment of industrial
colleges in the various States He was one of the
founders of the Republican party and a warm
personal friend of President Lincoln, being a
member of the first Republican State Convention
at Bloomington in 1856, and serving as Collector
of Internal Revenue bj- appointment of Mr. Lin-
coln in 1862 64. In 1873 Mr Bryant joined in the
Liberal Republican movement at Cincinnati, two

HISTORICAL ENC;YCL0PEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

years later was identified witli the "Independent
Reform" part}', but has since cooperated with
the Democratic party. He has produced two
volumes of poems, published, respectively, in 18.5,5
and 188,5, besides a number of public addresses.
His home is at Princeton, Bureau County.

BUCK, Hiram, clergyman, was born in Steu-
ben County, N. Y., in 1818; joined the Illinois
Methodist Episcopal Conference in 1843, and con-
tinued in its service for nearly fifty years, being
much of the time a Presiding Elder. At his
death he bequeathed a considerable sum to the
endowment funds of the Wesleyan University at
Bloomington and the Illinois Conference College
at Jacksonville Died at Decatur, 111., August
22, 1892.

BUDA,a village in Bureau County, at the junc-
tion of tlie main line with the Buda and Rush-
ville branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy
Railroad, and tlie Sterling and Peoria branch of
the Chicago & Northwe.stern, 13 miles southwest
of Princeton and 117 miles we.st-southwest of
Chicago; has excellent water-works, electric-
light plant, brick and tile factory, fine churches,
graded school, a bank and one newspaper
Dairying is carried on quite extensively and a
good-sized creamery is located here. Population
(1890), 990; (1900), 873.

BUFORD, Napoleon Bonaparte, banker and
soldier, was born in Woodford County. Ky., Jan.
13, 1807; graduated at West Point Military Acad-
emy, 1827, and served for some time as Lieutenant
of Artillery; entered Harvard Law School in
1831, served as Assistant Professor of Natural and
Experimental Philosophy there (1834-35), then
resigned his commission, and, after some service
as an engineer upon public works in Kentucky,
established himself as an iron-founder and banker
at Rock Island, 111., in 1857 becoming President
of the Rock Island & Peoria Railroad. In ISIJl
he entered the volunteer service, as Colonel of
the Twenty-seventh Illinois, serving at various
points in W^estern Kentucky and Tennessee, as
also in the siege of Vicksburg, and at Helena,
Ark., where he was in command from Septem-
ber, 1863, to Slarch, 1865. In the meantime, by
promotion, he attained to the rank of Major-
General by brevet, being mustered out in August,
186.5. He subsequently held the post of Special
United States Commissioner of Indian Affairs
(1868), and that of Inspector of the Union Pacific
Railroad (1867-69). Died, March 28, 1883.

BULKLEY, (Rev.) Justus, educator, was born
at Leicester, Livingston County, N. Y., July 2;'.,
1819, taken to Allegany County, N. Y., at 3

years of age, where he remained until 17, attend
ing school in a log school-house in the winter and
working on a farm in the sununer. Ilis family
then removed to Illinois, finally locating at
Barry, Pike County. In 1842 he entered the
preparatory department of ShurtlelT College ivt
Upper Alton, graduating there in 1847. He was
immediately made Principal of the preparatory
department, remaining two years, when he was
ordained to the Baptist ministry and became
pastor of a church at Jer.seyville. Four years
later he was appointed Professor of Mathematics
in Shurtleff College, but remained only two
years, when he accepted the pastorship of a
church at Carrollton, which he continued to fill
nine years, when, in 1864, he was called to a
church at Upper Alton. At the expiration of
one year he was again called to a professorship
in Shurtleff College, this time taking the chair of
Church History and Church Polity, which he
conanued to fill for a period of thirty-four years:
also .serving for a time as Acting President dur
ing a vacancy in that office. During this period
lie was frequently called upon to preside as Mod-
erator at General Associations of the Baptist
Church, and lie became widely known, not only
in that denomination, but elsewhere. Died at
Upper Alton, Jan. 16, 1899.

BULL, Lorenzo, banker, Quincy, III. was born
in Hartford, Conn., March 21, 1819, being the
eldest son of Lorenzo and Elizabeth Goodwin
Bull. His ancestors on both sides were of the
party who, under Thomas Hooker, moved from
the vicinity of Boston and settled Hartford in
1634. Leaving Hartford in the spring of 1833, he
arrived at Quincy, 111., entirely without means,
but soon after secured a position with Judge
Henry H. Snow, who then held most of the
county offices, being Clerk of the County Com-
missioners' Court. Clerk of the Circuit Court,
Recorder, Judge of Probate, Notary Public and
Justice of the Peace. Here the young clerk
made himself acquainted \i-ith tlie people of the
comity (at that time few in number), with the
land-system of the comitry and with the legal
forms and methods of procedure in the courts.
He remained with Judge Snow over two years,
receiving for his services, the first year, six dol-
lars per month, and, for the second, ten dollars
per month, besides his board in Judge Snow's
family. He next accepted a situation with
Messrs. Holmes, Brown & Co., then one of the
most prominent mercantile houses of the cit}-,
remaining through various changes of the firm
until 1844, when he formed a partnership with

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

his brother umier the firm name of L. & C. II.
Bull, and opened a store for the sale of hardware
and crockery, which was the first attempt made
in Quincy to separate the mercantile business
into different departments. Disposing of their
business in 18G1, the firm of L. & C. H. Bull
embarked in the private banking business, which
they continued in one location for about thirty
years, when they organized the State Savings
Loan & Trust Company, in which lie held the
position of President until 1898, when he retired
Mr. Bull has always been active in promoting the
improvement and growth of the city , was one of
the five persons who built most of the horse rail-
roads in Quincy, and was, for about twenty years,
President of the Company. The Quincy water-
works are now (1898) owned entirely by himself
and his son. He has never sought or held political
office, but at one time was the active President of
five distinct business corporations. He was also
for some five years one of the Trustees of Illinois
College at Jacksonville. He was married in 1844
to Miss Margaret H. Benedict, daughter of Dr.
Wm. M. Benedict, of Milbury, Mass.. and they
have five children now living. In politics he is a
Republican, and his religious associations are with
the Coixgregational Church. — Charles Henry
(Bull), brother of the preceding, was born in
Hartford, Conn., Dec. IG. 1822, and removed
to Quincy, 111., in June, 1837. He commenced
business as a clerk in a general store, where
he remained for seven years, when he entered
into partnership with his brother, Lorenzo Bull,
in the hardware and crockery business, to
which was subsequently added dealing in
agricultui-al implements. This business was
continued until the year 1861, when it was
sold out, and the brothers established them-
selves as private bankers under the same firm
name. A few years later they organized the
Merchants' and Farmers' National Bank, which
was mainly owned and altogether managed by
them. Five or six years later this' bank was
wound up, when they returned to private bank-
ing, continuing in this business until 1891, when
it was merged in the State Savings Loan &
Trust Company, organized under the laws of
Illinois with a capital of §300,000, held equally
by Lorenzo Bull, Charles 11. Bull and Edward J.
Parker, respectively, as President, Vice-Presi-
dent and Cashier. Near the close of 1898 the
First National Bank of Quincy was merged into
the State Savings Loan & Trust Company with
J. H. Warfield, the President of the former, as
President of the consolidated concern. Mr. Bull

was one of the parties who originally organized
the Quincy. Missouri & Pacific Railroad Com-
pany in 1809— a road intended to be built from
Quincy, 111., across the State of Mis.souri to
Brownsville, Neb., and of which he is now
(1898) the Presi<lent, the name having been
changed to the Quincy, Omaha & Kansas City
Railway. He was also identified with the con-
struction of the system of street railways in
Quincy, and continued active in their manage-
ment for about twenty years. He has been
active in various other public and private enter-
prises, and lias done much to advance the growth
and pro.si)erity of the city.

BUNKER mLL,a city of Macoupin County, on
the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis
Railroad, 37 miles northeast of St. Louis; has
elertrii'-lightiiig plant, telephone service, coal
mint^ flouring mill, wagon and various other
manufactories, two banks, two newspapers, opera
house, numerous churches, public library, a mili-
tary academy and fine public schools, and many
hand.some residences; is situated on high ground
in a rich agricultural and dairying region and an
inqiortant shijiping-point. Pop. (1900), 1,279.

UrXN, Jacob, banker and manufacturer, was
born in Hunterdon County, N. J., in 1814: came
to Springfield in 1830, and, four years later, began
business as a grocer, to which he afterwards
added that of private banking, continuing until
1S7S. During a part of this tune his bank was
one of the best known and widely regarded as
one of the most solid institutions of its kind in
the State. Though crippled by the financial
re\-ulsion of 1873-74 and forced investments in
depreciated real estate, he paid dollar for dollar.
After retiring from banking in 1878, he assumed
charge of the Springfield Watch Factory, in
which he wiis a large stockholder, and of which
he became the President. Mr. Bunn was, be-
tween 1800 and 1870, a principal stockholder in
"The Chicago Republican" (the predecessor of
"The Inter-Ocean"), and was one of the bankers
who came to the aid of the State Government with
financial assistance at the beginning of the Civil
War. Died at Springfield, Oct. 10, 1897.— John W.
(Bunn), brother of the preceding and successor
to the grocerj- busine.ss of J. & J. W. Bunn, has
been a prominent busine.ss man of Springfield,
and served :is Treasurer of the State Agricultural
Board from 18.-;8 to 1898, and of the HUnois Uni-
versity from its establishment to 1898.

BUNSEN, George, German patriot and educa-
tor, was born at Frankfort-on-the-ifaine, Ger-
many, Feb 18, 1794, and educated in his native

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

city and at Berlin University; while still a
student took part in the Peninsular War %vhich
resulted in the downfall of Napoleon, but resum-
ing his studies in 1816, graduated three years
later. He then founded a boys' school at Frank-
fort, which he maintained fourteen years, when,
having been implicated in the republican revolu
tion of 1833, he was forced to leave the country,
locating the following year on a farm in St. Clair
County, 111. Here he finally became a teacher in
the public schools, served in the State Constitu-
tional Convention of 1847. was elected School
Commissioner of St. Clair County, and, having
removed to Belleville in 18.55, there conducted a
private school for the instruction of teachers
while discharging the duties of his office; later
was appointed a member of the first State School
Board, serving until 1860, and taking part in the
establishment of the Illinois State Normal Uni
versity, of which he was a zealous advocate. He
was also a contributor to "The Illinois Teacher,"
and, for several years prior to his death, served
as Superintendent of Schools at Belleville without
compensation. Died, November, 1872.

BURCHARD, Horatio C, ex -Congressman, was
born at Marshall, Oneida County, N. Y., Sept. 23,
182.5; graduated at Hamilton College, N. Y., in
18.50, and later removed to Stephenson County,
111., making his home at Freeport. By profes-
sion he is a lawyer, but he has been also largely
interested in mercantile pursuits. From 1857 to
1860 he was School Commissioner of Stephenson
County ; from 1863 to 1866 a member of the State
Legislature, and from 1869 to 1879 a Representa-
tive in Congress, being each time elected as a
Republican, for the first time as the successor of
E. B. Washburne. After retiring from Congress,
he served for six years (1879-85) as Director of the
United States Mint at Philadelphia, with marked
ability. During the World's Columbian Exposi-
tion at Chicago (1893), Mr. Burchard was in
charge of the Bureau of Awards in connection
with the Mining Department, afterwards resum-
ing the practice of his profession at Freeport.

BURDETTE, Robert Jones, journalist and
humorist, was born iu Greensborough, Pa., July
30, 1844, and taken to Peoria, 111., in early life,
where he was educated in the public schools. In
1862 he enlisted as a private in the Forty-seventh
Illinois Volunteers and served to the end of the
war ; adopted journalism in 1869, being employed
upon "Tlie Peoria Transcript" and other papers
of that city. Later he became associated with
"The Burlington (Iowa) Hawkeye," upon which
he gained a wide reputation as a genial humor-

ist. Several volumes of his sketches have been
published, but in recent years he has devoted his
attention chiefly to lecturing with occasional
contriliutions to the literary press.

BUREAU COUNTY, set off from Putnam
County in 1837. near the center of the northern
half of the State, Princeton being made the
county-seat. Coal had been discovered in 1834,
there being considerable quantities mined at
Mineral and Selby. Sheffield also has an impor-
tant coal trade. Public lands were offered for sale
as early as 183.5, and by 1844 had been nearly all
sold. Princeton was platted in 1832, and. in 1890,
contained a population of 3,396. The county has
an area of 870 square miles, and, according to the
census of 1900, a population of 41,112. The pio-
neer settler was Henry Thomas, who erected the
first cabin, in Bureau township, in 1828. He was
soon followed by the Ament brothers (Edward,
Justus and John L. ) , and for a time settlers camo
in rapid succession, among the earliest being
Amos Leonard. Daniel Dimmick, John Hall,
William Hoskins, Timothy Perkins, Leonard

Roth, Bulbona and John Dixon. Serious

Indian disturbances in 1831 caused a hegira of
the settlers, some of whom never returned. In
1833 a fort was erected for the protection of the
whites, and, in 1836, there began a new and large
influx of immigrants. Among other early set-
tlers were John H. and Arthur Bryant, brothers
of the poet, William Cullen Bryant.

BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, estab-
lished in 1879, being an outgrowth of the agitation
and discontent among the laboring classes, which
culminated in 1877-78. The Board consists of
five Commi.ssioners, who serve for a nominal
compensation, their term of office being two
years. They are nominated by the Executive
and confirmed by the Senate. The law requires
that three of them shall be manual laborers and
two employers of manual labor. The Bureau is
charged with the collection, compilation and
tabulation of statistics relative to labor in Illi-
nois, particularly in its relation to the commer-
cial, industrial, social, educational and sanitary
conditions of the working classes. The Com-
mission is required to submit biennial reiX)rts.
Those already published contain much informa-
tion of value concerning coal and lead mines,
convict labor, manufactures, strikes and lock-
outs, wages, rent, cost of living, mortgage
indebtedness, and kindred topics.

BURGESS, Alexander, Protestant Episcopal
Bishop of the diocese of Quincy, was born at
Providence, R. I., Oct. 31. 1819. He graduated

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

from Brown University in 1838 and from the
General riieological Seminary (New York) in
1841. He was made a Deacon, Nov. 3. 1842. and
ordained a priest, Nov. 1, 1843. Prior to his ele-
vation to the episcopate he was rector of various
parishes in Maine, at Brooklyn, N. Y., and at
Springfield, Mass. He represented the dioceses
of Maine, Long Island and Massachu.setts in the
General Conventions of the Protestant Episcopal
Church from 1844 to 1877, and, in the latter year,
was President of the House of Deputies. Upon
the death of his brother George, Bishop of Maine,
he was chosen by the clergy of the diocese to suc-
ceed him but declined When the diocese of
Quincy 111. was created, he was elected its first
Bishop, and consecrated at Christ Church, Spring-
field, Mass . on Jlay 15, 1878. Besides publishing
a memoir of his brother. Bishop Burgess is the
author of several Sunday-school question books,
carols and hymns, and has been a contributor to
periodical church literature. His residence is at
Peoria

BURLEY. Arthur Gilnmn, merchant, was born
at Exeter, N. U.. Oct. 4, 1812, received his edu-
cation in the local schools, and, in 1835, came
West, locating in Chicago. For some two years
he served as clerk in the boot, shoe and clothing
store of John Holbrook. after which he accepted
a position with his half-brother, Stephen F. Gale,
the proprietor of the first book and stationery
store in Chicago. In 1838 he invested his savings
in a bankrupt stock of crockerj-, purchased from
the old State Bank, and entered upon a business
career which was continued uninterruptedly for
nearly sixty years. In that time Mr. Burley
built up a business which, for its extent and
success, was unsurpassed in its time in the West.
His brother in-law. Mr. John Tyrrell, became a
member of the firm in 1852, the business there-
after being conducted under the name of Burley
& Tyrrell, with Mr. Burley as President of the
Company until his death, which occurred, August

27, 1897.— Augustus Harris (Burley), brother of
the preceding, was born at Exeter, N. H., March

28, 1819 ; was educated in the schools of his native
State, and, in his youth, was employed for a
time as a clerk in Boston. In 1837 he came to
Chicago and took a position as clerk or salesman
in the book and stationery store of his half-
brother, Stephen F. Gale, subsequently became a
partner, and, on the retirement of Mr Gale a
few years later, succeeded to the control of the
business. In 1857 he disposed of his book and
stationery business, and about the same time
became one of the founders of the Merchants'

Loan and Trust Company, with wliich he has
been connected as a Director ever since. Mr.
Burley was a member of the volunteer fire depart-
ment organized in Chicago in 1841 Among the
numerous public positions held by him may be
mentioned, member of the Board of PublicWorks
(1867-70), the first Superintendent of Lincoln Park
(1869). Representative from Cook County in the
Twenty seventh General Assembly (1870-72). City
Comptroller during the administration of Mayor
Medill (1872-73), and again undar Mayor Roche
(1887), and member of the City Cotmcil (1881-82).
Politically, Jlr. Burley lias been a zealous Repub-
liciin and served on the Chicago Union Defense
Committee in the first year of the Civil War, and
was a delegate from the State-at^large to the
National Republican Convention at Baltimore in
1864, which nominated Abraham Lincoln for the
Presidency a second time.

Ul'RNHAJI, Dauiel Hudson, architect, was
lK>rn at Henderson, N. Y.. Sept. 4, 1846; came to
Chicago at 9 years of age; attended private
scli(X)ls and the Chicago High School, after which
he spent two years at Waltham, Mass.. receiving
special instruction; returning to Chicago in 1867,
he was afterwards associated with various firms.
About 1873 he formed a business connection with
J. W. R(x)t, architect, which extended to the
death of the latter in 1891. The firm of Burnham
& Root furnished the plans of a large nmnber of
the most con.spicuous business buililings in Chi-
cago, but won their greatest distinction in con-
nection with the construction of buildings for the
World's Columbian Exposition, of which Mr.
Root was Supervising Architect previous to his
death, while Mr. Burnham was made Chief of
Construction and, later. Director of Works. In
this capacity his authority was almost absolute,
but was used with a discretion tliat contributed
greatly to the succe.ss of the enterprise.

BURR, Albert G., former Congressman, was
born in Genesee County, N. Y., Nov. 8, 1829;
came to Illinois about 1833 with his widowed
mother, who settled in Springfield. In early life
he became a citizen of Winchester, where he read
law and was admitted to the bar, also, for a time,
following the occupation of a printer. Here he
was twice elected to the lower house of the Gen-
eral Assembly (1860 and 1862), meanwhile serving
as a member of the State Constitutional Conven-
tion of 1862. Having removed to Carrollton,
Greene County, he was elected as a Democrat to
the Fortieth and Forty-first Congresses (1866 and
1868). serving until Alarch 4, 1871. In August,
1877, he was elected Circuit Judge to fill a

HISTOEK'AL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

vacancy and was re-elected for the regular term
in June, 1879, but died in office, June 10, 1882.

BURRELL, Orlando, member of Congress, was
born in Bradford County, Pa. ; removed with Ids
parents to White County, 111., in 1834, growing
up on a farm near Carmi ; received a common
school education; in \8'>0 went to California,
driving an ox-team across the plains. Soon after
the beginning of the Civil War (1861) he raised a
company of cavalry, of which he was elected
Captain, and which became a part of the First
Regiment Illinois Cavalry; served as County
Judge from 1873 to 1881, and was elected Sheriff
in 1886. In 1894 he was elected Representative
in Congress as a Republican from the Twentieth
District, composed of counties which formerly
constituted a large part of the old Nineteenth
District, and which had uniformly been repre-
sented by a Democrat. He suffered defeat as a
candidate for re election in 1896.

BURROUGHS, John Curtis, clergj-man and
educator, was born in Stamford, N. Y. , Dec. 7,
1818; graduated at Yale College in 1843, and
Madison Theological Seminary in 1846. After
five years si)ent as pastor of Baptist churches at
Waterford and West Troy, N. Y., in 1852 he
assumed the pastorate of the First Baptist Church
of Chicago; about 1856 was elected to the presi-
dency of the Chicago University, then just
established, having previously declined the
presidency of Shurtleff College at Upper Alton.
Resigning his position in 1874, he soon after
became a member of the Chicago Board of Edu-
cation, and, in 1884, was elected Assistant Super-
intendent of Public Schools of that city, serving
until his death, April 21, 1892.

BUSET, Samuel T., banker and ex-Congress-
man, was born at Greencastle, Ind., Nov. 16,
1835; in infancy was brought by his parents to
Urbana, 111., where he was educated and has
since resided. From 1857 to 1859 he was engaged
in mercantile pursuits, but during 1860-61
attended a commercial college and read law. In
1862 he was chosen Town Collector, but resigned
to enter the Union Army, being commissioned
Second Lieutenant by Governor Yates, and
assigned to recruiting service. Having aided in
the organization of the Seventy-sixth Illinois
Volunteers, he was commissioned its Lieutenant-
Colonel, August 12, 1862 ; was afterward promoted
to the colonelcy, and mustered out of service at
Chicago, August 6, 1865, with the rank of Brevet
Brigadier-General. In 1866 he was an Unsuccess-
ful candidate for the General Assembly on the
Democratic ticket, and for Trustee of the State

University in 1888. From 1880 to 1889 he was
Mayor and President of the Board of Education
of Urbana. In 1867 he opened a private bank,
which he conducted for twenty-one years. In
1890 he was elected to Congress from the Fif-
teentli Illinois District, defeating Joseph G. Can
non, ReiJublican, by wliom he was in turn
defeated for the same office in 1892.

BUSHNELL, a flourishing city and manufac-
turing center in McDonougli County, 11 niiles
northea.st of Macomb, at the junction or two
branches of tlie Chicago, Burlington & Quincy
with the Toledo, Peoiia & Western Railroads; has
numerous manufactories, including wooden
pumps, flour, agricultural implements, wagons
and carriages, tank and fence-work, rural mail-
boxes, mattresses, brick, besides egg and poultry
packing houses; also has water- works and elec-
tric hghts, grain elevators, three banks, .several
churches, graded public and high schools, two
newspapers and a public Hbrary. Pop. (1900), 2,490.

BUSHNELL, Nehemiah, lawyer, was born in
tlie town of Westbrook, Conn., Oct. 9, ISIH,
graduated at Yale College in 1835, studied law
and was admitted to the bar in 1837, coming in
December of the same year to Quincy, III., wliere.
for a time, he assisted in editing "The Whig"
of that city, later forming a partnership with
O. H. Browning, which was never fully broken
until his death. In his practice he gave mucli
attention to land titles in the "Military Tract"';
in 1851 was President of the portion of the North-
ern Cross Railroad between Quincy and Gales-
burg (now a part of the Chicago, Burlington &
Quincy), and later of the Quincy Bridge Companj-
and the Quincy & Palmyra (Mo.) Railroad. In
1873 he was elected by the Republicans the
"minority" Rejiresentative from Adams County
in the Twenty-eighth General Assembly, but
died during the .succeeding session, Jan. 31, 1873.
He was able, high-minded and honorable in public
and private life.

BUSHNELL, Washington, lawyer and Attor-
ney-General, was born in Madison County, N. Y.,
Sept. 30, 1825; in 1837 came with his father to
Lisbon, Kendall County, 111. , where he worked on
a farm and taught at times ; studied law at Rough-
keepsie, N. Y., was admitted to the bar and
established himself in practice at Ottawa, IlL
The public positions held by him were those of
State Senator for La Salle County (1861-69) and
Attorney General (1869-73); was also a member
of the Republican National Convention of 1864,
besides being identified with various business
enterprises at Ottawa. Died, Jmie 30, 1885.

niSTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

BUTLER, William, State Treasurer, was born
iu Adair County, Ky., Dec. lo, 1797; during the
war of 1813, at the age of 16 years, served as the
messenger of the Gorernor of Kentucky, carrying
dispatches to Gen. William Henry Harrison in
the field; removed to Sangamon County, IU., in
1828, and, in 1836, was ajipointed Clerk of the
Circuit Court by Judge Stephen T. Logan. In
1859 he served as foreman of the Grand Juiy
which investigated the "canal scrip frauds"
charged against ex-Governor Matteson, and it
was largely through his influence that the pro-
ceedings of that body were subsequently pub-
lished in an official form. During the same year
Governor Bissell appointed him State Treasurer
to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of
James Miller, and lie was elected to the same
office in 1860. Mr. Butler was an ardent sup-
porter of Abraham Lincoln, whom he efficiently
befriended in the early struggles of the latter
in Springfield. He died in Springfield. Jan. 11,
1876.

BUTTERFIELl), Justin, early la\vyer, was
born at Keene, N. 11., in 1790. He studied at
Williams College, and was admitted to the bar
at Watertown, N. Y., in 1812. After some years
devoted to practice at Adams and at Sackett's
Harbor, N. Y., he removed to New Orleans, where
he attained a high rank at the bar. In 183.5 he
settled in Chicago and soon became a leader in
Ills profession there also. In 1841 he was appointed
by President Harrison United States District At-
torney for the District of Illinois, and, in 1849, by
President Taylor Commissioner of the General
Land Office, one of his chief competitors for the
latter place being Abraham Lincoln. This dis-
tinction he probably owed to the personal influ-
ence of Daniel Webster, then Secretarj' of State,
of whom Mr. Butterfield was a psrsonal friend
and warm admirer. While Commissioner, he
rendered valuable service to the State in securing
the canal land grant. As a lawyer he was logical
and resourceful, as well as witty and quick at
repartee, yet his chief strength lay before the
Court rather than the jurj'. Numerous stories
are told of his brilliant sallies at the bar and
elsewhere. One of the former relates to his
address before Judge Nathaniel Pope, of the
United States Court at Springfield, in a habeas-
corpus case to secure the release of Joseph Smith,
the Mormon prophet, who was under arrest under
the charge of complicity in an attempt to assassin-
ate Governor Boggs of Missouri. Rising to begin
his argument, Mr. Butterfield said; "I am to
address the Pope" (bowing to the Court), "sur-

rounded by angels" (bowing still lower to a party
of ladies in the audience), "in the presence of
the holy apostles, in behalf of the prophet of
the Lord." On another occasion, being asked if
he was opposed to the war with Me.xico, he
replied, "I opposed one war" — meaning his
opposition as a Federalist to the War of 1812 —
"but learned the folly of it. Henceforth I am for
war, pestilence and famine." He died, Oct. 25,
1855.

BVFOIll), William H., physician and author,
was born at Eaton, Ohio. March 20, 1817; in 1830
came with his widowed mother to Crawford
County, 111., and began learning the tailor's
trade at Palestine; later studied medicine at
Vinoennes and practiced at different points in
Indiana. Meanwhile, having graduated at the
Ohio Medical College, Cincinnati, in 18.50, he
assumed a professorship in a Medical College at
Evansville, Ind. , also editing a medical journal.
In 1S57 he removed to Chicago, where he ac-
cepted a chair in Rush Medical College, but two
years later became one of the founders of the
Chicago Medical College, where he remained
twenty years. He then (1879) returned to Rusli,
assuming the chair of Gynecology. In 1870 he
assisted in founding the Woman's Medical Col-
lege of Chicago, remaining President of the
Faculty and Board of Tru-stees until his death.
May 21, 1890. He published a number of medical
works which are regarded as standard bj' the
profession. t)esides acting as a.ssociate of Dr. N. S.
Davis in the editorship of "The Chicago Medical
Journal" and as editorinchief of "The Medical
Journal and Examiner," the successor of the
former. Dr. Byford was lield in the highest
esteem as a physician and a man, both by the
general public and his professional associates.

BYROX, a village of Ogle County, in a pictur-
esque region on Rock River, at junction of the
Chicago Great Western and the Chicago, Jlil-
waukee & St. Paul Railways 83 miles west-north-
west from Chicago; is in rich farming and dairy-
ing district; has two banks and two weekly
papers. Population (1890), 698; (1900), 1,015.

C.VBLE, a town in Mercer County, on the Rock
Island & Peoria Railroad, 26 miles south by east
from Rock Island. Coal-mining is the principal
indu.stry, but there are also tile works, a good
quality of clay for manufacturing purposes being
found in abundance. Population (1880), 572,
(1890). 1.27G; (1900). 697.

CABLE, Benjamin T., capitalist and jwlitician,
was born in Georgetown, Scott County. Ky..

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

August 11, 1853. When he was three years old
his father's family removed to Rock Island, 111.,
where he has since resided. After passing
througli the Rock Island public schools, lie matric-
ulated at the University of Michigan, graduating
in June, 1876. He owns extensive ranch and
manufacturing property, and is reputed wealthy ;
is also an active Democratic pohtician, and influ-
ential in his party, having been a member of both
the National and State Central Committees. In
1890 he was elected to Congress from the Eleventh
Illinois District, but since 1893 has held no public
office.

C.VBLE, Ransom R., railway manager, was
born in Athens Count}', Ohio, Sept. 23, 1834.
His early training was mainly of the practical
sort, and by the time he was 17 years old he was
actively employed as a Imnberman. In 1857 he
removed to Illinois, first devoting Iiis attention
to coal- mining in the neighborhood of Rock
Island. Later he became interested in the pro-
jection and management of railroads, being in
turn Superintendent, \"ice-President and Presi-
dent of the Rock Island & Peoria Railroad. His
next position was that of General JIanager of the
Rockford, Rock Island & St. Louis Railroad. His
experience in these positions rendered him famil-
iar with both the scope and the details of railroad
management, while his success brouglit him to
tlie favorable notice of those who controlled rail-
way interests all over the country. In 1876 lie
was elected a Director of the Chicago, Rock
Island & Pacific Railway. In connection with
this company he has held, successively, the
offices of Vice-President, Assistant to the Presi-
dent, General Manager and President, being cliief
executive officer since 1880. (See Chicago, Rock
Island & Pacific Railway.)

CAHOKIA, the first permanent white settle-
ment in Illinois, and, in French colonial times,
one of its principal towns. French Jesuit mis-
sionaries established the mission of the Tamaroas
here in 1700, to which they gave the name of
"Sainte Famille de Caoquias," antedating the
settlement at Kaskaskia of the same year by a
few montlis. Cahokia and Kaskaskia were
jointly made the county-seats of St. Clair Count)',
wlien tliat county was organized by Governor St.
Clair in 1790. Five years later, when Randolph
County was set off from St. Clair, Caliokia was
continued as the county-seat of the parent
county, so remaining until the removal of tlie
seat of justice to Belleville in 1814. Like its
early rival, Kaskaskia, it has dwindled in impor-
tance until, in 1890, its population was estimated

at 100. Descendants of the early French settlers
make up a considerable portion of the present
population. The site of the old town is on the
line of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Rail-
road, about four miles from East St. Louis.
Some of the most remarkable Indian mounds in
the Mississippi Valley, known as "the Cahokia
Mounds," are located in the vicinity. (See Mound-
Builders, Works of the.)

CAIRXES, Abraham, a native of Kentucky, in
1816 settled in that part of Crawford County, 111.,
which was embraced in Lawrence County on tlie
organization of the latter in 1831. Mr. Cairnes
was a member of the House for Crawford County
in the Second General Assembly (1820-22), and
for Lawrence County in the Third (1833-24), in
the latter voting against the pro-slavery Conven-
tion scheme. He removed from Lawrence
County to some point on the Mississippi River in
1826, but further details of his history are un-
known.

CAIRO, the county-.seat of Alexander County,
and the most important river point between St.
Louis and Memphis. Its first charter was ob-
tained from the Territorial Legislature by .Shad-
rach Bond (afterwards Governor of Illinois), John
G. Comyges and others, who incorporated the
"City and Bank of Cairo. " The company entered
about l,800ai:res, but upon the death of Mr. Comy-
ges, the land reverted to the Government. The
forfeited tract was re-enttred in 183.) b}' Sidney
Breese and others, who later transferred it to the
"Cairo City and Canal Company," a corporation
chartered in 1837, which, by purchase, incre;ised
its holdings to 10,000 acres. Peter Stapleton is
said to have erected the first house, and John
Hawley the second, within the town limits. In
consideration of certain privileges, the Illinois
Central Railroad has erected around the water
front a substantial levee, eighty feet wide. Dur-
ing tlie Civil War Cairo was an important base
for military operations. Its population, according
to the census of 1900, was 12,566. (See also.4fer-
ander Conntij.)

CAIRO BRIIMJE, THE, one of the triumphs of
modern engineering, erected by the Illinois Cen-
tral Railroad Company across the Ohio River,
opposite the city of Cairo. It is the longest
metallic bridge across a river in the world, being
thirty-three feet longer than the Tay Bridge, in
Scotland. The work of construction was begun,
July 1, 1887, and uninterruptedly jirosecuted for
twenty-seven montlis, being completed, Oct. 29.
1889. The first train to cross it was made up of
ten locomotives coupled together. The ap-

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS.

proaches from both the Illinois and Kentucky
shores consist of iron viaducts and well-braced
timber trestles. The Illinois viaduct approach
consists of seventeen spans of 150 feet each, and
one span of 106 'i feet. All these rest on cylin-
der piers filled with concrete, and are additionally
supported by piles driven within the cylinders.
The viaduct on the Kentucky shore is of similar
general construction. The total number of spans
is twenty-two — twenty-one being of 150 feet each,
and one of 106>4: feet. The total length of the
metal work, from end to end, is 10,650 feet,
including that of the bridge proper, which is
4 644 feet. The latter consists of nine through
spans and three deck spans. The through spans
rest on ten first-class masonry piers on pneumatic
foundations. The total length of the bridge,
including the timber trestles, is 20,461 feet — about
3j-i miles. Four-fifths of the Illinois trestle
work has been filleil in with earth, while that on
the southern shore has been virtually rejilaced by
an embankment since the completion of the
bridge. The bridge proper stands 104.42 feet in
the clear above low water, and from the deepest
foundation to the top of the highest iron work is
248.94 feet. The total cost of the work, including
the filling and embankment of the trestles, has
been (1805) between .$3,250,000 and §3.500,000.

CAIRO, TIXCEXXES & CHICAGO RAIL-
ROAD, a division of the Cleveland, Cincinnati,
Chicago & St. Louis Railway, extending from
Danville to Cairo (261 miles), with a branch nine
miles in length from St. Francisville, 111., to Vin-
ceunes, Ind. It was chartered as the Cairo &
Vincennes Railroad in 1867, completed in 1872,
placed in the hands of a receiver in 1874, sold
under foreclosure in January, 1880, and for some
time operated as the Cairo Division of the
Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway. In 1889,
having been surrendered by the Wabash, St.
Louis & Pacific Railway, it was united with the
Danville & Southwestern Railroad, reorganized as
the Cairo, Vincennes & Chicago Railroad, and,
in 1890, leased to the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chi-
cago & St. Louis Railway, of which it is known
as the "Cairo Division." (See Cleveland, Cincin-
nati, Chicaijo & St. Louis RaHifciy.)

CAIRO ic ST. LOUIS RAILROAD. (See St.
Loitis d: Cairo Railroad and Mobile ct Ohio Rail-
"•<'.'/• )

CAIRO & VINCENNES RAILROAD. (See
Cairo, Vi7icennes d- Chicago Railroad.)

CALDWELL, (Dr.) George, early physician
and legislator (the name is spelled both Cadwell
and Caldwell in the eariv records), was born at

Wethersfield, Conn . Feb. 21, 1773, and received
his literary education at Hartford, and his pro-
fessional at Rutland, Vt. He married a daughter
of Hon. Matthew Lyon, who was a native of
Ireland, and who served two terms in Congress
from Vermont, four from Kentucky (180311),
and was elected the first Delegate in Congre.ss
from Arkansas Territory, but died before taking
his seat in August, 1822. Lyon was also a resi-
dent for a time of St. Louis, and was a candidate
for Delegate to Congress from Missouri Territory,
but defeated by Edward Hempstead (.see Hemp-
stead, Edward). Dr. Caldwell descended the
Ohio River in 1799 in company with Lyon's
family and liis brother-in-law, John Messinger
(see Messitjger, John), who afterwards became a
prominent citizen of St. Clair County, the party
locating at Eddyville, Ky. In 1802, Caldwell
and Me.ssinger removed to Illinois, landing near
old Fort Chartres, and remained some time in
the American Bottom. The former finally
located on the banks of the Mississippi a few
miles above St. Louis, where he practiced his
profession and held various public offices, includ-
ing those of Justice of the Peace and County
Judge for St. Clair County, as also for Madison
County after the organization of the hitter. He
served as State Senator from Madison County
in the First and Second General Assemblies
(1818-22), and, having removed in 1820 within the
limits of what is now Morgan County (but still
earlier embraced in Greene), in 1822 was elected
to the Senate for Greene and Pike Counties^
the latter at that time embracing all the northern
and northwestern part of the State, including
the county of Cook. During the following ses-
sion of the Legislature he wiis a sturdy opponent
of the sclieme to make Illinois a sliive State. His
home in Morgan County was in a locality known
as "Swinerton's Point," a few miles west of
Jacksonville, where he died, August 1, 1826.
(See Slai-ery and Slave Laus.) Dr. Caldwell (or
Cadwell. as he was widely known) commanded
a high degree of respect among early residents of
Illinois. Governor Reynolds, in his "Pioneer
History of Illinois," says of him: "He was
moral and correct in his public and private life,
. . . was a respectable physician, and always
maintained an unblemished character."

CALHOUN, John, pioneer printer and editor,
was born at Watertown. X. Y., April 14, 1808;
learned the printing trade and practiced it in his
native town, also working in a type-foundry in
Albany and as a compositor in Troy. In the fall
of 1833 he came to Chicago, bringing with him

HISTOUICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

an outfit for the publication of a weekly paper,
and, on Nov, 26, began the issue of "The Chicago
Democrat" — the first paper ever published in tliat
city. Mr. Calhoun retained the management of
the paper three years, transferring it in Novem-
ber, 1836, to John Wentworth, who conducted it
until its absorption by "The Tribune" in July,
1861. Mr. Calhoun afterwards served as County
Treasurer, still later as Collector, and, finally, as
agent of the Illinois Central Railroad in procur-
ing right of way for the construction of its lines.
Died in Chicago, Feb. 20, 18.59.

CALHOUN, John, surveyor and politician, was
born in Boston, Mass., Oct. 14, 1806; removed to
Springfield, 111., in 1830, served in the Black
Hawk War and was soon after appointed County
Surveyor. It was under Mr. Calhoun, and by Ids
appointment, that Abraham Lincoln served for
some time as Deputy Surveyor of Sangamon
Countj'. In 1838 Calhoun was chosen Represent-
ative in the General Assembly, but was defeated
in 1840, though elected Clerk of the House at the
following session. He was a Democratic Presi-
dential Elector in 1844, was an unsuccessful
candidate for the nomination for Governor in
1846, and, for three terms (1849, '50 and 'ol),
served as Mayor of the city of Springfield. In
18,52 he was defeated by Richard Yates (after-
wards Governor and United States Senator), as a
candidate for Congress, but two years later was
appointed by President Pierce Surveyor General
of Kansas, where he became discreditably con-
spicuous by his zeal in attempting to carry out
the policy of the Buchanan administration for
making Kansas a slave State — especially in con-
nection with the Lecompton Constitutional Con-
vention, with the election of which he had much
to do, and over which he presided. Died at St.
Joseph, Mo., Oct 25. 18.59.

CALHOUN, William J., lawyer, was born in
Pittsburg, Pa., Oct. 5, 1847. After residing at
various points in that State, his family removed
to Ohio, where he worked on a farm until 1864,
when he enlisted as a private in the Nineteenth
Ohio Volunteer Infantry, serving to the end of
the war. He participated in a number of severe
battles while with Sherman on the march against
Atlanta, returning with General Thomas to Nash-
ville, Tenn. During the last few months of the
war he served in Texas, being mustered, out at
San Antonio in that State, though receiving his
final discharge at Columbus, Ohio. After the
war he entered the Poland Union Seminary,
whei-e he became the intimate personal friend of
Ma.i. William McKinley, who was elected to the

Presidency in 1896. Having graduated at the
seminary, he came to Areola, Douglas County,
111., and began the study of law, later taking a
course in a law school in Chicago, after which he
was admitted to the bar (187.5) and estabUshed
himself in practice at Danville as the partner of
the Hon. Joseph B. Mann. In 1882 Mr. Calhoun
was elected as a Republican to the lower branch
of the Thirty-third General As.sembly antl, during
the following session, ]iroved himself one of the
ablest members of that body. In May, 1897, Mr.
Calhoun was appointed by President McKinley a
special envoy to investigate the circumstances
attending the death of Dr. Ricardo Ruiz, a nat-
uralized citizen of the United States who had
died while a prisoner in the hands of the Spaniards
during the rebellion then in progress in Cuba.
In 1898 he was appointed a member of the Inter-
State Commerce Commission to succeed William
R. Morrison, whose term had exjjired.

CALHOUN COUNTY, situated l>etween the
Mississippi and Illinois Rivers, just above tlieir
junction. It has an area of 260 square miles,
with a population (1900) of 8,917; was organized
in 182.5 and named for John C. Callioun. Origi-
nally, the county was well timbered and the
early settlers were largely engaged in lumbering,
which tended to give the population more or less
of a migratory character. Much of the timber
has been cleared off, and the principal business
in later years has been agriculture, although coal
is found and mined in paying quantities along
Silver Creek. Tradition has it that the aborig-
ines foimd the precious metals in the bed of this
stream. It was originally included within the
limits of the Military Tract set apart for the
veterans of the War of 1812. The physical con-
formation of the coimty's surface exhibits some
peculiarities. Limestone bluifs. rising some-
times to the height of 200 feet, skirt the banks of
both rivers, while through the center of the
county runs a ridge dividing the two watersheds.
Tlie side valleys and the top of the central ridge
are alike fertile. The bottom lands are very
rich, but are liable to inundation. The county-
seat and principal town is Hardin, with a popula-
tion (1890) of 311.

CALLAHAN, Ethelbert, lawyer and legislator,
was born near Newark, Ohio, Dec. 17, 1829;
came to Crawford County, 111., in 1849, where he
farmed, taught school and edited, at different
times, "The Wabash Sentinel" and "The Marsliall
Telegraph." He early identified himself witli
the Republican party, and, in 1864, was the
Republican candidate for Congress in his dLs-

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

trict ; became a member of the first State Board
of Equalization by appointment of Governor
Oglesby in 1807; served in the lower house of the
General Assembly during the sessions of 18;5, '91,
93 and '95, and, in 1893-9,'), on a Joint Committee
to revise the State Revenue Laws. He was also
Presidential Elector in 1880, and again in 1888.
Mr. Callahan was admitted to the bar when past
30 years of age, and was President of the State
Bar Association in 1889. His home is at Robinson.
CALUMET RIVER, a short stream the main
body of which is formed by the union of two
branches which come together at the southern
boundary of the city of Chicago, and which Hows
into Lake Michigan a short distance north of the
Indiana State line. The eastern branch, known
as the Grand Calumet, flows in a westerly direc-
tion from Northwestern Indiana and unites with
the Little Calumet from the west, 'ili miles from
the mouth of the main stream. From the south-
ern limit of Chicago the general course of tlie
stream is north between Lake Calumet and Wolf
Lake, which it serves to drain. At its mouth,
Calumet Harbor has been constructed, which
admits of the entrance of vessels of heavy
draught, and is a shipping and receiving
pf)int of importance for heavy freight for
the Illinois Steel Works, the Pullman Palace
Car Works and other manufacturing establish-
ments in that vicinity. The river is regarded as
a navigable stream, and has been dredged by the
General Government to a depth of twenty feet
and 300 feet %vide for a distance of two miles,
with a depth of .sixteen feet for the remainder of
the distance to the forks. The Calumet feeder
for the Illinois and Jlichigan Canal extends from
the west branch (or Little Calumet) to the canal
in the vicinity of AVillow Springs. The stream
was known to the earh- French explorers as "the
Calimic," and was sometimes confounded by
them with the Chicago River.

CALUMET RIVER RAILROAD, a short line.
4.43 miles in length, lying wholly within Cook
County. The Pennsylvania Railroad Company
is the lessee, but the line is not operated at present
(1898). Its outstanding capital stock is §68,700.
It has no funded del)t, but has a floating debt of
§116,357, making atotal capitalization of S18.j,087.
This road extends from One Hundredth Street in
Chicago to Hegewisch, and was chartered in 1883.
(See Pennsylvania Railroad.)

CAMBRIDtJE, the county-seat of Henry
County, about 160 miles southwest of Chicago,
on the Rock Island & Peoria Railroad. It is situ-
ated in a fertile region chiefly devoted to

agriculture and stock-raising. The city is a coa-
siderable grain market and has some manufac-
tories. Some coal is also mined. It has a public
library, two newspapers, three banks, good
schools, and handsome public (county) buildings.
Population (1880), 1,203; (1890), United States
census report, 9-10; (1900), \,'M'>.

C.\MER(>>', .Juriies, Cumberland Presbyterian
minister and pioneer, w.is born in Kentucky in
1791, came to Illinois in 1810, and, in 1818, settled
in Sangamon Countj-. In 1839 he is said to have
located where the town of New Salem (after-
wards associated with the early history of Abra-
ham Lincoln) was built, and of which he and
James Rutledge were the founders. He is also
said to have ofTiciated at the funeral of Ann
Rutledge, with whose memory Mr. Lincoln's
name has teen tenderly associated by his biog-
raphers. Mr. Cameron subse(iuently removed
successively to Fulton County, 111., to Iowa and
to California, dying at a ripe old age, in the latter
State, about 1878.

CAMP DOUiJL.VS, a Federal military camp
established at Chicago early in the War of the
Rebellion, located tetween Thirty-first Street and
College Place, and Cottage Grove and Forest
Avenues. It was originally designed and solely
used as a camp of instruction for new recruits.
Afterwards it wiis utilized as a place of confine-
ment for Confederate prisoners of war. (For
plot to literate the latter, together with other
similar prisoners in Illinois, see Camp Douglas
Consjnracy. )

CAMP DOUGLAS CONSPIRACY, a plot formed
in 18G4 for the literation of tlie Confederate
prisoners of war at Chicago (in Camp Douglas),
Rock Island, Alton and Springfield. It was to be
but a preliminar3- step in the execution of a
design long cherished by the Confederate Gov-
ernment, viz., the seizing of the organized gov-
ernments of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, and the
formation of a Northwestern Confederacy,
through the cooperation of the "Sons of Lib-
erty.'' {See Secret Treasonable Societies.) Three
peace commissioners (Jacob Thompson, C. C.
Clay and J. P. Holcomb), who had been sent
from Richmond to Canada, held frequent
conferences with leaders of the treasonable
organizations in the North, including Clement L.
Vallandigham, Bowles, of Indiana, and one
Charles Walsh, who was head of the movement
in Chicago, with a large number of allies in that
city and scattered throughout the States. The
general management of the affair was entrusted
to Capt. Thomas H. Hines, who had teen second

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

in command to the rebel Gen. Jolm Morgan dur-
ing his raid north of the Ohio River, while Col.
Vincent Marmaduke. of Missouri, and G. St. Leger
Grenfell (an Englishman) were selected to
carry out the military program. Hines followed
out his instructions with great zeal and labored
indefatigably. Thompson's duty was to dis-
seminate incendiary treasonable literature, and
strengthen the timorous "Sons of Liberty" by
the use of argtiment and money, both he and his
agents being lavishly supplied with the latter.
There was to be a draft in July, 1864, and it was
determined to arm the "Sons of Liberty" for
resistance, the date of uprising being fixed for
July 20. This part of the scheme, however, was
finally abandoned. Captain Hines located him-
self at Chicago, and personally attended to the
distribution of funds and the purchase of arms.
The date finally fixed for the attempt to liberate
the Southern prisoners was August 29. 1864, when
the National Democratic Convention was to
assemble at Chicago. On that date it was
expected the city would be so crowded that tlie
presence of the promised force of "Sons" would
not excite comment. The program also included
an attack on the city by water, for which pur-
pose reliance was placed upon a horde of Cana-
dian refugees, under Capt. John B. Castleman.
There were some 26, .500 Southern prisoners in the
State at this time, of whom about 8,000 were at
Chicago, 6,000 at Rock Island, 7,500 at Spring-
field, and 5,000 at Alton. It was estimated that
there were 4,000 "Sons of Liberty" in Chicago,
who would be largely reenforced. With these
and the Canadian refugees the prisoners at Camp
Douglas were to be liberated, and the army thus
formed was to march upon Rock Island, Spring-
field and Alton. But suspicions were aroased,
and tlie Camp was reenforced by a regiment of
infantry and a battery. The organization of the
propo.sed a.ssailing force was very imperfect, and
the great majority of those who were to compose
it were lacking in courage. Not enough of the
latter reported for service to justifj' an attack.
and the project was postponeil. In the meantime
a preliminary part of the plot, at least indirectly
connected with the Camp Douglas conspiracy,
and which contemplated the release of the rebel
officers confined on Johnson's Island in Lake
Erie, had been "nipped in the bud" by tlie arrest
of Capt. C. H. Cole, a Confederate officer in dis-
guise, on the 19th of September, just as he was
on the point of putting in execution a scheme for
seizing the United States steamer Michigan at
Sandusky, and putting on board of it a Confeder-

ate crew. November 8 was the date next selected
to carry out the Chicago sclieme — the day of Presi-
dent Lincoln's second election. The same pre-
liminaries were arranged, except that no water
attack was to be made. But Chicago was to be
burned and flooded, and its banks pillaged.
Detachments were designated to apply the torcli,
to open fire plugs, to levy arms, and to attack
banks. But representatives of the United States
Secret Service liad been initiated into the "Sons
of Liberty," and the plans of Captain Hines and
his associates were well known to the authori-
ties. An efficient body of detectives was put
upon their track by Gen. B. J. Sweet, the com-
mandant at Camp Douglas, although some of the
most valuable service in running down the con-
spiracy and capturing its agents, was rendered
by Dr. T. Winslow Ayer of Cliicago, a Colonel
Langhorne (an ex-Confederate who had taken
the oath of allegiance without the knowledge of
some of the parties to the plot), and Col. J. T.
Shanks, a Confederate prisoner who was known
as "The Texan." Both Langhorne and Shanks
were appalled at the horrible nature of the plot
as it was unfolded to them, and entered with
zeal into the effort to defeat it. Shanks was
permitted to escape from Camp Douglas, thereby
getting in communication with the leaders of the
plot who assisted to conceal him, while he faith-
fully apprised General Sweet of their plans. On
the night of Nov. 6 — or rather after midnight on
the morning of the 7th — General Sweet caused
simultaneous arrests of the leaders to be made at
their hiding-places. Captain Hines was not
captured, but the following conspirators were
taken into custody : Captains Cantrill and Trav-
erse; Cliarles Walsh, the Brigadier-General of
the "Sons of Liberty," who was sheltering them,
and in whose barn and house was found a large
quantity of arms and military stores; Cols. St.
Leger Grenfell, W. R. Anderson and J. T.
Shanks; R. T. Semmes, Vincent Marmaduke,
Charles T. Daniel and Buckner S. Morris, the
Treasurer of the order. They were tried by
Military Commission at Cincinnati for conspir-
acy. Marmaduke and Morris were acquitted;
Anderson committed suicide during the trial;
Walsh, Semmes and Daniels were sentenced to
the penitentiary, and Grenfell was sentenced to
be hung, although his sentence was afterward
commuted to life imprisonment at the Dry Tortu-
gas, where he mysteriously disappeared some
years afterward, but whether he escaped or was
drowned in the attempt to do so has never been
known. The British Government had made

HLSTOUICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

repeated attempts to secure his release, a brotJier
of his being a General in the British Army.
Daniels managed to escape, and was never recap-
tui'ed, while Walsh and Semmes, after under-
going brief terms of imprisonment, were
pardoned by President Johnson. The subsequent
history of Shanks, who played so prominent a
part in defeating the scheme of wholesale arson,
pillage and assassination, is interesting. While
in prison he had been detailed for sen'ice as a
clerk in one of the offices under the direction of
General Sweet, and, while thus employed, made
the acquaintance of a young lady member of a
lo3'al family, whom he afterwards married.
After the exposure of the contemplated uprising,
the rebel agents in Canada offered a reward of
81.000 in gold for the taking of his life, and he
was bitterly persecuted. The attention of Presi-
dent Lincoln was called to the service rendered
by him, and sometime during 186.5 he received a
commission as Captain and engaged in fighting
the Indians upon the Plains. The efficiency
shown by Colonel Sweet in ferreting out the con-
spiracy and defeating its consummation won for
him the gratitude of the people of Chicago and
the whole nation, and was recognized by the
Government in awarding him a commission as
Brigadier-General. (See Benjamin J. Sweet.
Camp Douglas and Secret Treasonable Societies.)

CAMPBELL, Alexander, legislator and Con-
gressman, was born at Concord, Pa., Oct. 4, 1814.
After obtaining a limited education in the com
mon schools, at an early age he secured employ-
ment as a clerk in an iron manufactory. He soon
rose to the position of superintendent, managing
iron-works in Pennsylvania. Kentucky and Mis-
.souri. until 18.50, when he removed to Illinois,
settling at La Salle. He was twice (18.53 and
18.53) elected ^layor of that city, and represented
his county in the Twenty-first General Assembly
(1859). He was also a member of the State
Constitutional Convention of 1862, and served
one term (1875-77) as Representative in Congress,
being elected as an Independent, but, in 1878, was
defeated for re-election by Philip C. Hayes,
Republican. Mr, Campbell was a zealous friend
of Abraham Lincoln, and, in 1858, contributed
liberally to the expenses of the latter in making
the tour of the State during tiie debate with
Douglas He broke with the Republican party
in 1874 on the greenback issue, which won for
him the title of "Father of the Greenback." His
deatli occurred at La Salle, August 9, 1898.

CAMPBELL, Antrim, early lawyer, was born
in New Jersey in 1814; came to Springfield, 111..

in 1838; was appointed Master in Chancery for
Sangamon County in 1849, and, in 1861, to a
similar position by the United Stat«s District
Court for that di.strict. Died, August 11, 1868.

CAMPBELL, James R., Congressman and sol-
dier, was born in Hamilton County, 111., May 4,
1853, his ancestors being among the first settlers
in that section of the State; was educated at
Notre Dame University, Ind., read law and was
admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court in 1877 ;
in 1878 purchased "The McLeansboro Times,"
which he has since conducted ; was elected to the
lower house of the General Assembly in 1884, and
again in "86, ailvanced to the Senate in 1888, and
re-elected in '92. During his twelve years'
experience in the Legislature he participated, as
a Democrat, in the celebrated Logan-Morrison
contest for the L^nited States Senate, in 1885, and
assisted in the election of Gen. Jolin M. Palmer
to the Senate in 1891. At the close of his last
term in the Senate (1896) he was elected to Con-
gress from the Twentieth District, receiving a
plurality of 2,851 over Orlando Burrell, Repub-
lican, who had been elected in 1894. On the
second call for troops issued by the President
during the Spani-sh-American War, Mr. Camp-
bell organized a regiment which was mustered in
us the Nintli Regiment Illinois Volunteers, of
whi(;h he was commissioned Colonel and assigned
to the corps of Gen. Fitzhugh Lee at Jackson-
ville, Fla. Although his regiment saw no active
service during the war, it was held in readiness
for that purpose, and, on the occupation of Culia
in December, 1898, it became a part of the army
of occupation. As Colonel Campbell remained
with his regiment, he took no part in the pro-
ceedings of the last term of the Fifty-fifth Con-
gress, and was not a candidate for re-election in
1.898.

CAMPBELL, Thompson, Secretary of State
and Congressman, was born in Chester County,
Pa., in 1811 ; removed in childhood to the western
part of the State and was educated at Jefferson
College, afterwards reading law at Pittsburg.
Soon after being admitted to the bar he removed
to Galena, 111. , where he had acquired some min-
ing interests, and, in 1843, was appointed Secre-
tary of State by Governor Ford, but resigned in
1.S46. and became a Delegate to the Constitutional
Convention of 1847; in 1850 was elected as a
Democrat to Congress from the Galena District,
but defeated for re-election in 1853 by E. B.
Washburne. He was then appointed by President
Pierce Commissioner to look after certain land
grants by the Mexican Government in California,

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

removing to that State in 1853, but resigned this
position about 1835 to engage in general practice.
In 1859 he made an extended visit to Europe
witli liis family, and, on his return, located in
Chicago, the following year becoming a candidate
for Presidential Electorat-large on the Breckin-
ridge ticket; in 18G1 returned to California, and,
on the breaking out of the Civil War, became a
zealous champion of the Union cause, bj' his
speeches exerting a powerful influence upon the
destiny of the State. He also served in the Cali-
fornia Legislature during the war, and, in 1864,
was a member of the Baltimore Convention
which nominated Mr. Lincoln for the Presidency
a second time, assisting most ably in the subse-
quent campaign to carry the State for the Repub-
lican tick'et. Died in San Francisco, Dec. 6, 1868.

CAMPBELL, William J., lawyer and politi-
cian, was born in Philadelphia in 1850. When
he was two years old his father removed to
Illinois, settling in Cook County. After pa.ssing
through the Chicago public schools, Mr. Camp-
bell attended the University of Pennsylvania, for
two years, after which he studied law, and was
admitted to the bar in 1875. From that date he
was in active practice and attained prominence
at the Chicago bar. In 1878 he was elected State
Senator, and was re-elected in 1882, serving in all
eight years. At the sessions of 1881, '83 and '85
he was chosen President pro tempore of the
Senate, and, on Feb. 6, 1883, he became Lieuten-
ant-Governor upon the accession of Lieutenant-
Governor Hamilton to the executive office to
succeed Shelby M. Cullom, who had been elected
United States Senator. In 1888 he represented
the First Illinois District in the National Repub-
lican Convention, and was the same year chosen
a member of the Republican National Committee
for Illinois and was re-elected in 1883. Died in
Chicago, March 4, 1896. For several years
immediately preceding his death, Mr. Campbell
was the chief attorney of the Armour Packing
Company of Chicago.

CAMP POINT, a village in Adams County, at
the intersection of the Chicago, Burlington &
Quincy and the Wabash Railroads, 33 miles east-
northeast of Quincy. It is a grain center, has
one flour mill, two feed mills, one elevator, a
pressed brick plant, two banks, four churches, a
high school, and one newspaper. Population
(1890), 1,150; (1900), 1,260.

CANAL SCRIP FRAUD. During the session
of the Illinois General Assembly of 1859, Gen.
Jacob Fry, who, as Commissioner or Trustee, had
been associated with the construction of the

Illinois & Michigan Canal from 1837 to 1845,
had his attention called to a check purporting to
have been i.s.sued by the Commissioners in 1839,
which, upon investigation, he became convinced
was counterfeit, or had been fraudulently issued.
Having communicated his conclusions to Hon.
Jesse K. Dubois, the State Auditor, in charge of
the vi'ork of refunding tlie State indebtedness, an
inquiry was instituted in the office of the Fimd
Commissioner — a position attached to the Gov-
ernor's office, but in the charge of a secretary —
which developed the fact that a large amount of
these evidences of indebtedness had been taken
up through that office and bonds issued therefor
by the State Auditor under the laws for funding
the State debt. A subsequent investigation by the
Finance Committee of the State Senate, ordered
by vote of that body, resulted in the discovery
that, in May and August, 1839, two series of
canal "scrip" (or checks) had been issued b}- the
Canal Board, to meet temporary demands in the
work of construction — the sum aggregating
§269,059 — of which all but §316 had been redeemed
within a few years at the Chicago branch of the
Illinois State Bank. The bank officers testified
that this scrip (or a large part of it) had, after
redemption, been held by them in the bank vaults
withovit cancellation until settlement was had
with the Canal Board, when it was packed in
boxes and turned over to the Board. After hav-
ing lain in the canal office for several years in
this condition, and a new "Trustee" (as the
officer in charge was now called) having come
into the canal office in 1853, this scrip, with other
papers, was repacked in a shoe-box and a trunk
and placed in charge of Joel A. JIatteson, then
Governor, to be taken by him *o Springfield and
deposited there. Nothing further was known of
these papers until October, 1854, when §300 of the
scrip was presented to the Secretary of the Fund
Commissioner by a Springfield banker, and bond
issued thereon. This was followed in 185G and
1857 by larger sums, until, at tlie time the legis-
lative investigation was instituted, it was found
that bonds to the amount of §323,182.66 had been
issued on account of principal and interest.
With the exception of the 8300 first presented, it
was shown that all the scrip so funded had been
presented by Governor Matteson, either while in
office or subsequent to his retirement, and the
bonds issued therefor delivered to him— although
none of the persons in whose names the issue was
made were known or ever afterward discovered.
The developments made by the Senate Finance
Committee led to an ofl'er from Matteson to

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

indemnify the State, in which lie stated that he
liad "unconsciously and innocently been made
the instrument through whom a gross fraud upon
the State had been attempted." He therefore
gave to the State mortgages and an indemnif jnng
bond for the sum shown to have been funded by
him of this class of indebtedness, upon which the
State, on foreclosure a few years later, secured
judgment for $255,000, although the property on
being sold realized only §238,000. A further
investigation by the Legislature, in 1861, revealed
the fact that additional issues of bonds for similar
scrip had been made amounting to §105,340, for
which the State never received any compensa-
tion. A search through the State House for the
trunk and box jjlaced in the hands of Governor
Matte.son in 1853, wliile the official investigation
was in progress, resulted in the discovery of the
trunk in a condition showing it had been opened,
but the box was never found. The fraud was
made tlie subject of a protracted investigation
by the Grand Jury of Sangamon County in May,
1859, and, although the jury twice voted to indict
Governor Matteson for larceny, it as often voted
to reconsider, and, on a third ballot, voted to
"ignore the bill."

CANBY, Richard Sprig:^, jurist, was born in
Green County, Ohio, Sept. 30, 1808; was educated
at Miami University and admitted to the bar,
afterwards serving as Prosecuting Attorney,
member of the Legislature and one term (1847-49)
in Congress. In 1863 he removed to Illinois,
locating at Olney, was elected Judge of the
Twenty-fifth Judicial Circuit in 1867, resuming
practice at the expiration of his term in 1873.
Died in Richland County, July 27, 1895. Judge
Canby was a relative of Gen. Edward Richard
Spriggs Canby, who was treacherously killed by
the Modocs in California in 1873.

CANNON, Joseph G., Congressman, was born
at Guilford, N. C, May 7, 1836, and removed to
Illinois in early youth, locating at Danville, Ver-
milion County. By profession he is a lawyer,
and served as State's Attorney of "Vermilion
County for two terms (1861-68). Incidentally,
he is conducting a large banking business at
Danville. In 1872 he was elected as a Republican
to the Forty -third Congress for the Fifteenth Dis-
trict, and has been re-elected biennially ever
since, except in 1890, when he was defeated for
the Fifty-second Congress by Samuel T.'Busey,
his Democratic opponent. He is now (1898)
serving his twelfth term as the Representative
for the Twelfth Congressional District, and has
been re-elected for a thirteenth term in the Fiftv-

sixth Congress (1899-1901). Mr. Cannon has been
an influential factor in State and National poli-
tics, as shown bj^ the fact that he has been Chair-
man of the House Committee on Approiiriations
during the im])ortant sessions of the Fiftj'-fourth
and Fifty-liflli Congresses.

CANTON, a flourishing city in Fulton County,
12 miles from the Illinois River, and 28 miles
southwest of Peoria. It is the commercial me-
tropolis of one of the largest and richest counties
in the "corn belt" ; also has abundant supplies
of timter and clay for manufacturing purposes.
There are coal mines within the municipal limits,
and various manufacturing establishments.
Among the princii)al outputs are agricultural
implements, flour, brick and tile, cigars, cigar
boxes, foundry and machiue-shop products, fire-
arms, brooms, and marble. The city is lighted
by gas and electricity, has water-works, fire de-
partment, a public library, six ward schools and
one high schoo'., and three newspapers. Popula-
tion (1890), 5.604; (1900), 6,564.

CAPl'S, Jabez, pioneer, was born in London,
England, Sept. 9, 1796; came to the United States
in 1817, and to Sangamon County, 111., in 1819.
For a time he taught school in what is now
called Round Prairie, in the present County of
Sangamon, and liiter in Calhoun (the original
name of a part of the city of Springfield), having
among his pupils a number of those who after-
wards became prominent citizens of Central
Illinois. In 1836, in conjunction with two part-
ners, he laid out the town of Mount Pulaski, the
original county-seat of Logan County, where he
continued to live for the remainder of his life,
and where, during its later period, he served as
Postmaster some fifteen years. He also served as
Recorder of Logan County four years. Died,
April 1, 1896, in the 100th year of his age.

CARBONDALE, a city in Jackson County,
founded in 18.52. 57 miles north of Cairo, and 91
miles from St. Louis. Three lines of railway
center here. The chief industries are coal-min-
ing, farming, stock-raising, fruit-growing and
lumbering. It has two preserving plants, eight
churches, two weekly papers, and four public
schools, and is the seat of the Southern Illinois
Normal University. Pop.(1890), 2,382; (1900), 3,318.
CARBONDALE & SHAWNEETOWN RAIL-
ROAD, a short line 17'4.' miles in length, ex-
tending from Marion to Carbondale, and operated
by the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad
Company, as lessee. It was incorporated as the
Murphy sboro & Shawneetown Railroad in 1867;
its name changed in 1869 to The Carbondale &

niSTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

Shawneetown, was opened for business, Dec. 31,
1871, and leased in 1886 for 980 years to the St.
Louis Soutliern, through which it passed into the
hands of the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Rail-
road, and by lease from the latter, in 1890, became
apart of the Illinois Central System (which see).

CAREY, Williniu, lawyer, was born in the town
of Turner, Maine, Dec. 29, 1826 ; studied law with
General Fessenden and at Yale Law School, was
admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court of
Maine in 1856, the Supreme Court of Illinois in
1857, and the Supreme Court of the United
States, on motion of Hon. Lyman Trumbull, in
1873. Judge Carey was a member of the State
Constitutional Convention of 1809-70 from Jo
Daviess County, and the choice of the Republicans
in that body for temporary presiding officer;
was elected to the next General Assembly (the
Twenty -seventh), serving as Chairman of the
House Judiciary Committee through its four ses-
sions; from 1873 to 1876 was United States Dis-
trict Attorney for Utah, still later occujjying
various offices at Deadwood, Dakota, and in Reno
County, Kan. The first oSice lield by Judge
Carey in Illinois (that of Superintendent of
Schools for the city of Galena) was conferred
upon him through the influence of John A. Raw-
lins, afterwards General Grant's chief-of-staff
during the war, and later Secretary of War —
although at the time Mr. Rawlins and he were
politically opposed. Mr. Carey's present resi-
dence is in Chicago.

CARLIN, Thomas, former Governor, was born
of Irish ancestry in Fayette County, Ky., July
18, 1789; emigrated to Illinois in 1811, and served
as a private in the War of 1812, and as a Captain
in tlie Black Hawk War. While not highly edu-
cated, he was a man of strong common sense,
high moral standard, great firmness of character
and unfailing courage. In 1818 he settled in
Greene County, of which he was the first Sheriff;
was twice elected State Senator, and was Regis-
ter of the Land Office at Quincy, when he was
elected Governor on the Democratic ticket in
1838. An uncompromising partisan, lie never-
theless commanded the respect and good-will of
his political opponents. Died at his home in
Carrollton, Feb. U, 18.52.

CARLIN, William Passmore, soldier, nephew of
Gov. Thomas Carlin, was born at Rich Woods,
Greene County, 111., Nov. 24, 1829. At the age
of 21 he graduated from the United States Mili-
tary Academy at West Point, and, in 1855, was
attached to the Sixtli United States Infantry as
Lieutenant. After several years si)ent in Indian

fighting, he was ordered to California, where he
was promoted to a captaincy and assigned to
recruiting duty. On August 15, 1861, he was
commissioned Colonel of the Thirty-eiglitli Illi-
nois Volunteers. His record during the war was
an exceptionally brilliant one. He defeated Gen.
Jefi'. Thompson at Fredericktown, Mo., Oct. 21,
1861 ; commanded the District of Southeast Mis-
souri for eighteen months ; led a brigade under
Slocum in the Arkansas camiiaign ; served with
marked distinction in Kentucky and Mississippi ;
took a prominent part in the battle of Stone
River, was engaged in the TuUahoraa campaign,
at Chattanooga, Lookout Mountain and Mission-
ary Ridge, and, on Feb. 8, 1864, was commis-
sioned Major in the Sixteenth Infantry. He also
took part in the Georgia campaign, aiding in the
capture of Atlanta, and marching with Sherman
to the sea. For gallant service in the assault at
Jonesboro, Tenn., Sept. 1, 1804, he was made
Colonel in tlie regular army, and, on Marcli 13,
1865, was brevetted Brigadier-General for meritori-
ous service at Bentonville, N. C, and Major-
General for services during the war. Colonel
Carlin was retired with the rank of Brigadier-
General in 1S93. His home is at Carrollton.

CARLINVILLE, tlie county-seat of Macoupin
County; a city and raiboaii junction. 57 miles
northeast of St. Louis, and 38 miles soutliwest of
Springfield. Blackburn University (wliicli see)
is located liere. Tliree coal mines are operated,
and tliere are brick works, tile works, and one
newspaper. The city has gas and electric liglit
plants and water-works. Population (1880),
8,117, (1890), 3,293; (1900), 3,.502.

CARLYLE, the county-seat of Clinton County,
48 miles east of St. Louis, located on tlie Kaska.s-
kia River and the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern
Railroad. The town has churches, parocliial and
public schooLs, water-works, lighting plant, and
manufactures. It has a flourishing seminary for
young ladies, three weekly papers, and a public
library connected with the high school. Popula-
tion (1890), 1,784; (1900), 1,874.

CARMI, the county-seat of White County, on
the Little Wabash River, 124 miles east of St.
Louis and 38 west of Evansville, Ind. The sur-
rounding country is fertile, yielding both cereals
and fruit. Flouring mills and lumber manufac-
turing, including the making of staves, are the
chief industries, though the city has brick and
tile works, a plow factory and foimdry. Popula-
tion (1880), 2,512; (1890), 2,785: (1900), 2,939.

CARPENTER, Milton, legi.slator and State
Treasurer; entered upon public life in Illinois as

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

Representative in the Nintli General Assembly
(1834) from Hamilton County, serving by succes-
sive re-elections in the Tenth, Eleventh and
Twelfth. While a member of the latter (1841)
he was elected by the Legislature to the office of
State Treasurer, retaining this position imtil the
adoption of the Constitution of 1848, when he was
chosen his own successor bj- popular vote, but
died a few days after the election in August,
1848. He WHS buried in what is now known as
the "Old Hutchinson Cemetery" — a burying
ground in the west part of the city of Springfield,
long since abandoned — wliere his remains still lie
(1897) in a grave unmarked by a tombstone.

CARPENTER, Philo, pioneer and early drug-
gist, was born of Puritan and Revolutionary
ancestry in the town of Savoy, Mass., Feb. 27,
1805 ; engaged as a druggist's clerk at Troy, N. Y. ,
in 1828, and came to Chicago in 1832, wliere he
established himself in the drug business, which
was later extended into other lines. Soon after
his arrival, he began investing in lands, which
have since become immensely valuable. Mr.
Carpenter was associated with the late Rev.
Jeremiah Porter in the organization of the First
Presbyterian Church of Chicago, but, in 18.51,
witlidrew on account of dissatisfaction with the
attitude of some of the representatives of that
denomination on the subject of slavery, identify-
ing liimself with the Congregationalist Churcli,
in which he had been reared. He was one of the
original founders and most liberal benefactors of
the Chicago Theological Seminary, to which he
gave in contributions, during his life-time, or in
bequests after his death, sums aggregating not
far from Slild.OOO. One of the Seminary build-
ings was named in his honor, "Carpenter Hall."
He was identified with various other organiza-
tions, one of the most important being the Relief
and Aid Society, which did such useful work
after the fire of 1871. By a life of probity, liber-
ality and benevolence, he won the respect of all
classes, dying. August 7. 1886.

CARPENTER, (Mrs.) Sarah L. Warren, pio-
neer teacher, born in Fredonia, N. Y., Sept. 1,
1813; at the age of 13 she began teaching at .State
Line. N. Y. ; in 1833 removed with her parents
(Mr. and Mrs. Daniel Warren) to Chicago, and
soon after began teaching in what was called the
"Yankee settlement," now the town of Lockport,
Will County. She came to Chicago the following
year (1834) to take the place of assistant of Gran-
ville T. Sproat in a school for boys, and is said to
have been the first teacher paid out of the public
funds in Chicago, though Miss Eliza Cliappell

(afterwards Mrs. Jeremiah Porter) began teach-
ing the cliildren about Fort Dearborn in 1833
Miss Warren married Abel E. Carpenter, whom
she survived, dying at Aurora, Kane Countj".
Jan. 10, 1897.-

CARPEXTERSVILLE, a village of Kane
County and manufacturing center, on Lake Ge-
neva brancliof theChicago& Northwe.stern Kail-
road. 6 miles north of East Elgin and about 48
miles from i liicago. Pop. (1890), 7.54; (1900). 1.002.

CARR, Clark E., lawyer, ixilitician and diplo-
mat, was born at Boston, Erie County, N. Y..
May 20, 1836; at 13 years of age accompanied Ids
father's family to Galesburg, HI., where he spent
several years at Knox College. In 1857 he gradu
ated from the Albany Law School, but on return-
ing to Illinois, soon einbiirked in politics, his
affiliations being uniformly with the Republican
party. His first office was that of Postma.ster at
Galesburg, to which he was apiMiinted by Presi
dent Lincoln in 1861 and wliicli he held for
twenty-four years. He wa.s a tried and valued
assistant of (Jovernor Yates during the War of
the Rebellion, serving on the staff of tlie latter
with tlie rank of Colonel. He was a delegate to
the National Convention of his party at Baltimore
in 1864, wliich renominated Lincoln, and took an
active part in the campaigns of that year, as well
as those of 1868 and 1872. In 1869 he purchased
"The Galesburg Republican," which he edited
and published for two years. In 1880 he was an
unsuccessful candidate for the Republican nomi-
nation for Governor ; in 1884 was a delegate to tlie
Republican National Convention, from the State-
at-large, and, in 1887, a candidate for the caucus
nomination for L'nited States Senator, which was
given to Charles B. Farwell. In 1888 he was
defeated in the Republican State Convention as
candidate for Governor by Joseph W. Fifer. In
1889 President Harrison appointed Iiim Minister
to Denmark, which post he filled with marked
abilit}- and credit to the countrj- until his resig
nation was accepted by President Cleveland,
when he returned to his former home at Gales-
burg. While in Denmark he did much to
promote American trade with that country.
especially in the introduction of American corn
as an article of food, which has led to a large
increase in the annual exportation of this com-
modity to Scandinavian markets.

CARR, Eugene A., soldier, was bom in Erie
County, N. Y., May 20, 1830, and graduated at
West Point in 18.50, entering the Mounted Rifle^s.
Until 18G1 he was stationed in the Far West, ami
engaged in Indian fighting, earning a First Lieu

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

tenancy through his gallantry. In 1861 he
L'ntereJ upon active service under General Lyon,
in Southwest Missouri, taking part in the engage-
ments of Dug Springs and Wilson's Creek,
winning the brevet of Lieutenant-Colonel. In
September, 1861, he was commissioned Colonel of
the Third Illinois Cavalry. He served as acting
Brigadier-General in Fremont's hundred-day
expedition, for a time commanding the Fourth
Division of the Army of the Southwest. On the
second day at Pea Ridge, although three times
wounded, he remained on the field seven hours,
and materially aided in securing a victory, for
his bravery being made Brigadier-General of
Volunteers. In the summer of 1863 he was
promoted to the rank of Major in the Regular
Army. During the Vicksburg campaign he com-
manded a division, leading the attack at Magnolia
Church, at Port Gibson, and at Big Black River,
and winning a brevet Lieutenant-Colonelcy in
the United States Army. He also distinguished
himself for a first and second assault upon taking
Vicksburg, and, in the autumn of 1863, com-
manded the left wing of the Sixteenth Corps at
Corinth. In December of that year he was
transferred to the Department of Arkan.sas,
where he gained new laurels, being brevetted
Brigadier-General for gallantry at Little Rock,
and Major-General for services during the war.
After the close of the Civil War, he was stationed
chiefly in the West, where he rendered good serv-
ice in the Indian campaigns. In 189-1 he was
retired with the rank of Brigadier-General, and
has since resided in New York.

CARRIEL, Henry F., M.D., alienist, was born
at Charlestown, N. H., and educated at Marlow
Academy, N. H., and Wesleyan Seminary, Vt. ;
graduated from the College of Physicians and
Surgeons, New York City, in 1857, and immedi-
ately accepted the position of Assistant Physician
in the New Jersey State Lunatic Asylum,
remaining until 1870. Meanwhile, however, he
visited a large number of the leading hospitals
and asylums of Europe. In 1870, Dr. Carriel
received the appointment of Superintendent of
the Illinois Central Hospital for the Insane at
Jacksonville, a position which he continued to
fill until 1893, when he voluntarily tendered to
Governor Altgeld his resignation, to take effect
July 1 of that year.— Mrs. Mary Turner (Carriel),
vi-ife of Dr. Carriel, and a daughter of Prof.
Jonathan B. Turner of Jacksonville, was elected
a Trustee of the University of Illinois on tlie Repub -
lican ticket in 1896, receivingaplurality of 148,o:39
over Julia Holmes Smith, her highest competitor.

CARROLL COUNTY, originally a part of .To
Daviess County, but set apart and organized in
1839, named for Charles Carroll of Carrolltou. The
first settlements were in and around .Savanna.
Cherry Grove and Arnold's Grove. The first
County Commissioners were Messrs. L. H. Bor
den. Garner Moffett and S. M. Jersey, who held
their first court at Savanna, April 13, 1839. In
1843 the county seat vvas changed from Savanna
to Mount Carroll, where it yet remains. Town-
ships were first organized in 18o0, and tlie
development of the county has steadily pro
gressed since that date. The surface of tlie land
is rolling, and at certain points decidedly pictur-
esque. The land is generally good for farming.
It is well timbered, particularly along the Mis-
sissippi. Area of the county, 440 .square miles;
population, 18,963. Mount Carroll is a pleasant,
prosperous, wide-awake town, of about 2,000
inhabitants, and noted for its excellent pubho
ami private schools.

CARROLLTON, the county-seat of Greene
County, situated on the west branch of the Chi-
cago & Alton and the Quincy, Carrolltou & St.
Louis Railroads, 33 miles north-northwest of
Alton, and 34 miles south by west from Jackson-
ville. The town has a foundry, carriage and
wagon factory, two machine shops, two flour
mills, two banks, six churches, a high school, and
two weekly newspapers. Population (1890),
2,258; (1900), 2,355.

CARTER, Joseph N., Justice of the Supreme
Court, was born in Hardin County, Ky., March
13, 1843; came to Illinois in boyhood, and, after
attending school at Tuscola four years, engaged
in teaching until 1863, when he entered Illinois
College, graduating in 1866; in 1808 graduated
from the Law Department of tlie University of
Michigan, the next year establishing himself in
practice at Quincy, where he has since resided
He was a member of the Thirty-first and Thirty-
second General Assemblies (1878-82), and, in
June, 1894, was elected to tlie seat on the Supreme
Bench, wliich he now occupies

CARTER, Tlionias Henry, United States Sena-
tor, born in Scioto County, Ohio, Oct, 30, 1854;
in his fifth year was brouglit to lllinoi,"i, his
father locating at Pana, where he was educated
in the public schools ; was employed iu farming,
railroading and teaching several years, then
studied law and was admitted to the bar, and. in
1882, removed to Helena, Mont., where he en-
gaged in practice; was elected, as a Republican
the last Territorial Delegate to Congress from
Idalio and the first Representative from the new

HISTOEICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

State; was Commissioner of the General Land
Office (1891-93), and. iu 1895, was elected to tlie
United States Senate for the term ending in 1901
In 1893 he was chosen Chairman of the Repub-
lican National Comniittee, serving until the St.
Louis Convention of 1896.

CARTERVILLE, a city in Williamson Comity,
10 miles by rail northwest of Marion. Coal min-
ing is the principal industry. It has a bank, five
clmrohes, a public .school, and a weekly news-
paper. Population (1880), 093: (1890), 969; (1900),
1,749; (1904, est.), 3,000.

CARTHAGE, a city and the county-seat of
Hancock County, 13 miles east of Keokuk, Iowa,
on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincyand the Wa-
basli Railroads; has water- works electric lights,
three banks, four trust companies, four weekly
and two semi-weekly papers, and is the seat of a
Lutheran College. Pop. (1890), 1.654: (1900), 2,104.

CARTHAGE COLLEGE, at Carthage, Hancock
County, incorporated in 1871; has a teaching
faculty of twelve members, and reports 158 pupils
— sixty-eight men and ninety women — for 1897-98.
It has a library of 5,000 volumes and endowment
of 533,000. Instruction is given in the classical,
scientific, musical, fine arts and business depart-
ments, as well as in preparatory studies. In 1898
tliis institution reported a property valuation of
$41,000, of which $35,000 was in real estate.

CARTHAGE & BURUNGTON RAILROAD.
(See Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad.)

CARTWRIGHT, James Henry, Justice of the
Supreme Court, was born at Maquoketa, Iowa,
Dec. 1, 1843 — the son of a frontier Methodist
clergyman J was educated at Rock River Semi-
nary and the University of Michigan, graduating
from the latter in 1867; began practice in 1870 at
Oregon, Ogle County, which is still his home ; in
1888 was elected Circuit Judge to succeed Judge'
Eustace, deceased, and in 1891 assigned to Appel-
late Court duty ; in December, 1895, was elected
Justice of the Supreme Court to succeed Justice
John M. Bailey, deceased, and re-elected in
1897.

CARTWRIGHT, Peter, pioneer Methodist
preacher, was l)orn in Amherst County, Ta.,
Sept. 1, 1785, and at the age of five years accom-
panied his father (a Revolutionary veteran) to
Logan Coimty, Ky. The country was wild and
unsettled, there were no schools, the nearest mill
was 40 miles distant, the few residents wore
homespun garments of flax or cotton ; and coffee,
tea and sugar in domestic use were almost un-
known. Methodist circuit riders soon invaded
the district, and, at a camp meeting held at Cane

Ridge in 1801, Peter received his first religious
impressions. A few montlis later he abiindoned
his reckless life, sold his racehorse and abjured
gambling. He began preaching immediately
after liis conversion, and, in 1803, was regularly
received into the ministry of the Metliodist Epis-
copal Church, although only 18 years old. In
1823 he removed to Illinois, locating in Sangamon
County, then but sparsely settled. In 1828, and
again in 1833, he was elected to the Legislature,
whei-e his homespun wit and undaunted courage
stiKid him in good stead. For a long series of
}-e;irs he attended annual conferences (usuallj' as
a delegate), and was a conspicuous figure at
camp-meetings. Although a Democrat all liis
life, he was an uncompromising antagonist of
slavery, and rejoiced at the division of his
denomination in 1844. He was also a zealous
supporter of the Government during the Civil
War. In 1846 he was a candidate for Congress
on the Democratic ticket, but was defeated by
Abraliam Lincoln. He wiis a powerful preacher,
a tireless worker, and for fifty years served as a
Presiding Elder of his denomination. On the
lecture i>latforni, hisquaintness and eccentricity,
together with his ine.xhaustible fund of personal
anecdotes, insured an interested audience.
Numerous stories are told of his physical prowess
in overcoming unruly characters whom he had
failed to convince by moral suasion. Inside the
churcli he was equally fearless and outspoken,
and his strong common sense did much to pro-
mote the success of tlie denomination in the
West. He died at his home near Pleasiint Plains,
Sangamon County, Sept. 25, 1872. His principal
published works are "A Controversy with the
Devil" (1853), "Autobiograpliy of Peter Cart-
wright" (1856), "The Backwoods Preacher"
(London, 1869), and several works on Methodism.
CARY, Eugene, lawyer and insurance manager,
was born at Boston, Erie County, N. Y., Feb. 30,
1835; began teaching at sixteen, meanwhile
attending a select school or academy at intervals;
studied law at Sheboygan, Wis., and liuffalo,
N. Y., 18.55-56; served as City Attorney and
later as County Judge, and, in 1861, enlisted in
the First Regiment Wisconsin Volunteers, serv-
ing as a Captain in the Army of the Cuniterland,
and the last two years as Judge-Advocate on the
staff of General Rousseau. After the war he
settled at Nashville, Tenn., where he held the
office of Judge of the First District, but in 1871
he was elected to the City Council, and, in 1883,
was the High-License candidate for Mayor in
opposition to Mayor Harrison, and believed by

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

many to have been honestly elected, but counted
out b}' the machine methods then in vogue.

CASAD, Anthony Wayne, clergyman and phy-
sician, was born in Wantage Township,' Sussex
County, N. J., May 2, 1791 ; died at Summerfield,
III., Dec. 16, 18.57. His father, Rev. Thomas
Casad, was a Baptist minister, who, with his
wife, Abigail Tingley, was among the early
settlers of Sussex County. He was descended
from Dutch-Huguenot ancestry, the family name
being originally Cossart, the American branch
having been founded by Jacques Cossart, who
emigrated from Leyden to New York in 1663.
At the age of 19 Anthony removed to Greene
County, Ohio, settling at Fairfield, near the site
of the present city of Dayton, where some of his
relatives were then residing. On Feb. 6, 1811, he
married Anna, eldest daughter of Captain Samuel
Stites and Martha Martin Stites, her mother's
father and grandfather having been patriot sol-
diers in the War of the Revolution. Anthony
Wayne Casad served as a volunteer from Ohio in
the War of 1812, being a member of Captain
Wm. Stephenson's Company. In 1818 he re-
moved with his wife's father to Union Grove, St.
Clair County, 111. A few years later lie entered
the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church,
and during 18'31-23 was stationed at Kaskaskia
and Buffalo, removing, in 18'33, to Lebanon,
where he taught school. Later lie studied medi-
cine and attained considerable prominence as a
practitioner, being commissioned Surgeon of the
Forty-ninth Illinois Infantrj' in 183.5. He was
one of the founders of McKendree College and a
liberal contributor to its support; was also for
many years Deputy Superintendent of Schools at
Lebanon, served as County Surveyor of St.
Clair County, and acted as agent for Harper
Brothers in the sale of Southern Illinois lands.
He was a prominent Free Mason and an influ-
ential citizen. His youngest daughter, Amanda
Keziah. married Rev. Colin D. James (which see).

CASET, a village of Clark County, at the inter-
section of the Vandalia Line and the Chicago &
Ohio River Railroad, ;j."> miles southwest of Terre
Haute. Population (1890), 844; (1900), 1,500.

CASEY, Zadoc, pioneer and early Congressman,
was born in Georgia, March 17. 1796, the young-
est son of a soldier of the Revolutionary War who
removed to Tennessee about 1800. The subject
of this sketch came to Illinois in 1817, bringing
with him his widowed mother, and settling in
tlie vicinity of the present city of Mount Vernon,
in Jefferson County, where he acquired great
prominence as a politician and became the head

of an influential family. He began preaching at
an early age, and continued to do so occasionally
through his political career. In 1819, he took a
prominent part in the organization of Jefferson
County, serving on the first Board of County
Commissioners; was an unsuccessful candidate
for the Legislature in 1820, but was elected
Representative in 18'32 and re-elected two years
later ; in 1826 was advanced to the Senate, serv-
ing until 1830, when lie was elected Lieutenant-
Governor, and during his incumbency took part
in the Black Hawk War. On March 1, 1833, he
resigned the Lieutenant-Governorship to accept
a seat as one of the tliree Congressmen from
Illinois, to which he had been elected a few
months previous, being subsequently re-elected
for four consecutive terms. In 1842 he was
again a candidate, but was defeated by John A.
McClernand. Other public positions held by him
included those of Delegate to the Constitutional
Conventions of 1847 and 1862, Representative in
the Sixteenth and Seventeenth General Assem-
blies (1848-52), serving as Speaker in the former.
He was again elected to the Senate in 1860, but
died before the expiration of his term, Sept. 4,
1862. During the latter years of his life he was
active in securing the right of way for the Ohio
& Mississippi Railroad, the original of the Mis-
sissippi division of the Baltimore, Ohio & South-
western. He commenced life in poverty, but
acquired a considerable estate, and was the donor
of the ground upon which the Supreme Court
building for the Southern Division at Mount
Vernon was erected.— Dr. Newton R. (Casey),
son of the preceding, was born in Jefferson
County, 111., Jan. 27, 1826, received his pri-
mary education in the local schools and at Hills-
boro and Mount Vernon Academies; in 1843
entered the Ohio University at Athens in that
State, remaining until 1845, when he com-
menced the study of medicine, taking a course
of lectures the following year at the Louisville
Medical Institute; soon after began practice,
and, in 1847, removed to Benton, 111., returning
the following year to Mount Vernon. In
1856-57 he attended a second course of lectures at
the Missouri Medical College, St. Louis, the latter
year removing to Moimd City, where he filled a
number of positions, including that of Mayor
from 1859 to 1864, when he declined a re-election.
In 1860, Dr. Casey served as delegate from Illi-
nois to the Democratic National Convention at
Charleston, S. C, and, on the establishment of
tlie United States Government Hospital at Mound
Citv. i:i 1861, lU'tc'l f'^- some time as a volunteer

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDLV OF ILLINOIS.

surgeon, later serving as Assistant Surgeon. In
1866, he was elected Representative in tlie
Twenty-fifth General Assembly and re-elected in
1868, when he was an unsuccessful Democratic
candidate for Speaker in opposition to Hon. S. 51.
Cullom; also again served as Representative in
the Twenty-eighth General Assembly (1872-74).
Since retiring from public life Dr. Casey has
given his attention to the practice of his profes-
sion. — Col. Thomas S. (Casey), another son, was
born in Jefferson County, 111., April 6, 1832,
educated in the common schools and at McKend-
ree College, in due course receiving the degree of
A.M. from the latter; studied law for tliree
years, being admitted to the bar in 1854 ; in 1860,
was elected State's Attorney for the Twelfth
Judicial District; in September, 1863. was com-
missioned Colonel of the One Hundred and Tenth
Illinois Volunteer Infantry, but was mustered out
May 16, 1863, having in the meantime taken part
in the battle of Stone River and other important
engagements in Western Tennessee. By this
time his regiment, having been much reduced
in numbers, was consolidated with the Sixtieth
Illinois Volunteer Infantry. In 1864, he was
again elected State's Attornej', serving until
1808; in 1870, was chosen Representative, and, in
1873, Senator for the Mount Vernon District for
a term of four years. In 1879, he was elected Cir-
cuit Judge and was immediately assigned to
Appellate Court duty, soon after the expiration of
his term, in 188.5, removing to Springfield, where
he died, March 1, 1891.

CASS COUNTY, situated a little west of the
center of the State, with an area of 360 square
miles and a population (1900) of 17,222 — named
for Gen. Lewis Cass. French traders are believed
to have made the locality of Beardstown their
headquarters about the time of the discovery of
the Illinois country. The earliest permanent
white settlers came about 1820, and among them
were Thomas Beard, Martin L. Lindsley, John
Cetrough and Archibald Job. As early as 1831
there was a horse-mill on Indian Creek, and, in
1827, M. L Lindsley conducted a school on the
bluffs. Peter Cartwright, the noted Methodist
missionary and evangelist, was one of the earliest
preacliers, and among the pioneers may be named
Messrs. Robertson, Toplo, McDonald, Downing,
Davis, Sliepherd, Penny, Bergen and Hopkins.
Beardstown was the original county-seat, and
during both the Black Hawk and Mormon
troubles was a depot of supplies and rendezvous
for troops. Here also Stephen A. Douglas made
his first political speech. The site of the town,

as at present laid out, was at one time sold by
Mr. Downing for twenty-five dollars. The
cormty was set off from Morgan in 1837. The
principal towns are Beardstown. Virginia, Chand-
lerville, Ashland and Arenzville. The county-
seat, formerly at Beardstown, wits later removed
to Virginia, where it now is. Beardstown was
incorporated in 1837, with about 700 inhabitants.
Virginia was platted in 1836, but not incorporated
until 1842.

CASTLE, Orlando Lane, educator, was bom at
Jericho, Vt., July 26, 1822; graduated at Denison
University, Ohio, 1846; spent one year as tutor
there, and, for several years, had charge of the
public schools of Zanesville, Ohio. In 1858, he
accepted the chair of Rhetoric, Oratory and
Belles-Lettres in Shurtleff College, at Upper
Alton, 111., remaining until his death, Jan. 31,
1892. Professor Castle received the degree of
LL. D. from Deni.son University in 1877.

CITHEIIWOOD, Mary Hartwell, author, was
born (Hartwell) in Luray, Ohio. Dec. 16, 1844.
educated at the Female College, Granville, Ohio,
where she graduated, in 1868, and, in 1887, w;i.s
married to James S. Catherwood, with whom she
resides at Iloopeston, III. Mrs. Catherwood is the
author of a number of works of fiction, which
have been accorded a high rank. Among her
earlier productions are "Craque-o'-Doom" (1881),
"Rocky Fork" (1882), "Old Caravan Days"
(1884), "The Secrets at Roseladies" (1888), "The
Romance of DoUard" and "The Bells of St.
Anne" (1889). During the past few j'ears she
has shown a predilection for subjects connected
with early Illinois history, and has published
popular romances un<ler the title of "The Story
of Tonty," "The White Islander," "The Lady of
Fort St. John," "Old Kaskaskia" and "The Chase
of Sant Castin and other Stories of the French
in the New World."

C.VTOX, John Dean, early lawyer and jurist,
was bom in Monroe County, N. Y., March 19,
1812. Left to the care of a widowed mother at
an early age, his childhood was spent in {wverty
and manual labor. At 13 he was set to learn a
trade, but an infirmity of sight comj)elled him to
abandon it. After a brief attendance at an
academy at Utica, where he studied law between
the ages of 19 and 21, in 1833 he removed to
Chicago, and shortly afterward, on a visit to
Pekin, was examined and licensed to practice by
Judffe Stephen T. Logan. In 1834, he was elected
Justice of the Peace, served as Alderman in
1837-38, and sat upon the bench of the Supreme
Court from 1842 to 1864, when he resigned, hav-

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HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

ing served nearly twenty-two years. During
this period he more tlian once occupied the posi-
tion of Chief Justice. Being embarrassed by the
financial stringency of 1837-38, in the latter year
he entered a tract of land near Plainfield, and,
taking his family with him, began farming.
Later in life, while a resident of Ottawa, he
became interested in the construction of telegraph
lines in the West, which for a time bore his name
and were ultimately incorporated in the "West-
ern Union," laying the foundation of a large
fortune. On retiring from the bench, he devoted
himself for the remainder of his life to his private
affairs, to travel, and to literary labors. Among
his published works are "The Antelope and Deer
of America," "A Summer in Norway," "Miscel-
lanies," and "Early Bench and Bar of Illinois."
Died in Chicago, July 30, 189.5.

CATARLT, Alfred W., early lawyer and legis-
lator, was born in Connecticut, Sept. 15, 1793;
served as a soldier in the War of 1813, and, in
1823, came to Illinois, first settling at Edwards-
ville, and soon afterwards at CarroUton, Greene
County. Here he was elected Representative in
the Fifth General Assembly (1820), and again to
the Twelfth ( 1840) ; also served as Senator in the
Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth A.ssemblies
(1842-48), acting, in 1845, as one of the Commis-
sioners to revise the statutes. In 1844, he was
chosen a Presidential Elector, and, in 1846, was a
prominent candidate for the Democratic nomi-
nation for Governor, but was defeated in conven-
tion by Augustus C. French. Mr. Cavarly was
prominent both in his profession and in the
Legislature while a member of that body. In
1853, he removed to Ottawa, where he resided
until his death, Oct. 25, 1876.

CESTERVILLE (or Central City), a village in
the coal-mining district of Gi-undy County, near
Coal City. Population (1880), 673; (1900), 290.

CENTRAL HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE,
established under act of the Legislature passed
March 1, 1847, and located at Jacksonville, Mor-
gan County. Its founding was largely due to the
philanthropic efforts of Miss Dorothea L. Di.x,
who addressed the people from the platform and
appeared before the General Assembly in behalf
of this class of unfortunates. Construction of
the building was begun in 1848. By 1851 two
wards were ready for occupancy, and the first
patient was received in November of that year.
The first Superintendent was Dr. J. M. Higgins,
who served less than two years, when he was suc-
ceeded by Dr. H. K. Jones, who had been Assist-
ant Superintendent, Dr. Jones remained as

Acting Superintendent for several months, when
the place was filled by the appointment of Dr.
Andrew McFarland of New Hampshire, his
administration continuing until 1870, when he
resigned on account of ill-health, being succeeded
by Dr. Henry F. Carriel of New Jersey. Dr.
Carriel tendered his resignation in 1893, and,
after one or two further changes, in 1897 Dr.
F. C. Winslow, who had been Assistant Superin-
tendent under Dr. Carriel, was placed in charge
of the institution. The original plan of construc-
tion provided for a center building, five and a
half stories high, and two wings with a rear
extension in which were to be the chapel, kitchen
and employes' quarters. Subsequently these
wings were greatly enlarged, permitting an
increase in the number of wards, and a-s the
exigencies of the institution demanded, appropri-
ations have been made for the erection of addi-
tional buildings. Numerous detached buildings
have been erected witliiu the past few years, and
the capacity of the institution greatly increased
— "The Annex" admitting of the introduction of
many new and valuable features in the classifica-
tion and treatment of patients. The number of
inmates of late years has ranged from 1,200 to
1,400. The counties from which patients are
received in this institution embrace: Rock
Island, Mercer, Henry, Bureau, Putnam, Mar-
shall. Stark, Knox, Warren, Henderson, Hancock,
McDonough, Fulton, Peoria, Tazewell, Logan,
Mason, Menard, Cass, Schuyler, Adams, Pike,
Calhoun, Brown, Scott, Morgan, Sangamon,
Christian, Montgomery, Macoupin, Greene and
Jersey.

CENTRALIA, a city and railway center of
Marion County, 250 miles south of Chicago. It
forms a trade center for the famous "fruit belt"
of Southern Illinois; has a number of coal mines,
a glass plant, an envelope factory, iron foundries,
railroad repair shops, flour and rolling mills, and
an ice plant ; also has water- works and sewerage
system, a fire department, two daily papers, and
excellent graded schools. Several parks afford
splendid pleasure resorts. Population (1890),
4 763; (1900), 0,721; (1903, est.), 8,000.

CENTRALIA & ALTAMONT RAILROAD.
(See Centralia d- Chester Riiilniail)

CENTRALIA & CHESTER RAILROAD, a rail-
way line wholly within the State, extending
from Salem, in Marion County, to Chester, on the
Mississippi River (91.6 miles), with a lateral
branch from Sparta to Roxborough (5 miles), and
trackage facilities over the Illinois Central from
the branch junction to Centralia (2.9 miles)—

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

total, 99.5 miles. The original line was ehartered
as the Centralia & Chester Railroad, in December,
1887, completed from Sparta to Coulterville in
1889, and consolidated the same year with the
Sparta & Evausville and the Centralia & Alta-
mont Railroads (projected); line completed
from Centralia to Evansville early in 1894. The
branch from Sparta to Rosborough was built in
1895, the section of the main line from Centralia
to Salem (14.9 miles) in 1896, and that from
Evansville to Chester (17.6 miles) in 1897-9S.
The road was placed in the hands of a receiver.
June 7, 1897, and the expenditures for extension
and equipment made under authority granted by
the United States Court for the issue of Receiver's
certificates. The total capitalization is §2,374,-
841, of which 5978,000 is in stocks and ?948,000 in
bonds.

CENTRAL MILITARY TRACT RAILROAD.
(See Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad.)

CERRO OORDO, a town in Piatt County, 13
miles by rail east-northeast of Decatur. The crop
of cereals in the surrounding country is sufficient
to support two elevators at Cerro CJordo, which
has also a flouring mill, brick and tile factories,
etc. Tliere are tliree churches, graded schools, a
bank and two newspaper offices. Population
(1890), 939; (1900), 1,008.

CHADDOCK COLLEGE, an institution under
the patronage of the Methodist Episcopal Church
at Quincy, 111., incorporated in 1878; is co-educa-
tional, has a faculty of ten instructors, and
reports 127 students — 70 male and 57 female — in
the classes of 1895-96. Besides the usual depart-
ments in literature, science and the classics,
instruction is given to classes in theology, music,
the fine arts, oratory and preparatory studies. It
has property valued at $110,000. and reports an
endowment fund of §8,000

CHAMBERLIN, Thomas Crowder, geologist
and educator, was born near Mattoon, 111., Sept.
25, 1845; graduated at Beloit College, Wisconsin,
in 1866: took a course in Michigan University
(1868-69); taught in various Wisconsin institu-
tions, also discharged the duties of State
Geologist, later filling the chair of Geology at
Columbian University, Washington, D. C. In
1878, he was sent to Paris, in charge of the edu-
cational exliibits of Wisconsin, at the Interna-
tional Exposition of tliat year — during his visit
making a special study of the Alpine glaciers.
In 1887, he was elected President of the Univer-
sity of Wisconsin, serving until 1892, when he
became Head Professor of Geology at the Univer-
sity of Chicago, where he still remains. He is

also editor of the University "Journal of Geol-
ogy" and President of the C'hieago Academy of
Sciences. Professor Chamberlin is author of a
number of volumes on educational and scientific
subjects, chiefly in the line of geology. He
received the degree of LL.D. from the Univer-
sity of Michigan, Beloit College and Columbian
University, all on the .same date (1887).

CH.VMl'.VIGN.a flourishing city in Champaign
County. 128 miles southwe,st of Chicago and 83
miles northeast of Springfield ; is the intersecting
point of three lines of railway and connected
with the adjacent city of Urbana. the county-
seat, by an electric railway. The University of
Illinois, located in Urbana, is contiguous to the
city. Champaign has an excellent sy.stem of
water-work.s, well-paved streets, and is lighted by
both gas and electricity. The surrounding coun-
try is agricultural, but the city ha.s manufac-
tories of carriages and machines. Three papers
are published here, besides a college weekly con-
ducted by the students of the University. The
Burnliam Hospital and the Garwood Old Ladies'
Home are located in Champaign. In the resi-
dence portion of the city there is a handsome
park, covering ten acres and containing a notable
jiiece of bronze statuary, and several smaller parks
in other section.s. There are several hand.some
churches, and excellent schools, both public and
private. Population (1890), 5,839; (1900), 9,098.

CHAMPAIGN COUNTY, situated in the eastern
half of the central belt of the State; area, 1,008
square miles; population (1900), 47,622. The
county was organized in 1833, and named for a
county in Ohio. The physical conformation is
flat, and the soil rich. The county lies in the
heart of what was once called the "Grand
Prairie." Workable seams of bituminous coal
underlie the surface, but overlying quicksands
interfere with their operation. The Sangamon
and Kaskaskia Rivers have their sources in this
region, and several railroads cross the county.
The soil is a black muck underlaid by a yellow
clay. Urbana (with a population of 5,708 in
1900) is the county -seat. Other important points
in the county are Champaign (9.000), Tolono
(1,000). and liantoul (1,200). Champaign and
Urbana adjoin each other, and the grounds of the
Illinois State University extend into each corpo-
ration, being largely situated in Champaign.
Large drifted masses of Niagara limestone are
found, interspersed with coal measure limestone
and sandstone. Alternating beds of clay, gravel
and quicksand of the drift formation are found
beneath the subsoil to the depth of 150 to 300 feet.

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

CHAMPAIGN, HAVANA & WESTERN RAIL-
ROAD. (See Illinois Central Railroad.)

CHANDLER, Charles, physician, was born at
West Woodstock, Conn., July 3, 1806; graduatetl
with the degree of M.D. at Castleton, Vt., and,
in 1839, located in Scituate, R. I. ; in 1833, started
with the intention of settling at Fort Clark (now
Peoria), 111., but was stop])ed at Beardstown by
the "Black Hawk War," finally locating on the
Sangamon River, in Cass County, where, in 1848,
he laid out the town of Chandlerville — Abraham
Lincoln Ijeing one of the surveyors who platted
the town. Here he gained a large practice,
which he was compelled, in his later years, par-
tially to abandon in consequence of injuries
received while prosecuting his profession, after-
wards turning his attention to merchandising
and encouraging the development of the locality
in which he lived by promoting the construction
of railroads and the building of schoolhouses and
churches. Liberal and public-spirited, his influ-
ence for good extended over a large region.
Died, April 7, 1879.

CHANDLER, Henry B., newspaper manager,
was bom at Frelighsburg, Quebec, July 12, 1836 ;
at 18 he began teaching, and later took charge of
the business department of "The Detroit Free
Press"; in 1861, came to Chicago with Wilbur F.
Storey and became business manager of "Tlie
Chicago Times"; in 1870, di.sagreed with Storey
and retired from newspaper business. Died, at
Yonkers, N. Y., Jan. 18, 1896.

CHANDLERVILLE, a village in Cass County,
on the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railroad, 7
miles north by east from Virginia, laid out in
1848 by Dr. Charles Chandler, and platted by
Abraham Lincoln. It has a bank, a creamery,
four churches, a weekly newspaper, a Hour and a
saw-mill. Population (1890), 910; (1900), 940.

CHAPIN, a village of Morgan County, at the
intersection of the Wabash and the Chicago,
Burlington & Quincy Railroads, 10 miles west of
Jacksonville. Population (1890), 450; (1900), 514.

CHAPPELL, Charles H., railway manager,
was born in Du Page County, 111., March 3, 1841.
With an ardent passion for the railroad business,
fit the age of 16 he ol)tained a position as freight
brakeman on tlie Chicago, Burlington & Quincy
Railroad, being stea<lily promoted through the
ranks of conductor, train-master and dispatcher,
until, in 1865, at the age of 24, he was appointed
General Agent of the Eastern Division of the
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy. Other railroad
positions which Mr. Chappell has since held are :
Superintendent of a division of the Union Pacific

(1869-70) ; Assistant or Division Superintendent
of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, or some of
its branches (1870-74) ; General Superintendent
of the Missouri, Kansas & Texas (1874-76);
Superintendent of the Western Division of the
Wabash (1877-79). In 1880, he accepted tlie
position of Assistant General Superintendent of
the Chicago & Alton Railroad, being advanced in
the next three years through the grades of
General Superintendent and Assistant General
Manager, to that of General Manager of the
entire system, which he has continued to fill for
over twelve years. Quietly and without show or
display, Mr. Chappell continues in the discharge
of his duties, assisting to make the system with
which he is identified one of tlie most succe.ssfiil
and perfect in its operation in the whole country.
CHARLESTON, the county-seat of Coles
County, an incorporated city and a railway junc-
tion, 46 miles west of Terre Haute, Ind. It lies
in the center of a farming region, yet has several
factories, including woolen and flouring mills,
broom, plow and carriage factories, a foundry
and a canning factory. Three newspapers are
published here, is.suing daily editions. Population
(1890), 4,135; (1900), 5,488. The Eastern State
Normal School was located here in 1895.

CHARLESTON, NEOGA <k ST. LOUIS RAIL-
ROAD. (See Toledo. St. Louis <f- Kansas Citij
Railroad.)

CHARLEVOIX, Pierre Francois Xavier de,
a celebrated French traveler and an early
explorer of IlUnois, born at St. Quentin, France,
Oct. 29, 1682. He entered the Jesuit Society,
and while a student was sent to Quebec
(1695), where for four years he was instructor in
the college, and completed his divinity studies.
In 1709 he returned to France, but came again to
Quebec a few years later.' He ascended the St.
Lawrence, sailed through Lakes Ontario and Erie,
and finally reached the Mi.ssissippi by way of the
Illinois River. After visiting Cahokia and the
surrounding county (1720-21), he continued down
the Blississippi to New Orleans, and returned to
France by way of Santo Domingo. Besides some
works on religious subjects, he was the author of
histories of Japan, Paraguay and San Domingo.
His great work, however, was the "History of
New France," which was not published until
twenty years after his death. His journal of his
American explorations appeared about the .same
time. His history has long been cited by
scholars as authority, but no English translation
was made until 1865. when it was undertaken bv
Shea. Died in France, Feb. 1, 1761.

HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

CHASE, Philander, Protestant Episcopal
Bishop, was born in Cornish, Vt., Dec 14, 1775,
and graduated at Dartmouth in 1795. Although
reared as a Congregatioualist, he adopted the
Episcopal faith, and was ordained a priest in
1799, for several years laboring as a missionary
in Northern and Western New York. In 1805,
he went to New Orleans, but returning North in
1811, spent six years as a rector at New Haven,
Conn., then engaged in missionary work in Ohio,
organizing a number of parishes and founding an
academy at Worthington; was consecrated a
Bishop in 1819, and after a visit to England to
raise funds, laid the foundation of Kenyon
College and Gambler Theological Seminary,
named in honor of two English noblemen who
had contributed a large portion of the funds.
Diflferences arising with some of his clergy in
reference to the proper use of the funds, he
resigned both the Bishopric and the Presidency
of the college in 1831. and after three years of
missionary labor in 5Iicliigan, in 1835 was chosen
Bishop of Illinois. Making a second visit to
England, he succeeded in raising additional
funds, and, in 1838, founded Jubilee College at
Robin's Nest, Peoria County, III., for which a
charter was obtained in 1847. He was a man of
great religious zeal, of indomitable perseverance
and the most successful pioneer of the Episcopal
Church in the West. He was Presiding Bishop
from 1843 imtil his death, which occurred Sept.
20, 1852. Several volumes appeared from his pen,
the most important being "A Plea for the West"
(1826), and "Reminiscences: an Autobiography,
Comprising a Historj- of the Principal Events in
the Author's Life" (1848).

CHATHAM, a village of Sangamon County, on
the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 9 miles south of
Springfield. Population (1890), 482; (1900), 029-

CHATSWORTH, town in Livingston County,
on 111. Cent, and Toledo, Peoria & Western Rail-
ways, 79 miles east of Peoria; in farming and
stock-raising district; has two banks, three grain
elevators, five churches, a gi-aded school, two
weekly papers, water works, electric lights, paved
streets, cement sidewalks, btick works, and other
manufactories. Pop. (1890). 827; (1900), 1,038.

CHEBAJiSE, a town in Iroquois and Kankakee
Counties, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 64
miles south-southwest from Chicago; the place
has two banks and one newspaper. Population
(1880), 728; (1890). G16; (1900). .5.55.

CHENEY, Charles Edward, Bishop of the Re-
formed Protestant Episcopal Church, was born in
Canandaigua, N. Y., Feb. 12, 18.36; graduated at

Hobart in 1857, and liegan study for the ministry
of the Protestant Episcopal Church. Soon after
ordination he became rector of Christ Church,
Chicago, and was prominent among those wlio,
under the leadership of Assistant Bishop Cum-
mins of Kentucky, organized the Reformed Epis-
copal Church in 1873. He was elected Missionary
Bishop of the Northwest for the new organiza-
tion, and was consectated in Christ Church,
Chicago, Dec. 14, 1873.

CHENEY, John Yance, author and librarian,
was born at Groveland, N. Y., Dec. 29, 1848,
though the family home was at Dorset, Vt..
where he grew up and received his primary edu-
cation. He acquired his academic training at
Manchester, Vt., and Temple Hill Academy,
Genesee, N. Y., graduating from the latter in
1865, later becoming Assistant Principal of the
same institution. Having studied law, lie was
admitted to the bar successively in Massachusetts
and New York; but meanwhile having written
considerably for the old "Scribner's Montlily"
(now "Centurj- Magazine"), while under the
editorship of Dr. J. G. Holland, lie gradually
adopted literature as a profession. Removing to
the Pacific Coast, he took charge, in 1887, of the
Free Public Library at San Francisco, remaining
until 1894, when he accepted the position of
Librarian of the Newberry Librarj- in Chicago,
as successor to Dr. William F. Poole, deceased.
Besides two or three volumes of verse, Mr. Cheney
is the author of numerous essays on literary
subjects. His published works include "Tliistle-
Drift," poems (1887); "Wood-Blooms," poems
(1888), "Golden Guess," essaj-s (1892); "That
Dome in Air," essays (1895); "Queen Helen,"
poem (1895) and "Out of the Silence," poem
(1897). He is also editor of "W<xxl Notes Wild,"
by Simeon Pease Cheney (1892), and Caxton Club's
edition of Derby's Phoenixiaiia.

CHENOA, an incorjxjrated city of McLean
County, at the intersecting point of the Toledo,
Peoria & Western and the Chicago & Alton Rail-
roads, 48 miles east of Peoria, 23 miles northeast
of Bloomington, and 102 miles south of Chicago.
Agriculture, dairj- farming, fruit-growing and
coal-mining are the chief industries of the sur-
rounding region. The city also has an electric
light plant, waterworks, canning works and tile
works, besides two banks, seven churches, a
graded school, two weekly papers, and telephone
systems connecting with the surrounding coun-
try. Population (1890), 1,226; (1900), 1,512.

CHESBROUGH, EUis Sylvester, civil engineer,
was born in Baltimore, Md., Jul}' 6, 1813; at the

CHICAGO THOROXTIHFAHES.

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

age of thirteen was chainman to an engineering
party on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, being
later employed ou other roads. In 1837, he was
appointed senior assistant engineer in the con-
struction of the Louisville, Cincinnati & Charles-
ton Railroad, and, in 1846, Chief Engineer of the
Boston Waterworks, in 1850 becoming sole Com-
missioner of the Water Department of that city.
In 185.'), he became engineer of the Chicago Board
of Sewerage Commissioners, and in that capacity
designed the sewerage system of the city — also
planning the river tunnels. He resigned the
iffice of Commissioner of Public Works of
Chicago in 1879. He was regarded as an author-
ity on water-supply and sewerage, and was con-
sulted by the officials of New York, Boston,
Toronto, Milwaukee and other cities. Died,
August 19. 1886.

CHESNUT, John A., lawyer, was born in Ken-
tucky, Jan. 19, 1816, his father being a native of
South Carolina, but of Irish descent. John A.
was educated principally in his native State, but
came to Illinois in 18-36, read law with P. H.
Winchester at Carlinville, was admitted to the
bar in 1837, and practiced at Carlinville until
1855, when he removed to Springfield and engaged
in real estate and banking business. Mr. Ches-
nut was as.sociated with many local business
enterprises, was for several years one of the
Trustees of the Institution for the Deaf and
Dumb at Jacksonville, also a Trustee of the
Ilhnois Female College (Methodist) at the same
place, and was Supervisor of the United States
Census for the Sixth District of Illinois in 1880.
Died, Jan. 14, 1898.

CHESTER, the county-seat of Randolph
County, situated on the Mississippi River, 76
miles south of St. Louis. It is the seat of the
Southern Illinois Penitentiary and of the State
Asylum for Insane Convicts It stands in the
heart of a region abounding in bituminous coal,
and is a prominent shipping point for this com-
modity ; also has quarries of building stone. It
has a grain elevator, flouring mills, rolling mills
and foundries. Population (1880), 2,580; (1890),
2,708, (1900), 2,832.

CHETLAIN, Augnstns Louis, soldier, was born
in St. Louis, Mo., Dec. 26, 1824, of French Hugue-
not stock — his parents having emigrated from
Switzerland in 1823, at first becoming members
of the Selkirk colony on Red River, in JIanitoba.
Having received a common school education, he
became a merchant at Galena, and was the first
to volunteer there in response to the call for
troops after the bombardment of Fort Sumter, in

1861, being chosen to the captaincy of a company
in the Twelfth Regiment of Illinois Volunteers,
whicli General Grant had decUned; participated
in tlie campaign on the Tennessee River which
resulted in the capture of Fort Donelson and the
battle of Shiloli, meanwhile being commissioned
Lieutenant-Colonel ; also distinguished himself at
Corinth, where he remained in command until
May, 1863, and organized tlie first colored regi-
ment raised in the West. In December, 1863, he
was promoted Brigadier-General and placed in
charge of the organization of colored troops in
Tennessee, serving later in Kentucky and being
brevetted Major-General in January, 1864. From
January to October, 1865, he commanded the
post at Memphis, and later the District of Talla-
dega, Ala., until January, 1866, when he was
mustered out of the service. General Chetlain
was Assessor of Internal Revenue for the District
of Utah (1867-69), tlien appointed United States
Consul at Brussels, serving until 1872, on his
retm-n to the United States establishing himself
as a banker and broker in Chicago.

CHICAGO, the county-seat of Cook County,
chief city of Illinois and (1890) second city in
population in the United States.

Situation. — The city is situated at the south-
west bend of Lake Michigan, 18 miles north of
the extreme southern point of the lake, at the
mouth of the Chicago River; 715 miles west of
New York, 590 miles north of west from Wash-
ington, and 260 miles northeast of St. Louis.
From the Pacific Coast it is distant 2,417 miles.
Latitude 41° 52' north; longitude 87° 35' west of
Greenwich. Area (1898), 186 square miles.

Topography. — Chicago stands on the dividing
ridge between the Mississippi and St. Lawreice
basins. It is 502 feet above sea-level, aud its
highest point is some 18 feet above Lake Michi-
gan. The Chicago River is virtually a bayou,
dividing into north and south brandies about a
half-mile west of the lake. The surrounding
country is a low, flat prairie, but engineering
science and skill have done much for it in tlie
way of drainage. The Illinois & Michigan Canal
terminates at a point on the south branch of
the Chicago River, within the city limits, and
unites the waters of Lake Michigan with those
of the Illinois River.

Commerce. — The Chicago River, with its
branches, affords a water frontage of nearly 60
miles, the greater part of which is utilized for
the shipment and xmloading of grain, lumber,
stone, coal, merchandise, etc. Anrther navigable
stream (the Calumet River) also lies within the

HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

corporate limits. Dredging has made the Clii-
eago River, with its branches, navigable for
vessels of deep draft. The harbor has also been
widened and deepened. Well constructed break-
waters protect the vessels l.ving inside, and the
port is as safe as any on the great lakes. The
city is a port of entry, and the tonnage of vessels
arriving tliere exceeds that of any other port in
the United States. During 1897, 9,1.56 vessels
arrived, with an aggregate tonnage of 7,209,443,
while 9,201 cleared, representing a tonnage of
7,185.324. It is the largest grain market in the
world, its elevators (in 1897) having a capacity
of 33, 550, 000 bushels.

According to the reports of the Board of Trade,
tlie total receipts and shipments of grain for
the year 1898 — counting flour as its grain equiva-
lent in bushels — amounted to 323,097,453 bushels
of the former, to 289,920,028 bushels of the latter.
The receipts and shipments of various products
for the year (1898) were as follows:

Flour (bbls.) .
Wheat (bu.) . .
Corn " . . .
Oats "...
Rye "...

Barley " . . .
Cured Meats (lbs.)
Dressed Beef " .
Live-.stock — Hogs
Cattle
" Sheep

Receipts.

5,316,195

35,741,5.55

127,420,374

110,293,647

4.935.308

18,116,594

229,005,246

110,286,6.52

9,360.968

2.480.632

3,502,378

Shipments.

5,032.236

38,094,900

13(t.397.681

85.057,636

4,453,384

6,7.55,247

923,627.722

1,060. S.59.808

1,334.768

864,408

545,001

Chicago is also an important lumber market,
the receipts in 1895, including shingles, being
1,562,527 M feet. As a center for beef and pork-
packing, the city is without a rival in the amount
of its products, there having been 93,459 cattle
and 760,514 hogs packed in 1894-95. In bank
clearings and general mercantile business it
ranks second only to New York, while it is also
one of the chief manufacturing centers of the
country. The census of 1890 shows 9,9.59 manu-
facturmg establishments, with a capital of $292,-
477,038; employing 203,108 hands, and turning
out products valued at 8632,184,140. Of the out-
put by far the largest was that of the slaughter-
ing and meat-packing establishments, amounting
to §203,825,092; men's clothing came next ($33,-
517,326); iron and steel, 831,419,8.54; foundry and
machine shop products, $29,938,616; planed
lumber, 817,604,494. Chicago is also the most
important live-stock market in the United States.
The Union Stock Yards (in the southwest part of
the city) are connected with all railroad lines
entering the c'ty. and cover many hundreds of

acres. In 1894, there were received 8,788,049
auimals (of all descriptions), valued at §148,057,-
626. Chicago is also a primary market for hides
and leather, the production and siiles being both
of large proportions, and the trade in manufac-
tured leather (notably in boots and shoes)
exceeds that of anj- otlier market in the country.
Ship-building is a leiiding industry, as are also
brick-making, distilling and brewing.

Tkanspout.\tion, etc. — Besides being the chief
port on the great lakes, Chicago ranks .second to
no otlier American city as a railwaj' center. The
old "Galena & Chicago Union," its first railroad,
was operated in 1849, and within three years a
substantial advance had been scored in the way
of steam transiwrtation. Since then the multi-
plication of railroad lines focusing in or passing
through C'liif:ago has been rapid and steady. In
1895 not less than thirty -eight distinct lines enter
the city, although these are operated by only
twenty-two companies. Some 2,600 miles of
railroad track are laid within the city limits.
Tlie number of trains daih- arriving and depart-
ing (suburban and freiglit included) is about
2,000. Intraiuunil transportation is afforded by
electric, steam, cable and horse-car lines. Four
tunnels under the Chicago River and its branches,
and numerous bridges connect the various divi-
sions of the city.

History.— Point du Sable (a native of San
Domingo) was admittedly the first resident of
Chicago other than the aborigines. The French
missionaries and explorers — Marquette, Joliet,
La Salle, Hennepin and others — came a century
earlier, their explorations beginning in 1673.
After the expulsion of the French at the close of
the French and Indian War, the territory passed
under Britisli control, though French traders
remained in this vicinity after the War of the
Revolution. One of these named Le Mai followed
Point du Sable al)out 1796, and was himself suc-
ceeded by John Kinzie. the Indian trader, who
came in 1803. Fort Dearborn was built near the
mouth of the Chicago River in 1804 on land
acquired from the Indians by the treaty of
Greenville, concluded by Gen. Anthony Wayne
in 1795, but was evacuated in 1812, when most of
the garrison and the few inhabitants were massa-
cred by the savages. {See Fort Dearborn.) The
fort was rebuilt in 1816, and another settlement
established around it. The first Government
survey was made, 1829-30. Earh- residents were
the Kinzies, the Wolcotts, the Beaubiens and the
Millers. The Black Hawk War (1832) rather
aided in developing tlie resources and increasing

o B
o

■5 «

I ?

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

the population of the infant settlement by draw-
ing to it settlers from the interior for purposes of
mutual protection. Town organization was
effected on August 10, 1832, the total number of
votes polled being 28. The town grew rapidly
for a time, but received a set-back in the financial
crisis of 1837. During May of that year, how-

ever, a charter was obtained and Chicago became
a city. The total number of votes cast at that
time was 703. The census of the city for tlie Ist
of July of that year showed a population of 4,180.
The following table shows the names and term
of office of the chief city officers from 1837 to
1899:

1837
1838
1839
1940
1841
1842
1843
1H44
1845
1S46
1S47
1H48
1849
1850
1861
18.52
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
l»(iO
1861
1862
1863
1864
18S5
18116
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1878

1877-78
1879 80
1881-82
1883-84
1885-86
1887-88
1889-90
1891 92
1893-94

1895-96
1897-98
1899

City Clsrk.

I. N. Arnold, Geo. Davis (1)

Oeo. Davis

Wm. H. Brackett

Thomaa Hoyne

Thomas Hoyne

Wm. B. Ogdeo

Buckner 8. Morris .
Benj. W, Raymond
Alexander Lloyd..
F. C. Sherman.. . .

BenJ. W. Raymond J. Curtis

Augustus Garrett James M. Lowe

Au^ (iarrett,Alson S.8herman(4) E. A. Rucker,
Aug.Garrett.AlsonS.9herman(4)

JohnP.Chapin

James Curtiss

James H. Woodworth

Jarae.s Curtiss

Walter S, ( iurnee

Walters. Gurnee

Charles M. Gray

Ira L. Mllliken

Levi D. Boone

Thomas Dyer

John Wentworth

John C. Haines

JohnC. Haines

John Wentworth

Julians Rumsey

F. O. Sherman

F. C. Sherman

John B. Rice

JohnB. Rice

John B. Rico

John B. Rice

John B Rice (8)

R. B. Mason

Joieph Meillll

Joseph Medlll

Harvey D. Colvin
Harvey D. Colvin

Cttv attorney.

E. A. Rucker,Wm.S.Brown(5)

Henry B.Clarke

Henry B- Clarke

Sidney Abeil

Sidney A hell

Sidney Abell

Henry W. Zimmerman ......

Henry W. Zimmerman

Henry W.Zimmerman

Henry W. Zimmerman

H. Kreisman

Abraham Kobn

A.J. Marble

H.W.Zimmerman

H. W. Zimmerman

Albert H. Bodman

Albert II. Bodman

Albert H. Bodman

Charles T. Hotchkiss

Jos. K. C. Forrest

Monroe Heath,(9) H. D. Colvin,

Thomas Hoyne Ca.spar ButJ.

Monroe Heath Caspar Butz

Carter H. Harrison P.J.Howard

Carter H. Harrison IP. J. Howard

Carter H. Harrison John G. Neumelster ...

Carter H Harrison C. Herman Plautz

John A. Roche p. W. Nickerson

Dewitt C, Cregler Franz Amberg.

Hempstead Washburne James R. B. Van Cleave

Garter H. Harrison, Geo. B

N. B. Jndd

N. B. Judd

Samuel L. Smith

Mark Sltinner

Geo. Maiiierre

Henry Brown

G. Manierre. Henry BrowniS)

Henry W. Clarke

Charles II . Larrabee

Patrick Ballingall

Giles Spring

O R. W. Lull

Henry H. Clark

Arno Voss

Patrick Ballingall

J. A. Thompson

J. L Marsh

John C. Miller

Elliott Anthony

Geo. F. Crocker

John Lyle King

Ira W. Buel

Geo. A. Meech

Francis Adams

Daniel D. Dri-scoll

Daniel D. Driscoll

Hasbrouck Davis

Israel N. Stiles

Egbert Janiieson

Egbert Jamieson

R.S. Tnthlll

R.S. Tuthlll

Julius S. Grinnell

Hempstead Washburne

Geo. F.Sugg

Jacob J. Kern,G.A.Trude{101

City Treasijrkb.

Swift.iUl John P. Hopklns.(ll)

lOeo. B. .Swift

Carter H. Harrison. Jr

Carter H. Harrison, Jr

Chas. D Gastfleld

James R. B. Van Cleave .

William Loeffler

William Loellter

Geo. A. Trude....

Roy O. West

Miles J. Devine..
Andrew J. Ryan .

Hiram Pearsons.

Geo. W. Dole.

W. 8. Gurnee, N. H. Bollea(2)

N. H. Bdlles.

F, C. Sherman.

Walter S. Gurnee.

Wm. L. Church.

Wm. L Church.

Andrew Getzler.

Wm. L. Church.

Wm, L. t'hurch.

Edward Manierre.

Uriah 1'. Harris.

Wm. F De Wolf.

O. J. Rose.

C. N. Holden.

Alonzo Harvey.

AJonzo Harvey.

Alonzo Harvey ,C.W.Hant(«)

W. H. Rice.

P. H. Cutting. W.H.Rice(7)

David A. Gage.

A.G. Throop.

Wm F. Wentworth.

Wm. F. Wentworth.

David A. Gage.

David A. Oage.

David A. Gage.

Daniel O'llara.

Daniel O'Hara.

Clinton Brlggs.
Chas. B. Larrabee.
W. C. Seipp.
Rudolph Brand.
John M. Dunphy.
Wni. M. Devine.
C. Herman Plautz.
Bernard Roesing.
Peter Kiolbassa.

Michael J. Branifleld.
Adam Wolf.
Ernst Hummel.
Adam Ortseifen.

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(S)
(6)
(7)
(8)

(9)

(10)
lU)

I N. Arnold rtsigned. and Geo. Davis appointed, October, 1837.
Gurnee resigned. Bolles appointed his successor. April 1840

Manierre resigiieil. lirown appointed his successor, July. 184.i.

ElcJuon of Garreti .l.rlared illegal, and Sherman elected at new election, held April, 1814.

Brown appoint. '1 to till vacancy caused by resignation of Rucker.

Harvey resigned and Hunt appointed to till vacancy. ,,.m „„„

Cutting having failed, to qualify. Rice, wjbo was "l^Jj^f^^X?, the persons in office at beginning of 1869 remaining In office

Legislature changed date of election from April to I
to Decemlier of that year.

r election held until April 1876. TJ<" order 'or a new

City organized under general Incorporation Act in 'J'5,./"^"^"V^vlu>h cave kmaiority to Thomas Hoyne. The Council
election omitted the olBce of Ma.vor, yet a PW"!''^' «"!'^ '»^^' t"''^^ declaring Hoyne duly elected.

then in office refused to canva^is tins vote, but ''», »''' >=X, r^^," Yj^ .f'ht to ^ over;" Hoyne then made a contest

Colvin, the incumbent, refused to '*""«■■'*"'''«;; ''.;;«;,J'^;"J^fur'de'y^ig the claims of both contestants, when a new
for the office, which resulted u ■? 'i''™'"; ..^y. '' ;i^^''''J''Xich Xinroe^Heath was elected, serving out the tern,,
election was ordered by the City Council, July '-• 1™; "JL"" ^ Trnje was appointed to serve out the remainder of the

City Attorney Kern, having resigned Novemljer 21, 1892, Geo. A. rruae was appu.ure

term. . . . „ , k.- na isnt the ritv Council at its next meeting {November 6, 1893)

1893, John P. Hopkins was elected to fill out the unexpired term of Mayor Uarrisuii.

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

The Fire of 1871.— The city steadily grew in
beauty, population and commercial importance
until 1871. On Oct. 9 of that year occurred the
"great fire" the story of which has passed into
history. Recuperation was speedy, and the 2,100
acres burned over were rapidly being rebuilt,
when, in 1874, occurred a second conflagration,
although by no means so disastrous as that of
1871. The city's recuperative power was again
demonstrated, and its subsequent development
has been phenomenal. The subjoined statement
shows its growth in population :

1837
1840
1850
18G0
1870
1880
1890
1900

4,179

4,470

28,269

112,162

298.977

.'-.03.185

1.099.850

1,098.575

Notwithstanding a large foreign population and
a constant armj' of unemployed men. Chicago
has witnessed only three disturbances of the
peace by mobs — the railroad riots of 1877, the
Anarchist disturbance of 1880, and a strike of
railroad employes in 1894.

Municipal Administkation. — Chicago long
since outgrew its special charter, and is now-
incorporated under the broader provisions of the
law applicable to "cities of the first class," under
which the city is virtually autonomous. The
personnel, drill and equipment of the police and
fire departments are second to none, if noi supe-
rior to any, to be found in other American cities.
The Chicago River, with its branches, divides the
city into three principal divisions, known respec-
tively as North, South and West. Each division
has its statutory geographical boundaries, and
each retains its own distinct townsliip organiza-
tion. This system is anomalous; it has, how-
ever, both assailants and defenders.

Public Improvements. — Chicago has a fine
system of parks and boulevards, well developed,
well improved and well managed. One of the
parks (Jackson in the South Division) was the
site of the World's Columbian Exposition. The
water supplj' is obtained from Lake Michigan by
means of cribs and timnels. In this direction
new and better faoiUties are being constantly
introduced, and the existing water system will
compare favorably with that of any other Ameri-
can city.

Architecture.— The public and office build-
ings, as well as tlie business blocks, are in some
instances classical, but generally severely plain.

(Jranite and other varieties of stone are used in
the City Ilall, County Court House, the Board of
Trade structure, and in a few commercial build-
ings, as well iis in many private residences. In
the business part of the city, however, steel,
iron, brick and fire clay are the materials most
largely employed in construction, the exterior
walls teing of brick. The most approved
metliods of fire-proof building are followed, and
tlie "Chicago construction" has been recognized
anil adopted (with modifications) all over the
United States. Office buildings range from ten
to sixteen, and even, as in the case of the Masonic
Temple, twenty stories in height. Most of them
are sumptuous as to the interior, and many of the
largest will each accommodate 3,000 to 5,000
occupants, including tenants and their employes.
In the residence sections wide diversity may be
seen ; the chaste and the ornate styles being about
equally poiJular. Among the handsome public,
or .semi-public buihiiugs may be mentioned the
Public Library, the Newberry Library, the .\rt
In.stitute, the Armour Institute, the Academy of
Sciences, tlie Auditorium, the Board of Trade
Building, the Masonic Temple, and several of tlie
railroad depots.

Education and Libraries. — Chicago lias a
public school system unsurpassed for excellence
in any other city in the country. According to
tlie report of the Board of Education for 1898, the
city had a total of 221 primary and grammar
schools, besides fourteen high schools, employing
5,268 teachers and giving instruction to over
236,000 pupils in the course of the year. The
total expenditures during the year amounted to
§6,785,601, of which nearly $4,500,000 was on
account of teachers' salaries. The city has
nearly S7,.500,000 invested in school buildings.
Besides pupils attending public schools there are
about 100,000 in attendance on private and
parochial schools, not reckoning students at
higher institutions of learning, such as medical,
law, theological, dental and pharmaceutical
schools, and the great University of Chicago.
Near the city are also the Northwestern and the
Lake Forest Universities, the former at Evanston
and the latter at Lake Forest. Besides an exten-
sive Free Public Library for circulating and refer-
ence purposes, maintained bj- public taxation,
and embracing (in 1898) a total of over 235,000
volumes and nearly 50,000 pamphlets, there
are the Library of the Chicago Historical Society
and the Newbenw and Crerar Libraries — the last
two the outgrowth of posthumous donations by
public-spirited and liberal citizens — all open to

UAV AFTEU ClIICACO KIUK

CHICAGO TIloi;oi'r;iIF.\RES.

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

the public for purposes of reference under certain
conditions. This list does not include the exten-
sive library of the University of Chicago and those
connected with the Armour Institute and the
public schools, intended for the use of the pupils
of these various institutions.

CHICAGO BOARD OF TRADE, one of the
leading commercial exchanges of the world. It
was originally organized in the spring of 1843 as
a voluntary association, with a membership of
eighty-two. Its primary object was the promo-
tion of the city's commercial interests by unity
of action. On Feb. 8, 1849, the Legislature
enacted a general law authorizing the establish-
ment of Boards of Trade, and under its provisions
an incorporation was effected — a second organi-
zation being effected in April, 18.50. For several
years the association languished, and at times its
existence seemed precarious. It was, however,
largely instrumental in securing the introduction
of the system of measuring grain by weight,
which initial step opened the way for subsequent
great improvements in the methods of handling,
storing, inspecting and grading cereals and seeds.
By the close of 18,56, the association had overcome
the difficulties incident to its earlier years, and
the feasibility of erecting a permanent Exchange
building began to be agitated, but the project lay
dormant for several years. In 1856 was adopted
the first system of classification and grading of
wheat, which, though crude, formed the founda-
tion of the elaborate modern system, which has
proved of such benefit to the grain-growing
States of the West, and has done so much to give
Chicago its commanding influence in the grain
markets of the world. In 1858, the privilege of
trading on the floor of the Exchange was limited
to members. The same year the Board began
to receive and send out daily telegraphic market
reports at a cost, for the first year, of §500,000,
which was defrayed by private subscriptions.
New York was the only city with which such
communication was then maintained. In Febru-
ary, 1859, a special charter was obtained, confer-
ring more extensive powers upon the organization,
and correspondingly increasing its efficiency. An
important era in the Board's history was the
Civil War of 1861-65. During this struggle its
attitude was one of undeviating loyalty and gener-
ous patriotism. Hundreds of thousands of dollars
were contributed, by individual members and
from the treasury of the organization, for the work
of recruiting and equipping regiments, in caring
for the wounded on Southern battlefields, and
•Providing for the families of enlisted men. In

1864, the Board waged to a successful issue a war
upon the irredeemable currency with wliich the
entire West was then flooded, and secured such
action by the banks and by the railroad and
express companies as compelled its replacement
by United States legal-tender notes and national
bank notes. In 1865, handsome, large (and, as
then supposed, permanent) quarters were occu-
pied in a new building erected by the Chicago
Chamber of Commerce under an agreement with
the Board of Trade. This structure was destroyed
in the fire of October, 1871, but at once rebuilt,
and made ready for re-occupancy in preciselj'
one year after the destruction of its predeces.sor.
Spacious and ample as these quarters were then
considered, the growing membership and inc^reas-
ing business demonstrated their inadequacy
before the close of 1877. Steps looking to the
erection of a new building were taken in 1881,
and, on May 1, 1885, the new edifice — then the
largest and most ornate of its class in the world
— was opened for occupancy. The membership
of the Board for the year 1898 aggregated con-
siderably in excess of 1,800. The influence of the
association is felt in every quarter of the com-
mercial world.

CHICAGO, BURLINGTON & NORTHERN
R.A.ILROAD. (See Chicago, Burlington <fc
Quincy Railroad.)

CHICAGO, BURLINGTON & QUINCY RAIL-
ROAD (known as the "Burlington Route") is
the parent organization of an extensive system
which operates railroads in eleven Western and
Northwestern States, furnishing connections
from Chicago with Omaha, Denver, St. Paid and
Minneapolis, St. Louis and Kansas City, Chey-
enne (Wyo. ), Billings (Mont.), Deadwood (So.
Dak,), and intermediate points, and having con-
nections by affiliated roads with tlie Pacific Coast.
The main line extends from Chicago to Denver
(Colo.), 1,025.41 miles. The mileage of the
various branches and leased proprietary lines
(1898) aggregates 4,627.06 miles. The Company
uses 207.23 miles in conjunction with other
roads, besides subsidiary standard-gauge lines
controlled through the ownership of securities
amounting to 1,440 miles more. In addition to
these the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy controls
179 miles of narrow-gauge road. The wliole
number of miles of standard-gauge road operateii
by the Burlington system, and known as thfe
Burlington Route, on June 30, 1899, is estimated
at 7,419, of which 1,509 is in Illinois, all but 47
miles being owned by the Company. Tlie system
in Illinois connects many important commercial

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

points, including Chicago, Aurora, Galesburg,
Quincy, Peoria, Streator, Sterling, Memlota, Ful-
ton, Lewistown, Rushville, Geneva, Keithsburg,
Rock Island, Beardstown, Alton, etc. The entire
capitalization of the line (including stock, bonds
and floating debt) amounted, in 1898, to §234,884,-
600, which was equivalent to about §33,000 per
mile. The total earnings of the road in Illinois,
during the fi.scal year ending June 30, 1898,
amounted to §8,734,997, and tlie total disburse-
ments of the Company within the State, during
the same period, to §7,469,4.56. Taxes paid in
1898, §377,968. — (History). The first section of
the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad was
constructed under a charter granted, in 1849, to
the Avuora Branch Railroad Company, the name
being changed in 18.53 to the Chicago & Aurora
Railroad Company. The line was completed in
1853, from the junction with the old Galena &
Chicago Union Railroad, 30 miles west of Chi-
cago, to Aurora, later being extended to Mendota.
In 1855 the name of the Company was changed
by act of the Legislature to the Chicago, Burling-
ton & Quincy. The section between Mendota and
Galesburg (80 miles) was built under a charter
granted in 1851 to the Central Military Tract
Railroad Company, and completed in 1854. July
9, 1856, the two companies were consolidated
under the name of the former. Previous to this
consolidation the Company had extended aid to
the Peoria & Oquawka Railroad (from Peoria to
the Mississippi River, nearly opposite Burlington,
Iowa), and to the Northern Cross Railroad from
Quincy to Galesburg, both of which were com-
pleted in 1855 and operated by the Chicago, Bur-
lington & Quincy. In 18.57 the name of the
Northern Cross was changed to the Quincy &
Chicago Railroad. In 1860 the latter was sold
under foreclosure to the Chicago, Burlington &
Quincy, and, in 1863. the Peoria & Oquawka was
acquired in the same way — the former constitut-
ing the Quincy branch of the main line and the
latter giving it its Burlington connection. Up
to 1863, the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy used
the track of the Galena & Chicago Union Rail-
road to enter the city of Chicago, but that j-ear
began the construction of its Une from Aurora to
Chicago, wliich was completed in 1864. In 1873
it acquired control, by perpetual lease, of the
Burlington & Mis.souri River Road in Iowa,
and, in 1880. extended this line into Nebraska,
now reaching Billings, Mont., with a lateral
branch to Deadwood, So. Dak. Other branches
in Illinois, built or acquired by this corporation,
include the Peoria & Hannibal ; Carthage & Bur-

lington ; Quincy & Warsiiw ; Ottawa, Chicago &
Fox River Valley; Quincy, Alton & St. Louis,
and the St. Louis, Rock Island & Chicago. The
Chicago, Burlington & Northern — known as the
Northern Division of the Cliicago, Burlington &
Quincy — is an important part of the system,
furnishing a connection between St. Louis on
the south and St. Paul and Minnejipolis on the
north, of which more than half of the distance of
.583 miles between terminal points, is in Illinois.
The latter division was originally chartered, Oct.
21, 1885, and constructed from Oregon. 111., to St.
Paul, Minn. (319 miles), and from Fulton to
Savanna, 111. (16.72 miles), and opened, Nov. 1,
1886. It was formallj' incorixsrated into tlie
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy line in 1899. In
June of the .same year the Chicago, Burlington &
Quincy also acquired by purchase the Keokuk &
Western Railroad from Keokuk to Van Wert.
Iowa (143 miles), and the Des Moines & Kansa-s
City Rfiilway, from Des Moines, Iowa, to Gaines-
ville, Mo. (113 miles).

CHICAGO, DANVILLE ii VINCENNES RAIL-
ROAD. (See Chicago d" Eastern Illinois Hail-
road. )

CHICAGO DRAINAGE CANAL, a channel or
waterway, in course of construction (1892-99)
from the Chicago River, within the limits of the
city of Chicago, to Joliet Lake, in the Des Plaiues
River, about 12 miles aliove the junction of the
Des Plaines with the Illinois. The primary object
of the channel is the removal of the sewage of
the city of Chicago and the proper drainage of
the region comprised within wliat is called the
"Sanitary District of Chicago." The feasibility
of connecting the waters of Lake Micdiigan by
way of the Des Plaines River with tho.se of the
Illinois, attracrted the attention of the earliest
French explorers of this region, and was com-
mented u])on, from time to time, by them and
their successors. As early as 1808 the subject of
a canal uniting Lake Michigan with the Illinois
was discu-ssed in a report on roads and canals by
Albert Gallatin, then Secretary of the Treasury,
and the project was touched U]X>n in a bill relat-
ing to the Erie Canal and other enteqirises, intro-
duced in Congress in 1811. The measure continued
to receive attention in the press, in Western
Territorial Legislatures and in official reports,
one of the latter being a rejx)rt by John C. Cal-
houn, as Secretary of War, in 1819, in which it is
spoken of as "valuable for military purposes."
In 1832 Congress passed an act granting the
right of way to the State through the public
lands for such an enterprise, which was followed.

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COMPARATIVE SIZE OF NOTED CANALS.

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

five J-ears later, by a grant of lands for the pur-
pose of its construction. The work was begun in
1836, and so far completed in 1848 as to admit of
the passage of boats from the Chicago basin to La
Salle. (See Illinois & Micliigan Canal.) Under
an act passed by the Legislature in 1865, the work
of deepening the canal was undertaken by the
city of Chicago with a view to furnishing means
to relieve the city of its sewage, the work being
completed some time before the fire of 1871. This
scheme having failed to accomplish the object
designed, other measures began to be considered.
Various remedies were proposed, but in all the
authorities were confronted with the difficulty
of providing a fund, under the provisions of the
Constitution of 1870, to meet the necessary cost
of construction. In the closing months of the
year 1885, Hon. H. B. Hurd, who had been a
member of a Board of "Drainage Commission-
ers," organized in 1855, was induced to give
attention to the subject. Having satisfied him-
self and others that the difficulties were not
insurmountable with proper action by the Legis-
lature, the City Council, on Jan. 27, 1886, passed
a resolution authorizing the Mayor to appoint a
Commission, to consist of "one expert engineer of
reputation and experience in engineering and
sanitary matters," and two consulting engineers,
to constitute a "drainage and water-supply com-
mission" for the purpose of investigating and
reporting upon the matter of water-supply and
disposition of the sewage of the city. As a
result of this action, Rudolph Hering, of Philadel-
phia, was appointed expert engineer by Mayor
Harrison, with Benezette Williams and S. G.
Artingstall, of Chicago, as consulting engineers.
At the succeeding session of the General Assem-
bly (1887), two bills — one known as the "Hurd
bill" and the other as the "Winston bill," but
both drawn by Mr. Hurd, the first contemplating
doing the work by general taxation and the is.sue
of bonds, and the other by special assessment —
were introduced in that body. As it was found
that neither of these bills could be passed at that
session, a new and shorter one, which became
known as the "Roche- Winston bill," was intro-
duced and passed near the close of the .session.
A resolution was also adopted creating a com-
mission, consisting of two Senators, two Repre-
sentatives and Mayor Roche of Chicago, to further
investigate the subject. The later act, just
referred to, provided for the construction of a cut-
off from the Des Plaines River, which would
divert the flood-waters of that stream and the
North Branch into Lake Michigan north of the

city. Nothing was tlone under thi;s act. however.
At the next session (1889) the commission made a
favorable report, and a new law was enacted
embracing the main features of the Hurd bill,
though changing the title of the organization to
be formed from the "Metropolitan Town," as
proposed by Mr. Hurd, to the "Sanitary Dis-
trict." The act. as passed, provided for the
election of a Board of nine Trustees, their powers
being confined to "providing for the drainage of
the district," both as to surplus water and sew-
age. Much opposition to the measure had been
developed during the pendency of the legislation
on the subject, especially in the Illinois valley,
on sanitary grounds, as well as fear of midsum-
mer flooding of the bottom lands which are
cultivated to some extent ; but this was overcome
by the argument that the channel would, when
the Des Plaines and Illinois Rivers were improved
between Joliet and La Salle, furnish a new and
enlarged waterway for the passage of vessels
between the lake and the Mississippi River, and
the enterprise was indorsed by conventions held
at Peoria, Memphis and elsewhere, during the
eighteen months preceding the passage of the
act. The promise ultimately to furnish a flow of
not less than 600,000 cubic feet per minute also
excited alarm in cities situated upon the lakes,
lest the taking of so large a volume of water from
Lake Michigan should affect the lake-level
injuriously to navigation; but these apprehen-
sions were quieted by the assurance of expert
engineers that the greatest reduction of the lake-
level below the present minimum would not
exceed three inches, and more likely would not
produce a perceptible effect.

At the general election, held Nov. 5, 1889,
the "Sanitary District of Chicago" was organ-
ized by an almost unanimous popular vote
— the returns showing 70,958 votes for the
measure to 243 against. The District, as thus
formed, embraces all of the city of Chicago
north of Eighty-seventh Street, with forty-
three square miles outside of the city limits
but within the area to be benefited by the
improvement. Though the channel is located
partly in Will County, the district is wholly in
Cook and bears the entire expense of construc-
tion. The first election of Trustees was held at a
special election, Dec. 12, 1889. the Trustees then
electeil to hold their offices for five years and
until the following November. The second
election occurred, Nov. 5, 1895, when the Board,
as now constituted (1899), was chosen, viz. ■
William Boldenweck, Joseph C. Braden, Zina R.

HISTOIilCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

Carter, Bernard A. Eckliart, Alexander J. Jones,
Thomas Kelly, James P. Mallette, Thomas A.
Smyth and Frank Wenter. The Trustees have
power to sell bonds in order to procure funds to
prosecute the work and to levy taxes upon prop-
erty within the district, under certain limitations
as to length of time the taxes run and the rate
per cent imposed. Under an amendment of the
Drainage Act adopted by the Legislature in 1897,
the rate of assessment upon property within the
Drainage District is limited to one and one-half
per cent, up to and including tlie year 1899, but
after that date becomes one-half of one per cent.
The bed of the channel, as now in process of
construction, commences at Robey Street and the
South Branch of the Chicago River, 5.8 miles
from Lake Michigan, and extends in a south-
westerly direction to the vicinity of Summit,
where it intersects the Des Plaines River. From
this point it follows the bed of that stream to
Lockport, in Will County, wliere, in consequence
of the sudden depression in the ground, the bed of
the channel comes to the surface, and where the
great controlling works are situated. This has made
necessary the excavation of about thirteen miles
of new channel for the river — which runs parallel
with, and on the west side of, the drainage canal
— besides the construction of about nineteen
miles of levee to separate the waters of the
canal from the river. The following statement
of the quality of the material excavated and the
dimensions of the work, is taken from a paper by
Hon. H. B. Hurd, vmder the title, "The Chicago
Drainage Channel and Waterway," published in
the sixth volume of "Industrial Chicago" (189G):
"Through that portion of the channel between
Cliicago and Smnmit, which is being constructed
to produce a flow of 300,000 cubic feet per minute,
which is supposed to be sufficient to dilute sew-
age for about the present population (of Chicago),
the width of the channel is 110 feet on the bot-
tom, with side slopes of two to one. This portion
of the channel is ultimately to be enlarged to the
capacity of 600,000 cubic feet per minute. The
bottom of the channel, at Robey Street, is 24.448
feet below Chicago datum. The width of the
channel from Summit down to the neighborhood
of Willow Springs is 202 feet on the bottom, with
the same side slope. The cut through the rock,
which extends from the neighborhood of Willow
Springs to the point where the channel runs out
of ground near Lockport. is 160 feet wide at the
bottom. The entire depth of the channel is
substantially the same as at Robey Street, vrith
the addition of one foot in 40,000 feet. The rock

portion of the channel is constructed to the fvill
capacity of 600,000 cubic feet per minute. From
the point where the channel runs out of ground
to Joliet Lake, t.here is a rapid fall; over this
slope works are to be constructed to let the water
down in such a manner as not to damage Joliet. "

Ground was broken on the rock-cut near
Lemont, on Sept. 3, 1892, and work has been in
progress almost constantly ever since. The prog-
ress of the work was greatly obstmcted during
the year 1898, by difficulties encountered in secur-
ing the right of way for the discharge of the
waters of the canal through the citj- of Joliet.
but these were compromised near the close of the
ye;vr, and it was anticipated that the work would
be prosecuted to completion during the year
1899. From Feb. 1, 1890, to Dec. 31, 1898, the
net receipts of the Board for the prosecution of
the work aggregated $28,257,707, while the net
expenditures had amounted to §28,221 8ft4.57. Of
the latter, §20,099,284.67 was charged to construc-
tion account, §3,156,903.12 to "land account"
(including right of way), and §1,222,092.82 to the
cost of maintaining the engineering department.
When finished, the cost will reach not less tlian
§35,000,000. These figures indicate the stupen-
dous character of the work, which bids fair to
stand without a rival of its kind in modem
engineering and in the results it is expected to
acliieve.

CHICAGO (JREVT WESTERN RAILWAY.
The total mileage of this line, June 30, 1898, was
1,008 miles, of which 1.52..52 miles are operated
and owned in Illinois. The line in this State
extends west from Chicago to East Dubuque, the
extreme terminal [xjints being Chicago and
Slinneapolis in the Northwest, and Kansas City
in the Southwest. It has several branches in Illi
nois, Iowa and Minnesota, and trackage arrange-
ments with several lines, the most iniiwrtant
being with the St. Paul & Northern Pacific (10.56
miles), completing the connection between St.
Paul and Minneapolis; with the Illinois Central
from East Dubuque to Portage (12.23 miles), and
with the Chicago & Northern Pacific from Forest
Home to the Grand Central Station in Chicago.
The company's own track is single, of standard
gauge, laid with sixty and seventy-five-pound
steel rails. Grades and curvature are light, and
the equipment well maintained. The outstand-
ing capital stock (1898) was §52,019,0-54; total
capitalization, including stock, bonds and miscel-
laneous indebtedness, §57,144,245. (HISTORY). The
road was chartered, Jan. 5, 1892, under the laws
of Illinois, for the purpose of reorganization of

'%fai^^fttii<a*'^5i&'i.

VIEWS OF DRAINAGE CANAL.

IIISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

the Chicago, St. Paul & Kansas City Railway
Company on a stock basis. During 1895, the
De Kalb & Great Western Railroad (5.81 miles)
was l)uilt from De Kalb to Sycamore as a feeder
of this line.

CHICAGO, HARLEM & BATAVIA RAIL-
ROAD. (See Chicago & Northern Pacific Rail-
road. )

CHICAGO, HATANA & WESTERN RAIL-
ROAD. (See Illinois Central Railroad.)

CHICAGO HISTORICAL SOCIETY, organized,
April 24, 18.56, for the purposes of (1) establishing
a library and a cabinet of antiquities, relics, etc. ;
(2) the collection and preservation of historical
manuscripts, documents, papers and tracts; (3)
the encouragement of the discovery and investi-
gation of aboriginal remains, particularly in Illi-
nois; (4) the collection of material illustrating
the growth and settlement of Chicago. By 1871
the Society had accumulated much valuable
material, but the entire collection was destroyed
in the great Chicago fire of that year, among the
manuscripts consumed being the original draft
of the emancipation proclamation by Abraham
Lincoln. The nucleus of a second collection was
consumed by fire in 1874. Its loss in this second
conflagration included many valuable manu-
scripts. In 1877 a temporary building was
erected, which was torn down in 1892 to make
room for the erection, on the same lot, of a
thoroughly fire-proof structure of granite,
planned after the most approved modern systems.
The new building was erected and dedicated
under the direction of its late President, Ed-
ward G. Mason, Esq.. Dec. 12, 1896. The Society's
third collection now embraces about twenty-five
thousand volumes and nearly fifty thousand
pamphlets; seventy-five portraits in oils, witli
other works of art; a valuable collection of
mauuscript documents, and a large museum of
local and miscellaneous antiquities. Mr. Charles
Evans is Secretary and Lilirarian.

CHICAGO HOMEOPATHIC MEDICAL COL-
LEGE, organized in 1876, with a teaching facultj'
of nineteen and forty-five matriculates. Its first
term opened October 4, of that year, in a leased
building. By 1881 the college had outgrown its
first quarters, and a commodious, well appointed
structure was erected by the trustees, in a more
desirable location. The institution was among
the first to introduce a graded course of instruc-
tion, extending over a period of eigliteen vears.
In 1897, the matriculating class numbered over 200.

CHICAGO HOSPITAL FOR WOMEN AND
CHILDREN, located at Chicago, and founded in

1865 by Dr. Mary Harris Thompson. Its declared
objects are: "To afford a home for women and
children among the re.spectable poor in need of
medical and surgical aid; to treat the same
classes at home by an assistant pliysician; to
afford a free dispensary for the same, and to
train competent nurses." At the outset the
hospital was fairly well sustained througli pri-
vate benefactions, and, in 1870, largely througli
Dr. Thompson's efforts, a college was organized
for the medical education of women exclusively.
(See Northwestern University Woman's Medical
School.) The hospital building was totally
destroyed in the great fire of 1871, but temporary
accommodations were provided in another section
of the city. The following year, with the aid of
§25,000 appropriated by the Chicago Relief and
Aid Society, a permanent building was pur-
chased, and, in 1885, a new, commodious and well
planned building was erected on the same site, at
a cost of about ?75,000.

CHICAGO, MADISON & NORTHERN RAIL-
ROAD, a line of railway 231.3 miles in length, 140
miles of which lie within Illinois. It is operated
by the Illinois Central Railroad Company, and is
known as its "Freeport Division." The par value
of the capital stock outstanding is .$50,000 and of
bonds .53,.500,000, while the floating debt is
$3,620,698, making a total capitalization of
§6,170,698, or .$26,698 per mile. (See also Illinois
Central Railroad. ) This road was opened from
Chicago to Freeport in 1888.

CHICAGO MEDICAL COLLEGE. (See Nm-th-
western University Medical College.)

CHICAGO, MILWAUKEE & ST. PAUL RAIL-
WAT, one of the great trunk lines of the North-
west, having a total mileage (1898) of 6,153.83
miles, of which 317.94 are in Illinois. The main
line extends from Chicago to Minneapolis, 420
miles, although it has connections with Kansas
Citj', Omaha, Sioux City and various points in
Wiscon.sin, Iowa and the Dakotas. The Chicago,
Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad Company enjoys
the distinction of being the owner of all the lines
operated by it, though it operates 245 miles of
second tracks owned, jointly with other lines.
The greater part of its track is laid with
60, 75 and 85-lb. steel rails. The total capital
invested (1898; is §220,005,901, distributed as
follows: capital stock, $77,845,000; bonded debt,
$135,285,500; other forms of indebtedness,
S5,.572,401. Its total earnings in Illinois for
1898 were §5,205,244, and the total expendi-
tures, 83,320,248. The total number of em-
ployes in Illinois for 1898 was 2,293, receiving

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA 01' ILLINOIS.

$1,746,827.70 in aggregate compensation. Taxes
paid for tlie .same year amounted to §151,285. —
(History). The Cliicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul
Railway was organized in 1863 under the name
of the Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway. The Illi-
nois portion of the main line was built under a
charter granted to the Chicago, Milwaukee & St.
Paul Railway Company, and the Wisconsin por-
tion under charter to the Wisconsin Union Rail-
road Company; the whole built and opened in
1872 and purchased by the Milwaukee & St. Paul
Railway Company. It subsequently acquired by
purchase several lines in Wisconsin, the wliole
receiving the present name of the line by act of
the Wisconsin Legislature, passed, Feb. 14, 1874.
The Chicago & Evan.ston Railroad was chartered,
Feb. 16, 1S61, built from Chicago to Calvary (10.8
miles), and opened, Maj- 1, 1885; was consolidated
with the Chicago & Lake Superior Riiilroad,
under the title of the Chicago, Evanston & Lake
Superior Railroad Companj-, Dec. 22, 1885, opened
to Evanston, August 1, 1886, and purcliased, in
June, 1887, by the Chicago, Milwaukee & St.
Paul Railway Companj-. Tlie Road, as now
organized, is made up of twenty-two divisions
located in Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota,
North and South Dakota, Missouri and Michigan.

CHICAGO, PADITCAH & .MEMPHIS RAIL-
ROAD (Projected), a road chartered, Dec. 19,
1893, to run between Altaniont ami Jletropolis,
111., 152 miles, with a branch from Johnston City
to Carbondale, 20 miles — total length, 172 miles.
The gauge is standard, and the track laid with
sixty-pound steel rails. By Feb. 1, 1895, the road
from Altamont to Clarion (100 miles) was com-
pleted, and work on the remainder of the line has
been in progress. It is intended to connect with
the Wabash and the St. Louis Southern systems.
Capital stock authorized and subscribed, §2.500,-
000; bonds issued, $1,575,000. Funded debt,
authorized, §15.000 per mile in five per cent first
mortgage gold bonds. Cost of road up to Feb. 1,
1895, §20,000 per mile ; estimated cost of the entire
line, §2,000,000. In December, 1898, this road
passed into the hands of the Chicago & Eastern
Illinois Railroad Company, and is now operated to
Marion, in Williamson County. (See Chicago &
Eastern Illinois Ilailvoad.)

CHICAGO, PEKIX A SOUTHWESTERX RAIL-
ROAD, a division of the Chicago & Alton Ptail-
road. chartered as the Chicago & Plainfield
Railroad, in 1859 ; opened from Pekin to Streator
in 1873, and to Mazon Bridge in 1876 ; sold under
foreclosure in 1879, and now constitutes a part of
the Chicago & Alton svstem.

CHICAGO, PEORIA & ST. LOUIS RAILROAD
CO.MPANY (of Illinois;, a corjjoration operating
two lines of railroad, one extending from Peoria
to Jacksonville, an<l the other from Peoria to
Springlield, with a connection from the latter
place (in 1895), over a leased line, with St. Louis.
The total mileage, as officially reixjrted in 1895,
was 208.06 miles, of wliich 166 were owned by
the coriKsration. (1) The orfginal of the Jackson-
ville Division of this line was the Illinois River
Railroad, oj)ened from Pekin to Virginia in 1859.
In October, 1863, it was sold under foreclosure,
an<l, early in 1864, was transferred by the pur-
chasers to a new corporation called the Peoria,
Pekin & Jacksonville Railroad Company, by
whom it was extended the same year to Peoria,
and, in 1869, to Jacksonville. Another fore-
closure, in 1879, resulted in its sale to the
creditors, followed by consolidation, in 1881,
with the Wabasli, St. Louis & Pacific Railway.
(2) The Springfield Division was incorporated in
1869 as the Springfield & Xorthwestem Railway ;
construction was begun in 1872, and road opened
from Springfield to Havana (45.20 miles) in
December, 1874, and from Havana to Pekin and
Peoria over the track of the Peoria, Pekin &
Jacksonville line. The same year the road was
leiLsed to the Indianapolis, Bloomlngton & West-
ern Railroad Company, but the lease was for-
feited, in 1875, and the road placed in the hands
of a receiver. In 1881, together ^vith the
Jacksonville DivLsion, it was transferred to the
Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway, and by
that company operated as the Peoria & Spring-
field Ilailroad. The Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific
liaving defaulted and gone into the liands of a
receiver, Ixjth the Jacksonville and the Spring-
field Divisions were reorganized in Febniary,
1887, under the name of the Cliicago, Peoria &
St. Louis Railroad, and placed under control of
the Jacksonville Southeastern Railroad. A
reorganization of the hitter took place, in 1890,
under the name of the Jacksonville, Louisville &
St. Louis Railway, and, in 1893, it passed into the
hands of receivers, and was severed from its
allied lines. The Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis
Railroad remained under the management of a
separate receiver imtil January, 1896, when a
reorgjinization was effected under its present
name — "The Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Rail-
road of Illinois." The lease of the Springfield
& St. Louis Division having expired in Deceni-
Ijer, 1895, it ha.s also been reorganized as an
independent corporation under the name of the
St. Louis, Peoria & Northern Railway (which see)

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

0!)

CHICAGO RIVER, a sluggish stream, draining
a narrow strip of land between Lake Michigan
and the Des Plaines River, the entire watershed
drained amounting to some 470 square miles. It
is formed by the union of the "North" and
the "South Branch," which unite less than a mile
and a half from the mouth of the main stream.
At an early daj* the former was known as the
"Guarie" and the latter as "Portage River." The
total length of the North Branch is about 20 miles,
only a small fractionof which is navigable. The
South Branch is shorter but offers greater facilities
for navigation, being lined along its lower por-
tions with grain-elevators, lumber-yards and
manufactories. The Illinois Indians in early days
found an easy portage between it and the Des
Plaines River. The Chicago River, with its
branches, separates Chicago into three divisions,
known, respectively, as the "North" the "South''
and the "West Divisions." Drawbridges have
been erected at the principal street crossings
over the river and both branches, and four
tunnels, connecting the various divisions of the
city, have been constructed under the river bed.

CHICAGO, ROCK ISLAND & PACIFIC RAIL-
WAT, formed by the consolidation of various
lines in 1880. The parent corporation (The
Chicago & Rock Island Railroad) was chartered
in Illinois in 18.51, and the road opened from Chi-
cago to the Mississippi River at Rock Island (181
miles), July 10, 18.54. In 1852 a company was
chartered under the name of the Mississippi &
Missouri Railroad for the extension of the road
from the Mississippi to the Missouri River. The
two roads were consolidated in 1866 as the Chi-
cago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, and the
extension to the Missouri River and a junction
with the Union Pacific completed in 1869. The
Peoria & Bureau Valley Railroad (an important
feeder from Peoria to Bureau Junction — 46.7
miles) was incorjjorated in 1853, and completed
and leased in perpetuity to the Chicago & Rock
Island Railroad, in 1854. The St. Joseph & Iowa
Railroad was purchased in 1889, and the Kansas
City & Topeka Railway in 1891. The Company
has financial and traffic agreements with the
Chicago, Rock Island & Texas Railway, extending
from Terral Station, Indian Territory, to Fort
Worth, Texas. The road also has connections
from Chicago with Peoria; St. Paul and Minne-
apolis; Omaha and Lincoln (Neb); Denver, Colo-
rado 'Springs and Pueblo (Colo. ), besides various
points in South Dakota, Iowa and Southwestern
Kansas. The extent of the lines owned and
operated by the Company ( ' 'Poor's Manual, " 1898) ,

is 3,568.15 miles, of which 236.51 miles are in
Illinois, 189. .52 miles being owned by the corpo-
ration. All of the Company's owned and
leased lines are laid with steel rails. The total
capitalization reported for the same year was
§116,748,211, of which $50,000,000 was in stock
and §58,830,000 in bonds. The total earnings and
income of the line in Illinois, for the year ending
June 30, 1898, was §5,851,875, and the total
expenses §3,401,165, of wliich §233,129 was in the
form of taxes. The Company has received under
Congressional grants 550,194 aci-es of land, exclu-
sive of State grants, of which there had been sold,
up to March 31, 1894, 548,609 acres.

CHICAGO, ST. PAUL & FOND DU LAC RAIL-
ROAD. (See Chicago & A'orthwestern Railu-ay.)

CHICAGO, ST. PAUL & KANSAS CITY RAIL-
WAY. (See Chicago Great Wfxtcrn Railway.)

CHICAGO, ST. LOUIS & PADUCAH RAIL-
WAT, a short road, of standard gauge, laid with
steel rails, extending from Marion to Brooklyn,
m., 53.64 miles. It was chartered, Feb. 7, 1887,
and opened for traffic, Jan. 1, 1889. The St.
Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad Company Ls
the lessee, having guaranteed principal and inter-
est on its first mortgage bonds. Its capital stock
is §1,000,000, and its bonded debt §3,000,000,
making the total capitalization about §56,000 per
mile. The cost of the road was §2,9.50,000; total
incumbrance (1895), §3,016,715.

CHICAGO TERMINAL TRANSFER RAIL-
ROAD, the succes.sor to the Chicago & Northern
Pacific Railroad. The latter was organized in
November, 1889, to acquire and lease faciUties to
other roads and transact a local business. The
Road under its new name was chartered, June 4,
1897, to purchase at foreclosure sale the property
of the Chicago & Northern Pacific, soon after
acquiring the property of the Chicago & Calmnet
Terminal Railway also. The combination gives
it the control of 84.53 miles of road, of which
70.76 miles are in Illinois. The line is used for
both passenger and freight terminal purposes,
and also a belt line just outside the citj' limits.
Its principal tenants are the Chicago Great West-
ern, the Baltimore & Ohio, the Wisconsin Central
Lines, and the Chicago, Hammond & Western
Railroad. The Company also has control of the
ground on which the Grand Central Depot is
located. Its total capitalization (1898) was §44,-
553,044. of which §30,000,000 was capital stock
and §13,394.000 in the form of bonds.

CHICAGO THEOLOGICAL SEMINART, organ-
ized. Sept. 26, 1854. by a convention of Congre-
gational ministers and laymen representing seven

^ifPfi^

\\y

100

HLSTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

Western States, among which was Illinois. A
special ami liberal charter was granted, Feb. If),
18.5.5. Tlie Seminary has always been under
Congregational control and supervision, its
twenty-four trustees being elected at Triennial
Conventions, at which are represented all tlie
churches of that denomination west of the Ohio
and east of the Rooky Mountains. The institu-
tion was formally opened to students, Oct. 6,
18.58, with two professors and twenty-nine
matriculates. Since then it has steadily grown
in both numbers and influence. Preparatory and
linguistic schools have been added and the
faculty (1896) includes eight professors and nine
minor instructors. The Seminary is liberally
endowed, its productive assets being nearly
$1,000,000, and the value of its grounds, build-
ings, library, etc., amounting to nearly §.500,000
more. No charge is made for tuition or room
rent, and there are forty-two endowed scholar-
ships, the Income of which is devoted to the aid
of needy students. The buildings, including the
library and dormitories, are four in number, and
are well constructed and arranged.

CHICAGO & ALTON RAILROAD, an impor
tant railway running in a southwesterly direc-
tion from Chicago to St. Louis, with numerous
branches, extending into Missouri, Kansas and
Colorado. The Chicago & Alton Railroad proper
was constructed under two charters — the first
granted to the Alton & Sangamon Railroad Com-
pany, in 1847, and the second to the Chicago &
Mississippi Railroad Company, in 1852. Con-
struction of the former was begun in 18.52, and
the line opened from Alton to Springfield in
18.53. Under the second corporation, the line was
opened from Springfield to Bloomington in 1851,
and to Joliet in 1856. In 1855 a line was con-
structed from Chicago to Joliet under the name
of the Joliet & Chicago Railroad, and leased in
perpetuity to the present Company, wliich was
reorganized in 1857 under the name of the St.
Louis, Alton & Chicago Railroad Companj-. For
some time connection was had between Alton
and St. Louis by steam-packet boats running in
connection with the railroad ; but later over the
line of the Indianapolis & St. Louis Railroad —
the first railway line connecting the two cities —
and, finally, by the Company's own line, which
was constructed in 1864. and formally opened
Jan. 1, 1865. In 1861, a company with the
present name (Chicago & Alton Railroad Com-
pany) was organized, which, in 1862. purchased
the St. Louis, Alton & Chicago Road at fore-
closure sale. Sfeveral branch lines have since

been acquired by purcliase or lease, the most
important in the State being the line from
Bloomington to St. Louis by way of Jacksonville.
This was chartered in 1851 under the name of the
St. Louis, Jacksonville & Chicago Railroad, was
opened for business in Januarj', 1808, and having
been diverted from the route upon which it was
originally projected, was completed to Blooming
ton and leased to the Chicago & Alton in 1868.
In 1884 this branch was absorbed by the main
line. Other important branches are the Kansas
City Branch from Koodhouse, crossing the Jlis-
sissippi at Louisiana, Mo. ; the Wasliington
Branch from Dwight to Washington and Lacon,
and the Cliicago & Peoria, by wliich entrance is
obtaineil into the city of Peoria over the tracks
of the Toledo, Peoria & Western. The whole
number of miles operated (1898; is 843.54, of
which 580.73 lie in Illinois. Including double
tracks and sidings, the Company lias a total
trackage of 1,186 miles. The total capitalization,
in 1898, was $32,793,972, of which §22,230,600 was
in stock, and §0,694,8.50 in bonds. The total
earnings and income for the year, in Illinois, were
§5,022,315, and the operating and other expenses,
§■1,272,207. Tliis road, under its management as
it existed up to 1898, has been one of the most uni-
formly successful in the country. Dividends
have been paid semiannually from 1863 to 1884,
and ([uarterly from 1884 to 1896. For a number
of years previoas to 1897, the dividends had
amounted to eight per cent per annum on both
preferred and common stock, but later had been
reduced to seven per cent on account of short
crops along the line. The taxes paid in 1898
were §341,040. The surplus, June 30, 1895,
exceeded two and three-quarter million dollars.
The Chicago & Alton was the first line in the
world to put into service sleeping and dining cars
of the Pullman model, which have since been so
widely adopted, as well as the first to run free
reclining chair-cars for the convenience and
comfort of its passengers. At the time the
matter embraced in this volume is undergoing
final revision (1899), negotiations are in progress
for the purcliase of this historic line by a syndi-
cate representing the Baltimore & Ohio, the
Missouri Pacific, the Union Pacific, and the
Missouri, Kansas & Texas systems, in whose
interest it will hereafter be operated.

CHICAGO & AURORA RAILROAD, (See
Cliicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad.)

CHICAGO & EASTERN ILLINOIS RAIL-
ROAD. This company ojierates a line 516.3 miles
in length, of which 278 miles are within Illinois.

HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

101

The main line in this State extends southerly
from Dolton Junction (17 miles south of Chicago)
to Danville. Entrance to the Polk Street Depot
in Chicago is secured over the tracks of the
Western Indiana Railroad. The company owns
several important branch lines, as follows : From
Momence Junction to the Indiana State Line;
from Cissna Junction to Cissna Park ; from Dan-
ville Junction to Shelbyville, and from Sidell to
Eossville. The system in Illinois is of standard
gauge, about 108 miles being double track. The
right of way is 100 feet wide and well fenced.
The grades are light, and the construction
(including rails, ties, ballast and bridges), is
generally excellent. The capital stock outstand-
ing (1893) is $13,594,400; funded debt, 618,018,000;
floating debt, §916,381; total capital invested,
$32,570,781; total earnings in Illinois, §3,592,072;
expenditures in the State, §2,595,631. The com-
pany paid the same year a dividend of six per
cent on its common stock (§286,914), and reported
a surplus of §1,484,763. The Chicago & Eastern
Illinois was originally chartered in 1865 as the
Chicago, Danville & Vincennes Railroad, its main
line being completed in 1872. In 1873, it defaulted
on interest, was sold under foreclosure in 1877,
and reorganized as the Chicago & Nashville, but
later in same year took its present name. In
1894 it was consolidated with the Chicago &
Indiana Coal Railway. Two spurs (5.27 miles in
length) were added to the line in 1895. Early in
1897 this line obtained control of the Chicago,
Paducah & Memphis Railroad, which is now
operated to Marion, in Williamson County. (See
Chicago, Paducah & 3Iemphis Railroad.)

CHICAGO & GRAND TEUNK RAILWAY. Of
the 335.27 miles of the Chicago & Grand Trunk
Railroad, only 30.65 are in Illinois, and of the
latter 9.7 miles are operated under lease. That
portion of the line within the State extends from
Chicago easterly to the Indiana State line. The
Company is also lessee of the Grand Junction
Railroad, four miles in length. The Road is
capitalized at §6,600,000, has a bonded debt of
§12,000,000 and a floating debt (1895) of §2,271,425,
making the total capital invested, $20,871,425.
The total earnings in Illinois for 1895 amounted
to §660,393; disbursements within the State for
the .same period, §345,233. The Chicago & Grand
Trunk Railway, as now constituted, is a consoli-
dation of various lines between Port Huron,
Mich., and Chicago, operated in the interest of
the Grand Trunk Railway of Canada. The Illi-
nois section was built under a charter granted in
1878 to the Chicago & State Line Railway Com-

pany, to form a connection with Valparaiso, Ind.
This corporation acquired the Chicago & South-
ern Railroad (from Chicago to Dolton), and the
Chicago & State Line Extension in Indiana, all
being consolidated under tlie name of the North-
western Grand Trunk Railroad. In 1880, a final
consolidation of these lines with the eastward
connections took place under the present name —
the Chicago & Grand Trunk Railway.

CHICAGO & GREAT EASTERN RAILWAY.
(See Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis
Railway.)

CHICAGO & GREAT SOUTHERN RAILROAD.
(See Peoria, Decatur & Evanaville Railway. )

CHICAGO & ILLINOIS SOUTHERN RAIL-
WAY. (See Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Rail-
way. )

CHICAGO & MISSISSIPPI RAILROAD. (See
Chicago &■ Alton Railroad.)

CHICAGO & NASHVILLE RAILROAD. (See
Chicago & Eaatern Illinois Railroad.)

CHICAGO & NORTHERN PACIFIC RAIL-
ROAD. (See Chicago Terminal Transfer Rail-
road. )

CHICAGO & NORTHWESTERN RAILWAY,
one of the great trunk lines of the country, pene-
trating the States of Illinois, Wisconsin, Michi-
gan, Iowa, Minnesota and North and South
Dakota. The total length of its main line,
branches, proprietary and operated lines, on May
1, 1899, was 5,076.89 miles, of which 594 miles are
operated in Illinois, all owned by the company.
Second and side tracks increase the mileage
to a total of 7,217.91 miles. The Chicago &
Northwestern Railway (proper) is operated in
nine separate divisions, as follows: The Wis-
consin, Galena, Iowa. Northern Iowa, Madison,
Peninsula. Winona and St. Peter, Dakota and
Ashland Divisions The principal or main lines
of the "Northwestern System,"' in its entirety,
are those which have Chicago, Omaha, St. Paul
and Minneapolis for tlieir termini, though their
branches reach numerous important points
within the States already named, from the shore
of Lake Michigan on the east to Wyoming on the
west, and from Kansas on the south to Lake
Superior on the north.— (History.) The Chi-
cago & Northwestern Railway Company was
organized in 1859 under charters granted by the
Legislatures of Illinois and Wisconsin during
that year, under which the new company came
into possession of the rights and franchises of the
Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac Railroad Com-
pany. The latter road was the outgro%vth of
various railway enterprises which had been pro

102

IirSTOKICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF-^ ILLINOIS.

jected, chartered and partly constructed in "Wis-
consin and Illinois, between 1848 and 1855,
including the Madison & Beloit Railroad, the
Rock River Valley Union Railroad, and the Illi-
nois & Wisconsin Railroad — the last named com-
pany being chartered by the Illinois Legislature
in 1851, and authorized to build a railroad from
Chicago to the Wisconsin line. The Wisconsin
Legislature of 1855 authorized the consolidation
of the Rock River Valley Union Railroad with the
Illinois enterprise, and, in March, 1855, the con-
solidation of these lines was perfected under the
name of the Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac
Railroad. During the first four years of its exist-
ence this company built 176 miles of the road, of
which seventy miles were between Chicago and
the Wisconsin State line, with the sections con-
structed in Wisconsin completing the connection
between Chicago and Fond du Lac. As the result
of the financial revulsion of 1857, the corporation
became financially embarrassed, and the sale of its
property and franchises under the foreclosure of
1859, already alluded to, followed. This marked
the beginning of the present corporation, and. in
the next few years, by the construction of new
lines and the purchase of others in Wisconsin and
Northern Illinois, it added largely to the extent
of its lines, both constructed and projected. The
most important of these was the union effected
with the Galena & Chicago Union Railroad,
which was formally consolidated with the Chi-
cago & Northwestern in 1864. The history of
the Galena & Chicago Union is interesting in
view of the fact that it was one of the earliest
railroads incorporated in Illinois, having been
chartered by special act of the Legislature during
the "internal improvement" excitement of 1836.
Besides, its charter was the only one of that
period under which an organization was effected,
and although construction was not begun under
it until 1847 (eleven years afterward), it was the
second railroad constructed in the State and the
first leading from the city of Chicago. In the
forty years of its history the growth of the Chi-
cago & Northwestern has been steady, and its
success almost phenomenal. In that time it has
not only added largely to its mileage by the con-
struction of new lines, but has absorbed more
lines than almost any other road in the country,
until it now reaches almost every important city
in the Northwest. Among the lines in Northern
Illinois now constituting a part of it. were several
which had become a part of the Galena & Chicago
Union before the consolidation. These included
a line from Belvidere to Beloit, Wis. ; the Fox

River Valley Railroad, and the St. Charles &
Mississippi Air Line Itailroad — all Illinois enter
prises, and more or less closely connected with
the development of the State. The total capi-
talization of the line, on June 30, 1898, was
$200,968,108, of which $66,408,821 was capi-
tal stock and $101,603,000 in the form of
bonds. The earnings in the State of Illinois,
for the same period, aggregated §4,374,923,
and the expenditures $8,713,593. At the present
time (1899) the Chicago & Northwestern is build-
ing eight or ten branch lines in Wisconsin, Iowa,
Minnesota and South Dakota. The Northwestern
System, as such, comprises nearly 3.000 miles of
road not included in the preceding statements of
mileage and financial condition. Although owned
by the Chicago & Northwestern Company, they
are managed by different officers and under other
names. The mileage of the whole system covers
nearly 8.000 miles of main line.

CHICAGO & SPRIN4JFIELD RAILROAD.
(See lUhiois Central Railnxid. )

CHICAGO & TEXAS RAILROAD, a line
seventy-three miles in length, extending from
Johnston City by way of Carbondale westerly to
the Mississippi, thence southerly to Cape Girar-
deau. The line was originally operated by two
companies, under the names of the Grand Tower
& Carbondale and the Grand To%ver & Cape Girar-
deau Railroad Companies. The former was
chartered in 1882, and the road built in 1885; the
latter, chartered in 1889 and the line opened the
same year. They were consolidated in 1893, and
operated under the name of the Chicago & Texas
Railroad Company. In October, 1897, the last
named line was tninsferred, under a twenty-five
year lease, to the Illinois Central Railroad Com-
pany, by whom it is operated aa its St. Louis &
Cape Girardeau division.

CHICAGO & WESTERN INDIANA RAIL-
RO.iD. The main line of this road extends from
Chicago to Dolton, 111. (17 miles), and affords ter-
minal facilities for all lines entering the Polk St.
Depot at Chicago. It has branches to Hammond,
Ind. (10.28 miles); to Cragiu (15.9 miles), and to
South Chicago (5.41 miles) ; making the direct
mileage of its branches 48.59 miles. In addition,
its second, third and fourth tracks and sidings
increase the mileage to 204.79 miles. The com-
pany was organized June 9, 1879; the road opened
in 1880, and, on Jan. 26, 1882, consolidated with
the South Chicago & W^estern Indiana Railroad
Company, and the Chicago & Western Indiana
Belt Riiilway. It also owns some 8.50 acres in fee
in Chicago, including wharf property on the

HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

103

Chicago River, right of way, switch and transfer
yards, depots, the Indiana grain elevator, etc.
The elevator and the Belt Division are leased to
the Belt Railway Company of Chicago, and the
rest of the property is leased conjointly by the
Chicago & Eastern Illinois, the Chicago & Grand
Trunk, the Chicago & Erie, the Louisville, New
Albany & Chicago, and the Wabash Railways
(each of which owns $1,000,000 of the capital
stock), and by the Atchisozi, Topeka & Santa Fe.
These companies pay the expense of operation
and maintenance on a mileage basis.

CHICAGO & WISCONSIN RAILROAD. (See
Wisconsin Central Lines.)

CHILDS, Robert A., was born at Malone,
Franklin County, N. Y., March 23, 1845, the son
of an itinerant Methodist preacher, who settled
near Belvidere, Boone County, 111., in 18.52. His
home having been broken up by the death of his
mother, in 1854, he went to live upon a farm. In
April, 1861, at the age of 16 years, he enlisted in
the company of Captain (afterwards General)
Stephen A. Hurlbut, which was later attached to
the Fifteenth Illinois Volunteers. After being
mustered out at the close of the war, he entered
school, and graduated from the Illinois State
Normal Universitj in 1870. For the following three
years he was Principal and Superintendent of
public schools at Amboy, Lee County, meanwhile
studying law, and being admitted to the bar. In
1873, he began the practice of his profession at
Chicago, making his home at Hinsdale. After
filling various local offices, in 1884 he was
chosen Presidential Elector on the Republican
ticket, and, in 1892, was elected by the narrow
majority of thirty-seven votes to represent the
Eighth Illinois District in the Fifty-third Con-
gress, as a Republican.

CHILLICOTHE, a city in Peoria County, situ-
ated on the Illinois River, at the head of Peoria
Lake; is 19 miles northwest of Peoria, on the
Peoria branch of the Chicago, Rock Island &
Pacific Railroad, and the freight division of the
Atkinson, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad. It is an
important shipping-point for grain ; has a can-
ning factory, a button factory, two banks, five
churches, a high school, and two weekly news-
papers. Population (1890), 1,632; (1900), 1,699.

CHINIQUT, (Rev.) Charles, clergyman and
reformer, was born in Canada, July 30, 1809, of
mixed French and Spanish blood, and educated
for the Romish priesthood at the Seminary of St.
Nicholet, where he remained ten years, gaining a
reputation among his fellow students for extraor-
dinary zeal and piety. Having been ordained

to the priesthood in 1833, he labored in various
churches in Canada until 1851, when he accepted
an invitation to Illinois with a view to building
up the church in the Mississipi)i Vallej'. Locat-
ing at the junction of the Kankakee and Iroquois
River.s, in Kankakee County, he was the means
of bringing to that vicinity a colony of some
5,000 French Canadians, followed by colonists
from France, Belgium and other European
countries. It lias been estimated that over
50,000 of this class of emigrants were settled in
Illinois within a few years. The colony em-
braced a territory of some 40 .square miles, with
the village of St. Ann's as the center. Here
Father Chiniquy began his labors by erecting
churches and schools for the colonists. He soon
became dissatisfied with what he believed to be
the exercise of arbitrary authority by the ruling
Bishop, then began to have doubts on the question
of papal infallibility, the final result being a
determination to separate himself from the
Mother Church. In this step he appears to have
been followed by a large proportion of the colo-
nists who had accompanied him from Canada, but
the result was a feeling of intense bitterness
between the opposing factions, leading to nmch
litigation and many criminal prosecutions, of
which Father Chiniquy was the subject, though
never convicted. In one of these suits, in which
the Father was accused of an infamous crime,
Abraham Lincoln was counsel for the defense,
the charge being proven to be the outgrowth of
a conspiracy. Having finally determined to
espouse the cause of Protestantism, Father
Chiniquy allied himself with the Canadian Pres-
bytery, and for many years of his active clerical
life, divided his time between Canada and the
United States, having supervision of churches in
Montreal and Ottawa, as well as in this country.
He also more than once visited Europe by special
invitation to address important religious bodies
in that country. He died at Montreal, Canada,
Jan. 10, 1899, in the 90th year of his age.

CHOUART, Medard, (known also as Sieur des
Groseilliers), an early French explorer, suppo.sed
to have been born at Touraine, France, about
1631. Coming to New France in early youth, he
made a voyage of discovery with his brother-in-
law, Radisson, westward from Quebec, about
1654-56, these two being believed to have been
the first white men to reach Lake Superior.
After spending the winter of 1658-59 at La
Pointe, near where Ashland, Wis., now- stands,
they are believed by some to have discovered the
Upper Mississippi and to have descended that

104

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

stream a long distance towards its mouth, as
tliey claimed to have reached a much milder
climate and heard of Spanish ships on the salt
water (Gulf of Mexico). Some antiquarians
credit them, about this time (10o9), with having
visited the present site of the city of Cliicago.
They were the first explorers of Northwestern
Wisconsin and Minnesota, and are also credited
with having been the first to discover an inland
route to Hudson's Bay, and with being tlie
founders of the original Hudson's Bay Company.
Groseillier's later histoiy is unknown, but he
ranks among the most intrepid explorers of the
"New, World" about the middle of the seventh
century.

CHRISMA^. a city of Edgar County, at the
inter.section of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Clii-
cago et St. Louis and the Cincinnati. Hamilton &
Dayton Railroads. '24 miles south of Danville ; has
a pipe-wrench factory, grain elevators, and
storage cribs. Population (1890), 820: (1900), 90.5.

CHRISTIAN COUXTT, a rich agricultural
county, lying in the "central belt." and organized
in 1839 from parts of !Macon, Jlontgomerj-,
Sangamon and Shelbj' Counties. The name first
given to it was Dane, in honor of Nathan Dane,
one of tlie framers of the Ordinance of 1787, but
a political prejudice led to a change. A pre-
ponderance of early settlers having come from
Christian County, Ky.. this name was finally
adopted. The surface is level and the soil fertile,
the northern half of the count}- being best
adapted to corn and the southern to wheat. Its
area is about 710 square miles, and its population
(1900), was 32,790. The life of the early settlers
was exceedingly primitive. Game was abun-
dant; wild honey was used as a substitute for
sugar; wolves were troublesome; prairie fires
were frequent; the first mill (on Bear Creek)
could not grind more than ten bushels of grain
per daj-, by horse-power. The people hauled their
corn to St. Louis to exchange for groceries. The
first store was opened at Robertson's Point, but
the county-seat was established at Taylorville. A
great change was wrought in local conditions by
the advent of the Illinois Central Railway, which
passes through the eastern part of tlie county.
Two other railroads now pass centralh' through
the county — the "Wabash" and the Baltimore &
Ohio Southwestern. The principal towns are
Taylorville (a railroad center and thriving to^vn
of 2,829 inhabitants), Pana, Jlorrisonville, Edin-
burg. and Assumption.

CHrRCH. Lawrence S., lawyer and legislator,
was born at Xunda, X. Y., in 1820; passed his

youth on a farm, but having a fondness for study,
at an early age began teaching in winter with a
view to earning means to prosecute his studies in
law. In 1.843 he arrived at ilcllenrj-, then the
county-seat of McHenry County, 111., having
walked a part of the way from New A'ork, paying
a portion of his exjjenses by the delivery of lec-
tures, lie soon after visited Springfield, and
having been examined before Judge S. II. Treat,
was admitted to the bar. On the removal of the
county-seat from McHenry to Woodstock, he
removed to the latter place, where he continued
to reside to the end of his life. A member of the
Wliig party up to 18,56, he was that year elected
as a Rei)ublican Representative in the Twentieth
General Assembly, serving by re-election in the
Twenty-first and Twenty-second; in 18G0, was
supported for tlie nomination for Congress in the
Northwestern District, but was defeated by Hon.
E. B. Washburne; in 1862, aided in the organiza-
tion of the Ninety-fifth Illinois Volunteers, and
was commissioned its Colonel, but was compelled
to resign before reaching the field on account of
failing health. In 186C he was elected County
Judge of McIIenry Count}', to fill a vacancy, and,
in 1869 to the Constitutional Convention of 1.S69-70.
Died, July 23, 1870. Judge Church was a man of
liigh principle and a speaker of decided ability.

CHURCH, Seldcn Marvin, capitalist, was born
at Ea.st Haddam, Conn., March 4, 1804; taken by
his father to Monroe County, N. Y., in boyhood,
and grew up on a farm there, but at the age of
21, went to Cincinnati, Ohio, where he engaged
in teaching, being one of the earliest teachers in
the public schools of that city. Then, having
spent some time in mercantile pursuits in Roches-
ter, N. Y., in 183.5 he removed to Illinois, first
locating at Geneva, but the following year
removed to Rockford, where he continued to
reside for the remainder of his life. In 1841, he
w:is appointed Postmaster of the city of Rock-
ford by the first President Harrison, remaining
in ofBce three years. Other offices held by liim
were those of County Clerk (1843-47), Delegate to
the Second Constitutional Convention (1847),
Judge of Probate (1849-.57), Representative in
the Twenty-third General Assembly (1863-6,5),
and member of the first Board of Public Charities
by appointment of Governor Palmer, in 1869,
being re-appointed by Governor Beveridgo. in
1873, and, for a part of the time, serving as Presi-
dent of the Board. He also served, by appoint-
ment of the Secretary of War, as one of the
Commissioners to assess damages for the Govern-
ment improvements at Rock Island and to locate

mSTOIlICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

105

the Government bridge between Rock Island and
Davenport. Dui-ing the latter _years of his life he
was President for some time of the Rockford
Insurance Company ; was also one of the origina-
tors, and, for many years. Managing Director of
the Rockford Water Power Company, which has
done so much to |)romote the prosperity of that
city, and, at the time of liis death, was one of the
Directors of the Winnebago National Bank. Died
at Rockford, .June 2:), 1892.

CHURCHILL, George, early printer and legis-
lator, was born at Hubbardtown, Rutland
County, Vt., Oct. 11, 1789; received a good edu-
cation in his youth, thus imbibing a taste for
literature which led to his learning the printer's
trade. In 1806 he became an apprentice in the
office of the Albany (X. Y.) "Sentinel," and,
after serving his time, worked as a journeyman
printer, thereby accmnulating means to purchase
a half-interest in a small printing office. Selling
this out at a loss, a year or two later, he went to
New York, and, after working at the case some
five months, started for the West, stopping en
route at Philadelphia, Pittsburg and Louisville.
In the latter place he workeil for a time in the
office of "The Courier," and still later in that of
"The Correspondent," then owned by Col. Elijah
C. Berry, who subsequently came to llliuois and
served as Auditor of Public Accounts. In 1817
he arrived in St. Louis, but, attracted by the fer-
tile soil of Illinois, determined to engage in agri-
cultural pursuits, finally purchasing land some
six miles southeast of Edwardsville, in Madison
County, where he continued to reside the re-
mainder of his life. In order to raise means to
improve his farm, in the spring of 1819 he
worked as a compositor in the office of "The
Missouri Gazette" — the predecessor of "The St,
Louis Republic." While there he wrote a series
of articles over the signature of "A Farmer of St.
Charles County," advocating the admission of
the State of Missouri into the Union without
slavery, which caused considerable excitement
among the friends of that institution. During
the same year he aided Hooper Warren in
establishing his paper, "The Spectator," at
Edwardsville, and, still later, became a frequent
contributor to its columns, especially during the
campaign of 1823-24, which resulted, in the latter
year, in the defeat of the attempt to plant slavery
"in Illinois. In 1822 he was elected Represent-
ative in the Third General Assembly, serving in
that body by successive re-elections vmtil 1833.
His re-election for a second term, in 1824. demon-
strated that his vote at the preceding session, in

opposition to the scheme for a State Convention
to revise the State Constitution in the interest of
slavery, was approved by his constituents. In
1838, he was elected to the State Senate, serving
four j'ears, and, in 1844, was again elected to the
House — in all serving a period in both Houses of
sixteen years. Mr, Churchill was never married.
He was an industrious and systematic collector of
historical records, and, at the time of his death in
the summer of 18T2, left a mass of documents and
other historical material of great value. (See
Slavei'y and Slave Laws; Warren, Hooper, and
Coles, Edward.)

CLARK ((Jen.) George Rogers, soldier, was
born near Monticello, Albemarle County, Va.,
Nov. 19, 1753. In his younger life he was a
farmer and surveyor on the upper Ohio. His
first experience in Indian fighting was under
Governor Dunmore, against the Shawnees (1774).
In 1775 he went as a surveyor to Kentucky", and
the British having incited the Indians against
the Americans in the following year, he was
commissioned a Major of militia. He soon rose
to a Colonelcy, and attained marked distinction.
Later he was commissioned Brigadier-General,
and planned an expedition against the British
fort at Detroit, whicli was not successful. In
the latter part of 1777, in consultation with Gov.
Patrick Henry, of Virginia, he planned an expe-
dition against Illinois, which was caiTied out
the following year. On July 4, 1778, he captured
Kaskaskia without firing a gun, and other
French villages surrendered at discretion. The
following February he set out from Kaskaskia to
cross the "Illinois Country" for the purpose of
recapturing Vincennes, which had been taken and
was garrisoned by the British under Hamilton,
After a forced march characterized by incredible
suffering, his ragged followers effected the cap-
ture of the post. His last important military
service was against the savages on the Big
Miami, whose villages and fields he laid waste.
His last years were passed in sorrow and in com-
parative penury. He died at Louisville, Ky.,
Feb. 18, 1818, and his remains, after reposing in a
private cemetery near that city for half a cen-
tury, were exhumed and removed to Cave Hill
Cemetery in 1869. The fullest history of General
Clark's expedition and his life will be found in
the "Conquest of the Country Nortliwest of the
Ohio River, 1774-1783, and Life of Gen. George
Rogers Clark" (2 volumes, 1896), by the late
William H. Englisli, of Indianapolis.

CL.iRK, Horace S., lawyer and politician, was
born at Huntsburg, Ohio, August 12, 1840. At

106

HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

the age of 15, coming to Chicago, he found
employment in a livery stable ; later, worked on
a farm in Kane County, attending school in the
winter. After a year spent in Iowa City attend-
ing the Iowa State University, he returned to
Kane County and engaged in the dairy business,
later occupying himself with A-arious occupations
in Illinois and Jlissouri, but finally returning to
his Ohio liome, where he began the stud}' of law
at Circleville. In 1801 he enlisted in an Ohio
regiment, rising from the ranks to a captaincy,
but was finally compelled to leave the service in
consequence of a wound received at Gettysburg.
In 1865 he settled at Mattoon, 111., where he was
admitted to the bar in 1868. In 1870 he was an
unsuccessful candidate for the Legislature on the
Republican ticket, but was elected State Senator
in 1880, serving four years and proving liini.self
one of the ablest speakers on the floor. In 1888
he was chosen a delegate-at-large to the National
Republican Convention, and has long been a con-
spicuous figure in State politics. In 1896 he was
a prominent candidate for the Republican nomi-
nation for Governor.

CLARK, John M., civil engineer and merchant,
was born at "White Pigeon, Mich., August 1, 1836;
came to Chicago with his widowed mother in
1847, and, after five years in the Cliicago schools,
served for a time (1852) as a rodman on the Illi-
nois Central Railroad. After a course in the
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute at Troy, N. Y.,
where he graduated in 1856, he returned to the
service of the Illinois Central. In 1859 he went to
Colorado, where he was one of the original
founders of the city of Denver, and chief engi-
neer of its first water supply company. In 1862
he started on a surveying expedition to Arizona,
but was in Santa Fe when that place was captured
by a rebel expedition from Texas; was also
present soon after at the battle of Apache Caiion,
when the Confederates, being defeated, were
driven out of the Territory. Returning to Chi-
cago in 1864. he became a member of the whole-
sale leather firm of Gray, Clark & Co. The
official positions held by 3Ir. Clark include those
of Alderman (1879-81), Member of the Board of
Education, Collector of Customs, to which he
was appointed by President Harrison, in 1889,
and President of the Chicago Civil Service Board
by appointment of Mayor Swift, under an act
passed by the Legislature of 1895, retiring in 1897.
In 1881 he was the Republican candidate for Mayor
of Chicago, but was defeated by Carter H. Harri-
son. Mr. Clark is one of the Directors of the Crerar
Library, named in the wiU of Mr. Crerar.

CLARK COUNTY, one of the eastern counties
of the State, south of the middle line and front-
ing upon the "Wabash River; area, 510 square
miles, and population (1900), 24,033; named for
Col. George Rogers Clark. Its organization was
effected in 1819. Among the earliest pioneers
were John Bartlett, Abraliam AVashburn, James
AVhitlock, James B. Anderson, Stephen Archer
and Uri Manly. The county seat is Marshall, tlie
site of which was purcliased from the Govern-
ment in 1833 by Gov. Joseph Duncan and Col.
William B. Archer, the latter becoming sole pro-
prietor in 1835, in which year the first log cabin
was built. Tlie original county-seat was Darwin,
and the change to Marshall (in 1849) was made
only after a hard struggle. The soil of the
county is rich, and its agricultural products
varied, embracing com (the chief staple), oats,
potatoes, winter wheat, butter, sorghum, honey,
maple sugar, wool and ])ork. "Woolen, flouring
and lumber mills exist, but tlie manufacturing
interests are not extensive. Among the promi-
nent towns, besides Marshall and Darwin, are
Casey (population 844), Martinsville (779), West-
field (510), and York (294).

CLAY, Porter, clergyman and brother of the
celebrated Henry Clay, Wiis born in Virginia,
Marcli, 1779; in early life removed to Kentucky,
studied law, and was, for a time. Auditor of
Public Accounts in that State; in 1815, was con-
verted and gave himself to the Baptist ministry,
Icx'atiiig at Jacksonville, 111., where he spent
most of his life. Died, in 1850.

CLAY CITY, a village of Clay County, on the
Baltimore it Oliio Southwestern Railroad, 12
miles west of OIney ; has one newspaper, a bank,
and is in a grain and fruit-growing region.
Population (1890), 612; (1900). 907; (1903). 1,020.

CL.VY COUNTY, situated in the southeastern
ijuarter of tlie State; has an area of 470 square
miles and a ix)pulatioml900) of 19,553. It was
named for Henry Clay. The first claim in the
county was entered by a Mr. Elliot, in 1818, and
soon after settlers begivn to locate homes in the
county, although it was not organized until 1824.
During the same year the pioneer settlement of
Maysville was made the countj'-seat, but immi-
gration continued inactive until 1837, when
many settlers arrived, headed by Judges Apper-
son and Hopkins and Messrs. Stanford and Lee,
who were soon followed by the families of Coch-
ran, McCuUom and Tender. The Little Wabash
River and a number of small tributaries drain
the county. A light-colored sandy loam consti-
tutes the greater part of the soil, although "black

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

107

prairie loam" appears here and there. Raihoad
facilities are limited, but sufficient to accommo-
date the county's requirements. Fruits,
especially apples, are successfully cultivated.
Educational advantages are fair, although largely
confined to district schools and academies in
larger towns. Louisville was made the county-
seat in 1842, and, in 1890, had a population of
637. Xenia and Flora are the most important
towns.

CLAYTON, a town in Adams County, on the
Wabash Railway, 28 miles east-northeast of
Quincy. A branch of the Wabash Railway ex-
tends from this point northwest to Carthage, 111.,
and Keokuk, Iowa, and another branch to
Quincy, 111. The industries include flour and feed
mills, machine and railroad repair shops, grain
elevator, cigar and harness factories. It has a
bank, four churches, a high school, and a weekly
newspaper. Population (1890), 1,038; (1900), 990.

CLEAVER, William, pioneer, was born in Lon-
don, England, in 1815; came to Canada with his
parents in 1831, and to Chicago in 1834; engaged
in business as a chandler, later going into the
grocery trade ; in 1849, joined the gold-.seekers in
California, and, six years afterwards, established
himself in the southern part of the present city
of Cliicago, then called Cleaverville, where he
served as Postmaster and managed a general
store. He was the owner of considerable real
estate at one time in what is now a densely
populated part of the city of Chicago. Died in
Chicago, Nov. 13, 1896.

CLEMENTS, Isaac, ex-Congressman and Gov-
ernor of Soldiers" and Sailors' Home at Danville,
111., was born in Franklin County, Ind., in 183T;
graduated from Asbury University, at Green-
castle, in 1859, having supported himself diu-ing
his college course by teaching. After reading
law and being admitted to the bar at Greencastle,
he removed to Carbondale, 111., where he again
found it necessary to resort to teaching in order
to purchase law-books. In July, 1861, he enlisted
in the Ninth Illinois Infantry, and was commis-
sioned Second Lieutenant of Company G. He
was in the service for three years, was three
times wounded and twice promoted "for meri-
torious service." In June, 1867, he was ap-
pointed Register in Bankruptcy, and from 1873
to 1875 was a Republican Representative in the
Forty-third Congress from the (then) Eighteenth
District. He was also a member of the Repub-
lican SUte Convention of 1880. In 1889, he
became Pension Agent for the Di-strict of Illinois,
by appointment of President Harrison, serving

until 1893. In the latter part of 1898, he was
appointed Superintendent of the Soldiers'
Orphans' Home, at Normal, but served only a
few months, when he accepted tlie position of
Governor of the new Soldiers' and Sailors' Home,
at Danville.

CLEVELAND, CINCINNATI, CHICAGO & ST.
LOUIS RAILWAY. The total length of this .sys-
tem (1898) is 1,807.34 miles, of which 478.39 miles
are operated in Illinois. That portion of the main
line lying within the State extends from East St.
Louis, northeast to the Indiana State line, 181
miles. The Company is also the lessee of the
Peoria & Eastern Railroad (133 miles), and ojie;--
ates, in addition, other lines, as follows: The
Cairo Division, extending from Tilton, on tlie
line of the Wabash, 3 miles southwest of Dan-
ville, to Cairo (3.59 miles)- the Chicago Division,
extending from Kankakee southeast to the
Indiana State line (34 miles) ; the Alton Branch,
from Wann Junction, on the main hue, to Alton
(4 miles). Be.sides these, it enjoys with the Chi-
cago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, joint owner-
ship of the Kankakee & Seneca Railroad, which
it operates. The system is uniformly of standard
gauge, and about 280 miles are of double track.
It is laid with heavy steel rails (sixty-five, sixty-
seven and eighty jjounds), laid on white oak ties,
and is amply ballasted with broken stone and
gravel. Extensive repair shops are located at
Mattoon. The total capital of the entire system
on June 30, 1898 — including capital stock and
bonded and floating debt— was §97,149,361. The
total earnings in Illinois for the year were
$3,773, 193, and the total expenditures in tlie State
§3,611,437. The taxes paid the same yetir were
§124,196. The history of this sy.stem, .so far as
Illinois is concerned, begins with the consolida-
tion, in 1889, of the Cincinnati, Indianaix)lis, St.
Louis & Chicago, the Cleveland, Columbus, Cin-
cinnati & Indianapolis, and the Indianapolis &
St. Louis Railway Companies. In 1890, certain
leased lines in Illinois (elsewhere mentioned)
were merged into the system. (For history of
the several divisions of this system, see St. Louis,
Alton & Terre Hante, Peoria & Eastern, Cairo
A Vinccnnes, and Kankakee <& Seneca Railroads.)

CLIMATOLOGY. Extending, as it does, througli
six degrees of latitude, Illinois alfords a great
diversity of climate, as regards not only the
range of temperature, but also the amount of
rainfall. In both particulars it exhibits several
points of contrast to States lying between the
same parallels of latitude, but nearer the Atlan-
tic. The same statement ai)plies, as well, to all

108

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

the North Central and the Western States.
Warm winds from the Gulf of Mexico come up
the Mississippi Valley, and impart to vegetation
in the southern portion of the State, a stimulat-
ing influence which is not felt upon the seaboard.
On the other hand, there is no great barrier to
the descent of the Arctic winds, which, in
winter, sweep down toward the Gulf, depressing
the temperature to a point lower than is custom-
ary nearer the seaboard on the same latitude.
Lake Michigan exerts no little influence upon the
climate of Chicago and other adjacent districts,
mitigating both summer heat and winter cold.
If a comparison be instituted between Ottawa
and Boston — tlie latter being one degree farther
north, but 570 feet nearer the sea-level — the
springs and summers are found to be about five
degrees warmer, and the winters tla-ee degrees
colder, at the former point. In comi)aring the
East and West in respect of rainfall, it is seen
that, in the former section, the same is pretty
equally distributed over the four seasons, while
in the latter, spring and summer may be called
the wet season, and autumn and winter the dry.
In the extreme West nearly three-fourths of the
yearly precipitation occurs during the growing
season. This is a climatic condition higlily
favorable to the gi-owth of grasses, etc., but
detrimental to the growth of trees. Hence we
find luxuriant forests near the seaboard, and, in
the interior, grassy plains. Illinois occupies a
geographical position wlaere these great climatic
changes begin to manifest themselves, and where
the distinctive features of the prairie first become
fully apparent. The annual precipitation of
rain is greatest in the southern part of the State,
but, owing to the higher temperature of that
section, the evaporation is also more rapid. The
distribution of the rainfall in respect of seasons
is also more unequal toward the south, a fact
which may account, in part at least, for the
increased area of woodlands in that region.
Wliile Illinois lies within the zone of southwest
winds, their flow is affected by conditions some-
what abnormal. The northeast trades, after
entering the Gulf, are deflected by the mountains
of Mexico, becoming inward breezes in Texas,
southerly winds in the Lower ilississippi Valley,
and south%vesterly as they enter the Upper
Valley. It is to this aerial current that the hot,
moist smnmers are attributable. The north and
northwest winds, which set in with the change
of the season, depress the temperature to a point
below that of the Atlantic slope, and are
attended with a diminished precipitation.

CLIXTON, the county-seat of De Witt County,
situated SJi miles south of Bloomington, at inter-
section of the Springfield and the Champaign-
Havana Divisions with the main line of the Illinois
Central Kailroad; lies in a productive agricultural
region; has machine shops, flour and planing
mills, brick and tile works, water works, electric
lighting plant, piano-case factory, banks, three
newspapers, six churches, and two public schools.
Population (1890), 2.598; (1900), 4,452.

CLIXTO\ COUNTY, organized in 1824, from
portions of Washington, Bond and Fayette Coun-
ties, and named in honor of De Witt Clinton. It
is situated directly east of St. Louis, has an area
of 494 square miles, and a population (1900) of
19,824. It is drained by the Kaskaskia River and
bj' Shoal, Crooked, Sugar and Beaver Creeks. Its
geological formation is similar to that of other
counties in the same section. Thick layers of
limestone lie near the surface, with coal seams
underlying the same at varying depths. Tlie
.soil is varied, being at some ixjints black and
loamy and at others (under timber) decidedly
claj-ey. Tlie timber has been mainly cut for fuel
because of the inherent difficulties attending
coal-mining. Two railroads cross the county
from ea.st to west, but its trade Ls not imiwrtant.
Agriculture is the chief occupation, corn, wheat
and oats being the staple products.

CLOri), Xewton, clergyman and legislator,
was born in North Carolina, in 180.5, and, in 1827,
settled in the vicinity of Waverly, Morgan
County, 111., where he pursued the vocation of a
farmer, as well as a preacher of the Methodist
Church. He also becauje prominent as a Demo-
cratic politician, and sensed in no less than nine
sessions of the General Assemblj-, besides the
Constitutional Convention of 1847, of which he
was chosen President. He was first elected
Representative in the Seventh Assembly (1830),
and afterwards served in the House during the
sessions of the Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh, Thir-
teenth, Fifteenth and Twenty-seventh, and as
Senator in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth. He
was also Clerk of the House in 1844-45, and,
having been elected Representative two years
later, was chosen Speaker at the succeeding ses-
sion. Although not noted for any specially
aggressive qualities, his consistency of character
won for him general respect, while his frequent
elections to the Legislature prove him to have
been a man of large influence.

CLOWRY, Robert C, Telegraph Manager, was
born in 183S; entered the service of the Illinois &
Mis-sissippi Telegraph Company as a messenger

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

109

boy at Joliet in 1852, became manager of the
office at Lockport six months later, at Springfield
in 1853, and chief operator at St. Louis in 1854.
Between 1859 and '63, he held highly responsible
positions on various Western lines, but the latter
year was commissioned by President Lincoln
Captain and Assistant Quartermaster, and placed
in charge of United States military lines with
headquarters at Little Rock, Ark. ; was mustered
out in May, 1866, and immediately appointed
District Superintendent of Western Union lines
in the Southwest. From that time his promotion
was steady and rapid. In 1875 he became
Assistant General Superintendent ; in 1878, Assist-
ant General Superintendent of the Central Divi-
sion at Chicago: in 1880, succeeded General
Stager as General Superintendent, and, in 1885,
was elected Director, member of the Execu-
tive Committee and Vice-President, his terri-
tory extending from the Atlantic to the
Pacific.

COAL AND COAL-MIMNG. Illinois contains
much the larger portion of what is known as the
central coal field, covering an area of about
37,000 square miles, and underlying sixtj- coun-
ties, in but forty-five of which, however, opera-
tions are conducted on a commercial scale. The
Illinois field contains fifteen distinct seams.
Those available for commercial mining generally
lie at considerable depth and are reached by
shafts. The coals are all bituminous, and furnish
an excellent steam-making fuel. Coke is manu-
factured to a limited extent in La Salle and some
of the southern counties, but elsewhere in the
State the coal does not yield a good marketable
coke. Neither is it in any degree a good gas
coal, although used in some localities for that
purpose, rather because of its abundance than on
account of its adaptability. It is thought that,
with the increase of cheap transportation facili-
ties, Pittsburg coal will be brought into the State
in such quantities as eventually to exclude local
coal from the manufacture of gas. In the report
of the Eleventh United .States Census, the total
product of the Illinois coal mines was given as
12,104.273 tons, as against 6,115,377 tons reported
by the Tenth Census. The value of the output
was estimated at §11,735,203, or §0.97 per ton at
the mines. The total number of mines was
stated to be 1,072, and the number of tons mined
was nearly equal to the combined yield of the
mines of Ohio and Indiana. The mines are
divided into two classes, technically known as
"regular" and "local." Of the former, there
were 3.58, and of the latter, 714 Tliese 35.S regular

mines employed 23,934 men and boys, of wliom
21,3.")0 worked below ground, besides an oliice
force of 389, and paid, in wages, §8,694,397. The
total capital invested in tliese 358 mines was
§17,030,351. According to the report of the State
Bureau of Labor Statistics for 1898, 881 mines
were operated during the year, employing 35,026
men and producing 18,599,299 tons of coal, which
was 1,473,459 tons less than the preceding year —
the reduction being due to the strike of 1897.
Five counties of the State produced more than
1,000,000 tons each, standing in tlie following
order: Sangamon, 1,763,863; St. Clair, 1,600,752;
Vermilion, 1,520,099; Macoupin, 1,264,920; La
Salle, 1,165,490.

COAL CITY, a town in Grundy County, on the
Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway, 29 miles
by rail south-southwest of Joliet. Large coal
mines are operated here, and the town is an im-
portant shipping point for their product. It has a
bank, a weekly new.spaper and five churches.
Pop. (1890), 1,672 ; (1900), 2.007 ; (1903), about 3,000.

COBB, Emery, capitalist, was born at Dryden,
Tompkins County, N. Y., August 20, 1831; at 16,
began the study of telegraphy at Ithaca, later
acted as operator on Western New York lines,
but, in 1852, became manager of the office at
Chicago, continuing until 1805, the various com-
panies having meanwhile been consolidated into
the Western Union. He then made an extensive
tour of the world, and, although he had intro-
duced the system of transmitting monej' by
telegraph, he declined all invitations to return to
the key-board. Having made large investments
in lands about Kankakee, wliere he now resides,
he has devoted much of liis time to agriculture
and stock-raising: was also, for many years, a
member of the State Board of Agriculture. Presi-
dent of the Short-Horn Breeders' Association,
and, for twenty years (1873-93), a member of the
Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois.
He has done much to improve the city of his
adoption by the erection of buildings, the con-
struction of electric street-car lines and the
promotion of manufactures.

COBB, Silas B., pioneer and real-estate opera-
tor, was born at Montpelier, Vt., Jan. 23, 1813;
came to Chicago in 1833 on a schooner from Buf-
falo, the voyage occup3'ing over a month. Being
without means, he engaged as a carpenter upon a
building which James Kinzie, the Indian trader,
was erecting ; later he erected a building of his
own in which he started a harness-shop, which
he conducted successfully for a number of years.
He has since lieen connected with a number

HISTOUICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

of business enterprises of a public character,
including banks, street and steam railways, but
his largest successes have been achieved in the line
of improved real estate, of which he is an exten-
sive owner. He is also one of the liberal bene-
factors of the University of Chicago, "Cobb
Lecture Hall," on the campus of that institution,
being the result of a contribution of his amount-
ing to §1,50,000, Died in Chicago, April 5, 1900.

COBDEX, a village in Union County, on the
Illinois Central Railroad, 42 miles north of Cairo
and 1") miles south of Carbondale. Fruits and
vegetables are extensively cultivated and shipped
to northern markets. This region is well tim-
bered, and Cobden has two box factories employ-
ing a considerable number of men; also has
several churches, schools and two weekly papers.
Population (1890), 994; (1900,) 1,034.

COCHRAN, William Granville, legislator and
jurist, was born in Ross County, Ohio, Nov. 13,
1844; brought to Moultrie County, 111., in 1849,
and, at the age of 17, enlisted in the One Hundred
and Twenty-sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers,
serving in the War of the Rebellion three years
as a private. Returning home from the war, he
resumed life as a farmer, but early in 1873 began
merchandising at Lovington, continuing this
business three years, when he began the study of
law; in 1879. was admitted to the bar, and has
since been in active practice. In 1888 he was
elected to the lower house of the General
Assembly, was an unsuccessful candidate for the
Senate in 1890, but was re-elected to the House
in 1894, and again in 1896. At the special session
of 1890, he was chosen Speaker, and was similarlj'
honored in 1895. He is an excellent parliamen-
tarian, clear-headed and just in his rulings, and
an able debater. In June. 1897, he was elected
for a six years" term to the Circuit bench. He is
also one of the Trustees of the Soldiers' Orphans'
Home at Normal.

CODDI>'(ii, lohabod, clergyman and anti-
slavery lecturer, was born at Bristol, N. Y.. in
1811; at the age of 17 he was a popular temper-
ance lecturer; while a student at Middlebury,
Vt. , began to lecture in opposition to slavery ;
after leaving college served five years as agent
and lecturer of the Anti-Slavery Society; was
often exposed to mob violence, but always retain-
ing his self-control, succeeded in escaping
serious injury. In 1842 he entered the Congrega-
tional ministry and held pastorates at Princeton,
Lockport, Joliet and elsewhere; between 18.>4
and "58, lectured extensively through Illinois on
the Kansas-Nebraska issue, and was a power in

the organization of the Republican party. Died
at Baraboo. Wis., June 17, 18GG.

CODY, Hiram Hitchcock, lawyer and Judge;
born in Oneida County, X. Y., June 11, 1824; was
partially educated at Hamilton College, and, in
1843, came with his father to Kendall Coimty,
111. In 1847, he removed to Naperville, where
for six }-ears he served as Clerk of the County
Commissioners' Court. In 18.51 he was admitted
to the b;ir; in 18C1, was elected County Judge
with practical unanimit}', served as a member of
the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, and,
in 1874, w;is elected Judge of the Twelfth Judi-
cial Circuit. His residence (189C) was at Pasa-
dena. Cal.

COLCHESTER, a <'ity of McDonough County,
on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Riiilroad.
midway between Galesburg and yuincy ; is the
center of a rich farming and an extensive coal-
mining region, producing more than 100.000 tons
of coal annually. A su|)erior quality of potter's
clay is ako uiineu and shipi)ed extensively to
other points. The city has brick and drain-tile
works, a bank, four churches, two public schools
and two weekly papers. Population (1890),
1,643; (1900), 1,635.

COLES, Edward, the second Governor of the
State of Illinois, bom in Albemarle County, Va.,
Dec. 15, 1786, the son of a wealthy planter, who
had been a Colonel in the Revolutionary War;
was educated at Hampden-Sidney and William
and Mary Colleges, but comjielled to leave before
graduation by an accident which interrupted his
studies; in 1809, became the private secretary of
President Madison, remaining six years, after
which he made a trip to Russia as a special mes-
senger by appointment of the President. He
earl}- manifested an interest in the emancipation
of the slaves of Virginia. In 1815 he made his
first tour through the Northwest Territory, going
as far west as St. Louis, returning three j'ears
later and visiting Kaskaskia while the Constitu-
tional Convention of 1818 was in session. In
April of the following year he set out from his
Virginia home, accompanied by his slaves, for
Illinois, traveling by wagons to Brownsville, Pa.,
where, taking flat-boats, he descended the river
with his goods and servants to a point below
Louisville, where they disembarked, journeying
overland to Edwardsville. While descending ■
the Ohio, he informed his slaves that thej' were
free, and, after arriving at their destination,
gave to each head of a family 160 acres of land.
This generous act was, in after years, made the
ground for bitter persecution by his enemies. At

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

Ill

Edwardsville he entered upon the duties of
Register of the Land Office, to which he had
been appointed by President IMonroe. In 1823
he became the candidate for Governor of those
opposed to removing the restriction in the State
Constitution against the introduction of slavery,
and, although a majority of the voters then
favored the measure, he was elected by a small
plurality over his highest competitor in conse-
quence of a division of the opposition vote
between three candidates. The Legislature
chosen at the same time submitted to the people
a proposition for a State Convention to revise the
Constitution, which was rejected at the election
of 1824 by a majority of 1,668 in a total vote of
11,612. While Governor Coles had the efficient
aid in opposition to the measure of such men as
Judge Samuel D. Lockwood, Congressman Daniel
P. Cook, Morris Birkbeck, George Forquer,
Hooper Warren, George Churchill and others, he
was himself a most influential factor in protecting
Illinois from the blight of slavery, contributing
his salary for his entire term ($4,000) to that end.
In 1825 it became his duty to welcome La Fay-
ette to Illinois. Retiring from office in 1826, he
continued to reside some years on his farm near
Edwardsville, and, in 1830, was a candidate for
Congress, but being a known opponent of Gen-
eral Jackson, was defeated by Joseph Duncan.
Previous to 1833, he removed to Philadelphia,
where he married during the following year, and
continued to reside there until his death, July 7,
1868, having lived to see the total extinction of
slavery in the United States. (See Slavery mid
Slave Laws.)

COLES COUJfTY, originally a part of Crawford
County, but organized in 1831, and named in
honor of Gov. Edward Coles.-lies central to the
eastern portion of the State, and embraces 520
.square miles, with a population (1!)00) of 34,146.
The Kaskaskia River (sometimes called the
Okaw) runs througli the nortliwestern part of the
county, but the principal stream is the Embarras
(Embraw). The chief resource of the people is
agriculture, although the county lies within the
limits of the Illinois coal-belt. To the north and
west are prairies, while timber abounds in the
southeast. The largest crop is of corn, although
wheat, dairy products, potatoes, hay, tobacco,
sorghum, wool, etc., are also important products.
Broom-corn is extensively cultivated. Manufac-
turing is carried on to a fair extent, the output
embracing sawed lumber, carriages and wagons,
agricultural implements, tobacco and snuff, boots
•ind shoes, etc. Charleston, the county seat, is

centrally located, and has a number of handsome
public buildings, private residences and business
blocks. It was laid out in 1S31, and incorporated
in 1865; in 1900, its population was 5,488.
Mattoon is a railroad center, situated some 130
miles east of St. Louis. It has a population of
9,622, and is an important shipping point for
grain and live-stock. Other principal towns are
Ashmore, Oakland and Lerna.

COLFAX, a village of McLean County, on the
Kankakee and Bloomingtou branch of the Illinois
Central Railroad, 23 miles nortlieast of Blooming-
ton. Farming and stock-growing are the leading
industries; has two banks, one newspaper, three
elevators, and a coal mine. Pop. (IIIOO). 1,153.

COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AXD SURGEONS,
located at Chicago, and organized in 1881. Its
first term opened in September, 1882, in a build-
ing erected by the trustees at a cost of §60,000,
with a faculty embracing twenty-five professors,
with a sufficient corps of demonstrators, assist-
ants, etc. The number of matriculates was 152.
The institution ranks among the leading medical
colleges of the West. Its standard of qualifica-
tions, for both matriculates and graduates, is
equal to those of other first-class medical schools
throughout the country. The teaching faculty,
of late years, has consisted of some twenty-five
professors, who are aided by an adequate corps of
assistants, demonstrators, etc.

COLLEGES, EARLY. The early Legislatures of
Illinois manifested no little unfriendliness toward
colleges. The first charters for institutions of
this character were granted in 1833, and were for
the incorporation of the "Union College of Illi-
nois," in Randolph County, and the "Alton Col-
lege of Illinois," at Upper Alton. The first
named was to be under the care of the Scotch
Covenanters, but was never founded. The
second was in the interest of the Baptists, but
the charter was not accepted. Both these acts
contained jealous and unfriendly restrictions,
notably one to the effect that no theological
department should be established and no pro-
fessor of theology employed as an instructor, nor
should any religious test be applied in the .selec-
tion of trustees or the admission of pupils. The
friends of higher education, however, made com-
mon cause, and, in 1835, secured the passage of
an "omnibus bill" incorporating four [)rivate
colleges— the Alton; the Illinois, at Jacksonville;
the McKendree, at Lebanon, and the Jonesboro.
Similar restrictive provisions as to theological
teaching were incorporated in these charters, and
a limitation was placed upon the amount of

112

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

property to be owned by any institution, but in
many respects the law was more liberal than its
predecessors of two years previous Owing to
the absence of suitable preparatory schools, these
institutions were compelled to maintain prepara-
tory departments under the tuition of the college
professors. The college last named above (Jones-
boro) was to have been founded by the Christian
denomination, but was never organized. The
three remaining ones stand, in the order of their
formation, McKendree, Illinois, Alton (afterward
Shurtleff) ; in the order of graduating initial
classes — Illinois, McKendree, Shurtleff. Pre-
paratory instruction began to be given in Illinois
College in 1829, and a class was organized in the
collegiate department in 1831. The Legislature
of 183.5 also incorporated the Jacksonville Female
Academy, the first school for girls chartered in
the State. From this time forward colleges and
academies were incorporated in rapid succession,
many of them at places whose names have long
since disappeared from the map of the State. It
was at this time that there developed a strong
party in favor of founding what were termed,
rather euphemistically, "llanual Labor Col-
leges." It was believed that the time which a
student might be able to "redeem" from study,
could be so profitably emjjloyed at farm or shop-
work as to enable him to earn his own livelihood.
Acting upon this theory, the Legislature of 1835
granted charters to the "Franklin Manual Labor
College," to be located in either Cook or La Salle
County; to the "Burnt Prairie Manual Labor
Seminary,'' in White Count}', and the "Chatham
Manual Labor School," at Lick Prairie, Sanga-
mon County. University powers were conferred
upon the institution last named, and its charter
also contained the somewhat extraordinary pro-
vision that any sect might establish a professor-
ship of theology therein. In 1837 six more
colleges were incorporated, only one of which
(Knox) was successfully organized. By 1840,
better and broader viaws of education had
developed, and the Legislature of 1841 repealed
all prohibition of the establishing of theological
departments, as well as the restrictions previously
imposed upon the amount and value of property
to be owned by private educational institutions.
The whole number of colleges and seminaries
incoi-porated under the State law (1896) is forty-
three. (See also Illinois College, Knox College,
Lake Forest Vnii'ersity. McKendree College, Mon-
mouth College, Jacksonville Female Seminary,
Monticello Female Seminary, Northwestern Uni-
versity, Shurtleff College.)

COLLIER, Robert Laird, clergyman, was bom
in Salisbm-y, Md., August 7, 1837; graduated at
Boston University, 1858; soon after became an
itinerant Methodist minister, but, in 1866, united
with the UiTitarian Church and officiated as
pastor of churches in Chicago, Boston and Kan-
sas City, besides supplying pulpits in various
cities in England (1880-85). In 1885, he was
appointed United States Consul at Leipsic, but
later served as a special commissioner of the
Johns Hopkins University in the collection of
labor statistics in Europe, meanwhile giiining a
wide reputation as a lecturer and magazine
writer. His published works include: "Every-
Day Subjects in Sunday Sermons" (1869) and
"Meditations on the Essence of Christianity"
(1876). Died near ids birthplace, July 27, 1890.

COLLINS, Frederick, manufacturer, was bom
in Connecticut, Feb. 24, 1804. He was thej'oung-
est of five brothers who came with their parents
from Litchfield, Conn , to Illinois, in 1822, and
settled in the town of Unionville — now CoUins-
ville — in the southwestern part of Madison
Countj". They were enterprising and public-
spirited business men, %vho engaged, quite
extensively for the time, in various branches of
manufacture, including Hour and whisk}-. This
was an era of progress and development, and
becoming convinced of the injurious character
of the latter Itranch of their business, it was
promptly abandoned. Tlie subject of this sketch
was later associated with liis brother Michael in
the pork-packmg and grain business at Naples,
the early Illinois River terminus of the Sangamon
& Jlorgan (now Wabash) Railroad, but finally
located at Quincy in 1851, where he was engaged
in manufacturing business for many years. He
was a man of high business probity and religious
principle, as well as a determined opponent of the
institution of slavery, as shown by tlie fact that
he was once subjected by his neighbors to the
intended indignity of being hung in effigy for the
crime of assisting a fugitive female slave on the
road to freedom. In a speech made in 1834, in
commemoration of the act of emancipation in the
West Indies, he gave utterance to the following
prediction : "Methinks the time is not far distant
when our own country will celebrate a day of
emancipation within her own borders, and con
sistent songs of freedom shall indeed ring
throughout the length and breadth of the land."
He lived to see this propliecy fulfilled, dying at
Quincy, in 1878. Mr. ColUns was the candidate of
the Liberty Men of Illinois for Lieutenant-Gov
ernor in 1842.

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

113

COLLIXS, James H., lawyer and jurist, was
born in Cambridge, Washington County, N. Y.,
but taken in early life to Vernon, Oneida County,
where he grew to manhood. After spending a
couple of years in an academy, at the age of 18
he began the study of law, was admitted to the
bar in 1834, and as a counsellor and solicitor in
1827, coming to Chicago in the fall of 1833, mak-
ing a part of the journey by the first stage-coach
from Detroit to the present Western metropolis.
After arriving in Illinois, he spent some time in
exploration of the surrounding country,* but
returning to Chicago in 1834, he entered into
partnership with Judge John D. Caton, who had
been his preceptor in New York, still later being
a partner of Justin Butterfield under the firm
name of Butterfield & Collins. He was con-
sidered an eminent authority in law and gained
an extensive practice, being regarded as espe-
cially strong in chancery cases as well as an able
pleader. Politically, he was an uncompromising
anti-slavery man, and often aided runaway
slaves in securing their liberty or defended others
who did so. He was also one of the original
promoters of the old Galena & Chicago Union
Railroad and one of its first Board of Directors.
Died, suddenly of cholera, while attending court
at Ottawa, in 1854.

COLLINS, Loren C, jurist, was born at Wind-
sor, Conn., August 1, 1848; at the age of 18
accompanied his family to Illinois, and was
educated at the Northwestern University. He
read law, was admitted to the bar, and soon
built up a remunerative practice. He was
elected to the Legislature in 1878, and through
his ability as a debater and a parliamentarian,
soon became one of the leaders of his party on
the floor of the lower house. He was re-elected
in 1880 and 1883, and, in 1883, was chosen Speaker
of the Thirty-third General Assembly. In
December, 1884, he was appointed a Judge of the
Circuit Court of Cook County, to fill the vacancy
created by the resignation of Judge Barnum, was
elected to succeed himself in 1885, and re-elected
in 1891, but resigned in 1804, since that time
devoting his attention to regular practice in the
city of Chicago.

COLLINS, William H., retired manufacturer,
born at CoUinsville, III, March 20, 1831; was
educated in the common schools and at Illinois
College, later taking a course in literature,
philosophy and theology at Yale College ; served
as pastor of a Congregational church at La Salle
several years , in 1858, became editor and propri-
etor of "Tlie Jacksonville Journal," which he

conducted some four years. The Civil War hav-
ing begun, he then accepted the chaplaincy of
the Tenth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, but
resigning in 1863, organized a company of the
One Hundred and Fourth Volunteers, of which
he was chosen Captain, participating in the
battles of Chickamauga, Lookout Mountain and
Missionary Ridge. Later he served on the staff
of Gen. John M. Palmer and at Fourteenth Army
Corps liead(iuarters, until after the fall of
Atlanta. Tlien resigning, in November, 1864, he
was appointed by Secretary Stanton Provost-
Marshal for the Twelfth District of Illinois, con-
tinuing in this service until the close of 1865,
when he engaged in the manufacturing business
as head of the Collins Plow Company at Quincy.
This business he conducted successfully some
twenty-five years, when he retired. Mr. Collins
has served as Alderman and Mayor, ad interim,
of the city of Quincy ; Representative in the
Thirty-fourth and Thirty-fifth General Assem-
blies — during the latter being chosen to deliver
the eulogy on Gen. John A. Logan ; was a promi-
nent candidate for the nomination for Lieutenant
Governor in 1888, and the same year Republican
candidate for Congress in the Quincy District;
in 1894, was the Republican nominee for State
Senator in Adams County, and, though a Repub-
lican, has been twice elected Supervisor in a
strongly Democratic city.

COLLINSVILLE,a city on the southern border
of Madison County, 13 miles (by rail) east-north-
east of St. Louis, on the "Vandalia Line" (T. H.
& I. Ry.), about 11 miles south of Edwardsville.
The place was originally settled in 1817 by four
brothers named Collins from Litchfield, Conn.,
who established a tan-yard and erected an ox-mill
for grinding corn and wheat and sawing lumber
The town was platted by surviving members of
this family in 1836 Coal-raining is the principal
industry, and one or two mines are operated
within the corporate limits. The city has zinc
works, as well as flour mills and brick and tile
factories, two building and loan associations, a
lead smelter, stock bell factory, electric street
railways, seven churches, two banks, a high
school, and a newsiiaper office. Population
(1890), 3,498: (1900), 4,031; (1903, est.), 7,500.

COLLYEB, Robert, clergyman, was born at
Keighly, Yorkshire, England, Dec. 8, 1823; left
school at eight years of age to earn his living in
a factory ; at fourteen was apprenticed to a black-
smith and learned the trade of a hammer-maker.
His only opportunity of acquiring an education
during this period, apart from private study, was

114

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

in a night-school, which he attended two winters.
In 1849 he became a local Methodist preacher,
came to the United States the ne.xt year, settling
in Penn.sylvania, where he pursued his trade,
preaching on Sundays. His views on tlie atone-
ment having gradually been changed towards
Uuitarianisra, Iiis license to preach was revoked
by the conference, and, iu 18."i9, lie united with
the Unitarian Church, having alreadj- won a
wide reputation as an eloquent public speaker.
Coming to Chicago, he began work as a mission-
ary, and, in 1860, organized the Unity Church,
beginning with seven members, though it has
since become one of the strongest and most influ-
ential churches in the city. In 1879 he accepted
a call to a chm'ch in New York City, wliere he
still remains. Of strong anti-slavery views and
a zealous Unionist, he served during a part of the
Civil War as a camp inspector for the Sanitary
Commission. Since the war he has repeatedly
visited England, and has exerted a wide influence
as a lecturer and pulpit orator on both sides of
the Atlantic. He is the author of a number of
volumes, including "Nature and Life" (1860);
"A Man in Earnest: Life of A. H. Conant" (1868);
"A History of the Town and Parish of likely"'
(1886), and "Lectures to Young Men and Women"
(1886).

COLTON, Chauncey Sill, pioneer, was born at
Springfield, Pa., Sept. 21, 1800; taken toMassaclm-
setts in childhood and educated at Monson in that
State, afterwards residing for many years, dur-
ing his manhood, at Monson, Maine. He came to
Illinois in 1836, locating on the site of the present
city of Galesburg, where he built the first store
and dwelling house; continued in general mer-
chandise some seventeen or eighteen years, mean-
while associating his sons with Inm in business
under the firm name of C. S. Colton & Sons. Mr.
Colton was associated with tlie construction of
the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Raib-oad from
the beginning, becoming one of the Dii-ectors of
the Company; %vas also a Director of the First
National Bank of Galesburg, the first organizer
and first President of the Farmers" and Mechan-
ics' Bank of that city, and one of the Trustees of
Knox College. Died in Galesburg, July 27, 1885.
— Fraufis (Colton), son of the preceding; born
at Monson, Elaine, May 24, 1834, ca,me to Gales-
burg with his father's family in 1836, and was
educated at Knox College, graduating in 1855,
and receiving the degree of A.M. in 18.58, After
graduation, he was in partnership with his father
some seven years, also served as Vice-President
of the First National Bank of Galesburg, and. in

1866, was appointed by President Johnson United
States Consul at Venice, remaining there until
1809. The latter year he became the (Jeneral
Passenger Agent of the Union Pacific Kailioad,
continuing in that position until 1871, meantime
visiting China, Japan and India, and establishing
agencies for the Union and Central Pacific Rail-
ways in various countries of Europe. In 1873 lie
succeeded his father as President of the Farmers'
and Mechanics' Bank of Galesburg, but retired in
1884, and the same year removed to Washington,
D. e., wliere he has since resided. Mr. Colton is
a large land owner in some of the Western States,
especially IC-msas and Nebraska.

COLl'MBI.V, ;; town of Monroe County, on
Mobile A: Ohio Railroad, 15 miles south of St.
Louis; lias a machine shop, large flour mill,
brewery, five cigar factories, electric light plant,
telephone system, stone quarry, five churclies,
and public school. Pop. (1900), 1,197 ; (1903), 1,205.

t'OMP.VXY OF THE WEST, THE, a company
formed iu France, iu August, 1717, to develop
the resources of "New France," in which the
"Illinois Country" was at that time included.
At the head of the company was the celebrated
John Law, and to him and his as,sociates the
French monarch granted extraordinary powers,
both governmental and commercial. They were
given the exclusive right to refine the precious
metals, iis well as a monopoly in the trade in
tobacco and slaves. Later, the company became
known as the Indies, or East Indies, Companj-,
owing to the king having granted them conces-
sions to trade with the East Indies and China.
On Sept. 27, 1717, the Royal Council of France
declared that tlie Illinois Country should form a
part of tlie Province of Louisiana ; and, under the
shrewtl management of Law and his associates,
immigration soon increased, as many as 800
settlers arriving in a single year. The directors
of the company, in the exercise of their govern-
mental powers, appointed Pierre Duque de Ik)is
briant Governor of the Illinois District. He
proceeded to Kaskaskia, and, within a few miles
of tliat settlement, erected Fort Chartres. (See
Fort Chartres. ) The policy of the Indies Company
was energetic, and. in the main, wise. Grants of
commons were made to various French villages,
and Caliokiii and Kaskaskia steadily grew in size
and population. Permanent settlers were given
grants of land and agriculture was encouraged.
These grants (which were allodial in their char-
acter) covered nearly all the lands in that part of
the American Bottom, lying between the Missis-
sippi and the Kaskaskia Rivers. Many grantees

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

115

held their lands in one great common field, each
proprietor contributing, pro rata, to the mainte-
nance of a surrounding fence. In 1721 the Indies
Companj- divided tlie Province of Louisiana into
nine civil and military districts. That of Illinois
was numerically the Seventh, and included not
only the southern half of the existing State, but
also an immense tract west of the Mississippi,
extending to the Rocky Mountains, and embrac-
ing the present States of Missouri, Kansas, Iowa
and Nebraska, besides portions of Arkansas and
Colorado. Tlie Commandant, witli his secretary
and the C'ompanj''s Commissary, formed the
District Council, the civil law being in force. In
1732, the Indies Company surrendered its charter,
and thereafter, the Governors of Illinois were
appointed directly by the French crown.

CONCORDIA SEMIX.VRY, an institution lo-
cated at Springfield, founded in 1879; the succes-
sor of an earlier institution under the name of
Illinois University. Theological, scientific and
preparatory departments are maintained, al-
though there is no classical course. The insti-
tution is under control of the German Lutherans.
The institution reports .512.5,000 worth of real
property. The members of the Faculty (1898)
are five in number, and there were about 171
students in attendance.

CONDEE, Leander D., lawyer, was born in
Athens County, Ohio, Sept. 26, 1847; brought
by his parents to Coles County. 111. , at the age of
seven years, and received his education in the
common schools and at St. Paul's Academy. Kan-
kakee, taking a special course in Michigan State
University and graduating from the law depart-
ment of the latter in 1868. He then began prac-
tice at Butler, Bates County, Mo., where he
served three years as City Attorney, but, in 1873,
returned to Illinois, locating in Hyde Park (now
a part of Chicago), where he served as City
Attorney for four consecutive terms before its
annexation to Chicago. In 1880, he was elected
as a Republican to the State Senate for the
Second Senatorial District, serving in the Thirty-
second and the Thirty-third General Assemblie.s.
In 1892, he was the Republican nominee for Judge
of the Superior Court of Cook County, but was
defeated with the National and tlie State tickets
of that year, since when he has given his atten-
tion to regular practice, maintaining a high rank
in his profession.

CON(i!ER, Edwin Hurd, lawyer and diploma-
tist, was born in Knox County, 111., March 7, 1843;
graduated at Lombard University, Galesburg, in
1862. and immediately thereafter enlisted as a

private in the One Hundred and Second Illinois
Volunteers, serving through the war and attain-
ing the rank of Captain, besides being brevetted
Major for gallant service. Later, he graduated
from the Albany Law School and practiced for a
time in Galesburg, but, in 1808, removed to Iowa,
where he engaged in farming, stock-raising and
banking ; was twice elected County Treasurer of
Dallas County, and, in 1880, State Treasurer,
being re-elected in 1882 ; in 1886, was elected to
Congress from the Des Moines District, and twice
re-elected (1888 and '90), but before the close of
his last term was appointed by President Harri-
son Minister to Brazil, serving until 1893. In
1896, he served as Presidential Elector for the
State-at-large, and, in 1897, was re-appointed
Minister to Brazil, but, in 1898, was transferred
to China, where (1899) he now is. He was suc-
ceeded at Rio Janeiro bj' Charles Page Bryan of
Illinois.

COXOREGATIONALISTS, THE. Two Congre-
gational ministers — Rev. S. J. Mills and Rev.
Daniel Smith — visited Illinois in 1814, and spent
some time at Kaskaskia and Shawneetown, but
left for New Orleans without organizing any
churches. The first church was organized at
Mendon, Adams County, in 1833, followed br-
others during the same year, at Naperville, Jack-
sonville and Quincy. By 1836, the number had
increased to ten. Among the pioneer ministers
were Jabez Porter, who was also a teacher at
Quincy, in 1828, and Rev. Asa Turner, in 1830,
wlio became pastor of the first Quincy church,
followed later by Revs. Julian M. Sturtevant
(afterwards President of Illinois College), Tru-
man M. Post, Edward Beecher and Horatio Foc''..
Other Congregational ministers who came to f^e
State at an early day were Rev. Salmon Gridley,
who finally located at St. Louis; Rev. John M.
Ellis, who served as a missionary and was instru-
mental in founding Illinois College and the Jack-
sonville Female Seminary at Jacksonville; Rev.s.
Thomas Lippincott, Cyrus L. Watson, Xheron
Baldwin, Elisha Jenney, William Kirby, the two
Lovejoys (Owen and Elijah P.), and many more
of whom, either temporarily or permanently,
became associated with Presbyterian churches.
Although Illinois College was under the united
patronage of Presbyterians and Congregational -
ists, the leading spirits in its original establish-
ment were Congregationalists, and the same was
true of Knox College at Galesburg. In 183,'), at
Big Grove, in an unoccupied log-cabin, was
convened the first Congregational Council, known
in the denominational history of tl:c State as

116

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

that of Fox River. Since then some twelve to
fifteen separate Associations have been organized.
By 1890, the development of the denomination
had been sucli that it had 280 churclies, support-
ing 313 ministers, with 33,126 members. During
that year the disbursements on account of chari-
ties and home extension, by the Illinois churches,
were nearly 81,000,000. The Chicago Theological
Seminary, at Chicago, is a Congregational school
of divinity, its property holdings being worth
nearly §700,000. "The Advance" (published at
Cliicago) is the chief denominational organ.
(See also Religious Denominations. )

CONGRESSIONAL APPORTIONMENT. (See
Apportionment, Congressional; also Rej)resent-
atives in Congress. )

CONKLING, James Cook, lawyer, was born in
New York City, Oct. 13, 1816 ; graduated at Prince-
ton College in 1835, and, after studying law and
being admitted to the bar at Morristown, N. J., in
1838, removed to Springfield, 111. Here his first
business partner was Cyrus Walker, an eminent
and widely known lawyer of his time, while at a
later period he was associated with Gen. James
Shields, afterwards a soldier of the Mexican War
and a United States Senator, at different times,
from three different States. As an original
Whig, Mr. Conkling early became associated
with Abraham Lincoln, whose intimate and
trusted friend he was through life. It was to
him that Mr. Lincoln addressed his celebrated
letter, which, by liis special request, Mr. Conk-
ling read before the great Union mass-meeting at
Springfield, held, Sept. 3, 1803, now known as the
"Lincoln-Conkling Letter."' Mr, Conkling was
chosen Mayor of the city of Springfield in 1844,
and served in the lower branch of the Seven-
teenth and the Twenty-fifth General Assemblies
(1851 and 1867). It was largely due to his tactful
management in the latter, that the first appropri-
ation was made for the new State House, which
established the capital permanently in that city.
At the Bloomington Convention of 1856, where
the Republican party in Illinois may be said to
have been formally organized, with Mr. Lincoln
and three otliers, he represented Sangamon
County, served on the Committee on Resolutions,
and was appointed a member of the State Central
Committee which conducted the campaign of
that year. In 1860, and again in 1864, his name
was on the Republican State ticket for Presiden-
tial Elector, and, on both occasions, it became his
duty to cast the electoral vote of Mr, Lincoln's
own District for him for President. The intimacy
of personal friendship existing between him and

Mr. Lincoln was fittingly illustrated by his posi
tion for over thirty years as an original member
of the Lincoln Monument Association. Other
public positions lield by him included those of
State Agent during the Civil War by appointment
of Governor Yates, Trustee of the State University
at Champaign, and of Blackburn University at
Carlinville, as also that of Postmaster of the city
of Springfield, to which he was appointed in 1890,
continuing in office four years. High-minded
and honorable, of pure personal character and
strong religious convictions, public-spirited and
liberal, probably no man did more to promote
the growth and prosperity of the citj' of Spring-
field, during the sixty years of his residence there,
than he. His death, as a result of old age,
occurred in that city. March 1, 1899. —Clinton L.
(Conkling), son of the preceding, was born in
Springfield, Oct. 16, 1843; graduated at Yale
College in 1864, studied law with his father, and
was licensed to practice in the Illinois courts in
IMCit!, and in the United States courts in 1867.
After practicing a few years, he turned his atten
tion to manufacturing, but, in 1877, resumed
practice and lias proved successful. He has
devoted much attention of late years to real
estate business, and has represented large land
interests in this and other States. For many
years lie was Secretary of the Lincoln Slonument
As.sociation, and has served on the Board of
County Supervisors, which is the onlj- political
office he has held. In 1897 he was the Repub-
lican nominee for Judge of the Springfield Cir-
cuit, hut, although confessedly a man of the
highest probity and ability, was defeated in a
district overwhelmingly Democratic.

CONNOLLY, James Austin, lawyer and Con-
gressman, was born in Newark, N. J., March 8,
1843; went with his parents to Ohio in 1850,
where, in 1858-59, he served as Assistant Clerk of
the State Senate: studied law and was admitted
to the bar in that State iu 1861, and soon after
removed to Illinois; the following year (1862) he
enlisted as a private soldier in the One Hundred
and Twenty-third Illinois Volunteers, but was
successively commissioned as Captain and Major,
retiring with the rank of brevet Lieutenant-
Colonel. In 1873 he was elected Representative
in the State Legislature from Coles County and
re-elected in 1874; was United States District
Attorney for the Southern District of Illinois
from 1876 to 1885. and again from 1889 to 1893;
in 1886 was appointed and confirmed Solicitor of
the Treasury, but declined the olfice; the same
year ran as the Republican candidate for Con-

HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS.

117

gress in the Springfield (then the Thirteenth)
District in opposition to Wni. il. Springer, and
was defeated by less than 1,000 votes in a district
usually Democratic by 3,000 majority. He
declined a second nomination in 188S, but. in 1894,
was nominated for a third time (tliis time for the
Seventeenth District), and was elected, as he was
for a second term in 1896. He declined a renomina-
tion in 1898, returning to the practice of his pro-
fession at Springfield at the close of the Fifty-fifth
Congress.

CONSTABLE, Charles H., lawyer, was born at
Chestertown, JId.,July 6, 1817; educated at Belle
Air Academy and the University of Virginia,
graduating from the latter in 1838. Then, liaving
studied law, he was admitted to the bar, came to
Illinois early in 1840, locating at Mount Carmel,
Wabash County, and, in 1844, was elected to the
State Senate for the district composed of Wabash,
Edwards and Waj'ne Counties, serving until 1848.
He also served as a Delegate in the Constitutional
Convention of 1847. Originally a Whig, on the
dissolution of that party in 1854, he became a
Democrat ; in 18.56, served as Presidential
Elector-at-large on the Buchanan ticket and,
during the Civil War, was a pronounced oppo-
nent of the policy of the Government in dealing
with secession. Having removed to Marshall,
Clark Count}', in 1852, he continued the practice
of his profession there, but was elected Judge of
the Circuit Court in 1861, serving until his death,
which occurred, Oct. 9, 1865. While holding
court at Charleston, in March, 1863, Judge Con'
stable was arrested because of his release of four
deserters from the army, and the holding to bail,
on the charge of kidnaping, of two Union oflScers
who had arrested them. He was subsequently
released by Judge Treat of the United States
District Court at Springfield, but the aflfair cul-
minated In a riot at Charleston, on March 23, in
which four soldiers and three citizens were killed
outright, and eight persons were wounded.

CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTIONS. Illinois
lias had four State Conventions called for the
purpose of formulating State Constitutions. Of
these, three— those of 1818, 1847 and 1869-70—
adopted Constitutions which went into effect,
while the instrument framed by the Convention
of 1862 was rejected by the people. A synoptical
history of each will be found below :

Convention of 1818. — In January, 1818, the
Territorial Legislature adopted a resolution
instructing the Delegate in Congress (Hon.
Natlianiel Pope) to present a petition to Congress
requesting the passage of an act authorizing the

people of Illinois Territory to organize a State
Government. A bill to this effect wa.s intro-
duced, April 7, and became a law, April 18, follow-
ing. It authorized the people to frame a
Constitution and organize a State Government-
apportioning the Delegates to be elected from
each of the fifteen counties into which the Ter-
ritory was then divided, naming the first Monday
of July, following, as the day of election, and the
first 5Ionday of August as the time for the meet-
ing of the Convention. The act was conditioned
upon a census of the people of tlie Territory (to
be ordered bj- the Legislature) , showing a popu-
lation of not less than 40,000. The census, as
taken, showed the required population, but, as
finally corrected, this was reduced to 34,620 —
being the smallest with which any State was ever
admitted into the Union. The election took
place on July 6, 1818, and the Convention assem-
bled at Kaskaskia on August 3. It consisted of
thirty-three members. Of these, a majority were
farmers of limited education, but with a fair
portion of hard common-sense. Five of the
Delegates were lawyers, and these undoubtedly
wielded a controlling influence. Jesse B.
Thomas (afterwards one of the first United
States Senators) presided, and Elias Kent Kane,
also a later Senator, was among the dominating
spirits. It has been asserted that to the latter
should be ascribed whatever new matter was
incorporated in the instrument, it being copied
in most of its essential provisions from the Con-
stitutions of Ohio, Kentucky and Indiana. The
Convention completed its labors and adjourned,
August 26, the Constitution was submitted to
Congress by Delegate John McLean, without the'
formality of ratification by the people, and Illi-
nois was admitted into the Union as a State by
resolution of Congress, adopted Dec. 3, 1818.

Convention of 1847. — An attempt was made in
1823 to obtain a revision of the Constitution of
1818, the object of the chief promoters of the
movement being to secure the incorporation of a
provision autliorizing tlie admission of slavery
into Illinois. The passage of a resolution, by the
necessary two-thirds vote of both Houses of the
General Assembly, submitting the proposition to
a vote of the people, was secured by the most
questionable methods, at the session of 1833, but
after a heated campaign of nearly two years, it
was rejected at the election of 1824. (See
Slavery and Slave Laws; also Coles, Edward.)
At the session of 1840-41. another resolution on
the subject was submitted to the people, but it
was rejected by the narrow margin of 1.039

118

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

votes. Again, in 1845, the question was submit-
ted, and, at tlie election of 1S4G, was approved.
The election of delegates occuiTed, April 19, 184T,
and the Convention met at Springfield, June 19,
following. It was composed of 163 members,
ninety-two of whom were Democrats. The list
of Delegates embraced the names of many who
afterwards attained high distinction in public
affairs, and the bod}', as a whole, was represent-
ative in character. The Bill of Rights attached
to the Constitution of 1818 was but little changed
in its successor, except by a few additions,
among which was a section disqualifying any
person who had been concerned in a duel from
holding office. The earlier Constitution, how-
ever, was carefully revised and several important
changes made. Among these may be mentioned
the following; Limiting the elective franchi.se
for foreign-born citizens to those who liad
become naturalized ; making the judiciary elect-
ive; requiring that all State officers be elected
by the people; changing tlie time of the election
of the Executive, and making him ineligible for
immediate re-election; various curtailments of
the power of the Legislature; imposing a two-
mill tax for paj'ment of the State debt, and pro-
viding for the establishment of a sinking fund.
The Constitution framed was adopted in conven-
tion, August 31, 1847; ratified by popular vote,
March 6, 1848, and went into effect, April 1, 1848.
CONVENTIO.\ OF 1863. —The proposition for
holding a third Constitutional Convention was
submitted to vote of the people by the Legislature
of 18.59, endorsed at the election of 1860, and the
election of Delegates held in November, 1861. In
the excitement attendant upon the early events
of the war, people paid comparatively little
attention to the choice of its members. It was
composed of forty-five Democrats, twenty-one
Republicans, seven "fusionists" and two classed
as doubtful. The Convention assembled at
Springfield on Jan. 7, 1863, and remained in ses-
sion until March 34, following. It was in many
respects a remarkable body. The law providing
for its existence prescribed that the meml>ers.
before proceeding to business, should take an
oath to support the State Constitution. This the
majority refused to do. Their conception of
their powers was such that they seriously deliber-
ated upon electing a United States Senator,
assumed to make appropriations from the State
treasury, claimed the right to interfere with
military affairs, and called upon the Governor
for information concerning claims of the Illinois
Central Railroad, which the Executive refused to

lay before them. The instrument drafted pro-
posed numerous important changes in the organic
law, and was generally regarded as objectionable.
It was rejected at an election held, June 17, 1863,
by a majority of over 16,000 votes

Convention of 1869-70.— The second attempt
to revise the Constitution of 1848 resulted in
submission to the people, by the Legislature of
18()7, of a proposition for a Convention, which was
approved at the election of 1868 by a bare major-
ity of 704 votes. The election of Delegates was
provided for at the next session (1869), the elec-
tion held in November and the Convention
assembled at Springfield, Dec. 13. Charles
Hitchcock was chosen President, John Q. Har-
mon, Secretary, and Daniel Shepard and A. II.
Swain, First and Second Assistants. There were
eighty-five members, of wliom forty-four were
Republicans and forty-one Democrats, although
fifteen had Ijeen elected nominally as "Independ-
ents." It was an assemblage of some of the
ablest men of the State, including representatives
of all the learned professions except the clerical,
besides merchants, farmers, bankers and journal-
ists. Its work was completed May 13, 1870, and
in the main good. Some of the principal changes
made in the fundamental law, as proixised by the
Convention, were the following: The prohibi-
tion of special legislation where a general law
may be made to cover the necessities of the case,
and the absolute prohibition of such legislation
in reference to divorces, lotteries and a score of
other matters; prohibition of the pa.s.sage of anj'
law relejising any civil division (district, county,
city, township or town) from the pa3'ment of its
just proportion of any State tax; recommenda-
tions to the Legislature to enact laws upon
certain specified subjects, such as liberal home-
stead and exempticm rights, the construction of
ilrains. the regulation of charges on railways
(which were declared to be public highways),
etc., etc. ; declaring all elevators and storehouses
I)ublic warehou.ses, and providing for their legis-
lative inspection and supervision. The mainte-
nance of an "efficient system of public schools"
was made obligatory upon the Legislature, and
the appropriation of any funds — State, municipal,
town or district — to the support of sectarian
schools was prohibited. The principle of cuniu
lative voting, or "minority representation," in
the choice of members of the House of Represent-
atives was provided for, and additional safe
guards thrown around the passage of bills. The
ineligibility of the Governor to re-election for a
second consecutive term was set aside, and a

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

119

two-thirds vote of the Legislature made necessary
to override an executive veto. The list of State
officers was increased by the creation of the
offices of Attorney-General and Superintendent
of Public Instruction, these having been previ-
ously provided for only by statute. The Supreme
Court bench was increased by the addition of
four members, making the whole number of
Supreme Court judges seven; Appellate Courts
authorized after 1874, and County Courts were
made courts of record. The compensation of all
State officers — executive, judicial and legislative
■ — was left discretionary with the Legislature,
and no limit was placed upon the length of the
sessions of the General Assembly. The instru-
ment drafted by the Convention was ratified at
an election held, July 6, 1870, and went into force,
August 8, following. Occasional amendments
have been submitted and ratified from time to
time. (See Constitutwiis. Elections and Repre-
sentafion; also Minority Re2)re.'<entation.)

COXSTITUTIOXS. Illinois has had three con-
stitutions — that of 1870 being now (1898) in force.
The earliest instrument was that approved by
Congress in 1818, and the first revision was made
in 1847 — the Constitution having been ratified at
an election held, March 5, 1848, and going into
force, April 1, following. The term of State
officers has been uniformly fixed at four years,
except that of Treasurer, which is two years.
Biennial elections and sessions of the General
Assembly are provided for, Senators holding their
seats for four years, and Representatives two
}ears. The State is required to be apportioned
after each decennial census into fifty-one dis-
tricts, each of which elects one Senator and three
Representatives. The principle of minority rep-
resentation has been incorporated into the
organic law, each elector being allowed to cast as
many votes for one legislative candidate as there
are Representatives to be chosen in his district;
or ho may divide his vote equally among all the
three candidates or between two of them, as he
may see fit. One of the provisions of the Consti-
tution of 1870 is the inhibition of the General
Assembly from passing private laws. Munici-
])alities are classified, and legislation is for all
cities of a class, not for an individual corpora-
tion. Individual citizens with a financial griev-
ance must secure payment of their claims under
the terms of some general appropriation. The
sessions of the Legislature are not limited as to
time, nor is there any restriction upon the power
of the Executive to summon extra se.ssions.
(See also Constitutional Conventions; Elections;

Governors and other State Officers; Judicial
System; Suffrage, Etc.)

COOK, Burton C, lawyer and Congressman,
was born in Monroe County, N. Y., May 11, 1819;
completed his academic education at the Collegi-
ate Institute in Rochester, and after studying
law, removed to Illinois (}835), locating first at
Hennepin and later at Ottawa. Here he began
the practice of his profession, and, in 1846, was
elected by the Legislature State's Attorney for
the Ninth Judicial District, serving two j-ears,
when, in 1848, he was re-elected by the people
under the Constitution of that year, for four
years. From 18.)2 to 1800, he was State Senator,
taking part in the election which resulted in
making Lyman Trumbull United States Senator
in 18.55. In 1861 he served as one of the Peace
Commissioners from Illinois in the Conference
which met at Washington. He may be called
one of the founders of the Republican party in
this State, having been a member of the State
Central Committee appointed at Bloomington in
18.56, and Chairman of the State Central Com-
mittee in 1862. In 1804, lie was elected to Con-
gress, and re-elected in 1866, '08 and '70. but
resigned in 1871 to accept the .solicitorsliip of the
Northwestern Railroad, which he resigned in
1886. He was an intimate friend of Abraham
Lincoln, serving as a delegate to both the National
Conventions which nominated him for the Presi-
dency, and presenting his name at Baltimore in
1864. His death occurred at Evanston, August
18, 1894.

COOK, Daniel Pope, early Congressman, was
born in Scott County, Ky., in 179.5, removed to
Illinois and began the practice of law at Kaskas-
kia in 1815. Early in 18113, he became joint owner
and editor of "The Illinois Intelligencer,' and at
the same time served as Auditor of Public
Accounts by appointment of Governor Edwards;
the next year (1817) was sent by President Mon-
roe as bearer of dispatches to John Quiucy Adams,
then minister to London, and, on Ids return, was
appointed a Circuit Judge. On the admission of
the State he was elected the first Attorney-
General, but almost immediately resigned and,
in September, 1819, was elected to Congress, serv-
ing as Representative until 1827. Having married
a daughter of Governor Edwards, he became a
resident of Edwardsville. He was a conspicuous
opponent of the |)roposition to make Illinois a
slave State in 1823-24, and did much to prevent
the success of that scheme. He also bore a
prominent part while in Congress in securing the
donation of lands for the construction of the

120

HISTOraCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

Illinois & Michigan Canal. He was distinguished
for his eloquence, and it was during his first
Congressional campaign that stump-speaking was
introduced into the State. Suffering from
consumption, he visited Cuba, and, after return-
ing to his home at Edwardsville and failing to
improve, he went to Kentuckj-, where he died,
Oct. 16, 1837.— John (Cook), soldier, born at
Edwardsville, 111., June 12, 1825, the son of
Daniel P. Cook, the second Congressman from
Illinois, and grandson of Gov. Ninian Edwards,
was educated by private tutors and at Illinois
College ; in 1855 was elected Mayor of Springfield
and the following year Slieriff of Sangamon
County, later serving as Quartermaster of the
State. Raising a company promptly after the
firing on Fort Sumter in 18G1, he was commis-
sioned Colonel of the Seventh Illinois Volunteers
— the first regiment organized in Illinois under
the first call for troops by President Lincoln ; was
promoted Brigadier-General for gallantry at Fort
Donelson in Marcli, 18G2; in 1864 commanded the
District of Illinois, with headquarters at Spring-
field, being mustered out, August, 1865, with the
brevet rank of Major-General. General Cook was
elected to the lower house of the General Assem-
bly from Sangamon County, in 1868. During
recent years his home has been in Michigan.

COOK COUNTY, situated in the northeastern
section of the State, bortlering on Lake Michigan,
and being the most easterly of the second tier of
counties south of the Wisconsin State line. It
has an area of 890 square miles ; population (1890).
1,191,922; (1900), 1,838,735; county-seat, Chicago.
The county was organized in 1831, having origi-
nally embraced the counties of Du Page, Will,
Lake, McHenry and Iroquois, in addition to its
present territorial limits. It was named in
honor of Daniel P. Cook, a distinguished Repre-
sentative of Illinois in Congress. (See Cuok,
Daniel P. ) The first County Commissioners were
Samuel Miller, Gholson Kercheval and James
Walker, who took the oath of ofiice before Justice
John S. C. Hogan, on March 8, 1831. William
Lee was appointed Clerk and Archibald Ch-bourne
Treasurer. Jedediah Wormley was first County
Surveyor, and three election districts (Chicago,
Du Page and Hickory Creek) were created. A
scow ferry was established across the Soutli
Branch, with Mark Beaubien as ferryman. Only
non-residents were required to pay toll. Geolo-
gists are of the opinion that, previous to the
glacial epoch, a large portion of the county lay
under the waters of Lake Michigan, which was
connected with the Mississippi by the Des Plaines

River. This tlieory is borne out by the finding
of stratified beds of coal and gravel in the eastern
and southern portions of the county, either under-
lying the prairies or assuming the form of ridges.
The latter, geologi.sts maintain, indicate tlie exist-
ence of an ancient key, and they conclude that,
at one time, the level of the lake was nearly forty
feet higher than at present. Glacial action is
believed to have been very effective in establish-
ing surface conditions in this vicinity. Lime-
stone and building stone are quarried in tolerable
abundance. Athens marble (white when taken
out, but growing a rich yellow through exp(5sure)
is found in the southwest. Isolated beds of peat
have also been found. The general surface is
level, although undulating in some portions. The
soil near the lake is sandy, but in the interior
becomes a black mold from one to four feet in
depth. Drainage is afforded by the Des PLiines,
Chicago and Calumet Rivers, which is now being
improved by the construction of the Drainage
Canal. Manufactures and agriculture are the
principal indu.stries outside of the city of Chi-
cago. (See also Chicago.)

COOK COUMY HOSPITAL, located in Chi-
cago and under control of the Commissioners of
Cook County. It was originally erected by the
City of Chicago, at a cost of §80,000, and was
intended to be used as a hospital for patients
suffering from infectiou-s diseases. For several
years the building was unoccupied, but, in 1858,
it was leased by an association of physicians, who
opened a hospital, with the further purpose of
affording facilities for clinical instruction to the
students of Rush Medical College. In 1803 the
building was taken by the General Government
for military purposes, being used as an eye and
ear hospital for returning soldiers. In 1865 it
reverted to the City of Chicago, and, in 1866, was
purchased by Cook County. In 1874 the County
Commissioners purchased a new and more spa-
cious site at acost of §145,000, and began the erec-
tion of buildings thereon. The two principal
pavilions were completed and occupied before tlie
close of 1875; the clinical amphitlieater and
connecting corridors were built in 1876-77, and an
administrative building and two additional
pavilions were added in 1882-84. Up to that date
the total cost of the buildings had been §719,574,
and later additions and improvements have
swelled the outlay to more than §1,000.000. It
accommodates about 800 ])atients and constitutes
a part of the county machinery for the care of
the poor. A certain number of beds are placed
under the care of homeopathic physicians. The

r-.
O

ALONG SIUnaUAN KUAli AM' ON Till-: BOL'LEVAHDS.

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

121

present (1806) allopathic medical staff consists of
fifteen physicians, fifteen surgeons, one oculist
and aurist and one pathologist ; the liomeopathic
staff comprises five physicians and five surgeons.
In addition, there is a large corps of internes, or
liouse physicians and surgeons, composed of
recent graduates from the several medical col-
leges, who gain their positions through competi-
tive examination and hold them for eighteen
montlis.

COOKE, Edward Dean, lawyer and Congress-
man, born in Dubuque County, Iowa, Oct. 17,
1849; was educated in the common schools and
the high school of Dubuque ; studied law in that
citj" and at Columbian University, Washington,
DC. graduating from that institution with the
degree of Bachelor of Laws, and was admitted to
the bar in Washington in 1873. Coming to Chi-
cago the same year, he entered upon the practice
of his profession, which he pursued for the
remainder of his life. In 1882 he was elected a
Representative in the State Legislature from
Cook County, serving one term ; was elected as a
Republican to the Fifty-fourth Congress for the
Sixth District (Chicago), in 1894, and re-elected in
1896. His death occurred suddenly while in
attendance on the extra session of Congress in
Washington, June 24, 1897.

COOLBAUGH, William Findlay, financier, was
born in Pike County, Pa., July 1, 1821; at the
age of 15 became clerk in a dry-goods store in
Philadelphia, but, in 1842, opened a branch
establishment of a New York firm at Burlington,
Iowa, where he afterwards engaged in the bank-
ing business, also serving in the Iowa State
Constitutional Convention, and, as the candidate
of his party for United States Senator, being
defeated by Hon. James Harlan by one vote. In
1862 he came to Chicago and opened the banking
house of W. F. Coolbaugh & Co. , which, in 1865,
became the Union National Bank of Chicago.
Later he became the first President of the Chi-
cago Clearing House, as also of the Bankers'
Association of the West and South, a Director of
the Board of Trade, and an original incorporator
of the Chamber of Commerce, besides being a
member of the State Constitutional Convention
of 1869-70. His death by suicide, at the foot of
Douglas Monument, Nov. 14, 1877, was a shook to
tlie whole city of Chicago.

COOLEY, Horace S., Secretary of State, was
born in Hartford. Conn., in 1806, studied medi-
cine for two years in early life, then went to Ban-
gor. Maine, where he began the study of law ; in
1840 he came to Illinois, locating fir.st at Rushville

and finally in the city of Quincy ; in 1842 took a
prominent part in the campaign which resulted
in the election of Thomas Ford as Governor— also
received from Governor Carlin an appointment as
Quartermaster-General of the State. On the
accession of Governor French in December, 1846,
he was appointed Secretary of State and elected
to the same office under the Constitution of 1848.
dying before the expiration of his term, April 2,
1850.

COEBUS, (Dr.) J. C, pliysician, was born in
Holmes County, Ohio, in 1833, received his pri
mary education in the public schools, followed
by an academic course, and began the study of
medicine at Millersburg, finally graduating from
the Western Reserve Medical College at Cleve-
land. In 1855 he began practice at Orville, Ohio,
but the same j'ear located at Mendota, 111., soon
thereafter removing to Lee Countj-, where he
remained until 1862. Tlie latter year he was
appointed Assistant Surgeon of the Seventy-fifth
Illinois Volunteer Infantry, but was soon pro-
moted to the position of Surgeon, though com-
pelled to resign the following year on account of
ill health. Returning from the army, he located
at Mendota. Dr. Corbus served continuously as a
member of the State Board of Public Charities
from 1873 until the acce.ssion of Governor Altgeld
to the Governorship in 1893, when he resigned.
He was also, for fifteen years, one of the Medical
Examiners for his District under the Pension
Bureau, and has served as a member of the
Republican State Central Committee for the
Mendota District. In 1897 he was complimented
by Governor Tanner by reappointment to the
State Board of Cliarities, and was made President
of the Board. Early in 1899 he was appointed
Superintendent of the Eastern Hospital for the
Insane at Kankakee, as successor to Dr. William
G. Stearns.

CORNELL, Paul, real-estate operator and capi-
talist, was born of English Quaker ancestry in
Wasliington County, N. Y., August 5, 1822; at 9
years of age removed with his step-father. Dr.
Barry, to Ohio, and five years later to Adams
County, 111. Here young Cornell lived the life of
a farmer, working part of the year to earn money
to send himself to school the remainder; also
taught for a time, then entered the office of W. A.
Richardson, at Rushville, Sclmyler County, as a
law student. In 1845 he came to Chicago, but
soon after became a student in the law office of
Wilson & Henderson at Joliet, and was admitted
to practice in that city. Removing to Chicago in
1847, he was associated , successively, with the late.

122

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

L. C. P. Freer, Judge James H. Collins .and
Messrs. Skinner & Hoyne ; finally entered into a
contract with Judge Skinner to perfect the title to
320 acres of land held under tax-title within the
present limits of Hyde Park, which he succeeded
in doing by visiting the original owners, thereby
securing one-half of the property in his own
name. He thus became the founder of the village
of Hyde Park, meanwhile adding to his posses-
sions other lands, which increased vastly in value.
He also established a watch factory at Cornell
(now a part of Cliicago), which did a large busi-
ness until removed to California. Mr. Cornell
was a member of the first Park Board, and there-
fore has the credit of assisting to organize Chi-
cago's extensive park system.

CORWIX, Franklin, Congressman, was born at
Lebanon, Ohio, Jan. 13, 1818, and admitted to the
bar at the age of 21. While a resident of Ohio he
served in both Houses of the Legislature, and
settled in Illinois in 1857, making his home at
Peru. He was a member of the lower house of
the Twenty-fom-th, Twenty-fifth and Twenty-
sixth General Assemblies, being Speaker in 18G7,
and again in 1869. In 18T2 he was elected to
Congress as a Republican, but, in 1874, was
defeated by Alexander Campbell, who made the
race as an Independent. Died, at Peru, 111., June
15, 1879.

COUCH, James, pioneer hotel-keeper, was born
at Fort Edward, N. Y. , August 31, 1800; removed
to Chautauqua County, in the same State, where
he remained until his twentieth year, receiving a
fair English education. After engaging succes-
sively, but with indififereut success, as hotel-clerk,
stage-house keeper, lumber-dealer, and in the dis-
tilling business, in 1836, in company with his
younger brother, Ira, he visited Chicago. They
both decided to go into business there, first open-
ing a small store, and later entering upon their
hotel ventures which proved so eminently suc-
cessful, and gave the Tremont House of Chicago
so wide and enviable a reputation. Mr. Couch
superintended for his brother Ira the erection, at
various times, of many large business blocks in
the city. Upon the death of his brother, in 1857,
he was made one of the trustees of his estate, and,
with other trustees, rebuilt the Tremont House
after the Chicago fire of 1871. In April, 1892,
while boarding a street car in the central part of
the city of Chicago, he was run over by a truck,
receiving injuries which resulted in his death
the same day at the Tremont House, in the 92d
year of his age. — Ira (Couch), younger brother of
the preceding, was born in Saratoga County,

N. Y., Nov. 22, 1806. At the age of sixteen he
was apprenticed to a tailor, and, in 1826, set up
in busine.ss on his own account. In 1836, while
visiting Chicago with his brother James, he
determined to go into business there. With a
stock of furnishing goods and tailors' supplies,
newly bought in New York, a small store was
opene<i. This business soon disposed of, Mr.
Couch, with his brother, obtained a lease of the
old Tremont House, then a low frame building
kept as a sjiloon boarding house. Changed and
refurnished, this was opened as a hotel. It was
destroyed by fire in 1839, as was also the larger
rebuilt structure in 1849. A second time rebuilt,
and on a much larger and grander scale at a cost
of .?75,00(). surpassing anything the West had ever
known before, the Tremont House this time stood
until the Chicago fire in 1871, when it was again
destroyed. Mr. Couch at all times enjoyed an
immense patronage, and was able to accumulate
(for that time) a large fortune. He purchased
and improved a large number of business blocks,
then within the business center of the city. In
1853 he retired from active business, and, in con-
sequence of impaired health, chose for the rest of
his life to seek recreation in travel. In the
winter of 1857, while with his family in
Havana, Cuba, he was taken with a fever which
soon ended his life. His remains now rest in a
mausoleum of masonry in Lincoln Park, Chi-
cago.

COCLTERVILLE,a town of Randolph County,
at the crossing of the Centralia & Chester and
the St. Louis «S: Paducah branch Illinois Central
Railways, 49 miles southeast of St. Louis. Farm-
ing and coal-mining are the leading industries.
The town has two banks, two creameries, and a
newspaper Population (1890), 598; (1900), 650.

COINTIES, rXORGANIZED. (See Unorgan-
ized Cotuitics.)

COWDEN, a village of Shelby County, at the
intersection of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwest-
em and the Toledo, St. Louis & Western Rail-
ways, 60 miles southeast of Springfield. Con-
siderable coal is mined in the vicinity; has a
bank and a weekly paper. Population (1880),
350; (1890), 702; (1900), 751.

COWLES, Alfred, newspaper manager, was
born in Portage Count}-, Ohio, May 13, 1832, grew
up on a farm and, after spending some time at
Michigan University, entered the office of "The
Cleveland Leader" as a clerk; in 1855 accepted a
similar position on "The Chicago Tribune," which
had just been bought by Joseph Medill and
others, finally becoming a stockholder and busi-

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

123

ness manager of the paper, so remaining until his
death in Chicago, Dec. 20, 1889.

COX, Thomas, pioneer. Senator in the First
General Assembly of Illinois (1818-32) from Union
County, and a conspicuous figure in early State
history ; was a zealous advocate of the policy of
making Illinois a slave State ; became one of the
original proprietors and founders of the city of
Springfield, and was appointed the first Register
of the Land Office there, but was removed under
charges of misconduct ; after his retirement from
the Land Office, kept a hotel at Springfield. In
1830 he removed to Iowa (then a part of Wiscon-
sin Ten-itory), became a member of the first
Territorial Legislatiu-e there, was twice re-elected
and once Speaker of the House, being prominent
in 1840 as commander of the "Regulators" who
drove out a gang of murderers and desperadoes
who had got possession at Bellevue, Iowa. Died,
at Maquoketa, Iowa, 1843.

COY, Irus, lawyer, was born in Chenango
County, N. Y., July 25, 1832; educated in the
common schools and at Central College, Cortland
County, N. Y., graduating in law at Albany in
1857. Then, having removed to Illinois, he
located in Kendall County and began practice ; in
1868 was elected to the lower house of the General
Assembly and, in 1872, served as Presidential
Elector on the Republican ticket; removed to
Chicago in 1871, later serving as attorney of the
Union Stock Yards and Transit Company. Died,
in Chicago, Sept. 20, 1897.

CKAFTS, Clayton E., legislator and ijolitician,
born at Auburn, Geauga County, Ohio, July 8,
1848 ; was educated at Hiram College and gradu-
ated from the Cleveland Law School in 1868,
coming to Chicago in 1869. Mr. Crafts served in
seven consecutive sessions of the General Assem-
bly (1883-95, inclusive) as Representative from
Cook County, and was elected by the Democratic
majority as Syieaker, in 1891, and again in '93.

CRAKi, Alfred M., jurist, was born in Edgar
County, 111., Jan. 15, 1831, graduated from Knox
College in 1853, and was admitted to the bar in
the following year, commencing practice at
Knoxville. He held the offices of State's
Attorney and County Judge, and represented
Knox County in the Constitutional Convention
of 1869-70. In 1873 he was elected to the bench
of the Supreme Court, as successor to Justice
C. B. Lawrence, and was re-elected in '82 and
'91 ; his present term expiring with the century.
He is a Democrat in politics, but has been
three times elected in a Republican judicial
district.

CRAWFORD, Charles H., lawyer and legisla-
tor, was born in Bennington, Vt., but reared in
Bureau and La Salle Counties, 111. ; lias practiced
law for twenty years in Chicago, and been three
times elected to the State Senate — 1884, '88 ;ind
'94 — and is author of the Crawford Primary Elec-
tion Law, enacted in 1885.

CRAWFORD COUNTY, a southeastern county,
bordering on the Wabash, 190 miles nearly due
south of Chicago — named for WUliam H. Craw-
ford, a Secretary of War. It lias an area of 452
square miles; population (1900), 19,240. The
first settlers were the French, but later came
emigrant.'; from New England. The soil is rich
and well adapted to the production of corn and
wheat, which are the principal crops. The
county was organized in 1817, Darwin being
the first county -seat. The present county-seat
is Robinson, with a population (1890) of 1,387;
centrally located and the point of intersection of
two railroads. Other towns of importance are
Palestine (population, 734) and Hutsonville (popu-
lation, .582). The latter, as well as Robinson, is
a gi'ain-shipping point. The Embarras River
crosses the southwest portion of the county, and
receives the waters of Big and Honey Creeks and
Bushy Fork. The county has no mineral
I'esources, but contains some valuable woodland
and many well cultivated farms. Tobacco,
potatoes, sorghum and wool are among the lead-
ing products.

CREAL SPRINGS, a village of William.son
County, on the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute
Railroad ; has a bank and a weekly paper. Popu-
lation (1890), .5.39; (1900), 940.

CREBS, John M., ex-Congressman, was born in
Middleburg, Loudoun County, Va., April 7, 1830.
When he was but 7 years old his parents removed
to Illinois, where he ever after resided. At the
age of 21 he began the study of law, and, in 1852,
was admitted to the bar, beginning practice in
White Coimty. In 1802 he enlisted in the
Eighty-seventh Illinois Volunteers, receiving a
commission as Lieutenant-Colonel, participating
in all the important movements in the Jlississippi
Valley, including the capture of Vicksburg, and
in the Arkansas campaign, a part of the time
commanding a brigade. Returning home, he
resumed the practice of his profession. In 1806
he was an unsuccessful candidate for State
Superintendent of Public Instruction on the
Democratic ticket. He was elected to Congress
in 1868 and re-elected in 1870, and, in 1880, was a
delegate to the Democratic State Convention
Died, June 20, 1890.

124

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

CREIGHTON, James A., jurist, was born in
White County, 111., March 7, 1846; in childhood
removed with his parents to Wayne County, and
was educated in the schools at Fairfield and at
the Southern Illinois College, Salem, graduating
from the latter in 1868. After teaching for a
time while studying law, he was admitted to the
bar in 1870, and opened an office at Fairfield, but,
in 1877, removed to Springfield. In 1885 he was
elected a Circuit Judge for the Springfield Cir-
cuit, vvas re-elected in 1891 and again in 1897.

CRERAR, John, manufacturer and philanthro-
pist, was born of Scotch ancestry in New York
City, in 1837 ; at 18 years of age was an employe
of an iron-importing firm in that city, subse-
quently accepting a position with Morris K.
Jessup & Co., in the same line. Coming to
Chicago in 1862, in partner.sliip with J. McGregor
Adams, he succeeded to tlie I)usiness of Jessup &
Co., in that city, also becoming a, partner in the
Adams & Westlake Company, iron manufactur-
ers. He also became interested and an official in
various other business organizations, including
the Pullman Palace Car Company, the Chicago
& Alton Railroad, the Illinois Trust and Savings
Bank, and, for a time, was President of the Chi-
cago & Joliet Railroad, besides being identified
with various benevolent institutions and associ-
ations. After the fire of 1871, he was intrusted
by the New York Chamber of Commerce with
the custody of funds sent for the relief of suffer-
ers by that calamity. His integrity and business
sagacity were universally recognized. After his
death, which occurred in Chicago, Oct. 19,
1889, it was found that, after making munificent
bequests to some twenty religious and benevolent
associations and enterprises, aggregating nearly
a million dollars, besides liberal legacies to
relatives, he had left the residue of his estate,
amounting to some §2,000,000, for the purpose of
founding a public library in the city of Chicago,
naming thirteen of his most intimate friends as
the first Board of Trustees. No more fitting and
lasting monument of so noble and public-spirited
a man could have been devised.

CRETE, a village of Will County, on the Chi-
cago & Eastern Illinois Railroad, 30 miles soufji
of Chicago. Population (1890), 642; (1900), 760.

CROOK, George, soldier, was born near Day-
ton, Ohio, Sept. 8, 1828 ; graduated at the United
States Military Academy, West Point, in 1852, and
was assigned as brevet Second Lieutenant to the
Fourth Infantry, becoming full Second Lieuten-
ant in 1853. In 1861 he entered the volunteer
service as Colonel of the Tlurtv-sixth Oliio Infan-

try ; was promoted Brigadier-General in 1862 and
Major-Ueueral in 1864, l)eing mustered out of the
service, January, 1866. During the war he
participated in some of the most important
battles in West Virginia and Tennessee, fought at
Chickamauga and Antietam, and commanded
the cavalry in the advance on Richmond in the
spring of 1865. On being mustered out of the
volunteer service he returned to the regular
army, was appointed Lieutenant-Colonel of the
Twenty-third Infantry, and, for several years, was
engaged in camixiigns against the hostile Indians
in the Northwest and in Arizona. In 1888 he
was appointed Jlajor-General and, from that time
to his death, was in command of the Military
Division of the Missouri, with headquarters at
Chicago, where he died, March 19, 1890.

CROSIAR, Simon, pioneer, was born near
Pittsburg, Pa., in the latter part of the last
centur}'; removed to Ohio in 1815 and to Illinois
in 1819, settling first at Cap au Gris, a French
village on the Mississippi just above the mouth
of the Illinois in what is now Calhoun County ;
later lived at Peoria (1824), at Ottawa (1826), at
Shippingport near the present city of I.,a Salle
(1829), and at Old Utica (1834); in the mean-
wliile built one or two mills on Cedar Creek in
La Salle County, kept a storage and commission
house, and, for a time, acted as Captain of a
steanilmat plying on the Illinois. Died, in 1846.

CRYSTAL LAKE, a village in McHenry
County, at the intersection of two divisions of
the Chicago & Northwestern Railway, 43 miles
northwest of Chicago. Population (1880), 540;
(1890), 781; (1900), 950.

CUBA, a town in Fulton Covmty, distant 38
miles west-southwest of Peoria, and about 8 miles
north of Lewistown. The entire region (includ-
ing the town) is underlaid with a good quality of
bituminous coal, of which the late State Geologist
Worthen asserted that, in seven townships of
Fulton County, there are 9,000,000 tons to the
square mile, within 1.50 feet of the surface. Brick
and cigars are made here, and the town has two
banks, a newspaper, three churches and good
schools. Population (1890), 1,114; (1900), 1,198;
(1903, school censu.s;, 1,400.

CULLEX, William, editor and Congressman,
bom in the north of Ireland, March 4, 1826; while
yet a child was brought by his parents to Pitts-
burg, Pa., where he was educated in the public
schools. At the age of 20 he removed to
La Salle Covmty, III, and began life as a farmer.
Later he took up his residence at Ottawa. He
has served as Sheriff of La Salle Countv, and held

IILSTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

125

other local offices^ and was for many years a part
owner and senior editor of "The Ottawa Repub
lican." From 1881 to 1885, as a Republican, he
represented the Eighth Illinois District in Con-
gress.

CULLOM, Richard Xorthcraft, farmer and
legislator, was born in the State of Maryland,
October 1, 1795, but earl)' removed to Wayne
County. Ky., wliere he was married to Miss
Elizabeth Coffey, a native of North Carolina. In
1830 lie removed to Illinois, settling near Wash-
ington, Tazewell Count}', where he continued to
reside during the remainder of his life. Although
a farmer by vocation, Mr. CuUom was a man of
prominence and a recognized leader in public
affairs. In 1836 he was elected as a Whig Repre-
sentative in the Tenth General Assembly, serving
in the same body with Abraham Lincoln, of
whom he was an intimate personal and political
friend. In 18-tO he was cho.sen a member of the
State Senate, serving in the Twelfth and Thir-
teenth General Assemblies, and, in 1852, was
again elected to the House. Mr. CuUom's death
occurred in Tazewell County, Dec. 4, 1873, his
wife having died Dec. 5, 1868. Mr. and Mrs.
CuUoni were the parents of Hon. Shelby M.
CuUom.

CULLOM, Shelby Moore, United States Sena-
tor, was born in Wayne County, Ky. , Nov. 23,
1829. His parents removed to Tazewell County,
111., in 1830, where his father became a member
of the Legislature and attained prominence as a
public man. After two years spent in Rock
River Seminary at Mount Morris, varied by some
experience as a teaclier, in 1853 the subject of
this sketch went to Springfield to enter upon the
study of law in the office of Stuart & Edwards.
Being admitted to the bar two years afterward,
he was almost immediately elected City Attoi--
ney, and, in 1856, was a candidate on the Fill-
more ticket for Presidential Elector, at the same
time being elected to the Twentieth General
Assembh' for Sangamon County, as lie was again,
as a Republican, in 1860, being supported alike by
the Fillmore men and the Free-Soilers. At the
session following the latter election, he was
chosen Speaker of the House, which was his first
important political recognition. In 1862 he was
appointed by President Lincoln a member of the
War Claims Commission at Cairo, serving in this
capacity with Governor Boutwell of Massachu-
setts and Charles A. Dana of New York. He was
also a candidate for the State Senate the .same
year, but then sustained his only defeat. Two
years later (1864) he was a cundiilate for Con-

gress, defeating his former preceptor, Hon. John
T. Stuart, being re-elected in 1866, and again in
1868, the latter year over B. S Edwards. He
was a delegate to the National Republican Con-
vention of 1873, and, as Chairman of the Illinois
delegation, placed General Grant in nomination
for the Presidency, holding the .same position
again in 1884 and in 1893; was elected to the Illi-
nois House of Representatives in 1873 and in 1874,
being chosen Speaker a second time in 1873, as he
was the unanimous choice of his party for
Speaker again in 1875; in 1876 was elected Gov-
ernor, was re-eiocted in 1880, and, in 1883, elected
to the United States Senate as successor to Hon.
David Davis. Having liad two re-elections since
(1889 and '95), he is now serving his third term,
which will expire in 1901. In 1898, by special
appointment of President McKinley. Senator
Cullom served upon a Commission to investigate
the condition of the Hawaiian Islands and
report a plan of government for this new division
of the American Republic. Other important
measures with which his name has been pronii
nently identified have been the laws for the sup
pression of polygamy in Utah and for the creation
of the Inter-State Commerce Commission. At
present he is Chairman of the Senate Committee
on Inter-State Commerce and a member of those
on Appropriations and Foreign Affairs. His
cax'eer has been conspicuous for his long public
service, the large number of important offices
which he has held, the almost unbroken uniform-
ity of his succe.5s when a candidate, and his com-
plete exemption from scandals of every sort. No
man in the history of the State has been more
frequently elected to the United States Senate,
and only three — Senators Douglas, Trumbull and
Logan — for an equal number of terms; though
only one of these (Senator Trumbull) lived to
serve out the full period for which he was
elected.

CUMBERLAND COUNTY, situated in the
southeast quarter of the State, directly south of
Coles County, from which it was cut off in 1843.
Its area is 350 sijuare miles, and population (1900).
16,134. The county-seat was at Greenup until
1855, when it was transferred to Prairie City,
which was laid off in 18,54 and incorporated as a
town in 1866. The present county -seat is at
Toledo (population, 1890, 676). The Embarras
River crosses the county, as do also three lines of
railroad. Neoga, a mining town, has a popula-
tion of 829. The county received its name from
tlie Cumberland Road, which, as originally pro
jected, passed through it.

326

HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

CUMMINS, (Rev.) David, Bishop of the Re-
formed Protestant Episcopal Church, was
born near Smyrna, Del., Dec. 11, 1822; gradu-
ated at Dickinson College, Pa., in 1841, and
became a licentiate in the Methodist ministry,
but, in 1840, took orders in the Ei^iscopal
Church; afterwards held rectorships in Balti-
more, Norfolk, Richmond and the Trinity
Episcopal Church of Chicago, in 1866 being con-
secrated Assistant Bishop of the Diocese of
Kentucky. As a recognized leader of the Low-
Church or Evangelical party, he early took issue
with the ritualistic tendencies of the High-Cliurcli
party, and, having withdrawn from the Episcopal
Church in 1ST3, became the first Bishop of the
Reformed Episcopal organization. He was ze;il-
ous. eloquent and conscientious, but overtaxed his
strength in his new field of labor, dying at Luth-
erville, Md., June 26, 1876. A memoir of Bishop
Cummins, by his wife, was publishedin 1878.

CUMl'LATIVE VOTE. (See Minority Hepre-
sentafioii.)

CURTIS, Harvey, clergyman and educator, was
boru In Adams, Jeflferson County, N. Y., May 30,
1806; graduated at Middlebury College, Vt., in
1831, with the Jiighest honors of his class ; after
three years at Princeton Theological Seminary,
was ordained pastor of the Congregational
church at Brandon, Vt., in 1836. In 1841 he
accepted an appointment as agent of the Home
Missionary Society for Ohio and Indiana, between
1843 and 18.58 holding pastoi-ates at Madison,
Ind., and Chicago. In the latter j'ear he was
chosen President of Knox College, at Galesburg,
dying there, Sept. 18, 1863.

CURTIS, William Elroy, journalist, was born
at Akron, Ohio, Nov. .5, 1850; graduated at
Western Reserve College in IS71, meanwhile
learnmg the art of typesetting; later served as a
reporter on "The Cleveland Leader" and, in 1872,
took a subordinate position on "The Chicago
Inter Ocean," finally rising to that of managing-
editor. While on "The Inter Ocean" he accom-
panied General Custer in his campaign against
the Sioux, spent several months investigating
the "Ku-Klux" and "White League" organiza-
tions in the South, and, for some years, was "The
Inter Ocean" correspondent in Washington.
Having retired from "The Inter Ocean," he
became Secretary of the "Pan-American Con-
gress" in Washington, and afterwards made the
tour of the United States with the South and
Central American representatives in that Con-
gress. During the World's Columbian Exposition
in Chicago he had general supervision of the

Latin-American historical and archaeological
exhibits. Mr. Curtis has visited nesirly every
Central and South American country and has
written elaborately on these subjects for the
magazines and for publication in book form ; has
also published a "Life of Zachariah Chandler''
and a "Diplomatic History of the United States
and Foreign Powers" For some time he was
managing editor of "The Chicago News" and is
now (1898) the Wasliington Correspondent of
"Tlie Chicago Record."

CUSHMAN, (Col.) William H. W., financier
and manufacturer, was born at Freetown, Mass.,
May 13, 1813; educated at the American Literary,
Scientific and Military Academj', Norwicli, Vt. ,
at 18 begiin a mercantile career at Middlebury,
and, in 1824, removed to Lii Salle County, III.,
where he opened a country store, also built a mill
at Vermilionville; later was identified with many
large financial enterprises whicdi generally
proved successful, thereby accumulating a for-
tune at one time estimated at §3,000,000. He was
elected as a Democrat to the Thirteenth and
Fourteenth General Assemblies (1842 and '44)
and, for several years, held a commission as
Captain of the Ottawa Cavalry (militia). The
Civil War coming on. he assisted in organizing
the Fifty-third Illinois Volunteers, and was com-
missioned its Colonel, but resigned Sept. 3, 1862.
He orgiinized and was principal owner of the
Bank of Ottawa, which, in 1865, became the First
National Bank of that city; was the leading
spirit in tlie Hydraulic Company and the Gas
Company at Ottawa, built and oi)erated the
Ottawa Machine Shops and Foundry, speculated
largely in lands in La Salle and Cook Counties —
his o|)erations in the latter being especially large
about Riverside, as well as in Chicago, was a
principal stockliolder in the bank of Cush-
man & Hardin in Chicago, had large interests in
the luml)er trade in Michigan, and was one of
the builders of the Chicago, Paducah & South-
western Riiilroad. The Chicago fire of 1871,
however, brought financial disaster upon him,
which finally dissipated his fortune and de-
stroyed his mental and physical health. His
death occurred at Ottawa, Oct. 28, 1878.

DALE, Mictiael U., lawyer, was born in Lan-
caster, Pa., .spent his childhood and youth in the
public schools of his native city, except one year
in West Chester Academy, when he entered
Pennsylvania College at Gettysburg, graduating
there in 1835. He then l>egan the stud}- of law
and was admitted to the bar in 1837; coming to

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

127

Illinois the following year, he was retained in a
suit at Greenville. Bond County, which led to his
employment in others, and finally to opening an
office there. In 1839 he was elected Probate
Judge of Bond County, remaining in office four-
teen years, meanwhile being commissioned Major
of the State Militia in 1844, and serving as mem-
ber of a Military Court at Alton in 1847 ; was also
tlie Delegate from Bond County to the State Con-
stitutional Convention of 1847. In 18,53 he re-
signed tlie office of County Judge in Bond County
to accept that of Register of the Land office at
Edwardsville, where he continued to reside, lill-
ing the office of County Judge in Madison County
five or six terms, besides occupying some subordi-
nate positions. Judge Dale married a daughter
of Hon. William L. D. Ewing. Died at Edwards-
ville, April 1, 189.5.

DALLAS CITY, a town of Hancock County, at
the intersection of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa
Fe and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Rail-
roads, 16 miles south of Burlington. It has man-
ufactories of lumber, buttons, carriages and
wagons, and two weekly newspapers. Popula-
tion (1880), 829; (1890). 747; 1900), 970.

DANENHOWER, John Wilson, Arctic explorer,
was born in Chicago, Sept. 30, 1849 — the son of
W. W. Danenhower, a journalist. After passing
through the schools of Chicago and Washington,
he graduated from the United States Naval Acad-
emy at Annapolis in 1870, was successively com-
missioned as Ensign, Master and Lieutenant, and
served on expeditions in the North Pacific and in
the Mediterranean. In 1878 he joined the Arctic
steamer Jeannette at Havre, France, as second in
command under Lieut. George W. De Long; pro-
ceeding to San Francisco in July, 1879, the
steamer entered the Arctic Ocean by way of
Behring Straits. Here, having been caught in an
ice-pack, the vessel was held twenty -two months.
Lieutenant Danenhower meanwliile being dis-
abled most of the time by ophthalmia. The crew,
as last compelled to abandon the steamer, dragged
their boats over the ice for ninety-five days until
they were able to launch them in open water,
but were soon separated by a gale. The boat
commanded by Lieutenant Danenhower reached
the Lena Delta, on the north coast of Siberia,
where the crew were rescued by natives, landing
Sept. 17, 1881. After an ineffectual search on
the delta for the crews of the other two boats,
Lieutenant Danenhower, with his crew, made
the journey of 6,000 miles to Orenburg, finally
arriving in the United States in June, 1883. He
has told the story of the expedition in "The

Narrative of the Jeannette," published in 1882.
Died, at Annapolis, Md., April 20, 1887.

DAJfVERS, a village of McLean County, on the
Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis
Railway. The section is agricultural. The town
has a bank and a newspaper. Population (1880),
460; (1890), 506; (1900), 607.

DAJiVILLE, tlio county-seat of Vermilion
County, on Vermilion River and on five impor-
tant lines of railroad; in rich coal-mining
district and near large deposits of shale and
soapstone, which are ulilized in manufacture of
sewer-pipe, paving and fire-clay brick. T!ie city
has car-shops and numerous factories, water-
works, electric lights, paved rtreets, several
banks, twenty-seven churches, five graded schools
and one high .school, and six newspapers, three
daily. A Soldiers" Home is located three miles
east of the city. Pop. (1890). 11,491 ; (1900), 16,3.54.

DANVILLE, OLNEY, & OHIO RIVEK RAIL-
ROAD. (See ('liiciigo & Ohio Rivur Railroad.)

DANVILLE, IIRBANA, BLOOMINGTON &
PEKIN RAILROAD. (See Peoria & Eastern
Bailroad.)

D'ARTAIOUIETTE, Pierre, a French com-
mandant of Illinois from 1734 to 1736, having
been appointed by Bienville, tlien Governor of
Louisiana. He was distinguished for gallantry
and courage. He defeated the Natchez Indians,
but, in an unsuccessful expedition against the
Chickasaws, was wounded, captured and burned
at the stake.

DAVENPORT, George, soldier, pioneer and
trader, born in Lincolnshire, England, in 1783,
came to this country in 1804, and soon aftei
enlisted in the United States army, witli the rani
of sergeant. He served gallantly on various
expeditions in the West, where he obtained a
knowledge of the Indians wliich was afterward
of great value to him. During the War of 1813
his regiment was sent East, where he partici-
pated in the defense of Fort Erie and in other
enterprises. In 1815, his term of enlistment hav-
ing expired and the war ended, he entered the
service of the contract commissary. He selected
the site for Fort Armstrong and aided in planning
and supervising its construction. He cultivated
friendly relations with the surrounding tribes,
and, in 1818, built a double log house, married,
and engaged in business as a fur-trader, near the
site of the present city of Rock Island. He had
the confidence and respect of the savages, was
successful and his trading posts were soon scat-
tered through Illinois, Iowa and Wisconsin. In
1823 he piloted the first steamboat through the

128

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

upper Mississippi, and, in 1825, was appointed tlie
first postmaster at Rock Island, being the only
white civilian resident there. In 1826 he united
his business with tliat of the American Fur Com-
pany, in whose service he remained. Although
he employed every effort to induce President
Jaclison to make a payment to Black Hawk and
his followers to induce them to emigrate across
the Mississippi voluntarily, when that Chief
commenced hostilities, Mr. Davenport tendered
his services to Governor Reynolds, by whom lie
was commissioned Quartermaster-General with
the rank of Colonel. Immigration increased
rapidly after the close of the Black Hawk War
In 1835 a company, of which he was a member,
founded the town of Da\enport, opposite Rock
Island, which was named in his honor. In 1837
and '42 lie vvas largely instrumental in negoti-
ating treaties by which tlie Indians ceded their
lands in Iowa to the United States. In the
latter year he gave up the business of fur-trading,
having accumulated a fortune through hard
labor and scrupulous integrity, in the face often
of grave perils. He had large business interests in
nearly every town in his vicinity, to all of which
he gave more or less personal attention. On the
night of July 4, 1843, lie was assassinated at his
home by robbers. For a long time the crime was
shrouded in mystery, but its perjjetrators were
ultimately detected and brought to punishment.
DAVIS, David, jurist and United States
Senator, was born in Cecil County, Md., March
9, 1815; pursued his academic studies at Kenyon
College, Oliio, and studied law at Yale. He settled
at Bloomington, 111., in 1836, and, after practicing
law there until 1844, was elected to the lower house
of the Fourteenth General Assembly. After
serving in the Constitutional Convention of 1847,
he was elected Judge of the Eighth Judicial
Circuit under the new Constitution in 1848, being
re-elected in 1855 and "61. He was a warm, per-
sonal friend of Abraham Lincoln, who, in 1862,
placed him upon the bench of the United States
Supreme Court. He resigned his high judicial
honors to become United States Senator in 1877
as successor to. Logan's first term. On Oct. 13,
1881, he was elected President pro tem. of the
Senate, serving in this capacity to the end of his
term in 1885. He died at his home in Blooming-
ton, June 26, 1886.

DAVIS, George K., lawyer and Congressman,
was born at Three Rivers, Mass., Janmiry 3, 1840;
received a common school education, and a
classical course at Williston Seminary, Easthamp-
ton, Mass. From 1862 to 1865 he served in the

Union army, first as Captain in the Eighth
Massachusetts Infantry, and later as Major in the
Third Rhode Island Cavalry. After the war he
removed to Chicago, where he still resides. By
profession he is a lawyer. He took a prominent
part in the organization of the Chictigo militia,
was elected Colonel of the First Regiment,
I. N. G.. and was for a time the senior Colonel in
the State service. In 1876 he was an unsuccessful
Republican t^andidato for Congress, but was
elected in 1878, and re-elected in 1880 and 1883.
From 1886 to 1800 he was Treasurer of Cook
County. He took an active and influential part
in securing the location of the World's Columbian
E.x])osition at Chicago, and was Director-General
of the Exposition from its inception to its close,
by his executive ability demonstrating the wis-
dom of his selection. Died Xov. 25, 1899.

DAVIS, HasbruiR-k, soldier and journalist, was
born at Worcester, Mass., April 23. 1827, being
the son of John Davis, United States Senator and
Governor of Massachusetts, known in his lifetime
as "Honest John Davis." The son came to Chi-
cago in 1855 and commenced the practice of
law, in 1861 joined Colonel Voss in the organiza-
tion of the Twelfth Illinois Cavalry, being elected
Lieutenant-Colonel and, on the retirement of
Colonel Voss in 1863, succeeding to the colonelcy.
In Mart'h, 1865, he was brevetted Brigadier-Gen-
eral, remaining in active service until August,
1865, when he resigned. After the war he was.
for a time, editor of "The Chicago Evening Post,"
was City Attorney of the City of Chicago from
1867 to '69, but later removed to Massachusetts
Colonel Davis was drowned at sea, Oct. 19, 1870.
by the loss of the steamship Cambria, while on a
voyage to Europe.

DAVIS, James M., early lawyer, was born in
Barren County, Ky., Oct. 9, 1793, came to Illinois
in IS 17, located in Bond County and is said to
have taught the first school in that county. He
bet'ame a lawyer and a prominent leader of the
Whig party, was elected to the Thirteenth Gen-
eral Assembly (1842) from Bond County, and to
the Twenty-first from Montgomery in 1858, hav-
ing, in the meantime, become a citizen of
Hillsboro ; was also a member of the State Consti-
tutional Convention of 1847. Mr. Davis was a
man of striking personal appearance, being over
six feet in height, and of strong individuality.
After the dissolution of the Whig party he identi-
fied himself with the Democracy and was an
intensely bitter opponent of the war policy of
the Government. Died, at Hillsboro, Sept. 17.
1866.

HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

129

DATIS, John A., soldier, was born in Craw-
ford County, Pa., Oct. 25, 1823; came to Steplien-
son County, 111., in boyhood and served as
Representative in the General Assembly of 1857
and '59; in September, 1861, enlisted as a private,
was elected Captain and, on the organization of
the Forty-sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, at
Camp Butler, was commissioned its Colonel. He
participated in the capture of Fort Donelson,
and in the battle of Shiloh was desperately
wounded by a shot through the lungs, but
recovered in time to join his regiment before the
battle of Corinth, where, on Oct. 4, 18G2, he fell
mortally wounded, dying a few days after. On
receiving a request from some of his fellow-citi-
zens, a few Jays before his death, to accept a
nomination for Congress in the Freeport District,
Colonel Davis patriotically replied: "I can serve
my country better in following tlie torn banner
of my regiment in the battlefield."

DAVIS, Levi, lawyer and State Auditor, was
born in Cecil County, Md., July 20, 1800; gradu-
ated at Jefferson College, Pa., in 1828, and was
admitted to the bar at Baltimore in 1830. The
following year be removed to Illinois, settling at
Vandalia, then the capital. In 1835 Governor
Duncan appointed . him Auditor of Public
Accounts, to which office he was elected by the
Legislature in 1837, and again in 1838. In
1846 he took up his residence at Alton. He
attained prominence at the bar and was, for
several years, attorney for the Chicago & Alton
and St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad
Companies, in which he was also a Director.
Died, at Alton, March 4, 1897.

DAVIS, Xathaii Smith, M.D., LL.D., physi-
cian, educator and editor, was born in Chenango
County, N. Y. , Jan. 9, 1817; took a classical and
scientific course in Cazenovia Seminary ; in 1837
graduated from the College of Physicians and
Surgeons, winning several prizes during his
course; the same year began practice at Bing-
hamton; spent two years (1847-49) in New York
City, when he removed to Chicago to accept the
chair of Physiology and General Pathology in
Rush Medical College. In 1859 he accepted a
similar position in the Chicago Medical College
(now the medical department of Northwestern
University), where he still remains. Dr. Davis
has not only been a busy practitioner, but a volu-
minous writer on general and special topics con-
nected with his profession, having been editor at
different times of several medical periodicals,
including "The Chicago Medical Journal," "The
Medical Journal and Examiner, " and "The

Journal of the American Medical Association."
He has also been piominent in State, National
and International Medical Congresses, and is one
of the founders of the Northwestern University,
the Chicago Academy of Sciences, the Chicago
Historical Society, the Illinois State Microscopi-
cal Society and the Union College of Law, liesides
other scientific and benevolent associations.

DAVIS, Oliver L., lawyer, was born in New
York City, Dec. 20, 1819; after being in the
employ of the American Fur Company some
seven years, came to Danville, 111., in 1841 and
commenced studying law the next year; was
elected to the lower branch of the Seventeenth
and Twentieth General A.s.semblies, first as a
Democrat and next (18.50) as a Republican;
served on the Circuit Bench in 1861-66, and again
in 1873-79, being assigned in 1877 to the Appellate
bench. Died, Jan. 12, 1892.

DAWSOX, John, early legislator, was born in
Virginia, in 1791; came to lUinois in 1827, set-
tling in Sangamon County ; served five terms in
the lower house of the General Assembly (1830,
'34, '36, '38 and '46), during a part of the time
being the colleague of Abraham Lincoln. He
was one of the celebrated "Long Nine'' who repre-
sented Sangamon County at the time of the
removal of the State capital to Springfield; was
also a member of the Constitutional Convention
of 1847. Died, Nov. 12, 18.50.

DEAF AND DUMB. ILLINOIS INSTITU-
TION FOR EDUCATION OF, located at Jack-
sonville, established by act of the Legislature,
Feb. 23, 1839, and the oldest of the State
charitable institutions. Work was not begun
until 1842, but one building was ready for
partial occupancy in 1846 and was completed
in 1849. (In 1871 this building, then known
as the south wing, was declared imsafe, and
was razed and rebuilt.) The center building
was completed in 1852 and the north wing in
1857. Other additions and new buildings have
been added from time to time, such as new dining
halls, workshops, barns, bakery, refrigerator
house, kitchens, a gymnasium, separate cot-
tages for the sexes, etc. At present (1893) the
institution is probably the largest, as it is un-
questionably one of the best conducted, of its class
in the world. The number of pupils in 1894 was
716. Among its employes are men and women of
ripe culture and experience, who have been con-
nected with it for more than a (juarter of a
century.

DEARBORN, Lnther, lawyer and legislator,
was born at Plvmouth, N. H., March 24, 1820,

130

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

and educated in Plymouth schools and at New-
Hampton Academy ; in youth removed to Dear-
born County, Ind., where he taught school and
served as deputy Circuit Clerk; then came to
Mason County, 111., and, in 1841. to Elgin. Here
he was elected SheriflF and, at the expiration of
his term. Circuit Clerk, later engaging in the
banking business, which provipg disastrous in
1857, he returned to Mason County and began the
practice of law. He then spent some years in
Minnesota, finally returning to Illinois a second
time, resumed practice at Havana, served one
term in the State Senate (1876-80); in 1884
became member of a law firm in Chicago, but
retired in 1887 to accept the attorneyship of the
Chicago & Alton Railway, retaining this position
until his death, which occurred suddenly at
Springfield, April 5, 1889. For the last two years
of his life Mr. Dearborn's residence was at
Aurora.

DECATUR, the county-seat of Macon County;
39 miles east of Springfield and one mile north
of the Sangamon Rivei' — also an important rail-
way center. Three coal shafts are operated out-
side the city. It is a center for the grain trade,
having five elevators. Extensive car and repair
s'.iops aie located there, and several important
manufacturing industries flourish, among them
three flouring mills. Decatur has paved streets,
water-works, electric street railways, and excel-
lent public schools, including one of the best and
most noted high schools in the State. Four
newspapers are published there, each issuing a
daily edition. Pop.. (1890), 16,841; (1900), 20,754.

DECATUR EDITORIAL C»>VEXTIO>". (See
Anti-yebraska Editorinl C'viircittiuit. )

DECATUR ic EASTERN RAILWAY. (See
Indiana, Decatur & ^Vestern Railway.)

DECATUR, MATTOOX & SOUTHERX RAIL-
ROAD. (See Peoria, Decatur & Evansville
Railway. )

DECATUR, SULLIVAN & MATTOON RAIL-
ROAD. (See Peoria, Decatur & Evansville
Railway.)

DEEP SNOW, THE, an event occurring in the
winter of 1830-31 and referred to by old settlers
of Illinois as constituting an epoch in State his-
tory. The late Dr. Julian M. Sturtevant, Presi-
dent of Illinois College, in an address to the "Old
Settlers" of Morgan County, a few years before
his death, gave the following account of it: "In
the interval between Christmas, 1830, and Janu-
ary, 1831, snow fell aU over Central Illinois to a
depth of fully three feet on a level. Then came
a rain with weather so cold that it froze as it

fell, forming a crust of ice over this three feet of
snow, neiirly, if not quite, strong enough to bear
a man. and finally over this crust there were a
few inches of snow. The clouds passed away
and the wind came down ujwn us from the north-
west witli extraordinary ferocity. For weeks—
certainly not less than two weeks — the mercury
in the thermometer tube was not, on any one
morning, higher than twelve degrees below zero.
Tliis snow-fall produced constant sleighing for
nine weeks." Other contemjjoraneous accounts
s!iy that this storm caused great suffering among
both men and beasts. The scattered settlers, un-
able to reach the mills or produce stores, were
driven, in some cases, to great extremity for
supplies; mills were stopped by the freezing up
of streams, while deer and other game, sinking
through the crust of snow, were easily captured
or ])erished for lack of food. Birds and domestic
fowls often suffered a like fate for want of su-s-
tena.ice or from the severity of the cold.

DEERE, John, manufacturer, was born at
Midillel)iiry, Vt., Feb. 7, 1804; learned the black-
smith trade, whicli he followed until 1838, when
he came west, settling at Grand Detour, in Ogle
County ; ten j-ears later removed tb Molipe, and
there founded the plow-works which bear his
name and of which he was President from 1868
until his death in 1886.— Charles H. (Deere), son
of the preceding, was born in Hancock, Addison
County Vt., March 28, 1837; educated in the
common schools and at Iowa and Knox Acad-
emies, and Bell's Commercial College, Chicago;
became assistant and head book-keeper, travel-
ing and purchasing agent of the Deere Plow
Corap;iny, and, on its incorporation, Vice-Presi-
dent and General Manager, until his father's
death, when he succeeded to the Presidency. He
is also the founder of the Deere & Mansur Corn
PLinter Works, President of the Moline Water
Power Comijany, besides being a Director in
various other concerns and in the branch houses
of Deere & Co., in Kansas City, Des Moines,
Council Bluffs and San Francisco. Notwith-
standing his immense business interests, Mr.
Deere has found time for the discharge of public
and patriotic duties, as shown by the fact that he
was for years a member and Chairman of the
State Bureau of Labor Statistics ; a Commissioner
from Illinois to the Vienna International Exj)osi-
tion of 1873; one of the State Commissioners of
the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893; a
Presidential Elector fortheState-at-large in 1888,
and a delegate from his District to the National
Republican Convention at St. Louis, in 1896.

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

131

. PEERING, William, manufacturer, was born
at Paris, Oxford County, Maine, April 26, 1826,
completed his education at the Readfield high
school, in 18-t3, engaged actively in manufactur-
ing, and during his time has assisted in establish-
ing several large, successful business enterprises,
including wholesale and commission dry-goods
houses in Portland, Maine, Boston and New York.
His greatest work has been the building up of the
Deering Manufacturing Company, a main feature
of which, for thirty years, has been the manu-
facture of Marsh harvesters and other agricultural
implements and appliances. This concern began
operation in Chicago about 1870, at the present
time (1899) occupying eighty acres in the north
part of the city and employing some 4,000 hands.
It is said to turn out a larger amount and greater
variety of articles for the use of the agriculturist
than any other establishment in the country,
receiving its raw material from many foreign
countries, including the Philippines, and distrib-
uting its products all over the globe. Mr. Deer-
ing continues to be President of the Company
and a principal factor in the management of its
immense business. He is liberal, public-spirited
and benevolent, and his business career has been
notable for the absence of controversies with his
employes. He has been, for a number of years,
one of the Trustees of the Northwestern Univer-
sity at Evanston, and, at the present time, is
President of the Board.

DE KALB, a city in De Kalb County, 58 miles
west of Chicago. Of late years it has grown
rapidly, largely because of the introduction of
new industrial enterprises. It contains a large
wire drawing plant, barbed wire factories, foun-
dry, agricultural implement works, machine
shop, shoe factory and several minor manufac-
turing establishments. It has banks, four news-
papers, electric street railway, eight miles of
paved streets, nine churches and three graded
schools. It is the site of the Nortliern State Nor-
mal School, located in 189.5. Population (1880),
1,598; (1890), 2,579; (1900), . 1,904; (1903, est.), 8,000.

DE KALB COUNTY, originally a portion of
La Salle County, and later of Kane ; was organized
in 1837, and named for Baron De Kalb, the
Revolutionary patriot. Its area is 650 square
miles and population (in 1900), 31,756. The land
is elevated and well drained, lying between Fox
and Rock Rivers. Prior to 1835 the land belonged
to the Pottawatomie Indians, who maintained
several villages and their own tribal government.
No sooner had the aborigines been removed than
white settlers appeared in large numbers, and,

in September, 1835, a convocation was held on
the banks of the Kjshwaukee, to adopt a tempo-
rary form of government. The public lands in the
county were sold at auction in Chicago in 1843.
Sycamore (originally called Orange) is the
county-seat, and, in 1890, had a population of
2,987. Brick buildings were first erected at
Sycamore by J. S. Waterman and the brothers
Mayo. In 1854, H. A. Hough established the
first newspaper, "The Republican Sentinel."
Other prosperous towns are De Kalb (population,
2,579), Cortland, Malta and Somonauk. The sur-
face is generally rolling, upland prairie, with
numerous groves and wooded tracts along the
principal streams. Various lines of railroad trav-
erse the county, which embraces one of the
wealthiest rural districts in the State.

DE KALB & (iEEAT WESTERN RAILROAD.
(See Chicago Great Western Railway.)

DELAVAN, a thriving city in Tazewell County,
on the line of the Cliicago & Alton Railroad, at
the point of its intersection with the Peoria and
Pekin Division of the Illinois Central Railway, 34
miles vvestsoutliwest of Bloomington and 24
miles south of Peoria. Grain is extensively
grown in the adjacent territory, and . much
shipped from Delavan. Tlie place supports two
banks, tile and brick factory, creamery, and two
weekly papers. It also has five churches and a
graded school. Pop. (1890), 1,176, (1900), 1,304.

DEMENT, Henry Dodge, ex-Secretary of State,
was born at Galena, 111., in 1840— the son of
Colonel John Dement, an early and prominent
citizen of the State, who held the office of State
Treasurer and was a member of the Constitu-
tional Conventions of 1847 and 1870. Colonel
Dement having removed to Dixon about 1845. the
subject of this sketch was educated there and at
Mount Morris. Having enlisted in the Thirteenth
Illinois Volunteer Infantry in 1861, he was elected
a Second Lieutenant and soon promoted to First
Lieutenant— also received from Governor Yates a
complimentary commission as Captain for gal-
lantry at Arkansas Post and at Chickasaw
Bayou, where the commander of his regiment,
Col. J. B. Wyman, was killed. Later he served
with General Curtis in Mississippi and in the
Fifteenth Army Corps in the siege of Vicksburg.
After leaving the army he engaged in the manu-
facturing business for some years at Dixon. Cap-
tain Dement entered the State Legislature by
election as Representative from Lee County in
1872, was re-elected in 1874 and, in 187G, was pro-
moted to the Senate, serving in the Thirtieth and
Thirty-first General Assemblies. In 1880 he w;vs

132

HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

chosen Secretary of State, and re-elected in 1884,
serving eight years. The last public position held
by Captain Dement was that of Warden of the
State Penitentiary at Joliet, to which he was
appointed in 1891, serving two years. His
present home is at Oak Park, Cook County.

DEMEXT, John, was born in Sumner County,
Tenn., in April, 1804. When 13 years old he
accompanied his parents to Illinois, settling in
Franklin County, of which he was elected Sheriff
in 1826, and vi-hich he represented in the General
Assemblies of 1828 and '30. He served with
distinction during the Black Hawk War, having
previously had experience in two Indian cam-
paigns. In 1831 he was elected State Treasurer
by the Legislature, but, in 183G, resigned this
office to represent Fayette County in the General
Assembly and aid in the fight against the removal
of the capital to Springfield. His ettorts failing
of success, he removed to the northern part of the
State, finally locating at Dixon, where he became
extensively engaged in manufacturing. In 1837
President Van Buren appointed him Receiver of
Public Moneys, but he was removed by President
Harrison in 1841 ; was reappointed by Polk in
184.5, only to be again removed by Taylor in 184!*
and reappointed by Pierce in 1853. He held the
office from that date until it was abolished. He
was a Democratic Presidential Elector in 1844;
served in three Constitutional Conventions (1847,
"62, and "70), being Temporary President of the
two bodies last named. He was the father of
Hon. Denry D. Dement. Secretary of State of Illi-
nois from 1884 to 1888. He died at his home at
Dixon. Jan. 16, 1883.

DEXT, Thomas, lawyer, was born in Putnam
County, 111., Nov. 14, 1831; in his youth was
employed in the Clerk"s office of Putnam County,
meanwhile studying law; was admitted to the
bar in 1854, and, in 1856, opened an oiBce in Chi-
cago; is still in practice and has served as
President, both of the Chicago Law Institute and
the State Bar Association.

DES PLAINES, a village of Cook County, at the
intersection of the Chicago & Northwestern and
the Wisconsin Central Railroads, 17 miles north-
west from Chicago ; is a dairying region. Popu-
lation (1880), 818; (1890), 986; (1900), 1,666.

DES PLAINES RIVER, a branch of the IlUnois
River, which rises in Racine County. Wis., and,
after passing through Kenosha County, in that
State, and Lake County. 111., running nearly
parallel to the west shore of Lake Michigan
through Cook County, finally unites with the
Kankakee, about 13 miles southwest of Joliet. by

its confluence with the latter forming the Illinois
River. Its length is about 150 miles. The
Chicago Drainage Canal is constructed in the
vallej' of the Des Plaines for a considerable por-
tion of the distance between Chicago and Joliet.

l)EWEV,(l)r.) Richard S., physician, alienist,
was born at Forest ville, N. Y., Dec. 6, 1845; after
receiving his primary education took a two years'
course in the literarj- and a three years" course in
the medical department of the Michigan Univer-
sity at Ann Arbor, graduating from the latter in
1869. He tlien began practice as House Physician
and Surgeon in the City Hospital at Brooklyn,
N. Y., remaining for a year, after which he
visited Europe inspecting hospitals and sanitary
methods, meanwhile s|)ending six months in the
Prussian military service as Surgeon during the
Franco-Prussian War. After the close of the
war lie tixik a brief course in the University of
Berlin, when, returning to the United States, he
was employed for seven years ;is Assistant Physi-
cian in the Northern Hospital for the Insane at
Elgin. In 1879 lie was appointed Medical Super-
intendent of the Eastern Hospital for the Insane
at Kankakee, remaining until the accession of
John P. Altgeld to the Governorship in 1893.
Dr. Dewey's reputation as a specialist in the
treatment of the insane has stood among the
highest of his class.

DE WITT COUXTY, situated in the central
portion of the State ; has an area of 405 square
miles and a population (1900) of 18.972. The land
was originally owned by the Kickapoos and Potta-
watomies, and not until 1820 did the first perma-
nent wliite settlers occupy this region. The first
to come were Felix Jones. Prettyinan Marvel,
William Cottrell, Samuel Glenn, and the families
of Scott, Lundy and Coaps. Previously, how-
ever, the first cabin had been built on the site of
the present Farmer City by Nathan Clearwater.
Zion Sliugest erected the eiirliest grist-mill and
Burrell Post the first saw-mill in the county.
Kentuckians and Tennesseeans were the first im-
migrants, but not until the advent of settlers from
Ohio did permanent improvements begin to be
made. In 1835 a school house and Presbyterian
church were built at Waynesville. The county
was organized in 1839, and — with its capital
(Clinton) — was named after one of New York's
most distinguished Governors. It lies within the
great "corn belt,'" and is well watered bj- Salt
Creek and its branches. Most of the surface is
rolling prairie, interspersed with woodland.
Several lines of railway (among them the Illinois
Central) cross the county. Clinton had a popu-

HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

133

lation of 2,598 in 1890, and Farmer City, 1,367.
Botli are railroad centers and have considerable
trade.

DE WOLF. Calvin, pioneer and philanthropist,
was born in Luzerne County, Pa., Feb. 18, 181.5;
taken early in life to Vermont, and, at 19 years of
age, commenced teaching at Orwell, in that
State; spent one year at a manual labor school
in Ashtabula County, Ohio, and, in 1837, came to
Chicago, and soon after began teaching in Will
County, still later engaging in the same vocation
in Chicago. In 1839 he commenced the study of
law with Messrs. Spring & Goodrich and, in 1843,
was admitted to practice. In 1854 he was
elected a Justice of the Peace, retaining the
position for a quarter of a century, winning for
himself the reputation of a sagacious and incor-
ruptible jiublic officer. Mr. De Wolf was an
original abolitionist and his home is said to have
been one of the stations on the "underground
railroad" in the days of slavery. Died Nov. 28, '99.

DEXTER, Wirt, lawyer, born at Dexter, Mich.,
Oct. 25, ISol; was educated in the schools of his
native State and at Cazenovia Seminary, N. Y.
He was descended from a family of lawyers, his
grandfather, Samuel Dexter, having been Secre-
tary of War, and afterwards Secretary of the
Treasury, in the cabinet of the elder Adams.
Coming to Chicago at the beginning of his profes-
sional career, Mr. Dexter gave considerable
attention at first to his father's extensive lumber
trade. He was a zealous and eloquent supporter
of the Government during the Civil War, and
was an active member of the Relief and Aid
Society after the fire of 1871. His entire profes-
sional life was spent in Chicago, for several years
before his death being in the service of the Chi-
cago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Company as
its general solicitor and member of the executive
committee of the Board of Directors. Died in
Chicago. May 20. 1890.

DICKEY, Hugh Thompson, jurist, was born in
New York City, May 30, 1811; graduated from
Columbia College, read law and was admitted to
the bar. He visited Chicago in 183G, and four
years later settled there, becoming one of its
most influential citizens. Upon the organization
of the County Court of Cook County in 1845,
Mr. Dickey was appointed its Judge. In Septem-
ber, 1848, he was elected Judge of the Seventh
Judicial Circuit, practically without partisan
opposition, serving until the exjjiration of his
term in 1853. He was prominently identified
with several important commercial enterprises,
was one of the founders of the Chicago Library

Association, and one of the first Trustees of the
Illinois General Hospital of the Lakes, now Mercy
Hospital. In 1885 he left Cliicago to take up his
residence in his native city, New York, where he
died, June 2, 1892.

DICKEY, Theophilus Lylc, lawyer and jurist,
was born in Bourbon County, Ky., Nov. 12, 1812,
the grandson of a Revolutionary soldier, gradu-
ated at the Miami (Ohio) University, and re-
moved to Illinois in 1834, settling at Matiomb,
McDonough County, where he was admitted to
the bar in 1835. In 1836 he moved to Rushville,
where he resided three years, a part of the time
editing a Whig newspaper. Later he became a
resident of Ottawa, and, at the opening of the
Mexican V/ar, organized a company of volun-
teers, of which he was chosen Captain. In 1861
he raised a regiment of cavalry which was
mustered into service as the Fourth Illinois
Cavalry, and of which he was commissioned
Colonel, taking an active part in Grant's cam-
paigns in the West. In 1865 he resigned his
commission and resumed the practice of his
profession at Ottawa. In 1866 he was an
unsuccessful candidate for Congressman for the
State-at-large in opposition to John A. Logan,
and, in 1868, was tendered and accepted the posi-
tion of Assistant Attorney -General of the United
States, resigning after eigliteen months' service.
In 1873 he removed to Chicago, and, in 1874, was
made Corporation Counsel. In December, 1875,
he was elected to the Supreme Court, vice W. K.
McAllister, deceased ; was re-elected in 1879, and
died at Atlantic City, Julv 22, 1885.

DISCIPLES OP CHRIST, THE, known aLso as
the Christian Church and as "Campbellite.s,"
having been founded by Alexander CampbelL
Many members settled in Illinois in the early
30's, and, in the central portion of the State, the
denomination soon began to flourish greatly
Any one was admitted to membership who made
what is termed a scriptural confe.ssion of faith
and was baptized by immersion. Alexander
Campbell was an eloquent preacher and a man or
much native ability, as well as a born conver-
sationalist. The sect has steadily grown in
numbers and influence in the State. The United
States Census of 1890 showed 641 churches in the
State, with 368 ministers and an aggregate mem-
bership of 61,587, having 550 Sunday schools, with
50,000 pupils in attendance. The value of the
real property, which included 552 church edifices
(with a seating capacity of 155,000) ami 30 parson-
ages, was 81,167,675. The denomination supports
Eureka College, with an attendance of between

13-t

HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS.

400 and 500 students, while its assets are valued
at 8150,000. Total membership in the United
States, estimated at 750,000.

DIXON, an incorporated city, the county-seat
of Lee County. It lies on both sides of Rock
River and is the point of intersection of the Illi-
nois Central and the Chicago & Northwestern
Railroads; is 98 miles west of Chicago. Rock
River furnislies abundant water power and tlie
manufacturing interests of tlie city are very ex-
tensive, including large plow works, wire-cloth
factory, wagon factory; also has electric light
and power plant, tliree shoe factories, planing
mills, and a condensed milk factory. There are
two National and one State bank, eleven
churches, a hospital, and tliree new.spapers. In
schools the city particularly excels, having sev-
eral graded (grammar) schools and two colleges.
The Chautauqua Assembly holds its meeting here
annually. Population (1890), 5,161; (1900), 7,917.

DIXOX, John, pioneer — the first white settler
in Lee County, 111., was born at Rye, West-
chester County, N. Y., Oct. 9, 1784; at 21 removed
to New York City, where he was in bu.siness some
fifteen years. In 1820 he set out with his family
for the West, traveling by land to Pittsburg,
and thence by flat-boat to Shawneetown. Having
disembarked his horses and goods here, he pu.shed
out towards the northwest, passing the vicinity
of Springfield, and finally locating on Fancy
Creek, some nine miles north of the present site
of that city. Here he remained some five years,
in that time serving as foreman of the first Sanga-
mon County Grand Jury. The new county of
Peoria having been established in 1825, he was
offered and accepted the appointment of Circuit
Clerk, removing to Fort Clark, as Peoria was
then called. Later he became contractor for
carrying the mail on the newly established route
between Peoria and Galena. Compelled to pro-
vide means of crossing Rock River, he induced a
French and Indian half-breed, named Ogee, to
take charge of a ferry at a point afterwards
known as Ogee's Ferry. The tide of travel to the
lead-mine region caused both the mail-route and
the ferry to prove profitable, and, as the half-
breed ferryman could not endure prosperity, Mr.
Dixon was forced to buy him out, removing his
family to this point in April, 1830. Here he
established friendly relations with the Indians,
and, during the Black Hawk War ,two years later,
was enabled to render valuable service to the
State. His station was for many years one of
the most important points in Northern Illinois,
and among the men of national reputation who

were entertained at different times at his home,
may be named Gen. Zachary Taylor, Albert Sid'
ney Jolmston, Gen. Winfield Scott, Jefferson
Davis, Col. Robert Anderson, Abraham Lincoln,
Col. E. D. Baker and many more. He bought the
land where Dixon now stands in 1835 and laid off
the town; in 1838 was elected by the Legislature
a member of the Board of Public Works, and, in
1840, secured the removal of the land office fronr
Galena to Dixon. Colonel Dixon was a delegate
from Lee County to the liepublican State Con-
vention at Bloomington, in May, 1856, and,
although then considerably over 70 years of age,
spoke from the same stand with Abraham Lin-
coln, his presence producing much enthusiasm.
His death occurred, July 0, 1876.

DOA>'E, John Wesley, merchant and banker,
was born at Thompson, Windham County, Conn.,
March 23. 1833; was educated in the common
schools, and, at 22 years of age, came to Chicago
and opened a small grocery store whicli, by 1870,
had become one of the most extensive concerns
of its kind in the Northwest. It was swept out
of existence by the fire of 1871, but was re-estab-
lislied and, in 1872, transferred to other parties,
although Sir. Doane continued to conduct an
importing business in many lines of goods used in
the grocery trade. Having become interested in
the Slerchants' Loan & Trust Company, he was
elected its President and has continued to act in
that capacity. He is also a stockholder and a
Director of the Pullman Palace Car Company,
the Allen Paper Car Wheel Company and the
Illinois Central Railroad, and was a leading
promoter of the World's Columbian Exposition of
1893 — being one of those who guaranteed the
$5,000,000 to be raised bj- the citizens of Chicago
to assure the success of the enterprise.

DOLTOX STATION, a village of Cook County,
on the Chicago & Eastern Illinois, the Chicago &
Western Indiana, and the Pittsburg, Cincinnati,
Chicago & St. Louis Railroads, 16 miles south of
Chicago; has a carriage factory, a weekl}' paper,
churches and a graded school- Population (1880)
448; (1890), 1,110; (1900), 1,229.

DOXUOLA, a village in Union County, on the
Illinois Central 14ailroad, 27 miles north of Cairo.
Population (1880), 599; (1890), 733; (1900), 681.

DOOUTTLE, James Rood, United States
Senator, was born in Hamilton, Washington
County, N. Y., Jan 3, 1815; educated at Middle-
bury and Geneva (now Hobart) Colleges, admitted
to the bar in 1837 and practiced at Rochester and
Warsaw, N. Y. ; was elected District Attorney of
Wyoming County, N. Y.. in 1845, and, in 1851

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

135

removed to Wisconsin; two years later was
elected Circuit Judge, but resigned in 185fi, and
the following year was elected as a Democratic-
Republican to the United States Senate, being
re-elected as a Republican in 18G3. Retiring
from public life in 1809, he afterwards resided
chiefly at Racine, Wis., though practicing in the
courts of Chicago. He was President of the
National Union Convention at Philadelphia in
18fi6, and of the National Democratic Convention
of 1873 in Baltimore, whicli endorsed Horace
Greeley for President. Died, at Edgewood, R. I.,
July 37, 1897.

DORE, John Clark, first Superintendent of
Chicago City Schools, was born at Ossipee, N. H.,
March 23, 1833; began teaching at 17 years of age
and graduated at Dartmouth College in 1847;
then taught several years and, in ISrA, was
offered and accepted the position of Superintend-
ent of City Schools of Chicago, but resigned two
years later. Afterwards engaging in business,
he served as Vice-President and President of
the Board of Trade, President of the Com-
mercial Insurance Company and of the State
Savings Institution ; was a member of the State
Senate, 1868-73, and has been identified with
various benevolent organizations of the city of
Chicago. Died in Boston, Mass., Dec, 14, 1900.

DOUGHERTY, Jolin, lawyer and Lieutenant-
Governor, was born at JIarietta, Ohio, May 6,
1806; brought by his parents, in 1808, to Cape
Girardeau, Mo. , where they remained imtil after
the disastrous earthquakes in that region in
1811-12, when, his father having died, his mother
removed to Jonesboro, 111. Here he finally read
law with Col. A. P. Field, afterwards Secretary
of State, being admitted to the bar in 1831 and
early attaining prominence as a successful
criminal lawyer. He soon became a recognized
political leader, was elected as a member of the
House to the Eighth General Assembly (1832)
and re-elected in 1834, '36 and '40, and again in
IS.^O, and to the Senate in 1843, serving in the
latter body until the adoption of the Constitution
of 1848. Originally a Democrat, he was, in 1858,
the Administration (Buchanan) candidate for
State Treasurer, as opposed to the Douglas wing
of the party, but, in 1861, became a strong sup-
porter of Abraham Lincoln. He served as Presi-
dential Elector on the Republican ticket in 1864
and in 1873 (the former year for the State- at-
large), in 1868 was elected Lieutenant-Governor
and, in 1877, to a seat on the criminal bench,
serving until June, 1879. Died, at Jonesboro,
Sept. 7, 1879.

DOUGLAS, John M., lawyer and Railway
President, was born at Plattsburg, Clinton
County, N. Y., August 22, 1819; read law three
years in his native city, then came west and
settled at Galena, 111., where he was admitted to
the bar in 1841 and began practice. In 18.')6 he
removed to Chicago, and, the following year,
became one of the solicitors of the Illinois Central
Raih'oad, with which he had been associateil as
An attorney at Galena. Between 1861 and 1876
he was a Director of the Company over twelve
years; from 1865 to 1871 its President, and again
for eighteen months in 1875-76, when he retired
permanently. Mr. Douglas' contemporaries speak
of him as a lawyer of great ability, as well
as a capable executive officer. Died, in Chicago,
March 25, 1891.

DOUGLAS, Stephen Arnold, statesman, was
born at Brandon, Vt., April 33, 1813. In conse-
quence of the death of his father in infancy,
his early educational advantages were limited.
When fifteen he applied himself to the cabinet-
maker's trade, and, in 1830, accompanied his
mother and step-father to Ontario County, N. Y.
In 1832 he began the study of law, but started for
the West in 1833. He taught school at Win-
chester, 111. , reading law at night and practicing
before a Justice of the Peace on Saturdays. He
was soon admitted to the bar and took a deep
interest in politics. In 1835 he was elected Prose-
cuting Attorney for Morgan County, but a few
months later resigned this office to enter the
lower house of the Legislature, to which he was
elected in 1836. In 1838 he was a candidate for
Congress, but was defeated by John T.' Stuart, his
Whig opponent; was appointed Secretary of
State in December, 1840, and, in February, 1841,
elected Judge of the Supreme Court. He was
elected to Congress in 1843, '44 and '46, and, in
the latter year, was chosen United States Sena-
tor, taking his seat March 4, 1847, and being
re-elected in 1853 and '59. His last canvass was
rendered memorable through his joint debate, in
1858, before the people of the State with Abraham
Lincoln, whom he defeated before the Legisla-
ture. He was a candidate for the presidential
nomination before the Democratic National
Conventions of 1852 and '56. In 1860, after having
failed of a nomination for the Presidency at
Charleston, S. C, through the operation of the
"two thirds rule," he received the nomination
from the adjourned convention held at Baltimore
six weeks later— though not until the delegates
from nearly all the Southern States had with-
drawn, the .seceding delegates afterwards nomi-

136

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

nating John C. Breckenridge. Although defeated
for the Presidency by Lincoln, his old-time
antagonist, Douglas yielded a cordial support to
the incoming administration in its attitude
toward the seceded States, occupying a place of
honor beside Mr. Lincoln on tlie portico of the
capitol during the inauguration ceremonies. As
politician, orator and statesman, Douglas had
few superiors. Quick in perception, facile in
exjjedients, ready in resources, earnest and
fearless in utterance, he was a born "leader of
men." His shortness of stature, considered in
relation to his extraordinary mental acumen,
gained for him tlie sobriquet of the "Little
Giant." He died in Cliicago, June 3, 18G1.

DOUGLAS COUNTY, lying a little east of the
center of the State, embracing an areii of 410
square miles and having a population (1900) of
19,097. Tlie earliest land entry was made by
Harrison Gill, of Kentucky, whose patent was
signed by Andrew Jackson. Another early
settler was Jolin A. Richman, a West Virginian,
who erected one of tlie first frame houses in
tlie comity in 1829. The Embarras and Kas-
ka.skia Rivers flow through the county, which is
also crossed by the Wabash and Illinois Centnvl
Railways. Douglas Count}' was organized in
1857 (being set off from Coles) and named in
honor of Stephen A. Douglas, then United States
Senator from Illinois. After a sharp struggle Tus-
cola was made the county-seat. It has be(>n
visited by several disastrous conflagrations, but
is a thriving town, credited, in 1890, with a
population of 1,897. Other important towns are
Areola (population, 1,733), and Camargo, which
was originally known as New Salem.

DOWNERS GROVE, village. Dii Page County,
on C. B. & y. R. R., 21 miles south-southwest from
Chicago, incorporated 1873; has water- works, elec-
tric lights, telephone system, good schools, bank
and a newspaper. Pop. (1890), 960; (1900), 2,103.

DOWNING, Finis Ewing, ex-Congressman and
lawyer, was born at Virginia, 111,, August 24.
1846 ; reared on a farm and educated in the pubhc
and private schools of his native town ; from 186.5
was engaged in mercantile pursuits until 1880,
when he was elected Clerk of the Circuit Court
of Cass County, serving three successive terms ;
read law and was admitted to the bar in Decem-
ber, 1887. In August, 1891, he became interested
in "The Virginia Enquirer" (a Democratic
paper), which he has since conducted; was
elected Secretary of the State Senate in 1893,
and, in 1894, was returned as elected to the Fifty-
fourth Congress from the Sixteenth District bv a

])lurality of forty votes over Gen. John I. Rinaker.
tlie ReiHiblican nominee. A contest and recount
of the ballots resulted, however, in awarding the
seat to General Kinaker. In 1896 Mr. Downing
was the nominee of his party for Secretary of
State, but was defeated with the rest of his ticket.
DRAKE, Francis Marion, .soldier and Governor,
was born at Rushville, Schuyler County, 111.,
Deo. 30, 1830; early taken to Drakesville, Iowa,
which his father founded ; entered mercantile
life at Ifl years of age ; crossed the i)Iains to Cali-
fornia in IS.'JS, had experience in Indian warfare
and, in 18.59, established himself in business at
Unionville, Iowa; served through the Civil War,
liecoming Lieutenant-Colonel and retiring in
1865 with the rank of Brigadier-General bj-
brevet. He re-entered mercantile life after the
war, was admitted to the liar in 1866, subsequently
engaged in railroiid building and, in 1881, contrib-
buted the bulk of the funds for founding Drake
University; was elected Governor of Iowa in
1895, .m'rviiig until January, 1898.

DRAPER, Andrew Sloan, LL.U., lawyer and
educjitor, wiis lx)rn in Otsego County, N. Y.,
June 21, 1848 — being a descendant, in tlie eighth
generation, from the "Puritan," James Draper,
who settled in Boston in 1647. In 1855 Mr.
Drai)er"s parents settled in Alliany, N. Y., where
he attended school, winning a scholarship in the
Albany .Vcademy in 1803, and graduating from
that institution in 1866. During the next four
yeai-s he was employed in teaching, part of the
time as an instructor at his alma mater; but, in
1871, graduated from the Union College Law
DeiKirtment, when he begcin practice. The rank
he attained in the profession was indicated by
his apiK>intment by President Arthur, in 1884,
one of ihe Judges of the Alabama Claims Com-
mission, upon which he served until the conclu-
sion of its labors in 1886. He liad previously
served in the New York State Senate (1880) and.
in 1884, w;is a delegate to the Republican National
Convention, also ser\-ing as Chairman of the
Republiciin State Central Committee the same
year. After his return from Europe in 1886, he
served iis State Superintendent of Public Instruc-
tion of New York until 1892, and, in 1889, and
again in 1890, wa-s President of the National
As.sociation of .School Superintendents. Soon
after retiring from tlie State Superintendency in
New York, he was chosen Superintendent of
Public: Schools for the city of Cleveland. Ohio,
remaining in that position until 1894. when he
was elected President of the L'niversity of Illinois
at Champaign, where he now is. His adminis-

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

137

tration has been characterized by enterprise and
sagacity, and has tended to promote the popular-
ity and prosperity of the institution.

DRESSER, Charles, clergyman, was born at
Pomfret, Conn., Feb. 34, 1800; gi-aduated from
Brown University in 1823, went to Virginia,
where he studied theology and was ordained a
minister of the Protestant Episcopal Church. In
1838 he removed to Springfield, and became rector
of St. Paul's Episcopal Church there, retiring in
18.')8. On Nov. 4, 1843, Mr. Dresser performed the
ceremony uniting Abraham Lincoln and Mary
Toild in marriage. He died, March 2n. ISfi.'i.

DRUMMOJfD, Thouias, jurist, was born at
Bristol Mills. Lincoln County, Maine, Oct. 16,
1809. After graduating from BowJoin College, in
1830. he studied law at Philadelphia, where he was
admitted to the bar in 1833. He settled at
Galena, 111., in 183.5, and was a member of the
General Assembly in 1840-41. In 18.50 he was
appointed United States District Judge for the
District of Illinois as successor to Judge Nathaniel
Pope, and four years later removed to Chicago.
Upon the division of the State into two judicial
districts, in 18.55, he was assigned to the North-
ern. In 1869 he was elevated to the bench of the
United States Circuit Court, and presided over
the Seventh Circuit, which at that time included
the States of Indiana, Illinois and Wisconsin. In
1884 — at the age of 75 — he resigned, living in
retirement until his death, which occurred at
Wheaton, 111., May 15, 1890.

DUBOIS, Jesse Kilgore, State Auditor, was
born, Jan. 14, 1811. in Lawrence County, 111.,
near Vincennes, Ind., where his father, Capt.
Toussaint Dubois, had settled about 1780. The
latter was a native of Canada, of French descent,
and, after settling in the Northwest Territory,
had been a personal friend of General Harrison,
under whom he served in the Indian wars,
including the battle of Tippecanoe. The son
received a partial collegiate education at Bloom-
ington, Ind., but, at 34 years of age (1834), was
elected to the General Assembly, serving in the
same House with Abraham Lincoln, and being
re-elected in 1836, '38, and '42. In 1841 he was
appointed by President Harri-son Register of the
Land Office at Palestine, 111., but soon re,signed,
giving his attention to mercantile pursuits until
1849, when he was appointed Receiver of Public
Moneys at Palestine, but was removed by Pierce
in 1853. He was a Delegate to the first Repub-
lican .State Convention, at Bloomington, in 1856,
and, on the recommendation of Mr. Lincoln, was
nominated for Auditor of Public Accounts,

renominated in 1860 and elected both times. In
1864 he was a candidate for the nomination of
his party for Governor, but was defeated by
General Oglesby, serving, however, on the
National Executive Committee of that year, and
as a delegate to the National Convention of 1868.
Died, at his home near Springfield, Nov. 22, 1876.
— Fred T. (Dubois), son of the preceding, was
born in Crawford County, III, May 29, 1851;
received a common-school and classical educa-
tion, graduating from Yale College in 1872 ; w;i.s
Secretar}' of the Illinois Railway and Warehouse
Commission in 1875-76; went to Idaho Territory
and engaged in business in 1880, was appointed
United States Marshal there in 1882, serving until
1886; elected as a Republican Delegate to the
Fiftieth and Fifty-fir.st Congresses, and, on the
admission of Idaho as a State (1890), became
one of the first United States Senators, his term
extending to 1897. He was Chairman of the
Idaho delegation in the National Republican
Convention at Minneapolis in 1892. and was a
member of the National Republican Convention
at St. Louis in 1896, but seceded from that body
with Senator Teller of Colorado, and has since
cooperated with the Populists and Free Silver
Democrats.

DUCAT, Arthur Charles, soldier and civil
engineer, was born in Dublin, Ireland, Feb. 24.
1830, received a liberal education and became a
civil engineer. He settled in Chicago in 1851,
and six years later was made Secretary and Chief
Surveyor of the Board of Underwriters of that
city. While acting in tliis capacity, he virtually
revised the schedule system of rating fire-risks.
In 1861 he raised a company of 300 engineers,
sappers and miners, but neither the State nor
Federal authorities would accept it. Thereupon
he enlisted as a private in the Twelfth Illinois
Volunteers, but his ability earned him rapid
promotion. He rose through the grades of Cap-
tain, Major and Lieutenant-Colonel, to that of
Colonel, and was brevetted Brigadier-General in
February, 1864. Compelled by sickness to leave the
army. General Ducat returned to Chicago,
re-entering the insurance field and finally, after
holding various responsible positions, engaging
in general business in that line. In 1875 he was
entrusted with the task of reorganizing the State
militia, which he performed ivith signal success.
Died, at Downer's Grove, 111.. Jan. 29. 1896.

DUELS AND AXTI-DUELIXG LAWS, Al-
though a majority of the population of Illinois,
in Territorial days, came from Southern States ,
where the duel was widely regarded as the proper

138

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

mode for settling "difficulties" of a personal
character, it is a curious fact that so few "affairs
of honor" (so-called) should have occurred on
Illinois soil. The first "affair" of this sort of
which either history or tradition has handed
down any account, is said to have occurred
between an EngUsli and a French officer at the
time of the surrender of Fort C'hartres to the
British in 1765, and in connection with that
event. The officers are said to have fought with
small swords one Sunday morning near the Fort,
when one of them was killed, but the name of
neither the victor nor the vanquished has come
down to the present time. Gov. John Reynolds,
who is the authority for the story in his "Pioneer
History of Illinois," claimed to have received it
in his boyhood from an aged Frenchman who
represented that he had seen the combat.

An affair of less doubtful authenticity has come
down to us in the history of tlie Territorial
period, and, although it was at first I)l<M)dless, it
finally ended in a tragedy. This was the Jones-
Bond affair, which originated at Kaskaskia in
1808. Rice Jones was the 'son of John Rice Jones,
the first English-speaking lawyer in the "Illinois
Country." The younger Jones is described as an
exceptionally brilliant yoimg man who, ha\-ing
studied law, located at Kaskaskia in 1806. Two
years later he became a candidate for Represent-
ative from Randolph County in the Legislature
of Indiana Territory, of which Illinois was a part.
In the course of the canvass which resulted in
Jones' election, he became involved in a cjuarrel
with Shadrach Bond, who was then a member of
the Territorial Council from the same county,
and afterwards became Delegate in Congress
from Illinois and the first Governor of the State.
Bond challenged Jones and tlie meeting took
place on an island in the Mississippi between
Kaskaskia and St. Genevieve. Bond's second
was a Dr. James Dunlap of Kaskaskia, who
appears also to have been a bitter enemy of Jones.
The discharge of a pistol in the hand of Jones
after the combatants Iiad taken their places
preliminary to the order to "fire," raised the
question whether it was accidental or to be
regarded as Jones' fire. Dunlap maintained the
latter, but Bond accepted tlie explanation of his
adversary that the discharge was accidental, and
the generosity which he dLsplaj-ed led to expla-
nations that averted a final exchange of shots.
The feud thus started between Jones and Dunlap
grew until it involved a large part of the com-
munity. On Dec. 7, 1808, Dunlap shot down
Jones in cold blood and withoiit warning in

the streets of Kaskaskia, killing him instantly.
The murderer fled to Texas and was never heard
of about Kaskaskia afterwards. This incident
furnishes the basis of the most graphic chapter
in Mrs. Catherwood's story of "Old Kaskaskia."
Prompted by this tragical affair, no doubt, the
Governor and Territorial Judges, in 1810, framed a
stringent law for the suppression of dueling, in
whicli, in case of a fatal result, all parties con-
nected with the affair, as principals or seconds,
were held to be guilty of murder.

Governor Reynolds furnishes the record of a
duel between Thomas Rector, the member of a
noted family of that name at Kaskaskia, and one
Joshua Barton, supposed to have occurred some-
time during the War of 1812, though no exact
dates are given. This affair took place on the
favorite dueling ground known as "Bloody
Island," oi)iK>site St. Louis, so often resorted to
at a later day, by devotees of "the code" in Mis-
souri. Reynolds says that "Barton fell in the
conflict "

The next affair of which history makes men-
tion grew out of a drunken carousel at Belleville,
in February, 1819, which ended in a duel between
two men named Alonzo Stuart and William
Bennett, and the killing of Stuart by Bennett.
The managers of the affair for the principals are
said to have agreed that tlie guns should be loaded
with blank cartridges, and Stuart was let into the
secret but Bennett was not. When the order to
fire came, Bennett's gun proved to have been
loaded with ball. Stuart fell mortally wounded,
expiring almost immediately. One report says
that the duel wiis intended as a sham, and was so
understood by Bennett, who was horrified by the
result. He and liis two seconds were arrested for
murder, but Bennett broke jail and fled to
Arkansas. The seconds were tried, Daniel P.
Cook conducting the prosecution and Thomas H.
Benton defending, the trial resulting in their
acquittal. Two years later, Bennett was appre-
liended by s<ime sort of artifice, put on his trial,
convicted and executed — Judge John Rej'nolds
(afterwards Governor) presiding and pronouncing
sentence.

In a footnote to "The Edwards Papers,"
edited by the hite E. B. Washburne, and printed
under the auspices of the Chicago HLstorical
Society, a few years ago, Mr. Washburne relates
an incident occurring in Galena about 1838, while
"The Northwestern Gazette and Galena Adver-
tiser" was under the cliarge of Sylvester M.
Bartlett, who was afterwards one of the founders
of "The Quincy Whig." The story, as told by

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

139

Bi, Washburne, is as follows: "David G. Bates
(a Galena business man and captain of a packet
plying between St. Louis and Galena) wrote a
short communication for the paper reflecting on
the character of John Turney, a prominent law-
yer who had been a member of the House of
Representatives in 1828-30, from the District
composed of Pike, Adams, Fulton, Schuyler,
Peoria and Jo Daviess Counties. Turney de-
manded the name of the author and Bartlett gave
up the name of Bates. Turney refused to take
any notice of Bates and then challenged Bartlett
to a duel, wliich was promptly accepted by Bart-
lett. The second of Turney was the Hon. Joseph
P. Hoge, afterward a member of Congress from
the Galena District. Bartlett's second was
William A. Warren, now of Bellevue, Iowa."
(Warren was a prominent Union officer during
the Civil War.) "The parties went out to the
ground selected for the duel, in what was then
Wisconsin Territory, seven miles north of Galena,
and, after one ineffectual fire, the matter was
compromised. Subsequently, Bartlett removed
to Quincy, and was for a long time connected
with the publication of 'The Quincy Whig.'"

During the session of the Twelfth General
Assembly (1841), A. R. Dodge, a Democratic
Representative from Peoria County, feeling him-
self aggrieved by some reflections indulged by Gen.
John J. Hardin (then a Whig Representative
from Morgan County) upon the Democratic party
in connection with the partisan reorganization
of the Supreme Court, threatened to "call out"
Hardin. The affair was referred to W. L. D.
Ewing and W. A. Richardson for Dodge, and
J. J. Brown and E. B. Webb for Hardin, with
the result that it was amicably adjusted "honor-
ably to both parties."

It was during the same session that John A.
McClernand, then a young and fiery member
from Gallatin County — who had, two years
before, been appointed Secretary of State by
Governor Carlin, but had been debarred from
taking the office by an adverse decision of the
Supreme Court — indulged in a violent attack
upon the Whig members of the Court based upon
allegations afterwards shown to have been fur-
nished by Theophilus W. Smith, a Democratic
member of the same court. Smith having joined
his associates in a card denying the truth of the
charges, McClernand responded %vith the publi-
cation of the cards of persons tracing the allega-
tions directly to Smith himself. This brouglit a
note from Smith which McClernand construed into
a challenge and answered with a prompt accept-

ance. Attorney-General Lamborn, having got
wind of the affair, lodged a complaint with a
Springfield Justice of the Peace, which resulted
in placing the pugnacious jurist under bonds to
keep the peace, when he took his departure lor
Chicago, and the "affair" ended.

An incident of greater historical interest than
all the others yet mentioned, was the affair in
which James Shields and Abraham Lincoln — tlie
former the State Auditor and the latter at that
time a young attorney at Springfield — were con-
cerned. A communication in doggerel verse liad
appeared in "The Springfield Journal" ridiculing
the Auditor. Shields made demand upon the
editor (Mr. Simeon Francis) for the name of the
author, and, in accordance with previous under-
standing, the name of Lincoln was given. (Evi-
dence, later coming to light, showed that the real
authors were Miss Mary Todd — who, a few months
later, became Mrs. Lincoln — and Miss Julia Jayne,
afterwards the wife of Senator Tnimbull. )
Shields, through John D. Whiteside, a former
State Treasurer, demanded a retraction of the
offensive matter — the demand being presented to
Lincoln at Tremont, in Tazewell County, wliere
Lincoln was attending court. Without attempt-
ing to foUovv the affair through all its complicated
details — Shields having assumed tliat Lincoln was
the author without further investigation, and
Lincoln refusing to make any explanation unless
the first demand was withdrawn — Lincoln named
Dr. E. H. Merriman as his second and accepted
Shield's challenge, naming cavalry broadswords
as the weapons and the Missouri shore, within
three miles of the city of Alton, as the place.
The principals, with their "friends," met at the
appointed time and place (Sept. 23, 1842, opposite
the city of Alton); but, in the meantime, mutual
friends, having been apprised of what was going
on, also appeared on the ground and brought
about explanations which averted an actual con-
flict. Those especially instrumental in bringing
about this result were Gen. John J. Hardin of
Jacksonville, and Dr. R. W. English of Greene
County, while John D. Whiteside, W. L. D.
Ewing and Dr. T. M. Hope acted as repre.sent-
atives of Shields, and Dr. E. H. Merriman,
Dr. A. T. Bledsoe and William Butler for Lincoln.

Out of this affair, within the next few days,
followed challenges from Shields to Butler and
Whiteside to Merriman ; but, altliough these were
accepted, yet ovs-ing to .some objection on the part
of the challenging party to the conditions named
by the party challenged, thereby resulting in de-
lay, no meeting actually took place.

140

HISTOIIICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

Another affair which bore important results
without ending in a traKedy, occurred during the
session of the Constitutional Convention in 1S4T.
Tlie parties to it were O. C. Pratt and Thompson
Campbell — both Delegates from Jo Daviess
County, and both Democrats. Some sparring
between them over the question of suffrage for
naturalized foreigners resulted in an invitation
from Pratt to Campbell to meet him at the
Planters' House in St. Louis, with an intimation
that this was for the purpose of arranging the
preliminaries of a duel. Both parties were on
hand before the appointed time, but their arrest
by the St. Louis authorities and putting them
under heavy bonds to keep the peace, gave them
an excuse for returning to their convention
duties without coming to actual hostilities — if
they had such intention. This was promptly
followed by the adoption in Convention of the
provision of the Constitution of 1848, disqualify-
ing any person engaged in a dueling aflfair, either
as principal or second, from holding any office of
honor or profit in the State.

The last and principal affair of this kind of
historic significance, in which a citizen of Illinois
was engaged, though not on Illinois soil, was that
in wliich Congressman William II. Bi.s.sell, after-
wards Governor of IlUnois, and Jefferson Davis
were concerned in February. 1850. During the
debate on the "Compromise Measures" of that
year. Congressman Seddon of Virginia went out
of his way to indulge in implied reflections uix)n
the courage of Northern soldiers as displayed on
the battle-field of Buena Vista, and to claim for
the Mississippi regiment commanded by Davis
the credit of saving the day. Replying to tliese
claims Colonel Bissell took occasion to <'orrect the
Virginia Congressman's statements, and especi-
ally to vindicate the good name of the Illinois and
Kentucky troops. In doing so he declared that,
at the critical moment alluded to by Seddon,
when the Indiana regiment gave waj-, Davis's
regiment was not within a mile and a half of the
scene of action. This was construed by Davis as
a reflection upon his troops, and led to a challenge
which was promptly accepted by Bissell, who
named the soldier's weapon (the common army
musket), loaded with l>all and buckshot, with
forty paces as the distance, with liberty to
advance up to ten — otherwise leaving the pre-
liminaries to be settled by liis friends. The evi-
dence manife.sted by Bissell that he was not to be
intimidated, but was prepared to face death
itself to vindicate his own honor and that of liLs
comrades in the field, was a surprise to the South-

ern leaders, and they soon found a way for Davis
to withdraw his challenge on condition that
Bis.sell should add to his letter of acceptance a
claiLse awarding credit to the Mississippi regi-
ment for what they actually did, but without dis-
avowing or retracting a single word he had
uttered in his speech. In the meantime, it is said
that President Taylor, who was the father-in-law
of Davis, having been apprised of what was on
foot, had taken precautions to prevent a meeting
by instituting legal proceedings the night before
it was to take place, though this was rendered
unnecessarj- by the act of Davis himself. Thus,
Colonel Bissell's position was virtually (though
indirectly) justified by his enemies. It is true,
lie was violently assailed by his political opponents
for alleged violation of the inhibition in the State
Con.stitution against dueling, esjiecially when he
came to take the Oiith of office as Governor of
Illinois, seven years later; but his course in "turn-
ing the tables" agiiinst his fire-eating opponents
aroused the enthusiasm of the North, while his
friends maintained that the act having been
performed beyond the jurisdiction of the State,
he was technically not guiltj- of any violation of
the laws.

While the provision in the Constitution of 1848,
against dueling, was not re- incorporated in that
of 1S70, the laws on the subject are veiy strin-
gent. Besides im|x>sing a penalty of not less than
one nor more than five years' imprisonment, or a
tine not exceeding $3,000, mxm any one who, as
principal or second, participates in a duel with a
deadly weapon, whether such duel proves fatal
or not, or who sends, carries or accepts a clial-
lenge: the law also provides that any one con-
\-icted of such ofIen.se shall te disqualified for
holding "any office of profit, tru.st or emolument,
either civil or military, under the Constitution or
laws of this State." Any person leaving the
State to send or receive a challenge is subject to
the same penalties as if the offense had been
committed witliin the State; and any person who
may inflict upon Iris antagonist a fatal wound, as
the result of an engagement made in this State to
fight a duel beyond its jurisdiction — when the
person so %vounded dies within this State — is held
to be guilty of murder and subject to punishment
for the same. The publishing of any person as a
coward, or the applying to him of opprobrious or
abusive language, for refusing to accept a chal-
lenge, is declared to be a crime punisliable by
fine or imprisonment.

DCFF, Andrew D., lawyer and Judge, was
born of a familj- of pioneer settlers in Bond

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

141

County, 111., Jan. 24, 1820; was educated in the
country schools, and, from 1842 to 1847, spent his
time in teaching and as a farmer. The latter
year he removed to Benton, Franklin County,
where he began reading law, but suspended his
studies to enli.st in the Mexican War, serving as a
private; in 1849 was elected County Judge of
Franklin County, and, in the following year, was
admitted to the bar. In 1861 he was elected
.Judge for the Twenty-sixth Circuit and re-
elected in 1807, serving until 1873. He also
served as a Delegate in the State Constitutional
Convention of 1862 from the district composed of
Franklin and Jackson Counties, and, being a
zealous Democrat, was one of the leaders in
calling the mass meeting held at Peoria, in
August, 1864, to protest against the [lolicy of the
Government in the prosecution of the war.
About the close of his last term upon the bench
(1873), he removed to Carbondale, where he con-
tinued to reside. In his later years he be-
came an Independent in politics, acting for
a time in cooperation with the friends of
tentperance. In 1883 he was appointed by joint
resolution of the Legislature on a commission to
revise the revenue code of the State. Died, at
Tucson. Ariz., June 2,5, 1889.

DUNCAN, Joseph, Congressman and Gov-
ernor, was born at Paris, Kj'., Feb. 22, 1794,;
emigrated to Illinois in 1818, having previously
served with distinction in the War of 1S12, and
been presented »vith a sword, by vote of Congress,
for gallant conduct in the defense of Fort Stephen-
son. He was commissioned Major-General of
Illinois militia in 1823 and elected State Senator
from Jackson County in 1824. He served in the
lower house of Congress from 1827 to 1834, when
he resigned his seat to occupy the gubernatorial
chair, to which he was elected the latter year. He
was the author of the first free-school law,
adopted in 182.5. His executive policy was con-
.servative and consistent, and his administration
successful. He erected the first frame building
at Jacksonville, in 1834, and was a liberal friend
of Illinois College at that place. In his personal
character he was kindly, genial and unassuming,
although fearless in the expression of his convic-
tions. He was the Whig candidate for Governor
in 1843, when he met with his first political
defeat. Died, at Jacksonville, Jan. 15, 1844,
mourned bj- men of all parties.

DUNCAN, Thomas, soldier, was born in Kas-
kaskia, 111., April 14, 1809; served as a private in
the Illinois mounted volunteers during the Black
Hawk War of 1832 ; also as First Lieutenant of

cavalry in the regular army in the Mexican War
(1846), and as Major and Lieutenant-Colonel
during the War of the RebeUion, still later doing
duty upon the frontier keeping the Indians in
check. He was retired from active service in
1873, and died in Washington, Jan. 7, 1887.

DUNDEE, a town on Fox River, in Kane
County. 5 miles (by rail) north of Elgin and 47
miles west-northwest of Chicago. It has two
di.stinct corporations— East and West Dundee—
but is progr&s.sive and united in action. Dairy
farming is the principal industry of the adjacent
region, and the town has two large milk-c;on-
densing plants, a cheese factory, etc. It has good
water power and there are flour and saw-milLs,
besides brick and tile-works, an.extensive nurseiy,
two banks, six churches, a handsome high school
building, a public library and one weekly paper.
Population (1890), 2,023; (1900), 2,765.

DUNHAM, John High, banker and Board of
Trade operator, was born in Seneca County,
N. Y., 1817; came to Chicago in 1844, engaged in
the wholesale grocery trade, and, a few years
later, took a prominent part in solving the ques-
tion of a water supply for the city ; was elected to
the Twentieth General Assembly (1856) and the
next year assisted in organizing the Merchants'
Loan & Trust Company, of which lie became the
first President, retiring five years later and re-
engaging in the mercantile business. While
Hon. Hugh McCullough was Secretary of the
Treasury, he was appointed National Bank
Examiner for Illinois, serving until 1866. He
was a member of the Chicago Historical Society,
the Acaiiemy of Sciences, and an early member
of the Board of Trade. Died, April 28, 1893,
leaving a large estate.

DUNHAM, Ransom W., merchant and Con-
gressman, was born at Savoy, Mass., Marcli 21,
1838; after graduating from the High School at
Springfield, Mass., in 1855, was connected with
the Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Com-
pany until August, 1860. In 1857 he removed
from Springfield to Chicago, and at the termina-
tion of his connection with the Insurance Com-
pany, embarked in the grain and jjrovision
commission business in that city, and, in 1882,
was President of the Chicago Board of Trade.
From 1883 to 1889 he represented the First Illinois
District in Congress, after the expiration of his
last term devoting his attention to his large
private business His death took place suddenly
at Springfield, Mass., August 19, 1896.

DUNLAP, George Lincoln, civil engineer and
Railway Superiatendent, was born at Brunswick,

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

Maine, in 1828; studied mathematics and engineer-
ing at Gorham Academy, and, after several
years' experience on the Boston & Maine and the
New York & Erie Railways, came west in 1855
and accepted a position as assistant engineer on
what is now the Chicago & Northwestern Rail-
road, finally becoming its General Superintend-
ent, and, in foui-teen years of his connection with
that road, vastly extending its lines. Between
1872 and '79 he was connected with the Montreal
& Quebec Railway, but the latter year returned
to Illinois and was actively connected with the
extension of the Wabash system until his retire-
ment a few years ago.

DUNLAP, Henry M., liortif^ulturist and legis-
lator, was born in Cook County, 111.. Nov. 14,
18.53 — the son of M. L. Dunlaj) (the well-known
"Rural"), who became a prominent horticulturist
In Cliampaign County and was one of the found-
ers of the State Agricultural Society. The family
having located at Savoy, Champaign County,
about 1857, the j-ounger Dunlap was educated in
the University of Illinois, graduating in the
scientific department in 1875. Following in the
footsteps of his father, he engaged extensively
in fruit-growing, and has served in the office of
both President and Secretary of the State Horti
cultural Society, besides local offices. In 1892 he
was elected as a Republican to the State Senate
for the Thirtieth District, was re-elected in 189{).
and has been prominent in State legislation.

DUNLAP, Mathias Lane, horticulturist, was
born at Cherry Valley, N. Y., Sept. 14, 1814;
coming to La Salle County, 111., in 1835, he
taught school the following winter; then secured
a clerkship in Chicago, and later became book-
keeper for a firm of contractors on the Illinois &
Michigan Canal, remaining two j-ears. Having
entered a body of Government land in the western
part of Cook County, he turned his attention to
farming, giving a portion of his time to survey-
ing. In 1845 he became interested in horticulture
and, in a few years, built up one of the most
extensive nurseries in the West. In 18.54 he was
chosen a Representative in the Nineteenth Gen-
eral Assembly from Cook County, and, at the
following session, presided over the caucus which
resulted in the nomination and final election of
Lyman Trtinibull to the United States Senate for
the first time. Politically an anti-slavery Demo-
crat, he espoused the cause of freedom in the
Territories, while his house was one of the depots
of the "underground railroad." In 1855 he pur-
chased a half-section of land near Champaign,
whither he removed, two years later, for the

prosecution of his nursery business. He was an
active meml)er, for many years, of the State Agri-
cultural Society and an earnest .supporter of the
scheme for the e.stablishment of an "Industrial
University," which finally took form in the Uni-
versity of Illinois at Champaign. From 18.53 to
his death he was the agricultural correspondent,
first of "The Chicago Democratic Press," and
later of "The Tribune," writing over the nom de
l)luine of "Rural." Died, Feb. 14, 1875.

DU PAGE COUNTY, organized in 1839, named
for a river which flows through it. It adjoins
Cook County on the west and contains 340 square
miles. In 1900 its population was 28,196. The
county-seat was originally at Naperville, which
w;is ])latted in 1842 and named in honor of Capt.
Joseph Naper, who settled ujwn the site in 1831.
In 1809 the count}' government was removed to
Wheaton, the location of Wheaton College,
where it yet remains. Besides Captain Naper,
earl}- settlers of prominence were Bailey Hobson
(the pioneer in the township of Lisle), and Pierce
Downer (in Downer's Grove). The chief towns
are Wheaton (population, 1,622), Naperville
(2,216), Hinsdale (1,584), Downer's Grove (960),
and Roselle (450). Hinsdale and Roselle are
largely populated by persons doing business in
Chicago.

DU (JUOIN, a city and railway junction in
Perry County, TO miles north of Cairo; has a
foundry, machine shops, planing-mill. flour mills,
salt works, ice factory, soda-«ater factory,
creamery, coal mines, graded school, public
library and four newspapers. Papulation (1890),
4.052; (1000), 4.3.53; (1903, school census), 5,207.

DURBOROW, Allan Cathcart, ex-Congress-
man, was iHiru in Philadelphia, Nov. 20, 1857.
When five years old he accompanied liis parents
to AVilliamsixjrt, Ind., where he received his
early education. He entered the preparatory
department of Wabash College in 1872, and
graduated from the University of Indiana, at
Bloomington, in 1877. After two years' residence
in Indianapolis, he removed to Chicago, where he
engaged in business. Always active in local
politics, he was elected by the Democrats in 1890,
and again in 1892, Representative in Congress
from the Second District, retiring with the close
of the Fifty-third Congre.ss. Mr. Durborow is
Treasurer of the Chicago ^Vir-Line Express Com-
pany.

DUSTIN, (Gen.) Daniel, soldier, was born in
Topsham, Orange County. Vt., Oct. 5, 1820;
received a common-school and academic educa-
tion, graduating in medicine at Dartmouth Col-

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

143

lege in 1846. After practicing tliree years at
Corinth, Vt. , he went to California in 1850 and
engaged in mining, but three years later resumed
the practice of his profession wliile conducting a
mercantile business. He was subsequently chosen
to the California Legislature from Nevada
County, but coming to Illinois in 1858, he
engaged in the drug business at Sycamore, De
Kalb County, in connection with J. E. Elwood.
On the breaking out of the war in 1861, he sold
out his drug business and assisted in raising the
Eighth Regiment Illinois Cavalry, and was com-
missioned Captain of Company L. The regiment
was assigned to the Army of the Potomac, and,
in January, 1862, he was promoted to the position
of Major, afterwards taking part in the battle of
Manassas, and the great "seven days' fight"
before Richmond. In September, 1862, the One
Hundred and Fifth Regiment Illinois Volunteer
Infantry was mustered in at Dixon, and Major
Dustin was commissioned its Colonel, soon after
joining the Army of the Cumberland, After the
Atlanta campaign he was assigned to the com-
mand of a brigade in the Third Division of the
Twelfth Army Corps, remaining in this position
to the close of the war, meanwhile having been
brevetted Brigadier-General for bravery displayed
on the battle-field at Averysboro, N. C. He was
mustered out at Washington, June 7, 18G5, and
took part in the grand review of the armies in
that city which marked the close of the war.
Returning to his home in De Kalb County, he
was elected County Clerk in the following
November, remaining in office four years. Sub-
sequently he was chosen Circuit Clerk and ex-
officio Recorder, and was twice thereafter
re-elected— in 1884 and 1888. On the organization
of the Soldiers' and Sailors' Home at Quincy, in
1885, he was appointed by Governor Oglesby one
of the Trustees, retaining the position until his
death. In May, 1890, he was appointed by
President Harrison Assistant United States
Treasurer at Chicago, but died in office while on
a visit with his daughter at Carthage, Mo. , March
30, 1892. General Dustin was a Mason of high
degree, and, in 1872, was chosen Right Eminent
Commander of the Grand Commandery of the
State.

DWKiHT, a prosperous city ill Livingston
County, 74 miles, by rail, south-southwest of Chi-
cago, 52 miles northeast of Bloomington, and 22
miles east of Streator ; has two banks, two weekly
papers, six churches, five large warehouses, two
electric light plants, complete water-works sys-
tem, and four hotels. The city is the center of a

rich farming and stock-raising district. Dwight
has attained celebrity as the location of the first
of "Keeley Institutes," founded for the cure of
the drink and morphine habit. Population
(1890), 1,354; (1900), 2,015. These figures do not
include the floating population, which is
augmented by patients who receive treatment
at the "Keeley Institute."

DYER, Charles Tolney, M.D., pioneer physi-
cian, was born at Clarendon, Vt., June 12, 1808;
graduated in medicine at Middlebury College, in
1830: began practice at Newark, N. J., in 1831,
and in Chicago in 1835. He was an uncomprom-
ising opponent of slavery and an avowed sup-
porter of the "underground railroad," and, in
1848, received the support of the Free-Soil party
of Illinois for Governor. Dr. Dyer was also one
of the original incorporators of the North Chicago
Street Railway Company, and his name was
prominently identified with many local benevo-
lent enterprises. Died, in Lake View (then a
suburb of Chicago), April 24, 1878.

EARLVILLE, a city and railway junction in
La Salle County, 52 miles northeast of Princeton,
at the intersecting point of the Clucago, Burling-
ton & Quincy and the Chicago & Northwestern
Railroads. It is in the center of an agricultural
and stock-raising district, and is an important
shipping-point. It has seven churches, a graded
school, one bank, two weekly newspapers and
manufactories of plows, wagons and carriages.
Population (1880), 963; (1890), 1,0.58; (1900), 1,122.

EARLY, John, legislator and Lieutenant-Gov-
ernor, was born of American parentage and Irish
ancestry in Essex County, Canada West, March
17, 1828, and accompanied his parents to Cale-
donia, Boone County, 111., in 1846. His boyhood
was passed upon his father's farm, and in youth
he learned the trade (his father's) of carpenter
and joiner. In 1852 he removed to Rockford,
Winnebago County, and, in 1865, became State
Agent of the New England Mutual Life Insur-
ance Company. Between 1863 and 1866 he held
sundry local offices, and, in 1869, was appointed
by Governor Palmer a Trustee of the State
Reform School. In 1870 he was elected State
Senator and re-elected in 1874, serving in the
Twenty-seventh, Twenty-eighth, Twenty-ninth
and Thirtieth General Assemblies. In 1873 he
was elected President pro tem. of the Senate, and,
Lieut-Gov. Beveridge succeeding to the executive
chair, he became ex-officio Lieutenant-Governor.
In 1875 he was again the Republican nominee for
the Presidency of the Senate, but was defeated

144

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

by a coalition of Democrats and Independents.
He died wliile a member of the Senate, Sept. 2,
1877.

EARTH(ilTAKE OF 1811. A series of the
most remarkable earthquakes in the history of
the Mississippi Valley began on the night of
November 16, 1811, continuing for several months
and finally ending with the destruction of Carac-
cas, Venezuela, in March following. While the
center of the earlier disturbance appears to have
been in the vicinity of New Madrid, in Southeast-
ern Missouri, its minor effects were felt through
a wide extent of country, especially in the
settled portions of Illinois. Contemporaneous
history states that, in the American Bottom, then
the most densely settled portion of Illinois, the
results were very perceptible. The walls of a
brick house belonging to Mr. Samuel Judy, a
pioneer settler in the eastern edge of the bottom,
near Edwardsvillp, Madison County, were cracked
by the convulsion, the effects being seen for more
than two generations. Gov. John Reynolds, then
a yomig man of 23, living with his father's
family in what was called the "Goshen Settle-
ment," near Edwardsville, in his history of "My
Own Times," says of it: "Our family were all
sleeping in a log-cabin, and mj' father leaped out
of bed, crying out, 'The Indians are on the house.
The battle of Tippecanoe had been recently
fought, and it was supposed the Indians would
attack the settlements. Not one in the family
knew at that time it was an earthquake. The
next morning another shock made us acquainted
with it. . . . The cattle came running home
bellowing with fear, and all animals were terribly
alarmed. Our house cracked and quivered so we
were fearful it would fall to the ground. In the
American Bottom many chimneys were thrown
down, and the church bell at Cahokia was
sounded by the agitation of the building. It is
said a shock of an earthquake was felt in Kaskas-
kia in 1804, but I did not perceive it." Owing to
the sparseness of the population in Illinois at that
time, but little is known of the effect of the con-
vulsion of 1811 elsewhere, but there are numerous
"sink-holes" in Union and adjacent counties,
between the forks of the Ohio and Mississippi
Rivers, which probably owe their origin to this or
some similar disturbance. "On the Kaskaskia
River below Athens," says Governor Rej'nolds in
his "Pioneer History," "the water and white sand
were thrown up through a fissure of the earth."

EAST DUBITQUE, an incorporated city of Jo
Daviess County, on the east bank of the Missis-
sippi. 17 miles (by rail) northeast of Galena. It

is connected with Dubuque, Iowa, by a railroad
and a wagon bridge two miles in length. It has
a grain elevator, a box factory, a planing mill
and manufactories of cultivators and sand drills.
It has also a bank, two churches, good public
schools and a weekly newspaper. Pojtulation
(1880), I,0;!7; (1890), 1,069; (1900), 1,U6.

EASTON, (Col.) Itufiis, pioneer, founder of the
city of Alton; was born at Litchfield, Conn.,
May 4, 1774; studied law and practiced two
years in Oneida County, N. Y. ; emigrated to St.
Louis in 1804, and was commissioned by President
Jefferson Judge of the Territory of Louisiana,
and also became the first Postmaster of St. Louis,
in 1808. From 1814 to 1818 he served as Delegate
in Congress from Missouri Territory, and, on the
orgiiniziition of the State of Missouri (1821), was
apixiinted Attorney-General for the State, serving
until 1826. His death occurred at St. Charles,
Mo., July 5, 1834. Colonel Ea.ston's connection
with Illinois history is based chiefly upon the
fact that he wiis the founder of the present city
of Alton, which he Uiid out, in 1817, on a tract of
land of which he had obtained possession at the
mouth of the Little Piasa Creek, naming the
town for his son. Rev. Thomas Lippincott,
prominently identified with the esirly history of
that portion of the State, kept a store for Easton
at Milton, on Wood River, about two miles from
Alton, in the early " '20's."

EAST ST. I.<)L'is,a HourLshing city in St. Clair
County, on the ea.st bank of the Missis.sippi di-
rectly opposite St. Louis; is the terminus of
twenty-two railroads and several electric lines,
and the leailing commercial and manufacturing
point in Southern Illinois. Its industries include
rolling mills, steel, brass, malleable iron and
glass works, grain elevators and flour mills,
breweries, stockyards and packing houses. The
city has eleven |)ublio and five parochial schools,
one high school, and two colleges; is well suj)-
plied with banks and has one daily and four
weekly papers. Population (1890), 15,169; (1900),
29,6.5.5; (HHIIi, est ). 1(1.1100.

EASTERN HOSPITAL FOR THE rS'SAXE.
The act for the establishment of this institution
passed the General Assembly in 1877. Many
cities offered inducements, by way of donations,
for the location of the new hospital, but the site
finally selected was a farm of 250 acres near Kan-
kakee, and this was subsequently enlarged by the
purchase of 327 additional acres in 1881. Work
was begun in 1878 and the first patients received
in December, 1879. The plan of the institution
is, in many respects, unique. It comprises a

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

145

general buildine. three stories high, capable of
accommodating 300 to 400 patients, and a number
of detaclied buildings, teclinically termed cot-
tages, where various classes of insane patients may
be grouped and receive the particular treatment
best adapted to ensure their recovery. The pUms
were mainly worked out from suggestions by
Frederick Howard Wines, LL.D., then Secretary
of the Board of Public Cliarities, and have
attracted generally favorable comment both in
this country and abroad. Tlie seventy-five build-
ings occupied for the various purposes of the
institution, cover a quarter section of land laid off
in regular streets, beautified with trees, plants
and flowers, and presenting all the appearance of
a flourishing village with numerous small parks
adorned with walks and drives. The counties
from which patients are received include Cook,
Champaign, Coles, Cumberland, De Witt, Doug-
las, Edgar, Ford, Grundy, Iroquois, Kankakee,
La Salle, Livingston, Macon, JIcLean, Moultrie
Piatt, Shelby, Vermilion and Will. The whole
number of patients in 1898 was 2.200, while the
employes of all classes numl)ered ."lOO.

EASTERN ILLINOIS NORMAL SCHOOL, an
institution designed to qualify teachers for giving
instruction in the public schools, located at
Charleston, Coles County, under an act of the
Legislature passed at the session of 1895. The
act appropriated §50,000 for the erection of build-
ings, to which additional appropriations were
added in 1897 and 1898, of .535,000 and §,50,000,
respectively, with $.50,216.73 contributed by the
city of Charleston, making a total of §181,216.72.
The building was begun in 1896, the corner-stone
being laid on May 27 of that year. There was
delay in the progress of the work in consequence
of the failure of the contractors in December,
1896, but the work was resumed in 1897 and
practically completed early in 1899, with tlie
expectation that the institution would be opened
for the reception of students in September fol-
lowing.

EASTMAN, Zebina, anti-slavery journalist,
was born at North Amherst, Mass., Sept. 8, 1815;
became a printer's apprentice at 14, but later
spent a short time in an academy at Hadley.
Then, after a brief experience as an employe in
the office of "The Hartford Pearl," at the age of
18 he invested his patrimony of some §2,000 in
the estabUshnient of "The Free Press" at Fayette-
ville, Vt. This venture proving unsuccessful, in
1837 he came west, stopping a year or two at
Ann Arbor, Mich. In 1839 he visited Peoria by
way of Chicago, working for a time on "The

Peoria Register, " but soon after joined Benjamin
Lundy, wlio was preparing to revive his paper,
"The Genius of Universal Emancipation," at
Lowell, La Salle County. This scheme was
partially defeated by Lundy's early death, but,
after a few months' delay, Eastman, in conjunc-
tion with Hooper Warren, began the publication
of "The Genius of Liberty'' as tlie successor of
Lundy's paper, using the printing press which
Warren had used in the office of "The Commer
cial Advertiser, " in Chicago, a year or .so before. In
1842, at the invitation of prominent xVbolitionists,
the paper was removed to Chicago, where it was
issued under the name of "The Western Citizen,"
in 1853 becoming "The Free West." and finally,
in 18.56, being merged in "The Chicago Tribune."
After the suspen.sion of "The Free West," Mr.
Eastman began the publication of "The Chicago
Magazine," a literary and historical monthly,
but it reached only its fifth number when it was
discontinued for want of financial oupport. In
18G1 he was appointed by President Lincoln
United States Consul at Bristol, England, where
he remained eight years. On his return from
Europe, he took up his residence at Elgin, later
removing to Maywood, a suburb of Chicago,
where he died, June 14, 1883. During the latter
years of his life Mr. Eastman contributed many
articles of great historical interest to the Chi-
cago press. (See Lwidy. Benjamin, and Warren,
Hooper. )

EBERHART, John Frederick, educator and
real-estate operator, was born in Mercer County,
Pa., Jan. 31, 1829; commenced teaching at 16
years of age, and, in 1853, graduated from Alle-
gheny College, at Meadville, soon after becoming
Principal of Albright Seminary at Berlin, in the
same State ; in 1855 came west by way of Chicago,
locating at Dixon and engaging in editorial work;
a year later established "The Northwestern
Home and School Journal," which he published
three years, in the meantime establishing and
conducting teachers' institutes in Illinois, Iowa
and Wisconsin. In 1859 he was elected School
Commissioner of Cook County — a position which
was afterwards changed to County Superintend-
ent of Schools, and which he held ten years. Mr.
Eberhart was largely instrumental in the estab-
lishment of the Cook County Normal School.
Since retiring from office he has been engaged in
the real-estate business in Chicago.

ECKHART, Bernard A., manufacturer and
President of the Chicago Drainage Board, was
born in Alsace, France (now Germany), brought
to America in infancy and reared on a farm in

146

HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

Vernon County, Wis. ; was educated at Milwau-
kee, and, in 1868, became cleric in the office of the
Eagle Milling Company of that city, afterwards
serving as its Eastern agent in various seaboard
cities. He finally established an extensive mill-
ing business in Chicago, in which he is now
engaged. In 1884 he served as a delegate to the
National Waterway Convention at St. Paul and,
in 1886, was elected to the State Senate, serving
four years and taking a prominent part in draft-
ing the Sanitary Drainage Bill passed by the
Thirty-sixth General Assembly. He lias also been
prominent in connection with various financial
institutions, and, in 1891, was elected one of the
Trustees of the Sanitary District of Chicago, was
re-elected in 189.5 and chosen President of tlie
Board for the following year, and re-elected Pres-
ident in December, 1898.

EDBROOKE, Willoufrhby J., Supervising
Architect, was born at Deerfield, Lake County,
111., Sept. 3, 1843; brought up to the architectural
profession by his father and under the instruc-
tion of Chicago architects. During Mayor
Roche's administration lie held the position of
Commissioner of Public Works, and, in April,
1891, was appointed Supervising Architect of the
Treasury Department at Washington, in that
capacity supervising the construction of Govern-
ment buildings at the World's Columbian Exposi-
tion. Died, in Chicago, Jlarch 26, 1896.

EDDY, Henry, pioneer lawyer and editor,
was born in Vermont, in 1798, reared in New
York, learned the printer's trade at Pittsburg,
served in the War of 1812, and was wounded in
the battle of Black Rock, near Buifalo ; came to
Shawneetown, III., in 1818, where be edited "The
Illinois Eriiigrant," the earliest paper in that
part of the State ; was a Presidential Elector in
1824, a Representative in the Second and Fif-
teenth General Assemblies, and elected a Circuit
Judge in 183.5, but resigned a few weeks Uiter.
He was a Whig in politics. Usher F. Linder, in
his "Reminiscences of the Earlj- Bench and Bar
of Illinois," says of Mr. Eddy: "When he
addressed the court, he elicited the most profound
attention. He was a sort of walking law library.
He never forgot anything that he ever knew,
whether law, poetry or belles lettres." Died,
June 29, 1849.

EDDT, Thomas Mears, clergyman and author,
was born in Hamilton County, Ohio, Sept. 7,
1823; educated at Greensborough, Ind.. and, from
1842 to 1853, «ias a Methodist circuit preacher
in that State, becoming Agent of the American
Bible Society the latter year, and Presiding

Elder of the Indianapolis district until 1856, when
he was apiiointed editor of "Tlie Northwestern
Christian Advocate." in Chicago, retiring from
that position in 1868. Ljiter, he held pastorales
in Baltimore and Wasliington, and was chosen
one of the Corresponding Secretaries of the Mis-
sionary Society by the General Conference of
1872. Dr. Eddy was a copious writer for tlie
press, and, besides occasional sermons, published
two volumes of reminLscences and personal
sketclies of prominent Illinoisans in tlie War of
the Rebellion under the title of "Patriotism of
Illinois" (1865). Died, in New York City. Oct.
7, 1874.

ED(i.VIt, John, early settler at Kaskiiskia, was
born in Ireland and, during the American Revo-
lution, served as an officer in the British navy,
but married an American woman of great force
of cliaracter who sympatliized strongly with the
patriot cau.se. Having liecome involved in tlie
desertion of three British soldiers whom his wife
had promised to assist in reaching the American
camp, lie was compelled to flee. After remaining
for a while in the American army, during which
he liecame the friend of General l^ Fayette, lie
sought safety by coming west, arriving at Kas-
kaskia in 1784. His property was confiscated, but
his wife succeeded in saving some §12,000 from
the wreck, with which she joined him two years
later. He engaged in business and liecame an
extensive land-owner, being credited, during
Territorial days, with the ownership of nearly
50,000 acres situated in Randolph, Monroe, St.
Clair, Madison, Clinton, Washington, Perry and
Jackson Counties, and long known as the "Edgar
lands." He also purchased and rebuilt a mill
near Kaskiuskia which had belonged to a French-
man named Paget, and became a large shipper of
flour at an early day to the Southern markets.
Wlien St. Clair County was organized, in 1790, he
was appointed one of the Judges of the Common
Pleas Court, and so appears to have continued
for more than a quarter of a century. On the
establishment of a Territorial Legislature for tlie
Northwest Territorj-, he was cliosen, in 1799, one
of the niemliers for St. Clair County — the Legis-
lature holding its session at Chillicothe, in the
present State of Ohio, under the administration
of Governor St. Clair. He was also appointed a
Major General of militia, retaining the office for
many years. General and Jlrs. Edgar were
leaders of society at the old Territorial capital,
and, on the visit of La Fayette to Kaskaskia in
1825. a reception was given at their house to the
distinguished Frenchman, whose acquaintance

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

147

they had made more than forty years before. He
died at Kaskaskia, in 1832. Edgar County, in the
eastern part of tlie State, was named in honor of
General Edgar. He was Worshipful Master of
tlie first Lodge of Ancient Free and Accepted
Masons in Illinois, constituted at Kaskaskia in
1806.

EDGAR COUNTY, one of the middle tier of
counties from north to south, lying on the east-
ern border of the State; was organized in 1833,
and named for General Edgar, an early citizen of
Kaskaskia. It contains 630 square miles, with
a population (1900) of 28,273. The county is
nearly square, well watered and wooded. Most
of the acreage is under cultivation, grain-growing
and stock-raising being the principal industries.
Generally, the soil is black to a considerable
depth, tliough at some points — especially adjoin-
ing the timber lands in the east — tlie soft, brown
clay of the subsoil comes to the surface. Beds of
the drift period, one hundred feet deep, are found
in the northern portion, and some twenty-five
years ago a nearly perfect skeleton of a mastodon
was exliumed. A bed of limestone, twenty-five
feet thick, crops out near Baldwinsville and runs
along Brouillefs creek to the State line. Paris, the
county-seat, is a railroad center, and lias a popu-
lation of over 6,000. Vermilion and Dudley are
prominent shipping points, while Chrisman,
wliich was an unbroken prairie in 1872, was
credited with a population of 900 in 1900.

EDINBURG, a village of Christian County, on
the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway, 18
miles southeast of Springfield; has two banks
and one newspaper. The region is agricultural,
though some coal is mined here. Population
(1880), .5.51; (1890), 806; (1900), 1,071.

EDSALL, James Kirtland, former Attorney
General, was born at Windliam, Greene County,
N. Y., May 10, 1831. After passing through the
common-schools, he attended an academy at
Prattsville, N.Y., supporting himself , meanwhile,
by working upon a farm. He read law at Pratts-
ville and Catskill, and was admitted to the bar at
Albany in 18.52. The ne.xt two years he spent in
VVi.sconsin and Minnesota, and, in 18.5-1, removed
to Leavenworth, Kan. He was elected to the
Legislature of that State in 1855, being a member
of the Topeka (free-soil) body when it was broken
up by United States troops in 1856. In August,
1856, he settled at Dixon, 111., and at once
engaged in practice. In 1863 he was elected
Mayor of that city, and, in 1870, was cho.sen State
Senator, serving on the Committees on Miuiic-
ipalities and Judiciary in the Twenty seventh

General Assembly. In 1873 he was elected
Attorney-General on the Republican ticket and
re-elected in 1876. At the expiration of his
second term he took up his residence in Chicago,
where he afterwards devoted himself to the prac-
tice of his profession, until his death, which
occurred, June 20, 1893.

EDUCATION

The first step in the direction of the establish-
ment of a system of free schools for the region
now comprised within the State of Illinois was
taken in the enactment by Congress, on May 20,
1785, of "An Ordinance for Ascertaining the
mode of disposing of lands in the AVestern Terri-
tory." This applied specifically to the region
northwest of the Ohio River, which had been
acquired through the conquest of the "Illinois
Country" by Col. George Rogers Clark, acting
under the auspices of the State of Virginia and
by authority received from its Governor, the
patriotic Patrick Henry. This act for the first
time established the present system of township
(or as it was then called, "rectangular") surveys,
devised by Capt. Thomas Hutchins, who became
the first Surveyor-General (or "Geographer," as
the office was styled) of the United States under
the same act. Its important feature, in this con-
nection, was the provision "that there shall be
reserved the lot No. 16 of every township, for the
maintenance of public schools within the town-
ship. " The same reservation (the term "section"
being substituted for "lot" in the act of Jlay 18,
1796) was made in all subsequent acts for the sale
of public lands — the acts of July 23, 1787, and
June 20, 1788, declaring that "the lot No. 16 in
each township, or fractional part of a township,"
sliall be "given perpetually for the purpose con-
tained in said ordinance" (i. e., the act of 1785).
The next step was taken in the Ordinance of 1787
(Art. III.), in the declaration that, "religion,
morality and knowledge being necessary for the
happiness of mankind, schools and the means of
education shall forever be encouraged." The
reseri-ation referred to in the act of 1785 (and
subsequent acts) was reiterated in the "enabling
act" passed by Congress, April 18, 1818, authoriz-
ing the people of Illinois Territorj- to organize a
State Government, and was formally accepted by
the Convention which formed the first State
Constitution. The enabling act also set apart one
entire township (in addition to one previously
donated for the same purpose by act of Congress
in 1804) for the use of a seminary of learning,

148

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

together with three per cent of the net proceeds
of the sales of public lands within the State, "to
be appropriated by the Legislature of the State
for the encouragement of learning, of which one-
sixth part" (or one-half of one per cent) "shall
be exclusively bestowed on a college or univer-
sity." Thus, the plan for the establishment of a
system of free public education in Illinois had its
inception in the first steps for the organization of
the Northwest Territory, was recognized in the
Ordinance of 1787 which reseri-ed that Territory
forever to freedom, and was again reiterated in
the preliminary steps for the organization of the
State Government. These several acts became
the basis of that permanent provision for the
encouragement of education known as the '"town-
ship,'.' "seminary" and "college or university"
funds.

Early Schools. — Previous to this, however, a
beginning had lieen made in the attempt to estab-
lish schools for the benefit of the children of the
pioneers. One John Seeley is .said to have taught
the first American school within the territory of
Illinois, in a log-cabin in Monroe County, in 1783,
followed by others in the next twenty years in
Monroe, Randolph, St. Clair and Madison Covm-
ties. Seeley "s earliest successor was Francis
Clark, who, in turn, was followed by a man
named Halfpenny, who afterwards built a mill
near the present town of Waterloo in Monroe
County. Among the teachers of a still later period
were John Boyle, a soldier in Col. George Rogers
Clark's army, who taught in Randolph County
between 1790 and 1800; John Atwater, near
Edwardsville, in 1807, and John Messinger, a sur-
veyor, who was a member of the Constitutional
Convention of 1818 and Speaker of the first House
of Representatives. The latter taught in the
vicinity of Shiloh in St. Clair County, afterwards
the site of Rev. John M. Peck's Rock Spring
Seminary. The schools wliich existed during
this period, and for many years after the organi-
zation of the State Government, were necessarily
few, widely scattered and of a very primitive
character, receiving their support entirely by
subscription from their patrons.

First Free School Law and Sales of
School Lands. — It has been stated that the first
free school in the State was established at Upper
Alton, in 1821, but there is good reason for believ-
ing this claim was based upon the power granted
by the Legislature, in an act passed that year, to
establish such schools there, which power was
never carried into effect. The first attempt to
establish a free-school svstem for the whole State

was made in January, 1825, in the passage of a
bill introduced by Joseph Duncan, afterward.s a
Congressman and Governor of the State, ll
nominally api)ropriated two dollars out of each one
hundred dollars received in the State Treasury,
to be distributed to those who had paid taxes or
subscriptions for the support of schools. So
small was the aggregate revenue of the State at
that time (only a little over §00,000), that the
sum realized from this law would have been but
little more than $1,000 per year. It remained
practically a dead letter and was repealed in 1839,
when the State inaugurated the policy of selling
the seminary lands and borrowing the proceeds
for the payment of current expenses. In this
way 43,200 acres (or all but four and a half sec-
tions) of the seminary lands were disposed of,
realizing less than $60,000. The first sale of
township school lands took place in Cjreene
County in 1831, and, two years later, the greater
])art of the school section in the heart of the
l)rasent city of Chicago was sold, producing
about §39,000. The average rate at which these
sales were made, up to 1882, was §3.78 per acre,
and the minimum, 70 cents per acre. That
these lands have, in very few instances, produced
the results expected of them, was not so much
the fault of the system as of those selected to
administer it — whose bad judgment in premature
siiles, or whose complicity with the schemes of
speculators, were the means, in many cases, of
.S(iuandering what might otherwise have furnished
a liberal provision for the support of public
schools in many sections of the State. Mr. W. L.
PilLsbury, at present Secretary of the University
of Illinois, in a paiier printe<l in the report of the
State Superintendent of PubUc Instruction for
1885-86 — to which the writer is indebted for many
of the facts presented in this article — gives to
Chicago the credit of establishing the first free
schools in the State in 1834, while Alton followed
in 1837, and Springfield and Jacksonville in 1840.
Early Higher Lvstitutions. — A movement
looking to the establishment of a higher institu-
tion of learning in Indiana Territory (of which
Illinois then formed a part), was inaugurated by
the pas.sage, through the Territorial Legislature at
Vincennes, in November, 1800, of an act incorpo-
rating the University of Indiana Territorj- to be
located at Vincennes. One provision of the act
authorized the rai.sing of §20,000 for the institu-
tion by means of a lottery. A Board of Trustees
was promptly organized, with Gen. William
Henry Harrison, then the Territorial Governor,
at its head ; but, beyond the erection of a building,

HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

149

little progress was made. Twenty -one years
later (1827) the first successful attempt to found
an advanced scliool was made by the indomitable
Rev. John M. Peck, resulting in the establish-
ment of his Theological Seminary and Higli
School at Rook Springs, St. Clair County, which,
in 1831, became the nucleus of ShurtlefF College at
Upper Alton. In like manner, Lebanon Semi-
nary, established in 1838, two years later
expanded into McKendree College, while instruc-
tion began to be given at Illinois College, Jack-
sonville, in December, 1839, as tlie outcome of a
movement started by a band of young men at
Yale College in 1827 — these several institutions
being formally incorporated by the same act of
the Legislature, passed in 1835. (See sketches of
these In.stitutions.)

Educational Conventions.— In 1833 there
was held at Vandalia (then the State capital) the
first of a series of educational conventions, which
were continued somewhat irregularly for twenty
years, and whose history is remarkable for the
number of those participating in them who after-
wards gained distinction in State and National
Iiistory. At first these conventions were held at
the State capital during the sessions of the Gen-
eral Assembly, when the chief actors in them
were members of that body and State officers,
with a few other friends of education from the
ranks of professional or business men. At the
convention of 1833, we find, among those partici-
pating, the names of Sidney Breese, afterwards a
United States Senator and Justice of the Supreme
Court ; Judge S. D. Lockwood, tlien of the Supreme
Court; W. L. D. Ewing, afterwards acting Gov-
ernor and United States Senator ; O. H. Browning,
afterwards United States Senator and Secretary
of the Interior; James Hall and John Russell,
the most notable writers in the State in tlieir day,
besides Dr. J. M. Peck, Archibald Williams,
Benjamin Mills, Jesse B. Thomas, Henrj- Eddy
and others, all prominent in their several depart-
ments. In a second convention at the same
place, nearly two years later, Abraham Lincoln,
Stephen A. Douglas and Col. John J. Hardin
were participants. At Springfield, in 1840, pro-
fessional and literary men began to take a more
prominent part, although the members of the
Legislature were present in considerable force.
A convention held at Peoria, in 1844, was made
up largely of professional teachers and school
officers, with a few citizens of local prominence;
and the same may be said of those held at Jack-
sonville in 1845, and later at Chicago and other
points. Various attempts were made to form

permanent educatit)nal societies, finally result-
ing, in December, 1854, in the organization of the
"State Teacliers" Instit\ite."' which, tliree years
later, took the name of the ''State Teachers"
Association" — thougli an association of tlie s;ime
name was organized in 1830 iind continued in
existence several years.

St.\te Superintendent and School Jour-
nals.— The appointment of a State Superintend-
ent of Public Instruction began to be agitated as
early as 1837, and was urged from time to time in
memorials and resolutions by educational conven-
tions, by the educational press, and in the State
Legislature; but it was not until February, 1854,
that an act was passed creating the office, when
the Hon. Ninian W. Edwards was appointed by
Gov. Joel A. Matteson, continuing in office until
his successor was elected in 1856. "The Common
School Advocate" was published for a year at
Jacksonville, beginning with January, 1837; in
1841 "The Illinois Common School Advocate"
began publication at Springfield, but was discon-
tinued after the issue of a few numbers. In 1855
was established "The Illinois Teacher." This
was merged, in 1873, in "The Illinois Scliool-
master, " which became the organ of the State
Teachers' Association, so remaining several years.
The State Teachers' Association has no official
organ now, but the "Public School Journal"' is
the chief educational publication of the State.

Industrial Education. — In 1851 was insti-
tuted a movement which, although obstructed for
some time by partisan opposition, has been
followed by more far-reaching results, for the
country at large, tlian an}- single measure in the
history of edvication since the act of 1785 setting
apart one section in each township for the support
of public schools. This was the scheme formu-
lated by the late Prof. Jonathan B. Turner, of
Jacksonville, for a system of practical scientific
education for the agricultural, mechanical and
other industrial classes, at a Farmers' Convention
held under the auspices of the Buel Institute (an
Agricultural Society), at Granville, Putnam
County, Nov. 18, 1851. Wliile proposing a plan
for a "State University"" for Illinois, it also advo-
cated, from the outset, a "University for the
industrial classes in each of the States," by way
of supplementing the work which a "National
Institute of Science," such as the Smithsonian
Institute at Washington, was expected to accom-
plish. The proposition attracted the attention
of persons interested in the cause of indiistrial
education in other States, especially in New
York and some of the New England States, and

iSO

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

received their hearty endorsement and cooper-
ation. The Granville meeting was followed by a
series of similar conventions held at Springfield,
June 8, 1853; Cliicago, Nov. 24, IS.W; Springfield,
Jan. 4, 18.53, and Springfield, Jan. 1, 1855, at
which the scheme was still further elaborated.
At the Springfield meeting of January, 1852, an
organization was formed under the title of the
"Industrial League of the State of Illinois," with
a view to disseminating information, securing
more thorough organization on the part of friends
of tlie measure, and the employment of lecturers
to address the people of the State on the subject.
At the same time, it was resolved that "this Con-
vention memorialize Congress for the purpose of
obtaining a grant of public lands to establish and
endow industrial institutions in each and every
State in the Union." It is worthy of note that
this resolution contains the central idea of the
act passed by Congress nearly ten years after-
ward, making appropriations of public lands for
the establishment and support of industrial
colleges in the several States, which act received
the approval of President Lincoln, July 2, 1862 —
a similar measure having been vetoed by Presi-
dent Buchanan in February, 1859. The State
was extensively canvassed by Professor Turner.
Mr. Bronson Murraj' (now of New York), the late
Dr. R. C. Rutherford and others, in behalf of the
objects of the League, and the Legislature, at its
session of 1853, by unanimous vote in both houses,
adopted the resolutions commending the measure
and instructing the United States Senators from
Illinois, and requesting its Representatives, to
give it their support. Though not specifically
contemplated at the outset of the movement, the
Convention at Springfield, in January, 1855, pro-
posed, as a part of the scheme, the establishment
of a "Teachers' Seminary or Normal Scluxil
Department," which took form in the act pas.sed
at the session of 1857, for the establishment of
the State Normal School at Normal. Although
delayed, as already stated, the advocates of indus-
trial education in Illinois, aided by those of other
States, finally triumphed in 1862. The lands
received by the State as the result of this act
amounted to 480.000 acres, besides subsequent do-
nations. (See University of Illinois; also Turner,
Jonathan Baldwin.) On the foundation thus
furnished was established, by act of the Legisla-
ture in 1867, the "Illinois Industrial University"'
— now the University of Illinois — at Champaign,
to say nothing of more than forty similar insti-
tutions in as many States and Territories, based
upon the same general act of Congress.

Free-School System. — While there may te
sai<i to have been a sort of free-school system in
existence in Illinois previous to 18.55, it was
limited to a few fortunate districts possessing
funds derived from the .sale of school-lands situ-
ated within their respective limits. The system
of free schools, as it now exists, based upon
general taxation for the creation of a permanent
school fund, had its origin in the act of that
year. As already shown, the ofike of State
Superintendent of Public Instruction had been
created by act of the Legislature in February,
18.54, and the act of 1855 was but a natural corol-
lary of the previous measure, giving to the people
a uniform system, as the earlier one had provided
an oHicial for its administration. Since then
there have been many amendments of the school
law, but these have been generallj- in the direc-
tion of securing greater efficiency, but with-
out departure from the principle of securing
to all the children of the State the equal
jirivileges of a common-school education. The
development of the system began practically
about 1857, and, in the next quarter of a
century, the laws on the subject had grown
into a considerable volume, wliile the number-
le.ss decisions, emanating from the oflfice of the
State .Su|)erintendent in construction of these
laws, made up a volume of still larger proportions.

The following comiwirative table of school
statistics, for 1860 and 18!)6. compiled from the
Reports of the State Superintendent of Public
Instruction, will illustrate the growth of the
system in some of its more important features:

18«0. 18M.

Popul»tlon._ 1,711,951 (est.) 4,250,000

Nu. of Peraooa of Schuol Aye t be-
tween 6 «iid 21 1 »H».«»i 1JW.387

No ut Pupils enrolled ««7i.247 8SS.619

School Dlsirlcta 8.956 11.615

Public Schools 9.162 12,623

GraJed •• 294 1,»97

Public High Schools 27J

-* S4.-I100I Houses built durtug

tbevear 557 267

W li.ile No. of School Houses 8.221 12.6:«

No of .Male Teachers 8.225 7.0.57

Female Teachers 6,485 18,359

Whole No. of Teachers In Public

SchMls 14.708 26.416

UiKhest Monthly Wages paid Male

Teachers 1180.00 I3U0.00

Hli^hest Monthly Wages paid

Female Teachers 75.00 280.00

Lowest Monthly Wages paid Male

Teachers 8 00 14.00

Lowest Monthly WaRes paid

Female Teacnera 4.00 10.00

.Average Monthly Wages paid Male

Teachers 28.82 «7.76

Average Monthly Wages paid

Female Teachers 18 JO 60 63

No. of Private Schools 500 2,619

No. of Pupils in Private Schools. . . . 29,264 139,969
Interest on State and County Funds

received 173,450.38 165,583.63

Amount of Income from Township

Funds 322,852.00 889.614a)

*Onl7 white children were included In these statistics for

1S60.

■r.

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

151

I860. 1S%.

Amount received from State Tax.. $ 690,oiio.oo } 1,000,000.00
*' ** " Special i)i3-

trict Taxes 1,265,137.00 13,13:!,809.61

Amount received froni Bonda dur-
ing tlie year 517,960.93

Total Amount received during the

year by .School Districts 2,193,455.00 15.607.172.50

Amount paid Male Teachers 2.772,829.32

•• Female •■ ".186.105.67

Wholeamount paid Teachers 1,M2,211.00 9,958,934.99

Amount paid for new School

Houses 348,728,00 1,873,757.25

Amount paid for repairs and im-
provements 1,070,755.09

Amount paid fur School Furniture. 24.837.00 154.836.64
" " " " Apparatus 8,563.00 164,298.92
" " " Books for Dis-
trict Libraries 30,12400 13,664.97

Total Expenditures '..... 2.259.868.00 14,614.627.31

Estimated value of School Property 13,304,892.00 42,780,267,00

•■ Libraries.. 377,819.00

" " " Apparatus 607,389.00

The sums annually disbursed for incidental
expenses on account of superintendence and the
cost of maintaining the higher institutions estab-
lished, and partially or wholly supported by the
State, increase the total expenditures by some
§600,000 per annum. These higher institutions
include the Illinois State Normal University at
Normal, tlie Southern Illinois Normal at Carbon-
dale and the University of Illinois at Urbana; to
which were added by the Legislature, at its ses-
sion of 189.'5, the Eastern Illinois Normal School,
afterwards established at Charleston, and the
Northern Illinois Normal at De Kalb. These
institutions, although under supervision of the
State, are partly supported by tuition fees. (See
description of these institutions under their
several titles.) The normal schools — as their
names indicate — are primarily designed for the
training of teachers, although other clas.ses of
pupils are admitted under certain conditions,
including the payment of tuition. At the Uni-
versity of Illinois instruction is given in the clas-
sics, the sciences, agriculture and the mechanic
arts. In addition to these the State supports foiu-
other institutions of an educational rather than a
custodial character — viz. : the Institution for the
Education of the Deaf and Dumb and the Insti-
tution for the Blind, at Jacksonville; the Asylum
for the Feeble-Minded at Lincoln, and tlie Sol-
diers' Orphans' Home at Normal. The estimated
value of the property connected with these
several in.stitutions, in addition to the value of
school property given in the preceding table, will
increase the total (exclusive of permanent funds)
to .547, l.W, 374. 9.5, of which S4,37.'5,107.9.'> repre-
sents property belonging to the institutions above
mentioned.

Powers and Duties of Superintendents
AND Other School Officers. — Each county
elects a County Superintendent of Schools, whose
duty it is to visit schools, conduct teachers' insti-
tutes, advise with teachers and school officers and

instruct them in their respective duties, conduct
examinations of persons desiring to become
teachers, and exercise general supervision over
school affairs within his count}'. The suborili-
nate officers are Township Trustees, a Township
Treasurer, and a Board of District Directors or —
in place of the latter in cities and villages — Boards
of Education. The two last named Boards have
power to employ teachers and, generally, to super-
vise the management of schools in districts. The
State Superintendent is entrusted with general
supervision of the common-school system of the
State, and it is his dutj' to advise and a.ssist
County Superintendents, to visit State Charitable
institutions, to issue official circulars to teachers,
school officers and others in regard to their rights
and duties under the general school code; to
decide controverted questions of school law, com-
ing to him by appeal from County .Superintend-
ents and others, and to make full and detailed
reports of the operations of his office to the
Governor, bienniall}-. He is also made ex-officio
a member of the Board of Trustees of the Univer-
sity of Illinois and of the several Normal Schools,
and is empowered to grant certificates of two
different grades to teachers — the higher grade to
be valid during the lifetime of the holder, and
the lower for two years. Certificates granted bj-
County Superintendents are also of two grades
and have a tenure of one and two years, respec-
tively, in the county where given. The conditions
for securing a certificate of the first (or two-
years') grade, require that the candidate shall be
of good moral character and qualified to teach
orthography, reading in English, penmanship,
arithmetic, modern geography, English grammar,
the elements of the natural sciences, the history
of the United States, physiology and the laws of
health. The second grade (or one-year) certifi-
cate calls for examination in the branches just
enumerated, except the natural sciences, physi-
ology and laws of health ; but teachers employed
exclusively in giving instruction in music, draw-
ing, penmanship or other sjiecial branches, may
take examinations in these branches alone, but
are restricted, in teaching, to those in which they
have been examined. — County Boards are
empowered to establish County Normal Schools
for the education of teachers for the common
schools, and the management of such normal
schools is placed in the hands of a County Board
of Education, to consist of not less than five nor
more than eight ]>ersons, of whom the Chairman
of the County Board ami the County Superin-
tendent of Schools shall be ex-ofiicio members.

153

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

Boards of Education and Directors may establish
kindergartens (wlien autliorized to do so by vote
of a majority of the voters of their districts), for
children between the ages of four and six years,
but the cost of supporting the same must be
defrayed by a special tax. — A compulsory pro-
vision of the School Law requires tliat each child,
between the ages of seven and fourteen years,
shall be sent to school at least sixteen weeks of
each year, unless otherwise instructed in the
elementary branches, or disqualified by physical
or mental disability. — Under the provisions of an
act, passed in 1891, women are made eligible to
any ofBce created by the general or special school
laws of the State, when twenty -one years of age
or upwards, and otherwise possessing the same
qualifications for the office as are prescribed for
men. (For list of incumbents in the office of
State Superintendent, see Su}>erintendents of
Public Instruction. I

EDWARDS, Arthur, D.D., clergjman, soldier
and editor, was born at Xorwalk, Oliio, Nov. 23,
1834; educated at Albion. Midi., and the Wes-
leyan University of Ohio, graduating from tlie
latter in 1858; entered the Detroit Conference of
the Methodist Episcopal Church the same year,
was ordained in 1860 and, from 18G1 until after
the battle of Gettysburg, served as Chaplain of
the First Michigan Cavalry, when he resigned to
accept the colonelcj' of a cavalry regiment. In
1864. he was elected assistant editor of "The
Northwestern Christian Advocate" at Chicago,
and, on the retirement of Dr. Eddy in 1872,
became Editor-in-chief, being re-elected every
four years tliereafter to the present time. He
has also been a member of each General Confer-
ence since 1872, was a member of the Ecumenical
Conference at London in 1881, and has held other
positions of prominence within the church.

EDWARDS, Cyrus, pioneer lawyer, was born
in Montgomery County, Md., Jan. 17, 1793; at the
age of seven accompanied his parents to Ken-
tucky, where he received his primary education,
and studied law ; was admitted to the bar at Kas-
kaskia, 111., in 1813, Ninian Edwards (of whom he
was the youngest brother) being then Territorial
Governor. During the next fourteen years he
resided alternately in Missouri and Kentucky,
and, in 1829. took up his residence at Edwards-
ville. Owing to impaired health he decided to
abandon his profession and engage in general
business, later becoming a resident of Upper
Alton. In 1832 he was elected to tlie lower house
of the Legislature as a Whig, and again, in 1840
and "60, the last time as a Republican ; was State

Senator from 1835 to "39, and was also the Whig
candidate for Governor, in 1838, in opposition to
Thomas Carlin (Democrat), who waselected. He
served in tlie Black Hawk War, was a memljer of
the Constitutional Convention of 1847, and espe-
cially interested in education and in public chari-
ties, being, for thirty-five years, a Trustee of
Shurtleff College, to which he was a most
munificent benefactor, and which conferred on
him the degree of LL.D. in 18.')2. Died at Upper
Alton, Sei)temlier, 1877.

EDWARDS, Mnlan, Territorial Governor and
L^nited States Senator, was born in Jloiitgomery
County, Md.. March 17, 1775; for a time had the
celebrated William Wirt as a tutor, completing
his course at Dickinson College. At the age of 19
he emigrated to Kentucky, where, after squander-
ing considerable money, he studied law and, step
by step, rose to be Cliief Justice of the Court of
Appeals. In 1809 President Madison appointed
him the first Territorial Governor of Illinois.
This office lie held until the admission of Illinois
as a State in 1818, when he was elected United
Sates Senator and re-elected on the completion of
his first (the short) term. In 1826 he waselected
Governor of the State, his successful administra-
tion terminating in 1830. In 1832 he became a
candidate for Congress, but was defeated by
Charles Slade. He was able, magnanimous and
incorruptible, although cliarged with aristocratic
tendencies which were largely hereditary. Died,
at his home at Belleville, on July 20, 1833, of
cholera, the disease having been contracted
through self-sacrificing efforts to assist sufferers
from the epidemic. His demise cast a gloom
over the entire State. Two valuable volumes
bearing upon State history, comprLsing liLs cor-
respondence with many public men of his time,
have been published; the first under the title of
"History of Illinois and Life of Ninian Edwards,"
by his son, tlie late Ninian Wirt Edward.s, and
the otlier "The Edwards Papers," edited bj' the
late Eliliu B. Washburne, and printed under the
auspiivs of tlie Chicago Historical Society. —
Mnian Wirt (Edward.s), son of Gov. Ninian
Edwards, was born at Frankfort, Ky., April 15,
1809, the year his father became Territorial
Governor of Illinois ; spent his boyhood at Kas-
kaskia. Edwardsville and Belleville, and was
educated at Transj-lvania University, graduating
in 1833. He married Elizabeth P. Todd, a sister
of Mrs. Abraham Lincoln, was appointed Attor-
ney-Genenil in 1834, but resigned in 1835, when
he removed to Springfield. In 1836 he was
elected to the Legislature from Sangamon

HISTOlilUAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

15^

County, as tlie colleague of Abraham Lincoln,
being one of the celebrated "Long Nine," and
was influential in securing the removal of the
State capital to Springfield, He was re-elected
to the House in 1838, to the State Senate in 1844,
and again to the House in 1848 ; was also a mem-
ber of the Constitutional Convention of 1847.
Again, in 1850, he was elected to the House, but
resigned on account of his change of politics
from Whig to Democratic, and, in tlie election to
fill the vacancy, was defeated by James C. Conk-
ling. He served as Superintendent of Public
Instruction by appointment of Governor Matte-
son, 1854-57, and, in 1861, was appointed by
President Lincoln, Captain Commissary of Sub-
sistence, which position he filled until June, 1865,
since which time he remained in private life. He
is the author of the "Life and Times of Ninian
Edwards" (1870), which was prepared at the
request of the State Historical Society. Died, at
Springfield, Sept. 2, 1889. — Benjamin Stevenson
(Edwards), lawj'er and jurist, another son of Gov.
Ninian Edwards, was born at Edwardsville, 111.,
June 3, 1818, graduated from Yale College in
1838, and was admitted to the bar the following
year. Originally a Whig, he subsequently
became a Democrat, was a Delegate to the Con-
stitutional Convention of 1863, and, in 1868, vvas
an unsuccessful candidate for Congress in opposi-
tion to Shelby M. Cullom. In 1869 he was elected
Circuit Judge of the Springfield Circuit, but
within eighteen months resigned the position,
preferring the excitement and emoluments of
private practice to the dignity and scanty salary
attaching to the bench. As a lawyer and as a
citizen he was universally respected. Died, at
his home in Springfield, Feb. 4, 1886, at the time
of his decease being President of the Illinois
State Bar Association.

EDWARDS) Riehard, educator, ex-Superin-
tendent of Public Instruction, was born in Cardi-
ganshire, Wales, Dec. 23, 1822; emigrated with
his parents to Portage County, Ohio, and began
life on a farm; later graduated at the State
Normal Scliool, Bridgewater, Mass., and from
the Polytechnic Institute at Troy, N. Y., receiv-
ing the degrees of Bachelor of Science and Civil
Engineer; served for a time as a civil engineer
on the Boston water works, then beginning a
career as a teacher which continued almost unin-
terruptedly for thirty-five years. During tliis
period he was connected with the Normal School
at Bridgewater ; a Boys' High School at Salem,
and the State Normal at the same place, coming
west in 1857 to establish the Normal School at St.

Louis, Mo., still later becoming Principal of the
St. Louis High School, and, in 1862, accepting the
Presidency of the State Normal University, at
Normal, 111. It was here where Dr. Edwards,
remaining fourteen years, accomplished his
greatest work and left liis deepest impress upon
the educational system of the State by personal
contact with its teacher.s. The ne.xt nine years
were spent as pastor of the First Congregational
churcli at Princeton, wlien, after eighteen
months in the service of Knox College as Finan-
cial Agent, he was again called, in 1886, to a
closer connection with the educational field by
his election to the office of State Superintendent
of Public Instruction, serving until 1891, wlien,
having failed of a re-election, he soon aftei
assumed the Presidency of Blackburn University
at Carlinville. Failing health, however, com-
pelled his retirement a year later, wlien he
removed to Bloomington, which is now (1898)
his place of residence.

EDWARDS COUNTY, situated in the south-
eastern part of the State, between Richland and
White on the north and south, and Wabash and
Wayne on the east and west, and touching the
Ohio River on its southeastern border. It was
separated from Gallatin County in 1814. during
tlie Territorial period. Its territory was dimin-
ished in 1834 by the carving out of Wabash
County. Tlie surface is diversified by prairie
and timber, the soil fertile and well adapted to
the raising of both wheat and corn. Tlie princi-
pal streams, besides the Ohio, are Bonpas Creek,
on the east, and the Little Wabash River on the
west. Palmyra (a place no longer on the map)
was the seat for holding the first county court.
in 1815, John Mclnto.sh, Seth Gard and WilHam
Barney being the Judges. Albion, the present
county-seat (population, 937), was laid out by
Morris Birkbeck and George Flower (emigrants
from England), in 1819, and settled largely by
their countrymen, but not incorporated until
1860. The area of the county is 320 square
miles, and population, in 1900, 10,345. Grayville,
with a population of 2,000 in 1890, is partly in
this county, though mostly in White. Edwards
County vvas named in honor of Ninian Edwards
the Territorial Governor of Illinois.

EDWARDSVILLE, the county -.seat of Madison
County, settled in 1813 and named in honor of
Territorial Governor Ninian Edwards; is on four
lines of railway and contiguous to two otliers, 18
miles northeast of St. Louis. Edwardsville was
the home of some of the most prominent men in
the history of the State, including Governors Ed-

154

HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

wards, Coles, and otliers. It has pressed and
shale brickyards, coal mines, flour mills, machine
shops, banks, electric street railway, water-works,
schools, and churches. In a suburb of the city
(LeClaire) is a cooperative manufactory of sani-
tary supplies, using large shops and doing a large
business. Edwardsville has tliree newspapers,
one issued semi-weekly. Population (1890), 3,561 ;
(1900), 4,l.'i7; with suburb (estimated), 5,000.

EPFINdJHAM, an incorporated city, the county-
seat of Effiugliam C^ounty, 9 miles nortlieast from
St. Louis and 199 southwest of Chicago; lias four
papers, creamery, milk condensory, and i(;e fac-
tory. Population (1890). 3,260; (1900), 3,774.

EFFINGHAM COUNTY, cut off from Fayette
(and separately organized) in 1831 — named for
Gen. Edward Effingham. It is situated in the
central portion of the State, 62 miles northeast of
St. Louis; has an area of 490 square miles and a
population (1900) of 20,465. T. M. Short, I. Fanchon
and William I. Hawkins were the first County
Commissioners. Effingham, the county-seat, was
platted by Messrs. Alexander and Little in 1854.
Messrs. Gillenwater, Hawkins and Brown were
among the earliest settlers. Several Unes of rail-
way cross the county. Agriculture and sheep-
raising are leading industries, wool being one of
the principal products.

E6AN, William Bradsliaw, M.D., pioneer phy-
sican, was born in Ireland, Sept. 28, 1808; spent
some time during his youth in the study of sur-
gery in England, later attending lectures at Dub-
lin. About 1828 he went to Canada, taught for
a time in the schools of Quebec and Montreal
and, in 1830, was licensed by the Medical Board
of New Jersey and began practice at Newark in
that State, later practicing in New York. In
1888 he removed to Chicago and was early recog-
nized as a prominent physician; on July 4, 1836,
delivered the address at the breaking of ground
for the Illinois & Michigan Canal. During the
early years of his residence in Chicago, Dr. Egan
was owner of the block on which the Tremont
House stands, and erected a number of houses
there. He was a zealous Democrat and a delegate
to the first Convention of that party, lield at
Joliet in 1843; was elected County Recorder in
1844 and Representative in the Eighteenth Gen-
eral Assembly (1853-54). Died, Oct. 37, 1860.

ELBURN, a village of Kane County, on the
Chicago & Northwestern Railway, 8 miles west
of Geneva. It has banks and a weekly news-
paper Population (1890), .584; (1900). 606.

ELDOR.ADO, a town in Saline County, on the
Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis, the

Louisville & Nashville, and the St. Louis, Alton
& Terre Haute Railroads; has a bank and one
newspaper; district argicultural. Population,
(1900), 1,44.5.

ELDRIUUE, Hamilton X., lawyer and soldier,
was born at South Williamstown, Mass., August,
1837 ; graduated at Williams College in the class
with President Garfield, in 1856, and at Albany
Law .School, in 1857; soon afterward came to
Chicago and began practice ; in 1862 assisted in
organizing the One Hundred and Twenty-seventh
Illinois Volunteers, of which he was elected
Lieutenant-Colonel, before the end of the year
being promoted to the position of Colonel; dis-
tinguished himself at Arkansas Post, Chicka-
mauga an<l in the battles before Vicksburg.
winning the rank of Brevet Brigadier-General,
but, after two years' service, was compelled to
retire on account of disability, being carried east
on a stretcher. Subsecjuently he recovered suffi-
ciently to resume his profession, but died in
Chicago, Dec. 1, 1882, much regretted by a large
circle of friends, with whom he was exceedingly
popular.

ELECTIONS. The elections of public officers
in Illinois are of two general classes: (I) those
conducted in accordance with United States
laws, and (II) those conducted exclusively tinder
State laws.

I. To the first class belong: (1) the election of
United States Senators; (2) Presidential Elect-
ors, and (3 ) Representatives in Congress. 1.
(United States Sexatob.s). The election of
United States Senators, while an act of the State
Legislature, is conducted solely under forms pre-
scril>ed by the laws of the United States. These
make it the duty of the Legislature, on the second
Tuesday after convening at the session next pre-
ceding the expiration of the term for which any
Senator may have been chosen, to proceed tfi
elect his successor in the following manner:
Each House is required, on the day designated, in
open session and by the viva voce vote of each
member present, to name some person for United
States Senator, the result of the balloting to be
entered on the journals of the respective Houses.
At twelve o'clock (M.) on the day following the
day of election, the members of the two Houses
meet in joint assembly, when the journals of both
Houses are read. If it appears that the same
person has received a majority of all the votes in
each House, he is declared elected Senator. If,
however, no one has received such majority, or
if either House has failed to take proceedings as
required on the preceding day, then the members

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA (>F ILLINOIS.

155

of the two Houses, in joint assenibh-, proceed to
ballot for Senator by viva voce vote of members
present. The person receiving a majority of all
the votes cast— a majority of the members of
both Houses being present and voting — is declared
elected; otherwise the joint assembly is renewed
at noon each legislative day of the session, and at
least one ballot taken until a Senator is chosen.
When a vacancy exists in the Senate at the time
of the assembling of the Legislature, the same
rule prevails as to the time of holding an election
to fill it; and, if a vacancy occurs during the
session, the Legislature is required to proceed to
an election on the second Tuesday after having
received official notice of such vacancy. The
tenure of a United States Senator for a full term
is six years — the regular term beginning with a
new Congress — the two Senators from each State
belonging to different "classes," so that their
terms expire alternately at periods of two and
four years from each other. — 2. (Presidential
Electors). The choice of Electors of President
and Vice-President is made by popular vote
taken quadrennially on the Tuesday after the
first Monday in November. The date of such
election is fixed by act of Congress, being the
same as that for Congressman, although the State
Legislature prescribes the manner of conducting
it and making returns of the same. Tlie number
of Electors chosen equals the number of Senators
and Representatives taken together (in 1899 it
was twenty-four), and they are elected on a gen-
eral ticket, a plurality of votes being sufficient to
elect. Electors meet at the State capital on the
second Monday of January after their election
(Act of Congress, 1887), to cast the vote of the
State — 3. (Members of Congress). The elec-
tion of Representatives in Congress is also held
under United States law, occurring biennially
(on the even years) simultaneously with the gen-
eral State election in November. Should Congress
select a different date for such election, it would
be the duty of the Legislature to recognize it by
a corresponding change in the State law relating
to the election of Congressmen. The tenure of a
Congressman is two years, the election being by
Districts instead of a general ticket, as in the
case of Presidential Electors — the term of each
Representative for a full term beginning with a
new Congress, on the 4th of March of the odd
years following a general election. (See Con-
gressional Apportionment. )

II. All officers under the State Government —
except Boards of Trustees of charitable and penal
institutions or the heads of certain departments,

which are made appointive by the Governor— are
elected by popular vote. Apart from county
officers they consist of three classes: (1) Legisla-
tive; (2) E.xecutive; (:!) Judicial — which are
«hosen at different times and for different periods.
1. (Legislature). Legislative officers consist of
Senators and Representatives, chosen at elections
held on the Tuesday after the first Monday of
November, biennially. The regular term of a
Senator (of whom there are fifty-one under the
present Constitution) is four years; twenty-five
(those in Districts bearing even numbers) being
chosen on the years in which a President anil
Governor are elected, and the other twenty-six at
the intermediate period two years later. Thus,
one-half of each State Senate is composed of what
are called "hold-over" Senators. Representatives
are elected biennially at the November election,
and hold office two years. The qualifications as
to eUgibility for a seat in the State Senate require
that the incumbent shall be 2.5 years of age,
while 21 years renders one eligible to a seat in
the House — the Constitution requiring that each
shall have been a resident of the State for five
years, and of the District for which he is chosen,
two years next preceding his election. (See
Legislative Apportionment and Minority Repre-
sentation.) — 2. (Executive Officers). The
oflScers constituting the Executive Department
include the Governor, Lieutenant-Governor,
Secretary of State, Auditor of Public Accounts,
Treasurer, Superintendent of Public Instruction,
and Attorney General. Each of the.se. except the
State Treasurer, holds office four years and — with
the exception of the Treasurer and Superintend-
ent of Public Instruction — are elected at the
general election at which Presidential Electors
are chosen. The election of State Superintendent
occurs on the intermediate (even) years, and that
of State Treasurer every two years coincidently
with the election of Governor and Superintendent
of PubUc Instruction, respectively. (See Execu-
tive Officers.) In addition to the State officers
already named, three Trustees of the University
of Illinois are elected biennially at the general
election in November, each holding ofiice fo''
six years. These trustees (nine in number),
with the Governor, President of the State Boaril
of Agriculture and the Superintendent of Public
Instruction, constitute the Board of Trustees of
the University of Illinois. — 3. (Judiciary). The
Judicial Department embraces Judges of the
Supreme, Circuit and County Courts, and .sucli
other subordinate officials as may be connected
with the administration of ju.stice. For the

156

HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

election of members of the Supreme Coiut the
State is divided into seven Districts, each of
which elects a Justice of the Supreme Court for
a term of nine years. The elections in five of
these — the First, Second, Tliird, Sixth and
Seventh — occur on the first Monday in June every
ninth year from 1879. the last election having
occurred in June, 1897. The elections in tlie
other t -vo Districts occur at similar periods of nine
years from 1876 and 1873, respectively — tlie last
election in the Fourth District having occurred
in June, 1893, and that in the Fifth in 1891.—
Circuit Judges are chosen on the first Slonday in
June every six years, counting from 1873. Judges
of the Superior Court of Cook County are elected
every six years at the Noveuiber election. — Clerks
of the Supreme and Appellate Courts are elected
■ at the November election for six years, the last
election liaving occurred in 189(). Under the act
of April 2, 1897. consolidating tlie Supreme
Court into one Grand Division, tlie number of
Supreme Court Clerks is reduced to one, although
the Clerks elected in 1890 remain in office and Iiave
charge of the records of their several Divisions
until the expiration of tlieir terms in 1902. The
Supreme Court holds five terms annually at Spring-
field, beginning, respectively, on tlie first Tuesday
of October, December, February. Ai)riland June.
(Other Officers), (a) Members of the State
Board of Equalization (one for every Congres-
sional District) are elective every four years at
tlie same time as Congressmen, (b) County
officers (except County Commissioners not under
township organization) hold office for four years
and are chosen at the November election as
follows: (1) At the general election at which
the Governor is chosen — Clerk of the Circuit
Court, State's Attorney, Recorder of Deeds (in
counties having a population of 00.000 or over).
Coroner and County Surveyor. (2) On inter-
mediate years— Sheriff. County Judge, Probate
Judge (in counties having a jiopulation of 70,000
and over), County Clerk, Treasurer, Superintend-
ent of Schools, and Clerk of Criminal Court of
Cook County, (c) In counties not under town-
ship organization a Board of County Commission-
ers is elected, one being chosen in November of
each year, and each holding office three years,
(d) Under the general law the polls open at 8
a. m., and close at 7 p. m. In cities accepting an
Act of the Legislature passed in 188.), the hour of
opening tlie polls is a. m., and of closing 4 p. m.
(See also Aiixtrcdiiai BaUnt.)

ELECTORS, (JUALIFICATIOXS OF. (See
Suffrage. )

ELGIN, an important city of Northern Illinois,
in Kane County, on Fox River and the Chicago,
Milwaukee & St. Paul and Chicago & Northwest-
ern Railroads, besides two rural electric lines, 36
miles northwest of Chicago; has valuable water-
power and over fifty manufacturing establish-
ments, iiududing the National Watch Factory and
the Cook Publishing Company, both among the
most extensive of their kind in the world; is also
a great dairy center with extensive creameries
and milk-condensing work.s. The quotations of
its Butter and Chee.se Exchange are telegraphed
to all the great commercial centers and regulate
the prices of these commodities throughout the
country. Elgin is the seat of the Northern (Uli-
noi.s) Hospital for the Insane, and has a handsome
Government (po.stoffice) building, fine ]>ublic
library and many handsome residences. It has
had a rapid growth in the past twentj' years.
Population (1890), 17,823; (1900), 22.433.

EL(iIX,JOLlET& EASTERN RAILWAY. The
main line of this road extends west from Dyer on
the Indiana State line to Joliet, thence northeast
to Waukegan. The total lengtli of the line ( 1898)
is 192.72 miles, of which 159.93 miles are in Illi-
nois. The entire capital of the i^ompany, includ-
ing stock and indebtedness, amounted (1898), to
§13,799,030— more than §71,000 per mile. Its total
earnings in Illinois for the same year were $1,212.-
020, and its entire expenditure in the State,
•SI, 1.56,140. The company paid in taxes, the same
year, §48,870. Brancli lines extend southerly
from Walker Junction to Coster, where connec-
tion is made with the Cleveland, Cincinnati,
Chicago & St. Louis Railroad, and northwesterly
from Normantowu, on the main line, to Aurora.
— (HiSToHY). The Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Rail-
way was chartered in l.'<87 and absorbed the
Joliet, Aurora & Northern Railway, from Joliet to
Aurora (21 miles), which liad been commenced in
1880 and was completed in 1888, with extensions
from Joliet to Spaulding, III., and from Joliet to
McCool, Ind. In January, 1891, tlie Company
purchased all the projierties and franchises of the
Gardner, Coal City & Normantown and the
Waukegan & Southwestern Railway Companies
(formerly operated under lease). The former of
these two roads was chartered in 1889 and ojiened
in 1890. The system forms a belt line around
Chicago, intersecting all railroads entering that
city from every direction. Its traffic is diieflv
in the transportation of freight.

ELIZABETHTOWX, the county-seat of Hardin
County. It stands on the north bank of the Ohio
River, 44 miles above Paducah, Ky., and about

HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

157

125 miles southeast of Belleville; has a brick and
tile factory, large tie trade, two churches, two
flouring mills, a bank, and one newspaper. Pop-
ulation (1890). 052; (1900), 668.

ELKHART, a town of Logan County, on the
Chicago & Alton Railroad, 18 miles northeast of
Springfield ; is a rich farming section ; has a coal
shaft. Population (1890), 414; (1900), .553.

ELKIN, Wllliain F., pioneer and early legisla-
tor, was born in Clark County, Ky., April 13,
1792; after spending several years in Ohio and
Indiana, came to Sangamon County, 111., in 1825;
was elected to the Si.xth, Tenth and Eleventh
General Assemblies, being one of the "Long
Nine" from Sangamon County and, in 1861, was
appointed by his former colleague (Abraham
Lincoln) Register of the Land Office at Spring-
field, resigning in 1872. Died, in 1878.

ELLIS, Edward F. W., soldier, was born at
Wilton, Maine, April 15, 1819; studied law and
. was admitted to the bar in Ohio ; spent three years
(1849-52) in California, serving in the Legislature
of that State in 1851, and proving himself an
earnest opponent of slavery ; returned to Ohio the
next year, and, in 1854, removed to Rockford, 111.,
where he embarked in the banking business.
Soon after the firing on Fort Sumter, he organ-
ized the Ellis Rifles, which having been attached
to the Fifteenth Illinois, he was elected Lieuten-
ant-Colonel of the regiment ; was in command at
the battle of Shiloh, April 6, 1862, and was killed
while bravely leading on his men.

ELLIS, (Rev.) John Millot, early home mis-
sionary, was born in Keene, N. H., July 14, 1793;
came to Illinois as a home missionary of the
Presbyterian Church at an early daj", and served
for a time as pastor of churches at Kaskaskia and
Jacksonville, and was one of the influential
factors in securing the location of Illinois Col-
lege at the latter place. His wife also conducted,
for some years, a private school for young ladies
at Jacksonville, wliich developed into the Jack-
sonville Female Academy in 1833, and is still
maintained after a history of over sixty years.
Mr. Ellis was later associated with the establish-
ment of Wabash College, at Crawfordsville, Ind.,
finally returning to New Hampshire, where, in
1840, he was pastor of a church at East Hanover.
In 1844 he again entered the service of the Soci-
ety for Promoting Collegiate and Theological
Education in the West. Died, August 6, 1855.

ELLSWORTH, Ephralm Elmer, soldier, first
victim of the Civil War, was born at Mechanics
ville, Saratoga County, N. Y., April 23, 1837. He
came to Chicago at an early age, studied law.

and became a patent solicitor. In 1800 he raised
a regiment of Zouaves in Chicago, which became
famous for the perfection of its discipline and
drill, and of which he was commissioned Colonel.
In 1861 he accompanied President Lincoln to
Washington, going from there to New York,
where he recruited and organized a Zouave
regiment composed of firemen. He became its
Colonel and the regiment was ordered to Alexan-
dria, Va. While stationed there Colonel Ells-
worth observed that a Confederate flag was
flying above a hotel owned by one Jackson.
Rushing to the roof, he tore it down, but before
he reached the street was shot and killed by
Jackson, who was in turn shot by Frank H.
Brownell, one of Ellsworth's men He was the
first Union soldier killed in the war. Died, May
24, 1801.

ELMHURST (formerly Cottage Hill), a village
of Du Page County, on the Chicago Great Western
and 111. Cent. Railroads, 15 miles west of Chicago;
is the .seat of the Evangelical Seminary ; has elec-
tric interurban line, two papers, stone quarry,
electric light, water and sewerage systems, high
school, and churches. Pop. (1900), 1,728.

ELMWOOl), a town of Peoria County, on the
Galesburg and Peoria and Buda and Rushville
branches of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy
Railroad, 26 miles west-northwest of Peoria; the
principal industries are coal-mining and corn and
tomato canning ; has a bank and one newspaper.
Population (1890), 1,548; (1900), 1,582.

EL PASO, a city in Woodford County, 17 miles
north of Bloomington, 33 miles east of Peoria, at
the crossing Illinois Central and Toledo. Peoria &
Western Railroads; in agricultural di.strict; has
two national banks, three grain elevators, two
high .schools, two newspapers, nine churches.
Pop. (1890), 1,353; (1900), 1,441; (1903, est.), 1,600.
EMBARRAS RIVER, rises in Champaign
County and runs .southward through the counties
of Douglas, Coles and Cumberland, to Newton, in
Jasper County, where it turns to the southeast,
passing through Lawrence Comity, and entering
the Wabash River about seven miles below Vin-
cennes. It is nearly 150 miles long.

EMMERSON, Charles, jurist, was born at North
Haverhill. Grafton County, N. H., April 15, 1811;
came to Illinois in 1833, first settling at Jackson-
ville, whei-e he spent one term in Illinois College,
then studied law at Springfield, and, having been
admitted to the bar, began jiractice at Decatur,
where he spent the remainder of his life except
three years (1847-.50) during which he resided at
Paris, Edgar County. In 1850 he was elected to

158

HISTORICAL ENCVCLOI'EDIA OF ILLINOIS.

the Legislature, and, in 1853, to tlie Circuit bench,
serving on tlie latter by re-election till 1867. The
latter year he was a candidate for Justice of the
Supreme Court, but was defeated by the late
Judge Pinkney H. Walker. In 1869 he was
elected to the State Constitutional Convention,
but died in April, 1870, while the Convention was
still in session.

ENFIELD, a town of White County, at the
intersection of the Louisville & Nashville with
the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway, 10
miles west of Carmi; is the seat of Southern Illi-
nois College. The town also lias a bank and one
newspaper. Population (1880). 717; (1890). 870;
(1900). 971; (1903, est). 1,000.

ENGLISH, Joseph G., banker, was born at
Rising Sun, Ind., Dec. 17, 1820; lived for a time
at PerrysvilleandLa Fayette in tliat Stale, finally
engaging in merchandising in tlie former; in
1853 remo%-ed to Danville, 111., where he formed
a partnersliip with John L. Tincher in mercantile
business; later conducted a private banking busi-
ness and, in 1863, establislied the First National
Bank, of which he has been President over twenty
years. He served two terms as Mayor of Dan-
ville, in 1872 was elected a member of the State
Board of Equalization, and, for more than twenty
years, has been one of the Directors of the Chicago
& Eastern Railroad. At the present time Mr.
Enghsh. having practically retired from busi-
ness, is spending most of his time in tlie West.

ENOS, Pascal PaoU, pioneer, was born at
Windsor, Conn., in 1770; graduated at Dartmouth
College in 1794, studied law, and, after spending
some years in Vermont, where he served as High
Sheriff of Windsor County, in September. 1815,
removed West, stopping first at Cincinnati. A
year later he descended the Oliio by flat-lxiat to
Shawneetown, 111., crossed the State by land,
finally locating at St. Charles, Mo., and later at
St. Louis. Tlien. having purchased a tract of land
in Madison County. 111., he remained there about
two years, wlien, in 1823, having received from
President Monroe the appointment of Receiver of
the newly established Land Office at Springfield,
he removed thither, making it his permanent
home. He was one of the original purchasers of
the land on which the city of Springfield now
stands, and joined with Maj. Elijah lies, John
Taylor and Thomas Cox, the other patentees, in
laying out the town, to which they first gave the
name of Calhoun. Mr. Enos remained in office
through the administration of President John
Quincy Adams, but was removed by President
Jackson for political reasons, in 1829. Died, at

Springfield, April, 1832.— Pascal P. (Enos), Jr.,
eldest son of Mr. Enos, was born in St. Charles,
Mo., Nov. 28, 1816; was electeil Representative in
the General Assembly from Sangamon County in
1852. and served by apiiointment of Ju.stice
McLean of the Supreme Court as Clerk of the
United States Circuit Court, being reappointed
by Judge David Davis, dying in office. Feb. 17,
1867. — Ziniri A. (Enos), another son, was born
Sept. 29, 1821, is a citizen of Springfield — has
.served as County Surveyor and Alderman of the
city. — Julia R., a daughter, was born in Spring
field, Dec. 20, 1832, is the widow of the late O. M.
Hatch, Secretary of State( 1857-65).

EPLEK, Cyrus, lawyer and jurist, was born
at Charleston, Clark County, Ind., Nov. 12,
1825; graduated at Illinois College, Jackson-
ville, studied law, and was admitted to the
bar in 1852, being elected State's Attorney
the same year; also served as a member
of the General Assembly two terms (1857-61;
and as Master in Chancery for Morgan County,
1867-73. In 1873 he was elected Circuit Judge
for the Seventh Circuit and was re-elected
succe-ssively in 1879, '85 and '91, serving four
terms, and retiring in 1897. During his entire
professional and official career his home has been
in Jacksonville.

EiJl'ALITY, a village of Gallatin County, on
the Shawneetown Division of the Louisville &
Nashville Railroad, 11 miles we.st-northwest of
Shawneetown. It was for a time, in early days, the
county-seat of Gallatin County and market for
the salt manufactured in that vicinity. Some
coal is mined in the neighborhood. One weekly
jiaper is published here. Population (1880), 500;
(1890), 622; (1900), 898.

ERIE, a village of Whiteside County, on the
Rock Island and Sterling Division of the Chicago,
Burlington & (Quincy liailroad, 30 miles north-
east of Rock Island. Population (1880). .537;
(1S90). ,535; (1900), 768.

EUREKA, the county -seat of Woodford County,
incorporated in 18.56, situated 19 miles east of
Peoria; is in the heart of a rich stock-raising and
agricultural district. The principal mechanical
industry is a large canning factory. Besides
having good grammar and high schools, it is also
the seat of Eureka College, under the control of
the Christian denomination, in connection with
which are a Normal School and a Biblical Insti-
tute. The town has a handsome courthoase and
a jail, two weekly and one monthly paper.
Eureka became the county-seat of Woodford
County in 1896, the change from Metamora being

HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

159

due to the central location and more convenient
accessibility of the former from all parts of the
county. Population (1880), 1,185; (1890), 1,481;
(1900), 1,661.

EUREKA COLLEGE, located at Eureka, Wood-
ford County, and chartered in 1855. distinctively
under the care and supervision of the "Christian"
or "Campbellite" denomination. The primary
aim of its founders was to prepare young men for
the ministry, while at the same time affording
facilities for liberal culture. It was chartered in
1855, and its growth, while gradual, has been
steady. Besides a preparatory department and a
business school, the college maintains a collegiate
department (with classical and scientific courses)
and a theological school, the latter being designed
to lit young men for the ministry of the tlenomi-
nation. Both male and female matriculates are
received. In 1896 there was a faculty of eighteen
professors and assistants, and an attendance of
some 325 students, nearly one-third of whom
were females. The total value of the institution's
property is §1-14,000, which includes an endow-
ment of §45,000 and real estate valued at §85,000.

EUSTACE, John V., lawyer and judge, was
born in Philadelphia. Sept. 9, 1821 ; graduated
from the University of Pennsylvania in 1839, and,'
in 1842, at the age of 21. was admitted to the bar,
removing the same year to Dixon, 111., where he
resided until his death. In 1856 he was elected
to the General Assembly and, in 1857, became
Circuit Judge, serving one term; was chosen
Presidential Elector in 1864, and, in March, 1878,
was again elevated to the Circuit Bench, vice
Judge Heaton, deceased. He was elected to the
same position in 1879, and re-elected in 1885, but
died in 1888, thi-ee years before the expiration of
his term.

EVANGELICAL SEMINARY, an institution
under the direction of the Lutheran denomina-
tion, incorporated in 1865 and located at Elm-
hurst, Du Page County. Instruction is given in
the classics, theology, oratory and preparatory
studies, by a faculty of eight teacliers. The
number of pupils during the scliool year (189.5-96)
was 133 — all young men. It has property valued
at §59,305.

EVANS, Henry H., legislator, was born in
Toronto, Can., March 9, 1836; brought by his
father (who was a native of Pennsylvania) to
Aurora, 111., where the latter finally became fore-
man of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy ma-
chine shops at that place. In 1862 young Evans
enlisted in tlie One Hundred and Twenty-fourth
Illinois Volunteers, serving until the close of the

war. Since tlie war lie lias becrome most widely
known as a member of the General Assembly, hav-
ing been elected first to the House, in 1870, and
sub.sequently to the Senate every four years from
1880 to the year 1898, giving him over twenty
years of almost continuous service. He is a large
owner of real estate and has been prominently
connected with financial and other bu.siness
enterprises at Aurora, including the Aurora Gas
and Street Railway Companies; also served with
the rank of Colonel on the staffs of Governors
Cullom, Hamilton, Fifer and Oglesby.

EVANS, (Rev.) Jervice G., educator and re-
former, was born in Marshall County, 111., Dec.
19, 1833; entered the ministry of the Methodist
Episcopal Church in 1854, and, in 1872, accepted
the presidency of Hedding College at Abingdon,
which he filled for si.x years. He then became
President of Chaddock College at Quincy, but the
following year returned to pastoral work. In
1889 he again became President of Hedding Col-
lege, where (1898) he still remains. Dr. Evans is
a member of the Central Illinois (M. E.) Confer-
ence and a leader in the prohibition movement ;
has also produced a number of volumes on reli-
gious and moral questions.

EVANS, John, M.D., physician and Governor,
was born at Waynesville, Ohio, of Quaker ances-
try, March 9, 1814; graduated in medicine at
Cincinnati and began practice at Ottawa, 111.,
but soon returned to Ohio, finally locating at
Attica, Ind. Here he became prominent in the
establishment of the first insane hospital in In-
diana, at Indianapolis, about 1841-42, becoming a
resident of that city in 1845. Three years later,
having accepted a chair in Rush Medical College,
in Chicago, he removed thither, also serving for
a time as editor of "The Northwestern Medical
and Surgical Journal." He served as a member
of the Chicago City Council, became a successful
operator in real estate and in the promotion of
various railroad enterprises, and was one of the
founders of the Northwestern University, at
Evanston, serving as President of the Board of
Trustees over forty years. Dr. Evans was one of
the founders of the Republican party in Illinois,
and a strong personal friend of President Lincoln,
from whom, in 1862. he received the appointment
of Governor of the Territory of Colorado, con-
tinuing in oSice until displaced by Andi-ew John-
son in 1865. In Colorado he became a leading
factor in the construction of some of the most
important railroad lines in that section, including
the Denver, Texas & Gulf Road, of which he was
for many years the President. He was also

IGO

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

prominent in connection with educational and
church enterprises at Denver, which was his home
after leaving Illinois. Died, in Denver, July 3, 1897.
EVANSTON, a city of Cook County, situated 13
miles north of Chicago, on the Chicago, Milwau-
kee & St. Paul and the Chicago & Northwestern
Railroads. The original town was incorporated
Dec. 29, 1863, and, in March, 1809, a special act
was passed by the Legislature incorporating it as
a city, but rejected by vote of the people. On
Oct. 19, 1872, the voljers of the corporate town
adopted village organizations under the General
Village and City Incorporation Act of the siime
year. Since then annexations of adjacent terri-
tory to the village of Evanston have taken place
as follows: In January, 1873. two small districts
by petition; in April, 1874, the village of North
Evanston was annexed by a majority vote of the
electors of both corporations; in April, 1886,
there was another annexation of a small out-lying
district by petition; in February, 1892, the ques-
tion of the annexation of South Evanston was
submitted to the voters of both corporations and
adopted. On March 29, 1892, the question of
organization under a city government was sub-
mitted to popular vote of the consolidated corpo-
ration and decided in the affirmative, the first
city election taking place April 19, following.
The population of the original corporation of
Evanston, according to tlie census of 1890, was
12,072, and of South Evanston, 3,205, making the
total population of the new city 15,967. Judged
by the census returns of 1900, the consolidated
city has had a healthy growth in the past
ten years, giving it, at the end of the
century, a population of 19.2.59. Evanston is
one of the most attractive residence cities in
Northern Illinois and famed for its educational
advantages. Besides having an admirable system
of graded and high schools, it is the seat of the
academic and theological departments of the
Northwestern University, the latter being known
as the Garrett Biblical Institute. The city has
well paved streets, is lighted by both gas and
electricity, and maintains its own system of
water works. Prohibition is strictly enforced
%vithin the corporate limits under stringent
municipal ordinances, and the charter of the
Northwestern University forbidding the sale of
intoxicants within four miles of that institution.
As a consequence, it is certain to attract the
most desirable class of people, whether consisting
of those seeking permanent homes or simply
contemplating temporary residence for the sake
of educational advantages.

EWIXdi, William Lee DaviilHuii, early lawyer
and politician, was born in Kentucky in 1795, and
came to Illinois at an early day, first settling at
Shawneetown. As early as 1820 he appears from
a letter of Governor Edwards to President Mon-
roe, to have been holding some Federal appoint-
ment, presumably that of Receiver of Public
Moneys in the Land Office at Vandalia, as con-
temporary history shows tliat, in 1822. he lost a
deposit of SI. 000 by the robbery of the bank there.
He was also Brigadier-General of the State militia
at an early day, Colonel of tlie "Spy Battalion""
during the Black Hawk War, and, as Indian
Agent, superintended the removal of the Sacs
and Foxes west of the Mississippi. Other posi-
tions held by him included Clerk of the House of
Representatives two se.ssions (1^*26-27 and 1828-29) ;
Representative from the counties composing the
Vandalia District in the Seventh General Assem-
bly (1830-31), when healso became Speakerof the
House; Senator from the same District in the
Eighth and Ninth General Assemblies, of which
he was chosen President pro temjwre. While
ser\Mng in this capacity he became ex-officio
Lieutenant-Governor in consequence of the resig-
nation of Lieut. -Gov. Zadoc Casey to accept a
seat in Congre.ss, in JIarcli, 1833, and, in Novem-
ber, 1834, assumed the (lovernorship as successor
to Governor Reynolds, who had been elected to
Congress to fill a vacancy. He served only fifteen
days as Governor, when he gave place to Gov.
Joseph Duncan, who had been elected in "due
course at the previous election. A year later
(December, 1835) he was chosen United States
Senator to succeed Elias Kent Kane, who had
died in office. Failing of a re-election to the
Senatorship in 1837, he was returned to the House
of Repre.sentatives from his old district in 1838,
as he was again in 1840, at each session being
chosen Speaker over Abraham Lincoln, who was
the Whig candidate. Dropping out of the Legis-
lature at the close of his term, we find him at the
beginning of the next se.ssion (December, 1842) in
his old place as Clerk of the House, but, before
the close of the session (in March, 1843), appointed
Auditor of Public Accoimts as successor to James
Shields, who liad resigned. While occupying the
office of Auditor, Mr. Ewing died. March 25, 1846.
His public career was as miique as it was remark-
able, in the number and character of the official
positions held by liim within a period of twenty-
five years.

EXECUTIVE OFFICERS. (See State officers
under heads of "Goi-ernor," " Lieutenant Gnv-
ernor," etc.)

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

161

EYE AND EAR IXFIRMARY, ILLINOIS
CHARITABLE. This institution is an outgrowth
of a private charity founded at Chicago, in 1858,
by Dr. Edward L. Hohnes, a distinguished Chi-
cago oculist. In 1871 tlie property of the institu-
tion was transferred to and accepted by tlie State,
the title was changed by the substitution of the
word "Illinois" for "Chicago," and the Infirmary
became a State institution. The fire of 1871
destroyed the building, and, in 1873-74, the State
erected another of brick, four stories in height,
at the comer of West Adams and Peoria Streets,
Chicago. The institution receives patients from
all the counties of the State, the same receiving
board, lodging, and medical aid, and (when neces-
sary) surgical treatment, free of charge. The
number of patients on Dec. 1, 1897, was 160. In
1877 a free eye and ear dispensary was opened
under legislative authority, which is under charge
of some eminent Chicago specialists.

FAIRBURY, an incorporated city of Livings-
ton County, situated ten miles southeast of Pon-
tiac, in a fertile and thickly -settled region. Coal,
sandstone, limestone, fire-clay aTid a micaceous
quartz are found in the neighborhood. The
town has banks, grain elevators, flouring mills
and two weekly new.spapers. Population (1880),
2,140; (1890), 2,334; (1900), 2,187.

FAIRFIELD, an incorporated city, the county-
seat of Wayne County and a railway junction,
108 miles .southeast of St. Louis. The town has
an extensive woolen factory and large flouring
and saw mills. It also has four weekly papers
and is an important fruit and grain-shipping
point. Population (1880), 1,391; (1890), 1,881;
(1900), 2,838.

FAIRMOUM, a village of Vermilion County,
on the Wabash Railway, 13 miles west-southwest
from Danville; industrial interests chiefly agri-
cultural; has brick and tile factor}-, a coal mine,
stone quarry, three rural mail routes and one
weekly paper. Population (1890), 649; (1900), 928.

FALLOWS, (Rt. Rev.) Samuel, Bishop of Re-
formed Protestant Episcopal Church, was born at
Pendleton, near Manchester, England, Dec. 13,
1835 ; removed with his parents to Wisconsin in
1848, and graduated from the State University
there in 1859, during a part of his university
course serving as pastor of a Methodist Episcopal
church at Madison; was next Vice-President of
Gainesville University till 1861, when he was
ordained to the Methodist ministry and became
pastor of a church at Oshkosh. The following
year he was appointed Chaplain of the Thirty-

second Wisconsin Vohmteers, but later assisted
in organizing the Fortieth Wisconsin, of which
he became Colonel, in 1865 being brevetted Briga-
dier-General. On his return to civil life lie
became a pastor in Milwaukee; was appointed
State Superintendent of Public Instruction for
Wisconsin to fill a vacancy, in 1871, and was twice
re-elected. In 1874 he was elected President of
the Illinois Wesleyan University at Bloomington,
111., remaining two years; in 1875 united with the
Reformed Episcopal Chu||;h, soon after became
Rector of St. Paul's Clmrcli in Chicago, and was
elected a Bishop in 1876, also assuming the
editorship of "The Appeal," the organ of the
church. He served as Regent of the University
of Wisconsin (1864-74), and for several years has
been one of the Trustees of the Illinois State
Reform School at Pontiac. He is the author of
two or three volumes, one of them being a "Sup-
plementary Dictionary," published in 1884.
Bishop Fallows has had supervision of Reformed
Episcopal Church work in the West and North-
west for several years ; has also served as Chaplain
of the Grand Army of the Republic for the
Department of Illinois and of the Loyal Legion,
and was Chairman of the General Committee of
the Educational Congress during the World's
Columbian Exposition of 1893.

FARIJfA, a town of Fayette County, on the
Chicago Division of the Illinois Central Railroad,
29 miles northeast of Centralia. Agriculture and
fruit-growing con.stitute the chief business of the
section; the town has one newspaper. Popula-
tion (1890). 618; (1900), 693; (1903, est), 800.

FARMER CITY, a city of De Witt County, 25
miles southeast of Bloomington, at the junction
of the Springfield division of the Illinois Central
and the Peoria division of the Cleveland, Cmoin-
nati, Chicago & St. Louis Railways. It is a
trading center for a rich agricultural and stock-
raising district, especially noted for rearing finely
bred horses. The city has banks, two news-
papers, churches of four denominations and good
schools, including a high school. Population
(1880), 1,289; (1890), 1,367; (1900), 1,664.

FARMERS' INSTITUTE, an organization
created by an act, approved June 24, 1895, de-
signed to encourage practical education among
farmers, and to assist in developing the agricul-
tural resources of the State. Its membership
consists of three delegates from each county in
the State, elected annually by the Farmers'
Institute in such county. Its affairs are managed
by a Board of Directors constitvited as follows:
The Superintendent of Public Instruction, the

162

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

Professor of Agriculture in the University of Illi-
nois, and the Presidents of the State Board of
Agriculture, Dairymen's Association and Horti-
cultural Society, exofficio, with one member from
each Congressional District, chosen by the dele-
gates from the district at the annual meeting of
the organization. Annual meetings (between
Oct. 1 and March 1) are required to be held,
which shall continue in session for not less than
three days. The topics for discussion are the
cultivation of crops, the care and breeding of
domestic animals, dairy husbandry, horticulture,
farm drainage, improvement of highways and
general farm management. The reports of the
annual meetings are printed by the State to the
number of 10,000, one-half of the edition being
placed at the disposal of the Institute. Suitable
quarters for the officers of the organization are
provided in the State' capitol.

FARMINGTON, a city and railroad center in
Fulton County. 12 miles north of Canton and 22
miles west of Peoria. Coal is extensively mined
here; there are also brick and tile factories, a
foundry, one steam flour- mill, and two cigar
manufactories. It is a large shipping-point for
grain and live-stock. Tlie town lias two banks
and two newspapers, five churches and a graded
school. Population (1890), 1,37.'-); (1!)0:!. est.). 2.103.

FARNSWORTH, Elon John, .soldier, was born
at Green Oak, Livingston Count)", Mich., in 183T.
After completing a course in the public scliools.
he entered the University of Michigan, but left
college at the end of his freshman year (18.58) to
serve in the Quarterma.ster"s department of the
army in the Utah expedition. At tlie expiration
of his term of service lie became a buffalo hunter
and a carrier of mails between the haunts of
civilization and the then newly -discovered mines
at Pike's Peak. Returning to Illinois, he was
commissioned (1861) Assistant Quartermaster of
the Eighth Illinois Cavalry, of which his uncle
was Colonel. (See Farnswurtli. John Franklin.)
He soon rose to a captaincy, distinguishing him-
self in the battles of the Peninsula. In May,
1863, he was appointed aid-de-camp to General
Pleasanton, and, on June 29, 1863, was made a
Brigadier-General. Four days later he was killed,
wliile gallantly leading a charge at Gettj'sburg.

FARXSWORTH, John FraukUu, soldier and
former Congressman, was Ijorn at Eaton, Canada
East, March 2T, 1820; removed to Michigan in
1834, and later to Illinois, settling in Kane
County, where he practiced law for many years,
making his home at St. Cliarles. He was elected
to Congress in 18.50. and re-elected in 18.58. In

September of 1861, he was commissioned Colonel
of the Eighth Illinois Cavalry Volunteers, and
was brevetted Brigadier-General in Novemtor,
1862, but resigned, March 4, 1803, to take his seat
in Congress to which he had been elected the.
November previous, by successive re-elections
serving from 1863 to 18T3. The latter years of
his life were spent in Washington, where he died,
July 14, 1897.

FAUWELL, Cliarles Itenjainin, merchant and
United States Senator, was born at Painted Post,
X. Y., July 1, 1823; removed to Illinois in 1838,
and, for six years, was employed in surveying
and farming. In 1844 lie engaged in the real
estate business and in banking, at Chicago. He
was elected County Clerk in 18.53, and re-elected
in 1857. Later he entered into commerce, becom-
ing a piirtner with his brother. John Villiers, in
the firm of J. V. Farwell & Co. He was a mem-
ber of the State Board of Equalization in 1867;
Chairman of the Board of Supervisors of Cook
County in 1808; and National Bank Examiner in
1809. In 1870 he was elected to Congress as a
Republican, was re-elected in 1872, but was
defeated in 1874, after a contest for the seat which
was carried into the House at "Washington.
.\g;iin, in 1880, he was returned to Congress,
making three full terms in that body. He also
served for several years as Chairman of the
Reiiublican State Central Committee. After the
death of Gen. John A. Logan he was (1887)
elected United States Senator, his term expiring
JIarcli 3, 1891. Mr. Farwell lias since devoted
his attention to the immense mercantile busi-
ness of J. V. Farwell & Co.

FARWELL, John Yilliers, merchant, was born
at Camiibelltown, Steubtm County, N. Y., July
29, 182.5, the son of a farmer; received a common-
school education and, in 1838, removed with his
father's family to Ogle County, 111. Here he
attended Mount Morris .Seminary for a time, but,
in 1845, came to Chicago without capital and
secured employment in the City Clerk's office,
then became a book-keeper in the dry-goods
establishment of Hamilton & White, and, still
later, with Hamilton & Day. Having thus
received his bent towards a mercantile career, he
soon after entered the concern of Wadsworth &
Phelps as a clerk, at a salary of §600 a year, but
was admitted to a partnership in 1850, the title of
the firm becoming Cooley, Farwell & Co., in 1860.
About this time Marshall Field and Levi Z. Leiter
became assot^iated with the concern and received
their mercantile training under the supervision
of Mr. Farwell. In 1865 the title of the firm

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

163

became J. V. Farwell & Co., but, in 1891, the fii-m
was incorporated under the name of The J. V.
Farwell Company, his brother, Charles B. Far-
well, being a member. The subject of this sketch
has long been a prominent factor in religious
circles, a leading spirit of the Young Men"s
Christian Association, and served as President of
the Chicago Branch of the United States
Christian Commission during the Civil War.
Politically he is a Republican and served as Presi-
dential Elector at the time of President Lincoln's
second election in 1864; also served by appoint-
ment of President Grant, in 1869, on the Board of
Indian Commissioners. He was a member of the
syndicate which erected the Texas State Capitol,
at Austin, in that State ; has been, for a number
of years, Vice-President and Treasurer of the
J. V. Farwell Company, and President of the
Colorado Consolidated Land and Water Company.
He was also prominent in the organization of the
Chicago Public Library, and a member of the
Union League, the Chicago Historical Society
and the Art Institute.

FARWELL, William Washington, jurist, was
born at Morrisville, Madison County, N. Y., Jan.
5, 1817, of old Puritan ancestry ; graduated from
Hamilton College in 1837, and was admitted to
the bar at Rochester, N. Y., in 1841. In 1848 he
removed to Chicago, but the following year went
to California, returning to his birthplace in 1850.
In 1854 he again .settled at Chicago and soon
secured a prominent position at the bar. In 1871
he was elected Circuit Court Judge for Cook
County, and, in 1873, re-elected for a term of six
years. During this period lie sat chiefly upon
the chancery side of the court, and, for a time,
presided as Chief Justice. At the close of his
second term he was a candidate for re-election as
a Republican, but was defeated with the re-
mainder of the ticket. In 1880 he was chosen
Professor of Equity Jurisprudence in the Union
College of Law (now the Northwestern Univer-
sity Law School), serving until June, 1893, when
he resigned. Died, in Chicago, April 30, 1894.

FAYETTE COUNTY, situated about 60 miles
south of the geographical center of the State;
was organized in 1821, and named for the French
General La Fayette. It has an area of 720 square
miles; population (1900), 28,065. The soil is fer-
tile and a rich vein of bituminous coal underlies
the county. Agriculture, fruit-growing and
mining are the chief industries. The old, historic
"Cumberland Road," the trail for all west-bound
emigrants, crossed the county at an early date.
Perryville was the first county-seat, but this town

is now extinct. Vandalia, the present seat of
coimty government (population, 2,144), stands
upon a succession of hills upon the west bank of
the Kaskaskia. From 1820 to 1839 it was the
State Capital. Besides Vandalia the chief towns
are Ramsey, noted for its railroad ties and tim-
ber, and St. Elmo.

FEEBLE-MINDED CHILDREN, ASYLIM
FOR. This institution, originally established as
a sort of appendage to the Illinois Institution for
the Deaf and Dumb, was started at Jacksonville,
in 1865, as an "experimental school, for the
instruction of idiots and feeble-minded children."
Its success having been assured, the school was
placed upon an independent basis in 1871, and,
in 1875, a site at Lincoln, Logan County, covering
forty acres, was donated, and the erection of
buildings begun. The original plan provided for
a center building, with wings and a rear exten-
sion, to cost §124,775. Besides a main or adminis-
tration building, the institution embraces a
school building and custodial hall, a hospital and
industrial workshop, and, during the past year, a
chapel has been added. It has control of 890
acres, of which 400 are leased for farming pur-
poses, the rental going to the benefit of the insti-
tution. The remainder is used for the purposes
of the institution as farm land, gardens or pas-
tm-e, about ninety acres being occupied by the
institution buildings. The capacity of the insti-
tution is about 700 inmates, with many applica-
tions constantly on file for the admission of
others for whom there is no room.

FEEHAN, Patrick A., D.D., Aichbishop of
the Roman Catholic archdiocese of Chicago, and
Metropolitan of Illinois, was born at Tipperary,
Ireland, in 1829, and educated at Maj-nooth
College. He emigrated to the United States in
1852, settling at St. Louis, and was at once
appointed President of the Seminary of Caronde-
let. Later he was made pastor of the Church of
the Immaculate Conception at St. Louis, where
he achieved marked distinction. In 1865 he was
consecrated Bishop of Nashville, managing the
affairs of the diocese with great ability. In 1880
Chicago was raised to an archiepiscopal see, with
Suffragan Bishops at Alton and Peoria, and
Bishop Feehan was consecrated its first Arch-
bishop. His administration has been conserva-
tive, yet efficient, and the archdiocese has greatly
prospered under his rule.

FELL, Jesse W., lawyer and real-estate ojiera-
tor, was born in Chester County, Pa., about 1808;
started west on foot in 1828, and, after spending
some years at Steubenville. Ohio, came to Dela-

164

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

van, 111., in 1832, and the next year located at
Bloomington, being the first lawyer in that new
town. Later he became agent for school lands
and the State Bank, but failed financially in
1837, and returned to practice; resided several
years at Payson, Adams County, but returning
to Bloomington in 1855, was instrumental in
securing the location of the Chicago & Alton
Railroad through that town, and was one of the
founders of the towns of Clinton, Pontiac, Lex-
ington and El Paso. He was an intimate personal
and political friend of Abraham Lincoln, and it
was to him Mr. Lincoln addre.ssed his celebrated
personal biographj'; in the campaign of 1860 he
served as Secretarj- of the Republican State Cen-
tral Committee, ami, in 1862, was appointed by
Mr. Lincoln a Paymaster in the regular army,
serving some two years. Mr. Fell was also a zeal-
ous friend of the cause of industrial education,
and bore an important part in securing the
location of the State Normal University at Nor-
mal, of which city he was the founder. Died, at
Bloomington, Jan. 25, 1887.

FERGUS, Robert, earlj' printer, was born in
Glasgow, Scotland, Augu.st 4, 1815; learned the
printer's trade in his native city, a.s.sisting in his
youth in putting in type some of Walter Scott's
productions and other works which now rank
among English classics. In 1834 he came to
America, finally locating in Chicago, where,
with various partners, he pursued the business of
a job printer continuously some fifty j'ears —
being the veteran printer of Chicago. He was
killed by being run over by a railroad train at
Evanston, July 23, 1897. The establishment of
which he vs-as so long the head is continued by
his sons.

FERXWOOD, a suburban .station on the Chi-
cago & Eastern Illinois Railroad, 12 south of ter-
minal station ; annexed to City of Chicago, 1891.

FERRY, Elisha Peyre, politician, born in
Monroe, Mich., August 9, 1825; was educated in
his native town and admitted to the bar at Fort
Wayne, Ind., in 1845; removed to Waukegan,
111., the following year, served as Postmaster and,
in 1856, was candidate on the Republican ticket
for Presidential Elector; was elected Mayor of
Waukegan in 18.59, a member of the State Con-
stitutional Convention of 1862, State Bank Com-
missioner in 1861-63, Assistant Adjutant-General
on the staff of Governor Yates during the war,
and a delegate to the Republican National Con-
vention of 1864. After the war he ser*-ed as
direct-tax Commissioner for Tennessee; in 18C9
was appointed Surveyor-General of Washington

Territory and, in 1872 and '70, Territorial Got-
ernor. On the admission of Washington as a
State, in 1889, he was elected the first Governor.
Died, at Seattle, Wash., Oct. 14, 1895.

FEVRE RIVEH. a small stream which rises in
Southern Wisconsin and enters the Mis,sissippi in
Jo Daviess County, si.\ miles below Galena, which
stands upon its banks. It is navigable for steam-
boats between Galena and its mouth. The name
originally given to it by early French explorers
was "Feve" (the French name for "Bean"),
which has since been corrupted into its present
form.

FICKLIX, Orlando B., lawyer and politician,
was born in Kentucky. Dec. 16, 1808, and
admitted to the bar at Mount Carmel, Wabash
County, 111., in March, 1830. In 1834 he was
elected to the lower house of the Ninth General
Assembly. After serving a term as State's
Attorney for Wabash County, in 1837 he removed
to Charleston, Coles County, where, in 1838, and
again in "42, he was elected to the Legislature, as
he was for the last time in 1878. He was four
times elected to Congress, serving from 1813 to
'49, and from 1851 to '53 ; wa,s Presidential Elector
in 1850, and candidate for the same position on
the Democratic ticket for the State-at- large in
1884; was also a delegate to the Democratic
National Conventions of 1856 and '60. He was
a member of the Constitutional Convention of
1802. Died, at Charleston, May 5, 1886.

FIELD, Alexander Pope, early legislator and
Secretary of State, came to Illinois about the
time of its admission into the Union, locating in
Union Count}-, which he represented in the Third,
Fifth and Sixth General Assemblies. In the
first of these he was a prominent factor in the
ejection of Representative Hansen of Pike County
and the seating of Shaw in his place, which
enabled the advocates of slavery to secure the
passage of a resolution submitting to the people
the question of calling a State Constitutional
Convention. In 1828 he was appointed Secretarj-
of State by Governor Edwards, remaining in
office under Governors Reynolds and Dun-
can and through half the term of Governor
CarUn, though the latter attempted to secure
his removal in 1838 by the appointment of
John A. McClernand — the courts, however,
declaring against the latter. In November, 1840,
the Governor's act was made effective by the
confirmation, by the Senate, of Stephen A. Doug-
las as Secretary in place of Field. Douglas
held the office only to the following February,
when he resigned to take a place on the Supreme

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

165

bench and Lyman Trumbull was appointed 4o
succeed him. Field (who had become a Wliig)
was appointed by President Harrison, in 1841,
Secretary of Wisconsin Territorj-, later removed
to St. Louis and finally to New Orleans, where he
was at the beginning of the late war. In Decem-
ber, 1863, he presented himself as a member of
the Thirty-eiglith Congress for Louisiana, but
was refused his seat, tliough claiming in an elo-
quent speech to have been a loyal man. Died, in
New Orleans, in 1877. Mr. Field was a nephew
of Judge Nathaniel Pope, for over thirty years on
the bench of the United States District Court.

FIELD, Eugene, journalist, humorist and poet,
was born in St. Louis, Mo., Sept. 2, 1850. Left an
orphan at an early age, he was reared by a rela-
tive at Amherst, Mass., and received a portion of
his literary training at Monson and Williamstown
in that State, completing liis cour.se at the State
University of Missouri. After an extended tour
through Europe in 1872-73, he began his journal-
istic career at St. Louis, Mo., as a reporter on
"The Evening Journal," later becoming its city
editor. During the next ten years he was succes-
sively connected witli newspapers at St. Joseph,
Mo., St. Louis, Kansas City, and at Denver, Colo.,
at the last named city being managing editor of
"The Tribune." In 1883 he removed to Cliicago,
becoming a special writer for "The Chicago
News," liis particular department for several
years being a pungent, witty column with the
caption, "Sharps and Flats." He wrote con-
siderable prose fiction and much poetry, among
the latter being successful translations of several
of Horace's Odes. As a poet, however, lie was
best known through his short poems relating to
childhood and home, which strongly appealed to
the popular heart. Died, in Chicago, deeply
mourned by a large circle of admirers, Nov. 4,
1895.

FIELD, Marshall, merchant and capitalist, was
born in Conway, Mass., in 1835, and grew upon
a farm, receiving a common school and academic
education. At the age of 17 he entered upon a
mercantile career as clerk in a dry-goods store at
Pittsfield, Mass., but, in 1856, came to Chicago
and secured employment with Messrs. Cooley,
Wadsworth & Co. ; in 1860 was admitted into
partnership, the firm becoming Cooley, Farwell
& Co., and still later, Farwell, Field & Co. The
last named firm was dissolved and that of Field,
Palmer & Leiter organized in 1865. Mr. Palmer
having retired in 1867, tlie firm was continued
under the name of Field, Leiter & Co., until 1881,
when Mr. Leiter retired, the concern being since

known as Marshall Field & Co. The growtli of
the business of tliis great establisliment is shown
by the fact tliat, whereas its sales amounted
before the fire to some 812.000.000 annually, in
1895 tliey aggregated 840.000,000. Mr. Field's
business career has been remarkable for its suc-
cess in a city famous for its successful business
men and the vastness of their commercial oper-
ations. He has been a generous and discrimi-
nating patron of important public enterprises,
some of his more conspicuous donations being the
gift of a tract of land valued at 8300,000 and
§100,000 in cash, to the Chicago University, and
81,000,000 to the endowment of the Field Colum-
bian Museum, as a sequel to the World's Colum-
bian Exposition. The latter, chiefly through the
munificence of Mr. Field, promises to become one
of the leading institutions of its kind in the
United States. Besides his mercantile interests,
Mr. Field has extensive interests in various finan-
cial and manufacturing enterprises, including
the Pullman Palace Car Company and the Rock
Island & Pacific Railroad, in each of which he is
a Director.

FIFER, JosepU W., born at Stanton, Va., Oct.
28, 1840; in 1857 he accompanied his father (who
was a stone-mason) to McLean County, 111., and
worked at the manufacture and laying of brick.
At the outbreak of the Civil War he enlisted as a
private in the Thirty-third Illinois Infantry, and
was dangerously wounded at the assault on Jack-
son, Miss., in 1863. On the healing of his wound,
disregarding the advice of family and friends, he
rejoined his regiment. At the close of the war,
when about 25 years of age, he entered the Wes-
leyan University at Bloomington, where, by dint
of hard work and frugality, while supporting
himself in part by manual labor, he secured a
diploma in 1868. He at once began the study of
law, and, soon after his admission, entered upon a
practice which subsequently proved both success-
ful and lucrative. He was elected Corporation
Counsel of Bloomington in 1871 and State's Attor-
ney for McLean County in 1872, holding the latter
office, through re-election, until 1880, when he
was chosen State Senator, serving in the Thirty-
second and Thirty-third General Assemblies. In
1888 he was nominated and elected Governor on
the Republican ticket, but, in 1892, was defeated
by John P. Altgeld, the Democratic nominee,
though running in advance of the national and
the rest of the State ticket.

FINERTY, John F., ex-Congressman and
journalist, was born in Gahvay, Ireland, Sept.
10, 1846. His studies were mainly prosecuted

166

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS.

under private tutors. At the age of 16 he entered
the profession of journalism, and, in 1864, coming
to America, .soon after enlisted, serving for 100
days during the Civil War, in the Ninetj-ninth
New York Volunteers. Subsequently, liaving
removed to Chicago, he was connected with "The
Chicago Times" as a special correspondent from
1876 to 1881, and, in 1882, established "The Citi-
zen," a %veekly newspaper devoted to the Irish-
American interest, which he continues to pub-
lish. In 1883 he was elected, as an Independ-
ent Democrat, to represent the Second Illinois
District in the Forty-eighth Congress, but, run-
ning as an Independent Republican for re-election
in 1884, was defeated by Frank Lawler, Democrat.
In 1887 he was appointed Oil Inspector of Chi-
cago, and, since 1889, has held no public office,
giving his attention to editorial work on his
paper.

FISHER, (Dr.) Georg'e, pioneer physician and
legislator, was probably a native of Virginia,
. from which State he appears to have come to
Kaskaskia previous to 1800. He became very
prominent during the Territorial period; was
appointed by William Henry Harrison, tlien
Governor of Indiana Territory, the first Sheriff of
Randolph County after its organization in 1801 ;
was elected from that county to the Indiana
Territorial House of Representatives in 180.5, and
afterwards promoted to the Territorial Council ;
was also Representative in the First and Third
Legislatures of Illinois Territory (1812 and "16),
serving as Speaker of each. He was a Dele-
gate to the Constitutional Convention of 1818, but
died on his farm near Kaskaskia in 1820. Dr.
Fisher participated in the organization of the
first Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons in Illi-
nois at Kaskaskia, in 1806, and was elected one
of its officers.

FISHERIES. The fisheries of Illinois center
chiefly at Chicago, the catch being taken from
Lake Michigan, and including salmon trout,
white fish (the latter species including a lake
herring), wall-ej'ed pike, three kinds of bass,
three varieties of sucker, carp and sturgeon. The
"fishing fleet" of Lake Michigan, properly so
called, (according to the census of 1890) con-
sisted of forty-seven steamers and one schooner,
of which only one — a steamer of twenty-six tons
burthen — was credited to Illinois. The same
report showed a capital of $36,105 invested in
land, buildings, wharves, vessels, boats and
apparatus. In addition to the "fishing fleet"'
mentioned, nearly 1,100 sail-boats and other vari-
eties of craft ai'e employed in the industry.

sailing from ports between Chicago and Macki
nac, of wliicli, in 1890, Illinois furnislied 94. or
abt)ut nine per cent. All sorts of api)aratus aie
u.sed, but the principal are gill, fyke and pound
nets, and seines. The total value of these minor
Illinois craft, with their equipment, for 1890, was
nearly §18,000, the catch aggregating 722.830
pounds, valued at between §24.000 and §2.5,000.
Of this draught, the entire quantity was either
sold fresli in Chicago and adjacent market.s, or
sliipped, cither in ice or frozen. The Mississippi
and its tributaries yield wall eyed pike, pike
perch, buffalo fish, sturgeon, paddle fish, and
other species available for food.

FITHIAX, George W., ex -Congressman, was
born on a farm near Willow Hill, HI, July 4, 1854.
His early education was obtained in the common
scIkxjIs, and he learned the trade of a printer at
Mount Carmel. While employed at the case he
found time to study law, and was admitted to the
bar in 1875. In 1876 he was elected State's
Attorney for Jasper County, and re-elected in
1880. He was prominent in Democratic politics,
and, in 1888, was elected on tlie ticket of tliat
party to represent the Sixteenth Illinois District
in Congress. He was re-elected in 1890 and
again in 1892, but, in 1894, was defeated by his
Republican opponent.

FITHIAN, (Dr.) William, pioneer physician,
was born in Cincinnati, Oliio, in 1800; built the
first houses in Springfield and Urbana in that
State; in 1822 began the study of medicine at
Urbana; later practiced two years at Meclianics-
burgh, and four years at Urbana, as partner of
his preceptor; in 1830 came west, locating at
Danville, Vermilion Count}', where he became a
large land-owner; in 1832 sen-ed with the Ver-
milion County militia in the Black Hawk War,
and, in 1834, was elected Representative in the
Ninth General Assembly, the first of which
Abraham Lincoln was a member; afterwards
served two terms in the State Senate from the
Danville District (1838-46). Dr. Fithian was
active in promoting the railroad interests of
Danville, giving the right of way for railroad
purposes througli a large body of land belonging
to him, in Vermilion Count}'. He was also a
member of various medical associations, and,
during his later years, was the oldest practicing
physician in the State. Died, in Danville, 111.,
April 5, 1890.

FLAGG, Gershom, pioneer, was bom in Ricli-
mond, Vt., in 1792, came west In 1816, settling in
Madison County, lU., in 1818, where he was
known as an enterprising farmer and a promineat

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

16<

and influential citizen. Originally a Whig, he
became a zealous Republican on the organization
of that party, dying in 18")7. — TVillard Cutting
(Flagg), sou. of the preceding, was born in Madi-
son County, 111. , Sept 16, 1829, spent his early life
on his father's farm and in the common schools;
from 1844 to '50 was a pupil in tlie celebrated
high school of Edward Wyman in St. Louis,
finally graduating with honors at Yale College,
in 18.J4. During his college cour.se he took a
number of literary prizes, and, in his senior year,
served as one of the editors f>f "The Yale Literary
Magazine." Returning to Illinois after gradu-
ation, he took charge of his father's farm, engaged
extensively in fruit-culture and stock-raising,
being the first to introduce the Devon breed of
cattle in Madison County in 1859. He was a
member of tlie Republican State Central Com-
mittee in 1860; in 1862, by appointment of Gov.
Yates, became Enrolling Officer for Madison
County ; served as Collector of Internal Revenue
for the Twelfth District, 1864-69, and, in 1868,
was elected to the State Senate for a term of four
years, and, during tlie last session of his term
(1873), took a prominent part in the revision of
the school law ; was appointed a member of the
first Board of Trustees of the Industrial Univer-
sity (now the University of Illinois) at Cham-
paign, and reappointed in 1875. Mr. Flagg was
also prominent in agricultural and horticultural
organizations, serving as Secretary of tlie State
Horticultural Society from 1861 to '69, when he
became its President. He was one of the origi-
nators of the "farmers' movement," served for
some time as President of "The State Farmers'
Association," wrote voluminously, and delivered
addresses in various States on agricultural and
horticultural topics, and, in 1875, was elected
President of the National Agricultural Congress.
In his later years he was a recognized leader in
the Granger movement. Died, at Mora, MadLson
County, 111., April 5, 1878.

FLEMINCJ, Robert K., pioneer printer, was
born in Erie County, Pa., learned the printers'
trade in Pittsburg, and, coming west while quite
young, worked at his trade in St. Louis, finally
removing to Kaskaskia, where he was placed in
control of the office of "The Republican Advo-
cate," wliich had been established in 1823, by
Elias Kent Kane. The publication of "The
Advocate" having been suspended, he revived it
in May, 1835, under the name of "The Kaskaskia
Recorder," but soon removed it to Vandalia (then
the State capital), and, in 1837, began the publi-
cation of "Tlie Illinois Corrector," at Edwards-

ville. Two years later he returned to Kaskaskia
and resumed the publication of "Tlie Recorder,"
but, in 1833, was induced to remove his oflice to
Belleville, where he commenced the publication
of "The St. Clair Gazette," followed by "The St.
Clair Mercury," both of wliich liad a brief exist-
ence. About 1843 he returned to the newspaper
business as publisher of "The Belleville Advo
cate," which he continued for a number of years.
He died, at Belleville, in 1874, leaving two sons
who have been prominently identified with the
history of journalism in Southern Illinois, at
Belleville and elsewhere.

FLETCHER, Jol)i pioneer and early legislator,
was born in Virginia, in 1793, removed to Sanga-
mon County, III, in 1819; was elected Represent-
ative in 1836, and, in 1884, to the State Senate,
serving in the latter body six years. He was one
of the famous "Long Nine" which repre.sented
Sangamon County in tlie Tenth General Assem-
bly. Mr. Fletcher was again a member of the
House in 1844-45. Died, in Sangamon Count)',
in 1872.

FLORA, a city in Harter Township, Clay
County, on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern
Railroad, 95 miles east of St. Louis, and 108 miles
south-southeast of Springfield ; has barrel factory,
flouring mills, cold storage and ice plant, three
fruit-working factories, two banks, six churches
and a weekly newspaper. Population (1890),
1,695; (1900), 2 311 : (1903, est), 3,000.

FLOWER, George, early English colonist, was
born in Hertfordshire, England, about 1780;
came to the United States in 1817, and was associ-
ated witli Morris Birkbeck in founding the
"English .Settlement'' at Albion, Edwards
County, 111. Being in affluent circumstances, he
built an elegant mansion and stocked an exten-
sive farm witli blooded animals from England
and other parts of Europe, bui, met with reverses
which dissipated his wealth. In common with
Mr. Birkbeck, he was one of the determined
opponents of the attempt to establish slavery in
Illinois in 1834, and did much to defeat that
measure. He and his wife died on the same day
(Jan. 15, 1862), while on a visit to a daughter at
Grayville, 111. A book written by him — "History
of the Englisli Settlement in Ed«-ards County,
111." — and published in 1882, is a valuable contri-
bution to the early history of that portion of the
State.— Edward Fordliams (Flower), son of the
preceding, was born in England, Jan. 31, 1805,
but came with his father to Illinois in early life;
later he returned to England and spent nearly
half a century at Stratford-on-Avon, where he

168

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

was four times chosen Mayor of that borough
and entertained many visitors from the United
States to Shakespeare's birthplace. Died. March
26, 1883.

FOBES, Phllena, educator, born in Onondaga
County, N. Y., Sept. 10, 1811; was educated at
Albany and at Cortland Seminary, Rochester,
N. Y. ; in 1838 became a teacher in Monticello
Female Seminary, then newly established at
Godfrey. 111., under Rev. Theron Baldwin, Prin-
cipal. On the retirement of Mr. Baldwin in 1843,
Miss Fobes succeeded to the principalship,
remaining until 18G6, when she retired. For
some years she resided at Rochester, N. Y., and
New Haven, Conn., but, in 1886, she removed to
Philadelphia, where she afterwards made her
home, notwithstanding her advanced age, main-
taining a lively interest in educational and
benevolent enterprises. Miss Fobes died at Phila-
delphia, Nov. 8, 1898, and was buried at New
Haven, Conn.

FOLEY, Thomas, Roman Catholic Bishop, l>orn
in Baltimore. Mil., in 1823; was ordained a priest
in 1846, and, two years later, w;i,s appointed Chan-
cellor of the Diocese, being made Vicar-General
in 1867. He was nominated Coadjutor Bishop of
the Chicago Diocese in 1869 (Bishop Duggan hav-
ing become insane), and, in 1870, was consecrated
Bishop. His administration of diocesan work was
prudent and eminently successful. As a man
and citizen he won the respect of all creeds and
classes alike, the State Legislature adopting
resolutions of respect and regret upon learning
of his death, which occurred at Baltimore, in
1879.

FORBES, Stephen Van Rensselaer, pioneer
teacher, was born at Windham, Vt. , July 26, 1797 ;
in his youth acquired a knowledge of survej-ing,
and, having removed to Newburg (now South
Cleveland), Ohio, began teacliing. In 1829 he
came west to Chicago, and having joined a sur-
veying party, went to Louisiana, returning in
the following j-ear to Chicago, which then con-
tained onl)- three white families outside of Fort
Dearborn. Having been joined by liis wife, he
took up his abode in what was called the "sut-
ler's house" connected with Fort Dearborn; was
appointed one of the first Justices of the Peace,
and opened the first school ever taught in Chi-
cago, all but three of his pupils being either
half breeds or Indians. In 1832 he was elected, as
a Whig, the first Sheriff of Cook County ; later
preempted 160 acres of land where Riverside
now stands, subsequently becoming owner of
some 1,800 acres, much of which he sold, about

1853, to Dr. W. B. Egan at $20 per acre. In
1849, having been seized with the "gold fever,"
Mr. Forbes joined in the overland migration to
California, but, not being successful, returned
two years later bj' way of the Isthmus, and, hav-
ing sold his possessions in Cook County, took up
his abode at Newburg, Ohio, and resumed his
occupation as a surveyor. About 1878 he again
returned to Chicago, but survived only a short
time, dying Feb. 17, 1879.

FORI), Thomas, early lawyer, jurist and Gov-
ernor, w;is born in Uniontown, Pa., and, in boy-
hood, accompanied his mother (then a widow) to
Mis-souri, in 1804. The family soon after located
in Monroe County, 111. Largely through the
efforts and aid of Ids half-brother, George
Forquer, he obtained a professional education,
became a successful lawyer, and, early in life,
entered the field of politics. He served as a
Judge of the Circuit Court for the northern part
of the State from 1833 to 1837, and was again
commissioned a Circuit Judge for the Galena
circuit in 1839; in 1841 was elevated to the bench
of the State Supreme Court, but resigned the
following year to accept the nomination of hLs
part}- (the Democratic) for Governor. Ue was
regarded as upright in his general policj', but he
had a number of embarrassing questions to deal
with during his a<lministration, one of these
being the Mormon troubles, in which he failed to
receive the support of his own partj-. He was
author of a valuable 'History of Illinois," (pub-
lished ix)sthumously). He died, at Peoria, in
greatlj' reduced circumstances, Nov. 3, 1800. The
State Legislature of 1895 took steps to erect a
monument over his grave.

FORD COUNTY, lies northeast of Springfield,
was organized In 1859, being cut off from Vermil-
ion. It is shajjed like an inverted "T," and lias
an area of 490 square miles; population (1900),
18,359. The first County Judge was David Pat-
ton, and David Davis (afterwards of the United
States Supreme Court) presided over the first
Circuit Court. The surface of the county is level
and the soil fertile, consisting of a loam from one
to five feet in depth. There is little timber, nor
is there any outcropping of stone. The county
is named in honor of (Jovemor Ford. The county-
seat is Paxton, which had a population, in 1890, of
2,187. Gibson City is a railroad center, and has a
population of 1,800.

FORMAX, (Col.) Ferris, lawyer and soldier,
was bom in Tioga County. N. Y., August 25,
1811 ; graduated at Union College in 1832, studied
law and was admitted to the bar in New York in

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

169

1835, and in the United States Supreme Court in
1836; the latter year came west and settled at
Vandalia, 111., where he began practice; in 1844
was elected to the State Senate for the district
composed of Fayette, Effingham, Clay and Rich-
land Counties, serving two years; before the
expiration of his term (1846) enlisted for the
Mexican War, and was commissioned Colonel of
the Third Regiment Illinois Volunteers, and,
after participating in a number of tlie most
important engagements of the campaign, was
mustered out at New Orleans, in May, 1847. Re-
turning from the Mexican War, he brought witli
him and presented to the State of Illinois a
six-pound cannon, which had been captured by
Illinois troops on the battlefield of Cerro Gordo,
and is now in the State Arsenal at Springfield.
In 1848 Colonel Forman was cho.sen Presidential
Elector for the State-at-large on the Democratic
ticket ; in 1849 went to California, where he prac-
ticed his profession until 1853, meanwhile serving
as Postmaster of Sacramento City by appointment
of President Pierce, and later as Secretary of
State during the administration of Gov. John B.
Weller (1858-60); in 1861 officiated, by appoint-
ment of the California Legislature, as Commis-
.sioner on the part of the State in fixing the
boundary between California and the Territory
of Utah. After the discharge of this duty, he
was offered the colonelcy of the Fourth California
Volunteer Infantry, which he accepted, serving
about twenty months, when he resigned. In
1866 he resumed his residence at Vandalia, and
served as a Delegate for Fayette and Effingham
Counties in the Constitutional Convention of
1869-70, also for several years thereafter held the
office of State's Attorney for Fayette County.
Later he returned to California, and, at the
latest date, was a resident of Stockton, in that
State.

FORMAN, William S., ex-Congressman, was
born at Natchez, Miss. , Jan. 20, 1847. When he
was four years old, his father's family removed to
Illinois, settling in Washington County, where
he has lived ever since. By profession he is a
lawyer, and he takes a deep interest in politics,
local. State and National. He represented his
Senatorial District in the State Senate in the
Thirty-fourth and Thirty-fifth General Assem-
blies, and. in 1888, was elected, as a Democrat, to
represent the Eighteenth Illinois District in the
Fifty-first Congress, being re-elected in 1890, and
again in '92, but was defeated in 1894 for renomi-
nation by John J. Higgins, who was defeated at
the election of the same year by Everett J. Mur-

phy. In 1896 Mr. Forman was candidate of the
"Gold Democracy" for Governor of Illinois,
receiving 8,100 votes.

FOR(JUER, (ieorge, early State officer, was
born near Brownsville, Pa., in 1794 — was the son
of a Revolutionary soldier, and older half-brother
of Gov. Thomas Ford. He settled, with his
mother (then a widow), at New Design, 111., in
1804. After learning, and, for several years,
following the carpenter's trade at St. Louis, he
returned to Illinois and purchased the tract
whereon Waterloo now stands. Subsequently he
projected the town of Bridgewater, on the Mis-
sissippi. For a time he was a partner in trade of
Daniel P. Cook. Being unsuccessful in business,
he took up the study of law, in whicli he attained
marked succe.ss. In 1824 he was elected to repre-
sent Monroe County in the House of Represent-
atives, but resigned in January of the following
year to accept the position of Secretary of .State,
to which he was appointed by Governor Coles,
as successor to Morris Birkbeck, whom tlie
Senate had refused to confirm. One ground for
the friendship between him and Coles, no doubt,
was the fact that tliey had been united in their
opposition to the scheme to make Illinois a slave
State. In 1828 he was a candidate for Congress,
but was defeated by Joseph Duncan, afterwards
Governor. At the close of the year he resigned
the office of Secretary of State, but, a few weeks
later (January, 1829), he was elected by the
Legislature Attorney -General. This position he
held until January, 1833, when he resigned, hav-
ing, as it appears, at the previous election, been
chosen State Senator from Sangamon County,
serving in the Eightli and Ninth General Assem-
blies. Before the close of his term as Senator
(1835), he received the appointment of Register
of the Land Office at Springfield, which appears
to have been the last office held by him, as he
died, at Cincinnati, in 1837. Mr. Forquer was a
man of recognized ability and influence, an elo-
quent orator and capable writer, but, in common
with some of the ablest lawyers of tliat time,
seems to have been much embarrassed by the
smallness of his income, in spite of his ability
and the fact that he was almost continually in
office.

FORREST, a village in Livingston County, at
the intersection of the Toledo, Peoria & Western
and the Wabash Railways, 75 miles east of Peoria
and 16 miles southeast of Pontiac. Considerable
grain is shipped from this point to the Chicago
market. The village has .several churches and a
gradedschool. Population (1880), 375; (1900). 953.

170

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

FORREST, Joseph K. C, journalist, was born
iu Cork, Ireland, Nov. 2G, 1820; caiue to Chicago
in 1840, soon after securing employment as a
writer on "The Evening Journal,"' and, later on,
"The Gem of the Prairies," the i)redecessor of
"The Tribune," being associated with the latter
at the date of its establishment, in June, 1847.
During the early years of his residence in Chi-
cago, Mr. Forrest spent some time as a teacher.
On retiring from "The Tribune," he became the
associate of John Wentworth in the management
of "The Chicago Democrat," a relation which
was broken up by the consolidation of the latter
with "The Tribune," in 1861. He then liecame
the Springfield correspondent of "The Trilnme,"
also holding a position on the staff of Governor
Yates, and still later represented "The St. Louis
Democrat" and "Chicago Times," as Washington
correspondent; assisted iu founding "The Chicago
Republican" (now "Inter Ocean"), in 1805, and,
some years later, became a leading writer upon
the same. He served one term as Clerk of the
city of Chicago, but, in his later years, and up to
the period of his death, was a leading contributor
to the columns of "The Chicago Evening News"
over the signatures of "An Old Timer" and "Now
or Never." Died, in Chicago, June 23, 1896.

FORKESTON, a village in Ogle County, the
tenniiui.s of the Chicago and Iowa branch of the
Chicago, Burlington A Quincj' Railroad, and
point of intersection of the Illinois Central and
the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railways; 107
miles west by north from Chicago, and 12 miles
south of Freeport ; founded in 18.")4, incorporated
by special charter in 1868, and, under the general
law, in 1888. Fanning and sto<'k-rHising are the
principal industries. The village has a bank,
water-works, electric light plant, creamery, vil-
lage hall, seven cliurches, a graded school, and a
newspaper. Population (1890), 1.118; (1900), 1,047.

FORSYTHE, Albert P., ex Congressman, was
born at New Richmond, Ohio, May 24, 1830;
received his early education iu the common
schools, and at Asbury University. He was
reared upon a farm and followed farming as his
life-work. During the War of the Rebellion he
served in the Union armj- as Lieutenant. In
politics he early became an ardent Nationalist,
and was chosen President of the Illinois State
Grange of the Patrons of Industry, in December,
187.5, and again in January, 1878. In 1878 he was
elected to Congress as a Nationalist, but, in 1880,
though receiving the nominations of the com-
bined Republican and Greenback parties, was
defeated by Samuel W. Jloulton, Democrat.

FORT, (Jreenbury L., soldier and Congress-
man, was born in Ohio, Oct. 17, 1825, and, in 1834,
removed with his parents to Illinois. In 1850 he
wa-s elected Sheriff of Putnam County; in 18,52,
Clerk of the Circuit Court, and, having mean-
while been admitted to the bar at Lacon, became
County Judge in 1857, serving until 18{>1. In
April of the latter year he enlisted under the first
call for troops, by re-enlistments serving till
March 24, 1866. Beginning as Quartermaster of
his regiment, he served as Chief Quartermaster of
the Fifteenth Army Corps on the "March to the
Sea," and was mustered out with the rank of
Colonel and Brevet Brigadier-General. On his
return from the field, he was elected to the State
Senate, serving in the Twenty-fifth and Twenty-
sixth (ieueral .Vssemblies, and, from 1873 to 1881,
as Representative in Congress. He died, at
Lacon, June 13. 18.s:i.

FORT CHARTRES, a strong fortification
erected by the French iu 1718, on the American
Bottom, 16 miles northwest from Kaskaskia.
The soil on which it stood was alluvial, and the
limestone of which its walls were built was
([uarried from an adjacent bluff. In form it was
an irregular iiuadningle, surrounded on three
sides by a wall two feet two inches thick, and on
the fourth by a ravine, which, during the spring-
time, was full of water. During the jteriod of
French ascendency in Illinois, Fort Chartres was
the seat of government. .Vbout four miles east
soon sprang up the village of Prairie du Rocher
(or Rock Prairie). {See I^airie du Rocher.) .Vt
the outbreak of the French and Indian War
(1756), the original fortification was repaired and
virtually rebuilt. Its cost at that time is esti
mated to have amounted to 1,000,000 French
crowns, .\fter the occupation of Illinois by the
British, Fort Chartres still remained the seat of
government until 1772, when one side of the
fortification was washed awaj' by a freshet, and
headquarters were transferred to Kaskaskia
The first common law court ever held in the 5Iis-
slssippi Valley was established here, in 1768, by
the order of Colonel Wilkins of the English
army. The ruins of the old fort, situated in the
northwest corner of Rindolph Count}', once con
stituted an object of no little interest to anti-
quarians, but the site h;is disappeared during the
past generation by the encroachments of the
Missis-sippi.

FORT DEARBORN, the name of a United

■ States military post, established at the mouth of

the Chicago River in 1803 or 1804, on a tract of

land six miles square conveyed by the Indians in

^rf^^lg: lit i- IT

-iSS?afe^^)iijgje;ai_

EARLY HISTORIC SCENES. CIIICA(;0.

EAUI.Y IIISTOPIC SCENES. CHICAGO.

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

171

the treaty of Greenville, coiioluded by General
Wayne in 1795. It originally consisted of two
block houses located at opposite angles {north-
west and southeast) of a strong wooden stockade,
with the Commandant's quarters on the east side
of the quadrangle, soldiers' barracks on the south,
officers' barracks on the west, and magazine,
contractor's (sutler's) store and general store
house on the north — all the buildings being con-
structed of logs, and all, except the block-houses,
being entirely within the enclosure. Its arma-
ment consisted of three light pieces of artillery.
Its builder and first commander was Capt. John
Whistler, a native of Ireland who had siu'rendered
with Burgoyne, at Saratoga,, N. Y., and who
subsequently became an American citizen, and
served with distinction througli*ut the War of
1812. He was succeeded, in 1810, by Capt.
Nathan Heald. As early as 1806 the Indians
around the fort manifested signs of disquietude,
Tecumseh, a few years later, heading an open
armed revolt. In 1810 a council of Pottawato-
mies, Ottawas and Chippewas was held at St.
Joseph, Mich., at which it was decided not to
join the confederacy proposed by Chief Tecumseh.
In 1811 hostilities were precipitated by an attack
upon the United States troops under Gen.
William Henry Harrison at Tippecanoe. In
April, 1812, hostile bands of Winnebagos appeared
in the vicinity of Fort Dearborn, terrifying the
settlers by their atrocities. Many of the whites
sought refuge within the stockade. Within two
months after the declaration of war against
England, in 1812, orders were issued for the
evacuation of Fort Dearborn and the transfer of
the garrison to Detroit. The garrison at that
t'me numbered about 70, including officers, a
large number of the troops being ill. Almcst
simultaneously with the order for evacuation
appeared bands of Indians clamoring for a dis-
tribution of the goods, to which they claimed
they were entitled under treaty stipulations.
Knowing that he had but about forty men able
to fight and that his march would be sadly
hindered by the care of about a dozen women and
twenty children, the commandant hesitated.
The Pottawatomies, through whose country he
would have to pass, had always been friendly, and
he waited. Within six days a force of 500 or 600
savage warriors had assembled around the fort.
Among the leaders were the Pottawatomie chiefs.
Black Partridge, Winnemeg and Topenebe. Of
these, Winnemeg was friendly. It was he who
had brought General Hull's orders to evacuate,
and, as the crisis grew more and more dangerous.

he offered sound advice. He urged instantaneous
departure before the Indians had time to agree
upon a line of action. But Captain Heald
decided to distribute the stores among the sav-
ages, and thereby secure from them a friendly
escort to Fort Wayne. To this the aborigines
readily assented, believing that thereby all the
whisky and ammunition which they knew to be
within the enclosure, would fall into their hands.
Meanwhile Capt. William Wells, Indian Agent at
Fort Wayne, had arrived at Fort Dearborn with
a friendly force of Miamis to act as an escort.
He convinced Captain Heald that it would be the
height of folly to give the Indians liquor and gun-
powder. Accordingly the commandant emptied
the former into the lake and destroyed the latter.
This was the signal for war. Black Partridge
claimed he could no longer restrain his young
braves, and at a council of the aVjorigines it was
resolved to massacre the garrison and settlers.
On the fifteenth of August the gates of the fort
were opened and the evacuation began. A band
of Pottawatomies accompanied the whites under
the guise of a friendly escort. They soon deserted
and, within a mile and a half from the fort,
began the sickening scene of carnage known as
the "Fort Dearborn Massacre." Nearly 500
Indians participated, their loss being less than
twenty. The Miami escort fled at the first
exchange of shots. With but four exceptions
the wounded white prisoners were dispatched
with savage ferocity and promptitude. Those
not wounded were scattered among various tribes.
The next day the fort with its stockade was
burned. In 1816 (after the treaty of St. Louis)
the fort was rebuilt upon a more elaborate scale.
The second Fort Dearborn contained, besides bar-
racks and officers' quarters, a magazine and
provision-store, was enclosed by a square stock-
ade, and protected by bastions at two of its
angles. It was again evacuated in 1839 and
re-garrisoned in 1838. The troops vrere once
more withdrawn in 1831, to return the following
year during the Black Hawk War. The final
evacuation occurred in 1836.

FORT (ttAGE, situated on the eastern bluffs of
the Kaskaskia River, opposite the village of Kas-
kaskia. It was erected and occupied by the
British in 1772. It was built of heavy, square
timbers and oblong in shape, its dimensions being
290x251 feet. On the night of July 4, 1778, it was
captured by a detachment of American troops
commanded by Col. George Rogers Clark, whc
held a commission from Virginia. The soldiers,
with Simon Kenton at their head, were secretly

172

HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

admitted to the fort by a Pennsylvanian who
happened to be within, and the commandant,
Eocheblave, was surprised in bed, while sleeping
with liis wife by his side.

FORT JEFFERSON. I. A fort erected by Col.
George Rogers Clark, under instructions from
the Governor of Virginia, at the Iron Banks on
the east bank of the Mississippi, below the mouth
of the Ohio River. He promised lands to all
adult, able-bodied white males who would emi-
grate thither and settle, either with or without
their families. Many accepted the offer, an<l
a considerable colony was established there.
Toward the close of the Revolutionary War, Vir-
ginia being unable longer to sustain the garrison,
the colony was scattered, many families going to
Kaskaskia. II. A fort in the Miami valley,
erected by Governor St. Clair and General Butler,
in October, 1791. Within thirty miles of the
post St. Clair's army, which had been badly
weakened through desertions, was cut to pie<:es
by the enemy, and the fortification was aban-
doned.

FORT MASSAC, an early French fortification,
erected about ITU on the Ohio River, 40 miles
from its mouth, in what is now Massac County.
It was the first fortification (except Fort St.
Louis) in the "Illinois Country," antedating
Fort Chartres by several years. The origin of
the name is uncertain. The best authorities are
of the opinion that it was so called in honor of
the engineer who superintended its construction;
by others it has been traced to the name of the
French Minister of Marine ; others assert that it
is a corruption of the word '"Massacre," a name
given to the locality beeau.se of the ma.s.sacre
there of a large number of French soldiers by the
Indians. The Virginians sometimes spoke of it
as the "Cherokee fort." It was g:vrri.soned by
the French until after the evacuation of the
country under the terms of the Treaty of Paris.
It later became a sort of depot for American
settlers, a few families constantly residing within
and around the fortification. At a very early
day a military road was laid out from the fort to
Kaskaskia, the trees alongside being utilized as
milestones, the number of miles being cut with
irons and painted red. After the close of the
Revolutionary War, the United States Govern-
ment strengthened and garrisoned the fort by
way of defense against inroads by the Spaniards.
With the cession of Louisiana to the United
States, in 1803. the fort was evacuated and never
re-garrisoned. According to the "American
State Papers," during the period of the French

occupation, it was both a Jesuit missionary
station and a trailing post.

FORT SACKVILLE, a British fortification,
erected in 1769, on the Wabash River a short
distance below Vincennes. It was a stockade,
with ba.stions and a few pieces of cannon. In
1778 it fell into the hands of the Americans, and
was for a time commanded by Captain Helm,
with a garrison of a few Americans and Illinois
French. In December, 1778, Helm and one
private alone occupied the fott and surrendered
to Hamilton, British Governor of Detroit, who
led a force into the country around Vincennes.

FORT SHERIIIAX, United States Military
Po.st, in Lake County, on the Milwaukee Division
of the Chicago & Northwestern Railway, '24 miles
noith of Chicaj^. (Highwood village adjacent
on the south.) Poi.ulation (1^90). 4.")1 : (1900), 1,.".75.

FORT ST. LOUIS, a French fortification on a
rock (widely known as "Starved Rock"), which
consists of an isolated cliff on the south side of
the Illinois River nearly opiK)site L'tica, in La
Salle County. Its height is between 130 and 140
feet, and its nearly round summit contains an
area of about three-fourths of an acre. The side
facing the river is nearly perpendicular and, in
natural advantages, it is well-nigh impregnable.
Here, in the fall of 1682, La Salle and Tonty
began the erection of a fort, consisting of earth-
works, palisades, store-houses and a block house,
which also served as a dwelling and trading past.
A windlass drew water from the river, and two
small brass cannon, mounted on a parapet, com-
prised the armament. It was solemnly dedicated
by Father Membre, and soon became a gathering
place for the surrounding tribes, especially the
Illinois. But Frontenac having l)een succeeded
as Governor of New France by De la Barre, who
was unfriendly to La Salle, the latter was dis-
placed as Commandant at Fort St. Louis, while
plots were laid to .secure his downfall by cutting
off his supplies and inciting the Iro<^iuoisto attack
him. Lii Salle left the fort in lCi83, to return to
France, and, in 1702, it was abandoned as a
military post, though it continued to be a trad-
ing post until 1718, when it was raided by the
Indians and burned. (See La Salle.)

FORT WAYNE & CHICAGO RAILROAD.
(See Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railuay.)

FORT WAYNE k ILUNOIS RAILROAD. (See
New York. CIticago d: St. Louis Railway.)

FORTIFICATIONS, PREHISTORIC. Closely
related in interest to the works of the mound-
builders in Illinois — though, probablj', owing their
origin to another era and an entirely different

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

173

race — are those works which bear evidence of
having been constructed for purposes of defense
at some period anterior to the arrival of white
men in the country. While there are no works
in Illinois so elaborate in construction as those to
which have been given the names of "Fort
Ancient" on the Maumee in Ohio. "Fort Azatlan"
on the Wabash in Indiana, and "Fort Aztalan'"
on Rock River in Southern Wisconsin, there are
a number whose form of construction shows that
they must have been intended for warlike pur-
poses, and that they were formidable of their
kind and for the period in whicli they were con-
structed. It is a somewlxat curious fact that,
while La Salle County is the seat of the first
fortification constructed by the French in Illinois
that can be said to have had a sort of permanent
character ( see Fort St. Louis and Starved Rock),
it is also the site of a larger number of prehistoric
fortifications, whose remains are in sucli a state
of preservation as to be clearly discernible, than
any other section of the State of equal area. One
of the most formidable of these fortifications is
on the east side of Fox River, opposite the mouth
of Indian Creek and some six miles northeast of
Ottawa. This occupies a position of decided
natural strength, and is surrounded by three lines
of circumvallation, showing evidence of consider-
able engineering skill. From the size of the trees
within this work and other evidences, its age has
been estimated at not less than 1,200 years. On
the present site of the town of Marseilles, at the
rapids of the Illinois, seven miles east of Ottawa,
another work of considerable strength existed.
It is also said that the American Fur Company
had an earthwork here for the protection of its
trading station, erected about 1816 or '18. and
consequently belonging to the present century.
Besides Fort St. Louis on Starved Rock, the out-
line of another fort, or outwork, whose era has
not been jjositively determined, about half a mile
south of the former, has been traced in recent
times. De Baugis, sent by Governor La Barre, of
Canada, to succeed Tonty at Fort St. Louis, is said
to have erected a fort on Buffalo Rock, on tlie
opposite side of the river from Fort St. Louis,
which belonged practically to the same era as the
latter. — There are two points in Southern Illinois
where the aborigines had constructed fortifica-
tions to which the name "Stone Fort" has been
given. One of these is a hill overlooking the
Saline River in the southern part of Saline
County, where there is a wall or breastwork five
feet in height enclosing an area of less than an
acre in extent. The other is on the west side of

Lusk's Creek, in Pope County, where a breast-
work has been constructed by loosely piling up
the stones across a ridge, or tongue of land, with
vertical sides and surrounded by a bend of the
creek. Water is easily obtainable from the creek
below the fortified ridge. — The remains of an old
Indian fortification were found by early settlers
of McLean County, at a point called "Old Town
Timber," about 1833 to 1825. It was believed
then that it had been occupied by the Indians
during the War of 1812. The story of the Indians
was, that it was burned by General Harrison in
1813; though this is imjjrobable in view of the
absence of any historical mention of the fact.
Judge H. W. Beckwith, who examined its site in
1880, is of the opinion that its history goes back
as far as 17.53, and that it was erected by tlie
Indians as a defense against the French at Kas-
kaskia. There was also a tradition that there
had been a French mission at this point. — One of
the most interesting stories of early fortifications
in the State, is that of Dr. V. A. Boyer, an old
citizen of Chicago, in a paper contributed to the
Chicago Historical Society. Although the work
alluded to by him was evidently constructed after
the arrival of the French in the country, the
exact period to which it belongs is in doubt.
According to Dr. Boyer, it was on an elevated
ridge of timber land in Palos Township, in the
western part of Cook County. He says: "I first
saw it in 1833, and since then have visited it in
company with other persons, some of whom are
still living. I feel sure that it was not built dur-
ing the Sac War from its appearance. ... It
seems probable that it was tlie work of French
traders or explorers, as there were trees a century
old growing in its environs. It was evidently
the work of an enlightened people, skilled in the
science of warfare. ... As a strategic point it
most completely commanded the surrounding
country and the crossing of the swamp or 'Sag'."
Is it improbable that this was the fort occupied
by Colonel Durantye in 1095'? The remains of a
small fort, supposed to have been a French trad-
ing post, were found by the pioneer settlers of
Lake County, where the present city of Waukegan
stands, giving to that place its first name of
"Little Fort." This structure was seen in 1835
by Col. William S. Hamilton (a son of Alexander
Hamilton, first Secretary of the Treasury), who
had served in the session of the General Assembly
of that year as a Representative from Sangamon
County, and was then on his way to Green Bay,
and the remains of the pickets or palisades were
visible as late as 1835. While the date of its

174

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

erection is unknown, it probablj- belonged to the
latter part of the eighteenth century. There is
also a tradition that a fort or trading post, erected
by a Frenchman named Garay (or Guarie) stood
on the North Branch of the Chicago River prior
to the erection of the first Fort Dearborn in 1803.

FOSS, tieorpe Edmund, lawyer and Congress-
man, was born in Franklin County, Vt., July 'i,
1863; graduated from Harvard University, in
1885; attended the Columbia Law School and
School of Political Science in New York City,
finally graduating from the Union College of I..aw
in Chicago, in 1889, when he was admitted to the
bar and began practice. He never held any
political office until elected as a Republican to
the Fifty fourth Congress (1894), from the
Seventh Illinois District, receiving a majority of
more than 8,000 votes over his Democratic and
Populist competitors. In 189G he was again the
candidate of his party, and was re-elected by a
majority of over 20,000, as he was a third time,
in 1898, by more than 12,000 majority. In the
Fifty -fifth Congress Mr. Foss was a member of tlie
Committees on Naval Affairs and Expenditures in
the Department of Agriculture.

FOSTER, (Dr.) John Herbert, physician and
educator, was born of Quaker ancestry at Hills-
borough, N. H., March 8, 1796. His early years
were spent on his father's farm, but at the age
of 16 he entered an academy at Meriden, N. II.,
and, three years later, began teaching with an
older brother at Schoharie, N. Y. Having si)ent
some sixteen years teaching and practicing
medicine at various places in his native State, in
1832 he came west, first locating in Morgan
County, 111. While there he took part in the
Black Hawk War, serving as a Surgeon. Before
the close of the year he was compelled to come to
Chicago to look after the estate of a brother who
was an officer in the army and had been killed by
an insubordinate soldier at Green Bay. Having
thus fallen heir to a considerable amount of real
estate, which, in subsequent j"ears, largely
appreciated in value, he became identified with
early Chicago and ultimately one of the largest
real-estate owners of his time in the citj'. He
was an active promoter of education during this
period, serving on both City and State Boards.
His death occurred. May 18. 1874. in consequence
of injuries sustained by being throvrn from a
vehicle in wlii<'h he was riding nine days previous.

FOSTER, John Wells, author and scientist,
was born at Brimfield, Mass.. in 1815, and edu-
cated at Wesleyan University. Conn ; later studied
law and was admitted to the bar in Ohio, but

soon turned his attention to scientific pursuits,
being employed for several yeai^s in the geological
survey of Ohio, during which he investigated the
coal-beds of the State. Having incidentally
devoted considerable attention to the study of
metallurgy, he was employed about 1844 by
mining capitalists to make the first systematic
Kinvey of the Lake Superior copper region, upon
which, in conjunction with J. D. Whitney, he
made a report which was published in two vol-
umes in 1850-51. Returning to Massachusetts, he
participated in the orgiinization of the "American
Party" there, though we find him soon after
breaking with it on the slavery question. In
18.j5 he was a candidate for Congress in the
Springfield (Mass ) District, but was beaten by a
small majority. In 1858 he removed to Chicago
and, for some time, was Land Commissioner of
the Illinois Central Railroad. The latter j'ears of
his life were devoted chiefly to archaeological
researches and writings, also serving for some
years as Professor of Natural History in the (old)
University of Chicago. His works include "Tlie
Mississippi Valley; its Phj'sical Geography, Min
eral Resources," etc. (Chicago, 1869); "Mineral
Wealth and Railroad Development," (New York,
1872) ; "Prehistoric Races of the United States,"
(Chicago, 1873), besides contributions to numer-
ous scientific periodicals. He was a member of
several scientific associations and, in 1869, Presi-
dent of the American Association for the Ad-
vancement of Science. He died in Hyde Park,
now a jKirt of Chicago, June 29, 1873.

FOl'KE, Philip B., hiwyer and Congressman,
was born at Ka.skaskia. 111., Jan. 23, 1818; was
chiefly self-educated and began his career as a
clerk, afterwards acting as a civil engineer ; about
1841-42 was associated with the publication of
"The Belleville Advocate," later studied law,
and, after being admitted to the bar, served as
Prosecuting Attorney, being re-elected to that
oflice in 1856. Previous to this, however, he had
been elected to the lower branch of the Seven-
teenth General Assembly (1850), and, in IS.W,
was elected as a Democrat to the Thirtj-sixth
Congress and re-elected two ye;irs later. While
still in Congress he assi-sted in organizing the
Thirtieth Regiment Illinois Vohmteers, of which
he was commissioned Colonel, but resigned on
account of ill-health soon after the battle of Shiloh.
After leaving the army he removed to New
Orleans, where he was appointed Public Adminis-
trator and practiced law for some time. He then
took up the prosecution of the cotton-claims
against the Mexican Government, in which he

IILSTOmCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

175

was engaged some seven years, finally removing
to Washington City and making several trips to
Europe in the interest of these suits. He won
his cases, but died soon after a decision in his
favor, largely in consequence of overtaxing his
brain in their prosecution. His deatli occurred
in Washington, Oct. 3, 1876, when he was buried '
in the Congressional Cemetery, President Grant
and a number of Senators and Congressmen acting
as pall-bearers at his funeral.

FOWLER, Charles Henry, Methodist Episcopal
Bishop, born in Burford, Conn., August 11, 1837;
was partially educated at Rock River Seminary,
Mount Morris, finally graduating at Genesee
College, N. Y., in 18.59. He tlien liegan tlie study
of law in Chicago, but, changing his purpose,
entered Garrett Biblical Institute, at Evanston,
graduating in 1861. Having been admitted to
the Rock River Methodist Episcopal Conference
he was appointed successively to Chicago churches
till 1872; then became President of tlie North-
western University, holding this office four years,
when he was elected to tlie editorship of "The
Christian Advocate" of New York. In 1884 he
was elected and ordained Bisliop. His residence
is in San Francisco, his labors as Bisliop being
devoted largely to the Pacific States.

FOX RIVER (of Illinois)— called Pishtaka by
the Indians — rises in Waukesha County, Wis.,
and, after running southward through Kenosha
and Racine Counties in that State, passes into
Illinois. It intersects McHenry and Kane Coun-
ties and runs southward to the city of Aurora,
below which point it flows southwestward, until
it empties into the Illinois River at Ottawa. Its
length is estimated at 220 miles. The chief
towns on its banks are Elgin, Aurora and Ottawa.
It affords abundant water power.

FOXES, an Indian tribe. (See Sacs mid
Foxes. )

FRANCIS, Simeon, pioneer journalist, was
born at Wethersfield, Conn., May 14, 1796,
learned the printer's trade at New Haven, and. in
connection with a partner, publislied a paper at
Buffalo, N. Y. In cou.sequence of the excitement
growing out of the abduction of Morgan in 1828,
(being a Mason) he was compelled to suspend,
and, coming to Illinois in the fall of 18;31, com-
menced the publication of "The Sangamo" (now
"The Illinois State") "Journal" at Springfield,
continuing his connection therewith until 1805,
wlien he sold out to Messrs. Bailhache & Baker.
Abraham Lincoln was his close friend and often
wrote editorials for his paper. Mr. Francis was
active in the organization of the State Agricul-

tural Society (1853), serving as its Recording
Secretary for several years. In 1859 he moved to
Portland, Ore., where he published "The Oregon
Farmer," and served as President of the Oregon
State Agricultural Society ; in 1861 was ap-
pointed by President Lincoln, Paymaster in the
regular army, serving until 1870, when he retired
on half-pay. Died, at Portland, Ore., Oct. 25,
1872. — Allen (Francis), brother of the preceding,
was born at Wetliersfield, Conn., April 14, 1815;
in 1834, joined his brother at Springfield, 111., and
became a partner in the publication of "Tlie
Journal" until its sale, in 1855. In 1861 he was
appointed United States Consul at Victoria, B. C,
serving until 1871, when he engaged in the fur
trade. Later he was United States Consul at
Port Stanley, Can., dying there, about 1887. —
Josiali (Francis), cousin of the preceding, born
at Wethersfield, Conn., Jan. 17, 1804; was early
connected with "The Springfield Journal"; in
1836 engaged in merchandising at Athens, Menard
County ; returning to Springfield, was elected to
the Legislature in 1840, and served one term as
Mayor of Springfield. Died in 1867.

FRANKLIN, a village of Morgan County, on
the Jacksonville & St. Louis Railroad, 12 miles
southeast of Jacksonville. The place has a news-
paper and two banks; the surrounding country
is agricultural. Population (1880), 316; (1890),
578; (1900), 687.

FRANKLIN COUNTY, located in the south-
central part of tlie State; was organized in 1818,
and has an area of 430 square miles. Population
(1900), 19,675. The county is well timbered and
is drained by the Big Muddy River. The soil is
fertile and the products include cereals, potatoes,
sorghum, wool, pork and fruit. Tlie county -.seat
is Benton, with a population (1890) of 939. The
county contains no large towns, although large,
well-cultivated farms are numerous. The earli-
est white settlers came from Kentucky and Ten-
nessee, and the hereditary traditions of generous,
southwestern hospitality are preserved among
the residents of to-day.

FRANKLIN GROVE, a town of Lee County, on
Council Bluffs Division of the Chicago & North-
western Railway, 88 miles west of Chicago.
Grain, poultry, and live-stock are shipped from
here. It has banks, water-works, liigb school,
and a weekly paper. Population (1890), 736;
(1900), GH\.

FRAZIER, Robert, a native of Kentucky, who
came to Southern Illinois at an early day ami
served as State Senator from Edwards County, in
the .Second and Third General Assemblies, in the

176

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

latter being an opponent of the scheme to make
Illinois a slave State. He was a farmer by occu-
pation and, at the time he was a member of the
Legislature, resided in what afterwards became
Wabash Count}^ Subsequently he removed to
Edwards County, near Albion, where he died.
"Frazier"s Prairie," in Edwards County, was
named for him.

FBEEBUBG, a village of St. Clair County, on
the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad, 8
miles southeast of Belleville. Population (1880),
1,038; (1890), 8-18; (ISiOO). 1,214.

FREEMAJf, Norman L., lawyer and Supreme
Court Reporter, was born in Caledonia, Living-
ston County, N. Y., May 9, 1823; in 1831 accom-
panied his widowed mother to Ann Arbor, Mich.,
removing six years afterward to Detroit ; was edu-
cated at Cleveland and Ohio University, taught
school at Lexington. Ky., while studying law,
and was admitted to the bar in 1846; removed to
Shawneetown, 111., in 18.51. was admitted to the
Illinois bar and practiced some eight years. He
then began farming in Marion County, Mo., but,
in 1862, returned to Shawneetown and, in 1863,
was appointed Reporter of Decisions by the
Supreme Court of Illinois, serving until his
death, which occurred at Springfield near the
beginning of his sixth term in office, August 23,
1894.

FREE MASONS, the oldest secret fraternity in
the State — known as the "Ancient Order of Free
and Accepted Masons" — the first Lodge being
instituted at Kaskaskia, June, 3, 1806, with Gen.
John Edgar, Worshipful Master; Michael Jones,
Senior Warden; James Calbraith, Junior War-
den ; William Arundel, Secretary ; Robert Robin-
son, Senior Deacon. These are names of persons
who were, without exception, prominent in the
early history of Illinois. A Grand Lodge was
organized at Vandalia in 1822, with Gov. Shad-
rach Bond as first Grand Master, but the organi-
zation of the Grand Lodge, as it now exists, took
place at Jacksonville in 1840. The number of
Lodges constituting the Grand Lodge of Illinois
in 1840 was six, with 157 members ; the nimaber
of Lodges within the same jurisdiction in 189.5
was 713, with a membership of 50,727, of which
47,335 resided in Illinois. The dues for 1895
were .S37,H34.50; the contributions to members,
their widows and orphans, §25,038.41 ; to non-
members, 80,306.38, and to the Illinois Masonic
Orphans" Home, §1,315.80. — Apollo Commandery
No. 1 of Knights Templar — the pioneer organi-
zation of its kind in this or any neighboring
State — was organized in Chicago, May 20, 1843,

and the Grand Commandery of the order in Illi-
nois in 1857, with James V. Z. Blaney. Grand
Commander. In 1895 it was made up of sixty-
five subordinate commanderies, with a total
membership of 9,355, and dues amounting to
§7,7.54.75. The principal officers in 1895 90 were
Henry Hunter Montgomery, Grand Commander;
John Henry Witbeck, Grand Treasurer, and Gil-
bert W. Barnard, Grand Recorder.— The Spring-
fieKl Chapter of Ro)-al Arcli-Masons was organized
in Springfield, Sept. 17, 1841, and the Royal Arch
Chapter of the State at Jacksonville, April 9,
1850, the nine existing Chapters being formally
chartered Oct. 14, of the same year. The number
of subordinate Chapters, in 1895, was 186, with a
total membership of 10,414. — The Grand Council
of Royal and Select Masters, in 1894, embraced 33
subordinate Councils, with a membership of
2,318.

FREEPORT, a city and railwaj- center, the
county-seat of Stephenson County, 121 miles west
of Chicago; has good water-power from the Peca-
tonicA River, with several manufacturing estab-
lishments, the output including carriages,
wagon-wheels, wind-mills, coffee-mills, organs,
piano-stools, leather, mineral paint, foundry pro-
ducts, chicken incubators and vinegar. The Illi-
nois Central Railroad has shops here and the city
has a (iovernment postoflice building. Popula-
tion (1890), 10,189; (1900), 13,258.

FREEPORT COLLEGE, an institution at Free-
port, 111., incorporated in 1895; is co-educational ;
had a faculty of six instructors in 1896, with 116
pupils.

FREER, Lemuel Covell Paine, early lawyer,
was born in Dutchess County, N. Y., Sept. 18,
1815; came to Chicago in 1836, studied law and
was admitted to the bar in 1840; was a zealous
anti-slaverj- man and an active supporter of the
(iovernment during the War of the Rebellion ;
for many years wiis President of the Board of
Trustees of Rush Medical College. Died, in
Chicago. .April 14, 1892.

FRENCH, Augustus C, ninth Governor of
Illinois (1846-52), was bom in New Hampshire,
August 2, 1808. After coming to Illinois, he
became a resident of Crawford County, and a
lawyer by profe-ssion. He was a member of the
Tenth and Eleventh General Assemblies, and
Receiver, for a time, of the Land Office at Pales-
tine. He served as Presidential Elector in 1844,
was elected to the office of Governor as a Demo-
crat in 1846 by a majority of nearly 17,000 over
two competitors, and was the unanimous choice of
his party for a second term in 1848. His adminis-

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

177

tration was free from scandals. He was appointed
Bank Commissioner by Governor Matteson, and
later accepted the chair of Law in McKendree
College at Lebanon. In 1858 he was the nominee
of the Douglas wing of the Democratic party for
State Superintendent of Public Instruction.
ex-Gov. John Reynolds being the candidate of
the Buchanan branch of the party. Both were
defeated. His last public service was as a mem-
ber from St. Clair County of the Constitutional
Convention of 1863. Died, at Lebanon, Sept. 4,
1864.

FRENCH AXD INDIAN WAR. The first
premonition of this struggle in tlie West was
given in 1698, when two English vessels entered
the mouth of the Mississippi, to take possession
of the French Territory of Louisiana, which then
included what afterward became the State of
Illinois. This expedition, however, returned
without result. Great Britain was anxious to
have a colorable pretext for attempting to evict
the French, and began negotiation of treaties
with the Indian tribes as early as 1724, expecting
tliereby to fortify her original claim, which was
based on tlie riglit of prior discovery. The
numerous shiftings of the political kaleidoscope in
Europe prevented any further steps in this direc-
tion on the part of England until 1748-49, when
the Oliio Land Company received a royal grant
of 500,000 acres along the Oliio River, with exclu-
sive trading privileges. The Company proceeded
to explore and survey and, about 1753, established
a trading post on Loramie Creek, 47 miles north
of Dayton. The French foresaw that liostilities
were probable, and advanced their posts as far
east as the Allegheny River. Complaints by the
Ohio Company induced an ineffectual remon-
strance on the part of Virginia. Among the
ambas.sadors sent to the French by the Governor
of Virginia was George Washington, who thus,
in early manhood, became identified with Illinois
history. His report was of such a nature as to
induce the erection of counter fortifications by
the British, one of wliich (at the junction of the
Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers) was seized
and occupied by the French before its completion.
Then ensued a series of engagements whicli,
while not involving large forces of men, were
fraught with grave consequences, and in which
the French were generally successful. In 1755
occurred "Braddock's defeat" in an expedition to
recover Fort Duquesne (where Pittsburg now
stands), which had been captured by the French
the previous year, and the Government of Great
Britain determined to redouble its ert'orts. The

final result was the termination of Frencli domi-
nation in the Ohio Valley. Later came the down-
fall of French ascendency in Canada as the result
of the battle of Quebec ; but the vanquished yet
hoped to be able to retain Louisiana and Illinois.
But France was forced to indemnify Spain for the
lo.ss of Florida, which it did by the cession of all
of Louisiana lying west of the Mississippi (includ-
ing the city of New Orleans), and this virtually
ended French liopes in Illinois. The last nulitary
post in North America to be garrisoned by French
troops was Fort Chartres, in Illinois Territory,
where St. Ange remained in command until its
evacuation was demanded bv the English.

FRENCH GOVERNORS OF ILLINOIS. French
Governors began to be appointed by the Company
of the Indies (which see) in 1732, the "Illinois
Country" having previously been treated as a
dependency of Canada. The first Governor ( or
"commandant") was Pierre Duque de Boisbriant,
who was commandant for only three years, when
he was summoned to New Orleans (1725) to suc-
ceed de Bienville as Governor of Louisiana. Capt.
du Tisne was in command for a short time after
his departure, but was succeeded by another
Captain in the royal army, whose name is vari-
ously si)elled de Liette, de Lielte, De Siette and
Delietto. He was followed in turn by St. Ange
(the father of St. Ange de Bellerive), who died in
1742. In 1733 the Company of the Indies surren-
dered its charter to the crown, and the Governors
of the Illinois Country were thereafter appointed
directly by royal authority. Under the earlier
Governors justice had been administered under
the civil law; with the change in the metliod of
appointment the code known as the "Common
Law of Paris" came into effect, although not
rigidly enforced because found in many particu-
lars to be ill-suited to the needs of a new country.
Tlie first of the Royal Governors was Pierre
d' Artaguiette, who was ajjpointed in 1734, but was
captured while engaged in an expedition against
the Chicka.saws, in 1730, and burned at the stake.
(See D'Artmjniette.) He was followed bj'
Alphonse de la Buissoniere, who was succeeded,
in 1740, by Capt. Benoi.st de St. Claire. In 1743
he gave way to the Chevalier Bertel or Berthet^
but was reinstated about 1748. The last of the
French Governors of the "Illinois Country" was
Louis St. Ange de Bellerive, who retired to St.
Louis, after turning over the command to Cap-
tain Stirling, the English officer sent to supersede
him, in 1765. (St. Ange de Bellerive died, Dec.
27, 1774.) The administration of the French
commandants, while firm, was usually conserva-

178

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOLS.

tive and benevolent. Local self-government was
encouraged as far as practicable, and, wliile the
Governors" power over commerce was virtually
unrestricted, they interfered but little with the
ordinary life of the people.

FREW, Calvin Haniill, lawyer and State Sena-
tor, was born in Cleveland, Ohio, educated at
Finley (Ohio) High School, Beaver (Pa.) Academy
and Vermilion In.stitute at Hayesville. Ohio. ; in
1863 was Principal of the High School at Kalida,
Ohio, where he began the study of law, which he
continued the next two years with Messrs. Strain
& Kidder, at Monmouth, 111., meanwhile acting
as Principal of a high school at Young America ;
in 1865 removed to Paxton, Ford County, which
has since been his home, and the same year was
admitted to the bar by the Supreme Court of Illi-
nois. Mr. Frew served as Assistant Superintend-
ent of Schools for Ford County (186,5-68) ; in 1868
was elected Representative in the Twenty-sixth
General Assembly, re-elected in 1870, and again
in '78. While practicing law he has been con-
nected with some of the most imix)rtant cases
before the courts in that section of the State, and
his fidelity and skill in their management are
testified by members of the bar, as well as
Judges upon the bench. Of late 5'ears he has
devoted his attention to breeding trotting horses,
with a view to the improvement of his health
but not with the intention of permanently
abandoning his profession.

FRY, Jacob, pioneer and soldier, was lM)rn in
Fayette County, Ky., Sept. 20, 1799; learned the
trade of a carpenter and came to Illinois in 1819,
working first at Alton, but, in 1820, took up his
residence near the present town of Carrollton, in
which he built the first house. Greene County
was not organized until two years later, and this
border settlement was, at that time, the extreme
northern white settlement in Illinois. He served
as Constable and Deputy Sheriff (simultaneously)
for six jears, and was then elected Sheriff, being
five times re-elected. He served through the
Black Hawk War (first as Lieutenant-Colonel and
afterwards as Colonel), having in his regiment
Abraham Lincoln, O. H. Browning, John Wood
(afterwards Governor) and Robert Anderson, of
Fort Sumter fame. In 1837 he was appointed
Commissioner of the Illinois & Micliigau Canal,
and re-appointed in 1839 and '41, later becoming
Acting Commissioner, with authority to settle up
the business of the former commission, which
was that year legislated out of office. He was
afterwards appointed Canal Trustee by Governor
Ford, and, in 1.847, retired from connection with

canal management. In 18.'i0 he went to Cali-
fornia, where he engaged in mining and trade
for three years, meanwhile serving one term in
the State Senate. In 1857 he was appointed Col-
lector of the Port at Chicago by Presi<lent Buch-
anan, but wivs removed in 1859 because of his
friendship for Senator Douglas. In 1860 he
returned to Greene Count}' ; in 1801, in spite of his
advanced age, w;is commissioned Colonel of the
Si.xty-first Illinois Volunteers, and later partici-
pated in numerous engagements (among them the
battle of Shiloli), was captured by Forrest, and
ultimately compelled to resign because of im-
paired health and failing eyesight, finally becom-
ing totally blind. He died, June 27, 1881, "and
was buried in Oak Ridge Cemetery, near Spring-
field. Two of Colonel Fry's sons achieved dis-
tinction during the Civil War. — James Rarnet
(Fr)-), son of the preceding, wiis burn at Car-
rollton, 111., Feb. 22, 1827; graduated at West
Point Military Academy, in 1847. and was
assigned to artillery service; after a short experi-
ence as Assistant Instructor, joined his regiment,
the Third United States Artillerj-, in Mexico,
remaining there through 1847-48. Later, he was
employed on frontier and garrison dutj', and
again as Instructor in 1853-54. and as Adjutant of
the Academy during 18,54-59; became A.ssistant
Adjutiint-(ieneral, March 16. 18G1, then .served as
Chief of Staff to General McDowell and General
Buell (1^61 62). taking part in the kUtles of Bull
Run. Sliiloh and Corinth, and in the campaign in
Kentucky; was made Provost-Marshal-General
(il the L'nited States, in March, 1863, and con-
ducted the drafts of that year, receiving the rank
of Brig;idier-General. April 21. 18G4. He con-
tinued in this office until August 30, 1860, during
which time he put in the army 1,130,021 men,
arrested 70, .562 deserters, collected §26,366.316.78
and made an exact enrollment of the National
forces. After the war he served as Adjutant-
General with the rank of Colonel, till June 1.,
1881, when he was retired at his own request.
Besides his various official reports, lie published a
"Sketch of the Adjutant-General's Department,
United States ^Vrmy, from 1775 to 1875," and "His-
tory and Legal Effects of Brevets in the Armies of
Great Britain and the United States, from their
origin in 1692 to the Present Time," (1877 1. Died,
in Newport, R. I., July 11, 1894.— William M.
(Fry), another son, was Provost Marshal of the
North Illinois District during the Civil War, and
rendereil valuable service to the Government.

FULLER, Allen Curtis, lawj-er. jurist and
Adjutant-Genei-al, was bom in Farmington,

HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

179

Conn., Sept. 24, 1822; studied law at Warsaw,
N. Y., was admitted to practice, in 1846 came to
Belvidere, Boone County, 111., and, after practic-
ing there some years, was elected Circuit Judge
in 1861. A few months afterward he was induced
to accept the office of Adjutant-General by
appointment of Governor Yates, entering upon
the duties of the office in November, 1861. At
first it was understood that his acceptance was
only temporary, so that he did not formally
resign his place upon the bench until July, 1863.
He continued to discharge the duties of Adjutant-
General until January, 1865, when, having been
elected Representative in the General Assembly,
he was succeeded in the Adjutant-General's office
by General Isham N. Haynie. He served as
Speaker of the House during the following ses-
sion, and as State Senator from 1867 to 1873 —
in the Twenty-fifth, Twenty sixth and Twenty-
seventh General As.semblies. He was also elected
a Republican Presidential Elector in 1860, and
again in 1876. Since retiring from office. General
Fuller has devoted his attention to the practice of
his profession and looking after a large private
business at Belvidere.

FULLER, Charles E,, lawyer and legislator,
was born at Flora, Boone County, 111., March 31,
1849; attended the district school until 13 years
of age, and, between 1861 and '67, served as clerk
in stores at Belvidere and Cherry Valley. He
then spent a couple of years in the book business
in Iowa, when (1869) he began the study of law
with Hon. Jesse S. Hildrup, at Belvidere, and
was admitted to tlie bar in 1870. Since then
Mr. Fuller has practiced his profession at Belvi-
dere, was Corporation Attorney for that city in
1875-76, the latter year being elected State's
Attorney for Boone County. From 1879 to 1891
he served continuously in the Legislature, first
as State Senator in the Thirty-first and Tliirty-
second General Assemblies, then as a member of
the House for three sessions, in 1888 being
returned to the Senate, where he served the
next two sessions. Mr. Fuller established a high
reputation in the Legislature as a debater, and
was the candidate of his party (the Republican)
for Speaker of the House in 1885. He was also a
delegate to the Republican National Convention
of 1884. Mr. Fuller was elected Judge of the
Circuit Court for the Seventeenth Circuit at the
judicial election of June, 1897.

FULLER, Melville Weston, eighth Chief Jus-
tice of the United States Supreme Court, was
born at Augusta, Maine. Feb. 11, 1833, graduated
from Bowdoin College in 1853, was admitted to

the bar in 1855, and became City Attorney of his
native city, but resigned and removed to Chicago
the following year. Through his mother's
family he traces his descent back to the Pilgrims
of the Mayflower. His literary and legal attain-
ments are of a high order. In politics he has
always been a strong Democrat. He served as a
Delegate to the Constitutional Convention of
1863 and as a member of the Legislature in 1863,
after that time devoting liis attention to the
practice of his profession in Chicago. In 1888
President Cleveland appointed him Chief Justice
of the Supreme Court, since which time he has
resided at Washington, although still claiming a
residence in Chicago, where he has considerable
property interests.

FULLERTOX, Alexander N., pioneer settler
and lawyer, bom in Chester, Vt., in 1804, was
educated at Middlebury College and Litchfield
Law School, and, coming to Chicago in 1833,
finally engaged in real-estate and mercantile
business, in which he was very successful. His
name has been given to one of the avenues of
Chicago, as well as associated with one of the
prominent business blocks. He was one of the
original members of the Second Presbyterian
Church of that city. Died, Sept. 29, 1880.

FULTOX, a city and railway center in White-
side County, 135 miles west of Chicago, located
on the Mississippi River and the Chicago &
Northwestern, the Cliicago, Burlington &
Quinc}-, and the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul
Railways. It was formerly the terminus of a
line of steamers wliicli annually brought millions
of bushels of grain down the Mississippi from
Minnesota, Wisconsin and Illinois, returning
with merchandise, agricultural implements, etc..
but this river trade gradually died out, having
been usurped by the various railroads. Fulton
has extensive factories for the making of stoves,
besides some important lumber industries. The
Northern Illinois College is located here. Popu-
lation (1890), 2. 099; (1900), 2.085.

FULTON COUNTY, situated west of and bor-
dering on the Illinois River; was originally a part
of Pike County, but separately organized in 1823
— named for Robert Fulton. It has an area of 870
square miles with a population (1900) of 46.201.
The soil is rich, well watered and wooded. Drain-
age is effected by the IlUnois and Spoon Rivers
(the former constituting its eastern boimdary)
and by Copperas Creek. Lewistown became the
county-seat immediately after county organi-
zation, and .so remains to the present time (1899),
The surface of the county at a distance from the

180

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

river is generally flat, although along the Illinois
there are blutfs risiug to the height ot 125 feet.
The soil is rich, and underlying it are rich, work-
able seams of coal. A thin seam of cannel coal
has been mined near Avon, with a contiguous
vein of fire-clay. Some of the earliest settlers were
Messrs. Craig and Savage, who, in 1818. built a
saw mill on Otter Creek; Ossian M. Ross and
Stephen Dewey, who laid off Lewistown on his
own land in 1823. The first hotel in the entire
military tract was opened at Lewistown by Tru-
man Phelps, in 1827. A flat-boat ferry across the
Illinois was established at Havana, in 1823. The
principal towns are Canton(pop.(i,.564), Lewistown
(2,166), Farmington (1,375). and Vermont (1.158).

FULTON COUNTY XARKOW-(iAU(JE RAIL-
WAY, a line extending from the west bank of the
Illinois River, opposite Havana, to Galesburg,
61 miles. It is a single-track, narrow-gauge
(3-foot) road, although the excavations and
embankments are being widened to accommodate
a track of standard gauge. The grades are few,
and, as a rule, are light, although, in one in.stance,
the gradient is eighty-four feet to the mile.
There are more than 19 miles of curves, the maxi-
mum being sixteen degrees. The rails are of
iron, thirty-five pounds to the yard, road not
ballasted. Capital stock outstanding (1895),
$636,794; bonded debt, §484,000; miscellaneous
obligations, §462,362; total capitalization. $1,583.-
156. The line from Havana to Fairview (31 miles)
was chartered in 1 878 and opened in 1880 and the
extension from Fairview to Galesburg chartered
in 1881 and opened in 1882.

FUNK, Ii^aao, pioneer, was born in Clark
County, Ky., Nov. 17, 1797; grew up with meager
educational advantages and, in 1823, came to Illi-
nois, finally settling at what afterwards became
known as Funk's Grove in McLean County.
Here, with no other capital than industry, per-
severance, and integrity, Mr. Funk began laying
the foundation of one of the most ample fortunes
ever acquired in Illinois outside the domain of
trade or speculation. By agriculture and dealing
in livestock, he became the possessor of a large
area of the finest farming lands in the State,
which he brought to a high state of cultivation,
leaving an estate valued at his death at not less
than S2. 000. 000. Mr. Funk served three sessions
in the General Assembly, first as Representative
in the Twelfth (1840-42), and as Senator in the
Twenty-third and Tweuty-foiuth (1862-66), dying
before the close of his last term, Jan. 29, 1865.
Originally a "Whig in politics, he became a Repub-
lican on the organization of that party, and gave

a liberal and patriotic support to the Government
during the war for the preservation of the Union.
During the session of the Twenty-third General
Assembly, in February. 1863, he delivered a
speech in the Senate in indignant comlemnation
of the policy of the anti-war factionists, which,
although couched in homely language, aroused
the enthusiasm of the friends of the Government
throughout the State and won for its author a
prominent place in State history. ^Benjamin F.
(Funk), son of the preceding, was born in Funk's
Grove Township. McLean County, 111., Oct. 17,
1838. After leaving the district schools, he
entered the Wesleyan University at Blooming-
ton, but suspended his studies to enter the army
in 1862, enlisting as a private in the Sixty eighth
Illinois Volunteers. After five months' service
he was honorablj' discharged, and reentered the
University, completing a three-years' course.
For three years after graduation he followed
farming as an avocation, and. in 1809, took up
his residence at Bloomington. In 1871 he was
chosen Mayor, and served seven consecutive
terms. He was a delegate to the National
Republican Convention of 1888, and was the suc-
cessful candidate of that party, in 1892, for Repre-
sentative in Congress from the Fourteenth Illinois
District. — Lafajette (Funk), another son of Isaac
Funk, was a Representative from McLean County
in the Thirty thinl General Assembly and Sena-
tor in the Thirty-fourth and Thirty-fifth. Other
sons who have occupied seats in the same body
include George W., Representative in the Twenty-
seventh, and Duncan M., Representative in the
Fortieth and Forty-first As,semblies The Fimk
family have been conspicuous in the affairs of
McLean County for a generation, and its mem-
bers have occupied many other positions of im-
portance and influence, besidesthose named, under
the State, County and municipal governments.

GAGE, Lyman J., Secretary of the Treasury,
was born in l)e Kuyter, Madison County, N. Y.,
June 28, 1836 ; received a common school educa-
tion in his native county, and, on the removal of
his parents, in 1848, to Rome, N. Y., enjoyed the
advantages of instruction in an academy. At
the age of 17 he entered the employment of the
Oneida Central Bank as office-boy and general
utility clerk, but, two years afterwards, came to
Chicago, first securing employment in a planing
mill, and, in 1858. obtaining a position as book-
keeper of the Merchants' Loan and Trust Com-
pany, at a salary of $500 a year. By 1861 he had
been advanced to the position of cashier of the

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

181

concern, but, in 1868, he accepted the cashiership
of the First National Bank of Chicago, of wliich
he became the Vice-President in 1881 and, in
1891, the President. Jlr. Gage was also one of the
prominent factors in securing tlie location of the
World's Fair at Chicago, becoming one of the
guarantors of the §10,000,000 promised to be raised
by the city of Chicago, and being finally chosen
the first President of tlie Exposition Company.
He also presided over the bankers' section of the
World's Congress Auxiliary in 1893, and, for a
number of years, was President of the Civic Feder-
ation of Chicago. On the assumption of the
Presidency by President McKiuley, in March,
1897, Mr. Gage was selected for the position of
Secretary of the Treasury, which he has con-
tinued to occupy up to the present time ( 1899).

U.VLATIA, a village of Saline County, on the
Illinois Central Railroad, 40 miles southeast of
Duquoin; lias a bank; leading imlustry is coal-
mining. Population (1890), 519; (1900), 642.

UALE, Geor§:e Washington, D.D., LL.D.,
clergyman and educator, was born in Dutchess
County, N. Y., Dec. 3, 1789. Left an orphan at
eight years of age, he fell to the care of older
sisters who inherited tlie vigorous character of
their father, which they instilled into the son.
He graduated at Union College in 1814, and, hav-
ing taken a course in the Theological Seminary
at Princeton, in 1816 was licensed by the Hudson
Presbytery and assumed the charge of building
up new churches in Jefferson County, N. Y.,
serving also for six years as pastor of the Presby-
terian church at Adams. Here his labors were
attended by a revival in which Charles G. Fin-
ney, the eloquent evangelist, and other eminent
men were converts. Having resigned his charge
at Adams on account of illness, he spent the
winter of 1823-24 in Virginia, where his views
were enlarged by contact with a new class of
people. Later, removing to Oneida County,
N. Y., by his marriage with Harriet Selden he
acquired a considerable property, insuring an
income which enabled him to extend the field of
his labors. The result was the establishment of
the Oneida Institute, a manual labor school, at
Whitesboro, with which he remained from 1827
to 1834, and out of which grew Lane Seminary
and Oberlin and Knox Colleges. In 1835 he con-
ceived the idea of establishing a colony and an
institution of learning in the West, and a com-
mittee representing a party of proposed colonists
was appointed to make a selection of a site, which
resulted, in the following year, in the choice of
a location in Knox County, 111., including the

site of the present city of Galesburg, which was
named in honor of Mr. Gale, as tlie liead of the
enterprise. Here, in 1837, were taken the first
practical steps in carrying out plans which had
been previously matured in New York, for the
establishment of an institution which first
received the name of Knox Manual Labor Col-
lege. The manual labor feature having been
finally discarded, the institution took the name
of Knox College in 1857. Mr. Gale was the lead-
ing promoter of the enterprise, by a liberal dona-
tion of lands contributing to its first endowment,
and, for nearly a quarter of a century, being
intimately identified with its history. From
1840 to '42 he served in the capacity of acting
Professor of Ancient Languages, and, for fifteen
years thereafter, as Professor of Moral Philosophy
and Rhetoric. Died, at Galesburg, Sept. 31, 1861.
—William Selden (Gale), oldest son of the preced-
ing, was born in Jefferson County, N. Y., Feb.
15, 1822, came with his father to Galesburg, 111.,
in 1836, and was educated there. Having read
law with the Hon. James Knox, he was admitted
to the bar in 1845, but practiced only a few years,
as he began to turn his attention to measures for
the development of the country. One of these
was the Central Military Tract Railroad (now the
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy), of which he was
the most active promoter and a Director. He
was also a member of the Board of Supervisors of
Knox County, from the adoption of township
organization in 1853 to 1895, with the exception
of four years, and, during the long controversy
which resulted in the location of the county-seat
at Galesburg, was the leader of the Galesburg
party, and subsequently took a prominent part
in the erection of public buildings there. Other
positions held by him include the office of Post-
master of the city of Galesburg, 1849-53; member
of the State Constitutional Convention of 1862,
and Representative in the Twenty-sixth General
Assembly (1870-72); Presidential Elector in 1872;
Delegate to the National Republican Convention
of 1880; City Alderman, 1872-83 and 1891-95;
member of the Commission apjiointed by Gov-
ernor Oglesby in 1885 to revise the State Revenue
Laws; by appointment of President Harrison,
Superintendent of the Galesburg Government
Building, and a long term Trustee of the Illinois
Hospital for the Insane at Rock Island, by
appointment of Governor Altgeld. He has also
been a frequent representative of his party
(the Republican) in State and District Conven-
tions, and, since 1861, has been an active and
leading member of the Board of Trustees of

183

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

Knox College. Mr. Gale was mariieJ, Oct. 6,
1845, to Miss Caroline Ferris, granddaughter of
the financial representative of the Galesburg
Colony of 1836, and has had eight children, of
whom four are living. Died Sep. 1 , 1900.

GALE?JA,'the countj'-seat of Jo Daviess Coxinty,
a city and port of entry, l.'jO miles in a direct line
west by northwest of Chicago; is located on
Galena River, about 41.3 miles above its junction
with the Mississippi, and is an intersecting point
for the Chicago, Burlington A- Quincy, tlie North-
western, and tlie Illinois Central Uailioads, with
connections by stub with the Chicago Great
Western. It is built partially in a valley and
partially on the bluffs which overlook the river,
the Galena River being made navigable for ves-
sels of deep draught by a system of lockage. The
vicinity abounds in rich mines of sulphide of lead
''galena), from which the city takes its name.
Galena is adorned by handsome public and priv-
ate buildings and a beautiful i)ark, in which
stands a fine bronze statue of General Grant, and
a symmetrical monument dedicated to the sol-
diers and sailors of Jo Daviess County who lost
their lives during the Civil War. Its industries
include a furniture factory, a table factory, two
foundries, a tub factory and a carriage factory.
Zinc ore is now being produced in and near the
city in large quantities, and its mining intere.sts
will become vast at no distant day. It owns an
electric light plant, and water is furnished from
an artesian well 1,700 feet deep. Galena was one
of the earliest towns in Northern Illinois to be
settleil, its mines having been worked in the lat-
ter part of the seventeenth century. Many men
of distinction in State and National affairs came
from Galena, among whom were Gen. U. S.
Grant, Gen. John A. Rawlins. Gen. John E.
Smith. Gen. John C. Smith. Gen. A. L. Chetlain,
Gen. John O. Duer, Gen. W, R Rowley, Gen. E.
D. Baker, Hon. E. B. Washburne. Secretary of
State under Grant, Hon. Thompson Campbell,
Secretary of State of Illinois, and Judge Drum-
mond. Population (1890), .5.68.5; (1900). 5,005.

GALENA & CHICAGO UNION RAILRO.VD.
(See Chicago &■ Northwestern Railway.)

GALESBUR(i,the county-seat of Knox County
and an important educational center. The first
settlers were emigrants from the East, a large pro-
portion of them being members of a colony organ-
ized by Rev. George W. Gale, of Whitesboro,
N. Y. , in whose honor the original village was
named. It is situated in the heart of a rich
agricultural district 53 miles northwest of Peoria,
99 miles northeast of Quincy and 163 miles south-

west of Chicago; is an important railway center,
being at the jiiiu-tion of the main line with two
branch linesof the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy,
and the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroads.
It was incorporated as a village in 1841, and as a
city by special charter in 1857. There are beauti-
ful parks and the residence streets are well
shaded, while 25 miles of street are paved with
vitrified brick. The citj' owns a system of water-
works receiving its supply from artesian wells
and artificial lakes, has an efficient and well-
equipped paid fire department, an electric street
car system with three suburban lines, gas and
electric lighting systems, steam-heating plant,
etc. It also has a numl)er of flourishing mechan-
ical industries, including two iron foundries, agri-
cultural implement works, flouring mills, carriage
and wagon work.t and a broom factory, besides
other industrial enterprises of minor importance.
The manufacture of vitrified paving brick is quite
e.xtensively carried on at plants near the city
limits, the city itself being the shipping-point
as well as the point of administrative control.
The Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad
Company has shops and stockyards here, while
considerable coal is mined in the vicinity. The
public buildings include a courthouse. Govern-
ment postoffice building, an opera house, nine-
teen churches, ten public schools with a high
s(-hool and free kindergarten, and a handsome
public library building erected at a cost of §100,-
000. of which one-half was contributed by Mr.
Carnegie. Galesburg enjoys its chief distinction
as the seat of a large number of high cla,ss liter-
ary institutions, including Knox College (non-
sectarian), Lombard University (Universalist),
and Corpus Christi Lyceum and University, and
St. Joseph's Academy (both Roman Catholic).
Three interurban electric railroad lines connect
Galesburg with neighboring towns. Pop. (1890),
15,264; (1900), 18.607.

(JALLATIN COrNTV, one of three counties
organized in Illinois Territory in 1812 — the others
I)eing Madison and Johnson. Previous to that
date the Territory had consisted of only two coun-
ties, St. Clair and Randolph. The new county
was named in honor of Albert Gallatin, then
Secretary of the Treasury. It is situated on the
Ohio and Wabash Rivers, in the extreme south-
eastern part of the State, and has an area of 349
square miles; population (1900) "5,836. The first
cabin erected by an American settler was the
home of Michael Sprinkle, who settled at Shaw-
neetown in 1800. The place early became an
important trading post and distributing ix)int.

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA Of ILLINOIS.

183

A ferry across the Wabash was established in
1803, by Alexander Wilson, whose descendants
conducted it for more than seventy-five years.
Although Stephen Rector made a Government
surrey as early as 1807, tlie public lands were not
placed on the market until 1818. Shawneetown,
the county-seat, is the most important town,
having a population of some 3,300. Bituminous
coal is found in large quantities, and mining is
an important industry. Tlie prosperity of the
county has been much retarded by floods, particu-
larly at Shawneetown and Equality. At the
former point the difference between high and
low water mark in the Ohio River has been as
much as fifty-two feet.

GALLOWAY, Andrew Jackson, civil engineer,
was born of Scotcli ancestry in Butler County,
Pa., Dec. 21, 1814; came with his father to Cory-
don, Ind., in 1830, took a course in Hanover Col-
lege, graduating as a civil engineer in 1837; then
came to Mount Carmel. White Count)-, 111. , with
a view to employment on projected Illinois rail-
roads, but engaged in teaching for a year, having
among his pupils a number who have since been
prominent in State affairs. Later, he obtained
employment as an assistant engineer, serving for
a time under William Gooding, Chief Engineer of
the Illinois & Michigan Canal; was also Assistant
Enrolling and Engrossing Clerk of the State
Senate in 1840-41, and held the same position in
the House in 1846-47, and again in 1848-49, in the
meantime having located a farm in La Salle
County, where the present city of Streator .stands.
In 1849 he was appointed Secretary of the Canal
Trustees, and. in 1851, became assistant engineer
on the Illinois Central Railroad, later superin-
tending its construction, and finally being tran.s-
ferred to the land department, but retiring in
1855 to engage in real-estate business in Chicago,
dealing largely in railroad lands. Mr. Galloway
was elected a County Commissioner for Cook
County, and has since been connected with many
measures of local importance.

GALVA, a town in Henry County, 45 miles
southeast of Rook Island and 48 miles north-
northwest of Peoria; the point of intersection of
the Rock Island & Peoria and the Chicago, Bur-
lington & Quincy Railways. It stands at the
summit of tlie dividing ridge between the Missis-
sippi and the Illinois Rivers, and is a manufac-
turing and coal-mining town. It has eight
churches, three banks, good schools, and two
weekly newspapers. The surrounding country
is agricultural and wealtliy, and is rich in coal.
Population (1890), 2,409; (1900), 3,683.

GARDNER, a village in Garfield Township,
Grundy Coimty, on the Chicago & Alton Rail-
road, 65 miles south-southwest of Cliicago and 26
miles north-northeast of Pontiac; on the Kanka-
kee and Seneca branch of the "Big Four," and
the Elgin. .Joliet & Eastern R. R. Coal-mining
is the principal industry. Gardner has two
banks, four cliurclies, a liigh school, and a weekly
paper. Population (1890), 1.094; (1900). 1,036.

GARI»ER, COAL CITY & NORMANTOWN
RAILWAY. (See Ehjiii, Joliet & Eastern Rail
imy. )

GARY, Joseph Easton, lawyer and jurist, was
born of Puritan ancestry, at Potsdam, St. Law-
rence County, N. Y., July 9, 1821 His early
educational advantages were such as were fur-
nished by district schools and a village academy,
and, until he was 23 years old, he worked at the
carpenter's bench. In 1843 he removed to St.
Louis, Mo., where he studied law. After admis-
sion to the bar, he practiced for five years in
Southwest Missouri, thence going to Las Vegas,
N. M., in 1849, and to San Francisco, Cal., in
1853. In 1856 he settled in Chicago, where he
has since resided. After seven years of active
practice he was elected to the bench of the
Superior Court of Cook County, where he has sat
for thirty years, being four times nominated by
both political parties, and his last re-election — for
a term of six years, occurring in 1893. He pre-
sided at the trial of the Chicago anarchists in
1886 — one of the causes celebres of Illinois. Some
of his rulings therein were sharply criticised, but
he was upheld by the com'ts of appellate jurisdic-
tion, and his connection with the case has given
him world-wide fame. In November, 1888, the
Supreme Court of Illinois transferred him to the
bench of the Appellate Court, of which tribunal
he has been three times Chief Justice.

GASSETTE, Norman Theodore, real-estate
operator, wasbornatTownsend.Vt., April 21, 1839,
came to Chicago at ten years of age, and, after
spending a year at Shurtletf College, took a prepar-
atory collegiate course at the Atwater Institute,
Rochester, N. Y. In June, 1861, he enlisted as
a private in the Nineteenth Regiment Illinois
Volunteers, rising in the second year to the rank
of First Lieutenant, and, at the battle of Chicka-
mauga, by gallantry displayed while serving as
an Aid-de-Camp, winning a recommendation
for a brevet Lieutenant-Colonelcy. The war
over, he served one term as Clerk of the Circuit
Court and Recorder, but later engaged in the real-
estate and loan business as the head of the exten-
sive firm of Norman T. Ga.ssette & Co. He was j.

184

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

Republican in politics, active in Grand Army
circles and prominent as a Mason, holding the
position of Eminent Grand Commander of
Knights Templar of Illinois on occasion of the
Triennial Conclave in Washington in 1889. He
also had charge, as President of the Masonic
Fraternity Temple Association of Chicago, for
some time prior to his decease, of the erection of
the Masonic Temple of Chicago. Died, in Clii-
cago, March 26, 1891.

GATEWOOD, William Jefferson, early lawyer,
was born in "Warren Count}', Ky., came to
FrankUn County, 111., in boyhood, removed to
Shawneetown in 1823, where he taught school
two or three years while studying law; was
admitted to the bar in 1828, and served in five
General Assemblies — as Representative in 1830-32,
and as Senator, 1834-42. He is described as a man
of fine education and brilliant talents. Died,
Jan. 8, 1842.

GATJLT, John C, railway manager, was born
at Hooksett. N. H., May 1, 1829; in 1850 entered
the local freight office of the JIanchester & Law-
rence Railroad, later becoming General Freight
Agent of the Vermont Central. Coming to Chi-
cago in 1859, he successively filled the positions
of Superintendent of Transportation on the
Galena & Chicago Union, and (after the consoli-
dation of the latter with the Chicago & North-
western), that of Division Superintendent,
General Freight Agent and Assistant General
Manager; Assistant General Manager of the
Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul; General Mana-
ger of the Wabash (1879-83); Arbitrator for the
trunk lines (1883-85), and General Manager of
the Cincinnati, New Orleans & Texas Pacific
(1885-90). when he retired. Died, in Chicago,
August 29, 1891.

GEXERAL ASSEMBLIES. The following is a
list of the General Assemblies which have met
since the admission of IlUnois as a State up to
1898 — from the First to the Fortieth inclusive —
with the more important acts passed by each and
the duration of their respective sessions:

First General Assembly held two sessions,
the first convening at Kaskaskia, the State Capi-
tal, Oct. 5, and adjourning Oct. 13, 1818. The
second met, Jan. 4, 1819, continuing to March 31.
Lieut-Gov. Pierre Menard presided over the Sen-
ate, consisting of thirteen members, while John
Messinger was chosen Speaker of the House,
containing twenty-seven members. The most
important business transacted at the first session
was the election of two United States Senators—
Ninian Edwards and Jesse B. Thomas, Sr.— and

the filling of minor State and judicial offices. At
the second session a code of laws was enacted,
copied chiefly from the Virginia and Kentucky
statutes, including the law concerning "negroes
and mulattoes," which long remained on the
statute book. An act was also passed apjwinting
Commissioners to select a site for a new State
Capital, which resulted in its location at Van-
dalia. The sessions were held in a stone building
with gambrel-roof pierced by dormer-windows,
the Senate occupying the lower floor and the
House the upper. The length of the first session
was nine days, and of the second eighty-seven —
total, ninety-six days.

Second General Assembly convened at Van-
dalia, Dec. 4, 1820. It consisted of fourteen
Senators and twenty-nine Representatives. John
McLean, of Gallatin County, was chosen Speaker
of the House. A leading topic of discussion was
the incorporation of a State Bank. Money was
scarce and there was a strong popular demand
for an increase of circulating medium. To
appease this clamor, no less than to relieve traders
and agriculturists, this General Assembly estab-
lished a State Bank (see State Bank), despite
tlie earnest protest of McLean and the executive
veto. A stay-law was also enacted at this ses.sion
for the benefit of the debtor class. The number
of members of the next Legislature was fixed at
eighteen Senators and thirty-six Representatives
— this provision remaining in force until 1831.
The session ended Feb. 15, having lasted seventy-
four days.

TiuRD General Assembly convened, Dec. 2,

1822. Lieutenant-Governor Hubbard presided in
the Senate, while in the organization of the
lower house, William M. Alexander was chosen
Si)<>aker. Governor Coles, in his inaugural,
called attention to the existence of slavery in
Illinois despite the Ordinance of 1787, and urged
the adoption of repressive measures. Both
branches of the Legislature being pro-slavery in
sympathy, the Governor's address provoked
bitter and determined opposition. On Jan. 9,

1823, Jesse B. Thomas was re-elected United
States Senator, defeating John Reynolds, Leonard
White and Samuel D. Ix)ckwood. After electing
Mr. Thomas and choosing State ofiicers, the
General As.sembly proceeded to discuss the major-
ity and minority reports of the committee to
which had been referred the Governor's address.
The minority report recommended the abolition
of slavery, while that of the majority favored
the adoption of a resolution calling a convention
to amend the Constitution, the avowed object

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

185

being to make Illinois a slave State. The latter
report was adopted, but the pro-slavery party in
the House lacked one vote of the number neces-
sary to carry the resolution by the constitutional
two-thirds majority. What followed has always
been regarded as a blot upon the record of tlie
Third General Assembly. Nicholas Hansen, who
had been awarded the seat from Pike County
at the beginning of the session after a contest
brought by his opponent, John Shaw, was un-
seated after the adoption of a resolution to
reconsider the vote by which he had been several
weeks before declared elected. Shaw having
thus been seated, the resolution was carried by
the neces,sary twenty-four votes. Jlr. Hansen,
although previously regarded as a pro-slavery
man, had voted with the minority when the
resolution was first put upon its passage. Hence
followed his deprivation of his seat. The triumph
of the friends of the convention was celebrated
by what Gov. John Reynolds (himself a conven-
tionist) characterized as "a wild and indecorous
procession by torchlight and liquor." (See
Slavery and Slave Lau-s.) The session adjourned
Feb. 18, having continued seventy-nine days.

Fourth General Assembly. This body held
two sessions, the first being convened, Nov. 15,
1824, by proclamation of the Executive, some
three weeks before the date for the regular
session, in order to correct a defect in the law
relative to counting the returns for Presidential
Electors. Thomas Mather was elected Speaker
of the House, while Lieutenant-Governor Hub-
bard presided in the Senate. Having amended
the law concerning the election returns for Presi-
dential Electors, the Assembly proceeded to the
election of two United States Senators — one to
fill the imexpired term of ex-Senator Edwards
(resigned) and the other for the full term begin-
ning March 4, 1825. John McLean was chosen
for the first and Elias Kent Kane for the second.
Five circuit judgeships were created, and it was
provided tliat the bench of the Supreme Court
should consist of four Judges, and that semi-
annual sessions of that tribunal should be held at
the State capital. (See Judicial Department.)
The regular session came to an end, Jan. 18, 1825,
but at its own request, the Lieutenant-Governor
and acting Governor Hubbard re-convened the
body in special session on Jan. 2, 1826, to enact a
new apportionment law under the census of 1825.
A sine die adjournment was taken, Jan. 28, 1826.
One of the important acts of the regular session
of 1825 was the adoption of the first free-school
law in Illinois, the measure having been intro-

duced by Joseph Duncan, afterwards Governor of
the State. This Legislature was in se.ssiou a total
of ninety-two days, of which sixty-five were
during the first session and twenty-seven during
the second.

Fifth General Assembly convened, Dec. 4,
1826, Lieutenant-Governor Kinney presiding in
the Senate and John McLean in the House. At
the request of the Governor an investigation into
the management of the bank at Edwardsville was
had, resulting, however, in the exoneration of its
officers. The circuit judgeships created by the
preceding Legislature were abrogated and their
incumbents legislated out of office. The State
was divided into four circuits, one Justice of the
Supreme Court being assigned to each. (See
Judicial Department.) This General Assembly
also elected a State Treasurer to succeed Abner
Field, James Hall being chosen on the ninth
ballot. The Supreme Court Judges, as directed
by the preceding Legislature, presented a well
digested report on the revision of the laws, which
was adopted without material alteration. One of
the important measures enacted at this session
was an act establishing a State penitentiary, the
funds for its erection being obtained by the
sale of saline lands in Gallatin County. (See
Alton Penitentiary; also Salt Manufacture.)
The session ended Feb. 19 — having continued
seventy-eight days.

Sixth General Assembly convened, Dec. 1,
1828. The Jackson Democrats had a large major-
ity in both houses. John McLean was, for the
third time, elected Speaker of the House, and,
later in the session, was elected United States
Senator by a unanimous vote. A Secretary of
State, Treasurer and Attorney-General were also
appointed or elected. The most important legis-
lation of the session was as follows : Authorizing
the sale of school lands and the borrowing of the
proceeds from the school fund for the ordinary
governmental expenses; providing for a return
to the viva voce method of voting; creating a
fifth judicial circuit and appointing a Judge
therefor ; providing for the appointment of Com-
missioners to determine upon the route of the
Illinois & Michigan Canal, to sell lands and com-
mence its construction. The Assembly adjourned,
Jan. 23, 1829, having been in session fifty-four days.
Seventh General Assembly met, Dec. 6, 1830.
The newly-elected Lieutenant-Governor, Zadoc
Casey, and William L. D. Ewing presided
over the two houses, respectively. John Rey-
nolds was Governor, and, the majority of the
Senate being made up of his political adversaries,

186

HI8T0RICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

experienced no little difiioulty in securing the
confirmation of liis nominees. Two United
States Senators were elected: Elias K. Kane
being chosen to succeed himself and John M.
Robinson to serve the unexpired term of John
McLean, deceased. Tlie United States census of
1830 gave Illinois three Representatives in Con-
gress instead of one, and this General Assembly
passed a re-apportioument law accordingly. The
number of State Senators was increased to
twenty-six, and of members of the lower house
to fifty-five. The criminal code was amended by
the substitution of imprisonment in the peni-
tentiary as a penalty in lieu of the stocks and
public Hogging. This Legislature also authorized
the borrowing of §100,000 to redeem the notes of
the State Bank whicli were to mature the follow-
ing yeai'. The Assembly adjourned, Feb. 16, lb31,
the session having lasted seventy-three days.

Eighth General Assembly. The session
began Dec. 3, 1832, and ended March 2, 1833.
William L. D. Ewing was chosen President pro
tempore of the Senate, and succeeded Zadoc
Casey as Lieutenant-Governor, the latter having
been elected a Representative in Congress.
Alexander M. Jenkins jiresided over the House as
Speaker. This Legislature enacted the first gen-
eral incorporation laws of Illinois, their provisions
being applicable to towns and public libraries.
It also incorporated several railroad companies,
— one line from Lake Michigan to the Illinois
River (projected as a substitute for the canal),
one from Peru to Cairo, and another to cross the
State, running through Springfield. Other char-
ters were granted for shorter lines, but the incor-
porators generally failed to organize under them.
A notable inci dent in connection with this session
was the attempt to impeach Theophilus W. Smith,
a Justice of the Supreme Court. This was the first
and last trial of this character in the State's his-
tory, between 1818 and 1899. Failing to secure a
conviction in the Senate (where the vote stood
twelve for conviction and ten for acquittal, with
four Senators excused from voting), the House
attempted to remove him by address, but in this
the Senate refused to conciu'. The first mechan-
ics' lien law was enacted by this Legislature,
as also a law relating to the "right of way" foi-
"public roads, canals, or other public works.''
The length of the session was ninety days.

Ninth General Assembly. This Legislature
held two sessions. The first began Dec. 1. 1834.
and lasted to Feb. 13, 1835. Lieutenant-Governor
Jenkins presided in the Senate and James Semple
was elected Speaker of the House without oppo-

sition. Oq Dec. 20, John M. Robinson was re-
elected United States Senator Abraham Lincoln
was among the new members, but took no con-
spicuous part in the discussions of the body. The
principal public laws passed at this session were:
Providing for the borrowing of §500,000 to be
used in the construction of the Illinois & Michi-
gan Canal ami the appointment of a Board of
Commissioners to supervise its expenditure;
incorporating the Bank of the State of Illinois;
and authorizing a loan of §12,000 by Cook County,
at 10 per cent interest per annum from the
county school fund, for the erection of a court
house in that county. The second session of this
Assembly convened, Dec. 7, 1835, adjourning. Jan.
18, 1836. A new canal act was passed, enlarging
the Commissioners' powers and pledging the faith
of the .State for the repayment of money bor-
rowed to aid in its construction. A new appor-
tionment law was also passed providing for the
election of forty-one Senators and ninety-one
Representatives, and W. L. D. Ewing was elected
United States Senator, to succeed Elias K. Kane,
deceased. Tlie length of the first session was
seventy-five days, and of the second forty -three
days— total, 118.

Tenth General Assembly, like its predeces-
sor, held two sessions. The first convened Dec. 5,
1836, and adjourned March 6, 1837. The Whigs
controlled the Senate by a large majority, and
elected William II. Davidson, of White County,
President, to succeed Alexander M. Jenkins, who
had resigned the Lieutenant-Governorship. (See
Jenkins. Alcjcander M.) James Semple was
re-elected Speaker of the House, which was
fully two-tliirds Democratic. This Legislature
was remarkable for the number of its members
who afterwards attained National prominence.
Lincoln and Douglas sat in the lower house, both
voting for the same candidate for Speaker — New-
ton Cloud, an independent Democrat. Besides
these, the rolls of this Assembly included the
names of a future Governor, six future United
States Senators, eight Congressmen, three Illinois
Supreme Court Judges, seven State officers, and
a Cabinet officer. The two absorbing topics for
legislative discussion ami action were the system
of internal improvements and the removal of the
State capital. (See Internal Improvement Policy
and State Capital's. ) The friends of Springfield
finally effected such a combination that that city
was selected as the seat of the State government,
while the Internal Improvement Act was passed
over the veto of Governor Duncan. A second
session of this Legislature met on the call of the

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

187

Governor, July 10, 1837, and adjourned July 22.
An act legalizing the suspension of State banks
was adopted, but the recommendation of tlie Gov-
ernor for the repeal of the internal improvement
legislation was ignored. Tlie length of the first
session was ninety-two days and of the second
thirteen — total 10.5.

Eleventh General Assembly. This body
held both a regular and a special session. Tlie
former met Dec. 3. 1838, and adjourned March 4,
1839. The Wliigs were in a majority in botli
liouses, and controlled the organization of the
Senate. In the House, however, their candidate
for Speaker — Abraham Lincoln — failing to secure
his full party vote, was defeated by W. L. D.
Evving. At this session §800,000 more was appro-
])riated for the "improvement of water-ways and
the con.struction of railroads, " all efforts to put an
end to, or even curtail, further expenditures on
account of internal improvements meeting with
defeat. An appropriation (the first) was made
for a library for the Supreme Court ; the Illinois
Institution for the Education of the Deaf and
Dumb was established, and the further issuance
of bank notes of a smaller denomination than S5
was prohibited. By this time the State debt had
increased to over §13,000,000, and both the people
and the Governor were becoming apprehensive as
to ultimate results of this prodigal outlay. A
crisis ai^peared imminent, and the Governor, on
Dec. 9, 1839, convened the Legislature in special
session to consider the situation. (This was the
first session ever held at Springfield; and, the new
State House not being completed, the Senate, the
House and the Supreme Court found accommo-
dation in three of the principal church edifices.)
The struggle for a change of State policy at this
session was long and hard fought, no heed being
given to party lines. The outcome was the vir-
tual abrogation of the entire internal improve-
ment system. Provision was made for the calling
in and destruction of all unsold bonds and the
speedy adjustment of all unsettled accounts of
the old Board of Public Works, which was legis-
lated out of office. The special session adjourned
Feb. 3, 1840. Length of regular session ninety-
two days, of the special, fifty-seven — total, 149.

Twelfth General Assembly. This Legisla-
ture was strongly Democratic in both branches.
It first convened, by executive proclamation,
Nov. 23, 1840, the object being to provide for pay-
ment of interest on the public debt. In reference
to this matter the following enactments were
made: Authorizing the hypothecation of §300,000
internal improvement bonds, to meet the interest

due Jan. 1, 1841; directing the issue of bonds to
be sold in the open market and the proceeds
applied toward discharging all amounts due on
interest account for which no otiier provision was
made: levying a special tax of ten cents on the
§100 to meet the interest on the last mentioned
class of bonds, as it matured. For the comple-
tion of the Northern Cross Railroad (from Spring-
field to Jacksonville) another approi)riation of
§100,000 was made. The called session adjourned,
sine die, on Dec. 5, and the regular se.ssion began
two days later. The Senate was presided over by
the Lieutenant-Governor (Stinson H. Anderson),
and William L. D. Ewing was chosen Speaker of
the House. The most vital issue was the propri-
ety of demanding the surrender of the charter of
the State Bank, with its branches, and here
party lines were drawn. The Whigs finally
succeeded in averting the closing of the institu-
tions which had suspended specie payments, and
in securing for those institutions the privilege of
issuing small bills. A law reorganizing the judi-
ciary was passed by the majority over the execu-
tive veto, and in face of tlie defection of some of
its members. On a partisan issue all the Circuit
Judges were legislated out of office and five Jus-
tices added to the bench of the Supreme Court.
The session was stormy, and the Assembly ad-
journed March 1, 1841. This Legislature was in
session ninety-eight days — thirteen during the
special session and eighty -five during the regular.
Thirteenth General Assembly consisted of
forty-one Senators and 131 Repre.sentatives ; con-
vened, Dec. 5, 1842. The Senate and House were
Democratic by two-thirds majority in each.
Lieut. -Gov. John Moore was presiding officer of
the Senate and Samuel Hackelton Speaker of the
House, with W. L. D. Ewing, who had been
acting Governor and United States Senator, as
Clerk of the latter. Richard Yates, Isaac N.
Arnold, Stephen T. Logan and Gustavus Koerner,
were among the new members. The exi.sting
situation seemed fraught with peril. The State
debt was nearly §14.000.000; immigration had
been checked ; the State and Shawneetown banks
had gone down and their cm'rency was not worth
fifty cents on the dollar; Auditor's warrants were
worth no more, and Illinois State bonds were
quoted at fourteen cents. On Dec. 18. Judge
Sidney Breese was elected United States Senator,
having defeated Stephen A. Douglas for the
Democratic caucus nomination, on the nineteenth
ballot, by a majority of one vote. The State
Bank (in which the State had been a large share-
holder) was permitted to go into liquid;aion upon

188

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

the surrender of State bonds in exchange for a
like amount of bank stock owned bj- the State.
Tlie same conditional release was granted to the
bank at Shawneetown. The net result was a
reduction of the State debt by about 83,000,000.
The Governor was authorized to negotiate a
loan of §1,600,000 on the credit of the State, for
the purpose of prosecuting the work on the canal
and meeting the indebtedness already incurred.
The Executive was also made sole "Fund Com-
missioner" and, in that capacity, was empowered
(in connection with the Auditor) to sell the
railroads, etc., belonging to the State at public
auction. Provision was also made for the redemp-
tion of the bonds hypothecated with Macalister
and Stebbins. (See Macalistcr and Stebbins
Bonds.) The Congressional distribution of the
moneys arising from the sale of public lands was
acquiesced in, and the revenues and resources of
the State were pledged to the redemption "of
every debt contracted by an authorized agent for a
good and valuable consideration." To establish
a sinking fund to meet such obligation, a tax of
twenty cents on every §100, payable in coin, was
levied. This Legislature also made a re-appor-
tionment of the State into Seven Congressional
Districts. The Legislature adjourned, JIarch 0.
1843, after a session of ninety -two days.

Fourteenth Gener.vl Assembly convened
Dec. 2, 1844, and adjourned March 3, 1845, the ses-
sion lasting ninety-two days. The Senate was
composed of twenty-six Democrats and fifteen
Whigs; the House of eighty Democrats and
thirty-nine Whigs. David Davis was among the
new members. William A. Richardson defeated
Stephen T. Logan for the Speakership, and James
Seniple was elected United States Senator to suc-
ceed Samuel McRoberts, deceased. The canal
law was amended by the passage of a supple-
mental act, transferring the property to Trustees
and empowering the Governor to complete the
negotiations for the borrowing of §1,600,000 for
its construction. The State revenue being in-
suiScient to meet the ordinary expenses of the
government, to say nothing of the arrears of
interest on the State debt, a tax of three mills on
eacli dollar's worth of property was imposed for
1845 and of three and one-half mills thereafter.
Of the revenue thus raised in 1845, one mill was
set apart to pay the interest on the State debt
and one and one-half mills for the same purpose
from the taxes collected in 1846 "and forever
thereafter."

Fifteenth Gener.\l .\ssembly convened Dec.
7, 1840. The farewell message of Governor Ford

and the inaugural of Governor French were lead-
ing incidents. The Democrats had a two-thirds
majority in each house. Lieut. -Gov. Joseph 13.
Wells presided in the Senate, and Newton Cloud
was elected Speaker of the House, the compli-
mentary vote of the Whigs being given to Stephen
T. Logan. Stephen A. Douglas was elected
United States Senator, the whigs voting for Cynis
Edwards. State officers were elected as follows:
Auditor, Thomas II. Campbell; State Treasurer,
Stilton Carpenter — both by acclamation; and
Hora(;e S Cooley was nominated and confirmed
Secretary of State. A new school law was
enacted ; the sale of the Gallatin County salines
was authorized ; the University of Chicago was
incorporated, and the Hospital for the Insane at
Jacksonville established; the sale of the North-
ern Cross Railroad was authorized; District
Courts were established ; and provision was made
for refunding the State debt. The Assembly
adjourned, March 1, 1847, after a session of
eighty-five dayS.

Sixteenth General Assembly. This was the
first Legislature to convene under the Constitu-
tion of 1847. There were twenty-five members
in the Senate and seventy-five in the House.
The body assembled on Jan. 1, 1849, continu-
ing in sessicm until Feb. 12 — the session t)eing
limited by the Constitution to six weeks. Zadoc
Casey was chosen Speaker, defeating Richard
Yates by a vote of forty-six to nineteen. After
endorsing the policy of the administration in
reference to the Mexican War and thanking the
soldiers, the Assembly proceeded to the election
of United States Senator to succeed Sidney
Breese. The choice fell upon Gen. James Shields,
the other caucus candidates being Breese and
JlcC^lernand, while Gen. William F. Thornton led
the forlorn hope for the Whigs. The principle of
the Wilmot proviso was endorsed. The Governor
convened the Legislature in special session on
Oct. 22. .V (luestion as to the eligibility of Gen.
Shields having arisen (growing out of his nativity
and naturalization), and the legal obstacles hav-
ing been removed by the lapse of time, he was
re-elected Senator at the special session. Outside
of the passage of a general law authorizing the
incorporation of railroads, little general legisla-
tion was enacted. The special session adjourned
Nov. 7. Length of regular session forty-three
days ; special, seventeen — total sixty.

Seventeenth Gener.vl Assembly convened
Jan. 6, 1851, adjourned Feb. 17 — length of
session forty-three days. Sidney Breese (ex-
Senator) was chosen Speaker. The session was

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

189

characterized by a vast amount of legislation, n<jt
all of which was well considered. By joint reso-
lution of both houses the endorsement of the
Wibnot proviso at the previous session was
rescinded. The first homestead exemption act
was passed, and a stringent liquor law adopted,
the sale of liquor in quantities less than one quart
being prohibited. Township organization was
a\ithorized and what was virtually free-banking
was sanctioned. The latter law was ratified by
popular vote in November, 1851. An act incorpo-
rating the Illinois Central Railroad was also
passed at this session, the measure being drafted
by James L. D. Morrison. A special session of
this Assembly was held in IS.jS under a call by
the Governor, lasting from June 7 to the 83d —
seventeen days. The most important general
legislation of the special session was the reappor-
tionment of the State into nine Congressional
Districts. This Legislature was in session a total
of sixty days.

Eighteenth General Assembly. The first
(or regular) session convened Jan. 3, 1803, and
adjourned Feb. 14. The Senate was composed of
twenty Democrats and five Whigs ; the House, of
fifty-nine Democrats, sixteen Whigs and one
"Free-Soiler. " Lieutenant-Governor Koerner
presided in the upper, and ex-Gov. John Reynolds
in the lower house. Governor Matteson was
inaugurated on the 16th ; Steplien A. Douglas was
re-elected United States Senator, Jan. 5, the
Whigs casting a complimentary vote for Joseph
Gillespie. More than 450 laws were enacted, the
majority being "private acts. " The prohibitory
temperance legislation of the preceding General
Assembly was repealed and the license system
re-enacted. This body also passed the famous
"black laws" designed to prevent the immigration
of free negroes into the State. The sum of
$18,000 was appropriated for the erection and
furnishing of an executive mansion ; the State
Agricultural Society was incorporated; the re-
mainder of the State lands was ordered sold, and
any surplus funds in the treasury apjiriipriated
toward reducing the State debt. A special session
was convened on Feb. 9, 1854, and adjourned
March 4. The most important measures adopted
were : a legislative re-apportionment, an act pro-
viding for the election of a Superintendent of
Public Instruction, and a charter for the Missis-
sippi & Atlantic Railroad. The regular session
lasted forty-three days, the special twenty-four
— total, sixty-seven.

Nineteenth Gener.\l Assembly met Jan. 1,
1855, and adjourned Feb. 15 — the .session lasting

forty-six days. Thomas J. Turner was elected
Speaker of the House. The political complexion
of the Legislature was much mixed, anumg the
members being old-line Whigs, Abolitionists,
Free-Soilers, Know-Nothings, Pro-slavery Demo-
crats and Anti-Nebraska Democrats. The
Nebraska question was the leading issue, and in
reference thereto the Senate stood fourteen
Nebraska members and eleven anti-Nebraska ; the
House, thirty-four straight-out Democrats, while
the entire strength of the opposition was forty-
one. A United States Senator was to be chosen
to succeed Gen. James Shields, and the friends of
free-soil had a clear majority of four on joint
ballot. Abraham Lincoln was the caucus nomi-
nee of the Whigs, and General Shields of the Demo-
crats. The two houses met in joint session Feb. 8.
The result of the first ballot was, Lincoln, forty-
five; Shields, forty-one; scattering, thirteen;
present, but not voting, one. Mr. Lincoln's
strength steadily waned, then rallied slightly on
the sixth and seventh ballots, but again declined.
Shields' forty-one votes rising on the fifth ballot
to forty-two, but having dropped on the next
ballot to forty -one, his name was withdrawn and
that of Gov. Joel A. Matteson substituted. Mat-
teson gained until he received forty-seven votes,
which was the limit of his strength. On the
ninth ballot, Loncoln's vote having dropped to
fifteen, his name was withdrawn at his own
request, his support going, on the next ballot, to
Lyman Trumbull, an anti-Nebraska Democrat,
who received' fifty-one votes to forty-seven for
Matteson and one for Archibald Williams — one
meniber not voting. Trumbull, having received
a majority, was elected. Five members had
voted for him from the start. The.se were Sena-
tors John M. Palmer, Norman B. Judd and Burton
C. Cook, and Representatives Henrj- S. Baker and
George T. Allen. It had been hoped that they
would, in time, come to the support of Mr. Lin-
coln, but they explained that they had been
instructed by their constituents to vote only for
an anti-Nebraska Democrat. They were all sub- .
sequently prominent leaders in the Republican
party. Having inaugurated its work by accom-
plishing a political revolution, this Legislature
proceeded to adopt several measures more or less
radical in their tendency. One of these was the
Maine liquor law, with the condition that it be
submitted to popular vote. It failed of ratifica-
tion by vote of the people at an election held in
the following June. A new common school law
was enacted, and railroads were required to fence
their tracks. The Assembly also adopted a reso-

190

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

lution calling for a Convention to amend the Con-
stitution, but this was defeated at the polls.

Twentieth General Assembly convened Jan.
5, 1857, and adjourned, sine die, Feb. 19. A
Republican State administration, with Governor
Bissell at its head, had just been elected, but the
Legislature was Democratic in both branches.
Lieut, Gov. John Wood presided over the Senate,
and Samuel Holmes, of Adams County, defeated
Isaac N. Arnold, of Cook, for the Speakership of
the House. Among the prominent members were
Norman B. Judd, of Cook; A. J. Kuj-kendall. of
Johnson; Shelby M. CuUom, of Sangamon; John
A. Logan, of Jackson; William K. Morrison, of
Monroe ; Isaac N. Arnold, of Cook ; Joseph Gilles-
pie, of Madison, and S. W. Moulton, of Slielby.
Among the important measures enacted by this
General A.ssembly were the following: Acts
establishing and maintaining free schools; estab-
lishing a Normal University at Normal; amending
the banking law; providing for the general incor-
poration of railroads ; providing for the building
of a new penitentiary; and funding the accrued
arrears of interest on the public debt. Length of
session, forty-six days.

Twenty-first General Assembly convened
Jan. 3, 18.59, and was in session for fifty-three
days, adjourning Feb. 24. The Senate consisted
of twenty-five, and the House of seventy-tive
members. The presiding officers were; — of the
Senate, Lieut.-Gov Wood; of the House, W. R.
Morrison, of Jlonroe County, who defeated his
Republican opponent. Vital Jarrot, of St. Clair,
on a viva voce vote. The Governor's message
showed a reduction of $1,106,877 in the State debt
during two j-ears preceding, leaving a balance of
principal and arrears of interest amounting to
§11,138,454. On Jan. 6, 1859, the Assembly, in
joint session, elected Stephen A. Douglas to suc-
ceed himself as United States Senator, by a vote
of fifty four to forty-si.\ for Abraham Lincoln.
The Legislature was thrown into great disorder
in consequence of an attempt to prevent the
receipt from the Governor of a veto of a legisla-
tive apportionment bill which had been passed by
the Democratic majority in the face of bitter
opposition on the part of the Republicans, who
denounced it as partisan and unjust.

Twenty-second General Assembly convened
in regular session on Jan. 7, 1861, consisting of
twenty-five Senators and seventy-five Represent-
atives. For the first time in the State's history,
the Democrats failed to control the organization
of either house. Lieut -Gov. Francis A. Hoffman
presided over the Senate, and S. M. Cullom, of

Sangamon, was chosen Speaker of the Hovise, the
Democratic (candidate being James W. Singleton.
Thomas A. Marshall, of Coles Count}', was elected
President pro tern, of the Senate over A. J. Kuy-
kendall, of Johnson. The message of the retiring
Governor (John Wood) reported a reduction of
the State debt, during four years of Republican
administration, of $2,860,402, and showed the
numl>er of banks to be 110, whose aggregate cir-
culation was §12.320,964. Lyman Trumbull was
re-elected United States Senator on January 10,
receiving fifty-four votes, to forty-six cast for
Samuel S. Marshall. Governor Yates was inau-
gurated, Jan. 14. The most important legislation
of this session related to the following subjects:
the separate proi)erty rights of married women ,
the encouragement of mining and the support of
public schools ; the payment of certain evidences
of State indebtedness; protection of the purity of
the ballot-box, and a resolution submitting to the
people the question of the calling of a Convention
to amend the Constitution. Joint resolutions were
passed relative to the death of Governor Bissell ;
to the appointment of Commissioners to attend a
Peace Conference in Washington, and referring
to federal relations. The latter deprecated
amendments to the United States Constitution, but
expressed a willingness to unite with any States
which might consider themselves aggrieved,
in petitioning Congress to call a convention
for the consideration of such amendments, at the
same time pledging the entire resources of Illi-
nois to the National Government for the preser-
vation of the Union and the enforcement of the
laws. The regular session ended Feb. 22, having
lasted forty-seven daj-s. — Immediately following
President Lincohi's first call for volunteers to
suppress the rebellion, Governor Yates recon-
vened the General Assembly in special session to
consider and adopt methods to aid and support
the Federal authority in preserving the Union and
protecting the rights anil property of the people.
The two houses assembled on April 23. On April
25 Senator Douglas addressed the members on the
issues of the daj-, in response to an invitation con-
veyed in a joint resolution. The special session
closed May 3, 1861, and not a few of the legislatore
promptly volunteered in the Union army.
Length of the regular session, forty-seven daj's;
of the special, eleven — total fifty -eight.

Twenty-third General Assembly was com-
posed of twenty-five Senators and eighty-eight
Representatives. It convened Jan. 5, 1863, and
was Democratic in both branches. The presiding
officer of the Senate was Lieutenant-Governor

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

191

Hoffman; Samuel A. Buckmaster was elected
Speaker of the House by a vote of flfty-three to
twenty-five. On Jan. 13, William A. Richardson
was elected United States Senator to succeed
S. A. Douglas, deceased, the Republican nominee
being Governor Yates, who received thirty-eight
votes out of a total of 103 cast. Much of the time
of the session was devoted to angry discussion of
the policy of the National Government in the
prosecution of the war. Tlie views of the oppos-
ing parties were expressed in majority and minor-
ity reports from the Committee on Federal
Relations — the former condemning and the latter
upholding the Federal administration. The
majority report was adopted in the House on
Feb. 12, by a vote of fifty-two to twenty-eight,
and the resolutions which it embodied were at
once sent to the Senate for concurrence. Before
they could be acted upon in that body a Demo-
cratic Senator — J. M. Rodgers, of Clinton County
— died. This left the Senate politically tied, a
Republican presiding officer having the deciding
vote. Consequently no action was taken at the
time, and, on Feb. 14, the Legislature adjourned
till June 3. Immediately upon re-assembling,
joint resolutions relating to a sine die adjourn-
ment were introduced in both hou.ses. A disagree-
ment regarding the date of such adjournment
ensued, when Governor Yates, exercising the
power conferred upon him by the Constitution in
such cases, sent in a message (June 10, 1863)
proroguing the General Assembly until "the
Saturday next preceding the first Monday in
January, 1865." The members of the Republican
minority at once left the hall. The members of
the majority convened and adjourned from day
to day until June 24. when, having adopted an
address to the people setting forth their grievance
and denouncing the State executive, they took a
recess until the Tuesday after the first Monday of
January, 1864. The action of the Governor, hav-
ing been submitted to the Supreme Court, was
sustained, and no further session of this General
Assembly was held. Owing to the prominence
of political issues, no important legislation was
effected at this session, even the ordinary appro-
priations for the State institutions failing. This
caused much embarrassment to the State Govern-
ment in meeting current expenses, but banks and
capitalists came to its aid, and no impoi-tant
interest was permitted to suffer. The total
length of the session was fifty days — forty-one
days before the recess and nine days after.

Twenty-fourth Gener.\l Assembly convened
Jan. 2, 1865, and remained in session forty-six

days. It consisted of twenty-rive Senators and
eighty-five Representatives. The Republicans
had a majority in both houses. Lieutenant-Gov-
ernor Bross presided over the Senate, and Allen
C. Fuller, of Boone County, was chosen Speaker
of the House, over Ambrose M. Miller, Democrat,
the vote standing 48 to 23. Governor Yates, in
his valedictory message, reported that, notwith-
standing the heavy expenditure attendant upon
the enlistment and maintenance of troops, etc.,
the State debt had been reduced .3987,786 in four
years. On Jan. 4, 1865, Governor Yates was
elected to the United States Senate, receiving
sixty-four votes to fort}' three cast for James C.
Robinson. Governor Oglesby was inaugurated Jan.
16. The Thirteenth Amendment to the United
States Constitution was ratified by tliis Legisla-
ture, and sundry special appropriations made.
Among the latter was one of §3,000 toward the
State's proportion for the establishment of a
National Cemetery at Gettysburg; §25,000 for
the purchase of the land on which is the tomb
of the deceased Senator Douglas; besides sums
for establishing a home for Soldiers' Orphans and
an experimental school for the training of idiots
and feeble-minded children. The first act for
the registry of legal voters was passed at this
session.

Twenty-fifth General Assembly. This
body held one regular and two special sessions.
It first convened and organized on Jan. 7, 1867.
Lieutenant-Governor Bross presided over the
upper, and Franklin Corwin, of La Salle County,
over the lower house. The Governor (Oglesby),
in his message, reported a reduction of .§2,607,958
in the State debt during the two years preceding,
and recommended various appropriations for pub-
lic purposes. He also urged the calling of a Con-
vention to amend the Constitution. On Jan. 15,
Lyman Trumbull was chosen United States Sena-
tor, the complimentary Democratic vote being
given- to T. Lyle Dickey, who received thirty-
three votes out of 109. The regular session lasted
fifty three days, adjourning Feb. 28. The Four-
teenth Amendment to the United States Constitu-
tion was ratified and important legislation enacted
relative to State taxation and the regulation of
public warehouses ; a State Board of Equalization
of Assessments was established, and the office of
Attorney-General created. (LTnder this law
Robert G. Ingersoll was the first appointee.)
Provision was made for the erection of a new
State House, to establish a Reform School for
Juvenile Offenders, and for the support of other
State institutions. The first special session con-

192

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

vened on June 11, 1S67, having been summoned
to consider questions relating to internal revenue.
The lessee of the penitentiary having surrendered
his lease without notice, the Governor found it
necessary to make immediate provision for the
management of that institution. Not having
included this matter in his original call, no ne-
cessity then existing, he at once summoned a
second special session, before the adjournment
of the fir.st. This convened on June 14, remained
in session imtil Jmie 28, and adopted what is
substantially the present penitentiary law of the
State. This General Assembly was in session
seventy-one days — fiftj'-three at the regular,
three at the first special session and fifteen at tlie
second.

Twenty-sixth General Assembly convened
Jan. 4, 1809. The Republicans liad a majority in
each house. The newly elected Lieutenant-Gov-
ernor, John Dougherty, presided in the Senate,
and Franklin Corwin. of Peru, was again chosen
Speaker of the House. Governor Oglesby sub-
mitted his final message at the opening of tlie
session, sliowing a total reduction in the State
debt during his term of §4,743,821. Governor
John M. Palmer was inaugurated Jan. 11. The
most important acts passed by this Legislature
were the following: Calling the Constitutional
Convention of 18G9; ratifying the Fifteentli
Amendment to the United States Constitution ;
granting well behaved convicts a reduction in
their terms of imprisonment ; for the prevention
of cruelty to animals; providing for the regula-
tion of freights and fares on railroads; estab-
lisliing the Southern Normal University; pro-
viding for the erection of the Northern Insane
Hospital; and establishing a Board of Com-
missioners of Public Cliarities. The celebrated
"Lake PYont Bill," especially affecting the
interests of the city of Chicago, occupied a
great de.al of time during this session, and
though finally passed over the Governor's veto,
was repealed in 1873. This se.ssion was inter-
rupted by a recess which extended from March
12 to April 13. The Legislature re-assem-
bled April 14, and adjourned, sine die, April 20,
having been in actual session seventy-four days.

Twenty-seventh General Assembly had
four sessions, one regular, two special and one
adjourned. The first convened Jan. 4, 1871, and
adjourned on April 17, having lasted 104 days,
when a recess was taken to Nov. 1.5 following.
The bod}' was made up of fifty Senators and 177
Representatives. The Republicans again con-
trolled both houses, electing WiUiam M. Smith,

Speaker (over William R. Morrison, Democrat),
wliile Lieutenant-Governor Dougherty presided in
the Senate. The latter occupied the Hall of Rep-
resentatives in the old State Capitol, while the
Hou.se held its sessions in a new church edifice
erected by tlie Second Presbyterian Cluirch.
John A. Logan was elected United States Sena-
tor, defeating Thomas J. Turner (Democrat) by a
vote, on joint ballot, of 131 to 89. This was the
first Illinois Legislature to meet after the adoption
of the Constitution of 1870, and its time was
mainly devoted to framing, discussing and pass-
ing laws recjuired by the changes in the organic
law of the State. The first special session opened
on May 24 and closed on June 22, 1871, continu-
ing thirty days. It was convened by Governor
Palmer to make additional appropriations for the
necessary expenses of the State Government and
for the continuance of work on the new State
House. The ])ur|>ose of the Governor in sum-
moning the second special session was to provide
financial relief for the city of Cliicago after the
great fire of Oct. 9-11, 1871. Members were sum-
moned by special telegrams and were in their
seats Oct. 13, continuing in session to Oct. 24
— twelve days. Governor Pabner liad already
suggested a plan by which the State might
aid the stricken city witliout doing violence
to either the spirit or letter of the new Con-
stitution, which expressly prohibited special
legislation. Chicago had advanced §2, .500.000
toward the completion of the Illinois & Michigan
Canal, under the pledge of the State that this
outlay should be made good. The Legislature
voted an aijpropriation sufficient to pay both
principal and interest of this loan, amounting, in
round numliers, to about .$3,000,000. The ad-
journed session opened on Nov. 1,5, 1871, and came
to an end on April 9, 1872 — having continued 147
days. It was entirely devoted to considering and
adopting legislation germane to tlie new Consti-
tution. The total length of all sessions of this
General Assembly was 293 days.

Twenty-eighth General Assembly convened
Jan. 8, 1873. It was composed of fifty -one Sena-
tors and 153 Repre.sentatives ; the upper house
standing thirty-three Republicans to eighteen
Democrats, and the lower, eighty-six Republicans
to sixty-seven Democrats. The Senate chose
John Early, of Winnebago, President pro tempore,
and Shelby M. CuUom was elected Speaker of the
House. Governor Oglesby was inaugurated Jan.
13, but. eight days later, was elected to the United
States Senate, being succeeded in the Governor-
ship by Lieut. -Gov. John L. Beveridge. An

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

193

appropriation of $1,000,000 was made for carrying
on the work on the new capitol and various other
acts of a public character passed, the most impor-
tant being an amendment of the railroad law of
the previous session. On May 6, the Legislature
adjourned until Jan. 8, 1874. The purpose of the
recess was to enable a Commission on the Revision
of the Laws to complete a report. The work was
duly completed and nearly all the titles reported
by the Commissioners were adopted at the
adjourned session. An adjournment, sine die,
was taken March 31, 1874 — the two sessions
having lasted, respectively, 119 and 83 days^
total 202.

Twenty-ninth General Assembly convened
Jan 6, 1875. While the Republicans had a plu-
rality in both houses, they were defeated in an
effort to secure their organization through a
fusion of Democrats and Independents. A. A.
Glenn (Democrat) was elected President pro tem-
pore of the Senate (becoming acting Lieutenant-
Governor), and Elijah M. Haines was chosen
presiding officer of the lower liouse. The leaders
on both sides of the Chamber were aggressive,
and the session, as a whole, was one of the most
turbulent and disorderly in the history of the
State. Little legislation of vital importance
(outside of regular appropriation bills) was
enacted. This Legislature adjourned, April 15,
having been in session 100 days.

Thirtieth General Assembly convened Jan.
3 ; 1877, and adjourned, sine die. on May 24. The
Democrats and Independents in the Senate united
in securing control of that body, although the
House was Republican. Fawcett Plumb, of La
Salle County, was chosen President pro tempore
of the upper, and James Shaw Speaker of the
lower, hotise. The inauguration of State officers
took place Jan. 8, Shelby M. CuUom becoming
Governor and Andrew Shuman, Lieutenant-Gov-
ernor. This was one of the most exciting years
in American political history Both of tlie domi-
nant parties claimed to have elected the President,
and the respective votes in the Electoral College
were so close as to excite grave apprehension in
many minds. It was also the year for the choice
of a Senator by the Illinois Legislature, and the
attention of the entire country was directed
toward this State. Gen. John M. Palmer was
the nominee of the Democratic caucus and John
A Logan of the Republicans. On the twenty-
fourth ballot the name of General Logan was
withdrawn, most of the Republican vote going
to Charles B. Lawrence, and the Democrats going
over to David Davis, who, although an original

Republican and friend of Lincoln, and Justice of
the Supreme Court by appointment of Mr. Lin-
coln, had become an Independent Democrat. On
the fortieth ballot (taken Jan. 25), Judge Davis
received 101 votes, to 94 for Judge Lawrenx
(Republican) and five .scattering, thus securing
Davis' election. Not many acts of vital impor-
tance were passed by this Legislature. Appellate
Courts were established and new judicial districts
created; the original jurisdiction of county
courts was enlarged; better safeguards were
thrown about miners ; measures looking at once
to the supervision and protection of railroads were
passed, as well as various laws relating chiefly to
the police administration of the State and of
municipalities. The length of the session was
142 days.

Thirty-first General Assembly convened
Jan. 8, 1879, with a Republican majority in each
house. Andrew Shuman, the newly elected Lieu-
tenant-Governor, presided in the Senate, and
William A. James of Lake County was chosen
Speaker of the House. John M. Hamilton of
McLean County (afterwards Governor), was
chosen President pro tempore of the Senate.
John A. Logan was elected United States Senator
on Jan. 21, the complimentary Democratic vote
being given to Gen. John C. Black. Various
laws of public importance were enacted by this
Legislature, among them being one creating the
Bureau of Labor Statistics; the first oleomargar-
ine law; a drainage and levee act; a law for the
reorganization of the militia; an act for the
regulation of pawnbrokers; a law limiting the
pardoning power, and various laws looking
toward the supervision and control of railways.
The session lasted 144 days, and the Assembly
adjourned, sine die, May 31, 1879.

Thirty SECOND General Assembly convened
Jan. 5, 1881, the Republicans having a majority
in both branches. Lieutenant-Governor Hamil-
ton presided in the Senate, William J. Campbell
of Cook County being elected President pro tem-
pore. Horace H. Thomas, also of Cook, was
chosen Speaker of the House. Besides the rou-
tine legislation, the most important measures
enacted by this Assembly were laws to prevent
the spread of pleuro-pneumonia among cattle:
regulating the sale of firearms; providing more
stringent penalties for the adulteration of food,
drink or medicine; regulating tlie practice of
pharmacy and dentistry ; amending the revenue
and school laws; and requiring annual statements
from official custodians of public moneys. The
Legislature adjourned May 30, after having been

194

IIISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

in session 146 days, but was called together again
in special session by the Governor on March 23,
1683, to pass new Legislative and Congressional
Apportionment Laws, and for the consideration
of other subjects. The special session lasted
forty-four days, adjourning May 5— both sessions
occupying a total of 190 days.

Thirty-third General Assembly convened
Jan. 3, 1883, with the Republicans again in the
majority in both houses. William J. Campbell
was re-elected President pro tempore of the
Senate, but not until the sixty-first ballot, six
Republicans refusing to be bound by the nomina-
tion of a caucus held prior to their arrival at
Springfield. Loren C. Collins, also of Cook, was
elected Speaker of the House. The comi>liinent-
ary Democratic vote was given to ThomasM. Shaw
in the Senate, and to Austin O. Sexton in the
House. Governor CuUom, the Republican caucas
nominee, was elected United States Senator, Jan.
16, receiving a majority in each branch of the
General Assembly. The celebrated "Harper
Hgh-License Bill," and the first "Compul.sory
School Law" were passed at this se.ssion, the
other acts being of ordinary character. The
Legislature adjourned June 18. having been in
session 168 days.

Thirty-fourth General Assembly convened
Jan. 7, 1885. The Senate was Republican by a
majority of one. there being twenty -six members
of that party, twenty-four Demociats and one
greenback Democrat. William J. Campbell, of
Cook County, was for the third time chosen
President pro tempore. The House stood seventy-
six Republicans and seventy-six Democrats, with
one member — Elijah M. Haines of Lake County —
calling himself an "Indejiendent." Tlie contest
for the Speakership continued until Jan. 39,
when, neither party being able to elect its nomi-
nee, the Democrats took up Haines as a candidate
and placed liim in the chair, with Haines' assist-
ance, filling the minor offices with their own
men. After the inaugiu-ation of Governor
Oglesby, Jan. 30, the first business was the elec
tion of a United States Senator. The balloting
proceeded until May 18, when John A. Logan re-
ceived 103 votes to ninety -six for Lambert Tree and
five scattering. Three members — one Republican
and two Democrats — had died since the opening
of the session ; and it was through the election of
a Republican in place of one of the deceased
Democrats, that the Republicans succeeded in
electing their candidate. The session was a
stormy one throughout, the Speaker being, much
of the time, at odds with the House, and an

unsuccessful effort was made to depose him.
Charges of bribery against certain members were
pn-forred and investigated, but no definite result
was reached. Among the important measures
l)ass(!d by this Legislature were the following • A
joint resolution providing for submi.s.sion of an
amendment to the Constitution prohibiting con-
tract labor in penal in.stitutions; providing by
resolution for tlie apjwintment of a non-partisan
Commission of twelve to draft a new revenue
code ; tlie Crawford primary election law ; an act
amending the code of criminal procedure ; estab-
lishing a Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, subse-
([uently located at Quincy ; creating a Live-Stock
Commission and appropriating §531.712 for the
completion of the State House. The Assembly
adjourned, sine die, June 26, 1885, after a session
of 171 days.

Thikty-fifth Gener.\l Assembly convened
Jan. 5, 1887. The Republicans had a majority of
twelve in the Senate and three in the House.
For President pro tempore of the Senate. August
W. Berggren was chosen ; for Speaker of the
HoiLse, Dr. %Villiam F. Calhoun, of De Witt
County. The death of General Logan, which
had occurred Dec. 26, 1886, wa-s officially an-
nounced by Governor Oglesby and, on Jan. 18,
Charles B. Farwell was elected to succeed him as
United States Senator. William R. Morrison and
Benjamin W. Goodhue were the candidates of
the Democratic and Labor parties, respectively.
Some of the most important laws passed by this
General Assembly were the following: Amend
ing the law relating to the spread of contagious
diseases among cattle, etc. ; the Chase bill to
prohibit book-making and pool-selling; regulat
ing tru.st companies; making the Tru-stees of
the University of Hlinois elective; inhibiting
aliens from holding real estate, and forbidding
the marriage of first cousins. An act virtually
creating a new State banking system was also
passed, subject to ratification by popular vote.
Other acts, having more particular reference to
Chicago and Cook County, were: a law making
cities and counties responsible for three-fourths
of the damage resulting from mobs and riots; the
Merritt con.spiracy law ; the Gibbs Jurj' Commis-
sion law. and an act for the suppression of
bucket shop gambling. The session ended June
15, 1887. having continued 163 days.

Thirty SIXTH General Assembly convened
Jan. 7. 1889. in its first (or regular) se.s.sion. the
Republicans being largely in the majority. The
Senate elected Theodore S. Chapman of Jersey
County, President pro tempore, and the House

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

195

Asa C Matthews of Pike County, Speaker. Mr.
Matthews was appointed First Comptroller of the
Treasury by President Harrison, on May 9 (see
Mattheivs, Asa C), and resigned the Speakership
on the following day. He was succeeded by
James H. Miller of Stark County. Shelby M.
Cullom was re-elected to the United States Senate
on Januarj' 22, the Democrats again voting for
ex-Gov. John M. Palmer. The "Sanitary Drain-
age District Law," designed for the benefit of the
city of Chicago, was enacted at this session ; an
asylum for in.sane criminals was established at
Chester ; the annexation of cities, towns, villages,
etc., under certain conditions, was authorized;
more stringent legislation was enacted relative to
the circulation of obscene literature; a new com-
pulsory education law was passed, and the em-
ployment on public works of aliens who liad not
declared their intention of becoming citizens was
prohibited. This session ended. May 28. A
special session was convened by Governor Fifer
on July 24, 1890, to frame and adopt legislation
rendered necessary by the Act of Congress locat-
ing the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago.
Mr. Miller having died in the interim, William G.
Cochran, of Moultrie County, was chosen Speaker
of the House. The special session concluded
Aug. 1, 1890, having enacted the following meas-
ures ; An Act granting the use of all State lands,
(submerged or other) in or adjacent to Chicago, to
the World's Columbian Exposition for a period to
extend one year after the closing of the Exposi-
tion; authorizing the Chicago Boards of Park
Commissioners to grant the use of the public
parks, or any part thereof, to promote the objects
of such Exposition ; a joint resolution providing
for the submission to the people of a Constitu-
tional Amendment granting to the city of Chicago
the power (provided a majority of the qualified
voters desired it) to issue bonds to an amount not
exceeding §5,000,000, the same to bear interest
and the proceeds of their sale to be turned over
to the Exposition Managers to be devoted to the
use and for the benefit of tlie Exposition. (See
also World's Columbian E.r2iOsition.) The total
length of the two sessions was 150 days.

Thirty-seventh General Assembly convened
Jan. 7, 1891, and adjourned June 12 following.
Lieut. -Gov. Ray presided in the Senate, Milton
W. Matthews (Republican), of Urbana, being
elected President pro tem. The Democrats had
control in the House and elected Clayton E.
Crafts, of Cook County, Speaker. The most
exciting feature of the session was the election of
a United States Senator to succeed Charles B.

Farwell. Neither of the two leading parties had
a majority on joint ballot, the balance of power
being held by three "Independent" members of
the House, who had been elected as represent-
atives of the Farmers" Mutual Benevolent Alli-
ance. Richard J. Oglesby was the caucus
nominee of the Republicans and John M. Palmer
of the Democrats. For a time the Independents
stood as a unit for A. J. Streeter, but later two of
the three voted for ex-Governor Palmer, finally,
on March 11, securing his election on the 154th
ballot in joint session. Meanwhile, the Repub-
licans had cast tentative ballots for Alson J.
Streeter and Cicero J. Lindley, in hope of draw-
ing the Independents to their .support, but without
effective result. The final ballot stood— Palmer,
103; Lindley, 101, Streeter 1. Of 1,296 bills intro-
duced in both Houses at this session, only 151
became laws, the most important being; The
Australian ballot law, and acts regulating build-
ing and loan associations ; prohibiting the employ-
ment of children under tliirteen at manual labor;
fixing the legal rate of interest at seven per cent ;
prohibiting the "truck system" of paying em-
ployes, and granting the right of sufl'rage to
women in the election of school officers. An
amendment of the State Constitution permitting
the submission of two Constitutional Amend-
ments to the people at the same time, was sub-
mitted by this Legislature and ratified at the
election of 1892. The session covered a period of
157 days.

Thirty-eighth General Assembly. This
body convened Jan. 4, 1893. The Democrats were
in the ascendency in botli houses, having a
majority of seven in the Senate and of three in
the lower house. Joseph R. Gill, the Lieutenant-
Governor, was ex-ofBcio President of the Senate,
and John W. Coppinger, of Alton, was chosen
President pro tem. Clayton E. Crafts of Cook
County was again cho.sen Speaker of the House.
The inauguration of tlie new State officers took
place on the afternoon of Tuesday, Jan. 10. This
Legislatiu-e was in se.ssion 164 days, adjourning
June 16, 1893. Not very much legislation of a
general character was enacted. New Congres-
sional and Legislative apportionments were
passed, the former dividing the State into twenty-
two districts; an Insurance Department was
created; a naval militia was established; the
scope of the juvenile reformatory was enlarged
and the compulsory education law was amendeii.

Thirty'ninth General Assembly. This
Legislature Iield two sessions— a regular and a
special. The former opened Jan. 9, 1895, and

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HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

closed June 14, following. The political com-
plexion of the Senate was — Republicans, thirty-
three; Democrats, eighteen; of the House,
ninety -two Republicans and sixty-one Democrats.
John Meyer, of Cook County, was elected Speaker
of the House, and Charles Bogardus of Piatt
County, President pro teni. of tlie Senate. Acts
were passed making approjjriations for improve-
ment of the State Fair Grounds at Springfield;
authorizing the establishment of a Western Hos-
pital for the Insane (§100,000); appropriating
§100,000 for a Western Hospital for the Insane;
§05,000 for an Asylum for Incurable Insane; §50,-
000, each, for two additional Normal Schools^one
in Northern and the other in Eastern Illinois;
§25,000 for a Soldiers' Widows' Home — all being
new institutions — besides §15,000 for a State
exhibition at the Atlanta Expo.sitiou; §65,000 to
mark, by monuments, the position of Illinois
troops on the battlefields of Chickamauga, Look-
out Jlountiun and Missionary Ridge. Other acts
passed fixed the salaries of members of the Gen-
eral Assembly at §1,000 each for each regular
session; accepted the custody of the Lincoln
monument at Springfield, authorized provision
for the retirement and pensioning of teachers in
public schools, and authorized the adoption of
civil service rules for cities. The si)ecial session
convened, pursuant to a call by the Governor, on
June '.^5, 1895, took a recess. June 28 to July 9.
re-assenibled on the latter date, and adjourned,
sine die, August 2. Outside of routine legisla-
tion, no laws were pas.sed except one providing
additional necessary revenue for State purposes
and one creating a State Board of Arbitration.
The reguLar session continued 157 days and the
special twentj'-nine — total 186.

Fortieth General Assembly met in regular
session at Springfield. Jan. 0, 1897, and adjourned,
sine die. June 4. The Republicans had a major-
ity in both branches, the House standing eight}'-
eight Republicans to si.xty-three Democrats and
two Populists, and the Senate, thirty-nine Repub-
licans to eleven Democrats and one Populist,
giving the Republicans a majority on joint ballot
of fifty votes. Both houses were promptly organ-
ized by the election of Republican officers, Edward
C. Curtis of Kankakee County being chosen
Speaker of the Hou.se, and Hendrick V. Fisher,
of Henry County, President pro tem. of the Sen-
ate. Governor Tanner and the other Republican
State officers were formally inaugurated on
Jan. 11, and, on Jan. 20, William E. Mason
(Republican) was chosen United States Senator
to succeed John M. Palmer, receiving in joint

session 125 votes to seventy-seven for John P.
Altgeld (Democrat). Among the principal laws
enacted at this session were the following: An
act concerning aliens and to regulate the right to
hold real estate, and prescribing the terms and
(X)nditions for the convej'ance of the same;
empowering tlie Commissioners who were ap-
pointed at the previous session to ascertain and
mark the jwsitions occupied by Illinois Volunteers
in the battles of Chickamauga, Lookout Moun-
tain and Missionary Ridge, to expend the remain
ing appropriations in their hands for the erection
of monuments on the battle-grounds; authorizing
the appointment of a similar Commission to
ascertain and mark the positions held by Illinois
troops in the Uittle of Shiloh; to reimburse the
University of Illinois for the loss of funds result-
ing from the Sijaulding defalcation and affirming
the liability of the State for "the endowment
fund of the University, amounti